2022-23
The Constitution requires the President to address Parliament on its first sitting every calendar year.  In this address, the President outlines the major policy priorities of the government.  This note highlights some items in the President's Address of January 31, 2022, and the current status of the initiatives with respect to these items (based on data available till January 27, 2023).1  Data sources have been indicated in the endnotes.   

## Economy And Finance

Policy Announcement: Inflow of 48 billion dollars in the first seven months of the current financial year is a testimony to the belief the global investor community has in India's growth story.  India's foreign exchange reserves today exceed 630 billion dollars.   

- 
FDI: FDI inflows during the first seven months of 2021-22 (Apr-Oct) stood at USD 32 billion.  For the same 
period in 2020-21 and 2019-20, FDI inflows were USD 34 billion and USD 32 billion respectively.2 

Parameter 
2015-16 
2016-17 
2017-18 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
2022-23 
Net FDI 
36.0 
35.6 
30.3 
30.7 
43.0 
44.0 
38.6 
20.2 
Direct Investment to India 
44.9 
42.2 
39.4 
43.3 
56.0 
54.9 
56.2 
27.9 
Year-on-year growth of Direct Investment to India  
27.3% 
-6.0% 
-6.6% 
9.8% 
29.3% 
-1.9% 
2.4% 
- 

Note: 2022-23 figures are from April to September 2022. Sources: Yearly Foreign Investment Inflows, Database on Indian Economy, RBI; PRS. 

- 
Foreign Exchange Reserves: As of January, 2023, foreign exchange reserves stood at USD 562 billion, 11% lower than reserves of USD 633 billion in January, 2022.3  

Parameter 
2016 
2017 
2018 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Foreign exchange reserves (in USD billion) 
350 
359 
411 
396 
461 
585 
633 
562 
% change from previous year 
10% 
3% 
14% 
-4% 
16% 
27% 
8% 
-11% 

Note: Reserves are reported amounts of the first week of January in every year. Sources: Foreign Exchange Reserves, Database on Indian Economy, RBI; PRS. 

Policy Announcement: During April to December 2021, our goods-exports stood at 300 billion dollars, or more than Rs 22 lakh crore, which is one and a half times more than the corresponding period of 2020.  
- 
Foreign Trade: In 2021-22, India's exports were USD 422 billion.  Exports grew at compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9% between 2016-17 and 2021-22.  During the same period, imports grew at CAGR 10%.4  

Year 
2016-17 
2017-18 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
Exports  
276 
304 
330 
313 
292 
422 
Imports 
384 
466 
514 
475 
394 
613 

Sources: Foreign Exchange Reserves, Database on Indian Economy, RBI; PRS.  

position (in billion USD) 
| 2018-           |   2019- |   2020- |   2021- |
|-----------------|---------|---------|---------|
| BoP Component   |         |         |         |
| 2017-           |         |         |         |
| 18              |     19  |     20  |     21  |
| Current Account |    -49  |    -57  |    -25  |
| Capital Account |     92  |     54  |     84  |
| Overall Balance |     44  |     -3  |     59  |

Sources: Key Components of India's Balance of Payments, Database on Indian Economy, RBI; PRS. 

- 
Balance of Payments: India recorded a current 
account deficit in four out of the last five years, driven primarily by deficits in merchandise trade.5 However, the overall balance has remained positive due to the capital account surplus.  In 2021-22, current account balance was -1.2% of GDP, while the capital account balance was 0.7% of GDP.  The import cover stood at 12 months in 2021-22.  The position was roughly the same in 2019-20 (12 months) and 2018-19 (10 months).6   
Policy Announcement: GST collection has consistently remained above Rs 1 lakh crore during the last several months. 

- 
In 2022, the average monthly gross GST collection was Rs 1.46 lakh crore.7  In April 2022, the gross GST collection was Rs 1.67 lakh crore which was the highest since the implementation of the indirect tax regime in 2017.8  GST revenue realisation has been lower than the pre-GST regime (for the taxes subsumed under GST); which, according to the 15th Finance Commission, was due to both structural and operational reasons.9 
 

| Year           |   2017-18  |   2018-19  |   2019-20  |   2020-21  | 2021-22     | 2022-23     |
|----------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|-------------|-------------|
| GST Collection |        7.2 |       11.8 |       12.2 |       11.4 | 14.9        | 13.4        |
| +              |            |            |            |            |             |             |
|                |            |            |            |            |             |             |
| GST Revenue    |        4.4 |        5.8 |        6   |        5.5 | 6.8*        | 7.8**       |

Note: As per recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission, 41% of the centrally collected tax is devolved to states.  GST Collection refers to the tax collected by the centre, and GST Revenue refers to the centre's share in the collected tax. *Revised Estimates **Budget Estimates +Collection is until December 2022.  Sources: Union Budget documents; PIB; PRS. 

Policy Announcement: With more than 44 crore poor people joining the banking system, crores of people benefitted from direct cash transfer during the pandemic.  

- 
Since the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) was launched in 2014, 47.9 crore accounts have been opened with total deposits worth Rs 1.83 lakh crore (as on January 18, 2023).10  67% of these accounts have been opened in rural and semi-urban areas.10 

Parameter 
Dec 2017 
Dec 2018 
Dec 2019 
Dec 2020 
Dec 2021 
Dec 2022 
Number of Accounts (crore) 
30.79 
33.66 
37.77 
41.58 
44.23 
47.84 
Deposits (Rs crore) 
71,501 
86,321 
1,09,259 
1,35,084 
1,50,939 
1,80,857 

Sources: PMJDY Progress Report; PRS. 

- 
From 2013-14 till January 2023, cumulative benefits worth Rs 27.8 lakh crore have been transferred through direct benefit transfer (DBT).11  Transfers are made through various schemes such as the Public Distribution System, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee, and Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Grameen.   In 2022-23 (till January 2023), Rs 5.1 lakh crore have been transferred to beneficiaries through DBT under 310 schemes.  As per the government, this has led to savings worth Rs 2.23 lakh crore.12 

## Table 7: Amount Disbursed Through Dbt

Year 
2015-16 
2016-17 
2017-18 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
2022-23* 
Beneficiaries (crore) 
31 
36 
124 
129 
145 
180 
179 
161 
Amount Disbursed (Rs crore) 
61,942 
74,689 
1,90,871 
3,29,796 
3,81,631 
5,52,527 
6,30,264 
5,14,014 

* Data for 2022-23 is as of January 19, 2023.  Sources: DBT Website; PRS 
Policy Announcement: Transactions worth more than Rs 8 lakh crore have taken place in the country through UPI 
in December 2021.  

- 
In 2022-23 (up to December 2022), about 6,000 crore UPI transactions worth Rs 100 lakh crore have been completed.13 

## Table 8: Volume And Value Of Upi Transactions From 2015-16

 
2015-16 
2016-17 
2017-18 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
2022-23  
Volume (crore) 
0 
2 
92 
539 
1,252 
2,233 
4,596 
5,949 
Value (Rs crore) 
0 
6,961 
1,09,832 
8,76,971 
21,31,730 
41,03,658 
84,15,900 
 99,75,076  

Note: Figures for 2022-23 are till December 2022. Sources: Payment Systems, Database on Indian Economy, RBI; PRS. 

## Policy Announcement: *The Mudra Scheme Has Promoted Entrepreneurship And Skills Of Women.*

Table 9: Loan disbursed under the MUDRA scheme (in Rs lakh crore) 
Year 
Loan Disbursed 
2015-16 
1.33 
2016-17 
1.75 
2017-18 
2.46 
2018-19 
3.12 
2019-20 
3.30 
2020-21 
3.12 

- 
The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana was launched in 2015 for providing loans of up to Rs 10 lakh to non-corporate, non-farm small/micro enterprises.  Table 9 indicates the amount disbursed under the scheme.  From April 2015 to November 25, 2022, 37.8 crore loans worth Rs 20.4 lakh crore have been disbursed.14  68% of these loans have been extended to women borrowers.15  As per the Ministry of Labour and Employment, the Mudra Yojana led to the generation of 1.12 crore net additional employment from 2015 to 2018.14    

| 2021-22    |   3.31  |
|------------|---------|
| 2022-23*   |    2.51 |

- 
In 2021-22, the scheme was allocated Rs 2,500 crore, which reduced to Rs 100 crore in 2022-23.16 
*Provisional data Note: As of January 22, 2023 
Sources: MUDRA Dashboard; PRS. 

Policy Announcement: Banks have extended financial help to the tune of Rs 65,000 crore to more than 28 lakh Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in 2021-22.  This is four times the amount extended in 2014-15.  The government has also provided training to thousands of members of the women SHGs and made them partners as 'Banking Sakhi'. 

- 
The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) was launched in 2011, and works towards achieving universal financial inclusion of all the poor households organised into SHGs.  The Scheme has two types of funds - Revolving Funds and Community Investment Fund - which are provided to SHGs as a means to create financial resources.  These funds can be used to access bank credit, or to provide loans to the members.17   
- 
As of July 2022, the Mission is being implemented in 28 states and six Union Territories.  More than 8.41 crore women have been mobilised cumulatively into more than 77.4 lakh SHGs.17   
- 
Rs 7,212 crore of central assistance was released under the scheme for the year 2021-22.  For the financial year 2022-23, central assistance worth Rs 9,602 crore was allocated for SHGs against which an amount of Rs 100 crore was released (as of July 31, 2022).17  From 2013-14, bank credit amounting to Rs 5.24 lakh crore has been accessed by women SHGs under DAY-NRLM.   

## Agriculture And Food Security

Policy Announcement: Under the PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi, Rs.1,80,000 crore have been provided to more than 11 
crore farmer families.   

Table 10: Annual Expenditure on PM-KISAN (in Rs crore) 
Year 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
Expenditure  
6,051 
49,225 
61,426 
66,761 

Sources: Parliamentary Standing Committee on Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Food Processing; PRS. 

- 
The PM Kisan Samman Nidhi was launched in 2019 to provide land-holding farmer families 
with an annual income support of Rs 
6,000.18  It is released in three instalments of Rs 2,000 directly into the bank accounts of the beneficiaries.   
- 
As of March 31, 2022, there were 11.31 crore beneficiaries of the scheme.19  Annual expenditure on the scheme is given in Table 10.  Rs 68,000 crore was budgeted for the scheme in 2022-23.20 
Policy Announcement: The small farmers of the country have also benefited from the new changes in the crop insurance scheme.  More than Rs. 1 lakh crore have been given as compensation to about eight crore farmers.   

Table 11: Demographic distribution of farmers covered under PMFBY from 2018-2022 (in percentage) 
 
2018 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
Marginal farmers 
19 
17 
17 
18 
17 
Small farmers 
64 
64 
66 
61 
60 

- 
The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) and the Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS) were launched in 2016 to provide farmers with affordable crop insurance against nonpreventable natural risks from pre-sowing to postharvest stage.  Under PMFBY, farmers pay a premium of up to 2% (for Kharif crops), 1.5% (for Rabi crops), and 5% (for horticultural crops) of the sum insured.21  

Others 
17 
18 
17 
20 
22 

Sources: PMFBY Administrative Dashboard; PRS. 

- 
Changes were made to PMFBY from 2020 onwards.  These include: (i) making the scheme  
voluntary for all farmers, and (ii) central government to share subsidies with the north eastern states in the ratio of 90:10 instead of 50:50.  

Table 12: Annual expenditure on PMFBY (in Rs crore) 
Year 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
Expenditure 
11,945 
12,638 
13,903 
15,989* 

- 
As of January 12, 2023, 2.46 crore farmers are covered under the scheme, and a total sum of Rs.1.74 lakh crore has been insured.22  The budgeted expenditure of the scheme was Rs 15,500 crore in 2022-23.23  
*Revised estimate for 2021-22 Sources: Standing Committee on Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Food Processing; PRS. 

Policy Announcement: Thousands of projects have been approved under the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund having a corpus of Rs. 1 lakh crore.   

