Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: However, all BivWC vaccines are equal in their ability to kill cholera bacteria. Therefore, it is reasonable to apply the results from the Shanchol trials to Euvichol and Euvichol‐Plus. What is cholera? Cholera is a disease that is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. People become infected by eating food or drinking water that is contaminated with these bacteria. Cholera is found throughout much of the world, in areas with poor sanitation or a lack of clean water, and is a particular risk during humanitarian crises. People with cholera can develop severe cases of diarrhoea, which can lead to severe dehydration. Without treatment, many people die. How is cholera prevented? Cholera vaccines have been in development for many years. Cholera vaccines taken by mouth (orally) can be cost‐effective, and easy to administer. They can be stored and delivered to areas during humanitarian crises. Several trials have investigated how effective oral cholera vaccines are in children and adults in different settings, when given in different doses, and followed up for different lengths of time. (WHO) has prequalified some oral cholera vaccines made with killed bacteria. This means they have used standard procedures to assess the safety and efficacy of a vaccine (that is, how well it works and how many side effects it causes). They provide this service to organizations that obtain vaccines, such as. A vaccine that is easy to give to children and adults and is very effective in preventing cholera, or protecting people from severe dehydrating cholera would be very valuable in the control of this potentially fatal disease. If the vaccine is easy to take and has few side effects, it would encourage more people to take it in countries where it is needed. What did we want to find out? We wanted to know how effective and safe the available WHO‐prequalified oral cholera vaccines made with killed bacteria were for children and adults. What did we do? We searched the medical literature for trials that answered our question. We screened, collected, and analysed all relevant studies. We followed standard Cochrane methods to do this. What did we find? We included five trials, with 462,754 participants, which were conducted in three different countries; Peru, India, and Bangladesh.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: In a bid to curb the vector, borne disease in agriculture crops, and for control of household pests, chemical pesticides are used (Kansakar et al. , Citation2001). The number of farmers depending on pesticides continues to increase. The data of CBS verify that particularly vegetable growers continue to use pesticides that have been increasing from 7. 1% in 1991/92 to 16. 1% in 2001/2002 (Ghimire et al. , Citation2018). However, the number of cereal crop growers using pesticides is growing steadily. The percent of pesticide users among the maize growers increased meagrely (Pandey et al. , Citation2017). Notwithstanding all the facts, the use of pesticides has risks to human health and the environment (Travisi et al. , Citation2006). The data from PPD (Directorate) show that as many as nine pesticide groups which have seven subgroups of Insecticides were imported between the year 1997 to 2003 (Diwakar et al. , Citation2008). Nepal uses almost 142 g/ha amount of pesticides, which when compared to other country is statistically low. The data shows that among imported and used pesticides from 2056/57 (1999) to 2060/061 (2003) were fungicides, bactericides, acaricides & seed treatment groups. In the year 2056/57 (Vainio, Citation1999) & 2057/58 (2000), no amount of biopesticides was imported and consumed, however between 2058/59 (Kansakar et al. , Citation2001) to 2060/061 (2003) plant regulators were not imported and consumed (Diwakar et al. , Citation2008). Vegetable farming is growing in popularity among farmers. With the rising purchasing power of consumers, the demand has increased. Likewise, the incidence of pests also has increased in commercial fields (Jha & Regmi, Citation2009a). To curb the insect pest incidence there is a tendency for high use of pesticides. It is important to protect the crop from an insect pest. Therefore, the main reason for this study was to find out the knowledge and practices of farmers using pesticides in the Bhaktapur district. My study was focused on evaluating the status of pesticide use, and assessing farmer knowledge on safe pesticide handling at four municipalities of Bhaktapur.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The genes were then assembled in different combinations using Biobrick-based approaches. Specifically, the minimized shuttle vector pEZ15Asp (pEZ) was digested with EcoRI-HF and PstI-HF (Bio-Rad, CA), which was treated using the Rapid DNA Dephos and (Roche, CA) for dephosphorylation and then quantified using Nanodrop and gel electrophoresis followed by gel purification. The insert(s) were also treated with restriction enzymes of EcoRI/SpeI or XbaI/PstI and then quantified again using Nanodrop and gel electrophoresis followed by gel purification. The insert and vector were ligated using the fast-ligation kit (NEB, CA) with a molecular ratio of 3:1 for insert to vector. The ligation product (2-μL) was used for transformation into NEB C2925 competent cells. The transformants were confirmed by colony PCR using the primers of pBAD-GFP_F/R (5′3′ and 5′3′) to confirm the insert size. The gene-specific primers were used to confirm that the targeted genes were cloned into the vector. Colonies showing the expected PCR bands were inoculated into LB broth supplemented with 50 μg/mL spectinomycin overnight and the plasmids were extracted and confirmed by PCR, restriction digestion, and Sanger sequencing. Electroporation transformation and 2,3-BDO strain selection Zymomonas mobilis or Escherichia coli cells were transformed with plasmids by electroporation (Bio-Pulser, 0. 1-cm gap cuvettes, 1. 6 kV, 200 ohms, 25 μF). Electrocompetent Z. mobilis cells were prepared by centrifuging cells from cultures that had reached an OD600 nm of 0. 4–0. 6. Cell pellets were washed once in ice-cold sterile water, re-centrifuged, and washed again in 10 % glycerol. These pellets were resuspended in 10 % glycerol at a concentration approximately 1000-fold higher than the starting culture. Competent cells were stored at −80 °C as small aliquots for later use. Transformants of E. coli or Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Main results Two doses of Dukoral, with or without a booster dose, reduced cases of cholera for two years. Two doses of Shanchol reduced cases of cholera for five years. One dose of Shanchol reduced cases of cholera and cases of severe dehydrating cholera for two years. Generally, participants found that oral cholera vaccines made with killed bacteria were easy to use and safe. Side effects were similar in both the vaccine and comparison groups. What are the limitations of the evidence? We did not find any studies that examined the effects of any BivWC vaccines besides Shanchol. However, their effects on cholera bacteria are equal, so the results for Shanchol should be applicable to Euvichol and Euvichol‐Plus. How up to date is this evidence? We searched for trials on 7 February 2023. Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice There is high‐certainty evidence that two doses of whole‐cell plus recombinant (WC‐rBS) vaccine (Dukoral), with or without a booster, reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo, up to two‐year follow‐up, in an at‐risk population. There is high‐certainty evidence that two doses of bivalent whole‐cell (BivWC) vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at one‐year and five‐year follow‐up, and moderate‐certainty evidence that it is better at two‐year follow‐up, in an at‐risk population. There is high‐certainty evidence that a single dose of Shanchol reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at six‐month and two‐year follow‐up, in an at‐risk population. However, the effectiveness of a single‐dose of Shanchol should be further explored, as the conclusion is based on a single study. We found that the adverse events were similar in both the Dukoral group and the placebo group. We found no difference in the number of participants experiencing adverse events from either dose of the two doses of Shanchol. In the case of a single dose of Shanchol, the risk of adverse events was also similar. Implications for research This review graded the effectiveness of a single dose of BivWC (Shanchol) based on the results of a single trial.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: As shown in Table 2, the study found that 35% of farmers spray pesticides after the damage is seen in the plants, whereas 24% of farmers responded that they spray pesticides after pest appearance. Similarly, 23% of farmers responded that they use pesticides before the pest and damage are seen. The use of pesticides and insecticides before the emergence of pests adds cost to the farmers, which ultimately increases the incidence of diseases and decreases the profit of the farmer (Hoy et al. , Citation2015). Table 2. Pest management strategy4. 3. Pesticide use pattern and safety measuresTo the questionnaire on how many times do they use pesticides? Thirty-seven percent of respondents said they spray 1–4 times per season. Thirty-four percent of respondents said they spray pesticides 4–8 times, whereas 28% of respondents said they spray pesticides more than 8 times per season. The study found that the majority of farmers depend on agro-vet for the recommendation of pesticides. A major chunk, 72%, depends on agro-vet’s recommended dose of pesticides to use. Only 10% responded they use 1–3 ml/lit whereas eight percent responded they use 6 ml/L of pesticides. Similarly, 10% of respondents used 3–6 ml/l of pesticides. Similarly, results were shown in a case study conducted in Kenya (Manfre & Nordehn, Citation2013). The survey found that 72% of farmers used masks only as protective equipment while they are spraying pesticides, which is shown in Table 3. Only 6% of farmers responded that they use the proper protective equipment that includes aprons, gloves, goggles, and body coverings. Likewise, Table 3 shows that 22% of farmers were ignorant about safety they used no equipment while they spray pesticides. A study conducted in India found that the discomfort to use protective equipment was the primary reason for not using protective equipment (Singh & Gupta, Citation2009). The majority of farmers responded that they depend on agro-vet as the source of technical information. Sixty-seven percent of farmers depend on agro-vet for technical information, whereas only 13% of farmers depend on DADO or agriculture service center for technical information. This shows agro-vet has a high influence on farmers to adopt any techniques. A study conducted in 2018 in the Chitwan district also found a tendency among farmers to depend upon the agro-vet for the information (Rijal et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis were selected on LB or RMG agar plates, respectively, containing appropriate antibiotics. Due to the presence of restriction/modification systems in Z. mobilis [90] that can decrease transformation efficiency, all plasmids were built in and isolated from a methylation-deficient E. coli strain, C2925 (NEB, MA), for efficient transformation into Z. mobilis 8b or its derivatives. For single colony isolation, transformants grown on the selective plates containing spectinomycin were further streaked on RMG plates with spectinomycin at a final concentration of 200 μg/mL (RMGSp). Following isolation, these colonies were then used for colony PCR to confirm the introduction of plasmids with correct pathway genes using the primers pBAD-GFP_F/R to check the insert size and gene-specific primers. Colonies with expected PCR bands pattern were selected and inoculated into RMGSp for preservation and further flask evaluation. Lignocellulosic biomass sugar hydrolysateBiomass sugar hydrolysates were prepared using DMR corn stover. The details of DMR pretreatment process were described elsewhere [42]. In brief, corn stover (#6, harvested in Hurley County, SD) was knife milled to pass through a 19 mm (3/4-in. ) rejection screen followed by dilute alkaline (NaOH at 0. 1 M) deacetylation at 80 °C in a 1900-L paddle mixer to remove most of the acetyl groups and some of the lignin. The deacetylated corn stover was disc refined at a specific refining energy of approximately 100 kW/ODMT in a pilot scale Sprout 401 (36-in. ) disc refiner provided by Andritz, Inc. , Springfield, OH. A secondary milling was applied to the deacetylated and disc refined corn stover substrates at 100kWh/ODMT using a planetary type Szego mill to further improve digestibility. The DMR-pretreated corn stover was then hydrolyzed using cellulases from Novozyme as reported previously [41]. The hydrolysis was conducted at 15 % total solids, pH 5. 2, 50 °C and completed in 5 days. Shake flasks and Biostat-Q fermentationsSeed cultures of Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 65) 16,423 (2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ doses ± booster of WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 2 years; VE 76% grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effectModerate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially differentLow certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effectVery low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of the effect The meta‐analyses were based on per‐protocol data. For vaccine effectiveness, review authors converted the overall RR to vaccine effectiveness using the formula: % vaccine effectiveness = (1 ‐ RR) x 100%. * Follow‐up in one study in a general population of children and adults was 2 years; in the other study with adult males, it was 5 months. CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio; VE: vaccine effectiveness Open in table viewerSummary of findings 2. BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): two doses versus placebo Patient or population: healthy children and adults; high risk population Setting: hospital‐based and community‐based trials, in regions with endemic cholera and seasonal epidemic peaks in Bangladesh and India; 2006 to 2014 Intervention: BivWC (Shanchol) vaccine: two dosesComparison: placebo: two doses effectiveness, RR (95% CI) No of participants Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) of cholera (follow‐up: 5 years) 0. 20 (0. 15 to 0. 26) 54,519 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ doses of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 5 years; VE 80%. Cases of cholera (follow‐up: 2 years) 0. 36 (0. 