2023-24
The Constitution requires the President to address Parliament on its first sitting of every calendar year.  In this address, the President outlines the major policy priorities of the government.  This note highlights key announcements in the President's Address from 2019 to 2023, and the current status of the initiatives with respect to these items.1  Data Sources have been indicated in the endnotes.   

## Economy And Finance Economic Growth: India Has Become The 5Th Largest Economy In The World. (2023)

- 
India became the fifth largest economy in the world in 2021 in terms of GDP at current prices.  In 2022, its GDP was recorded at USD 3.4 trillion (Rs 198 lakh crore).2    

|         |       |      | GDP (in USD trillion)    | GDP Per Capita (in USD)    |
|---------|-------|------|--------------------------|----------------------------|
| Country | Value | Rank | Value                    | Rank                       |
| USA     | 25.4  | 1    | 76,330                   | 9                          |
| China   | 18    | 2    | 12,720                   | 71                         |
| Japan   | 4.2   | 3    | 33,823                   | 33                         |
| Germany | 4     | 4    | 48,718                   | 22                         |
| India   | 3.4   | 5    | 2,411                    | 141                        |

Note: Rankings are out of 190 countries. Sources: World Bank; PRS.  

- 
GDP growth rate registered a decline between 2016-17 and 2020-21 (COVID year).  In both 2022-23 and 2023- 24, GDP is estimated to grow at a rate above 7%. 

## Foreign Direct Investment: Fdi Inflows Are Increasing. (2019)

- 
Between 2014-15 and 2022-23, Gross Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows increased at a compounded annualised rate of 5.9%.3  FDI inflows in 2022-23 were 16% lower than the previous year. 
- 
Total FDI inflows for the first six months of 2023-24 (April-September 2023) were USD 33 billion, 18% 
lower than the FDI inflow during the same period in the previous year.4,5   
Sources: Quarterly Fact-Sheet, Factsheet on Foreign Direct Investment, Department for Tax reforms: With the implementation of GST, the concept of 'One country, One tax, One market' has become a reality. Steps to further simplify the GST will continue. (2019) 

- 
In April 2017, Parliament passed the Goods and Services Tax Bill, 2017.6  It levies a uniform indirect tax on similar commodities across the country.  It subsumed taxes such as sales tax and VAT.  
- 
Revenue realisation for taxes subsumed under GST has been lower than the pre-GST period (see Figure 3).  Until 2022, states were assured of an annualised growth rate of 14% in taxes subsumed under GST.7  This was ensured through compensation of revenue shortfalls.   
- 
After the compensation period ended in June 2022, states with a greater reliance on compensation such as Punjab, Puducherry, and Goa may be adversely impacted. 
Note: Tax-to-GDP for 2016-17 does not include Arunachal Pradesh, Gujarat, and Haryana due to unavailability of data.  GST revenue refers to the combined GST earnings of the Union and states GST.  Chart excludes 2017- 18 as GST was introduced for part of the year. 

Sources: GST Network; Union Budget Documents; MoSPI; PRS. 

Tel: (011) 4343 4035, 2323 4801 ◼ www.prsindia.org  
 

- 
In September 2021, the GST Council had constituted a committee to review the existing GST structure and recommend measures to rationalise the structure.8  The committee submitted an interim report on 
rationalisation of taxes in July 2022.9  It was reconstituted in November 2023.10   

## Foreign Exchange Reserves: Foreign Exchange Reserves Are Growing. (2019)

- 
Foreign Exchange: As of December 2023, foreign exchange reserves stood at USD 623 billion, 11% higher 
than reserves of USD 563 billion in December, 2022.11  Between 2015-16 and 2022-23, foreign exchange 
reserves grew by 1.7 times (annualised increase of 7%) (see Figure 4). 
- 
Foreign Trade: Between 2014-15 and 2022-23, India's merchandise imports grew faster than exports (see 
Figure 5).  As a result of this, trade deficit has widened during this period.12  In 2022-23, India's merchandise trade deficit was recorded at USD 263 billion, 38% higher than the previous year.13   
- 
During the first nine months of 2023-24 (April-December), India has observed merchandise trade deficit worth USD 188 billion, 13% lower than the same period in the previous year (USD 212 billion). 
- 
India has consistently observed a surplus in trade in services.  Between April-December 2023, India's trade surplus in services was USD 119 billion, 14% higher than the same period in the previous year. 
Sources: Foreign Exchange Reserves, Database on Indian Economy, RBI; PRS. 

Direct Benefit Transfer: Through direct benefit transfer, monetary benefits worth more than Rs 27 lakh crore have reached beneficiaries under more than 300 schemes. (2023) 

- 
The Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) programme was started in January 2013.14  As of January 2024, cumulative benefits worth Rs 34 lakh crore have been transferred through DBT.15    
- 
314 schemes are being delivered through DBT as of January 2024.  These include MGNREGS, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, and Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.15   In 2023-24 (until January 2024), Rs 4.2 lakh crore have been disbursed through DBT.  The Ministry of Finance estimated that as of March 2022, adoption of DBT had led to savings worth Rs 2.7 lakh crore.16  

 
2016-17 
2017-18 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
2022-23 
2023-24* 
Number of Transactions (in crore) 
36 
124 
129 
145 
180 
179 
166 
145 
Amount Disbursed (in Rs crore) 
74,689 
1,90,871 
3,29,796 
3,81,632 
5,52,527 
6,30,265 
7,16,396 
4,21,500 

Note: Data for 2023-24 is as of January 30, 2024. Sources: DBT Website; PRS. 


## Defence And Internal Affairs Defence Exports: Defence Exports Have Grown By Six Times. (2023)

- 
In 2022-23, India recorded defence exports worth around Rs 16,000 crore.17  This was more than 10 times higher than the defence exports in 2016-17 (Rs 1,521 crore). 
Sources: Press Information Bureau; PRS. 

- 
Key exports include: (i) platforms such as the Akash Missile System, (ii) armoured vehicles, (iii) ammunitions, (iv) thermal imagers, and (v) body armours.17  Steps taken by the central government to increase defence exports include: (i) simplifying standard operating procedure for exports, (ii) extending  
testing facilities of the Ministry of Defence to prospective exporters, and (iii) delegating powers to various defence PSUs to find export opportunities.18   
Modernisation: The government is rapidly taking forward the work of modernisation of the army and the armed forces. (2019) 

to the overall defence expenditure (in Rs crore) 
| Years    | Expenditure    | % of Defence Budget    |
|----------|----------------|------------------------|

- 
Modernisation involves the acquisition of 
state-of-the art technologies and weapons 
systems to upgrade and augment defence capabilities of the forces. 

| 2014-15   |        |   64,960  |
|-----------|--------|-----------|
| 2015-16   | 62,149 |       21  |
| 2016-17   | 69,394 |       20  |
| 2017-18   | 73,204 |       19  |
| 2018-19   | 76,398 |       19  |
| 2019-20   | 91,364 |       20  |

- 
Table 3 presents expenditure on modernisation as a part of the overall defence expenditure.  Expenditure on modernisation has ranged between 20%-25% of the defence budget.   

| 2020-21      | 1,19,152    |   26  |
|--------------|-------------|-------|
| 2021-22      | 1,14,271    |   23  |
| 2022-23 (RE) | 1,23,078    |   21  |

- 
Rs 1,33,534 crore has been allocated towards modernisation in 2023-24.19  

| 2023-24 (BE)    | 1,33,534     | 23    |
|-----------------|--------------|-------|

Note: RE refers to Revenue Estimate, BE refers to Budgeted Estimate. Sources: Union Budget Documents of various years; PRS. 

Left-wing extremism: Left-wing extremism, which was a major threat to security in previous decades has now been confined to a few districts. (2023)  

Table 4: Incidents related to LWE 
Year 
Incidents 
Deaths 

- 
The number of districts reporting left-wing extremism (LWE) has reduced from 96 in 2010 to 45 in 2022.20 

|   2010  | 2,213    |   1,005  |
|---------|----------|----------|
|   2011  | 1,760    |     611  |
|   2012  | 1,415    |     415  |

- 
Between 2010 and 2022, both reported incidents, and number of deaths of civilians and security personnel have declined.21 

|   2013  | 1,136    |   397  |
|---------|----------|--------|
|   2014  | 1,091    |   310  |
|   2015  | 1,089    |   230  |
|   2016  | 1,048    |   278  |
|   2017  | 908      |   263  |

- 
In 2015, the central government launched the National Policy and Action Plan to tackle LWE.22  The policy envisages a strategy consisting of security measures and development interventions to tackle LWE. 

|   2018  |   833  |   240  |
|---------|--------|--------|
|   2019  |   670  |   202  |
|   2020  |   665  |   183  |
|   2021  |   509  |   147  |
|   2022  |  531   |    98  |

- 
Government actions in LWE states involve: (i) strengthening of Special Forces of the Police, (ii) construction of Fortified Police Stations, and (iii) dedicated expenditure on training and meeting operational needs of security forces.22  
Note: Deaths includes those of security personnel and civilians. Sources: Press Information Bureau; PRS.  
Citizenship to certain victims of persecution: Government is fully committed to protecting the victims of persecution due to their faith. In this regard, efforts will be made to amend the Citizenship Act,1955 while protecting the linguistic, cultural and social identities. (2019) 

- 
The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 was passed by Parliament in December 2019.23  It makes migrants who are Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, eligible for citizenship.  The eligibility only extends to them if they entered India before December 31, 2014.  It also reduces the period of naturalisation for such group of persons from 11 years to five years. 
- 
Rules under the Act are yet to be framed.24,25 The Amendment Act has been challenged in the Supreme Court.   

