Input: Claim: STEM education has been shown to improve future job prospects. [SEP] Text: The competencies that STEM teachers must obtain are future-scaffolding STEM competencies relevant to STEM related disciplines, which will empower students to think creatively about the future (Levrini et al. , 2019). STEM teachers should be able to systematically forecast future global grand challenges, critical issues, disruptions, new smart technologies, and strategic areas of research and innovation, as well as solve complex sustainability problems in innovative ways. Why futurize STEM educationBefore exploring the proposed knowledge base and skills that should be integrated into a capacity-building program in FS for STEM teachers, we must recognize FS’s controversial nature. Although FS has recently penetrated many fields and engaged many professionals and institutes, the issue of integrating FS in education, including STEM schools, has been ignored (Bol & Staring, 2018). To this end, the funded the “I SEE project”, which aims at supporting students in acquiring such future thinking skills as strategic planning, managing uncertainty, modeling, risk-taking, strategic and creative thinking and argumentation (Levrini et al. , 2019). SEE project developed an approach in which FS can inspire through the systematic use of forecasting methods and tools as well as by fostering the role of in addressing problems of the future (Branchetti et al. , 2018; Lloyd & Paige, 2016). In light of the above, this study explores what knowledge base and skills in-service STEM education teachers should possess and demonstrate to become Future-Proof STEM teachers who can enhance SD. To determine this, the following research questions should be answered: 1. Why is it so important to futurize STEM education to enhance SD efforts? 2. What are the basic knowledge base and skills that in-service teachers should possess and demonstrate to become Future-Proof STEM teachers for enhancing SD? 3. What is the general framework for a Future-Proof STEM teachers capacity-building program? Literature reviewand Symeonidis (2018) argued, many significant issues challenge educational systems in general and teacher education in particular to review their goals and curricula. The most important of these are the complexity of rapid social change and the uncertainties and contradictions that the world is currently experiencing. To prepare coming generations of students to tackle the expected challenges of these post-normal times, in which facts are uncertain, educational systems must futurize their curricula (Lotz-Sisitka et al. , 2015).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: 2 NA 14 (1 trial) ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very low3,4,5 Trial had a cross‐over design. No significant difference in the primary outcome (lung function) at this time‐point, with improvements only in secondary outcomes. FEV1 (% predicted) change from baseline, long term Follow‐up: 3 months The mean change from baseline in FEV1 (% predicted) was 8% higher (2% higher to 14% higher) in the hypertonic saline group compared to the daily rhDNase group. 2 NA 47 (1 trial) ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very low2,6,7 Trial had a cross‐over design. An additional cross‐over trial of 18 participants found no difference between treatments in FEV1 after 10 weeks (no data presented). LCI Outcome not reported. not reported. of sputum clearance Outcome not reported. exacerbations Follow‐up: NA 15 episodes occurring during treatment with hypertonic saline and 18 with daily rhDNase, there was no statistical difference between treatments (see comment). NA 47 (1 trial) ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very low2,6,7 Trial had a cross‐over design. Number of episodes reported rather than the number of participants with exacerbations (leading to a unit of analysis issue) so data not entered into the analysis. Adverse events Follow up: 3 months Increased cough was reported in 13 participants using hypertonic saline and 17 on daily rhDNase. There were similar rates of other adverse events between treatment arms (see comment). NA 47 (1 trial) ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very low2,6,7 Trial had a cross‐over design, so data not entered into analysis. *The basis for the assumed risk (e. g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: confidence interval; FEV1 : forced expiratory volume in 1 second; LCI : lung clearance index; MD : mean difference; NA: not applicable. grades of evidence High quality : further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: This channel has been shown to be additive in response to optical radiation for a given criterion response (i. e. , a constant-luminance flicker criterion). Our current understanding of the circadian system indicates that there is only one functional channel leading to the SCN from the retina, and that in humans, this channel exhibits subadditivity to certain combinations of wavelengths [36]. Clearly, a more detailed understanding of input to the SCN may emerge following additional research. For example, Aggelopolous and Meissl [37] suggest that there are multiple neural pathways providing input to the SCN in rats. Whether these different neuron pathways exist in humans or constitute different functional channels for the SCN has yet to be determined. Since there is no evidence to date that the human circadian system exhibits additivity, an additive "photodian" luminous efficiency function for measuring circadian light (i. e. , a Cλ) would only serve as a convenience to commerce and government. In other words, unlike Vλ, there would be no physiological foundation for a system of metrology based upon Cλ. This lack of homology between physiology and metrology may or may not be an important aspect in the deliberations for developing a system of circadian photometry, but it is certainly important to draw attention to this difference for scientific purposes, much as it is important to draw attention to the difference between luminance and brightness. Spectral sensitivity of the circadian system The retino-hypothalamic tract (RHT) is comprised of ipRGC axons and carries photic information from the retina to the SCN. In addition to the direct conversion of optical radiation to neural signal input to the master clock, the ipRGCs also carry spectrally-opponent information originating from the classical photoreceptors and processed by vertical (bipolar cells) and lateral (horizontal and amacrine cells) neurons, to the SCN. Of particular interest with regard to developing a definition of circadian light are the spectrally-opponent (color) mechanisms in the distal retina that provide synaptic connections to the ipRGCs [32]. In addition, amacrine cells that control the transition from scotopic (rod) to photopic (cone) responses in retinal ganglion cells also appear to provide synaptic threshold control of the ipRGC responses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: data is not yet available. studies have proven the positive impacts of student mobility on learner development. In general, student mobility may take place in two main forms: (1) learning abroad for a degree; (2) short-term mobility with a duration from some days to some weeks under different activities such as credit transfer, faculty-led study tour, and internship. In reality, the number of short-term mobility programs has dramatically increased globally to meet the needs of those who cannot afford overseas degree programs for financial, medical, family reasons, or the like. While learning abroad for degrees is relatively suitable to some specific learners, the above-mentioned mobility activities are generally easier for schools to organize, more accessible to learners as well as contribute significantly to student holistic development. Students of the University of Economics and Law, especially those in high-quality programs, are expected and encouraged to participate in different kinds of short-term student mobility programs. This paper focuses on presenting the impacts of short-term student mobility on student holistic development, illustrating the best practices from the University of Economics and Law and suggests some implications to foster short-term mobility in higher education institutions. TỔnhững năm gần đây, việc tăng cường đưa sinh viên tham gia các hoạt động trải nghiệm quốc tế đang nhận được sự quan tâm ngày càng lớn từ các trường đại học trên khắp thế giới.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: None of the results were statistically significant and the quality of the evidence was very low. The trial by Amin reported the overall number of adverse events and adverse events related to the trial drugs, rather than the number of participants experiencing an adverse event. There were no significant differences in cough, hoarseness or chest pain (P = 0. 17); however, there were significantly more overall adverse events in the hypertonic saline group for the symptoms of increased sputum production, fever, rhinorrhoea, malaise and ear infections (P = 0. 0035) (Amin 2010). Amin further reported a mean (SD) drop in FEV1 % predicted after the first inhalation of hypertonic saline 116 (140) mL and after isotonic saline 41 (88) mL, MD 75. 00 (95% CI ‐31. 49 to 181. 49) (Analysis 1. 12). trial demonstrated that participants with an FEV1 % predicted of 40% to 70% at baseline experienced a significant fall in FEV1 following isotonic saline, while none of the participants fell significantly with hypertonic saline (Chadwick 1997). trial reported the number of adverse events (not participants experiencing adverse events) as pulmonary exacerbations (see above), chest pain, gastro‐intestinal symptoms, headache, joint pain, pharyngitis and tonsillitis; these were significantly fewer in the hypertonic saline group (Elkins 2006a). Adverse drug reactions were also reported, events that in the opinion of the investigator were related directly to the trial medication. These were significantly higher in the hypertonic saline group (n = 14) than the control group (n = 1), P = 0. 01, and included cough, chest tightness, pharyngitis, haemoptysis, sinusitis, sneezing, tonsillitis and vomiting (Elkins 2006a). In the Eng trial there were similar reports of increased cough and haemoptysis; one participant in the hypertonic saline group had to withdraw because of haemoptysis, although it was not clear if this was directly related to treatment (Eng 1996). In the hypertonic saline group, one participant complained of chest tightness and one of throat irritation, with none in the isotonic saline group complaining of these symptoms (Analysis 1. 14).