---
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:182
- loss:SoftmaxLoss
base_model: sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2
widget:
- source_sentence: 太陽
  sentences:
  - bright
  - natural
  - bright
- source_sentence: 明るくない
  sentences:
  - cozy
  - cozy
  - bright
- source_sentence: natural
  sentences:
  - natural
  - cozy
  - natural
- source_sentence: sunlight
  sentences:
  - bright
  - natural
  - cozy
- source_sentence: 日光
  sentences:
  - bright
  - cozy
  - natural
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
---

# SentenceTransformer based on sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2) <!-- at revision 86741b4e3f5cb7765a600d3a3d55a0f6a6cb443d -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 128 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 384 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 128, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    '日光',
    'natural',
    'bright',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```

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## Training Details

### Training Dataset

#### Unnamed Dataset


* Size: 182 training samples
* Columns: <code>premise</code>, <code>hypothesis</code>, and <code>label</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 182 samples:
  |         | premise                                                                          | hypothesis                                                                      | label                                           |
  |:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                           | string                                                                          | int                                             |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 5.39 tokens</li><li>max: 10 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 3.36 tokens</li><li>max: 4 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>0: ~25.27%</li><li>1: ~74.73%</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | premise               | hypothesis          | label          |
  |:----------------------|:--------------------|:---------------|
  | <code>bright</code>   | <code>bright</code> | <code>1</code> |
  | <code>luminous</code> | <code>bright</code> | <code>1</code> |
  | <code>well-lit</code> | <code>bright</code> | <code>1</code> |
* Loss: [<code>SoftmaxLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#softmaxloss)

### Evaluation Dataset

#### Unnamed Dataset


* Size: 182 evaluation samples
* Columns: <code>premise</code>, <code>hypothesis</code>, and <code>label</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 182 samples:
  |         | premise                                                                          | hypothesis                                                                      | label                                           |
  |:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                           | string                                                                          | int                                             |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 5.39 tokens</li><li>max: 10 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 3.36 tokens</li><li>max: 4 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>0: ~25.27%</li><li>1: ~74.73%</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | premise               | hypothesis          | label          |
  |:----------------------|:--------------------|:---------------|
  | <code>bright</code>   | <code>bright</code> | <code>1</code> |
  | <code>luminous</code> | <code>bright</code> | <code>1</code> |
  | <code>well-lit</code> | <code>bright</code> | <code>1</code> |
* Loss: [<code>SoftmaxLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#softmaxloss)

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `eval_strategy`: epoch
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `learning_rate`: 3e-05
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `fp16`: True
- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: False

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: epoch
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 8
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 3e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 3
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: True
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: False
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: None
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `include_for_metrics`: []
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `use_liger_kernel`: False
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
- `prompts`: None
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional

</details>

### Training Logs
| Epoch  | Step | Training Loss | Validation Loss |
|:------:|:----:|:-------------:|:---------------:|
| 0.1739 | 4    | 0.7869        | -               |
| 0.3478 | 8    | 0.7022        | -               |
| 0.5217 | 12   | 0.6482        | -               |
| 0.6957 | 16   | 0.5571        | -               |
| 0.8696 | 20   | 0.5698        | -               |
| 1.0    | 23   | -             | 0.5250          |
| 1.0435 | 24   | 0.4771        | -               |
| 1.2174 | 28   | 0.444         | -               |
| 1.3913 | 32   | 0.6149        | -               |
| 1.5652 | 36   | 0.5523        | -               |
| 1.7391 | 40   | 0.4806        | -               |
| 1.9130 | 44   | 0.4623        | -               |
| 2.0    | 46   | -             | 0.4654          |
| 2.0870 | 48   | 0.4039        | -               |
| 2.2609 | 52   | 0.47          | -               |
| 2.4348 | 56   | 0.3878        | -               |
| 2.6087 | 60   | 0.5158        | -               |
| 2.7826 | 64   | 0.5203        | -               |
| 2.9565 | 68   | 0.4446        | -               |
| 3.0    | 69   | -             | 0.4412          |


### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.10.16
- Sentence Transformers: 3.3.1
- Transformers: 4.48.0
- PyTorch: 2.4.0
- Accelerate: 1.2.1
- Datasets: 3.2.0
- Tokenizers: 0.21.0

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers and SoftmaxLoss
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

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