- 
The Agriculture Infrastructure Fund was launched in 2020 to provide medium to long term financing facilities for creating post-harvest management infrastructure and community farming assets.  The scheme will be operational from 2020-21 to 2032-33. The size of the fund is one lakh crore rupees.  Under the scheme, government will provide a credit guarantee coverage to eligible borrowers for loans up to two crore rupees.  All 
loans will receive interest subvention of 3% per annum.  This interest subvention can be availed for at most seven years.24   
- 
Eligible beneficiaries under the scheme initially included entities such as primary agricultural credit societies, marketing cooperative societies, and farmer producers organisations.25  In 2021, eligibility was extended to state agencies/APMCs, national and state federations of cooperatives, federations of farmers producers organisations and federations of self-help groups.26 
- 
As of January 2023, the Fund has 59,144 registered beneficiaries.  Since August 2020, Rs 10,082 crore has been disbursed across 16,000 projects.27  In 2022-23, the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare allocated Rs 500 crore towards implementation of the scheme.23 
Policy Announcement: In order to ensure self-sufficiency in edible oil, my government has also launched the National Mission on Edible Oils - Oil Palm (NMEO-OP) with an outlay of Rs. 11,000 crore. 

- 
The NMEO-OP was launched in August 2021 to increase the domestic production of edible oils and reduce dependence on imports, with a financial outlay of Rs 11,040 crore.28  Targets under the Mission include achieving the following: (i) increase area of oil palm cultivation from 3.5 lakh hectares in 2019-20 to 10 lakh hectares in 2025-26; (ii) increase crude palm oil production from 0.27 lakh tonnes in 2019-20 to 11.2 lakh tonnes in 2025-26 and 28 lakh tonnes by 2028-29; and (iii) increase consumer awareness to maintain a consumption level of 19 kg per person per year till 2025-26. 29 
- 
Under the NMEO-OP, oil palm farmers will be provided assured procurement by the oil palm industry at a viability price fixed by the government of India.  This will protect farmers from the fluctuations of international crude palm oil prices.  The government will compensate farmers though viability gap payment if procurement price is less than the viability price.    

## Table 13: Production Of Crude Palm Oil (In Tonnes)

|            |          |          |    | Year    |     |
|------------|----------|----------|----|---------|-----|
| 2018-19    |          | 2019-20  |    | 2020-21 |     |
| Production |          |          |    |         |     |
| 2,79,085   | 2,54,815 | 2,72,339 |    |         |     |

- 
Assistance will also be given for planting material, inputs for intercropping, maintenance of oil palm 
gardens and implements, establishment of seed gardens/nurseries, micro-irrigation, solar pumps, etc.28,29 
Sources: National Mission on Edible Oils; PRS. 

- 
The costs of NMEO-OP will be shared between the central and state governments at a 60:40 ratio for general states, and 90:10 for North-Eastern states.29  A special focus has been placed on North-Eastern states and the 
Andaman & Nicobar Islands.  Additional input assistance will be given to farmers in these regions.  Special 
provisions will also be made for half-moon terrace farming, bio-fencing, and integrated farming in these regions.28   
- 
In 2022-23 (up to December 2022), Rs 134 crore has been released under NMEO-OP, compared to Rs 26 crore outlay for the previous year.  The financial outlay of the scheme is Rs 11,040 crore of which Rs 2,196 crore will be borne by state governments.30 
Policy Announcement: Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana is the world's largest food distribution program with an outlay of Rs. 2,60,000 crore, reaching out to 80 crore beneficiaries for 19 months. 

outlay across phases of PMGKAY 
| Phase          |                 | Duration   |     | Quantity    | Financial    |
|----------------|-----------------|------------|-----|-------------|--------------|
| Outlay         | Allocated (lakh |            |     |             |              |
| metric tonnes) |                 | (Rs crore) |     |             |              |
| 1              | 3 months        |            | 120 |             | 44,834       |
| 2              | 5 months        |            | 201 |             | 68,351       |
| 3              | 2 months        |            | 80  |             | 26,602       |
| 4              | 5 months        |            | 199 |             | 67,266       |
| 5              | 4 months        |            | 159 |             | 53,344       |
| 6              | 6 months        |            | 239 |             | 85,838       |
| 7              | 3 months        |            | 120 |             | 44,763       |

- 
The Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKAY) was started in 2020 at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in India.  The programme entailed distribution of 5 kg of free food grains per person per month to around 80 crore beneficiaries in addition to their regular entitlements of foodgrains under the National Food Security Act.  It was implemented in seven phases up to December 2022.  As on December 2022, around 1,118 lakh tonnes of foodgrains were allocated under PMGKAY with a subsidy outlay of Rs 3.91 lakh crore for the central government.31 
Sources: Parliamentary Questions; PRS. 

- 
All beneficiaries of the National Food Security Act, i.e., 80 crore individuals are covered under PMGKAY.31  It also includes beneficiaries covered under DBT.  The NFSA covered up to 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana and priority households.32  PMGKAY was discontinued after December 2022.33   
Policy Announcement: 64 lakh hectares of land with irrigation facilities has been developed in the country with the help of various projects under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) and Atal Bhu-jal Yojana.  

- 
The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) was launched on July 1, 2015, to provide end-to-end solutions in the irrigation supply chain.34  It has four components, (i) Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme, (ii) Har Khet Ko Paani, (iii) Watershed Development, and (iv) Per Drop More Crop.34   

Table 15: Total area covered under micro irrigation under PDMC from 2015-16 to 2022-23 (in lakh ha) 
Year 
Area 
2015-16 
5.7 
2016-17 
8.4 

- 
The Watershed Development component (WDC) is implemented 
by the Department of Land Resources.  The indicative central financial outlay for the project period of 2021-26 is Rs 8,134 crore.35  From 2015-16 to December 2022, 6.5 lakh water harvesting structures have been created/rejuvenated, 14.4 lakh ha has been brought under protective irrigation, and 31.22 lakh farmers have benefited.35  

| 2017-18    |   10.5  |
|------------|---------|
| 2018-19    |    11.6 |
| 2019-20    |    11.7 |
| 2020-21    |     9.4 |
| 2021-22    |    10.2 |
| 2022-23    |     4.2 |

- 
Per Drop More Crop (PDMC) has been implemented since 2015- 16, focusing on enhancing water use efficiency at the farm level though micro irrigation (drip and sprinkler systems).  As of December 2022, 72 lakh hectares of land has been covered under micro-irrigation through the Per Drop More Crop (PDMC) component under PMKSY.   
Note: Figure for 2022-23 is till December 20, 2022 Sources: Unstarred Question No. 2275, Lok Sabha, December 20, 2022; PRS. 

- 
Note that from 2022-23 onwards, PDMC is being implemented under the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana.36 

Bhujal Yojana* 
State 
Total funds released (Rs crore) 
Gujarat 
164 
Haryana 
138 
Karnataka 
138 
Madhya Pradesh 
88 
Maharashtra 
137 

- 
Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABY) is a Central Sector Scheme launched in 2020, with an outlay of Rs 
6,000 crore.37  Half of the outlay will be contributed by the central government, while the other half will be a World Bank loan.  The scheme will be implemented in seven states, 
which together account for about 37% of the 
water-stressed blocks in India, over five years from 2020-21 to 2024-25.37 

Rajasthan 
164 
Uttar Pradesh 
62 
Total 
891 

- 
As of January 27, 2023, Rs 2,499 crore has been allocated to the scheme for the year 2022-23.38 Of this, Rs 452 crore has been released and Rs 250 crore has been spent (in 2022-23).38  
Note: Funds released as of December 12, 2022 Sources: Starred Question No. 135, Lok Sabha, December 15, 2022; 
PRS. 

Policy Announcement: Agricultural exports registered a growth of more than 25 percent in the year 2020-21, and have reached nearly Rs 3 lakh crore.  

| Year                                                        |          | 2019-20   |         |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|----------|-----------|---------|
| Exports (in Rs crore)                                       | 2,48,956 | 3,05,280  | 3,69,98 |
| Growth Rate                                                 | -8%      | 23%       | 21%     |
| Sources: India Export of Principal Commodities, APEDA; PRS. |          |           |         |
|                                                             |          |           |         |

- 
As per the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), agricultural commodities exported include basmati rice, dairy, spices, and wheat.39 
- 
Under the World Trade Organisation's (WTO) Agreement on Agriculture, developing countries may provide export subsidies in the form of transportation and marketing subsidies only until December 2023.40  In 2019, Australia, Brazil, and Guatemala challenged India's sugar sector policies at the WTO.41  A dispute panel was established at the WTO, which published its report in December 2021. 42  The panel found that India provided domestic support to sugarcane producers in excess of the limits permitted under the AoA.  It also found that India provided export subsidies.  India appealed against this report at the WTO on the grounds that the findings are unreasoned and unsupported by WTO rules.42 
Policy Announcement: Domestic production of honey has reached 1,25,000 metric tonnes in 2020-21, and increase of about 55 percent compared to 2014-15.  Export volume of honey has also grown by more than 102 percent as compared to 2014-15.  
- Between 2014-15 and 2020-21, honey production grew at a compound annual growth rate of 5%, while exports 

grew at a rate of 9%.43    

Year 
2013-14 
2014-15 
2015-16 
2016-17 
2017-18 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
Production  
76 
81 
88 
95 
105 
120 
120 
125 
133* 
Export volume 
28 
30 
38 
45 
52 
61 
60 
60 
74 

Note: Production data for 2021-22 is as per Third Advance Estimates. 

Sources: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare; India Export of Principal Commodities, APEDA PRS.   
Policy Announcement: During the Corona period, Indian Railways operated over 1,900 Kisan Rails on more than 
150 routes to transport perishable food items like vegetables, fruits and milk, thereby transporting about 6 lakh metric tonnes of agricultural produce.     

- 
The Kisan Rail service was launched in August 2020 to transport perishable horticulture or agriculture products.44,45  Between August 2020 and November 2022, around 2,359 trains have been operated, which have transported 7.9 lakh tonnes of produce including onion, banana, potato, garlic, cabbage, cauliflower, and other fruits and vegetables.44,46   
- 
These services have operated from the states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.46 

## Health

Policy Announcement: The launch of Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission with an outlay of Rs. 64,000 crore will help in meeting the current health requirements.  More than 80,000 health and wellness centres have helped poor people in getting treatment. 

- 
The Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme with Central Sector 
Components to fill critical gaps in public health infrastructure especially in primary care, in both urban and 
rural areas and also critical care provided at the district level.  It was operationalised in October 2021 with an outlay of Rs 64,180 crore, and will be implemented until 2025-26.47  The Ministry has stated that it will leverage the existing National Health Mission structure to approve, implement, and monitor the scheme.48  The scheme seeks to strengthen the healthcare network across India within the next four to five years.46  Three major aspects of the mission are: (i) development of diagnostic network, (ii) expansion of existing research institutes, and (iii) providing facilities for diagnostics and treatment.49  
- 
Primary health infrastructure in rural areas consists of a three-tier system.  This includes Sub-Centres (SCs), Primary Health Centres (PHCs), and Community Health Centres (CHCs).50  In the Union Budget 2017-18, it was announced that 1.5 lakh SCs and PHCs will be transformed into Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) by December, 2022.51  As on January 11, 2023, 1.5 lakh Health and Wellness Centres are operational across the country.52   

| Health facility    | Required    | In position    |
|--------------------|-------------|----------------|
| Shortfall*         |             |                |
| Average rural      |             |                |
| (in %)             |             |                |
| Health facility    | Standard    | population     |
| Sub-centres        | 1,93,310    | 1,57,935       |
| covered            |             |                |
| Sub-centre         | 300 - 5,000 | 5,691          |
| Public Health      |             |                |
| Centres            |             |                |
| 31,640             | 24,935      | 31%            |
| Primary Health     |             |                |
| Centre             |             |                |
| 20,000 - 30,000    | 36,049      |                |
| Community          |             |                |
| Health Centres     |             |                |
| 7,894              | 5,480       | 36%            |
| Community          |             |                |
| Health Centre      |             |                |
| 80,000 - 1,20,000  | 1,64,027    |                |

Sources: Rural Health Statistics; PRS. 

* The requirement is as per the Indian Public Health Standards.  All India shortfall does not include surplus that is reported in some states.  
Sources: Rural Health Statistics 2021-22; PRS. 

