1278394070_Vital Stats - Nuclear Power and Civil Liability v4.pdf

## Vital Stats Nuclear Power Nuclear Power Nuclear Power Nuclear Power And Civil Liability And Civil Liability And Civil Liability And Civil Liability

An increasing number of countries across the globe are looking at alternate sources of energy. Among the existing alternatives, nuclear fuel is being actively considered as an option by India. The tabling of the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill, 2010 has raised a number of concerns and questions about nuclear energy. In this context, we present here a snapshot of the use of nuclear energy by different countries and the liability regimes existing therein. 

## Of The 438 Nuclear Reactors Operating Worldwide, 104 Are Located In The Us

 

## In India, 30% Of The Nuclear Power Capacity Is Located At Tarapur

Kakrapar (2, 440) 
Tarapur (4, 1400) 
Kaiga (3, 660) 
Kalpakkam (2, 440) 

Read as: 
(�o. of reactors, Capacity in MW) 

� In addition to the 438 reactors currently in operation2, an 
additional 57 are under construction3. 
� Three countries - US, France and Japan - account for the 
bulk of the nuclear energy produced worldwide. Between 
them, these countries operate 216 nuclear reactors and 
generate 57% of worldwide capacity. 
� Though India ranks 7th in terms of the number of operating 
reactors (19), its total generating capacity is only 4,560 MW. Thus, average capacity of a nuclear reactor in India is 
240 MW. In comparison, US generates 100,683 MW from 104 reactors, an average of 968 MW per reactor. 
� China currently operates only 11 reactors. However, it leads 
the world in terms of addition to capacity - 23 reactors with a total generation capacity of 23,620 MW are under construction in China. This alone accounts for 42% of the 
worldwide planned expansions.4 
 
 
� Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS) is located in district 
Thane in Maharashtra. With a total capacity of 1,400 MW, 
Tarapur is the largest nuclear power station in India. It 
began commercial operations in October, 1969. 
� The Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) follows with 
an installed capacity of 1,180 MW, spread over 6 reactors. 
� Additional capacity is under construction at Kudankulam  
(2 x 1,000 MW) and Kaiga (1 x 220 MW). 
� Currently all reactors in India are operated by the 
government controlled NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited). Components, however, are sourced from 
various entities, including private enterprises and other countries. 

## France Leads The World In Percentage Of Electricity Generated From Nuclear Fuel As Per Iaea, Chernobyl Is The Only Nuclear Event That Led To Widespread Damage

| Year                 | Country     | Reactor             |
|----------------------|-------------|---------------------|
| Immediate            |             |                     |
| deaths               |             |                     |
|                      |             |                     |
| Environmental effect |             |                     |
| (Radiation release)  |             |                     |
| 1957                 | UK          | Windscale-1         |
| 1957                 | Russia      | Mayak               |
| 1961                 | USA         | SL-1                |
| 1969                 | Switzerland | Lucens              |
| 1979                 | USA         | Three-Mile Island-2 |
| 1980                 | France      | Saint Laurent-A2    |
| 1986                 | Ukraine     | Chernobyl-4         |
| 31 staff and         |             |                     |
| firemen              |             |                     |
| Widespread           |             |                     |
| 1999                 | Japan       | Tokai-mura          |

Source: Compiled from IAEA and World Nuclear Association; PRS 
Immediate deaths do not include deaths due to prolonged effects of radiation 

## Many Countries That Are Major Producers Of Nuclear Energy Do Not Cap Overall Liability Table: Liability Regime (Usd Mn), Top 10 Producers (By Mw)

| Country          | Operator's Liability     | State Compensation     | Total Liability    |
|------------------|--------------------------|------------------------|--------------------|
| USA              | 11,900                   | Unlimited              | Unlimited          |
| France           | 861                      | 300                    | 1,161              |
| Japan            | Unlimited                | Unlimited              | Unlimited          |
| Russia           | N/A                      | Unlimited              | Unlimited          |
| Germany          | Unlimited                | 2,500                  | Unlimited          |
| South Korea      | 474                      | Unlimited              | Unlimited          |
| Ukraine          | 237                      | Unlimited              | Unlimited          |
| Canada           | 71                       | Unlimited              | Unlimited          |
| UK               | 228                      | 50                     | 278                |
| Sweden           | 474                      | 198                    | 672                |
| India (proposed) | 109                      | 345                    | 454                |