## Development In J&K: All Necessary Steps For The Development Of Jammu And Kashmir And To Provide A Safe And Peaceful Environment To Its Residents Will Be Taken. (2019)

- 
In August 2019, Parliament adopted a resolution to abrogate Article 370 of the Indian Constitution.26  The Article limited legislative powers of Parliament to matters related to defence, external affairs, communications, and central elections for the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).   
- 
Parliament also passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019.  The Bill reorganised the erstwhile state of J&K into: (i) the Union Territory (UT) of J&K with a legislature, and (ii) the UT of Ladakh without a legislature.27  In December 2023, Parliament passed Bills: (i) increasing the number of seats in the J&K legislature and providing reservation to Scheduled Tribes, and (ii) extending reservation to women in the J&K legislature, and to Other Backward Classes of J&K in employment.28,29,30 
- 
In 2021, the central government also announced the J&K Industrial Policy 2021-30 and the J&K Land Allotment Policy, 2021-30.  These provide: (i) single window clearances for industrial land, (ii) sales incentives for small enterprises, and (iii) stamp duty exemption for new industrial units.   
- 
Since the launch of the new Industrial Policy, J&K has received around 5,300 investment proposals worth Rs 66,000 crore (as of March 2023).31  Between 2020-21 and 2022-2023, around 1,500 companies (Indian and 
multi-national) have invested in J&K.32  Table 7 highlights investment in J&K since 2017-18.   

## Table 6: Infiltration In J&K

Table 5:Terrorism-related incidents in J&K 
Year 
Infiltration 
Attempts 
Infiltration 
Year 
Incidents 
Deaths 
2014 
222 
65 
2014 
222 
75 
2015 
121 
33 
2015 
208 
56 
2016 
371 
119 
2016 
322 
97 
2017 
419 
136 
2017 
279 
120 
2018 
328 
143 
2018 
417 
146 
2019 
216 
138 
2019 
255 
124 
2020 
99 
51 
2020 
244 
101 
2021 
77 
34 
2021 
229 
83 
2022 
53 
14 
2022 
242 
63 

Sources: Annual Report 2020-21 and 2022- 23, Ministry of Home Affairs; PRS. 

 
Note: Casualties include civilians and security forces Sources: Annual Reports 2020-21 to 2021-22, Ministry of Home Affairs; PRS. 

 

## Agriculture

Financial assistance to farmers: Financial assistance of more than Rs 2.25 lakh crore has been provided to farmers under PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi. (2023) 

- 
PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi provides landholding farmers an annual income support of Rs 6,000. 33  Between 2018 and 2023 (until November), Rs 2.8 lakh crore has been transferred.  

Amount released  
Year 
No. of beneficiaries  
(in crore) 
(in Rs crore) 
2018-19 
3 
6,323 
2019-20 
8.8 
48,739 
2020-21 
10 
61,931 
2021-22 
10.9 
67,121 
2022-23 
10.7 
58,258 
2023-24*  
9.2 
38,660 
Total 
- 
2,81,032 

Note: *2023-24 data is as of November 22, 2023. The number of beneficiaries is cumulative. Sources: Unstarred Question 308, Lok Sabha, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer's Welfare; PRS.  
Minimum Support Price: Government decided to implement the recommendations of the Swaminathan Committee report and increased the MSP to at least 1.5 times of the cost of production. (2021) 

- 
Minimum Support Price (MSP) is the assured price at which the central and state governments procure agricultural produce from farmers.37  The Swaminathan Committee had recommended that MSP should be at least 1.5 times the weighted average cost of production. 

quintal)  
Crop 
Cost of Production 
MSP 
MSP as a proportion 
of A2+FL 
A2+FL 
C2 
Paddy 
1,455 
1,911 
2,183 
1.5 
Wheat 
1,128 
1,652 
2,275 
2 
Maize 
1,394 
1,797 
2,090 
1.5 
Jowar 
2,120 
2,833 
3,180 
1.5 
Moong 
5,705 
7,218 
8,558 
1.5 
Tur  
4,444 
5,993 
7,000 
1.6 

- 
A2+FL does not account for certain other costs such as rent and interest on capital assets (C2 in Table 9 is the cost of production after including these costs). 

Table 7: Investments in J&K (in Rs crore) 
Year 
Investment 
2017-18 
   841 
2018-19 
591 
2019-20 
297 
2020-21 
412 
2021-22 
377 
2022-23 
2,153 

Sources: Unstarred Question No.2081, Rajya Sabha, Ministry of Home Affairs, March 14, 2023; PRS. 

- 
The number of beneficiaries covered in 2023-24 declined in comparison to previous years. (See Table 8).  In 2022-23, it became mandatory for farmers to provide land details and seed Aadhaar with active bank accounts to receive benefits.34  This may have led to de-duplication of beneficiary accounts.  E-KYC is mandatory for beneficiaries.35  As of 
July 2023, E-KYC was pending for about two crore farmers.36  
- 
In the Union Budget 2018-19, the central government announced that MSP will be fixed at a minimum of 1.5 times the cost of production.  Table 9 shows MSP for major crops for 2023-24.  For all crops, MSP has been set at least 1.5 times the A2+FL cost of production recommended by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices.  A2 indicates the actual cost incurred to produce the crop, and FL indicates the cost of family labour. 
Crop Insurance: The small farmers of the country have also benefited from the new changes in the crop insurance scheme. More than Rs. 1 lakh crore have been given as compensation to about eight crore farmers. (2022)  

- 
The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) was launched in 2016 to provide farmers with affordable crop insurance against non-preventable natural risks from pre-sowing to post-harvest stage.38  
- 
Under PMFBY, both farmers, and the state and central governments contribute to the premium.  As of 
November 2023, claims worth Rs 1.13 lakh crore have been paid to farmers.39  
- 
8.3 crore farmers were covered for the 2023 Kharif season and 4.9 crore farmers are covered for the 2023 Rabi season.40  
- 
Several states including Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Gujarat have opted out of the scheme after implementing it for a few seasons.41 This is due to their perception about risk and financial constraints.41 
Free food grains to the poor: Under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKAY), Rs 3.5 lakh crore has been spent to provide free food grains to the poor. (2023) 

- 
The Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) was introduced in March 2020 and was made available till December 2022. 42  Under the scheme, beneficiaries of the National Food Security Act were provided an additional five kg of foodgrains above their monthly entitlements. 
- 
80.5 crore beneficiaries were covered under PMGKAY.43  The expected expenditure was assessed to be Rs 3.9 lakh crore.  Rs 3.1 lakh crore was released as of December 31, 2022.44 

## Farm Laws: Three Farm Laws Were Passed. (2021)

- 
Three farm laws were passed by Parliament in September 2020.45,46,47  These laws sought to: (i) assist barrierfree trade of farmers' produce outside the markets notified under various state Agricultural Produce Marketing 
Committee Acts, (ii) provide a framework for contract farming, and (iii) restrict the regulation of supply of certain crops including pulses, cereals, potatoes, and onions to extraordinary circumstances such as war, famine, and extraordinary price rise. 
- 
In 2021, the laws were repealed by the Farm Laws Repeal Bill, 2021.48 

## Irrigation Facilities: 64 Lakh Hectares Of Land Has Been Developed With Irrigation Facilities Under The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana And Atal Bhujal Yojana. (2019)

- 
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) was launched in 2015.  It aims to (i) enhance physical 
access of water on farms, (ii) increase the cultivable area under assured irrigation, and (iii) improve on-farm 
water use efficiency.  

Achievement (in 
Component 
Focus 
Target (in lakh 
ha) (2015-20) 
lakh ha) 
AIBP 
Provide central assistance to major/medium irrigation projects  
7.5 
24.4 (2016-22) 
Har Khet ko Pani 
21 
4 (2016-22) 
(i)Minor irrigation and repair of water resources, (ii) restoration and renovation of water bodies, and (iii) command area development and water management  
Per Drop More Crop 
Water use efficiency in farms through micro irrigation 
100 
67.5 (2015-22) 
Watershed Development 
Conservation and preservation of natural resources such as soil, groundwater, and vegetative cover.  
11.5 
14.5 (2015-22) 
Total 
 
140 
110.5 

Sources: Ministry of Jal Shakti, Press Information Bureau; PRS.  