Table 21: Status of manpower in rural PHCs in 2021-22 (as on March 31, 2022) 
 
Required 
Sanctioned 
In Position 
Shortfall 
Shortfall % 
Doctors 
24,935 
39,669 
30,640 
776 
3% 
Lab technicians 
24,935 
20,716 
14,565 
10,435 
42% 
Nursing staff 
24,935 
45,310 
36,079 
4,211 
17% 
Health workers (F) 
24,935 
32,283 
26,818 
6,249 
25% 

Sources: Rural Health Statistics 2021-22; PRS. 

- 
As per the revised estimates for 2021-22, Rs 140 crore was allocated to Ayushman Bharath Health Infrastructure Mission, of which Rs 116 crores has been spent.53  As of July 2022, Rs 585 crore has been 
provisioned towards creating capital assets under the CSS component of the scheme.54   

## Policy Announcement: *Crores Of Ayushman Bharat Cards Have Helped The Poor Immensely In Getting Treatment.*

- 
Ayushman Bharat–Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) is an entitlement-based scheme.  Eligible beneficiaries can directly visit any empanelled public or private hospital to avail cashless treatment.  As on January 11, 2023, 19.4 crore Ayushman Bharat Cards have been issued.55  These cards have been used for 4.2 crore hospital admissions.  
- 
The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission aims to create a unified database of medical records to allow easy access and use by providers of healthcare.56  This involves creation of unique ID for each patient, called Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA).56  31 crore accounts have been opened, and 8.2 crore medical records have been linked to the database.57 
Policy Announcement: Government has reduced the cost of treatment by providing affordable medicines through more than 8,000 Jan Aushadhi Kendras. 

- 
Jan Aushadhi Kendras are pharmacies run by entrepreneurs who receive an incentive at the rate of 15% of their monthly purchases of pharmaceutical products.58  The incentive is capped at Rs 15,000 per month, and five lakh rupees in total.58  They must purchase medicines from World Health Organisation-Good Manufacturing Practices certified suppliers.58   
- 
As of November 30, 2022, 8,916 Jan Aushadhi Kendras have been opened across all States and Union Territories except Lakshadweep.59  The target of opening 10,500 Jan Aushadhi Kendras is expected to be achieved by 2025. 
Policy Announcement: Administered more than 150 crore vaccines in less than a year. Today, more than 90% of adult citizens have received the first dose and more than 70% received both doses.  The government is also reaching out to the rest of the population through the 'Har Ghar Dastak' campaign 

- 
As of January 11, 2023, 220 crore COVID vaccine doses have been administered.60  As per the COWIN dashboard, 102 crore vaccines (dose 1), and 95 crore (dose 2) vaccines have been administered as of January 24, 2023.61  22.4 crore precautionary doses have also been administered.  As per estimates from May 1, 2022, 
95.8% of the adult population had been vaccinated, of which 84.5% had received both doses, and 10.8% had 
received only the first dose.62 
- 
The Har Ghar Dastak Campaign provides door-to-door vaccination for old age homes, schools, colleges, and prisons.  The second phase of the campaign was implemented until July 2022.63  As of March 28, 2022, a total of 63 crore vaccinations have been administered under this campaign, of which 18 crore are first doses and 45 crore are second doses.64   
Policy Announcement: Eight vaccines have been approved for emergency use in the country. Three Indian manufactured vaccines received approval from WHO for emergency use. 

| Name of Vaccine          |      |
|--------------------------|------|
| Year of                  |      |
| Approval                 |      |
| Date of Approval         |      |
| Covaxin (general use)    | 2021 |
| Covishield (general use) | 2021 |
| Corbevax                 | 2022 |

- 
As per the CDSCO, 11 vaccines were approved by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation for restricted emergency use in India as of October 4, 2022.65  Table 22 indicates the date of approval for such vaccines.  

|               |   Covovax  | 2022        |
|---------------|------------|-------------|
| Sputnik Light |      2022  | February 5  |
| HGCO-19       |      2022  | June 28     |
| iNCOVACC      |      2022  | September 6 |
| Sputnik - V   |      2021  | April 12    |

- 
In the 2021-22 Union Budget, Rs 35,000 crore was allocated for procuring vaccines, of which Rs 27,945 was spent as on February 3, 2022.  In the 2022-23 Union Budget, Rs 5,000 crore has been allocated for COVID vaccination.48   

| Moderna    |   2021  | June 29    |
|------------|---------|------------|
| Janssen    |   2021  | August 7   |
| ZyCoV-D    |   2021  | August 20  |

Note: Covishield and Covaxin were approved for general use on January 27, 2022. Sources: Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, PRS. 

- 
The Standing Committee on Health (2022) observed that vaccines in India were given emergency use authorisation (EUA) without any  
specific provisions in the Indian drug rules and regulations.66  Provisions for EUA are absent in New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules, 2019, and under Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.  Laws in other countries are clearly defined for EUA which ensured transparency in the granting of approvals to vaccines and drugs during the pandemic.  The Standing Committee on Health (2022) recommended: (i) making specific provisions for EUA, (ii) conducting rigorous assessments of clinical trial data before granting such approvals.  The 
Committee observed several shortcomings in India's COVID response.  These include: (i) fragile health infrastructure and shortage of healthcare workers, (ii) poor vaccination in rural areas in the beginning, and (iii) mismanagement of oxygen supply during second wave.  
- 
Vaccine manufacturers fix procurement prices for private hospitals, who in turn charge consumers a high price for administering the vaccines.  The Committee recommended the Ministry to strictly monitor the exorbitant rates being charged by the private hospitals.66 It also noted that as vaccine candidates increase, hospitals will be at a better position to negotiate the price.  It recommended that the Ministry ensure that the vaccines prices are negotiated on favourable terms.  
- 
The Committee observed Indian vaccines are cheaper than foreign ones.  It however noted as the virus mutates, mRNA vaccines provide a better alternative and more flexibility.   

December 28, 2021 adults; February 21, 2022 (12+ age group); April 26, 2022 (5+ age group) December 28, 2021 for adults; March 8, 2022 (12+ age group); June 28, 2022 (7+ age group) 
Table 23: Prices of foreign and Indian vaccines  
Vaccine 
Price (in Rs) 
Pfizer 
1,431 
Moderna 
2,348 
SinoFarm 
5,650 
SinoWake 
1,027 
Novovax 
1,141  
Sputnik and Johnson & Johnson 
734 
Covishield 
200 
Covaxin 
206 

Sources: Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare 
(2022); PRS. 

Policy Announcement: Six special training programs related to health care have been launched under the Skill India Mission.  

training programmes, job role wise 
Job Roles 
Number of enrolled 
workers 
Basic Care Support 
40,427 
Home Care Support 
28,301 

- 
The Skill Development Ministry launched the 'Customized Crash Course Programme for COVID Frontline Workers' to meet the upsurge in demand of skilled healthcare workers, reduce the burden of 
healthcare professionals, and provide timely 
healthcare services.67   

| Advanced Care Support     | 17,782    |
|---------------------------|-----------|
| Sample Collection Support | 12,892    |
| Emergency Care Support    | 9,284     |
| Medical Equipment Support | 1,096     |

Sources: National Skill Development Corporation Dashboard; PRS. 

- 
The programme was launched under the central component of the third phase of Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana in June 18, 2021 and aimed to train one lakh candidates in six healthcare related job roles such as sample collection support, emergency care support, or home care support.67  

## Education And Sports

Policy Announcement: Local languages are also being promoted through the National Education Policy.  
Emphasis is being laid on conducting important entrance examinations for undergraduate courses in Indian languages as well.  This year, 19 engineering colleges in 10 states will start teaching in six Indian languages. 

- 
The National Education Policy (NEP) mentions certain action points for implementing in school and higher 
education.  These include universal access at all levels of schooling, new curricular and pedagogical structure, 
promoting multilingualism, robust and transparent recruitment processes for teachers, and increasing Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education to 50%.68   
- 
In order to implement these aspects of the NEP, several initiatives have been launched.  These include: (i) the National Initiative for Proficiency in reading with Understanding and Numeracy (NIPUN Bharat) for ensuring foundational literacy and numeracy by the end of Grade 3, (ii) introducing the Indian Sign Language as a Subject at secondary level by National Institute of Open Schooling, (iii) the National Initiative for School Heads' and Teachers' Holistic Advancement Integrated Teacher Training Programme for different stages of school education, and (iv) Structured Assessment for Analysing Learning Levels (SAFAL) for competencybased assessment in CBSE schools for grades 3, 5 and 8.68  In 2020, Karnataka released an implementation plan for the NEP.69 
Policy Announcement: Under the Skill India Mission, more than 2 crore 25 lakh youth across the country have been skilled through ITIs, Jan Shikshan Sansthans and Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendras.   

- 
Under the Skill India Mission, the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship delivers skill-training under various existing schemes.70  This includes Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), the Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS), the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS), and the Craftsmen Training Scheme (CTS), which is conducted at Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs).   
- 
In 2021-22, 28.8 lakh candidates were provided training through schemes in the Skill India Mission (See Table 24).  Under PMKVY, 18% of the candidates that received training have been placed.71  Figure 1 indicates the proportion of candidates that have been placed after receiving training under PMKVY.  While examining the implementation of PMKVY, the Standing Committee on Labour, Textiles and Skill Development (2022) noted several issues such as underutilisation of funds, inadequate placements, and dropouts.72   
- 
In 2021-22, 72% of the allocated funds were utilised.72  During the implementation of the scheme about 20% of the total enrolled candidates dropped out of the training programme.72 

| 2018-   |   2019- |   2020- |   2021- |
|---------|---------|---------|---------|
| Scheme  |         |         |         |
| 2017-   |         |         |         |
| 18      |     19  |     20  |     21  |
| 21.23    | 20.40    | 45.65    | 19.62    | 6.15    |
|----------|----------|----------|----------|---------|
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana Jan Shikshan Sansthan 
- 
1.67 
4.15 
3.60 
4.62 
| 1.56             |
|------------------|
| National         |
| Apprenticeship   |
| Promotion Scheme |
Craftsmen Training Scheme 
12.18 
14.55 
13.59 
12.19 
12.26 
| Total    | 34.97    | 38.60    | 65.92    | 37.51    | 28.78    |
|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|

Notes: Numbers for 2022-23 are up to January 24, 2023. Sources: PMKVY Dashboard, as accessed on January 24, 
2023; PRS. 

Sources: Unstarred Question No. 1711, answered on December 21, 2022; 
PRS. 

Policy Announcement: Eklavya Residential Model Schools are being expanded to every tribal majority block for the education of tribal youth.  These schools will empower about three and a half lakh tribal youth  

- 
As per the Constitution of India, certain states are entitled to receive grants from the central government for the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.73  The Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) aims to provide quality upper primary, secondary, and senior secondary level education (Class 6th to 12th) to Scheduled Tribes (ST) students 
in remote areas, and was earlier funded as one programme.  In 2018-19, it was made a Central Sector Scheme.74 
- 
The government has decided to establish one EMRS in every block with more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 ST persons (as per 2011 census).74  As of December 14, 2022, there are 689 sanctioned ERMS against the target of setting up 740.74  1,05,463 students are enrolled in these schools.74  As of July 20, 2022, 378 schools are functional. 75   
Policy Announcement: In order to improve India's performance in the Olympics and Sports, the government is setting up hundreds of Khelo India Centres in the country. 

- 
The Khelo India programme was introduced in 2016 to (i) identify and nurture sporting talent in the country, (ii) create sports infrastructure, and (iii) improve mass participation of youth in sports through structured competitions.76  Under the Khelo India Centres and Sports Academies component of the programme, 1,141 proposals for setting up Khelo India Centres (KICs) have been received as of December 2022.  Of this, 733 
(64%) have been accepted and KICs have been notified.77  
- 
Other schemes undertaken to train youth for national and international sporting events include: (i) Scheme of Assistance to National Sports Federations, (ii)Target Olympic Podium Scheme, and (iii) Sports Authority of India Promotional Schemes.78   
- 
As of December 2022, 189 centres are functional to implement these schemes, and almost 9,000 talented athletes (in a 60:40 male to female ratio) are being trained.  
 

## Law And Justice

Policy Announcement: To expedite the settlement of disputes, the government has introduced the Mediation Bill, 
2021 in the Rajya Sabha.  