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: These complicated neural connections have been mathematically modeled to develop a definition of the circadian (light) stimulus [36]. The mathematical model of human circadian phototransduction developed by Rea et al. [36] is based on the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the retina and on published psychophysical studies of nocturnal melatonin suppression using lights of different spectral power distributions. The model generates values of circadian light (CL) for any spectral power distribution (i. e. , for any light source, real or imagined, at any irradiance). CL is characterized by a high absolute threshold to optical radiation with a peak spectral response at short wavelengths. The model accounts for participation of ipRCGs as well as rods and cones in circadian phototransduction via neural connections, including spectral opponency, in the outer plexiform layer of the retina. Additional file 1 describes the computation procedure for calculating CL. It should be noted that the term CL is used in this paper to replace the term circadian stimulus (CS), used in the paper that describes the model of circadian phototransduction [36]. Notwithstanding the nonlinearities inherent in the circadian phototransduction model, CL is spectrally weighted irradiance for the human circadian system, a term more comparable to illuminance, which is spectrally weighted irradiance for the human visual system. As described in more detail below, the term CS will be henceforth used to describe the effective photic stimulus for the circadian system as measured by acute nocturnal melatonin suppression. Figure 3 shows the modeled spectral sensitivity of the circadian system for both narrowband and polychromatic light stimuli [36]. Because the model includes spectral opponency, responses from light stimuli created by a combination of narrowband sources cannot be predicted from the spectral sensitivity derived from narrowband light stimuli alone. In fact, for light stimuli with a particular balance of short-wavelength (e. g. , around 450 nm) and long-wavelength (e. g. , longer than about 510 nm) components, the response of the human circadian system to light is less than what would be predicted by an additive spectral efficiency function derived from responses to narrowband stimuli [30,31]. Emphasis for modeling was placed upon studies measuring nocturnal melatonin suppression because, in fact, there are presently no comparable spectral sensitivity functions for the circadian system using any other outcome measure (e. g. , phase shifting).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Nhiều cơ sở giáo dục xác định nhiệm vụ thúc đẩy hoạt động trải nghiệm quốc tế cho sinh viên là một yêu cầu thiết yếu trong quá trình quốc tế hoá trường đại học với mục tiêu giúp người học phát triển toàn diện tất cả các mặt, từ năng lực cá nhân, năng lực liên văn hoá, năng lực toàn cầu đến gia tăng khả năng tìm kiếm việc làm 1. Trên thế giới đã có nhiều nghiên cứu về tác động của trải nghiệm quốc tế lên sự phát triển năng lực người học.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: It remains to be determined if this change will result in significant long‐term improvement in health for individuals with CF or how this may relate to the progression of CF lung disease. It is important to realise that before participants started the trials, they were pre‐treated with salbutamol and lung function measured to determine whether they could tolerate hypertonic saline and only those who did tolerate it were allowed to carry on. This means that the results of the trials only apply to those people with CF who can tolerate hypertonic saline. Ballmann compared hypertonic saline 5. 75% 10 mL twice‐daily to nebulised rhDNase 2. 5 mg and found that in both groups FEV1 improved to a similar degree in three weeks (Ballmann 1998). In the Suri trial, twice‐daily 5 mL hypertonic saline 7% was compared to daily and alternate‐day rhDNase 2. 5 mg (Suri 2001). When treated with either rhDNase regimen, participants had a significant improvement in lung function from baseline, but when treated with hypertonic saline there was an increase of only 3% from baseline, less than seen in the Ballmann and Eng trials (Ballmann 1998; Eng 1996). In both of these trials 10 mL of hypertonic saline was used compared to 5 mL as used by Suri and Weller (Suri 2001; Weller 1980). This raises the possibility that the effectiveness of treatment may also depend on the total volume of saline nebulised and this may account for the lower effect size seen by Suri (Suri 2001). In addition, Suri found a wide variation in response to treatment with both rhDNase and hypertonic saline, with over 50% of participants demonstrating a more than 10% increase in FEV1 with rhDNase and 35% of participants with hypertonic saline. Thus, despite the overall reduced effect seen with hypertonic saline on lung function in individuals, both rhDNase and hypertonic saline have the potential to substantially improve lung function in the medium term. The wide variation seen in response to both hypertonic saline and rhDNase raises the possibility that there may be subgroups of people with CF who are more likely to respond to efforts to improve mucociliary clearance. It also suggests that some individuals may respond better to one treatment compared to the other and physicians may wish to consider this particularly in individuals who fail to respond to rhDNase.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The values of the coefficients in Additional file 1 relating the opponent channels were optimized to align with published nocturnal human melatonin suppression data using narrowband spectra [26,27]. This resulted in a good fit (r2 = 0. 82) between all comparable suppression data using both narrowband and broadband spectra [24,26,27,30,38,39] and a four-parameter logistic function [40] characterizing the melatonin suppression response as the light stimulus increases from threshold to saturation (Figure 4). CL is defined in terms of irradiance, not radiance as with brightness because image formation on the retina is not believed to be important to the circadian system. Rather, CL is geometrically described in terms of radiant flux density on the cornea and therefore is geometrically comparable to illuminance at the eye. Figure 3 Nocturnal human melatonin suppression data from Brainard et al. [26] and Thapan et al. [27] for narrowband spectra (symbols), and a spectral sensitivity function resulting from exposure to narrowband illumination (solid curve). Also shown is the spectral sensitivity for broadband illumination when spectral opponency is exhibited [36]. Figure 4 Nocturnal human melatonin suppression data [24,26,27,30,38,39] (left ordinate), plotted as a function of CL quantities (abscissa) predicted by the model of Rea et al. [36]. Also shown is the best-fitting four-parameter logistic function [40] to all of the data from threshold to saturation. The circadian light quantity CL was formerly named circadian stimulus (CS) [36]; CS (right ordinate) now refers to the effective stimulus based on nocturnal melatonin suppression. Previously published studies have been conducted to test the utility of the model of human circadian phototransduction [32,41]. Nocturnal melatonin suppression by light was assessed by Figueiro et al. [41] for two light source spectra and four light levels. A priori predictions of melatonin suppression were made based on calculations of CL given by each light level and spectra. Results demonstrated that the model predictions were consistent with melatonin suppression obtained at all four light levels, although uncertainty was greater at the lowest light level, which was close to threshold response. Also, Figueiro et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Ban đầu các công trình tập trung tìm hiểu và nhận thấy lợi ích rất lớn từ các hoạt động quốc tế lên năng lực ngoại ngữ của sinh viên, về sau, ngày càng có nhiều bằng chứng khoa học cho thấy mối quan hệ mật thiết giữa các hoạt động trải nghiệm và sự phát triển năng lực cá nhân, sự cải thiện đáng kể về kiến thức chuyên môn cũng như các năng lực hội nhập 2 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Quality of the evidence we judged the quality of the evidence from this review to be of very low to low quality, depending on the outcome measured (summary of findings Table for the main comparison; summary of findings Table 2; summary of findings Table 3; summary of findings Table 4; summary of findings Table 5; summary of findings Table 6). We do not think that the way the trials were designed affected the results, with even the cross‐over trials allowing for adequate washout at least in terms of lung function change. We judged that all participants had equal chances of being in either of the treatment groups. However, in all but two trials (Dentice 2016; Elkins 2006a), the taste was not masked and participants would be able to identify the hypertonic saline. The participants who dropped out of the trials appear to have been accounted for and are unlikely to influence the results. Potential biases in the review process Data were extracted, using predefined data extract sheets, independently by each of the authors and then a consensus was reached in regard to inclusion or exclusion. In addition, both the authors were involved in one trial (Elkins 2006a) and Wark was involved in a further trial (Dentice 2016). Where one or more author(s) of this was a co‐author on an included trial, a third party performed the data extraction and assessment of quality for that trial. Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews The first therapy used to enhance mucus clearance was rhDNase; it is effective in improving lung function in CF and has been adopted in most countries (Ramsey 1994). A separate systematic review found that when compared with placebo rhDNase improves lung function in people with CF in trials lasting from one month to two years (Yang 2018). There was a decrease in pulmonary exacerbations in trials of six months or longer. Voice alteration and rash were the only adverse events reported with increased frequency in randomised controlled trials. Although investigators also concluded that there that there was not enough evidence to firmly conclude if rhDNase is superior to hyperosmolar agents such as hypertonic saline in improving lung function. Nebulised rhDNase is a relatively expensive treatment and in many countries its use is restricted to those who have degrees of impairment of lung function and who demonstrate an improvement in pulmonary function tests during a trial period (Ramsey 1994).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Although beyond the scope of this paper, the Daysimeter has, in fact, recently been used to quantify and compare circadian disruption in day-shift and rotating-shift nurses [47,48]. Future research will undoubtedly utilize instruments like the Daysimeter to develop, for example, new shift-work schedules, new architectural practices and new light sources, all of which will depend upon our collective ability to measure and calculate circadian light. Figure 5 Close-up photograph of the Daysimeter. Two light sensors are located near the plane of the cornea, calibrated in terms of their absolute, spatial and spectral response to provide both photopic and circadian light readings. The rear housing attached to the earpiece contains accelerometers for measuring activity as well as memory and control circuitry, all powered by a coin-cell battery. Circadian light as a work in progress The definition of circadian light proposed here is based on the current knowledge of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the human retina and on published psychophysical studies of nocturnal melatonin suppression using lights of different spectral power distributions. CLA and CS are provisionally defined then in terms of what is known about nocturnal melatonin suppression in humans (for an hour-long exposure to light, near the midpoint of the melatonin production curve, and with naturally-constricted pupils). Of course, acute melatonin suppression is not the only non-visual response by the circadian system; other non-visual responses include phase shifting and alertness. For at least these two cases, however, light-induced phase-shifting and light-induced nocturnal alertness appear to have similar threshold-to-saturation response characteristics [40,44]. A very recent study, however, has shown that both red and blue lights can affect alertness [49] as well as cortisol and alpha amylase production (Figueiro and Rea. , unpublished data) at night indicating that not all light-induced, non-visual responses have the same spectral sensitivity as nocturnal melatonin suppression. The development of new response characteristics for these non-visual systems, if they emerge, would be very reminiscent of those that were developed in visual science where multiple spectral sensitivity functions for different visual channels were established (cf. Figure 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Ngoài ra, người học đã từng tham gia trao đổi hoặc thực tập tại nước ngoài thường có điểm trung bình học tập cao hơn người học chưa từng thực hiện bất kỳ hoạt động trải nghiệm quốc tế nào trong quá trình học tập 13 14. Sinh viên cũng có khuynh hướng học tiến bộ hơn sau các chuyến đi 15. Một số nghiên cứu còn cho thấy mối quan hệ chặt chẽ giữa việc tham gia trải nghiệm quốc tế với sự gia tăng mối quan tâm đến các chương trình sau đại học 16.