Source: Various sources5; PRS 

## 

� The 58 operating reactors in France contribute a total of     
63,130 MW. This constitutes 75% of the total electricity generated in the country. 
� France is followed by Slovakia, a distant second, at 54%. � In fact, most nuclear energy producing countries in Europe 
meet relatively high degrees of their electricity requirements through nuclear power. 
� In the US, despite its worldwide lead in nuclear power 
generation, nuclear sources contribute only 20% to total 
electricity generation. This is primarily due to high overall consumption. 
� In India, in 2009, 2.2% of the total electricity generated 
came from nuclear fuel. � The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 
introduced the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) in 1990.  
� Events are classified at seven levels: Levels 1–3 are called 
'incidents' and Levels 4–7 'accidents'. The scale is so 
designed that each increase in level indicates a ten-fold 
increase in severity.  
� Level 7 is described as 'Major release of radioactive 
material with widespread health and environmental effects requiring implementation of planned and extended countermeasures'. 
� So far, only one event qualifies as Level 7 - Chernobyl, 
1986. In total, more than 330,000 people had to be relocated as a result of this accident.  
 
� Overall liability, which includes state compensation, is 
unlimited in most cases. Exceptions include countries like France, UK and Sweden. 
� Most countries cap operator's liability. This is usually done 
either to attract private investment or to ensure compliance with requirements of international partners. Notable 
exceptions to this include Japan and Germany. 
� In case of Japan, the liability law provides for the 
possibility of government aid to the operator, where the 
cost of nuclear damage exceeds the operator's financial capacity. However, there is no such provision in Germany. 
� Despite this, nuclear industry in both Japan and Germany 
sees active participation from private operators. TEPCO 
and JAPC are examples of private operators in Japan. E.ON and RWE are examples from Germany. 

## Operators Are Usually Required To Provide Financial Security Table: Insurance/ Financial Security - Top 10 Producers

 

Country 
Insurance  
(USD mn) 
Financial security 
(USD mn) 
USA 
412* 
 
France 
861 
 

� Many countries require operators to provide financial 
security (in specific cases, as insurance). This usually helps cover the operator's liability in the event of an accident. 

| Japan       |     |
|-------------|-----|
| 1,300       |     |
| Russia      | N/A |
|             |     |
| Germany     |     |
| 3,600       |     |
| South Korea | 43  |
|             |     |
| Ukraine     | 237 |
|             |     |
| Canada      | 71  |
|             |     |

� In this respect, the US system is somewhat unique. In 
addition to insurance, the law in US requires compulsory 
contribution by each operator to a special fund. This fund, 
established under the Price-Anderson Act, can be used for additional compensation. Current estimates put the fund at 
over $11.9 billion2. 

| UK               |   228  |
|------------------|--------|
|                  |        |
| Sweden           |   474  |
|                  |        |
| India (proposed) |   109  |
|                  |        |

� Currently in India there is no law governing nuclear event 
liability. With the introduction of the Civil Liability for 
Nuclear Damage Bill, this looks set to change. 
 
* Includes $300 mn insurance and $111.9 mn contribution to special fund Source: Various sources5; PRS 

## 

�otes: 
1. 
Primary sources of data: International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA), Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Nuclear 
Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL). 
2. 
Includes reactors in Taiwan. Currently, Taiwan operates 6 reactors. 
3. 
Includes reactors in Taiwan and Iran. Currently, 2 reactors are under construction in Taiwan and 1 reactor is under 
construction in Iran. 
4. 
Figures represent reactors on mainland China, excluding those in Taiwan. 
5. 
Nuclear Operator Liability Amounts & Financial Security Limits, AEN-Nuclear Energy Agency, December 2009; 
International Atomic Energy Agency Power reactor Information System; French Act on Transparency and Security in the 
Nuclear Field, 2006. 
DISCLAIMER: This document is being furnished to you for your information.  You may choose to reproduce or redistribute this report for non-commercial purposes in part or in full to any other person with due acknowledgement of PRS Legislative Research ("PRS").  The 
Nuclear Power and Civil Liability: 2010