- 
Atal Bhujal Yojana was launched in 2020 with an outlay of Rs 6,000 crore.  It focuses on the improvement of ground water resource management between 2020-21 and 2024-25 across 1.37 lakh sq. km area.  The scheme is being implemented in seven states including Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.49  As of August 2023, 4,769 hectares of land has been brought under different methods such as micro irrigation, and underground pipeline systems.50 

## Agriculture Infrastructure Funds: Thousands Of Projects Have Been Approved Under The Agriculture Infrastructure Fund Having A Corpus Of Rs 1 Lakh Crore. (2021, 2022)

- 
The Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) provides loans for post-harvest management infrastructure and community farming assets.  It was launched in July 2020, and has a corpus of one lakh crore rupees.  The scheme will be operational from 2020-21 to 2032-33.  For loans up to two crore rupees, the scheme provides 
credit guarantee, and interest subvention of 3% per annum (for up to seven years) to eligible borrowers.51 Eligible beneficiaries include farmers, agri-entrepreneurs, farmer groups like Farmer Producer Organisations, Self-Help Groups, and Joint Liability Groups. 52 

- 
As of January 23, 2024, 98,753 persons have applied for credit out of which, 47,435 applications have been sanctioned (48%).  In value terms, loans worth Rs 34,694 crore have been sanctioned, out of which Rs 21,135 crore have been disbursed.53 

## Labour Labour Codes: 29 Central Labour Laws Have Been Amalgamated Into 4 Labour Codes (2021)

- 
In September 2020, Parliament passed three Codes regulating labour.  These are: (i) the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020, (ii) the Industrial Relations Code, 2020, and (iii) the Code on Social Security, 2020. 54,55,56  In 2019, The Code on Wages, 2019 was passed by Parliament, subsuming four existing Acts to regulate wage and bonus payments of employees in any industry, business, trade or manufacturing sector.57  These Acts are yet to be brought into force. 
- 
Central and state governments have published draft Rules under these four Codes for public feedback.58  As of July 2022, 31 States/UTs had published draft Rules under the Code on Wages, 2019, 26 under the Industrial Relations Code, 2020, 25 under the Code on Social Security, 2020, and 25 under the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 respectively.59 

## Pension Scheme For Farmers And Labourers: Coverage Of 60 Lakh Farmers, Agricultural Labourers, Labourers From The Unorganised Sector And Traders Under Various Pension Schemes (2021).

- 
In 2019, the central government launched three pension schemes for small and marginal farmers, workers in the unorganised sector, and traders.60,61,62  These are: (i) Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan Yojana (PM- SYM), (ii) National Pension Scheme for Traders and Self-Employed Persons (NPS- Traders), and (iii) Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana (PM-KMY).  The schemes are voluntary with a contributory mechanism. They assure a minimum pension of Rs 3,000 per month upon maturity at the age of 60. 
- 
Under PM-SYM, there was a cumulative target of registration of three crore beneficiaries between 2020-21 and 2022-23.63  However, only 49 lakh beneficiaries have registered as of January 2024.64  One of the reasons was the presence of separate pension schemes in states like Rajasthan, Haryana for unorganised workers, where they do not have to pay any contribution requirement.63 
- 
NPS-Traders also has a target of enrolling three crore beneficiaries by 2023-24.  As of January 2024, 53,739 beneficiaries have been enrolled.65, 66  Under PM-KMY, 19.5 lakh beneficiaries were enrolled as of January 2024.66  

## Loans To Street Vendors: Under The Pm Svanidhi Scheme, Loans Have Been Given To About 40 Lakh Street Vendors. (2023)

- 
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched PM-SVANidhi in 2020 to assist street vendors affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.67  The scheme has been extended till December 2024.68  The scheme provides street vendors with collateral-free working capital loans, with a 7% annual interest subsidy.69  Initially, a loan worth Rs 10,000 was provided.  Subsequently, second loans up to Rs 20,000 and then up to 50,000 were also extended upon repayment of earlier loans.70  The scheme incentivises digital transactions by vendors through cash back facility.  33.2 lakh street vendors have completed digital transactions since the scheme's inception.71    
- 
The Ministry has received around one crore applications under PM-SVANidhi as of January 2024.71  As of January 2024, around 60 lakh beneficiaries have been provided with loans amounting to about Rs 10,000 crore. 44% of the beneficiaries are women.   

| Loan Term               |   Sanctioned  |   Disbursed  |   Target *  |
|-------------------------|---------------|--------------|-------------|
| Loans disbursed as % of |               |              |             |
| target                  |               |              |             |
| Loans repaid            |               |              |             |
| 1st term (Rs 10,000)    |          63.1 |         59.6 |        75   |
| 2nd term (Rs 20,000)    |          17.7 |         16.7 |        22.6 |
| 3rd term (Rs 50,000)    |           2.5 |          2.3 |         2.9 |

Note: * Target to be achieved by March 2024. Sources: PM-SVANidhi Website and Dashboard, as accessed on January 24, 2024; PRS.  

## Health

Ayushman Bharat: More than 50 crore individuals have been provided the facility of free treatment under the PM Ayushman Bharat Yojana.  About 50% beneficiaries are women. (2023) 

- 
The Ayushman Bharat–Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) provides cashless treatment of up to five lakh rupees per family per year, at any empanelled hospital.72  10.7 crore families (approximately 50 crore 
individuals) are covered under the scheme.73  To be eligible for the scheme, rural households must fall within 
one of the six deprivation criteria listed in the Socio-Economic Caste Census, 2011.74  States have the flexibility to include beneficiaries beyond the SECC database.   
- 
As of January 22, 2024, 30.5 crore Ayushman Bharat Cards have been issued.75  49% of the cards have been disbursed to women and 51% to men.75   
- 
Between 2020-21 and 2022-23, 3.8 crore claims were submitted, out of which 3.5 crore claims were paid (92%).76   
- 
As of January 2024, 28,682 hospitals have been empanelled out of which about 57% are public hospitals.75   
- 
Over the five years between 2018-19 and 2022-23, fund utilisation for the scheme averaged around 60% of the budget estimate. 77  The Standing Committee on Health (2023) has observed that an annual allocation of Rs 6,000–7,000 crore as the Centre's share for the scheme is insufficient for 33 states/UTs.77  

## Primary Healthcare: Target To Set Up About 1.5 Lakh 'Health And Wellness Centres' In All Rural Areas By 2022. (2019)

- 
The Ayushman Bharat scheme aims to convert existing Sub-Health Centres (SHCs) and Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) into Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs).78  Each HWC will cover a population of 3,000- 5,000 people and provide services including: (i) care in pregnancy and child-birth, (ii) childhood and adolescent healthcare services, and (iii) screening and basic management of mental ailments and emergency medical services.78 
- 
As of December 18, 2023, 1.6 lakh SHCs and PHCs have been upgraded to HWCs (renamed as Ayushman Aarogya Mandir).79   
Medical Education: More than 260 medical colleges were opened between 2014 and 2022.  The number of seats for graduate and postgraduate medical students has doubled between 2014 and 2022. (2023) 

- 
Between 2012 and 2022, the total number of medical colleges (including public and private colleges) increased from 355 to 648 (83%).80,81  During this period, seats in undergraduate medical education increased from 44,302 to 96,277 (117%).  In post-graduate medical education, seats increased from 22,503 to 64,059 (185%).80,82 

## Affordable Medicines: Medicines Are Being Provided At Low Cost Through 9,000 Jan Aushadhi Kendras (2023)

- 
The Jan Aushadhi Scheme aims to make quality medicines available at affordable prices through Jan Aushadhi Kendras.83  These are pharmacies that receive an incentive of 15% of their monthly purchases of 
pharmaceutical products.83  The incentive is capped at Rs 15,000 per month, and five lakh rupees in total.83  
- 
As of November 30, 2023, 10,006 Jan Aushadhi Kendras were functional across the country.84  The government aims to expand the number of Jan Aushadhi Kendras to 25,000 by March 2026.85   

## Education And Sports National Education Policy: Keeping In Mind The Global Requirements And Challenges In The 21St Century, The Government Has Announced The National Education Policy. (2021)

- 
The National Education Policy, 2020 (NEP), released in July 2020, highlights goals to be achieved in school and higher education.86  These include: (i) universal access at all levels of schooling, (ii) new curricular and pedagogical structures, (iii) multidisciplinary education, and (iv) a Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) of 50% in higher education.86   
- 
National Curriculum Framework:  In 2023, the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) for School 
Education was released.87  It incorporates the four-stage design of school education envisioned in the NEP. These stages are: (i) foundational (ages 3-8), (ii) preparatory (ages 8-11), (iii) middle (ages 11-14), and (iv) secondary (ages 14-18).  The NCF also delineates goals for proficiency at each stage of education.   
- 
NIPUN Bharat Mission:  The NIPUN Bharat Mission was launched in July 2021 to help achieve the NEP's 
objective of universal foundational literacy and numeracy among children up to Class 3 by 2026-27.88  It involves setting targets for literacy and numeracy and provides funding and guidance to states.88  As per the National Achievement Survey, between 2018 and 2021, proficiency of Class 3 students in language dropped by 4%, and in mathematics by 5%.89,90  
- 
PM Schools for Rising India (PM SHRI): Under PM SHRI, 14,500 schools will serve as exemplar schools in 
terms of NEP objectives.91  The scheme will cover a five-year period from 2022-23 to 2026-27.  As of 
December 2023, 6,207 schools (43% of the total) have been given funds worth Rs 630 crore. 91,92   
- 
Higher Education: Policy decisions undertaken to implement objectives of the NEP in higher education 
include: (i) issuing the National Credit Framework to tabulate and transfer credits for various academic and vocational achievements, (ii) setting up the Academic Bank of Credits to digitally store earned credits, and (iii) 
providing multiple entry and exit points in higher education.93,94,95     
School dropout rates: The government has taken several initiatives such as constructing separate toilets and providing sanitary pads in government schools.  This has led to a sharp reduction in the dropout rate. (2023) 

- 
In August 2014, the Ministry of Education aimed to construct separate toilets for girls and boys in government schools within one year.96  By August 2015, 4.2 lakh toilets were constructed in about 2.6 lakh government schools.  These include 1.9 lakh toilets for girls.96   
- 
Additionally, under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyaan, 4.1 lakh boys' toilets (93% of the target under the scheme) and 5.4 lakh girls' toilets (96% of the target) were constructed as of December 2022.96  
- 
State and central government schools with functional girls' toilets increased to 94% in 2021-22.97   
 
Sources: Unified District Information System for Education Plus Dashboard, Ministry of Education; PRS.  