16 to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: , Citation2018). Table 3. Pesticide use pattern and safety measuresmajority of respondents reported they did not care about the period of the spray of pesticides. Sixty-seven percent of respondents reported they spray pesticides when they want to whereas very few populations cared for the pollinators. Twelve percent of respondents said they use safe-level pesticides. Insects and bees are responsible for nearly 80% of pollination; therefore, it is important to protect pollinators, mainly bees (R. B. Thapa, Citation2006). If a farmer does not know about banned pesticides, he can use those pesticides which have a severe impact on human and environmental health. The majority of farmers did not know about the banned pesticides. Only 12% of farmers knew about banned pesticides. A study carried out in Lebanon showed similar results (Salameh et al. , Citation2004), where almost 80% of farmers did not know about banned pesticides. Knowledge of the class of pesticides was also inadequate. Over 90% of farmers did not know the class of the pesticides. A cross-sectional study carried out in Uganda also showed a close result with the study carried out in Nepal (Oesterlund et al. , Citation2014). The farmers’ knowledge of good agricultural practices was found to be inadequate. The majority of farmers did not know about the Practices. Only 30% of farmers said they know practices. The lack of knowledge on good agricultural practices might be the cause of increasing dependency on the use of the pesticide in the field, which eventually increases the resistance to the pesticides against the harmful pests. Furthermore, it causes the increase in pesticide residue in the soil. Farmers did not follow the waiting period. Table 4 demonstrates that only 27% of farmers followed the waiting period. The pesticide residues become higher if there is a less waiting period and harms the health of the consumer as well as the farmers (Koirala et al. , Citation2010). However, a recent study carried out showed that farmers tend to follow waiting periods in the of Nepal (Bhandari et al. , Citation2020). The study conducted in Dhading showed that most of the farmers practice 3–5 days of the waiting period. Likewise, the 3-year study carried out in Nepal also showed an increase in knowledge about the waiting period (Adhikari, Citation2017). The study revealed that very few farmers knew of natural enemies and biological predators. Only 18% said they know of natural enemies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis strains harvested at exponential phase were inoculated into 125-mL shake flasks containing 40-mL media of RMG8 (RM with 80 g/L glucose) or RMG8X6 (RM with 80 g/L glucose and 60 g/L xylose) to a starting OD600 nm of 0. 1. The medium was supplemented with spectinomycin at a final concentration of 200 μg/mL. The temperature was maintained at 30 or 33 °C with a shaking speed of 120 rpm. For BiosStat-Q Plus fermentations, strains were revived from frozen stock on RMG5 (50 g/L glucose) in 50 mL baffled flasks containing 10 mL of media, and incubated overnight at 30 °C in a shaking incubator at 180 rpm. The revived and grown culture was used to start the seed culture for fermentation. The seed cultures were then prepared in 125 mL shake flasks containing 40 mL RMG8 (80 g/L glucose) using revived cultures and inoculated at an initial OD600 nm of 0. 1. Seed flasks were incubated at 30 °C overnight in a shaking incubator at 180 rpm. Fermentations to evaluate the strains for BDO production were carried out in BioStat-Q plus fermenters with a 300-mL working volume of RMG with higher glucose concentration of 100 g/L (RMG10) to investigate whether higher carbon source could increase 2,3-BDO titer. The media were supplemented with spectinomycin at the final concentration of 200 μg/mL. The fermenters were inoculated from an overnight grown seed culture with an initial OD600 nm value of 0. 1. The fermenter operated at 30 °C, 300 rpm, and controlled at pH 5. 8 with 4 N KOH. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)The dry weight of cells at the end of fermentation was determined by centrifuging 10 mL of broth and washing the cells with double deionized H2O. The washed cells were placed in pre-weighed aluminum dishes and dried overnight at an 85 °C incubator. The correlation between dry cell weight and OD600 nm value was then calculated and used to estimate the dry cell weight in other time points. Samples from the shake flasks or fermenters were taken at various time points. The samples were diluted for OD600 nm measurement.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 81) 168,540 (2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ doses of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 2 years; VE 64%. Cases of cholera (follow‐up: 1 year) 0. 63 (0. 47 to 0. 85) 241,631 (2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ doses of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 1 year; VE 37%. grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effectModerate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially differentLow certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effectVery low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of the effect aDowngraded by one level for the inconsistency of results (unexplained heterogeneity of results). However, the uncertainty was because of the differences in the magnitude of the effect estimate. The meta‐analyses were based on per‐protocol data. For vaccine effectiveness, we converted the overall RR to vaccine effectiveness using the formula: % vaccine effectiveness = (1 ‐ RR) x 100%. Cluster‐adjusted analysis used ICC 0. 005. CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio; VE: vaccine effectiveness Open in table viewerSummary of findings 3. BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): single dose versus placebo Patient or population: healthy children and adults, male and female; high risk population Setting: hospital and community; in regions with endemic cholera and seasonal epidemic peaks; Bangladesh; 2014 to 2016 Intervention : BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): single doseComparison: placebo: single dose Outcomes* Relative effectiveness, RR (95% CI) No of participants Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) of cholera (follow‐up: 2 years) 0. 61 (0. 