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Hypertonic saline 3% to 7% versus isotonic saline for cystic fibrosis (during acute exacerbations of lung disease) Hypertonic saline 3% to 7% versus isotonic saline for cystic fibrosis (during acute exacerbations of lung disease) Patient or population: adults and children with cystic fibrosis (during acute exacerbations of lung disease) Settings: hospitalised patients and outpatients Intervention: hypertonic saline 3% to 7% Comparison: isotonic saline comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of participants (trials) Quality of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Isotonic saline Hypertonic saline 3% to 7% FEV1 (% predicted) change from baseline, short term Follow‐up: approximately 14 days (at time of hospital discharge) The mean % change in FEV1 (% predicted) was 32. 3% in the isotonic saline group. The mean % change in FEV1 (% predicted) was 5. 10% higher (14. 67% lower to 24. 87% higher) in the hypertonic saline 3% to 7% group. NA 132 (1 trial) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low1,2 FEV1 (% predicted) change from baseline, long term Follow‐up: NA Outcome not reported. ‐up: NA Outcome not reported. ‐up: NA No deaths were reported in either trial. NA 142 (2 trials) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low2,3 1 trial had a cross‐over design. Measures of sputum clearance Follow‐up: NA Outcome not reported. exacerbations Follow‐up: up to 1 year There was no significant difference between the groups in time until the next pulmonary exacerbation requiring hospitalisation. HR 0. 86 (95% CI 0. 57 to 1. 30) 132 (1 trial) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low1,2 Adverse events Follow up: up to 1 year Adverse events reported were cough and wheeze. No serious adverse events were reported. NA 142 (2 trials) ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very low2,3,4, 1 trial had a cross‐over design. *The basis for the assumed risk (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 1023/A:1011237000609 [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Rea, MS; Bullough, JDDoes architectural lighting contribute to breast cancer? J Carcinog 5: 20. DOI: [PubMed] Lemmer, BImportance of circadian rhythms for regulation of the cardiovascular system: studies in animal and man 1: 168–70. full_text. [PubMed] Maemura, K; Takeda, N; Nagai, RCircadian rhythms in the CNS and peripheral clock disorders: role of the biological clock in cardiovascular diseases J 103: 134–8, DOI: [PubMed] Young, ME; Bray, MSPotential role for peripheral circadian clock dyssynchrony in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular dysfunction 8: 656–67, DOI: [PubMed] Kreier, F; Kalsbeek, A; Sauerwein, HP; Fliers, E; Romijn, JA; Buijs, RM"Diabetes of the elderly" and type 2 diabetes in younger patients: possible role of the biological clock 42: 22–7, DOI: [PubMed] Laposky, AD; Bass, J; Kohsaka, A; Turek, FWSleep and circadian rhythms: key components in the regulation of energy metabolism FEBS Lett 582: 142–51, DOI: [PubMed] Knutson, KL; Spiegel, K; Penev, P; Van Cauter, EThe metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation Rev 11: 163–78, DOI: [PubMed] de l'Eclairage. Light as a Stimulus. Paris: de l'Eclairage. Rea, MSed. : Reference and Application. New York: Society of North America. de l'Eclairage. CIE Proceedings 1924. Cambridge: University of Cambridge. Rea, MS; Bullough, JD; Freyssinier-Nova, JP; Bierman, AA proposed unified system of photometry Technol 36: 85–111, DOI: Bullough, JDSpectral sensitivity for extrafoveal discomfort glare J 56: 1518–22, DOI: Weale, RASpectral sensitivity and wave-length discrimination of the peripheral retina J Physiol 119: 170–90.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Tham gia trải nghiệm quốc tế giúp phát triển kỹ năng học tập suốt đời, khả năng tư duy độc lập và khả năng tự chủ của người học, giúp sinh viên có tư duy phản biện và kỹ năng nghiên cứu tốt hơn 17 18.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Both groups could receive intermittent courses of antibiotics 'as required', on the basis of symptoms and organisms found in respiratory secretions. Types of outcome measures Primary outcomes Lung function (spirometry) forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) % predicted (Knudson 1983) forced vital capacity (FVC) % predicted (Knudson 1983) Number of people with one or more isolates of S aureus (sensitive strains) NB: in only one study were the children old enough to perform the spirometry. We also included a study measuring infant lung function. Secondary outcomes Growth as measured by weight for age and height for age standard deviation (SD) scores* Survival on a yearly basis commencing at one year Number of people admitted to hospital and days spent as an inpatient Number of people receiving additional antibiotics and number of days received Number of people with one or more isolates of Haemophilus influenzae (H influenzae) Number of people with one or more isolates of P aeruginosa Number of people acquiring of multiply‐resistant S aureus Frequency of adverse effects including: diarrhoea; skin rash; and oral, nappy or vulval candidiasis Quality of life (if well‐validated measures are used) * standard deviation (SD) score = observed weight or height ‐ mean/SD Search methods for identification of studies Electronic searches We identified relevant trials from the Group's using the terms: antibiotics AND (staphylococcus aureus OR mixed infections) AND (preventative treatment OR unknown) AND (oral OR not stated). Register is compiled from electronic searches of the Register of () (updated each new issue of the), weekly searches of a search of Embase to 1995 and the prospective handsearching of two journals ‐ and the Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. Unpublished work is identified by searching the abstract books of three major cystic fibrosis conferences: the Fibrosis Conference; the and the Conference. For full details of all searching activities for the register, please see the relevant sections of the Group website. Date of the most recent search of the Group's CF Trials Register: 29 September 2016. Search of ongoing trials registers Clinicaltrials.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Lennie, P; Pokorny, J; 10: 1283–93, DOI: [PubMed] Brindley, GS; Du Croz, JJ; Rushton, WAThe flicker fusion frequency of the blue-sensitive mechanism of color vision J Physiol 183: 497–500. [PubMed] Wyszecki, G; Stiles, WSColor Science. New York: Wiley. De Valois, RL; Abramov, I; Jacobs, GHAnalysis of response patterns of LGN cells J Am 56: 966–77, DOI: [PubMed] Helmholtz, HHandbuch der Physiologischen Optik. Hamburg: Voss. de l'Eclairage. Colorimetry. Vienna: de l'Eclairage. de l'Eclairage. CIE 1988 2° for Photopic Vision. Vienna: de l'Eclairage. Guth, SL; Massof, RW; Benzschawel, TVector model for normal and dichromatic color vision J Am 70: 197–212, DOI: [PubMed] Rea, MS; Bullough, JD; Figueiro, MGPhototransduction for human melatonin suppression J 32: 209–13, DOI: [PubMed] Gall, D; Bieske, KDefinition and measurement of circadian radiometric quantities Proceedings of the CIE Symposium '04 on Light and Health. Vienna: de l'Éclairage, 32. Brainard, GC; Hanifin, JP; Greeson, JM; Byrne, B; Glickman, G; Gerner, E; Rollag, MDAction spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor J Neurosci 21: 6405–12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Thứ hai, về phương diện văn hoá và năng lực hội nhập Nhiều nghiên cứu sử dụng các công cụ đo lường đánh giá tác động của các trải nghiệm quốc tế lên năng lực cảm nhận và khoan dung đối với khác biệt văn hoá của người học như GPI (Inventory), ILO (Outcomes) hay CCAI (Adaptability Inventory) đều cho thấy kết quả tương thích rằng trải nghiệm quốc tế, dù ngắn hay dài, đều tác động rất tích cực đến sự phát triển toàn diện của cá nhân, đặc biệt là ở phương diện văn hoá.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: These questions remain unanswered because currently available trials lack important clinical outcomes and are underpowered to detect differences in treatment effects across subgroups of participants, resulting in overall poor‐quality data. The conduct of future RCTs needs to be improved with unbiased and clear reporting of clinically significant outcomes in accordance with the statement (Ioannidis 2004; Moher 2001; Moher 2003; Moher 2004). We recommend that future RCTs: are adequately powered and robust, designed to elucidate the magnitude in effect for both clinical and patient‐related relevant outcomes, i. e. appetite change, lung function, cost per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY), quality of life (e. g. sick leave from employment, functional ability, and psychological impact); define clinically significant weight gain in both children and adults; establish valid surrogate markers of appetite change (both objective and subjective); report changes in nutritional and dietary intake along with changes in predefined surrogate markers for appetite change; report on a predefined list of adverse effects, as well as monitoring any unexpected adverse effects for all age groups; ensure complete data sets are reported for all outcomes (including mean change data and their standard deviations); and report outcome differences and standard deviations of differences to allow for meaningful meta‐analyses. Summary of findings Open in table viewerSummary of findings 1. Appetite stimulants versus placebo for people with cystic fibrosis Appetite stimulants versus placebo for people with cystic fibrosis Patient or population: people with cystic fibrosis Setting: outpatients Intervention: appetite stimulants Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) No. of participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk stimulants Change in weight (kg) Follow‐up: 3 months The mean change in weight ranged from 0. 67 kg to 1. 3 kg. The mean change in weight (kg) in the intervention group was 1. 25 kg higher (0. 45 higher to 2. 05 higher). ‐ 42(2 studies) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b Change in weight (kg) Follow‐up: 6 months The mean change in weight was 1. 5 kg. The mean change in weight (kg) in the intervention group was 3. 8 kg higher (1. 27 to 6. 33 higher).