- 
Dropout rates for each level of education has reduced since 2016-17 (see Figure 8).  However, they still remain high at 
the secondary level (12% in 2021-22). 
Higher Education: More than 300 new universities and 5,000 colleges have been set up in the past eight years  
(2023).  Rs 37,500 crore has been sanctioned through the Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA) for the modernisation of 75 educational institutions (2020).  

- 
The GER in higher education increased from 22% in 2012-13 to 28% in 2021-22.  During the same period, the GER for SCs increased from 16% to 26%, while for STs increased from 11% to 21%.98,99,100,101  
- 
Between 2012-13 and 2021-22, registered universities increased from 667 to 1,168 (75%).102,101  In this period, registered colleges increased from 35,525 to 45,473 (28%).101,102  These include public and private institutions.    
- 
HEFA was established in 2017 to finance infrastructure development in premier educational institutions of India.103   In 2022, HEFA was expanded to cover all educational institutions under higher education, school education, and institutions under the Health Ministry.104  HEFA was established with a corpus of Rs 10,000 crore, and is tasked to source additional Rs 90,000 crore through market borrowings and government bonds.103  
- 
As of September 2023, loans worth Rs 36,644 crore have been sanctioned by HEFA to 101 institutions, of which Rs 18,294 crore has been disbursed (50%).104  These include loans sanctioned to 22 IITs (Rs 7,005 crore), 12 AIIMS and institutions under the Health Ministry (Rs 4,508 crore), and 7 IIMs (Rs 2,249 crore). 104   

## Economically Weaker Sections: Government Has Provided 10% Reservation For The Economically Weaker Sections Of The General Category Of Our Society. (2019)

- 
In January 2019, government passed the Constitution (One Hundred and Third Amendment) Act, 2019 which provides for 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in education and public employment.105  The amendment was challenged for granting reservations on the basis of economic criteria, and for excluding SC,ST and OBCs from its ambit.106  In 2022, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional 
validity of the Act.106  
- 
As of 2021-22, 6.6 lakh students have been admitted to higher educational institutions under EWS category.101   
Sports: Schemes like Khelo India and Target Olympic Podium are being implemented to spot and nurture sporting talents from across the country. (2023)  

- 
The Khelo India programme was launched in 2016 to: (i) encourage participation of youth in sports, (ii) create sports infrastructure at grassroots, and (iii) identify and guide talent through existing or new academies.107  As of December 2023, 960 Khelo India Centres have been set up against 1,523 proposed centres.108  As of July 2023, around 40,000 athletes have participated in 11 editions of Khelo India games.109  
- 
As of December 2023, Rs 2,836 crore has been sanctioned for various sport infrastructure projects under the Khelo India programme. 110  62% of this amount has been released and has been used to complete 178 projects. These projects include: (i) multipurpose halls, (ii) athletic tracks, (iii) hockey fields, and (iv) football fields.111,112    With the exception of 2021-22, the actual expenditure under the Khelo India scheme has fallen 
short of the targeted amount by 30%.   

- 
The Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS) was launched in 2014 to extend all requisite support to probable athletes identified for the major international events.113  These athletes are identified through consultation with National Sports Federations and National coaches/experts of relevant sporting disciplines.114  Support extended to them includes: (i) foreign training, (ii) medical support, and (iii) out of pocket allowances.113    
- 
As of August 2023, 269 athletes and two hockey teams (Men and Women) have been included in the TOPS 
programme.  All seven medal-winners for India in the Tokyo Olympics (2020) and 17 out of 19 medal-winners in Paralympics (2020) were part of the TOPS programme.115  

## Social Justice Backward Classes: *The National Commission For Backward Classes Given Constitutional Status (2023*

- 
The Constitution (102nd) Amendment Act, 2018 was passed by the Parliament in July 2018.116  It confers constitutional status upon the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).  The NCBC was constituted under the National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993.117  The NCBC is responsible for examining complaints regarding inclusion or exclusion of groups within the list of backward classes, and advise the central government in this regard.   

## Minority Students: The Government Has Provided Scholarships To 4.5 Crore Students From Minority Communities Since 2014 (2022)

- 
The Ministry of Minority Affairs implements three scholarship schemes for notified minorities: (i) pre-matric scholarships, (ii) post-matric scholarships, and (iii) merit-cum- means based scholarships.118   

|         |            | Table 12: Number of scholarships awarded (in lakh)   |                 |
|---------|------------|------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|
| Year    | Pre-Matric | Post Matric                                          | Merit-cum-Means |
| 2012-13 | 64.4       | 7.6                                                  | 0.7             |
| 2013-14 | 77.9       | 8.9                                                  | 1.0             |
| 2014-15 | 75.0       | 9.1                                                  | 1.4             |
| 2015-16 | 51.8       | 6.7                                                  | 1.3             |

- 
In 2023-24, Rs 433 crore was allocated towards the pre-matric scholarship, Rs 1,065 crore towards the post-matric scholarship, and Rs 44 crore towards the merit-cum-means based scholarship.119  See Table 12 for data on beneficiaries of these scholarships.   

| 2016-17    |   41.5  |   6.2  |   1.2  |
|------------|---------|--------|--------|
| 2017-18    |    53.1 |    7   |    1.2 |
| 2018-19    |    56.9 |    6.8 |    1.2 |
| 2019-20    |    55.7 |    7.4 |    1.2 |
| 2020-21    |    52.4 |    6.6 |    1.2 |
| 2021-22*   |    57.1 |    7.2 |    1.3 |

Note: 2021-22 is as of December 6, 2022 
Sources: Ministry of Minority Affairs, Press Information Bureau; PRS.  

- 
Some scholarships for minorities were discontinued from 2022-23 onwards because of (i) provision of collateral free and affordable loans under other agencies, and (ii) inconsistency with the NEP, 2020 and the Right to Education Act, 2009.120   These include the Maulana Azad National Fellowship which supports minority students pursuing M.Phil or PhD and Padho Pardesh Scheme which supports minority 
students to study abroad. 120    

## Transgender Persons: Transgender (Protection Of Rights) Act, 2019 Implemented (2020)

- 
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 was passed in November 2019.121  The Act prohibits discrimination against transgender persons, and penalises physical, sexual, emotional abuse against transgender persons.121  A transgender person is defined as someone whose gender does not match the 
gender assigned at birth.121   
- 
Under the Act, a transgender person will have the right to self-perceived gender identity.121  They have to 
obtain a Certificate of Identity, which will confer rights and be proof of their trans identity.   

## Women And Child Development

Maternal and Child Health: Work is being done towards protecting the health of infants and pregnant women through various initiatives like Rashtriya Poshan Abhiyan, free health check-ups and financial assistance to pregnant women (2021)  

- 
Rashtriya Poshan Abhiyaan: Rashtriya Poshan Abhiyaan (subsumed the National Nutrition Mission) was set 
up in December 2017.122  Poshan Abhiyan was launched with an outlay of Rs 9,046 crore between 2017-18 and 2019-20.122  The scheme targeted to annually reduce: (i) undernutrition by 2%, (ii) anaemia amongst pregnant women and children by 3%, (iii) low birth weight by 2% and (iv) stunting from 38.5% in 2015-16 to 22% by 2022.122   

## Table 13: Change In Relevant Indicators

NFHS-5 (2019-
Area 
NFHS-4 (2015-
16) 
21) 
Undernutrition 
36% 
32% 

- 
About 10 crore people are eligible beneficiaries of the 
Poshan Abhiyaan.123  Out of this, close to 9 crore registered beneficiaries are children aged between 0-6 yrs.123  As of December 2023, close to 9.6 crore people have availed services under the scheme.123   

Anaemia amongst Women  
50% 
52% 
Anaemia Amongst Children 
59% 
67% 
Wasting 
21% 
19% 

- 
In 2022, the programme was re-aligned with Poshan 2.0 
and Mission Saksham Anganwadi.124  The objective of these programmes is to improve nutritional content, delivery and outcomes. 

| Stunting                         |
|----------------------------------|
| Sources: NFHS-4 and NFHS-5; PRS. |
|                                  |

- 
Change in relevant indictors is shown in Table 13.  Between 2015-16 and 2020-21, under nourishment, wasting (low birth weight) stunting have reduced.  However, prevalence of anaemia has increased.  
- 
Matru Vandana Yojana: The Pradhan Mantri - Matru Vandana Yojana was launched in January 2017.125   
- 
It is a conditional cash transfer scheme provided to compensate for the wage losses of pregnant women and lactating mothers.  Under the scheme, beneficiaries are paid Rs 5,000 in three instalments.  The scheme also provides for a transfer of Rs 6,000 after the birth of the second child, if the child is a girl.126   
- 
As of January 2024, approximately 3.6 crore women had enrolled into the scheme.  Out of these, 3.2 crore women were paid cash transfers worth Rs 14,427 crore.127  

## Child Vaccination: Under Mission Indradhanush, 3.5 Crore Infants And 90 Lakh Pregnant Women Have Been Vaccinated (2020)