- 
The Mediation Bill, 2021 was introduced in Rajya Sabha on December 20, 2021 and subsequently referred to 
the Standing Committee on Law and Justice.79  The Committee presented its report on July 13, 2022.80   
- 
The Bill mandates pre-litigation mediation for at least two sessions.  Certain types of cases such as disputes relating to claims against minors or persons of unsound mind, involving prosecution for criminal offences, or affecting the rights of third parties have been kept out of the purview of pre-litigation mediation. Recommendations of the Committee include reconsidering the mandatory nature of pre-litigation as it may result in delays, and that the mediation process must be completed within 90 days, instead of 180 days.   

## Policy Announcement: A Platform Has Been Set Up For Pre-Litigation Advice Through Tele-Law Program.

- 
The Tele-Law Programme was launched up on April 20, 2017 to provide effective and reliable legal advice to 
economically backward sections of society.81   
- 
Under the programme video-conferencing, telephone, and chat options are available at Common Service Centres (CSC) in Gram Panchayats.   As on May 31, 2022, the programme covered 669 districts across 36 states/UTs.  It aims to cover more than 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats by 2026.  As of December 31, 2023, 30 lakh 
cases have been registered, of which advice has been enabled to 29 lakh cases.82  . 
- 
The Citizens' Tele-Law Mobile App enables individual beneficiaries to access pre-litigation advice and hold 
consultation directly with a panel lawyer, free of cost.83  The application is available in six languages, i.e, 
English, Hindi, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil, and Telugu on both Android and iOS platform.  As of March 2022, there were 35,257 downloads and advice for 1.79 lakh cases has been provided.  
 
 
Policy Announcement: The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao initiative has yielded positive results and there has been an improvement in the number of girls enrolled in schools. 

- 
The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao initiative aims to address the declining child sex ratio.84  It seeks to prevent: (i) gender-biased sex-selective elimination, (ii) ensure survival, protection and education of the girl child.85  It is a 
joint initiative of Ministry of Women & Child Development, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and 
Department of School Education & Literacy, Ministry of Education. 
- 
Since child sex ratio is calculated on a decadal basis through the Census, Sex Ratio at Birth is used as a parameter for the progress of Scheme.84  Table 27 indicates the sex ratio at birth as per the National Family Health Survey, and Table 26 indicates the gross enrolment ratio for girls.  States such as Himachal Pradesh (875), Rajasthan (891), and Haryana (893) had the lowest sex ratio.  Tripura had the highest sex ratio at birth of 1,028 girls per 1,000 boys. 

of schooling  
 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
born in the last five years (females per 1000 males) 
Primary (Class 1 to 5) 
103.7 
104.5 
104.8 
Survey Year 
Sex Ratio at 
Birth 
Upper Primary (Class 6 to 8) 
90.5 
92.7 
94.9 
Elementary (Class 1 to 8) 
98.7 
100 
101.1 
2005-06 (NFHS 3) 
914 
Secondary (Class 9-10) 
77.8 
79.5 
79.4 
2015-16 (NFHS 4) 
919 
Higher Secondary (Class 11-12) 
52.4 
54.6 
58.2 
2019-20 (NFHS 5) 
929 

Sources: National Family Health Survey (NFHS 5,4, and 3); PRS. 

Note: Gross enrolment ratio refers to the ratio of total enrolment (regardless of age) to the population of the age group that corresponds to the level of education.  GER might be greater than 100 when children outside the age group enrol into these courses.  Sources: Unified District Information System for Education Plus; PRS. 

- 
Enrolment for girls reduces in secondary and higher-secondary classes.  In April 2022, the Ministry of Women and Child Development integrated several schemes under the umbrella scheme Mission Shakti.86  These include the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao, Nari Adalats, and Mahila Police Volunteer.  In 2022-23, Rs 562 crore were allocated for all these schemes.87  In 2020-21, before they were integrated, Rs 60.57 crore were spent on Beti Bachao scheme. As per Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2022, 2% girls in the age group of 11-14 years are not enrolled in school, compared to 10% in 2006.88 
 Policy Announcement: The government has introduced a Bill to increase the minimum age of marriage for women from 18 years to 21 years at par with men. 

- 
The Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021 was introduced in Lok Sabha on December 21, 2021 and subsequently referred to the Standing Committee on Education, Women, Children, Youth and Sports.  
- 
The Committee has been granted an extension to submit its report on the Bill by April 2023.89 
Policy Announcement: The government has provided scholarships to 4.5 crore students from minority communities since 2014. 

|         |            | Table 28: Number of scholarships awarded (in lakh)   |                 |
|---------|------------|------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|
| Year    | Pre-Matric | Post Matric                                          | Merit-cum-Means |
| 2012-13 | 64.4       | 7.6                                                  | 0.7             |
| 2013-14 | 77.9       | 8.9                                                  | 1.0             |

- 
The Ministry of Minority Affairs provides fellowship for higher education through various schemes which are implemented by different Ministries/Departments.  The Ministry implements three scholarship schemes for notified minorities.90  These are: (i) pre-matric scholarships, (ii) post-matric scholarships, and (iii) merit-cummeans based scholarships.  The scholarships were allocated Rs 1,425 crore (pre-matric), Rs 515 crore (post-matric), and Rs 365 crore (merit-cum-means based) in 2022-23.91  In 2021-22, the revised estimates remained unchanged from the budgeted. 

| 2014-15    |   75.0  |   9.1  |   1.4  |
|------------|---------|--------|--------|
| 2015-16    |    51.8 |    6.7 |    1.3 |
| 2016-17    |    41.5 |    6.2 |    1.2 |
| 2017-18    |    53.1 |    7   |    1.2 |
| 2018-19    |    56.9 |    6.8 |    1.2 |
| 2019-20    |    55.7 |    7.4 |    1.2 |

- 
30% of these scholarships are earmarked for girl students.  The scholarships are transferred in the bank accounts of students through DBT.  Table 28 indicates the number of beneficiaries of the three scholarship schemes from 2012-13 onwards. 

| 2020-21    |   52.4  |   6.6  |   1.2  |
|------------|---------|--------|--------|
| 2021-22*   |    57.1 |    7.2 |    1.3 |
| Total      |   585.8 |   73.5 |   11.7 |

Note: 2021-22 is as of December 6, 2022 Sources: Press Information Bureau 

- 
The Ministry launched the Maulana Azad National Scholarship to assist girls from minority communities (Muslim, Christian, Buddhist, and Sikh) who cannot continue their education without financial support in 2006.92   
- 
Assistance was provided in the form of payment of school/college fee, purchase of syllabus books and stationary equipment, and payment of boarding/lodging charges.92  From 2022-23 onwards, the scheme was discontinued as it overlaps with various other fellowship schemes for higher education.92   
Policy Announcement: A provision has been made for Gender Inclusion Fund in the National Education Policy to promote learning capability among women. 

 

Gender Inclusion Fund (for 2021-22) 
Provision of free text-books up to Class VIII to all 
children. 
2,861 
Uniforms to all girls, SC,  ST  children  and 
Below  Poverty  Line  (BPL)  children up to class VIII 
4,920 
Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas 
2,442 

- 
The National Education Policy (NEP), 2020 provides for setting up a Gender Inclusion Fund (GIF) to provide equitable quality education for girls as 
well as transgender students.93  These 
objectives are being met through specific provisions under Samagra Shiksha by allocating dedicated resources. 

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Awasiya Vidyalayas 
and Hostels 
360 
Rani Laxmi Bai Atmaraksha Prashikshan (Selfdefence training to Girls) 
117 
Incinerator & Sanitary Pad Vending Machines 
56 
Stipend for children with special needs (girls) 
123 

- 
As per data available until December 2021, the fund has been applied to the provisions of the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan given in Table 29. 
Note: Figures are as on December 1, 2021. Sources: Ministry of Education; PRS. 

Policy Announcement: The government has also approved the admission of women cadets in the National Defence Academy. The first batch of women cadets will enter the NDA in June 2022.  The number of women personnel in various police forces has more than doubled as compared to 2014.  All 33 Sainik Schools have started admitting girl students. 

- 
Army: Currently, women are being commissioned 
in Indian Army in ten streams.  These include army service corps, engineer corps, and intelligence corps, in addition to the Armed Forces Medical Services as doctors and military nurses.94  Other avenues for including women in the force include providing permanent commission to SSC women officers, and inducting women cadets in the NDA.  
- 
Navy: The induction of women as officers in the Indian Navy began in 1991.  Since then, the Indian Navy has 
gradually opened all branches to women officers including induction through NDA.  Further, from 2022 onwards, women are also being recruited for sailors' entries under the Agnipath scheme and 20% vacancies are reserved for women. 
- 
Air Force: Officers recruitment in the IAF is gender neutral.94  Women officers are inducted in all the branches 
and streams of IAF.94  The experimental scheme to induct women officers in all combat roles, initiated by the IAF in 2015 has been regularised into a permanent scheme as of December 2022.94 

Year 
Number of 
2011-12 
              0.84 
         15.85 
5% 
2012-13 
              0.97 
         16.61 
6% 
2013-14 
         1.05 
         17.23 
6% 
2014-15 
         1.11 
         17.21 
6% 
2015-16 
         1.22 
         17.32 
7% 

- 
Police:  The Ministry of Home Affairs had 
issued advisories in 2019 and 2021 to all the state governments/UT administrations to increase the representation of women police to 33% of the total strength.  The aim is that each police station should have at least three women sub-inspectors and 10 women police constables. 

| 2016-17    |            1.40  |            19.26  | 7%    |
|------------|------------------|-------------------|-------|
| 2017-18    |             1.7  |             19.42 | 9%    |
| 2018-19    |             1.86 |             20.67 | 9%    |
| 2019-20    |             2.16 |             20.92 | 10%   |
| 2020-21    |             2.17 |             20.7  | 10%   |

Note: Data for each year is as of January 1. Sources: Bureau of Police Research and Development; PRS 

- 
As of January 1, 2020, women constituted 10.3% of the total police force.95  Table 31 indicates the strength of the women police force from 2011-12 onwards.  The number of women in police grew at a compound annual growth rate of 11% during this period. 
- 
There are total 33 Sainik Schools in India.96  From the academic year 2021-22, all 33 Sainik Schools admit girl students.96  For the academic year 2021-22, 320 girl students were admitted.  The schools admit girls up to 10% of vacancies in Class VI or 10 girl students, whichever is higher.  For 2022-23, 335 vacancies are accessible to girl candidates.  

## Policy Announcement: The Ujjwala Yojana Has Been Successful In Empowering Women.

- 
The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana was launched in May 2016 to provide clean cooking fuel to rural and deprived households.  It envisaged providing eight crore LPG connections to deprived households by March 2020.  Ujjwala 2.0 was launched in 2021 under which, an additional allocation of 1.6 crore LPG connections will be provided with special facility to migrant households.97  

Particulars 
Amount (in Rs crore) 
| Army*     | Navy    | Air Force**    |
|-----------|---------|----------------|
| 4%        | 6%      | 14%            |

*As on July 1, 2022; **As on December 1, 2022 (both figures exclude Medical and Dental Branch) Sources: Ministry of Defence; PRS. 

|                 | Total strength of    | % of    |
|-----------------|----------------------|---------|
| women in police | police               | women   |

- 
Until November 24, 2022, 9.6 crore connections have been provided under the scheme with 1.57 crore connections being provided under Ujjwala 2.0.98  In 2021-22 Rs 1,618 crore was allocated to the scheme 
(revised estimates) which has declined to Rs 800 crore in 2022-23 (budgeted estimate).99  
- 
The central government has announced a subsidy of Rs 200 for a 14.2 kg domestic cylinder for PMUY consumers.100  It will be applicable for up to 12 refills a year for 2022-23. 
Policy Announcement: More than 25 lakh assistive devices have been provided to Divyang people so far and about 
4,000 successful Cochlear Implant surgeries have been performed. A 10,000-word Indian Sign Language Dictionary has also been developed for the future of Divyang youth. 

- 
Under the Assistance to Disabled Person for purchase or fitting of aids (ADIP) scheme, hearing aids have been provided to 22 lakh beneficiaries at a cost of Rs 1,361 crore between 2013-14 to 2021-22.101  As of April 2022, 4,007 cochlear implant surgeries have been successfully performed under AIDP.101  
- 
The first edition of the Indian Sign Language Dictionary was launched in March, 2018 with 3,000 terms and the second edition with 3,000 additional terms was launched in February, 2019.101  The third edition of the dictionary with 10,000 terms was released in February 2021.  It includes 6,000 terms from earlier versions.  