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Rats were housed in individual cages, with food and water available ad libitum and were maintained in a chronobiologic animal facility (Enceinte autonome d’animalerie, Ref. A 110-SP-6; ). The chronobiologic facility was equipped with equidistant, soundproof, temperature-controlled (21°± 1. 0°C) compartments, each having independent light–dark cycles. All of the research procedures were performed in accordance with the of Health principles of laboratory animal care, Laws, and standards and ethics for animal biologic rhythm research. 10This study, including care of the animals involved, was conducted according to the official edict presented by the of Agriculture (Paris, France) and the recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki. These experiments were conducted in an authorized laboratory and under the supervision of an authorized researcher (Y. T. ). Rats were housed in individual cages and maintained under a 12-h light–12-h dark cycle 4 weeks before the beginning of drug injection. Radiotelemetric recorders were surgically implanted under aseptic conditions, 3 weeks before the start of drug injection. Rats were lightly anesthetized by an intraperitoneal administration of diazepam (5 mg/kg Valium; Roche, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France), followed by ketamine (80 mg/kg Ketalar; Parke-Davis, Fresnes, France). Each rat was fitted with an intraabdominal radiotelemetric implant (model TA10TA-F40; Int. , Saint Paul, MN) to allow for the automatic recording of body temperature and general locomotor activity every 10 min throughout a 24-h period, using the Dataquest 4. 0 data acquisition software (Int. ). During the experiment, radio waves from the implant were collected via a radar receiver (model RPC-1; Int. ) that was placed beneath the cage. General locomotor activity and body temperature were continuously recorded for 2 weeks before drug injections. Propofol (10 mg/ml; Fresenius Kabi, Sèvres, France) was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 120 mg/kg. Intralipid, 10%, was used as a control lipidic solution (10 ml/kg; Fresenius Kabi).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Sinh viên được phát triển đa dạng năng lực toàn cầu và liên văn hoá thông qua quá trình tìm hiểu, hiểu biết sự đa diện và phức tạp của các vấn đề quốc tế. Họ học được cách áp dụng kiến thức và kỹ năng trong môi trường quốc tế, sử dụng ngoại ngữ để giải quyết các vấn đề liên quan và hợp tác với bạn bè, đồng nghiệp từ các nền văn hoá khác 19 20. Ngoài ra, nó cũng giúp người học cởi mở hơn đối với sự khác biệt và học cách dung hoà sự mâu thuẫn do khác biệt văn hoá 21 22.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: One of its adjunctive effects is weight gain, and it has been used for appetite stimulation and weight gain for such indications as advanced cancer, AIDS, and the elderly (Lopez 2004); renal failure (Chung 2006; Hobbs 2012); chronic heart failure (von Haehling 2009); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Weisberg 2002); and CF (Eubanks 2002; Marchand 2000). MA is not very water‐soluble, thus its bio‐availability is low, although bio‐availability is improved if it is taken with food. Several formulations have been developed in an attempt to improve bio‐availability (e. g. a micronised tablet form and a concentrated oral suspension). The most recent of these is an oral suspension form using nanocrystal technology, which is licensed for anorexia‐cachexia in people with AIDS. (Remeron) is typically used as an antidepressant in tablet form, and the dosage differs between initial and maintenance treatment (EMC 2014c). In two trials evaluating its role as an appetite stimulant in people with CF, mirtazapine was given at a doses ranging from 15 mg to 45 mg per day (Sykes 2006; Young 2000). is an atypical antipsychotic drug (EMC 2014d). Whilst limited data are available, olanzapine has been used to stimulate appetite and improve body mass index (BMI) and other disease‐related symptoms (e. g. eating attitudes, anxiety) in people with anorexia aged nine years and older. The dose used to stimulate appetite has been higher than that used in psychiatric practice (Nasr 2008). with the anabolic steroid oxandrolone (Oxandrin) should be intermittent, and the duration should depend on an individual's response and adverse reactions. Two‐ to four‐week blocks of therapy are usually adequate, and dosage differs depending on the age of the individual (MedLibrary 2014; Upsher‐Smith 2022). Oxandrolone has been used principally in anorexia in people with cancer, but it has also been investigated in CF (Tongudai 1971; Varness 2009). is an antihistamine and serotonin antagonist used to treat migraine at differing age‐dependent doses (EMC 2014e). is indicated in the treatment of acute and chronic psychoses, and in the management of aggression in moderate to severe Alzheimer’s dementia.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The duration of general propofol anesthesia was between 25 and 30 min, and all rats were responsive 30 min after propofol administration. The dose of propofol was an anesthetic dose and not a sedative one, in accord with previous published data obtained in rats. 11,12Either propofol or Intralipid for control animals was administered at three different Zeitgeber times (ZTs): ZT6, ZT10, and ZT16. ZT0 represented the beginning of the rest period (light onset), and ZT12 represented the beginning of the activity period (light offset). Therefore, rats were injected in the middle of their rest period (ZT6), 2 h before the beginning of activity (ZT10), and 4 h after the beginning of the activity period (ZT16) (fig. 1). We used in each Zeitgeber time group 12–14 rats assigned as followed: 14 rats at ZT6, 12 rats at ZT10, and 14 rats at ZT16. In all three groups, half of the rats received propofol administration, and the other half received Intralipid injection. After the injections, general locomotor activity and temperature were recorded for a period of 13 days. View largeDownload slideFig. 1. Drug administration. Six groups of rats corresponding to three schedules of intraperitoneal injection (Zeitgeber time [ZT]) were created: ZT6 (n = 14), ZT10 (n = 12), and ZT16 (n = 14). Within each of the three ZT groups, half of the rats were injected with propofol and the other half were injected with Intralipid. View largeDownload slideFig. 1. Drug administration. Six groups of rats corresponding to three schedules of intraperitoneal injection (Zeitgeber time [ZT]) were created: ZT6 (n = 14), ZT10 (n = 12), and ZT16 (n = 14). Within each of the three ZT groups, half of the rats were injected with propofol and the other half were injected with Intralipid.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Quan trọng hơn, sinh viên còn có những sự thay đổi rõ rệt trong tư duy, trở nên có trách nhiệm hơn đối với các vấn đề xã hội, có tầm nhìn rộng hơn, thân thiện cởi mở hơn, trưởng thành hơn, từng bước tiến đến trở thành công dân toàn cầu 23. Thứ ba, về phát triển bản thân Xét về phương diện cá nhân, có những số liệu chứng minh mối quan hệ chặt chẽ giữa việc tham gia các chương trình trải nghiệm quốc tế với sự tự tin, độc lập và sở hữu các kỹ năng ở sinh viên.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: However, there is insufficient evidence at present to justify the use of these agents on a longer‐term basis (over six months). Quality of the evidence Trial quality was frequently suboptimal, which could have biased any observed treatment effects, on average, in the direction of overestimating the true treatment effect. There were areas of the reporting within the included trials that would have been greatly improved if the authors had followed the reporting guidelines for RCTs, specifically in reporting the details of random sequence generation, allocation concealment, and blinding (Moher 2001; Moher 2003; Moher 2004). We suspect that many of the trials were correctly randomised, but the evidence was not presented in the published papers, and so the risk of bias was marked as unclear. Although there were sufficient data to undertake meta‐analyses for some outcomes, all four included trials reported sufficient detail for a selection of outcomes to be included in the meta‐analyses. A major concern was incomplete reporting of data or selective outcome reporting, or both, with all trials listing outcomes in the methods section of the paper that were not reported on in the results. We assessed the certainty of the evidence supporting the outcomes as low using the GRADE approach (summary of findings Table 1). We downgraded the certainty of the evidence due to risk of bias (incomplete and selective reporting of outcome data as mentioned above, attrition bias caused by either a proportionately large dropout rate or dropouts due to the intervention and not corrected for in the analyses and the randomisation procedures). In addition, numbers of participants were small and event rates were low, increasing concerns about imprecision. Potential biases in the review process The number of trials included in the review precluded an analysis of publication bias, therefore we are unable to comment on this aspect of potential bias. In several trials it was not possible to obtain the effect size and SDs. The outcomes and SDs at baseline and follow‐up were reported accurately, but often the SD of the difference in outcome measure between baseline and follow‐up was not reported and could not be calculated from the reported data. The difference can be calculated from baseline and follow‐up measurements, but the SD of the difference cannot be simply calculated due to within‐participant correlations. It is strongly recommended that outcome differences and SDs of differences be reported in future trials.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Close modal A circadian rhythm analysis was performed by fitting a cosinor function to the data using the Chronos-Fit program data analysis (Zuther and Lemmer, Institute of Pharmacology and of Clinical Medicine, Mannheim, Germany), an extended version of Win-ABPM-Fit. This program fits a cosine curve to the measured data points and calculates the midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR; a rhythm-adjusted 24 h mean), amplitude (half of peak-to-trough of rhythmic change), and acrophase (peak time of the rhythm). These circadian parameters were determined 5 days before the day of injection (baseline) and compared with each of the 5 days after injection (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5). Statistical analysis on acrophase, MESOR, and amplitude were performed on raw data (table 1). The statistical analyses were performed using the software version 8. 0 (Inc. , San Jose, CA). For clarity, data were calculated as percentage from the baseline and phase shift for acrophase, amplitude, and MESOR, respectively (figs. 2–7). For each parameter examined (acrophase, amplitude, MESOR), multivariate analyses of variance for repeated measures were performed on raw data (between factors: Zeitgeber time [ZT6, ZT10, ZT16], treatment [propofol vs. Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]). Post hoc analyses on the phase shift of acrophase, as well as the absolute values of MESOR and amplitude, were performed using a t test with Bonferroni correction, which compared the propofol and Intralipid groups, on D1–D5. Table 1. Results of View largeView largeDownload slideFig. 