- 
Mission Indradhanush (subsuming the Universal Immunisation Programme) was launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in December 2014.  It aims to cover unvaccinated or partially vaccinated children and pregnant women in areas having low immunisation coverage.128  The programme covers eight lifethreatening diseases, including: (i) tuberculosis, (ii) polio, (iii) hepatitis B, and (iv) measles.129  It focused on increasing full immunisation coverage for children from 65% in 2014 to at least 90% by 2020.128   
- 
As of October 2023, 5.1 crore children and 1.3 crore pregnant women have been fully immunised.130  
- 
As per the NFHS-5, full immunisation amongst children between 12-23 months has increased from 62% in 2015-16 to 74% in 2019-21.131 Similarly, mothers whose last birth was protected against neonatal tetanus increased from 89% to 92%.131  

## Crimes Against Women: Penalties For Crimes Against Women Have Been Made Harsher And The New Penal Provisions Are Being Strictly Enforced (2019)

- In 2018, the Indian Penal Code and the POCSO were 

Table 14: Rape against minor girls 
Year 
Under IPC 
Under POCSO 
2017 
10,059 
         17,382  
2018 
9,312 
         21,401  

amended to increase penalties for rape against women and children.  New offences were added penalising rape 
and gangrape against women below 12 and 16 years of 
age.132   

| 2019    | 4,940    |          25,934     |
|---------|----------|---------------------|

- These increased the minimum imprisonment for the rape 

|   2020  | 2,640    |           27,807     |
|---------|----------|----------------------|
|   2021  | 3,033    | 33,036               |
|   2022  | 1,004    | 37,511               |

Note: Cases of rape against minors reported under the IPC for the year 2016 is not available. Sources: National Crime Records Bureau; PRS. 

of a woman below 16 and 12 years of age from 10 years to 20 years.  It also increased the minimum imprisonment for the gang rape of a woman below the age of 12 from 20 years to life.132  Minimum punishment for rape of an adult woman was also increased from seven years of imprisonment to 10.132    

- The Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) was also amended to: (i) reduce the stipulated time for investigating the 
rape of a child from three to two months, (ii) extend this timeline to all cases of rape, and (iii) deny anticipatory bail to persons accused of raping minor girls below the age of 16.132    
- Cases of rape against minors registered under the IPC have reduced, while cases registered under the POCSO 
have increased (Table 14).  
- While reported crime against women has increased, reported cases of rape against women has decreased.  
Chargesheeting rate of overall crimes against women has also reduced (see Table 15 and Table 16).  

## Table 16: Cases Of Rape Against Women

Chargesheeting 
Year 
Overall 
Chargesheeting 
Year 
Incidences 
Crimes 
per lakh 
rate (in %) 
Conviction 
rate (in %) 
rate (in %) 
Conviction 
rate (in %) 
2014  
3,37,922 
56.3 
91% 
21% 
2014 
36,735 
96% 
28% 
2015 
3,27,394 
53.9 
89% 
22% 
2015 
34,771 
96% 
29% 
2016 
3,38,954 
55.2 
78% 
19% 
2016 
38,947 
88% 
26% 
2017 
3,59,849 
57.9 
80% 
25% 
2017 
32,599 
92% 
27% 
2018 
3,78,277 
58.8 
77% 
23% 
2018 
33,977 
85% 
27% 
2019 
4,05,861 
62.4 
76% 
24% 
2019 
32,033 
82% 
28% 
2020 
3,71,053 
56.5 
79% 
30% 
2020 
28,046 
82% 
39% 
2021 
4,28,278 
64.5 
77% 
27% 
2021 
31,677 
80% 
29% 
2022 
4,45,256 
66.4 
76% 
23% 
2022 
31,516 
78% 
27% 
Sourcess: National Crime Records Bureau; PRS. 

Sources: National Crime Records Bureau; PRS.  
Sex ratio and dropout rates for girls: The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao initiative has yielded positive results and there has been an improvement in the number of girls enrolled in schools. (2022) 

- 
The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao initiative aims to address declining child sex ratio.133  It seeks to: (i) prevent gender-biased elimination, (ii) ensure survival, protection and education of the girl child.134   
- 
Sex ratio at birth has improved from 914 girls to 1000 boys in 2005-06 to 929 girls to 1,000 boys in 2019-20, as per the National Family Health Survey.135 
- 
As per the Ministry of Education, the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) of girl students in classes 1-8 was around 100% between 2014-15 and 2021-22.136   
- 
GER for girl students in classes 9-10 has improved from 76% in 2014-15 to 79% in 2021-22.  For girls in classes 11-12, the ratio has improved from 46% in 2014-15 to 58% in 2021-22.                                                    
Sources: Unified District Information for Education Plus; PRS. 

## Industry

Exports: India has become a major exporter of mobile phones. Over the last few years, the export of toys has increased by 60%, while imports have decreased by 70%. (2023) 

Export of mobile phones (in 
Rs crore) 
Year 
Exports 
2014-15 
1,566 
2015-16 
1,477 

- 
Between 2014-15 and 2021-22, India's exports of mobile phones increased 
from Rs 1,566 crore (USD 0.25 billion) to Rs 35,696 crore (USD 4.4 billion) (68% a year).137,138    In the first seven months of 2023-24 (up to October), India has exported mobile phones worth Rs 64,823 crore (USD 7.8 billion).139  India's mobile phone imports have reduced from Rs 48,609 crore in 2014-15 to Rs 6,685 crore in 2022-23.155   

| 2016-17    | 1,367    |
|------------|----------|
| 2017-18    | 11,396   |
| 2018-19    | 27,225   |

- 
In 2020, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology had announced a Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for manufacturing, assembly, testing of mobile phones or its specific components.   

| 2019-20    | 22,870    |
|------------|-----------|
| 2021-22    | 35,696    |

Sources: Unstarred Question No. 2805, Rajya Sabha, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, March 24, 2023; PRS.  

- 
It offers 4-6% incentive on incremental sales of products manufactured in India.140  This scheme is expected to generate production worth Rs 8.1 lakh 
crore and exports worth Rs 4.9 lakh crore by 2025-26.140  As of June 2023, 
production worth Rs 3.3 lakh crore has been generated, along with 62,000 direct jobs (30% of the targeted jobs).140  As of August 2023, proposals of 32 companies have been accepted under this scheme.141    
- 
Between 2016-17 and 2022-23, India's toy exports increased at an annualised rate of 16%, while imports reduced at an annualised rate of 11%.142   Export of toys includes: (i) video games, festive, carnival and other entertainment articles. 155  

 
2016-17 
2017-18 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
2022-23 
2023-24* 
 Exports 
135 
153 
203 
239 
239 
327 
326 
244 
 Imports 
320 
368 
372 
344 
178 
110 
159 
157 
Trade balance 
-185 
-215 
-169 
-105 
61 
217 
167 
87 

*Data for 2023-24 is from April to November.  Note: Negative sign represents deficit. Sources: Unstarred Question No. 3222 Lok Sabha, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, August 9, 2023; Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry; PRS. 

Startups: The government seeks to establish 50,000 startups by 2024. (2019) 

- 
The Startup India scheme was launched in January 2016.143  As of January 25, 2024, 1.2 lakh startups have been recognised by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).144  As of April 2023, 
recognised start-ups had self-reportedly created 10.3 lakh jobs.145  
- 
Initiatives to promote startups include: (i) Fund of Funds for Startups scheme, set up with a corpus of Rs 10,000 crore to meet their funding needs, (ii) the Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups to guarantee loans given to DPIIT recognised startups, and (iii) income tax exemption for three consecutive years for recognised startups 
incorporated after April, 2016.146   As of April 2023, 41% of the registered startups belonged to three states - Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Delhi.147   
PLI Schemes: For the first time in the country, a Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme worth about Rs 1.5 
lakh crore is being implemented in 10 manufacturing sectors. (2023) 
- In 2020, the central government announced PLI schemes across 14 sectors. These schemes involve a budgetary 

outlay of Rs 1.97 lakh crore with the aim of achieving an additional production of Rs 30 lakh crore over five years.148  They aim to do so by providing companies with incentives on incremental sales of products 
manufactured in India, over a given base year.149  The class of products under the scheme are listed in Table 18.  
- By 2022, schemes for all 14 sectors were notified.  As of June 2023, 733 applications have been approved under 
14 PLI schemes with expected investment of Rs 3.6 lakh crore.150  As of November 2023, investments of about 
Rs one lakh crore have been realised.151  The PLI is expected to create 60 lakh new jobs.152  Investments so far have led to production and sales of Rs 8.6 lakh crore and have created close to seven lakh jobs.168     
- Table 18 shows revised expenditure and budgeted allocation on PLI scheme across sectors for 2022-23 and 
2023-24, respectively.   

| Sector/Product                                               | Projected Outlay    | 2022-23 (RE)    | 2023-24 (BE)    |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------|-----------------|-----------------|
| Auto Components and Automobiles                              | 25,938              | 11              | 604             |
| Drones                                                       | 120                 | 40              | 33              |
| Advance Chemistry Cell Battery                               | 18,100              | 1               | 1               |
| Large Scale Electronics Manufacturing and IT Hardware        | 57,890              | 2,203           | 4,645           |
| Food Processing                                              | 10,900              | 801             | 1,530           |
| Specialty Steel                                              | 6,322               | -               | -               |
| Pharmaceutical Manufacturing                                 | 15,000              | 694             | 1,000           |
| Key Starting Materials (KSM)/Drug Intermediates (Bulk Drugs) | 6,940               | 15              | 100             |
| Medical Devices                                              |                     | 3,420           | 22              |
| High Efficiency Solar PV Modules                             | 24,000              |                 |                 |
| -                                                            |                     |                 |                 |
|                                                              |                     |                 |                 |
|                                                              |                     |                 |                 |
| -                                                            |                     |                 |                 |
|                                                              |                     |                 |                 |
|                                                              |                     |                 |                 |
| Telecom and Networking Products                              | 12,195              | 90              | 0               |
| Textiles and Apparel                                         | 10,683              | 8               | 5               |
| White Goods                                                  | 6,238               | 4               | 65              |
| Total                                                        | 1,97,746            | 3,889           | 8,083           |

