README.md

---
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:200
- loss:CoSENTLoss
base_model: avsolatorio/GIST-small-Embedding-v0
widget:
- source_sentence: who is imf chief economist?
  sentences:
  - Metoprolol succinate is also known by the brand name Toprol XL. It is the extended-release
    form of metoprolol. Metoprolol succinate is approved to treat high blood pressure,
    chronic chest pain, and congestive heart failure.
  - He wants to confirm if he is talking to Priya or Angel Priya (I.e., if he is really
    talking to a girl or just a guy with fake profile) They are talking to you and
    want to see how you look. I found it normal but would say, be careful about whom
    do you share your picture with as they might misuse it. I hate this one.
  - A Dependent Care Flexible Spending Account, or “FSA,” is a pre-tax benefit account
    used to pay for dependent care services while you are at work. The money you contribute
    to a Dependent Care FSA is not subject to payroll taxes, so you end up paying
    less in taxes and taking home more of your paycheck.
- source_sentence: is it possible to get a false negative flu test?
  sentences:
  - The saying "a piece of cake" means something that's simple to accomplish. If a
    school assignment is a piece of cake, it's so easy that you will barely have to
    think about it. Other ways to say "it's a piece of cake" include no problem or
    it's a breeze.
  - This variation in ability to detect viruses can result in some people who are
    infected with the flu having a negative rapid test result. (This situation is
    called a false negative test result.)
  - Unstable Wi-Fi is often caused by wireless congestion. Congestion problems are
    common in apartment complexes or densely packed neighborhoods. The more people
    using the internet, the greater the instability. When many people in the same
    area are working from home, connectivity suffers.
- source_sentence: what are the requirements to become a health inspector?
  sentences:
  - You'll need an accredited health and safety qualification to become a health and
    safety inspector. Many recruiters ask for a NEBOSH diploma as it's accredited
    by the Institution of Occupational Health and Safety. This is a degree-level course
    that you can study at a variety of institutions, as well as online.
  - '[''Open a PDF file in Acrobat DC.'', ''Click on the “Export PDF” tool in the
    right pane.'', ''Choose Microsoft Word as your export format, and then choose
    “Word Document.”'', ''Click “Export.” If your PDF contains scanned text, the Acrobat
    Word converter will run text recognition automatically.'']'
  - '[''Remain calm. ... '', "Don''t take it personally. ... ", ''Use your best listening
    skills. ... '', ''Actively sympathize. ... '', ''Apologize gracefully. ... '',
    ''Find a solution. ... '', ''Take a few minutes on your own.'']'
- source_sentence: is toprol xl the same as metoprolol?
  sentences:
  - 'Carbs: 35 grams. Fiber: 11 grams. Folate: 88% of the DV. Copper: 50% of the DV.'
  - A Dependent Care Flexible Spending Account, or “FSA,” is a pre-tax benefit account
    used to pay for dependent care services while you are at work. The money you contribute
    to a Dependent Care FSA is not subject to payroll taxes, so you end up paying
    less in taxes and taking home more of your paycheck.
  - Metoprolol succinate is also known by the brand name Toprol XL. It is the extended-release
    form of metoprolol. Metoprolol succinate is approved to treat high blood pressure,
    chronic chest pain, and congestive heart failure.
- source_sentence: how can i get copy of marriage license?
  sentences:
  - Probiotics can help with digestion Without probiotics, antibiotics can sometimes
    wipe out the protective gut bacteria, which is no good for your digestive system.
    Probiotics are thought to directly kill or inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria,
    stopping them from producing toxic substances that can make you ill.
  - Order in person You can order a certificate in person from Monday to Friday between
    9am and 5pm. Please come to the register office at 45 Beavor Lane, Hammersmith,
    London W6 9AR.
  - Worms and ants are more related because spiders contain hair and ants do not.
    Worms do not contain hair as well.
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
---

# SentenceTransformer based on avsolatorio/GIST-small-Embedding-v0

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [avsolatorio/GIST-small-Embedding-v0](https://huggingface.co/avsolatorio/GIST-small-Embedding-v0). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [avsolatorio/GIST-small-Embedding-v0](https://huggingface.co/avsolatorio/GIST-small-Embedding-v0) <!-- at revision 75e62fd210b9fde790430e0b2f040b0b00a021b1 -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 384 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': True}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("moshew/gist_small_ft_gooaq")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'how can i get copy of marriage license?',
    'Order in person You can order a certificate in person from Monday to Friday between 9am and 5pm. Please come to the register office at 45 Beavor Lane, Hammersmith, London W6 9AR.',
    'Worms and ants are more related because spiders contain hair and ants do not. Worms do not contain hair as well.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```

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<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

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## Training Details

### Training Dataset

#### Unnamed Dataset

* Size: 200 training samples
* Columns: <code>sentence1</code>, <code>sentence2</code>, and <code>label</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 200 samples:
  |         | sentence1                                                                        | sentence2                                                                          | label                                                         |
  |:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                           | string                                                                             | float                                                         |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 8 tokens</li><li>mean: 11.8 tokens</li><li>max: 23 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 18 tokens</li><li>mean: 61.8 tokens</li><li>max: 125 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.5</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | sentence1                                                  | sentence2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              | label            |
  |:-----------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------|
  | <code>how many days can i drive my car without mot?</code> | <code>If your car fails its MOT you can only continue to drive it if the previous year's MOT is still valid - which might occur if you submitted the car for its test two weeks early. You can still drive it away from the testing centre or garage if no 'dangerous' problems were identified during the MOT.</code> | <code>1.0</code> |
  | <code>how many days can i drive my car without mot?</code> | <code>Low-FODMAP vegetables include: Bean sprouts, capsicum, carrot, choy sum, eggplant, kale, tomato, spinach and zucchini ( 7 , 8 ). Summary: Vegetables contain a diverse range of FODMAPs. However, many vegetables are naturally low in FODMAPs.</code>                                                           | <code>0.0</code> |
  | <code>what are underlying shares of stock?</code>          | <code>Underlying Shares means the shares of Common Stock issued and issuable upon conversion of the Preferred Stock, upon exercise of the Warrants and issued and issuable in lieu of the cash payment of dividends on the Preferred Stock in accordance with the terms of the Certificate of Designation.</code>      | <code>1.0</code> |
* Loss: [<code>CoSENTLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#cosentloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "pairwise_cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `seed`: 12
- `bf16`: True
- `half_precision_backend`: cpu_amp
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 4

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: no
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 5e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 12
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: True
- `fp16`: False
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: cpu_amp
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 4
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `tp_size`: 0
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: None
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `include_for_metrics`: []
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `use_liger_kernel`: False
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
- `prompts`: None
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional

</details>

### Training Logs
| Epoch  | Step | Training Loss |
|:------:|:----:|:-------------:|
| 0.0769 | 1    | 0.2709        |


### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.11.12
- Sentence Transformers: 4.1.0
- Transformers: 4.51.1
- PyTorch: 2.6.0+cu124
- Accelerate: 1.5.2
- Datasets: 3.5.0
- Tokenizers: 0.21.1

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

#### CoSENTLoss
```bibtex
@online{kexuefm-8847,
    title={CoSENT: A more efficient sentence vector scheme than Sentence-BERT},
    author={Su Jianlin},
    year={2022},
    month={Jan},
    url={https://kexue.fm/archives/8847},
}
```

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