2. Phase shift of rest–activity acrophase for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol administration ( A–C ) during the 5 days (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) after propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration. Positive values represent phase advances. Values are mean ± SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Sự phát triển này rất quan trọng để người học có thể độc lập làm việc và đạt thành quả cao trong học tập. Quá trình tự điều chỉnh để thích nghi với môi trường sống và học tập, giải quyết những bất đồng trong hành trình, cho dù trong thời gian ngắn, giúp người học có thêm kinh nghiệm sống và trang bị kỹ năng giải quyết xung đột 24. Thêm vào đó, các trải nghiệm nâng cao thái độ, nhận thức và kiến thức của sinh viên về đa văn hoá và giảm chủ nghĩa dân tộc 18 25.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: In the absence of strong evidence to indicate that one timing regimen is better than another, the timing of of dornase alpha inhalation can be largely based on pragmatic reasons or individual preference with respect to the time of airway clearance and time of day. Implications for research The primary outcome examined by this review (FEV1) was not affected by the timing of dornase alfa inhalation with respect to airway clearance or time of day. For the other outcomes of this review, there were some significant findings in individual studies, but further evidence is required in well‐designed studies of longer duration. To better investigate the effect on small airway function, a more sensitive measure, such as nitrogen washout, might be used. This review has identified few RCTs that consider the timing of dornase alfa inhalation. Given the expense in both time and money to both patients and care providers, further research is warranted to attempt to clarify an optimal regimen for dornase alfa therapy. Interestingly, in the current trials no follow up information regarding what participants opted to continue when the trial finished was included, this may have provided valuable insights into subjective treatment efficacy. of the condition Cysic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life‐limiting autosomal recessive disorder amongst Caucasians (Cutting 2002). Cystic fibrosis‐related pulmonary disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality (Buzzetti 2009). Description of the intervention The enzyme recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (dornase alfa), has been shown to reduce the viscosity of sputum taken from people with CF by digesting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) released from neutrophils (Lieberman 1968). The proprietary name of dornase alfa is Pulmozyme® (produced by Genentech Inc). Therapy with dornase alfa over a one‐, six‐ or 12‐month period is associated with an improvement in lung function in CF (Jones 2010). A single daily dose of 2. 5 mg of dornase alfa is not less effective than higher dosing regimens (Fuchs 1994; Ramsey 1993). How the intervention might work Traditionally, people with CF have been advised to nebulise dornase alfa 30 minutes prior to airway clearance techniques.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 05) from mean values in preadministration period (the 5 days before propofol anesthesia). View largeDownload slideFig. 2. Phase shift of rest–activity acrophase for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol administration ( A–C ) during the 5 days (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) after propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration. Positive values represent phase advances. Values are mean ± SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period (the 5 days before propofol anesthesia). Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 3. Phase shift of body temperature acrophase for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol administration ( A–C ) during the 5 days (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) after propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration. Positive values represent phase advances. Values are mean ± SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period (the 5 days before propofol anesthesia). View largeDownload slideFig. 3. Phase shift of body temperature acrophase for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol administration ( A–C ) during the 5 days (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) after propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration. Positive values represent phase advances. Values are mean ± SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period (the 5 days before propofol anesthesia). Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 4. Cosinor parameter of the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm during the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity amplitude 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. View largeDownload slideFig. 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Những người từng đi du học hay có nhiều trải nghiệm quốc tế thường giỏi giải quyết các thách thức học thuật hay cá nhân 12. Thứ tư, về phương diện nghề nghiệp Nghiên cứu từ Ingraham 13 cho thấy trải nghiệm quốc tế hỗ trợ người học ra quyết định tốt hơn về lựa chọn nghề nghiệp. Tương tự, 63% người tham gia nghiên cứu do Dwyer 2 tiến hành cũng phản hồi rằng trải nghiệm nước ngoài ảnh hưởng đến quyết định thay đổi ngành học và lựa chọn nghề của họ.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: If not defined, we accepted midnight to midday as morning and midday to midnight as evening. Dornase alfa treatment given as a minimum of a single dose of at least 2. 5 mg. Types of outcome measures Primary outcomes Lung function (absolute change and change in per cent predicted) forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) forced vital capacity (FVC) Measures of quality of life and symptom scores (including cough or subjective ease of clearance) Secondary outcomes Measures of sputum clearance, including measures of mucociliary clearance and objective measures of sputum volume Measures of exercise capacity pulmonary parameters forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the vital capacity (FEF25‐75) maximal instantaneous forced flow when 25% of the forced vital capacity remains to be exhaled (FEF25) total lung capacity (TLC) residual volume (RV) functional residual capacity (FRC) Frequency of exacerbations of respiratory infection where a clear definition is described demonstrating an increase in symptoms or a decline in pulmonary function admission rates to hospital (defined as either number of inpatient hospital admissions or days as a hospital inpatient) courses of IV antibiotics (whether received in hospital or in the home) outpatient treatments (presentations to hospital, unscheduled visits to the doctor) Adherence to treatment along with other treatments while the protocol for inhalation timing is followed Adverse effects such as bronchospasm, cough and acute decline in pulmonary function Search methods for identification of studies Electronic searches We identified relevant trials from the Group's using the term 'dornase alfa'. Register is compiled from electronic searches of the Register of () (updated each new issue of Library ), weekly searches of a search of Embase to 1995 and the prospective handsearching of two journals ‐ and the Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. Unpublished work was identified by searching the abstract books of three major cystic fibrosis conferences: the Fibrosis Conference; the and the Conference. For full details of all searching activities for the register, please see the relevant sections of the Group Module. Date of last search of the Group's Register: 25 April 2016. In addition, we searched the Database (PEDro) for all years available (2013. Searching other resources We hand‐searched the Australia and (1999 to 2009). We also contacted Roche in an attempt to identify further relevant trials.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Cosinor parameter of the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm during the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity amplitude 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 5. Cosinor parameter of the amplitude of body temperature rhythm during the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity amplitude 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. View largeDownload slideFig. 5. Cosinor parameter of the amplitude of body temperature rhythm during the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity amplitude 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 6. Cosinor parameter of the midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR) of rest–activity on the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZT) of propofolanesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity MESOR 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. View largeDownload slideFig. 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Khảo sát từ dự án Erasmus 26 cho biết 87-92% sinh viên từng tham gia trao đổi có thể xác định rất rõ ràng về việc làm tương lai. Mặt khác, có đến 69% sinh viên Úc tham gia nghiên cứu 15 đánh giá rằng kinh nghiệm họ có được sau các chuyến đi trải nghiệm là rất đáng giá đối với họ, giúp họ có thêm động cơ và nhiệt huyết trong chọn lựa nghề nghiệp. Các kỳ thực tập tại nước ngoài cũng được đánh giá là đã cung cấp cho sinh viên cái nhìn rõ nét về ngành nghề họ chọn lựa 12.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: The ventilatory equivalent (max VE/VO2) was significantly higher in room air compared to oxygen therapy, MD ‐3. 86 (95% CI ‐6. 82 to ‐0. 91) (P = 0. 01) (Falk 2006; Marcus 1992; Nixon 1990). None of the other parameters reported were significantly affected by supplementary oxygen compared with room air. 4. Nutritional status Only one study examined the effect of oxygen therapy on objective measures of nutrition (Zinman 1989). The percentage change in ideal weight for height was not significant after 6 or 12 months therapy (Analysis 1. 12). 5. Changes in right heart function Only the Zinman study examined whether the use of chronic nocturnal oxygen therapy retarded the development of pulmonary hypertension and right‐sided heart failure (Analysis 1. 13). Six out of fourteen participants in the air group and four out of fourteen participants in the oxygen group developed at least one physical sign consistent with cor pulmonale. When entered into the meta‐analysis, the result was not significant. No statistical analysis was mentioned in the original paper and subsequent follow up of participants who died outside the study period was incomplete (Zinman 1989). Radionuclide angiography was performed on 24 participants (12 in each group). Both the placebo and oxygen group had detectable reductions in right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at baseline, but there were no significant differences in these parameters after one year of oxygen therapy compared to placebo at rest or after exercise (Analysis 1. 13). 6. Costs of intervention None of the studies addressed cost issues, either directly or indirectly. 7. Adverse effects The major adverse effect of oxygen therapy that investigators measured was an excessive increase in carbon dioxide levels. Comparisons between groups were made more difficult by the use of variations in protocol, duration of therapy and different methods of measurement. The degree of elevation in carbon dioxide during sleep or exercise was generally within 10 mm Hg or 1. 