53 to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: This lack of knowledge of natural enemies increases the tendency to depend on harmful chemicals. The high use of chemicals is detrimental to farmers’, consumers’, and ultimately environmental health (Atreya et al. , Citation2012; Bhandari, Citation2014; Dickin et al. , Citation2016). Table 4. Various practices, knowledge to subside use and exposure to harmful pesticides, and technical knowledge of pesticide application among vegetable growers in plays a vital role in shaping the knowledge of farmers. If the farmer is trained on the regular interval there is less chance that the farmer commits any sorts of activities that are detrimental to his and environmental health. The study showed that only 27% of farmers received training regularly. A study carried out showed similar results in Nepal (Atreya, Citation2007). Many studies have shown positive results in farming activities after receiving training on the regular basis(Gautam et al. , Citation2017; Huang et al. , Citation2012; Noor & Dola, Citation2011). Protective gears play an important role in preventing harmful chemicals from entering the body. The study showed that only 29% of people use protective gear while spraying pesticides. The study carried out in Indonesia showed a similar result (Yuantari et al. , Citation2015). The study showed there was no significant relationship between knowledge and attitudes towards using protective equipment and practice. Likewise, a study carried out in Nepal showed that 30% of people do not use any form of personal protective equipment (PPE) (Koirala et al. , Citation2010). The study showed that 45% of people had received training on IPM, whereas only 28% of people were following some sort of IPM practices. The study revealed that only 18% of farmers knew natural enemies. Likewise, only 31% of farmers practice some sort of crop rotation. Furthermore, 88% of farmers depend on the agro-vet for technical advice. This clearly shows the communication gap between government workers and farmers. A similar result was seen in Nepal in a study carried out in 2014 (Bhandari, Citation2014). The IPM program, which started in 1997 with the support of FAO, has now been implemented in 62 of 75 districts with an intensive program in 17 districts. There are 131 IPM groups and 3667 farmer field schools in the country (Gc & Keller, Citation2013).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, samples were filtered through a 0. 2-μm syringe filter into HPLC vials. Concentrations of glucose, xylose, 2,3-BDO, acetoin, xylitol, ethanol, HMF, furfural, lactic acid, glycerol, and acetic acid were determined from filtered sample supernatants by Agilent 1100 series HPLC (Agilent, CA) utilizing a -87H organic acids column and Cation H+ guard cartridge (Bio-Rad, CA) operating at 65 °C. A refractive index detector was used for compound detection. Dilute sulfuric acid (0. 01 N) was used as the isocratic mobile phase at a flow rate of 0. 6 mL/min, following published procedures [41]. Sugar utilization, 2,3-BDO, acetoin, and ethanol titers were calculated based on the HPLC and dry cell weight data. Abbreviations2,3-BDO: 2,3-butanediol Als: acetolactate synthase AldC: acetolactate decarboxylase Bdh: butanediol dehydrogenase Pdc: pyruvate decarboxylase Adh: alcohol dehydrogenase Mdh: malate dehydrogenase Ogdh: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Ndh: NADH dehydrogenase TCA cycle: tricarboxylic acid cycle EMP: Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway ED: Entner–Doudoroff pathway DDR: deacetylation and disc-refining DMR: deacetylation and mechanical refining NGS: next-generation sequencing HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography 25. 8. 64. 57. 101. 9. 64. 9. 82. 81. 68. 57. 8. 4041. Genome Announc. 2014;2(3):e00590. 123. 33. 42. 73. 13. 9. 84. 204. 82. 6. 47. 9. 7. 8. 241. Sci Rep. 2016;6:19257. 16. 117. 4. 27. 101. Biotechnol. 2002;98–100:885–98. 99. 19. 3. 101. 8. 60. 45. 33. 55.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 70) 204,700 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 2 years; VE 39%. Cases of severe dehydrating cholera (follow‐up: 2 years) 0. 50 (0. 42 to 0. 60) 204,700 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of severe dehydrating cholera better than a placebo at 2 years; VE 50%. Cases of cholera (follow‐up: 6 months) 0. 60 (0. 47 to 0. 77) 204,700 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of cholera better than a placebo at 6 months; VE 40%. Cases of severe dehydrating cholera (follow‐up: 6 months) 0. 37 (0. 28 to 0. 50) 204,700 (1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of severe dehydrating cholera better than a placebo at 6 months; 63%. grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effectModerate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially differentLow certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effectVery low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of the effect The meta‐analyses were based on per‐protocol data. For vaccine effectiveness, we converted the overall RR to vaccine effectiveness using the formula: % vaccine effectiveness = (1 ‐ RR) x 100%. CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio; VE: vaccine effectiveness of the condition The bacteria Vibrio cholerae (V cholerae) is responsible for the intense diarrhoeal disease, cholera.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: Various studies have shown encouraging results among farmers after learning Management in Nepal and Asia (Bartlett, Citation2005; C. B. Thapa, Citation2017; Ghimire & Kafle, Citation2014). Despite the encouraging results, a lower number of farmers are adopting IPM in Nepal (C. B. Thapa, Citation2017). The lower adoption rate is recorded but the actual causation of a decrease in adoption rate is not reported yet in Nepal. There could be various causes like low confidence rate in non-chemical pesticides, the slow effect of the biocontrol agents, lack of proper training facilities and monitoring of the training, information gap between farmers and government officials. 5. ConclusionIn developing nations, protecting crops from insects, pests, and disease is a major problem in the production of food. Farmers consider pesticides as the panacea to overcome the infestation of pests and disease. The study in Bhaktapur accessed the farmers’ knowledge of pesticide use and handling and evaluated their current pest management technique. The survey found that the majority of the farmers’ knowledge on several facets of pesticides like handling, selection, harmfulness, use is very inadequate. The high use of pesticides has the potential to increase the health risk to both farmers and consumers. It was found that farmers use pesticides without deliberating the usefulness of natural enemies. Similarly, it was found that they do not consider their safety as if they do not use any protective equipment while spraying pesticides. The presence of a government extension program to enhance the farmers’ knowledge of pesticide safety was insufficient. The dependency on agro-vet to resolve the problem on plants verifies the situation. The study also underscores the importance of educating farmers on various areas of use of pesticides, and the ramification of unscientific uses. HighlightsMost of the farmers are unaware of various aspects of pesticides, its use and safety were inadequate among the farmersThis study aimed to find the farmers’ pest management strategy, knowledge on pesticide safety and practice of pesticide use at Bhaktapur district, NepalThe study reveals that education and training significantly affect the awareness of the use of pesticides and their safety. The study reveals that farmers mostly depend on chemical pesticides and agro-vet recommendations. Additional informationFundingThe authors received no direct funding for this research. Notes on contributorsSusan ThapaSusan Thapa's research niche includes research in the quantification of causation of high use of pesticides in agriculture and their public health significance.