Note: The PLI scheme for Specialty Steel will be implemented from 2024-25; Data on budgeted allocation for High Efficiency Solar PV Modules is not available; RE refers to Revised Estimate, BE refers to Budgeted Estimate. Sources: Unstarred Question No. 1386, Lok Sabha, Ministry of Planning, July 28, 2021, PRS 
 
Loans to small business: Under the Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana, 19 crore loans have been disbursed for selfemployment. The scheme will be expanded to cover 30 crore people. (2019) 

- 
The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) was launched in 2015.  Its objective is to provide access to institutional finance of up to Rs 10 lakh to new or existing micro units/ enterprises.153  Table 19 indicates the 
amount disbursed under the scheme up to 2022-23 and its growth in the same.    
- 
As of January 19 2024, 46 crore loans worth Rs 27 lakh crore have been disbursed.154  Of these, 68% have been 
extended to women borrowers and 51% to SC, ST and OBC entrepreneurs.170  
- 
Three categories of loans are provided under PMMY: (i) Shishu (up to Rs 50,000), (ii) Kishore (Rs 50,000 to Rs 5 lakh), and Tarun (Rs 5 lakh to Rs 10 lakh).  As of March 24, 2023, 83% of the total number of loans 
sanctioned under the scheme were below Rs 50,000.  This constituted 40% of the total amount sanctioned.155 

 
2015-16 
2016-17 
2017-18 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
2022-23 
No. of loans sanctioned 
3.5 
4.0 
4.8 
6.0 
6.2 
5.1 
5.4 
6.2 
Amount Disbursed  
1,32,955 
1,75,312 
2,46,437 
3,11,811 
3,29,715 
3,11,754 
3,31,402 
4,50,424 
Growth in disbursement 
 
32% 
41% 
27% 
-6% 
-5% 
6% 
36% 

Sources: PMMY Dashboard; PRS.  
 

## Infrastructure And Transport

Project Delays: The PM Gati-Shakti National Master Plan was formulated to reduce delays in infrastructure projects. *(2023)* 

- 
The PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan (launched in October 2021) aims to integrate the development of transport infrastructure such as railways, roads, ports, waterways and airports.156  As of December 2023, 100 infrastructure connectivity gaps were identified under the Plan.  In 2023-24, Rs 75,000 crore were allocated for infrastructure projects under the scheme.157  
- 
Over the years, both time and cost overrun have been observed in infrastructure projects in the central sector. As of November 2023, 845 Central Sector projects (46% of the total ongoing projects monitored) were delayed.158  Out of the total projects delayed, 76% projects belonged to road transport, railways and petroleum sectors.158  Reasons for delay include delays in land acquisition, obtaining environmental clearances and 
financing.158    
- 
Project delays have led to an overall cost overrun of Rs 4.4 lakh crore, as of November 2023.158  The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (2023) noted that revised cost estimates and commissioning schedules for many projects are not being reported.158  Table 20 and Figure 10 provide data on delays and cost 
overruns of projects falling within rail, road, civil aviation, shipping and ports sectors.   

Sector 
As of Oct-21 
As of Nov-23 
| Amount    | In %    | Amount    | In %    |
|-----------|---------|-----------|---------|
| Civil Aviation    | 1,078    |  7%    |          2,028     | 11%    |
|-------------------|----------|--------|--------------------|--------| | Railways    | 1,38,796    |  53%    |     2,11,353     | 52%    |
|-------------|-------------|---------|------------------|--------| Road Transport and Highways  
14,651 
 3% 
      39,014  
5% 
Shipping and Ports 
-1,005 
18% 
              -7  
0% 

Sources: Report no. 456 Flash Report, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation; PRS.  
Note: One project was monitored under Shipping and Ports. Sources: 431st and 456th Flash Report, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation; PRS.  
Logistics: The National Logistics Policy was launched in 2022, which seeks to reduce the cost of logistics (2023) 

- 
Objectives: Key objectives of National Logistics Policy 
(NLP) include: (i) ensuring optimal utilisation of logistics infrastructure, and (ii) standardising quality standards in the logistics sector.159   
- 
Targets: According to a government commissioned 
research, the cost of logistics in India in 2021-22 was estimated to be 7.8-9% of GDP, which is considerably lower than 13% of GDP recorded in 2016.160  In 2023, India ranked 38th in the Logistical Performance Index (LPI), faring better than its rank in 2018 (44).161  Policy targets include: (i) reducing the cost of logistics as comparable to global benchmarks, and (ii) improving India's LPI ranking to be among to the top 25 countries, by 2030.159 
- 
Action Plan: The policy will be implemented through a Comprehensive Logistics Action Plan.159  The plan 
identifies key action areas such as: (i) standardisation of physical assets and benchmarking quality standards, (ii) export-import (EXIM) logistics, and (iii) state engagement.   
- 
Progress: As of September 2023, the Unified Logistics Interface Platform was formed to ensure digital 
integration in the sector.  A logistics databank has been created to track EXIM cargo and ensure predictability. As of September 2023, 22 States/UTs have notified their Logistics Plans, which are aligned to the NLP.162  
 
National Highways: The National Highway network has grown by more than 55% during the past eight years. 

More than 550 districts will be connected by highways under the Bharatmala project (2023) 

Table 21: National Highways targeted and 
constructed (in Kms) 
Year 
Target 
Achievement 
% Achieved 
2019-20 
11,000 
10,237 
93% 

- 
India's national highway network grew in length by 
83% between 2012-13 and 2022-23.163  The year-onyear growth was 6%.  As of November 2023, India's highway network is 1.5 lakh km long.  The pace of 
growth moderated from 2018-19 (see Table 22). 

| 2020-21    | 11,000    | 13,227    | 120%    |
|------------|-----------|-----------|---------|
| 2021-22    | 12,000    | 10,457    | 87%     |
| 2022-23    | 12,200    | 10,331    | 85%     |

- 
Between 2019-20 and 2023-24, the central government targeted constructing 60,000 km of national highways.164  As of November 2023, it has constructed 49,500 km of national highway.165   

| 2023-24*    | 13,000    | 5,248    | 40%    |
|-------------|-----------|----------|--------|

- 
Between March 2019 and February 2023, the length of state highways notified as national highways 
increased from 91,287 km to 1.45 lakh km.166,167 
Note: Figures for 2023-24 are as of November, 2023. Sources: Unstarred Question No. 2659, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Rajya Sabha, March 16, 2023; Press Information Bureau; PRS.   

Year 
2012-13 
2013-14 
2014-15 
2015-16 
2016-17 
2017-18 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
2022-23 
0.79 
0.91 
0.99 
1.01 
1.14 
1.26 
1.33 
1.33 
1.38 
1.41 
1.45 
Length (in lakh km) 
10.2% 
15.4% 
7.2% 
3.2% 
13.0% 
10.7% 
4.9% 
0.4% 
4.0% 
2.2% 
2.8% 
Year on Year Growth  

Sources: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Year-end Review 2022-23, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Press Information Bureau; PRS.  
Infrastructure Pipeline: Rs 100 lakh crore will be invested to develop infrastructure over the next five years. (2023) 

- 
The National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) was launched in 2020.  Under this pipeline, 6,835 projects with a capital expenditure of Rs 109 lakh crore have been proposed between 2019-20 and 2024-25.168  As of January 2023, these were expanded to include 9,581 projects.169   
- 
Transport (42%), energy (25%) and water and sanitation (15%) have the highest share in NIP. 168 
- 
As of February 2023, 1,066 projects (12% of the then approved projects) were completed.  At the same time, 4,552 projects (52.3%) were under implementation.170  Remaining projects are in the development and conceptualisation stage.  
Railway Electrification: Indian Railways is moving towards becoming the world's largest electric network (2023) 

- 
As of December 2023, 61,508 route kms have been electrified.171  This is 94% of total broad-gauge route. 171 

## Rail Accidents: Indigenous Technology Such As Kavach Is Being Utilised For Railway Safety. (2023)

Table 23:  Rail Accidents and their causes 
Year 
2017-18 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
Total Accidents 
72 
59 
54 
21 
34 

- 
Kavach is an automatic train protection and warning system, which helps prevent collision between locomotives.172  It initiates automatic application of breaks in case of over-speeding.    

Key Causes 

 Derailments 
53 
46 
40 
16 
26 
  Fire in Trains 
3 
6 
7 
3 
4 
  Collision 
3 
0 
5 
1 
2 
 Level Crossing Accidents 
13 
6 
1 
1 
1 

- 
Kavach is currently being implemented on 1,455 route km in South-Central Railways.172  Kavach works have also been rewarded on 3000 route kms of Delhi- Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai routes.  Indian Railways aims to implement Kavach on high-density and highly utilised networks. 