0 kPa. One study did report an average of 16 mm Hg rise during exercise in the "Low Sat" group (Marcus 1992). It is unclear whether these rises are of clinical significance over time.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Cosinor parameter of the midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR) of rest–activity on the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZT) of propofolanesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity MESOR 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 7. Cosinor parameter of the midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR) of body temperature on the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times of propofol administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity MESOR 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. View largeDownload slideFig. 7. Cosinor parameter of the midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR) of body temperature on the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times of propofol administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity MESOR 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. Close modal of Rest–We observed a phase advance of rest–activity acrophase during the 48 h after the administration of propofol anesthesia for all three Zeitgeber times, which was not detected after the administration of Intralipid (fig. 2and table 1). Analysis of variance on baseline acrophase showed no significant effect of Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 1. 528, P = 0. 233) or treatment (F 1,30= 0. 005, P = 0. 946). Multivariate repeated-measure analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Nhiều nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng một khi đã tham gia trải nghiệm thông qua các chương trình ngắn hạn, sinh viên có khuynh hướng tiếp tục tìm kiếm và tham gia vào các trải ngiệm khác hoặc nỗ lực tìm kiếm các cơ hội tham gia chương trình dài hơn 2 27 28. Tất cả các nghiên cứu có liên quan đều nhấn mạnh rằng người học đạt được sự tự tin cần thiết để thực hiện các chuyến trải nghiệm dài hơn, xa hơn. Sinh viên cũng có được các mối quan hệ phục vụ cho công viêc, hiểu biết thêm về ngành nghể và xu hướng nghề nghiệp trên thế giới.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: The results from another trial (44 participants) indicate no difference in growth velocity between HC and PD at one year (very low‐quality evidence), but this trial did report that once daily PD treatment may lead to better control of bone maturation compared to HC in prepubertal children and that the absolute change in bone age/chronological age ratio was higher in the HC group compared to the PD group. Authors' conclusions There are currently limited trials comparing the efficacy and safety of different glucocorticoid replacement regimens for treating 21‐hydroxylase deficiency CAH in children and adults and we were unable to draw any firm conclusions based on the evidence that was presented in the included trials. No trials included long‐term outcomes such as quality of life, prevention of adrenal crisis, presence of osteopenia, presence of testicular or ovarian adrenal rest tumours, subfertility and final adult height. There were no trials examining a modified‐release formulation of HC or use of 24‐hour circadian continuous subcutaneous infusion of hydrocortisone. As a consequence, uncertainty remains about the most effective form of glucocorticoid replacement therapy in CAH for children and adults. Future trials should include both children and adults with CAH. A longer duration of follow‐up is required to monitor biochemical and clinical outcomes. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in Español فارسی Français 한국어 Glucocorticoid replacement regimens in the treatment of 21‐hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia Review question Steroid replacement therapy is used for treating congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency in children and adults; we looked at the evidence for how well different regimens work and how safe they are. Background CAH is a genetic disorder of the adrenal glands that affects the body's general health, growth, and development. Adrenal glands sit above the kidneys and are responsible for making the hormones cortisol and aldosterone.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]) on the amplitude of body temperature rhythm showed a significant effect of days (F 6,174= 65. 70, P < 10−4) but no significant effect of treatment (F 1,29= 1. 01, P = 0. 32) or Zeitgeber time (F 2,29= 0. 60, P = 0. 55), with significant interaction (days × treatment: F 6,174= 48. 51, P < 10−4). Post hoc analysis for localization was performed on the amplitude value. For ZT6, propofol anesthesia significantly decreased body temperature rhythm amplitude on D1 (36%; P = 0. 003) and D2 (19%; P = 0. 006) (fig. 5A). For ZT10, propofol anesthesia significantly decreased body temperature rhythm amplitude on D1 (57%; P < 10−4) and D2 (29%; P = 0. 01) (fig. 5B). For ZT16, propofol anesthesia significantly decreased body temperature rhythm amplitude on D1 (42%; P = 0. 04) (fig. 5C). MESOR of Rest–We observed a decrease in the MESOR of the rest–activity rhythms during the 24 h after propofol anesthesia, which was not detected after the administration of Intralipid (fig. 6and table 1). Analysis of variance on baseline value showed no significant effect of Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 1. 228, P = 0. 307) or treatment (F 1,30= 0. 049, P = 0. 827). Multivariate repeated-measure analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs. Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]) on the MESOR of rest–activity rhythm showed a significant effect of days (F 6,180= 32. 03, P < 10−4) but no significant effect of treatment (F 1,30= 0. 82, P = 0. 372) or Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 0. 94, P = 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Đồng thời, sinh viên trở nên có trách nhiệm hơn, linh hoạt hơn cũng như rèn luyện cho bản thân kỹ năng giải quyết vấn đề, khả năng giao tiếp hiệu quả và cách thức quản lý thời gian hiệu quả nhất. Một nghiên cứu thực hiện khảo sát đối tượng sinh viên Châu Âu đã cho kết quả như sau: gần 61% người đã từng tham gia giao lưu, trao đổi hoặc thực tập, thực tế tại nước khác khẳng định họ được tuyển dụng nhờ đã có kinh nghiệm quốc tế; 45% sinh viên Mỹ và 44% Úc phản hồi tương tự 26 15.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: 5 mg/m²/day): 25% daily dose in the morning and 25% at noon followed by 50% in the evening comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of participants (trials) Quality of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk High evening dose High morning dose QoL Follow‐up: 4 weeks Outcome not reported. normalisation Follow‐up: 4 weeks See comments NA 15 (1 cross‐over trial) ⊕⊝⊝⊝a,b,c very low 17 OHP (nmol/L) Results for 17 OHP are presented as medians (IQR); 44 (16 to 116) for the high morning dose compared to 33 (15 to 76) for the high evening dose. Androstenedione (nmol/L) Results for androstenedione are presented as medians (IQR); 1. 80 (1. 0 to 3. 0) for the high morning dose compared to 1. 90 (1. 20 to 6. 50) for the high evening dose. Testosterone (nmol/L) Results for testosterone are presented as medians (IQR); 0. 70 (0. 30 to 2. 30) for the high morning dose compared to 1. 1 (0. 60 to 2. 70) for the high evening dose. DHEAS (nmol/L) Results for DHEAS are presented as medians (IQR); 0. 20 (0. 20 to 0. 60) for the high morning dose compared to 0. 40 (0. 20 to 0. 70) for the high evening dose. Prevention of adrenal crisis Follow‐up: 4 weeks Outcome not reported. of osteopenia Follow‐up: 4 weeks Outcome not reported. of testicular or ovarian adrenal rest tumours Follow‐up: 4 weeks Outcome not reported. ‐up: 4 weeks Outcome not reported. adult height Follow‐up: 4 weeks Outcome not reported *The basis for the assumed risk (e. g. the median control group risk across trials) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: were deeply anaesthetized with a cocktail containing ketamine (150 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) 60 min after light pulse at CT15 and perfused intracardially with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0. 01 M phosphate buffer. Brains were carefully removed, post-fixed overnight, cryoprotected in sucrose 30% in 0. 01 M PBS for 24 h and 25 μm thick coronal sections were cut with a freezing microtome and collected in 0. 01 M PBS. Free floating slices were blocked with 5% non-fatty milk in PBS contained 0. 4% Triton X-100 and incubated with primary antisera raised in rabbit against c-Fos (Biotechnology, 1:2000) diluted in the same solution, for 48 hs at 4°C. Sections were then treated using the avidin–biotin method with a Universal kit containing a biotinylated universal secondary antibody, avidin and biotilylated horseradish peroxidase (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) and Vector-VIP peroxidase substrate (SK-4600). Image analysis and cell counting was performed using ImageJ software, as described previously [27]. Data analysis All circadian parameters were calculated using program (Antoni Díez Noguera, University of Barcelona). For phase angle (ψ) calculation and phase shifts analysis, individual waveforms were performed using 15 consecutive days in LD or DD condition. Activity onsets were defined as the moment in which the activity curve is on top of the mean line of each individual waveform. ψ was calculated as the difference between the activity onset in LD conditions and the time of lights off. In order to improve the visualization and analysis of the activity patterns we computed an hourly activity profile, in which we plotted mean locomotion for each hour (or circadian hour) relative to average activity counts. These individual hourly waveforms were used for the analysis of activity distribution both in LD and DD conditions. Also, an average waveform for each animal group was calculated using these individual waveforms. The activity distribution over the day in LD conditions was analyzed in four different intervals: ZT12-23, ZT23-3, ZT3-10 and ZT10-12 (see results).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Thêm vào đó, nhiều nghiên cứu cho thấy nhà tuyển dụng thường có đánh giá cao các ứng viên đã có kinh nghiệm học tập, giao lưu tại nước ngoài vì cho rằng các ứng viên này có tư duy cởi mở, nhiều sáng tạo, linh hoạt, khoan dung với những khác biệt, dễ thích nghi, khả năng đồng cảm cao, có tinh thần trách nhiệm và biết tôn trọng đối với sự khác biệt 29. Các phẩm chất này được xem là rất cần thiết để thành công trong công việc, đặc biệt đối với những công việc đòi hỏi sự tiếp xúc liên văn hoá.