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Additionally, we substituted its native signal peptide by the pre-signal sequence of the main extracellular lipase, Lip2p, followed by three X-Ala motifs (see Additional file 1: Table S1) [30]. The generated strain, overexpressing the rice α-amylase, was able to produce the active enzyme according to the clear zones around the colonies on starch-containing YPD plates (Fig. 1b), contrary to the wild type (Fig. 1a). In addition, the supernatant of a glucose-based culture showed two bands on acrylamide gel corresponding to the expected sizes of the two different processed variants of the protein, 45 and 47 kDa (Fig. 2), as it has been previously described [27]. The presence of the protein in the supernatant further supports the correct secretion of the enzyme. This supernatant was able to generate clear zones after applying to a starch-containing plate indicating the secretion of an active form of the protein (Additional file 2: Figure S1). Fig. 1Starch-containing YPD plate. YPD plate containing starch after 3 days of incubation at 28 °C. The plate was stained with iodine vapor. The strains able to clarify starch were distinguished by the clear zone around the colonies. A the wild type (JMY2900), B expression of alpha-amylase (JMY5077), C expression of glucoamylase (JMY5083) and D expression of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase (JMY5017)Full size image Fig. 2SDS-PAGE gel of the culture supernatant. Proteins present in the supernatant of the culture from wt (wild type, JMY2900), α (strain expressing alpha-amylase, JMY5077), GA (strain expressing glucoamylase, JMY5083) and α + GA (strain expressing alpha-amylase and GA, JMY5017). M lane shows the molecular marker. Arrows indicate the bands corresponding to the expected sizes of the expressed proteinsFull size image Despite the proved expression and secretion of the active α-amylase, the modified strain was unable to grow on starch-based medium with no other carbon source (Figs. 3, 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Among the over 200 serological groups of V cholerae only two serogroups; serogroups O1 and O139, cause epidemics. V cholerae O1 has two further biotypes; classical and El Tor. Each biotype has three distinct serotypes; Ogawa, Inaba, and Hikojima (Heymann 2008). Tor biotype of V cholerae O1 is currently responsible for most of the epidemics. This was identified first in Indonesia in 1961, and spread to Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America. V cholerae O139, also known as the Bengal strain, has been responsible for the epidemic in India and Bangladesh since 1992, and has remained confined to Asia (WHO 2022). Previous epidemics were caused by the classical biotype V cholerae O1, but this is now less common. However, other strains, such as non‐O1/non‐O139 are responsible for occasional sporadic events of gastroenteritis (Heymann 2008). Evidence suggests that individuals with blood group O are at lower risk of developing cholera, but their susceptibility to developing severe cholera is higher if they are infected (Harris 2005). This provides the hypothesis that there may be a genetic imprint left by cholera infection in endemic areas (Harris 2016). It may also indicate that as cholera spreads to areas with a higher prevalence of blood group O, the prevalence of severe cholera will be higher in those places. Though the mechanism of this phenomenon is still unknown, it should be considered while assessing the effectiveness of the cholera vaccine. Description of the intervention The development of the cholera vaccine has a long history. Large‐scale vaccination programmes against cholera started in the 1960s. cholerae O1 cells were injected into humans after being killed by either heat, formalin, or phenol. In the 1970s, it was reported that these whole‐cell vaccines had low efficacy with short‐term immunity, and a significant side effect profile (Bhadra 1994). The first Cochrane review on cholera vaccines was published in 1998, and reported that the effectiveness of the killed whole‐cell vaccine was 54% at seven months, and 46% at the end of one year.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: [40] found smallholder farmers in Cameroon not only producing good-quality seed but also highly knowledgeable about sorghum seed production. The failure of the seed samples acquired through relatives to meet the seed certification standards could be explained by the likelihood that seed and grain are often interwoven in exchange. The chances of grain conversion to seed are even higher during crises or post-crises. We conclude that farmers have the capacity to effectively produce and exchange amongst themselves seed of good quality that is comparable to or even higher than the standards of formal seed systems. Similar findings have also been reported for other crops, including cowpeas and maize. Biemond et al. [22] for example found that farmer-produced cowpeas seed samples had lower infection frequencies of seed- and soil-borne pathogens than seed-certified and foundation seed samples. In a follow-up study on maize, Biemond et al. [41] found that farmer-produced seed samples were heavily infected with a range of seed- and soil-borne pathogens, although control samples produced by a public institution were also heavily infected. The RP and PI for storage facilities did not give a clear indication of which facility is better suited for storage. There is scope to do further tests with a larger sample size to analyse differences. Variations may have also resulted from the handling of seed and different seed management practices. We found sacks to be the most commonly used storage facility in both districts; these were mainly coated with polythene and had limited free air circulation, thus stimulating fungal infestation. In addition, farmers sometimes recycle the same sacks from year to year and there is a possibility of carrying over the fungal inoculum through sacks. Traditional storage facilities such as the kitchen ceilings and granaries were the least used storage facilities. ConclusionsOur findings reveal unequivocally that farmer-led seed systems have the capacity to provide quality sorghum seeds for crop production in Zimbabwe. They channel seeds of reasonable quality within comparable levels to the set certification standards. Such systems not only present opportunities to deliver seed, food and nutritional security in sub-but also have the potential to provide solutions that are resilient to changing climates. Farmer-led seed systems deserves greater recognition and support from governments and other relevant players in crop production in order to develop a tailored and appropriate seed system that meets the ever-evolving needs of smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Lipid content of JMY5035 was compared when it grew in soluble starch-based medium (SS) presenting different C/N ratios (60 and 90). As we expected, JMY5035 strain greatly improved lipid content, up to 21. 1 ± 1. 4 % of the DCW, 5. 7 times more than JMY5017 (Fig. 6a, c). Total lipid was further enhanced when a C/N ratio of 90 was used, where JMY5035 reached 27. 0 ± 1. 4 % of DCW as fatty acids (Fig. 6b, d). These results are in accordance with previously publish data of the parental strain JMY3501, which after growing in glucose C/N ratio of 60 accumulated up to 25 % of DCW as fatty acids [41]. Similar biomass was formed in both C/N ratios; 11. 55 ± 0. 07 and 12. 36 ± 0. 16 g/L for C/N 60 and 90, respectively. Accordingly, total lipid production was 2. 44 ± 0. 15 and 3. 34 ± 0. 13 g/L, respectively. At the end of the culture, the strain JMY5035 was able to consume 60. 3 ± 6. 