Sources: Indian Railways Yearbook 2021-22; PRS.  

- 
Rail accidents reduced between 2017-18 and 2021-22 (see Table 23).  Derailments constitute roughly 75% of all rail accidents between 2017-18 and 2021-22.173 
Air Transport: Number of airports increased from 74 in 2014 to 147 in 2022. With the help of the UDAN Yojana, India has become the third largest aviation market. (2023) 

- 
The Regional Connectivity Scheme- UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) was launched in November 2016. 174 It aims to enhance air connectivity in tier-2 and tier-3 towns by identifying routes and providing subsidy and exclusivity to operators. 175   
- 
Between 2014 and 2023, the number of airports has increased from 47 to 148.174  The government aims to build 220 airports (including helipads and water aerodomes) under UDAN by 2026.   
- 
As of December 2023, 517 routes that connect 29 airports have commenced 
operations. 176  501 routes have been cancelled because airlines have shut down, or aerodromes are not ready. Reasons for project delays include delays 
in land acquisition, environmental 
clearances, and obtaining licenses.176  
- 
Between 2012-13 and 2022-23, total passenger traffic in India increased at an annual rate of 7% (see Figure 12).  In 2022-23, 14 airlines were operating in the Indian domestic market.177  
Sources: Handbook of Civil Aviation Statistics 2022-23, DGCA; PRS 

## Broadband Connectivity: In The Past Seven Years, About 2.5 Lakh People Were Connected To Broadband Every Day. (2023)

- 
According to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, an average of 8.3 crore people were connected to broadband every year (annual increase of 27%).   
- 
The National Digital Communications Policy, 2018 set goals of: (i) providing universal broadband connectivity at 50 Mbps to every citizen by 2022, and (ii) one Gbps connectivity to all gram panchayats by 2020, and 10 Gbps by 2022.178  
- 
A broadband connection in India is defined to have a minimum download speed of two Mbps to an individual subscriber.  In USA, UK, and China, it is defined to be 25, 24, and 20 Mbps, respectively.179   
- 
Under the BharatNet scheme, the government plans to connect 2.5 lakh gram panchayats with 100 mbps connectivity.180  Deadline for the completion of the scheme has been revised several times from March 2019 
March 2023.180   As of December 2023, this has been implemented in 2.1 lakh gram panchayats.181  

  
2014-15 
2015-16 
2016-17 
2017-18 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
2022-23 
2023-24* 
Total Subscribers 
9.9 
15 
27.7 
41.3 
56.3 
68.7 
77.8 
78.8 
84.6 
86.1 
Subscribers Added Annually 
5 
5.1 
12.7 
13.6 
15 
12.4 
9.1 
1 
5.8 
1.5 

*Data for 2023-24 is as of June, 2023.  Sources: Telecom Subscription Reports of Various Years; Telecom Regulatory Authority of India; PRS.  
 

## Urban And Rural Development

Housing for All: More than 11,000 houses built everyday under PMAY.  Pucca houses to more than 3.5 crore households. (2023) 

- 
The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) was launched in 2015 to provide 'housing for all' across urban 
(PMAY-U) and rural areas (PMAY-G).  The schemes were to run till 2022.  They have been extended till 
December 31, 2024.182,183   
- 
Under PMAY-U, 1.1 crore houses were to be constructed as of 2021.  As on January 2024, 80 lakh (71%) have been completed and delivered to beneficiaries.184  As of December 2022, about 5.6 lakh houses could not be 
delivered due to lack of basic amenities.185 
- 
Under PMAY-G, 2.95 crore houses were to be constructed till between 2016-17 and 2023-24.  As of January 2024, about 2.94 crore houses have been sanctioned (99.6%) and 2.54 crore houses have been completed 
(86%).186  
- 
Under PMAY-G, government or public land is provided to landless beneficiaries.187  5.5 lakh beneficiaries under PMAY-G do not own any land.  Land has been provided to 2.5 lakh of them under the scheme (46%). 188 

## Rural Road Network: Road Network Under Pmgsy Increased From 3.8 To 7 Lakh Km Between 2013-2021.  More Than 99% Habitations Connected By Road.  (2023)

- 
The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched in 2000, aiming to connect all eligible unconnected habitations in rural areas with all-weather roads.189  As of March, 2019 PMGSY roads accounted for 21% of the rural road network.190  81% of the roads constructed under PMGSY were paved/surfaced.190 

## Table 25: Progress Under Pmgsy

% 
Phase 
Objectives 
Deadline 
Road length 
sanctioned (in 
Road length 
completed (in 
Completed 
km) 
km) 
PMGSY-I 
Connect habitations with population more than 250 people.  
September 2022* 
6,29,429 
6,23,111 
99% 
PMGSY-II 
September 2022* 
49,336 
48,712 
99% 
Targets the upgrade of 50,000 km of roads to consolidate the existing rural road network.   
PMGSY-III 
Aims to consolidate 1.2 lakh km of roadways through rural links.  
March 2025 
1,07,513 
71,966 
67% 
RCPLWEA 
March 2023* 
12,018 
8,483 
71% 
Aims to improve the road connectivity in 44 worst affected LWE districts and some adjoining districts in 9 States.  

Sources: PMGSY Dashboard as accessed on January 30, 2024; PRS. 

Note: *Target for PMGSY-I was initially March 2019 and for PMGSY-II and RCLPWEA, it was March 2020. 

## Swachh Bharat Mission: 10 Crore Toilets Built Under Swachh Bharat Mission.  No Poor Will Defecate In Open By 2022.  Rural Areas Declared Open Defecation Free. (2019-22)

- 
Swachh Bharat Mission - Grameen (SBM-G): SBM-G sought to achieve universal sanitation coverage, 
eliminate open defecation, and improve cleanliness in rural India by 2019.  By October 2019, all villages were declared Open Defecation Free (ODF).193  As per the NFHS-5, during 2019-21, 7% of rural households use a shared toilet facility.  During this period, 26% rural households practiced open defecation.191    
- 
Phase-II of SBM-G is being implemented from 2020-21 to 2024-25.  It has a total outlay of Rs 1.4 lakh crore, and focuses on sustaining the ODF status, and providing villages with waste management facilities.192 Villages that have these facilities will be designated as ODF Plus.193  As of January 2024, 5.1 lakh villages have been declared ODF+.194  This represents 87% of villages covered under SBM-G. 
- 
Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban: In 2019, all urban areas were declared open defecation free.195  As per a 
2020-21 National Sample Survey, 81% people in urban areas had exclusive access to improved latrine facilities 
within their household premises.196  About 3% urban households reported having no access to a latrine facility.  
- 
In October 2021, the second phase of SBM-U was launched to focus on segregating solid waste in all cities, scientific processing of waste, and managing wastewater.  As of December 2023, 73% of the ULBs (3,547) have functional and well-maintained community and public toilets, i.e., they have achieved ODF+ status.197 There is some variation across states (as of January, 2024).  Targets have exceeded in some states such as Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, whereas in others such as Goa (47%), and Delhi (15%), less than 50% targets have 
been met.198   
Electric Vehicles: More than 7,000 electric buses under FAME are being added to the public transport fleet. (2019, 
2023) 

- 
The Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India (FAME) scheme was launched in 2015. Phase I of the scheme included a focus on demand creation, creating charging infrastructure and building a 
technology platform.  It was implemented till March 2019, with a total budgetary support of Rs 895 crore.199   

FAME Phase II (as of January 2024) 
Vehicle Type 
Initial 
Target 
Revised 
Target 
EVs Sold 
2-Wheeler 
10,00,000 
9,68,000 
11,85,742  
3-Wheeler  
5,00,000 
1,26,000 
1,38,523  
55,000 
11,000 
16,991  
4-Wheeler Passenger cars e-Buses* 
7,210 
7,090 
3,487  

- 
Phase-II, which focuses on supporting electrification of public and shared transportation, is being implemented between 2019 and 2024, with budgetary support of Rs 10,000 crore.200  Targets under Phase-II were revised in 2021 to reduce the budget for charging infrastructure and instead allocate it towards demand incentives.201,202  Subsidy amounting to Rs 5,789 crore has been given to EV manufactures on sale of 13,41,256 EVs (as of January 2024).203  
*Data is presented as on November 2023. 6,862 e-Buses were sanctioned. Sources: FAME Dashboard, as accessed on January 30, 2024; Standing Committee Report on Industry; Starred Question 134, Lok Sabha, Ministry of Heavy Industries; PRS.  
Metro Rail Network: Metro Network increased by 3 times in the last 8 years.  Metro projects underway in 27 cities. 