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: However, this may be a useful analysis in the future, especially with respect to the high risk of incomplete data and selective reporting which plagued the current review. Due to inadequacies of reporting numbers of enrolled participants, completed participants and analysed participants in most studies, an intention‐to‐treat analysis was not possible. Sensitivity analyses excluding studies with industry funding was planned but not conducted (no studies were funded by industry). Publication bias A funnel plot was not generated, since we were not able to include and combine a sufficient number of studies in this review (Light 1994). Also, only limited data were available for analyses from those included studies. of main results In the revised version of this review, we chose to extend the list of antioxidant micronutrients (vitamin E, vitamin C, ß‐carotene and selenium) with GSH administered orally or by inhalation in CF patients and the effects of the two routes of administration are presented separately. There appears to be conflicting evidence regarding the clinical effectiveness of oral supplementation with antioxidants in CF; however only a small number of studies contributed data towards analysis in this systematic review. Three studies describing 114 participants reported lung function measured by FEV1 (Renner 2001; Wood 2003; Visca 2013). Data from two studies suggest that oral antioxidant micronutrient supplementation does not improve lung function (Renner 2001; Wood 2003). However, addition of data to the meta‐analysis from the Visca trial which compared oral GSH supplementation of 65 mg/kg three times per day in a pediatric population seem to be beneficial for the patients (Visca 2013). Due to the short half‐life of GSH (Reed 2008), repeated daily dosing for relatively extended time periods (six months) is essential for the effect. Only one study with 46 participants assessed QOL, and showed that QOL improvement actually favoured the control group (Wood 2003). There was a significant difference between antioxidants and control in both improvement of GPX and plasma antioxidant status for all antioxidants except vitamin C. There was an improvement in the blood levels of vitamin E in all trials that used supplementation with this vitamin, although vitamin E was administered in different forms and for different periods of time (Harries 1971; Levin 1961; Wood 2003).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The contribution of each interval to total activity was calculated by performing hourly waveform analysis of the relative activity for each individual animal, and measuring the area under the curve for each interval. The ratio between this area and the total area under the curve of the waveform, expressed as a percentage, was used for further comparisons. Resynchronization to a new LD cycle, after 6-hour phase shifts of the time of lights off, was considered fully accomplished when activity onset took place at the new time of lights off ±15 minutes. We calculated the number of days (transients) required to resynchronize for each animal. In DD conditions, free-running activity periods (τ) were determined by Chi-square periodograms. Duration of the subjective night (α), was calculated by performing an hourly waveform analysis of the relative activity data for each animal in DD (using the corresponding τ), and measuring the time length covered by the portion of the curve on top of the mean of activity. Conversely, ρ (duration of the subjective day) was calculated as the time length covered by the portion of the curve under the mean of activity. The percentage of total activity occurring during α was calculated as the percentage of the area under the curve of the waveform analysis occurring within the α interval. Phase shifts were calculated as follows: individual waveforms of the ten previous days to the light pulse and of ten days after the light pulse (excluding the 2 cycles immediately after the pulse) were obtained; the time at which the activity curve crossed the mean line of each waveform was defined as the activity onset and used as phase marker of the rhythm prior and after the pulse. Phase shifts were calculated as the difference between the two onsets. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Differences between the two groups were analyzed by unpaired Student’s t test or the non-parametric test, accordingly. P values of 0. 05 or less were considered to be statistically significant. running period and general activity pattern in nude mice We first analyzed the characteristics of the circadian activity pattern in LD and DD conditions of nude mice and their respective control WT strain (N:NIHS). We evaluated the ψ between the time of lights off and the beginning of the locomotor activity. The activity onset occurred after the time of lights off in both strains of mice, without differences between the ψ in nude and control mice (8. 7 ± 6. 3 min, n = 9 and 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: THỰC TẾ TRIỂẠI T RƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌẾ - LUẬT Những kết quả đạt được Nhận thức tầm quan trọng của các hoạt động trải nghiệm quốc tế đối với sự phát triển toàn diện của sinh viên, trong những năm qua, Trường Đại học Kinh tế - Luật đã thực hiện nhiều biện pháp nhằm thúc đẩy các hoạt động giao lưu, trao đổi, thực tập, thực tế tại nước ngoài cho sinh viên.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: There is an unclear and potentially large amount of bias in the results of this review and we judge that further studies are necessary before firm conclusions can be made. Three out of the ten included studies had a low risk of bias in all domains which had sufficient information to make a clear judgement (Bishop 2005; Visca 2013; Wood 2003), while none of the domains were free of bias. The risk of bias relative to sequence generation was unclear in all studies except four (Griese 2013; Levin 1961; Visca 2013; Wood 2003). With the exception of two studies, where allocation concealment was judged as low (Bishop 2005; Griese 2013), the remaining eight studies had an unclear risk of bias in this domain. The blinding procedure was described in four studies, which were judged as having a low risk of detection and performance bias (Bishop 2005; Keljo 2000; Levin 1961; Renner 2001). Two studies were judged as having a high risk of bias for this domain; one as it was not possible to blind the 'no treatment' arm (Harries 1971) and in the second, it was possible for the patients to find out if they were inhaling the verum due to the smell and taste of the active substance (Griese 2013). Low attrition bias was ascertained for three studies (Bishop 2005; Griese 2013; Visca 2013) and high attrition bias for four studies (Homnick 1995b; Keljo 2000; Levin 1961; Portal 1995a); the remaining studies had an unclear risk of bias. One out of 10 studies did not contribute data to any of the outcomes measured in this review (Homnick 1995b); this highlights the need for complete selection and reporting of outcomes for studies in this area in order to make treatment decisions. Authors of some studies were contacted for a more complete data set, but were unable to locate the appropriate data (likely due to length of time since study completion). Furthermore, important clinical outcomes listed in this review were omitted in many studies and may be evidence of selective reporting. One study in which multiple publication was apparent was a single‐centre RCT examining the effects of β‐carotene supplementation on multiple biological markers of CF lung disease (Renner 2001). When redundancy is not made explicit and study reports fail to disclose association with other reports of the same population under study, this can be particularly challenging for systematic reviewers (Huston 1996).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 13 ± 3. 14, n = 6, respectively; p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Table 1). Table 1 Activity patterns in LD conditions Nude WT P (mean ± SEM)(mean ± SEM) ψ (min) 8. 7 ± 6. 3 8. 1 ± 3. 1 ns Interval %Area ZT12-23 64. 54 ± 3. 43 65. 68 ± 6. 82 ns ZT23-3 12. 37 ± 2. 17 14. 81 ± 4. 00 ns ZT3-10 13. 49 ± 1. 69 10. 22 ± 1. 75 ns ZT10-128. 11 ± 1. 136. 85 ± 1. 71ns Phase angle (ψ, difference of activity onset with the time of lights off) and percentage of activity for each ZT interval over total activity were calculated (% Area, see methods for details). P values correspond to Student’s t test between nude (n = 9) and WT (n = 6) control mice. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. The general pattern of activity in LD condition was similar in both strains, exhibited nocturnal activity and a bout of activity occurring after the time of lights on, which lasted for about 2–3 h (Figure 1A, B). Also, about 50% of the WT mice showed a bout of anticipatory activity, occurring 1–2 hours previous to lights off (data not shown). In order to analyze the contribution of each activity bout to the general activity profile of both mouse groups, we calculated the percentage of total activity corresponding to ZT12-23, ZT23-3, ZT3-10 and ZT10-12. We found no significant difference in the percentage of total activity corresponding to each of the intervals previously measured, with strictly nocturnal activity (ZT12-23) accounting for approximately 68% of the total activity in both strains (p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Table 1). Figure 1 Activity patterns of nude and WT mice in LD and DD conditions. Representative actograms of nude (left) and wild-type (right) mice under LD (A) and DD (C) conditions. Average waveforms of nude (black) and WT (red) mice for LD (B) and DD (D) condition were calculated using the individual waveforms of relative activity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Trước hết, nhà trường tăng cường bồi dưỡng và tài trợ đưa sinh viên tham gia các cuộc thi học thuật tại nước ngoài để sinh viên có cơ hội học hỏi thêm từ bạn bè quốc tế thông qua các cuộc thi. Sinh viên Trường đã tham gia nhiều cuộc thi tại các nước như: Phiên toà giả định tại Nhật Bản, Hàn Quốc, Miama, Công nghệ thông tin tại Hàn Quốc… và đạt được những thành tích đáng khích lệ, trở thành các tấm gương sáng cho các thế hệ sinh viên sau, giúp các em có thêm sự tự tin và thêm bản lĩnh trong tương tác quốc tế.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Downgraded once for imprecision: wide confidence intervals around the effect size due to limited sample size of the trial. 8. Additionally, one study reported an age‐adjusted RR of having more than one respiratory exacerbation, but these data were not included in the pooled analysis (McCoy 1996). No significant difference was found between dornase alfa and control. 9. Downgraded once as data from one cross‐over trial was analysed as parallel data (Amin 2011), which is a conservative approach. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings for the main comparison. Dornase alfa versus placebo or no dornase alfa treatment Navigate to table in of findings 2. Dornase alfa daily versus alternate days Dornase alfa daily compared with dornase alfa on alternate days for cystic fibrosis Patient or population: Children with cystic fibrosis Settings: Outpatients Intervention: Dornase alfa daily Comparison: Dornase alfa alternate days comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of Participants (studies) Quality of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Dornase alfa alternate days Dornase alfa daily Mean relative percentage change in FEV1 (L) at 3 months See comment See comment MD 2. 00 (‐5. 00 to 9. 00) 43 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low1,2 Positive MD indicates an advantage for dornase alfa daily. Participants received both interventions in cross‐over design. Mean relative percentage in FVC (L) at 3 months See comment See comment MD 0. 03 (‐0. 06 to 0. 12) 43 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low1,2 Positive MD indicates an advantage for dornase alfa daily. Participants received both interventions in cross‐over design. Mean relative percentage in quality of life score at 3 months See comment See comment MD 0. 01 (‐0. 02 to 0. 