4 % of the starch added to the media. Interestingly, citric acid amounts produced in the conditions tested were very low, which is preferred in the industrial production of lipids using Y. lipolytica. Both slower growth and no citric acid production can be explained by the lack of the overflow through the glycolysis pathway, which would be limited by the rate of glucose release from starch. Fig. 6Lipid production in lipid overproducer background. a, b Show the strain expressing alpha-amylase and glucoamylase in the lipid accumulating background JMY3820; the growth in purple (OD600), the percentage of fatty acids in the DCW (%FA) in blue and the citric acid produced (g/L) in green. Two culture media were used as described in “Methods”; YNBCN60 (C/N 60) and YNBCN90 (C/N 90). c, d Show fluorescence microscopy images where the lipid bodies were stained with Bodipy. c Corresponds to the experiment A while d corresponds to the experiment B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: The level of protection diminished by the end of the second year among children under five years of age, but remained among children over five years of age for as long as three years post‐vaccination (Graves 2010). Over time, injectable vaccines have been replaced by oral cholera vaccines. However, a highly effective vaccine (protective efficacy > 85%) has not yet been introduced to endemic countries, due to the inability to generate similar protection (vaccine efficacy down to 61% even after three doses), and the challenge of delivery within the field (recommended storage is ‐20 °C (Lopez 2014)). Both inactivated oral cholera vaccines (killed whole cells of V cholerae ), and live attenuated oral cholera vaccines (genetically modified, non‐pathogenic strains of V cholerae) have been tested in clinical trials. Subunit vaccines consisting of cell components only (antigens) have also been tested. Among those, several safe and reasonably effective, licenced or WHO‐prequalified vaccines are available to use (WHO 2022). WHO prequalification is an assessment of the safety and efficacy of a vaccine, using standard procedures, to determine the requirements of the vaccination programme. It is a service provided for organizations, such as that procure vaccines. Currently, these WHO‐prequalified vaccines are available. Whole‐cell plus recombinant vaccine (WC‐rBS) ‐ Dukoral®: an inactivated monovalent vaccine containing killed whole cells of V cholerae O1 and additional recombinant cholera toxin B subunit. It is produced by SBL Vaccine/Crucell, Sweden. It must be administered with a buffer solution. Bivalent whole‐cell vaccine (BivWC) ‐ Shanchol® and Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus®: Shanchol® is an inactivated bivalent vaccine containing killed whole cells of V cholerae O1 and V cholerae O139. It is produced by Shantha Biotechnics, India. Shanchol is a killed bivalent oral cholera vaccine containing whole cells of both V cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups. It received WHO prequalification in 2011. It is usually administered in a two‐dose regimen.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: Formulae display:? Mathematical formulae have been encoded as MathML and are displayed in this HTML version using MathJax in order to improve their display. Uncheck the box to turn MathJax off. This feature requires Javascript. Click on a formula to zoom. AbstractWhile the introduction of agro-chemicals has had positive effects on rice productivity, its application has also caused environmental pollution and biodiversity losses. To reduce the pollution, the Vietnamese government has implemented several programs to encourage eco-friendly cultivation practices to discourage the overuse of agro-chemicals. However, farmers in the Delta have resisted the adoption of these eco-friendly practices. The current study aimed at investigating the factors affecting the adoption of eco-friendly rice production practices. We conducted structured interviews with 202 rice farmers. Analysis using generalized ordered logit regression produced evidence that membership in agricultural cooperatives or clubs, perception of biodiversity losses, perceived ease of use, farmer experience, and the perceived difference in selling price all had positive effects on adoption, while risk perception and the number of paddy plots negatively affected the adoption. We also found that the single eco practice (adoption of one eco-friendly practice in rice farming) had the highest economic achievement. One more interesting finding is that a large proportion of farmers who use conventional methods shared similar characteristics with eco rice farmers. Based on the results, to promote the adoption of eco practices, it is necessary to create an incentive mechanism to encourage farmers to join farmer organizations. In addition, policy makers should focus on informing farmers about mitigating risks such as adverse climatic impacts, polluted water, and other environmental threats. Technical training courses and other information-sharing meetings should also be required to introduce to farmers about the benefits of eco practices. Keywords: adoptioneco-friendly rice productiongeneralized ordered logit regressionrice production has contributed significantly to socio-economic development of Vietnam, the overuse of agro-chemicals used to increase that production has also caused environmental pollution and biodiversity losses. To reduce the pollution and to revitalize biodiversity, the Vietnamese government has attempted to encourage the adoption of eco-friendly production practices. However, Delta farmers have been slow to embrace these practices. The current study investigated the factors affecting the adoption of eco-friendly practices based on a dataset of 202 farmers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: lipolytica have been described elsewhere [47]. Minimal medium (YNBCN60) contained 0. 17 % (wt/vol) yeast nitrogen base (YNBww), 6 % glucose (wt/vol; Merck, Fontenay-sous-Bois Cedex, France) 0. 15 % (wt/vol) NH4Cl and 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6. 8). Soluble starch medium (SS) was similar to YNBCN60 but substituting glucose for soluble starch, 1 % in the case of microplate assay (see results), 6 % in C/N60 and 9 % in C/N90, all of them contained 0. 17 % (wt/vol) yeast nitrogen base (YNBww), 0. 15 % (wt/vol) NH4Cl and 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6. 8). Raw starch medium (RS) was similar to YNBCN60 by substituting glucose for wheat raw starch (1 %) (Sigma-Aldrich), and as YNBCN60, 0. 17 % (wt/vol) yeast nitrogen base (YNBww), 0. 15 % (wt/vol) NH4Cl and 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6. 8). The industrial starch medium (IS) was similar to YNBCN60 but substituting glucose for 25 % industrial product containing starch (DZ starch) provided by (Belgium). Table 1 Strains used in this workFull size table Cloning and expression of heterologous amylasesHeterologous genes, alpha-amylase and glucoamylase were synthesized with codon optimization according to the codon usage of Y. lipolytica (GenScript) (Additional file 1: Table S1) and cloned in the autocloning vectors of JMP62 type [49, 50] under the control of pTEF promoter. BamHI and AvrII were used for the cloning of the genes in the vectors containing either the LEU2ex or the URA3ex excisable markers (Additional file 5: Figure S3). Expression vectors were digested with NotI and subject to gel electrophoresis. The NotI bands corresponding to the expression cassettes were extracted from the gel and used for transformation. Expression cassettes were integrated at random in Y.