## Urban And Rural Development

Policy Announcement: More than two crore pucca houses have been provided to the poor under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana. Under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Gramin, 1 crore 17 lakh houses have been approved at a cost of about Rupees one and a half lakh crore in the last three years. 

Grounded 
houses as % of 
Completed 
Sanctioned 
Grounded for 
construction 
sanctioned 
Completed 
houses as % 
of sanctioned 
122.69 
106.6 
87 
65.5 
53 
Sources: Unstarred Question No. 2702, Lok Sabha, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, December 22, 2022; PRS.  

- 
PMAY-Urban (PMAY-U) is an 
affordable housing scheme which 
seeks to achieve the 'housing for 
all' target by 2022.  In 2022-23 the scheme has been allocated Rs 28,000 crore. 
- 
The scheme comprises four components: (i) in-situ rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers (using the existing land under slums to provide houses to slum dwellers) through private participation, (ii) credit linked subsidy scheme (CLSS) for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), Lower Income Groups (LIG), and middle-income group (MIG), (iii) affordable housing in partnership, and (iv) subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house construction.  PMAY-U was earlier applicable till March 31, 2022.  It has been extended up to December 31, 2024, except the CLSS component, to complete the sanctioned houses.102 
- 
The **Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Gramin (PMAY-G)** was launched in 2016, as part of the central 
government's target to provide housing for all by 2022.  In March 2021, the scheme was extended till March 2024.103  The target of the scheme is to construct 2.95 crore pucca houses with basic amenities by 2024.  In 2022-23, Rs 20,000 crore was allocated to the scheme, which is 2% less than the revised estimates of 2021-22 (Rs 20,390 crore).104   
- 
Since the scheme was announced in 2016-17, the target for construction for houses has not been met in any of the years.  As on January 27, 2023, 2.81 crore houses have been sanctioned, out of which 2.12 crore (75%) have been constructed.105   The Standing Committee on Rural Development (2020) had noted that progress under the scheme has been slow.106  One of the key hurdles for the timely completion of houses, is delay in the release of instalments under PMAY-G to beneficiaries.103   
- 
Under PMAY-G, financial assistance of Rs 1.20 lakh in plain areas and Rs 1.30 lakh in hilly/difficult/backward areas is also provided to rural households for construction of a dwelling unit.107  The Standing Committee on Rural Development (2019) had noted that the financial assistance provided is not proportionate with the rising inflationary cost of the construction, material and other aspects of house building.108  As per the Ministry of Rural Development (2022) at present there is no proposal to enhance the unit assistance provided under PMAY-G.109 

## Policy Announcement: Six Crore Rural Households Provided Tap Water Connection Under Jal Jeevan Mission

- 
The Jal Jeevan Mission seeks to provide individual household tap water connections by 2024 to all rural households.110  As on January 11, 2023 there were 19.2 crore rural households, out of which 10.8 crore households (56%) have been provided with tap water connections.110  
- 
As per the National Family Health Survey - 5 for the years 2019-21, all urban households (99%) and rural households (95%) have access to an improved source of drinking water (includes piped water, boreholes, or rainwater).111  Rural household mostly rely on tube wells or boreholes (46%) followed by water piped into their dwelling (23%).  In contrast, 54% of drinking water for urban households includes water piped into their dwelling.  Note that 58% of households do not treat their drinking water. 
Policy Announcement: The Svamitva scheme provides property documents to people in rural areas.  More than 40 
lakh property cards have been issued in 27,000 villages under this scheme.  These cards prevent disputes and assist the rural population in accessing banking support 

- 
The SVAMITVA scheme aims to provide record of rights to village household owners in inhabited areas in villages through property cards/title deeds.  The scheme was launched in April 2021 and aims to cover 6.62 lakh villages between 2020-21 and 2024-25.112,113 
- 
As of January 2023, 49 lakh cards have been issued in 51,074 villages.112  Of the 49 lakh cards, 32 lakh have 
been issued in Uttar Pradesh followed by Madhya Pradesh (10 lakh), and Haryana (4 lakh). 
Policy Announcement: In the year 2020-21, 36,500 km of roads have been built in rural areas, at the rate of more than 100 km per day, and thousands of habitations have been connected with all-weather roads.  

- 
The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched in 2000, aiming to connect all eligible unconnected habitations in rural areas with all-weather roads.  The scheme has four separate verticals.   
- 
Phase I targets habitations with population more than 250 people.  Phase II was launched in 2013 to upgrade 50,000 km of roads forming through routes and major rural links.  In 2016, the Road Connectivity Project for Left Wing Extremism Affected Areas (RCPLWEA) was launched as a separate vertical under PMGSY.   
- 
PMGSY - Phase III was launched in 2019 to consolidate 1.2 lakh km of roadways through rural links to gramin agricultural markets, schools, and hospitals.114  

| Vertical    | Timeline        | Sanctioned    | Completed    | % Completed    |
|-------------|-----------------|---------------|--------------|----------------|
| PMGSY-I     | September 2022* | 6,30,090      | 6,21,113     | 99%            |
| PMGSY-II    | September 2022  | 49,364        | 48,377       | 98%            |
| PMGSY-III   | March, 2025     | 96,722        | 48,904       | 51%            |
| RCPLWEA     | March, 2023     | 12,047        | 6,717        | 56%            |

* Timeline for PMGSY-I was extended until September 2022.  Note: RCPLWEA- Road Connectivity Project for Left Wing Extremism Affected Areas. Sources: PMGSY Dashboard as accessed on January 26; Starred question No. 95, answered on December 13, 2022; Ministry of Rural Development PRS. 


## Labour

Policy Announcement: Under the PM-SVANIDHI scheme, more than Rs 2,900 crore have been provided to 28 lakh street vendors.  The government is also connecting these street vendors with online food delivery companies.  

- 
PM-SVANIDHI, launched in June 2020, seeks to facilitate collateral free working capital loans to street vendors who were impacted by COVD-19.  The scheme: (i) facilitates collateral free working capital loan, (ii) 
incentivises regular repayment through interest subsidy at 7% per annum, and (iii) rewards digital 
transactions.115  Urban street vendors will be eligible to avail a working capital loan of up to Rs 10,000.  On timely or early repayment, vendors will be eligible for the next cycle of loans with an enhanced limit. 116 
- 
As of January 20, 2023, 61 lakh loan applications have been received from street vendors under the scheme, of which 46 lakh applications have been sanctioned (75%), amounting to sanction of loans worth Rs 5,674 crore.117  Of the sanctioned amount Rs 4,716 crore (83%) has been disbursed.   

Average Loan Size  
Svanidhi 
Number of loans disbursed 
Amount of loans  
(in Rs crore) 
(in Rs) 
Average days to sanction a loan 
First loan applications 
33,36,205 
3,311 
9,248 
27 
Second 
7,07,704 
1,412 
19,950 
26 
Third 
16,280 
80 
49.361 
6 
Third 
16,280 
80 
49.361 
6 

Sources: PM Svanidhi Dashboard, as accessed on January 27, 2023; PRS  

- 
In October 2020, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs informed the Standing Committee on Housing and Urban Affairs that the Ministry has signed Memorandum of Understandings (MoU) with Swiggy and Zomato for sale of products by street vendors.  The Ministry also stated that more such MoUs may be signed with other online food delivery food platforms based on the success and feedback received from these two MoUs.118 Under the MoU, initially the Ministry will run a pilot program with 300 vendors across six cities.119  The street vendors will be provided training on technology, menu digitisation and pricing, hygiene, and packaging best practices.  They will also be provided help with PAN and Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) registration.119  
Policy Announcement: Government has started the e-SHRAM portal to protect the interests of labourers and more than 23 crore workers have joined it so far.  

- 
The e-SHRAM portal is a national database of unorganised workers launched in August 2021.  The portal was envisaged to help deliver various social security schemes such as the Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY), Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Grameen, and Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Yojana being implemented by central and state governments.  Every registered unorganised sector worker on e- SHRAM also receives accidental insurance cover of two lakh rupees.120  
- 
As of January 20, 2023, 28.5 crore workers were registered on the portal.  Top five states from where workers registered are Uttar Pradesh (8.3 crore), Bihar (2.9 crore), West Bengal (2.6 crore), Madhya Pradesh (1.7 crore), and Maharashtra (1.3 crore).121    
- 
In the 2022-23 Union Budget, it was announced that the eShram portal will be integrated with the National Career Service (NCS) portal, ASEEM portal and the Udyam portal.122  This is expected to enable credit facilitation, skilling, and recruitment.  As of August 8, 2022, it has been integrated with the NCS portal.122 

## Industry

Policy Announcement: Government started a scheme for guaranteed Collateral Free Loans of Rs 3 lakh crore.  It is evident from the recent studies that this scheme has given a fresh lease of life to 13 lakh 50 thousand MSME units and also secured 1 crore 50 lakh jobs.  In June 2021, the government has enhanced credit guarantee from Rs 3 lakh crore to Rs 4.5 lakh crore.  

- The Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme was launched in May 2020, as part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat 
Abhiyaan.  It provides support to Micro Small Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and business enterprises to meet operational liabilities following the COVID-19 pandemic.  Under the scheme, Member Lending Institutions which provide loans to eligible borrowers are provided 100% loan guarantee by the government.  Interest rates 
on these loans are also capped to lower the cost of credit.123   
- The timeline of the scheme has been extended several times since its launch.  From November 2020, the scheme 
was extended until June 30, 2021, or till guarantees for a total amount of three lakh crore rupees were issued, whichever was earlier.  This was again extended till March 31, 2022, or till total guarantees issued reached Rs 4.5 lakh crore, whichever was earlier.  The admissible guarantee limit was again increased from Rs 4.5 lakh crore to Rs 5 lakh crore in August 2022.  The additional Rs 50,000 crore was earmarked for enterprises in hospitality and related sectors including civil aviation.  The validity of the scheme was also extended to March 
31, 2023.124   
- As of November 30, 2022, guarantees amounting to Rs 3.58 lakh crore have been issued under the scheme, 
which has benefited 1.19 crore borrowers.  95.17% of the loans (1.13 crore) were disbursed to MSMEs, 
amounting to Rs 2.37 lakh crore.125  
- In June 2020, the definition of MSMEs was revised.126  Unlike the previous definition which differentiated 
between manufacturing and services enterprises, the new definition is based on investment and turnover. Following this, the Ministry of MSME launched the Udyam Registration Portal on July 1, 2020.  As of August 2022, more than one crore MSMEs were registered on the portal, which together employ 7.6 crore people, of 
whom 1.7 crore are women.127   
- In July 2022, the Raising and Accelerating MSME Performance (RAMP) scheme was launched.128  It is a World 
Bank assisted program with a total outlay of Rs 6,062 crore.  It will focus on two result areas: (i) strengthening institutions and governance of the MSME programme, and (ii) support to market access, firm capabilities, and access to finance.  Of the total outlay, Rs 3,750 crore will be a loan from the World Bank, which will be disbursed on fulfilling certain conditions.  These include implementing the national MSME reform agenda, and reducing the incidence of delayed payments to MSMEs.129   
Policy Announcement: Government has launched 14 key Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes with an outlay of more than Rs 1.97 lakh crore.  These PLI schemes will not only help transform India as a global manufacturing hub but also create over 60 lakh jobs.   
- In 2020, the central government announced PLI schemes across 14 key sectors.  These schemes involve a 

budgetary outlay of Rs 1.97 lakh crore with the aim of achieving an additional production of Rs 30 lakh crore over five years.130 As of December 2022, schemes for all 14 sectors have been notified.  717 applications have 
been approved under all 14 PLI schemes.131   

| Sector                                                             | Products/Target categories                                        |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Budgetary                                                          |                                                                   |
| Outlay (Rs crore)                                                  |                                                                   |
| Auto Components and Automobiles                                    | Investment in indigenous advanced automotive technology           |
| Aviation                                                           | Drones and drone products                                         |
| Advance Chemistry Cell Battery                                     | Integrated advanced batteries and advanced chemistry cells        |
| Large Scale Electronics Manufacturing                              | Mobile phones, specified electronic components                    |
| IT Hardware                                                        | Laptops, tablets, all-in-one PCs, and servers                     |
| 10,900                                                             |                                                                   |
| Food Processing                                                    |                                                                   |
| Processed fruits and vegetables, ready to cook/ready to eat foods, |                                                                   |
| marine products, organic products                                  |                                                                   |
| Specialty Steel                                                    | High strength/wear resistance steel, specialty rails, alloy steel |
| Pharmaceutical Manufacturing                                       | Bio-pharmaceuticals, complex generic drugs, and patented drugs    |
| 15,000                                                             |                                                                   |
| 6,940                                                              | Key Starting Materials (KSM)/Drug                                 |
| Intermediates (Bulk Drugs)                                         |                                                                   |
| 53 products over target segments such as fermentation based        |                                                                   |
| niche materials and chemical synthesis materials.                  |                                                                   |
| 3,420                                                              |                                                                   |
| Medical Devices                                                    |                                                                   |
| Cancer care/radiotherapy medical devices, medical imaging          |                                                                   |
| devices, and implants                                              |                                                                   |
| High Efficiency Solar PV Modules                                   | Solar cells and modules                                           |
| 12,195                                                             |                                                                   |
| Telecom and Networking Products                                    |                                                                   |
| Core transmission equipment, 4G/5G Next generation radio           |                                                                   |
| access network and wireless equipment                              |                                                                   |
| Textiles and Apparel                                               | Apparel, woven fabrics, geo-textiles, and agro-textiles           |
| White Goods                                                        | Air conditioners, LED lights, and components of LED lighting      |
| Total                                                              |                                                                   |