04) 43 (1 cross‐over study) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ low1,2 Positive MD indicates an advantage for dornase alfa daily. Participants received both interventions in cross‐over design.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The general pattern of activity in DD condition was also similar in both mice strains. However, the activity bout that occurred after the time of lights on in LD conditions, tended to disappear under constant darkness in some mice, more often in the nude strain (Figure 1C, D). We next evaluated the period of locomotor activity in DD condition. There were no statistically significant differences between the two strains (p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Table 2). The period was 23. 86 ± 0. 03 circadian hours -ch (1431 ± 1. 9 min, n = 9) in nude and 23. 88 ± 0. 05 ch (1436 ± 3. 1 min, n = 6) in WT mice. We found no statistically significant difference in α (8. 7 ± 0. 6 hours, corresponding to the 36% of the circadian period for nude mice, n = 9; and 10. 8 ± 1. 5 hours, corresponding to the 45% of the circadian period for control mice, n = 6; p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Table 2). However, we found that nude mice had a smaller percentage of total activity occurring during the α interval than the WT control (66. 1 ± 3. 5% for nude mice and 79. 9 ± 3. 7% for WT controls, p < 0. 05, Student’s t test, n = 9 for nude mice and n = 6 for WT mice, Table 2). Also, there were no differences in ρ between the two strains, with duration of 15. 3 ± 0. 6 and 13. 0 ± 1. 4 hours for nude and WT mice, respectively and α/ρ ratio did not statistically differ between the two groups (0. 58 ± 0. 06 and 0. 98 ± 0. 27 for nude and WT mice, respectively, Table 2). Table 2 Activity patterns in DD conditions NudeWTp τ (hours) 23. 86 ± 0. 03 23. 88 ± 0. 05 ns α (hours) 8. 7 ± 0. 6 10. 8 ± 1. 5 ns % α/τ 36. 5 ± 2. 4 45. 4 ± 6. 3 ns % Area (α) 66. 1 ± 3. 5 79. 9 ± 3. 7 < 0. 05 α/ρ0. 58 ± 0. 060. 98 ± 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Đối với việc sinh viên tham gia các hoạt động giao lưu và trao đổi tại nước ngoài, nhà trường tích cực hợp tác quốc tế, tham gia các dự án trao đổi song phương, đa phương và hỗ trợ thêm một phần kinh phí nhằm khuyến khích sinh viên tham gia. Tương thích với kết quả của những nghiên cứu, các hoạt động giao lưu, trao đổi học thuật đã giúp cho sinh viên của Trường sinh viên tham gia đã có sự phát triển toàn diện các mặt, hội đủ các phẩm chất của công dân toàn cầu, sẵn sàng hội nhập vào môi trường làm việc đa văn hóa, đa quốc gia.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Open in table viewerSummary of findings 7. Pine bark extract compared to placebo for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type I and II combined Pine bark extract compared to placebo for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type I and II combined Patient or population : adults with diabetes mellitus type I and II combinedSetting : optometric practice focused on diabetic eye careIntervention : DiVFuSS formula 2 capsules daily taken orallyComparison: placebo 2 canola oil soft gel capsules daily taken orally absolute effects* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) № of participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) with placebo Risk with pine bark extract Participant‐reported Diabetic peripheral neuropathy symptom score: number of participants who showed no change Follow‐up: 6 months Study population RR 0. 78 (0. 58 to 1. 04) 67(1 RCT) ⊕⊝⊝⊝b It is not known whether pine bark extract supplements decrease the number of participants showing no change in diabetic peripheral neuropathy symptoms. 821 per 1000. 641 per 1000(476 to 854). Investigator‐reported Change in HbA1C (%) Follow‐up: 6 months The mean increase in HbA1C (%) was 0. 1. The mean change in HbA1C was 0. 2 lower(1. 83 lower to 1. 43 higher). ‐ 67(1 RCT) ⊕⊝⊝⊝c It is not known whether pine bark extract supplements decrease change in HbA1C from baseline. All‐cause mortality No studies reported this outcome. Serious adverse events No studies reported this outcome. *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI : confidence interval; DiVFuSS: Study; HbA1C : glycated haemoglobin; MD : mean difference; RCT : randomised controlled trial; RR: risk ratio. grades of evidence High certainty : we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate certainty : we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 27ns Free running period (τ), α (time duration of the subjective day) and ρ (time duration of the subjective night) were calculated as described in methods. τ (hours), total α length (hours), α/τ ratio expressed as percentage, (% α/τ), percentage of total activity occurring during α (% Area (α)) and the α/ρ ratio are expressed as mean ± SEM for nude (n = 9) and WT (n = 6) mice. P values correspond to Student’s t test between the two mice groups. Characterization of circadian responses to light in nude mice We next analyzed the circadian responses to different light treatments in both nude and WT mice. Under DD conditions, light pulses delivered in the early subjective night (CT15) induce phase delays in behavioral rhythms controlled by the clock, while late night pulses (CT22) advance the circadian phase. To evaluate this circadian response to light, mice were exposed to 10 min-150 lux white light pulse at CT15 and CT22 and the corresponding phase-shift were calculated. At CT15 we observed a phase delay of −23. 2 ± 6. 2 min (n = 6) in nude mice and −20. 2 ± 6. 0 min (n = 6) in controls, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Figure 2A). Since light pulses of the same intensity and duration at early night usually produce larger phase delays (40–150 min) in other mice strains [16,28], we analyzed the effects of a 2 h light pulse applied between CT14 and CT16. Such pulses induced a phase delay of −99 ± 6. 3 minutes in nude and of −161. 3 ± 29. 3 minutes in WT mice, that did not differ statistically between groups (p > 0. 05, test, n = 3; Figure 2B). Light pulses administered at CT22 produced no significant difference between the phase shifts presented by both strain (42 ± 31 min for nude and 2 ± 12 min for WT mice; p > 0. 05, test, n = 3; Figure 2C). Moreover, light pulses did not change the overall activity distribution throughout the circadian day. Figure 2 Response to light pulses in nude and WT mice. Athymic nude and control WT mice were subjected to light pulses during the early night (A, B) or the late night (C).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Sự thành công của các sinh viên đi trước đã thành động lực cho sinh viên các thể hệ sau của Trường phấn đấu học tập, rèn luyện và tìm kiếm các cơ hội trải nghiệm quốc tế. Từ kết quả của các nghiên cứu trên thế giới, nhận thấy hoạt động thực tế tại nước ngoài có thể đem lại những thay đổi đáng kể về thái độ, kỹ năng và kiến thức của sinh viên, nhà trường chủ trương đưa sinh viên các lớp chất lượng cao đi thực tế ngắn hạn tại nước ngoài dưới sự hướng dẫn của giảng viên, bắt đầu triển khai từ năm 2016.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Participant‐reported clinical outcomes The study evaluated the effects of Lady Prelox® using the FSFI score to assess six different domains (desire domain, arousal domain, lubrication domain, orgasm domain, satisfaction domain and pain domain). The FSFI score comprises 19 questions; the maximum score is 95 and a lower score indicates more severe sexual dysfunction. All six domains significantly favoured pine bark (Bottari 2012): desire domain (MD 1. 30, 95% CI 0. 21 to 2. 39; Analysis 9. 1); arousal domain (MD 3. 20, 95% CI 1. 12 to 5. 28; Analysis 9. 2); lubrication domain (MD 5. 30, 95% CI 3. 11 to 7. 49; Analysis 9. 3); orgasm domain (MD 4. 50, 95% CI 2. 89 to 6. 11; Analysis 9. 4); satisfaction domain (MD 5. 10, 95% CI 3. 49 to 6. 71;very low‐certainty evidence; summary of findings Table 9; Analysis 9. 5); and pain domain (MD 4. 30, 95% CI 2. 69 to 5. 91; very low‐certainty evidence; summary of findings Table 9; Analysis 9. 6). 1b. Investigator‐reported clinical outcomes No investigator‐reported outcomes were assessed in this study (Bottari 2012). 2. All‐cause mortality None of the studies addressed this outcome. Secondary outcomes 1. Adverse effects See below ''. 2. Biomarkers of oxadative stress None of the studies addressed this outcome. three studies with a total of 293 adults, participants were treated with Pycnogenol® versus placebo for osteoarthritis of the knee over a period of three months (12 weeks or 90 days); the studies were conducted in Italy (156 participants) (Belcaro 2008a), Slovakia (100 participants) (Cisár 2008) and Iran (37 participants) (Farid 2007). Primary outcomes 1a. Participant‐reported clinical outcomes All three studies used WOMAC scores to evaluate the effect of Pycnogenol® on pain, stiffness, physical function (referred to as 'daily activities' by one study (Cisár 2008)) and overall effect; additionally, one study used the WOMAC instrument to evaluate negative alterations in social functions and the sum of emotional parameters as symptoms of osteoarthritis (Belcaro 2008a).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: A. Representative actograms of general activity of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 10 min) at CT15 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, -23. 2 ± 6. 2 min in nude and −20. 2 ± 6. 0 min in WT mice, n = 6, p > 0. 05, Student’s t test). B. Representative actograms of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 120 min) at CT14 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, -99 ± 6. 3 min in nude and −161. 3 ± 29. 3 min in WT mice, n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). C. Representative actograms of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 10 min) at CT22 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, 42 ± 31 minutes for nude and 2 ± 12 for WT mice, n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). We also analyzed the expression of c-Fos in hypothalamic coronal brain sections 60 min after a 10 min light pulse at CT15. There was no difference between the number of cells expressing c-Fos in WT and nude mice (p > 0. 05, test, n = 3; Figure 3). Figure 3 Light-induced cFos expression in the SCN of nude and WT mice. A. Mean ± SEM of positive cells number in the ventrolateral (core), dorsomedial (shell) and total areas of the SCN of nude and WT mice 60 min after a 10 min light pulse at CT15 (no significant difference was found between the number of cells either in the core, shell or total areas of the SCN; n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). B. Representative SCN coronal sections illustrating c-Fos expression in nude and WT mice exposed to 10 min light pulse (150 lux) at CT15. To evaluate the resynchronization capability of the mice groups, we delayed or advanced the time of the LD cycle by 6-h and calculated the transient needed to entrain to the new cycle. Nude mice exhibited a non-significant tendency towards larger transients for reentrainment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Đồng thời, các em học được cách hợp tác chặt chẽ để tránh rủi ro, cách xử lý tình huống trong chuyến đi, dung hoà các xung đột vì những khác biệt… Các em cũng định vị được bản thân trong tương quan với bạn bè quốc tế, có thêm sự tự tin hoặc nhận thức được điều cần cải thiện. Ngay cả những sinh viên đã từng có nhiều cơ hội đi nước ngoài trước đây cũng thừa nhận mình đã trưởng thành hơn rất nhiều sau chuyến đi trong khuôn khổ chương trình đào tạo của Trường.

Output: corroborate