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: However, in resource poor settings, and under certain conditions, such as natural calamities and humanitarian crises, administration of a second dose might be challenging. Therefore, a large trial was conducted in Bangladesh using a single dose of Shanchol (Qadri 2016). It is important to note that the manufacturer of Shanchol decided to stop the production of the vaccine by the end of 2023. Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus®: an inactivated vaccine containing V cholerae O1 and V cholerae O139. It is produced by EuBiologics Co, Ltd, Republic of Korea with the help of the Institute. Euvichol‐Plus and Shanchol have the same vaccine formula. and Shanchol resulted from the tech transfer of the vaccine formulation from the Institute, using the same strains and the same procedures. Euvichol‐Plus is the same as Euvichol. It is manufactured by the same company in the same facility, but Euvichol‐Plus is presented as a plastic tube with the thimerosol removed, while Euvichol is in a glass vial. The antigenic perspective of Euvichol and Euvichol‐Plus is identical. Another killed whole‐cell vaccine is under development and waiting for WHO prequalification. Hillchol®: a single stable recombinant V cholerae O1 Hikojima strain (MS1568) that expresses roughly the equivalent amounts of Ogawa and Inaba O1 lipopolysaccharide antigens. It is produced by. Ltd. , in collaboration with the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Chowdhury 2021). Dukoral, Shanchol, and Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus are the only three vaccines currently available for mass vaccination campaigns, through the Stockpile, which is supported by Gavi, the (WHO 2017; WHO 2022). However, the production of Shanchol will be halted by the end of 2023. How the intervention might work Cholera vaccines stimulate the immune system of the host, resulting in either the prevention of, or reduction in the severity of the natural infection. The immunogenicity and effectiveness of the vaccine are often influenced by the route of administration.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: The study found that membership in agricultural cooperatives or clubs, perceptions of biodiversity losses, perceived ease of use, years of experience, and perceived difference in selling price were all positively associated with the adoption of eco-friendly methods, while risk perceptions and the number of paddy plots negatively affected the adoption. Based on these results, we make some recommendations for policy makers to promote the adoption of eco-friendly rice production practices. Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interest. 1. IntroductionDelta (VMD) produces most of Vietnam’s rice, contributing significantly to the food security of the nation. According to the Office of Vietnam (GSO), the region produced more than 25 million tons of rice in 2015, more than 50% of the nation’s total volume (GSO, Citation2015). The region also contributes to more than 90% of Vietnam’s total annual rice export volume. However, this productivity has come with challenges that threaten the region’s environment and agricultural sustainability because of the inappropriate application of agrochemicals (Bosma, Nhan, Udo, & Kaymak, Citation2012; Dung & Dung, Citation1999; Heong, Escalada, & Mai, Citation1994; Heong & Hardy, Citation2009; Tu, Yabe, Trang, & Khai, Citation2015). The “Green Revolution” of the 1960s and 1970s prompted Vietnam, along with other Asian countries, to introduce agrochemicals into rice paddy fields (Bag, Citation2000; Barker, Herdt, & Rose, Citation1985; & Kajisa, Citation2006). While this has had positive effects on yield, these chemicals are also the source of environmental pollution (Farvar, Thomas, Boksenbaum, & Soule, Citation1971; Xuan, Citation1975; Xuan & Matsui, Citation1998). There are also severe human health and environmental consequences from exposure to high levels of the chemicals (Dasgupta, Meisner, Wheeler, Xuyen, & Lam, Citation2007; Dung & Dung, Citation1999; Phung, Connell, Miller, Rutherford, & Chu, Citation2012; Stadlinger, Berg, Van den Brink, Tam, & Gunnarsson, Citation2016). Several previous studies have provided evidence that Vietnamese rice farmers overuse pesticide and fertilizer inputs (Dung & Dung, Citation1999; Heong et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: lipolytica genome in single copy as described previously [49, 51]. The overexpression cassettes were used for the transformation by the lithium acetate method [52]. Transformants were selected on or YNB depending on their genotype. Then genomic DNA from yeast transformants was prepared as described elsewhere [53]. Positive transformants were checked by PCR. Removal of the selection marker was carried out by the LoxP-Cre system widely used in Yarrowia [54]. Restriction enzymes were obtained from OZYME (Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France). PCR amplifications were performed in an Eppendorf 2720 thermal cycler with GoTaq DNA polymerases (Promega). PCR fragments were purified with QIKit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). All the reactions were performed using the manufacturer instructions. Protein visualization and enzymatic activitySupernatant of 6 days culture in YNB were concentrated 10× using Amicon Ultra-0. 5 10 K centrifugal filters device (Millipore, Ireland). The concentrated supernatant was loaded into a 10 % SDS-PAGE gel to see the expression and secretion of the heterologous proteins. The molecular weight marker Mark12™ unstained was used as standard (Novex). Starch-containing plate of YPD was used to determine α-amylase activity. After 3 days of either growing cells or incubating with 5 μl drop from culture supernatant at 28 °C, the plate was stained with iodine vapor. The clear zones around the colonies or the supernatant drops determined the presence of α-amylase activity. Growth curves and DCWTo determine DCW in flask experiment, 2 mL of the culture was washed and lyophilized in a pre-weighted tube. The differences in weight correspond to the mg of cells found in 2 mL of culture. Growth tests were performed in 100 µL cultures in 96-well plates, with constant shaking, in the presence of 1 % soluble starch as the carbon source. Precultures were grown on minimal medium plates, as for the growth tests. Growth was monitored by measuring the optical density (OD600 nm) at different intervals, with a microtiter plate reader (Biotek, Colmar, France). For each strain and set of conditions, we used two biological replicates.