Note: The product categories column is an illustrative list.  Sources: Website of implementing Ministries, Gazette of India; PRS 
Policy Announcement: In order to develop our county as a global leader in the field of electronics and technology hardware, the government has also recently announced a package of Rs.76,000 crore for silicon and compound semiconductor fabrication, display FAB, chip design, and related ventures.   

- 
The Union Cabinet approved the Programme for Development of Semiconductors and Display Manufacturing Ecosystem in December 2021.132  The programme aims to provide incentives to companies engaged in semiconductor design, manufacture, and packaging.132  In September 2022, the scheme was modified to 
increase the fiscal support provided to approved companies.133  The India Semiconductor Mission was also set 
up in 2022 to facilitate the implementation of programmes under the scheme. 134  Support under the scheme will be provided for six years.135  The total outlay under this scheme is estimated to be Rs 76,000 crore.134  
- 
The incentives under the modified scheme include: (i) fiscal support of 50% of project cost for setting up semiconductor fabs and display fabs in India, (ii) fiscal support of 50% of capital expenditure for setting up compound semiconductor/silicon photonics/sensors fabs and similar units, and (iii) product design linked incentive scheme to support domestic companies manufacturing semiconductors and semiconductor components.136  Modernisation of the Semi-Conductor Lab, Mohali was also approved.136 
- 
As of February 2022, three applications were received for semiconductor fabs and two for display fabs, with cumulative investments estimated at Rs 1.5 lakh crore.137  Further, three companies applied for semiconductor design, four for semiconductor packaging, and one for compound semiconductors, respectively.  In September 2022, the Government of Gujarat signed a Memorandum of Understanding of Rs 1.54 lakh crore with Vedanta- Foxconn Group for the manufacture of semiconductor and display fab.138 
Policy Announcement: Presently, products of Indian pharma companies are reaching more than 180 countries.  
The PLI scheme announced by my government for the pharma industry will further expand the opportunities, and will also provide impetus to research.  

- 
Pharma products including drug formulations, biologicals, AYUSH and herbal products, bulk drugs, drug intermediates, and surgicals, exports were exported to 215 countries between January and December 2021.139 
- 
The Department of Pharmaceuticals offers three PLI schemes to promote domestic manufacturing in pharma and related sectors.  The PLI for Pharmaceuticals was approved on February 24, 2021, and is planned for a sixyear period ending in 2028-29.  The rate of incentives on incremental sales will be between 6% and 10%.  The total outlay of the scheme is Rs 15,000 crore.140  As of December 2022, about 1,666 products have been approved for 55 selected applicants under the scheme.141  
- 
The PLI for promotion of domestic manufacturing of critical Key Starting Materials/Drug Intermediates was notified on July 21, 2020, and its tenure will end in 2029-30.142   The total outlay of the scheme is Rs 6,940 crore.  The rate of incentives on sales will be between 5% and 20%. As of December 9, 2022, 21 projects had been commissioned with an installed capacity of 34 metric tonnes.141   
- 
The PLI for Medical Devices was approved on March 20, 2020, and is planned for a tenure ending in 2024-25. The incentive per company will be provided based on incremental sales subject to ceilings decided by an Empowered Committee comprised of the CEO, NITI Aayog, the Director General of Foreign Trade, and the Secretaries of various departments.  The planned outlay for the scheme is Rs 400 crore.143  21 applicants have 
been approved to receive incentives under the scheme.144 
Policy Announcement: Government has approved seven Mega Integrated Textile Regions and Apparel Parks with an investment of about Rs 4,500 crore.  This will facilitate integrated textile value chain.  These mega textile parks will attract both Indian and foreign investors, and create lakhs of new employment opportunities.  

- 
In October, 2021, the central government approved setting up of seven PM Mega Integrated Textile Region and Apparel (PM Mitra) parks in greenfield/ brownfield sites.145  The scheme has an outlay of Rs 4,445 crore for a period of seven years up to 2027-28.146  Under the scheme, large scale industrial facilities will be developed 
which will house the entire value-chain of the textile industry.146 
- 
As of December 2022, the Ministry of Textiles has received 18 proposals from 13 states for setting up such 
parks.  These states include Karnataka, Rajasthan, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.147   
Policy Announcement: Sale of Khadi products has trebled in the country since 2014.  

- 
Between 2014-15 and 2021-22, Khadi sales increased by 332%, while production increased by 191%.  The 
khadi sector registered a growth of 43.2% in 2021-22 from the previous year (2020-21).148  
Policy Announcement: The country used to export AYUSH products worth Rs 6,600 crore in 2014.  This export has now increased to more than Rs 11,000 crore.  India is going to establish the world's first 'WHO Global Centre of Traditional Medicine'. 

- 
As per data from the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics, AYUSH products worth Rs 2,169 crore were exported in 2014-15.  This has increased to Rs 4,564 crore in 2021-22 (13% CAGR).139  India 
exports AYUSH products to 180 countries.  The biggest importers of these products are USA, Germany, China, and UAE.139 

products (in USD million) 
| Year   |      |   2017 |   2018 |   2019 |   2020 |
|--------|------|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| -18    | -19  |   -20  |   -21  |   -22  |  -23   |
| Export |      |        |        |        |        |
| 456    | 448  |   428  |    54  |   612  |   408  |

Sources: Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics; PRS.   

- 
As of June 29, 2022, the Ministry of AYUSH and WHO had signed a Host Country agreement to establish the WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine in Jamnagar, Gujarat.  The Centre will support member 
states to design and implement policies which will 
strengthen traditional medicinal systems in their respective countries.   
- A joint task force of WHO and AYUSH Ministry officials has been created to oversee its establishment.149 
Policy Announcement: Since 2016, 60,000 new start-ups have been established in 56 different sectors in our country.  In 2021, during the Corona period, more than 40 unicorn start-ups have emerged in India, each with a minimum market valuation of Rs. 7,400 crore.  

- 
The Startup India scheme was launched in January 2016.150  As of January 23. 2023, 89,083 startups have been recognised by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade.151  The Fund of Funds for Startups Scheme was established in 2016 to increase investment into startups, with a corpus of Rs 10,000 crore.152  The Fund makes investment into SEBI-registered Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) who in turn make investments into startups.   

Startups Scheme 
| Year      | 2019-20    |   2020-21  |   2021-22  |
|-----------|------------|------------|------------|
| Number of |            |            |            |
| Startups  |            |            |            |
| 120       | 86         |       156  |       191  |

- 
As on November 30, 2022, Rs 7,528 crore have been committed to 93 AIFs which have in turn committed investments in 773 startups.153  The Startup India Seed Fund is being implemented from April 1, 2021.  Under the scheme, financial assistance is extended to startups through approved incubators. 
Note: 2022-23 data up to November 30, 2022. Sources: Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2508, answered on December 
21, 2022; PRS. 

- 
It has an outlay of Rs 945 crore for a period of four years from 2021-22.  Rs 455 crore has been approved to 126 incubators and Rs 186 crore has been disbursed.153 
Policy Announcement: Through the Start-ups Intellectual Property Protection Program, the government has simplified and accelerated the processes related to patents and trademarks.  As a result, nearly 6 thousand patents and more than 20,000 trademarks have been applied for in this financial year.  

- 
The Start-ups Intellectual Property Protection Scheme (SIPP) was launched by the central government to facilitate filing of applications of patents, designs, and trademarks through registered facilitators by paying statutory fees.154  The fee is paid by the Office of the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks.  The scheme is applicable till March 31, 2023.155   
- 
Patent applications filed by startups have increased from 179 in 2016-17 to 1,500 in 2021-22, while trademark applications increased from 4 to 8,649 during the same period.  On a cumulative basis, between 2016-17 and 
2021-22 (up to October) startups have files 7,430 patent applications and 28,749 trade mark applications.155 

## Infrastructure

Policy Announcement: As against 90,000 km of national highways in March 2014, today we have more than 
1,40,000 km of national highways.  Under the Bharatmala project, construction of more than 20,000 km of highways is in progress with an outlay of about Rs. 6 lakh crore, including 23 green expressways and green-field corridors.  

- 
In 2018, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways launched the Bharatmala Pariyojana, with the aim of 
optimising the efficiency of movement of goods and people across the country.  Under the first phase of the project, 34,800 km have been approved at a cost of Rs 5.4 lakh crore.  As of December 2022, 11,400 km have been constructed.156   
- 
As of March 31, 2021, the total length of national highways in India was 1.41 lakh kilometres.157 The Ministry had set a target of constructing 12,200 km of National Highways in 2022-23.  4,766 km of national highways (39% of the annual target) have been constructed as of November, 2022.158  

| Year                      | 2012-13    | 2013-14    | 2014-15    | 2015-16    | 2016-17    | 2017-18    | 2018-19    |
|---------------------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|
| Length (in '000 km)       | 79.1       | 91.3       | 97.9       | 101        | 114.1      | 126.3      | 132.5      |
| Expenditure (in Rs crore) | 41,998     | 52,901     | 49,528     | 96,139     | 92,304     | 1,19,353   | 1,58,959   |

Note: Expenditure includes spending by government and private entities. Sources: Basic Road Statistics, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways; PRS. 

Policy Announcement: In the last seven years, 24,000 km of railway route has been electrified.  Laying new railway tracks and double-laning is also progressing rapidly. 

| Year     |   2016- |   2017- | 2018-   | 2019-   | 2020-   |
|----------|---------|---------|---------|---------|---------|
| 17       |     18  |     19  | 20      | 21      |         |
| New Line |    953  |    409  | 480     | 360     | 286     |
| 882      |    999  |   2519  | 1,458   | 1,614   | Double  |
| lining   |         |         |         |         |         |

- 
24,874 Route Kilometres of railway routes have been electrified between 2014-15 and 2020- 21.159,160  Indian Railways had aimed to achieve 100% electrification of all broad gauge rail routes by 2021-22.159  As of November 2022, 83% of the broad gauge network has been electrified.161 

Sources: Indian Railways Yearbooks; PRS. 
Year 
2012-13 
2013-14 
2014-15 
2015-16 
2016-17 
2017-18 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
Length  
1,317 
1,350 
1,375 
1,730 
2,013 
4,087 
5,276 
4,378 
6,015 

Source: Indian Railways Yearbooks; PRS. 

Policy Announcement: Eleven metro routes have commenced, benefiting lakhs of people in 8 states every day.   