(2023)   

- 
The operational metro rail length has increased from 248 km in 2014 to 872 km as of August 2023.204, 205    
- 
As of August 2023, metro rail projects are operational across 20 cities (11 states/UTs).  As of August 2023, 21 project proposals are in various stages of approval across 10 states, of which two have received approval.  
These are in Kochi and Gurugram. 205 

## Urban Infrastructure: Development Of Urban Infrastructure In Cities Will Lead To Economic Progress. (2019)

- 
The Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) was launched in 2015 to be implemented across 500 cities (for five years).  It sought to develop infrastructure related to basic services such as water supply, sewerage, and non-motorised urban transport.  Phase II of the scheme was launched in October 2021 (for five more years) to provide water supply through functional taps to all households in statutory towns, and cover sewage management in the 500 cities covered in phase I.206   
- 
Urban areas are estimated to generate about 72,000 megalitres of sewage per day (MLD).  As of March 2021, about 27,000 MLD of treatment capacity is operational.  207  In 2020-21, 63% people had exclusive access to improved Sources of drinking water which was both (i) located in their household premises and (ii) sufficiently 
available throughout the year.196  

## Water, Environment And Energy Rural Water Supply: 11 Crore Families Have Been Provided Piped Water Supply Under Jal Jeevan Mission In The Last 3 Years (2023)

- 
Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) was launched in 2019, to provide a Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household (19 crore households).208  Under JJM, as on January 17, 2024, 74% of rural households (14,16,44,605)  have FHTCs at the national level.209  However, in several large states, including Jharkhand, Rajasthan, and West Bengal, less than 50% of households have FHTCs.  In Kerala, 52% rural households have FHTCs.209  Tap water connections under JJM are defined as 'functional' if they supply adequate quantity of water (55 litre per capita per day) and are fit for drinking with regular supply (all year, on schedule). 210  
- 
As of 2022, the average duration of water supply in households was three hours per day.210  

## Electricity Generation Capacity From Non-Fossil Sources: 40% Electricity Generation Capacity By Non-Fossils Achieved 9 Years Before Schedule. (2021, 2023)

- 
At COP21 (2015), India announced its target to increase India's installed capacity share of renewable energy to 40% by 2030.  This was achieved in November 2021.211  In line with this, the government has set targets to achieve (i) 500 GW installed capacity from non-fossil fuel resources and (ii) 50% share in renewable energy by 2030.211, 212  
- 
As of March 2023, the installed capacity of non-fossil fuels in India is 43%.213   

Sources 
Capacity (in 
GW) 
Share in total 
Coal 
215 
50% 
Solar 
73 
17% 
Hydro  
52 
12% 
Wind 
45 
10% 
Gas 
25 
6% 
Other (Deisel, Bio Power) 
11 
3% 
Nuclear 
7 
2% 

- 
The government also set a target for installation of 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 31st December 2022.214  As on March, 2023, India has installed capacity of 172 GW of renewable energy. 215  However, generation from renewable energy was 23% of 
the total generation. 215 

| Total    | 428    |      |
|----------|--------|------|

 Sources: Installed Capacity Report, Central Electricity Authority; PRS.  
Solar Power: Solar power capacity has increased by almost 20 times in the past eight years. (2019) 

- 
As of March 2011, India's solar capacity was 35 MW, which increased to 29 GW as of March 2019.  The central government had also set a target of achieving 100 GW of solar power capacity by 2022.216  As of December 2023, it is 73 GW.   
- 
Utilisation of funds for Solar Energy Program under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has also been consistently low (see Figure 13). This includes allocations for schemes such as the Rooftop Solar Program, and PM-KUSUM scheme for solarisation of agricultural pumps and farms. 
 
Sources: Installed Capacity Report 2016-23, Central Electricity Authority; Energy Statistics, Central Statistics Office 2008-15; PRS.  
Sources: Report no.34, Demand for Grants, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Standing Committee on Energy; PRS.  

## Solar Pumps To Farmers: 20 Lakh Solar Pumps Are Being Provided To Farmers Under The Pradhan Mantri Kusum Yojana (2020, 2022, 2023)

- 
Launched in 2019, PM-KUSUM seeks to add: (i) 10 GW capacity through small solar power plants, (ii) 20 lakh off-grid solar water pumps, and (iii) 15 lakh grid-connected agricultural pumps.  It aims to achieve these targets by March 2026.217  
- 
As of November 2023, 141 MW capacity has been added under Component A (1%), 2.78 lakh off-grid solar 
pumps are installed under component B (14%), and 4,594 agricultural pumps under component C (0.3%).218  

## Free Electricity To Rural Households: Free Electricity Connections To Over 2.5 Crore People Under Pm Saubhagya (2020, 2022)

- 
The Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) was launched in 2014 for strengthening the distribution systems to improve access for electrification of rural households and provide free electricity connection to BPL households.219  Until 2017, 49 lakh BPL households were electrified.  
- 
Subsequently, the Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (SAUBHAGYA) was launched in 2017, to achieve universal household electrification by providing electricity connections to all unelectrified households in the country.219  
- 
Overall, between the two schemes, 2.9 crore households were electrified as of March 2022. 219  29 participating states reported 100% household electrification and the scheme was discontinued in March 2022. 220 

## Access To Clean Fuel: Every Poor Will Have Access To Clean Fuel By 2022 (2019, 2020, 2022)

- 
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) was launched in 2016 to provide access to clean cooking fuel to poor households across the country.  The scheme sought to provide eight crore LPG Connections to the deprived households by March 2020.221  This target was achieved on time. 222 
- 
PMUY Phase-2 (Ujjwala 2.0) was launched in 2021 to provide additional 1.6 Crore LPG connections with special focus for migrant households.  Target under Ujjwala 2.0 was achieved by December 2022.221  An additional 75 lakh connections were extended between 2023-24 and 2025-26, taking overall target under the scheme to 10.4 crore.223  Per capita consumption of PMUY Beneficiaries increased from 3 Refills/annum during 2019-20, to 3.8 refills in 2023-24 (as of October 2023).   
- 
The Multiple Indicator Survey conducted by NSS in 2020-21 had showed that only 50% of the rural households used clean fuel for cooking.224  For urban households, this figure was 92%.224   

## Ethanol Blending: Progress Towards Meeting The Target Of 20% Ethanol Blending In Petrol Is Also Underway (2022, 2023)

- 
Ethanol Blending is the practice of blending ethanol with petrol for retail sale.  This helps lower emissions and reduces dependence on crude oil.  Oil Marketing Companies achieved 10% ethanol blending in 2021-22 and 12% in 2022-23.225  
- 
In February, 2023, the government began the first phase of selling E20 petrol, which is petrol blended with 20% 
ethanol.226  E20 blended fuel was launched at 84 outlets in 11 states/UTs.226    
- 
The annual ethanol production capacity in the country was 1,244 crore litres as of January, 2023.227  NITI Aayog estimates the ethanol requirement to increase from 988 crore litres in 2024-25 to 1,350 crore litres in 2025-26. 228 

## Clear Air: National Clean Air Program Started In 102 Cities (2019, 2020)

- 
The Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate Change launched the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) in January 2019, with an objective to improve air quality levels in 131 cities across 24 states.229  Rs 8,916 crore was released to cities under NCAP between 2019-20 and 2022-23.  Out of this, 23% has been utilised as of 2022-23.230 
- 
Out of 131 cities, 95 cities had shown improvement in air quality in terms of Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) concentrations in 2021-22.  On average, the PM10 concentration in these cities decreased by 23% between 2017-18 and 2021-22.231  PM10 is particulate matter which is released through mechanical processes such as construction activities, road dust, and wind. 
- 
NCAP aimed to achieve 20-30% reduction in PM10 concentrations by 2024 with respect to base year 2017.  20 cities met this target of 20-30% reduction in 2021-22 (15% of the total).  This target has been further revised to 40% by 2025-26.231   

## Ganga River Pollution: River Ganga Will Flow Pollution Free And Uninterrupted By 2022 (2019, 2020)

- 
The Namami Gange Programme was launched in June 2014.  It aims to rejuvenate the river Ganga and its tributaries.  The first phase of the scheme ended in March 2021, and it was subsequently extended till March 2026. 232  
- 
Interventions to rejuvenate the river under the programme include wastewater treatment, solid waste management, afforestation, and biodiversity conservation.  As of July 2023, a total of 442 projects have been 
taken up out of which 254 projects have been completed (57%). 233  Majority of the projects (193) pertain to creation of sewage infrastructure.  Out of these, 106 sewerage projects have been completed (55%). 233 
Note: BE is Budget Estimates.  
Sources: Demands for Grants, Department of Jal Shakti for various years; PRS.  

## Green Hydrogen: Hydrogen Mission Will Attract Investment In Green Energy, And Reduce Foreign Dependence For Clean Energy And Energy Security (2023)

- 
In January 2023, the National Green Hydrogen Mission was launched with a projected outlay of Rs 19,744 crore till 2030.  The objective of the mission is to make India a global hub for production, usage and export of Green Hydrogen and its derivatives.235 
- 
The target of the mission is to: (i) develop a capacity of 5 MMT (Million Metric Tonne) of Green Hydrogen production by 2030, (ii) reduce fossil fuel imports worth Rs 1 lakh crore by 2030, and (iii) decrease CO2 emissions by 50 MMT per annum.236   
DISCLAIMER: This document is being furnished to you for your information.  You may choose to reproduce or redistribute this report for noncommercial purposes in part or in full to any other person with due acknowledgement of PRS Legislative Research ("PRS").  The opinions expressed herein are entirely those of the author(s).  PRS makes every effort to use reliable and comprehensive information, but PRS does not represent that the contents of the report are accurate or complete.  PRS is an independent, not-for-profit group.  This document has been prepared without regard to the objectives or opinions of those who may receive it. 

 

- 
In 2020-21, there were 120 Sewage treatment plants (STP) located around 
Ganga and its tributaries.234  They had an 
installed capacity of 2,235 megalitres per day to treat the waste generated near it. However, only 36% of the total waste was being treated.   
 
- 
Funds under Namami Gange have been underutilised.  Actual expenditure under Namami Gange was less than 70% of budget estimates between 2016-21.  For three of these years, it was less than 45%. 
202022.  
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