- 
As of April 2022, metros are operational in 19 cities, including Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai.  This cumulatively accounts for about 742 km of metro rail lines.162  Metro/regional rapid transport system projects are under construction in 27 cities. 
- 
Apart from Delhi and Mumbai, metros in other cities (such as Hyderabad, Lucknow, Kolkata, and Kochi) have lower ridership than that required for breakeven.162  A report by the CAG in 2021 also noted inefficient operational performance of the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation.163  
Policy Announcement: More than 80 connectivity projects are also in progress under the Sagarmala program to connect the country's important commercial hubs with ports.  So far, 5 existing National waterways and 106 new waterways in 24 States have been declared as National Waterways, taking the total number of National Waterways to 111.  Out of these, 23 waterways are viable for transportation of cargo.   

- 
The Sagarmala programme aims to promote port-led development in the country along the 7,500 km long coastline.  More than 800 projects under the scheme at an estimated cost of 5.5 lakh crore have been identified for implementation during the period between 2015 and 2035.164   
- 
In March 2022, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism, and Culture noted in a report that 181 out of 802 projects had been completed, at a total cost of Rs 94,712 crore.165  Till 2020-21, 76 port modernisation projects had been completed.  In 2020-21, only one was completed.165   
- 
As of July 22, 2022, 217 Port Connectivity projects were ongoing under the Sagarmala programme.  The Standing Committee also noted that the cost under port modernisation had increased by Rs 20,000 crores.165  In 2022-23, Rs 413 crore was allocated for projects under Sagarmala.164   
- 
In December 2021, 111 waterways were declared as National Waterways under the National Waterways Act, 2016.166  26 of these have been found viable for cargo/passenger movement by the Inland Waterways Authority of India.167  Between April 2021 and February 2022, 9.63 crore metric tonnes of cargo were moved across these waterways.168  
Policy Announcement: The government has also taken forward the plans for interlinking of rivers.  The Ken-Betwa link project to be completed at a cost of Rs. 45,000 crore has also been approved. 

- 
As per the National Perspective Plan, 30 river-links have been identified by the National Water Development Agency for preparation of feasibility reports.169  As of December 2022, Detailed Project Reports have been prepared for eight projects.  Implementation has begun for only one, the Ken-Betwa Link project. Implementation of these projects is expected to augment water supply, improve flood control and generation of 
hydroelectric power, and create employment opportunities.169 
- 
The Ken-Betwa Link project was approved on Dec 8, 2021.  It is expected to be completed in eight years at a cost of Rs 45,000 crore.170  In the year 2021-22, an expenditure of Rs 4,639 crore was made on the project against a budget allocation of Rs 4,642 crore. For 2022-23, a budgetary allocation of Rs 1,400 crore has been made, of which Rs 395 crore has been spent (as of December 2022).169  
Policy Announcement: With the objective to modernising infrastructure, more than 27,000 circuit kilometres of transmission lines have also been laid by the government.  

- 
The Ministry of Power has added 16,750 circuit km and 14,895 circuit km of power transmission lines in 2020- 21 and 2021-22, respectively.171 

Financial Year 
2017-18 
2018-19 
2019-20 
2020-21 
2021-22 
2022-23 (till October 22) 
Addition in transmission line 
23,119 
22,437 
11,664 
16,750 
14,895 
7,042 

Sources: Ministry of Power; PRS. 

| Items (Unit)                    | Target    | Achievement    |
|---------------------------------|-----------|----------------|
| New Power Sub Stations (Nos.)   | 999       | 994            |
| High tension lines (Circuit km) | 24,262    | 23,539         |
| Low tension lines (Circuit km)  | 10,769    | 10,409         |
| AB Cable (Circuit km)           | 65,029    | 64,364         |
| UG Cable (Circuit km)           | 21,551    | 21,336         |
| Rooftop Solar Panels (kWp)      | 46,544    | 46,107         |

Sources: PIB; Ministry of Power; PRS. 

- 
The Integrated Power Development Scheme was launched in December 2014, to strengthen the subtransmission and distribution network in urban areas.  The major components of the scheme include: (i) strengthening of sub-transmission and distribution network, (ii) metering, and (iii) provisioning of solar panels.  The estimated outlay for the scheme was Rs 32,612 crore.172  The scheme closed on March 31, 2022.  During this time, projects worth Rs 28,886 crore were sanctioned.173   
Policy Announcement: The cost of internet connectivity and price of smartphones in India today are among the cheapest in the world. 

Table 43: Internet subscribers in India as in June of every year (in crores) 
Financial Year 
2018 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
No of subscribers 
51.2 
66.5 
74.9 
83.4 
83.7 

- 
Internet connectivity: As per a TRAI report, there 
were 83.7 crore internet subscribers in India on June 30, 2022.  This is equivalent to 61 subscribers per 100 persons.174  
Sources: Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicators, TRAI; PRS. 

## Table 44: Cost Of Data Only Mobile Broadband Basket (2 Gb), 2021

- 
Cost of Internet: Table 44 indicates the cost of 
internet in select countries.  As of 2021, mobile broadband data costs about USD 0.9 per GB in India (for a 2 GB data basket).175  

| Country      |       |
|--------------|-------|
| India        |  1.75 |
| Brazil       |  3.4  |
| China        |  4.65 |
| Russia       |  6.87 |
| South Africa | 11.25 |
| Germany      | 12.05 |
| UK           | 13.98 |
| Canada       | 24.41 |

- 
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology launched the PLI scheme for Large Scale Electronics Manufacturing in 2020, including mobile phones.  The scheme is expected to be operational till 2025-26.  Participating companies may choose any four consecutive years during this time to avail of the incentives linked to incremental sales of products manufactured in India.  The total incentive outlay under the scheme is estimated at Rs 38,601 crore.176 

USA 
37.8 

Sources: ICT Price Baskets Dashboard, 2021, International Telecommunication Union, as accessed on January 13, 2022; PRS. 

Policy Announcement: India is also working with great pace on 5G mobile connectivity, which will open doors to new opportunities.   

- 
According to the Ministry of Communications, Telecom Service Providers have started providing 5G services from October 2022 onwards and as of November 26, 2022 5G services have started in 50 towns across 14 states/UTs.178   
- 
5G mobile networks are expected to boost the quality of telecom services and ensure the continuity of telecom 
operations.  5G capabilities have the following broad use cases: (i) enhanced mobile broadband allowing high throughput, faster download speeds, etc., (ii) ultra-reliable and low latency communications supporting near real time response situations, which are useful in industrial applications, and (iii) massive machine type communications, which will help realise Internet of Things applications.179 
Policy Announcement: The government is committed to sustainable development of all the states of the North East by developing basic amenities and economic opportunities are being developed at every level.  All the capitals of the North-Eastern states are now being brought on the railway map. 

- 
As of December, 2022, of the eight states in the north-eastern region, capital cities of three states were connected through the railway.180 These are Arunachal Pradesh (Itanagar), Tripura (Agartala), and Assam (Guwahati).  As of December 7, 2022, five new rail line projects were underway to integrate the five remaining capitals within the broader railway network. These include Meghalaya (Shillong), Manipur (Imphal), Nagaland (Kohima), Mizoram (Aizawl) and Sikkim (Gangtok).   
- 
In October 2022, the Union Cabinet approved Prime Minister's Development Initiative for North East Region 
(PMDevINE) scheme.181  The scheme was announced in the 2022-23 Union Budget.  The objectives of the 
scheme include: (i) funding infrastructural projects, (ii) supporting social development projects based on the needs of the north east, and (iii) creating livelihood activities for youth and women.  PM-DevINE is a central sector scheme and will have an outlay of Rs 6,600 crore for the period 2022-23 to 2025-26.  It will be implemented by the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region through North Eastern Council or Central Ministries/agencies. 

## Environment And Energy

Policy Announcement: At the COP-26 summit, government announced that by 2030 India will reduce its carbon emission by 1 billion tonnes.  India has also committed to a target of becoming net zero emission economy by 2070.  

Tonnes CO2 Equivalent) 
| Sector                                    |     |
|-------------------------------------------|-----|
| Energy                                    |     |
| 2,129                                     | 75% |
| of which:                                 |     |
|                                           |     |
| Energy Industries                         |     |
| 1,207                                     | 43% |
| Manufacturing Industries and Construction |     |
| 398                                       | 14% |
| Transport                                 |     |
| 274                                       | 10% |
| Agriculture                               |     |
| 408                                       | 14% |
| Industrial Processes and Product Use      |     |
| 226                                       | 8%  |
| Waste                                     |     |
| 75                                        | 3%  |

- 
In November 2021, India announced certain targets for 
addressing climate change at the 
Conference of the Parties (COP26).  These targets included achieving net zero emissions by 2070, reducing total projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes from now (2022) to 2030, and having 50% of energy requirements from renewable energy by 2030.182 

Total 
2,839 
100% 
Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry 
-308 
  
Net Total 
2,531 
  

Sources: Table 2.35, India's Total Emissions 2011-2016, Third Biennial Update Report to The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2021, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change; PRS. 

- 
Following COP26, India updated its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in August 2022. 183  The changes in India's NDCs are: 
(i) **Emission intensity of GDP**: The NDC submitted in 2015 provided for reducing emission intensity of GDP 
by 33% to 35% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels.  The revised target seeks to reduce the intensity by 45% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels.183  India's emissions intensity reduced by 24% between 2005 and 2016.184   
(ii) **Power from non-fossil sources**: The 2015 target was to increase cumulative electric power installed 
capacity from non-fossil sources (hydro, solar, wind, bio power and nuclear) to 40% by 2030.  As of December 2022, India's electric power installed capacity from non-fossil sources is 43%.185  The updated NDC increases the target to 50%.183 

Source 
Fossil Fuels 
Solar 
Hydro 
Wind 
Bio Power 
Nuclear 
Small Hydro 
Total 
Installed Capacity 
2,35,809 
63,302 
46,850 
41,930 
10,732 
6,780 
4,936 
4,10,339 
% of total 
57.5% 
15.4% 
11.4% 
10.2% 
2.6% 
1.7% 
1.2% 
- 

Note: Fossil Fuels include coal, lignite, gas, and diesel.  Sources: Central Electricity Authority; PRS. 

- 
The Central Electricity Authority released a draft National Electricity Plan in September 2022, which estimates that the capacity addition required during 2022-27 to meet the peak demand and energy requirement for 2026- 27 is 2,28,541 MW. 186  This projection is in line with the target of achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel installed capacity by 2029-30.  The total fund requirement during this period is estimated to be Rs 14.3 lakh crore.186 
- 
In November 2022, at COP27, India submitted its Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy.187  Focus areas of the strategy include enabling a just energy transition, increased use of electric vehicles (EVs) and public transport, focussing on 20% ethanol blending in petrol by 2025, and climate resilient urban development.187   
- 
The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022, was passed by Parliament in December 2022.188  It empowers the central government to notify a carbon credit trading scheme.  It also allows the government to mandate that designated consumers consume a minimum level of energy from non-fossil fuel sources.189  The Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2022 which was introduced in Parliament in August 2022 empowers State Electricity Regulatory Commissions to specify renewable purchase obligations for power distribution companies.190   
- 
The Green Energy Corridor project launched in 2015-16 aims to integrate electricity generated from renewable and conventional sources.  It aims to install around 9,767 circuit km of transmission lines and substations with a total capacity of 22,689 MW.  It is being implemented in eight states rich in renewable power, viz. Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu. As of November 2022, 8,697 circuit km of transmission lines, and substations with a total capacity of 19,858 MW have been constructed.191  
- 
As of October 2022, 17 lakh EVs have been sold in India.  This accounts for 0.6% of all registered vehicles.192 The Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India (FAME India) Scheme was launched in 2015.  Phase-I of the scheme was implemented between April 2015 and March 2019, whereby demand incentives were provided to EV buyers.  Incentives are provided as a reduction in the purchase price of EVs.193 Phase-II is being implemented for five years with a total budgetary support of Rs 10,000 crore.  This phase focuses on electrification of public transport, providing demand incentives to EV buyers, and creation of 
charging infrastructure.194  As of December 7, 2022, 7.46 lakh EVs have been supported through the scheme, and demand incentives of about Rs 3,200 crore have been given.  Under FAME Phase-II, Rs 1,000 crore has been allocated for the development of charging infrastructure.  2,877 EV charging stations have been sanctioned as of December 2022.194  

- 
The Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme has been implemented across all states and UTs (except Andaman and Nicobar Islands), whereby oil marketing companies are required to sell petrol blended with ethanol.  The first 
target under the programme was to reach 10% ethanol blending by 2021-22.195  In June 2022, 10% of ethanol 
blending in petrol was achieved five months ahead of schedule.  This has led to the reduction of 27 lakh metric tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions.196  Subsequently, the target was increased to 20% ethanol blending by 2025-26.197 

## Science And Technology

Policy Announcement: The space sector has now been opened up to the private sector, providing a horizon of endless possibilities.   

- 
The government has taken steps to widen the participation of private players in the space sector by allowing them to undertake end-to-end space activities.  To facilitate this, the Indian National Space Promotion and 
Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) and New Space India Limited were created.  
- 
IN-SPACe:   IN-SPACe, is an independent nodal (and autonomous) agency in the Department of Space (DOS) 
announced in June 2020.198  It is responsible for promoting, authorising, and supervising space-related activities such as the construction of launch vehicles, sharing of space infrastructure under DOS and establishment of new facilities.198  As of December 15, 2022, 111 space-startups have been registered on the IN-SPACe digital platform.199 
- 
NSIL: NSIL is a wholly-owned Government of India company (incorporated March 2019) under Department 
of Space.  NSIL business areas are: (i) providing launch services to global customers, (ii) building launch vehicles through Indian industries, (iii) satellite-based services (e.g., mission support services, remote-sensing data), (iv) development of satellites and ground segment facilities and (v) technology transfer to Indian industries.200  In the financial year 2020-21, NSIL launched 24 customer satellites onboard PSLV-C49 and PSLV-C51.  This includes the Brazil's Amazonia-1 satellite.201  In 2021, 10 in-orbit operational communication satellites were transferred from the government of India to NSIL against issue of equity worth Rs 4,698 crore.202     
Policy Announcement: Government has notified the simplified Drone Rules 2021, and has also launched a PLI 
scheme for manufacturing of drones and drone-parts in the country.   

- 
Drone Rules: In March 2021, the Ministry of Civil Aviation published the Unmanned Aerial Systems Rules, 
2021.  The provisions of these rules were liberalised through the Drone Rules, 2021, notified in August, 2021. Approvals such as unique authorisation number, certificate of manufacturing and airworthiness, or drone port authorisation were abolished.  The requirement for remote pilot licence for micro drones (for non-commercial use) and nano drones was also removed. 203,204  These rules were amended in February 2022.  The amended rules abolished the requirement of a drone pilot license.205  Other regulations introduced include the Drone Airspace Map (September 2021), and the UAS Traffic Management Policy Framework (October 2021).205  
- 
PLI Scheme: The Ministry of Civil Aviation notified the Production Linked Incentive scheme for drone and 
drone components on September 20, 2021.  Drone manufacturers are being provided with an incentive of Rs 120 crore spread over three financial years.  As of September 2022, 23 drone and drone component manufacturers have been provisionally notified as beneficiaries of the scheme.206 

## Defence And Home Affairs

Policy Announcement: The government is committed to rapidly promote the private sector and start-ups in the defence sector.  The armed forces have issued a list of 209 military-equipment, which will not be purchased from abroad.  A list of 2,800 defence equipment has been issued which will be manufactured domestically. 

- 
Between August 2020 and April 2022, the central government has notified three positive indigenisation lists 
comprising 310 defence items.207  Items from these lists will only be procured from indigenous sources after the 
expiry of certain indicated timelines.   
- 
The timelines for import embargo on these products extend from 2020 to 2028.  These products have been offered to the domestic industry for design and development.  In addition, three positive indigenisation lists of sub-systems/assemblies/components have also been notified.208  These three lists contain 1,238 items out of which 265 items have been indigenised as of January 27, 2023.208 
- 
The expenditure on defence procurement from foreign sources has reduced from 46% to 36% in the between 2018-19 and 2021-22.207  Indigenous defence production in 2021-22 was Rs 94,846 crore as compared to Rs 84,643 crore in 2020-21.209   
- 
Defence was previously reserved for the public sector.  However, in May 2001, it was opened up to Indian private sector.210   To encourage the domestic defence industry, the government has taken several initiatives, which include: (i) establishing two defence Industrial Corridors in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, (ii) opening up defence research and development for industry, startups, and academia, (iii) 25% of the defence R&D budget has been earmarked for developing defence technology, and (iv) a SRIJAN portal has been launched to facilitate indigenisation of defence by domestic industry, including MSMEs.210  
Policy Announcement: The government has taken steps to reorganise Ordnance Factories into 7 Defence PSUs.  

- 
Ordnance Factories are production units for defence equipment.  In October 2021, seven new defence PSUs were carved out of the Ordnance Factory Board.210  In order to support these entities, the pending indents (orders) with the OFB were converted into deemed contracts worth Rs 70,776 crore for the defence PSUs for the next five years.211  Every year, 60% of the value of the annual delivery plan of these defence PSUs will be paid to them in advance by the defence services.  
Policy Announcement: India chaired the United Nations Security Council in August 2021 and the Security Council held a comprehensive debate on the issue of maritime security for the first time. 

- 
The Indian Prime Minister addressed the UNSC High-level Open Debate on 'Enhancing Maritime Security; A Case of International Cooperation' on August 9, 2021.212  The UN Security Council has previously discussed and passed resolutions on different aspects of maritime security and maritime crime.213    
- 
The Anti -Maritime Piracy Bill, 2019 was passed on December, 2022.214  It provides for the prevention of maritime piracy and prosecution of persons for such piracy-related crimes.  It enables Indian authorities to take action against piracy on the high seas.  It brings the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea that was ratified in June 1995.  The Bill had been examined by the Standing Committee on External Affairs (2021) and 
suggested certain amendments in its report (submitted in February 2021).215  Several recommendations of the Committee were incorporated in the Bill as passed. 
Policy Announcement: A Central Sector Scheme for industrial development of Jammu and Kashmir was launched at cost of Rs. 28,000 crore. 

- 
In February 2021, the central government notified the New Central Scheme for the Industrial Development of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.216  The scheme intends to attract capital investment in the state. The scheme will remain in force till 2037, and has an outlay of Rs 28,400 crore.217   
- 
There are four types of incentives under the scheme: (i) capital interest investment, (ii) capital interest subvention, (iii) goods and services tax linked incentive, and (iv) working capital interest subvention.  As of April 2022, the government of Jammu and Kashmir has reported receiving proposals for investments worth Rs 51,000 crore.216  

## Policy Announcement: The Number Of Naxal Affected Districts In The Country Have Reduced From 126 To 70.

- 
The central government has approved a National Policy and Action Plan in 2015 to holistically address left wing extremism (LWE).218  The policy envisages a strategy involving security related measures, development interventions, and ensuring the rights and entitlements of local communities.  Incidents of LWE violence have reduced by 77% from 2,213 in 2010 to 509 in 2021.218  
- 
The government supports states that are affected by left-wing extremism by providing Central Armed Police Forces battalions, helicopters, training, funds for modernisation of State police forces, arms and equipment, sharing of intelligence, construction of Fortified Police Stations.219 
- 
The central government provides left-wing affected states with funds for building capacity through various schemes such as the Security Related 
Expenditure (SRE) scheme and the Special Infrastructure (SIS) scheme.219 SIS for approved in 2017, and as of March 2022, projects worth Rs 371 crore have been sanctioned for strengthening special forces and special intelligence branches.219  250 fortified police stations worth Rs 620 crore in 
vulnerable LWE affected areas have also been sanctioned under the 
scheme.    
- 
The geographical spread of LWE related violence has reduced.219  The number of districts reporting violence was 96 in 2010, which reduced to 46 districts in 2021.219   
- 
The decline in geographical spread is also reflected by the reduction of districts covered under the Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme. Under SRE scheme, Rs. 2,259 crore has been released to states since 2014-15.219  
DISCLAIMER: This document is being furnished to you for your information.  You may choose to reproduce or redistribute this report for noncommercial purposes in part or in full to any other person with due acknowledgement of PRS Legislative Research ("PRS").  The opinions expressed herein are entirely those of the author(s).  PRS makes every effort to use reliable and comprehensive information, but PRS does not represent that the contents of the report are accurate or complete.  PRS is an independent, not-for-profit group.  This document has been prepared without regard to the objectives or opinions of those who may receive it. 

 
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caused due to left wing extremism 
 
Incidents 
Deaths 
2019 
670 
202 
2020 
665 
183 
2021 
509 
147 
2022* 
483 
91 

* Numbers up to November 30, 2022. Sources: Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs; PRS. 

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148 "Khadi Exceeds Turnover of Rs. 1 lakh crore in 2021-22; Beats all FMCG Companies in India", Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Micro, Small, & Medium Enterprises, April 30, 2022, https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1821521. 149 Unstarred Question No. 2285, Lok Sabha, Ministry of AYUSH, July 29, 2022, https://pqals.nic.in/annex/179/AU2285.pdf. 150 About Startup India, Startup India, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, https://www.startupindia.gov.in/content/sih/en/about-startup-india-initiative.html. 151 Startup India, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, last accessed on January 23, 2023, https://www.startupindia.gov.in/. 0%20startups. 153 Unstarred Question No. 2508, Lok Sabha, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, December 21, 2022, https://pqals.nic.in/annex/1710/AU2508.pdf. 154 Start-ups Intellectual Property Protection (SIPP) Scheme, National Research Development Corporation, as accessed on January 20, 2023, http://www.nrdcindia.com/NationalProjectDetail/4#:~:text=Start%2Dups%20Intellectual%20Property%20Protection%20(SIPP)%20scheme%20l aunched%20by,paying%20only%20the%20statutory%20fees. 155 "Scheme for Intellectual Property (IP) protection revised to upgrade the professional charges of the facilitators", Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, December 2, 2022, https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1880465. 156 Unstarred Question No. 2760, Lok Sabha, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, December 22, 2022, https://pqals.nic.in/annex/1710/AU2760.pdf. 157 Annual Report 2021-22, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Annual%20Report_21-22-1.pdf. 158 Starred Question No. 221, Lok Sabha, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, December 22, 2022, https://pqals.nic.in/annex/1710/AS221.pdf. 159 Indian Railways Year Book 2018-19, Railways Board, https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/Year_Book/Year%20Book%202018-19-English.pdf. 160 Indian Railways Year Book 2020-21, Railways Board, https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/pdf/2022/Year%20Book%202020-21-English.pdf. 161 Unstarred Question No. 2468, Lok Sabha, Ministry of Railways, December 21, 2022,  https://pqals.nic.in/annex/1710/AU2468.pdf. 162 Report no. 13, Standing Committee on Housing and Urban Affairs, 'Implementation of Metro Rail Projects - An Appraisal', Lok Sabha, July 19, 2022, https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/lsscommittee/Housing%20and%20Urban%20Affairs/17_Housing_and_Urban_Affairs_13.pdf. 163 Implementation of Phase-III Delhi Mass Rapid Transit System by DMRC, Comptroller and Auditor General of India, December 2 2021, https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/Report%20No.%2011%20of%202021_DMRC_English- 061a88483a1f130.47012068.pdf. 164 Unstarred Question No. 938, Lok Sabha, Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways, July 22, 2022, https://pqals.nic.in/annex/179/AU938.pdf. 165 Report No. 319, Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism, and Culture, 'Progress made in the implementation of Sagarmala Projects', March 28, 2022, https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/20/166/319_2022_9_11.pdf. 166 The National Waterways Act 2016, Ministry of Law and Justice, 2016, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2015/National_Waterways_act,_2016_0.pdf. 

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183 'Cabinet approves India's Updated Nationally Determined Contribution to be communicated to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change', Press Information Bureau, Cabinet, August 3, 2022, https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1847812. 184 Unstarred Question No. 1815, answered on December 22, 2022, Rajya Sabha, Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, https://pqars.nic.in/annex/258/AU1815.pdf. 185 Installed Capacity Report, Central Electricity Authority, December 2022, https://cea.nic.in/installed-capacity-report/?lang=en. 186 Draft National Electricity Plan, Central Electricity Authority, September 2022, https://cea.nic.in/wpcontent/uploads/irp/2022/09/DRAFT_NATIONAL_ELECTRICITY_PLAN_9_SEP_2022_2-1.pdf. 

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210 Unstarred question no. 2168, Lok Sabha, Ministry of Defence, July 29, 2022, https://pqals.nic.in/annex/179/AU2168.pdf.  
2022-23