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Oral cholera vaccines stimulate the local mucosal immunity of the gut, and thus prevent the multiplication and colonization of the infective agent. As cholera is transmitted through the faecal‐oral route, oral vaccines might be more effective than injectable vaccines that need to generate systemic immunity. Oral vaccines are convenient to administer, with higher compliance; at the same time, they reduce the risk of blood‐borne transmission of infection (Holmgren 2005). Oral killed cholera vaccines (e. g. Dukoral, Shanchol, Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus) induce local immunity. They stimulate the IgA antibody response by their action in the gastrointestinal tract. These antibacterial antibodies intercept the bacterial attachment in the intestinal wall. Thus, the colonization of V cholerae O1 and O139 is hindered, providing protection against the disease. Why it is important to do this review The globally recommended and WHO‐prequalified oral cholera vaccines are Dukoral, Shanchol, and Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus (WHO 2022). A trial for another killed whole‐cell vaccine has recently been conducted (Chowdhury 2021). Many countries have provided a licence for oral vaccines that are mostly used by travellers (Hill 2006). A recent systematic review explored the effectiveness of oral cholera vaccines, including both Shanchol and ORC‐Vax (Vabiotech; Vietnam), as a reactive measure in cholera outbreaks (Schwerdtle 2018). Another systematic review estimated the efficacy and effectiveness of the oral killed cholera vaccine for protection against cholera (Bi 2017). Oral cholera vaccines are important in the prevention of cholera in endemic regions, during outbreaks of cholera where the incidence of the disease is very high. This is an update of the previous Cochrane review, Vaccines for preventing cholera, first published in 1998 and updated in 2001 (Graves 2001). The topic of cholera vaccines was updated and split into injected (Graves 2010), and oral vaccines (Sinclair 2011). In 2011, the review of oral vaccines considered seven large efficacy trials, four small artificial challenge studies, and 29 safety trials; it included both killed vaccines and live attenuated vaccines. In this update of Sinclair 2011, we considered only the killed cholera vaccines, because the live vaccines do not have WHO prequalification.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: , Citation1994; Heong & Hardy, Citation2009; Meisner, Citation2005; Tu et al. , Citation2015). The imported volume of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphate fertilizers in 1960 was 130,750 metric tons; this reached 372,183 metric tons in 1973 and 4,675,000 metric tons in 2013, an annual growth rate of 7% for the period 1960–2013 (Barker et al. , Citation1985; Xuan, Citation1975). The imported volume of pesticide also increased significantly from 294 tons in 1965 to 3,238 tons in 1973 to 162 million tons in 2015, an annual increase of nearly 30% (Turner, Aoike, & Tauji, Citation1973; Xuan, Citation1975). In contrast, the average rice yield increased from 1. 9 tons/ha in 1965 to 5. 7 tons/ha in 2013, an annual growth rate of only 2. 3%, which includes a large increase after the implementation of doi moi (economic reform) policies in the 1990s (Hai & Talbot, Citation2014; Justin et al. , Citation2016; Minot & Goletti, Citation2000). The growth rate of agrochemical usage has far exceeded the improvement of rice productivity in the same period. To manage overuse of agrochemicals and the consequential detrimental impacts, the Vietnamese government has implemented several environmentally friendly (hereafter, “eco”) technological and farming programs. These have included integrated pest management (IPM), “,” “3 Reductions, 3 Gains,” ecological engineering, “Practices” certification (), “small farmers, large field” production, and other campaigns. Farmers have also been encouraged to conserve traditional floating rice cultivation, which uses no pesticides and only small amounts of fertilizer. All of these rice farming approaches have the common purposes of reducing the use of agro-chemicals, protecting both the environment and public health, and conserving biodiversity in the paddy fields. However, farmers’ acceptance of eco rice production has been limited in the VMD, even though these farming methods constitute important components of a comprehensive sustainable agriculture program (Demont & Rutsaert, Citation2017). For example, seven years after the introduction of VietGAP methods, the total verified area of rice production using those methods was only about 840 hectares out of the 7. 5 million hectares that produce rice in the VMD.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Sugars and citric acid determinationSugar and citric acid measurement were identified and quantified by HPLC (UltiMate 3000, Dionex-Scientific, UK) using an Aminex HPX87H column coupled to UV (210 nm) and RI detectors. The column was eluted with 0. 01 N H2SO4 at room temperature and a flow rate of 0. 6 mL min−1. Identification and quantification were achieved via comparisons to standards. Before being subject to HPLC analysis, samples were filtered on 0. 45-μm pore-size membranes. The quantification of remaining starch was calculated by determining the glucose units present in 200 μL of the media after treated with 1 mL of 2 M HCl and complete hydrolysis was accomplished by heating the mixture in a boiling water bath for 30 min. After neutralization of the hydrolysate with 1 mL of 2 M NaOH, the reducing sugars released from the starch were determined by HPLC. Lipid quantificationLipids from aliquots of 10–20 mg of cells were converted into their methyl esters with freeze-dried cells according to Browse et al. [55] and used for gas chromatography (GC) analysis. GC analysis of FA methyl esters was performed with a Varian 3900 instrument equipped with a flame ionization detector and a Varian FactorFour vf-23 ms column, where the bleed specification at 260 °C is 3 pA (30 m, 0. 25 mm, 0. 25 μm). FA was identified by comparison to commercial FA methyl ester standards (FAME32; Supelco) and quantified by the internal standard method, involving the addition of 50 μg of commercial C17:0 (Sigma). Microscopic analysisImages were acquired using a Imager M2 microscope (Zeiss, Le Pecq, France) with a 100× objective and Zeiss filters 45 and 46 for fluorescent microscopy. Axiovision 4. 8 software (Zeiss, Le Pecq, France) was used for image acquisition. Lipid bodies visualization was performed by addition of BodiPy® (2. 5 mg/mL in ethanol; Invitrogen) to the cell suspension (A 600 of 5) and after incubation for 10 min at room temperature.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: We also considered only currently available WHO‐prequalified killed cholera vaccines (Dukoral, Shanchol, and Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus). assess the effectiveness and safety of the available Organization (WHO)‐prequalified oral killed cholera vaccines among children and adults. for considering studies for this review Types of studies Individually randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster‐RCTs. Types of participants All adults and children without any manifestation of active cholera infection. Types of interventions killed cholera vaccines (whole‐cell plus recombinant vaccine (WC‐rBS) ‐ Dukoral, bivalent whole‐cell vaccine (BivWC) ‐ Shanchol, Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus). or another vaccine. Types of outcome measures Primary outcomes Cases of cholera: cases were defined by stool culture‐confirmed cases of Vibrio cholerae (V cholerae). The number of cases in a specific intervention/control group was considered the numerator; the number of study participants in that intervention/control group was the denominator. Secondary outcomes Cases of severe dehydrating cholera: the number of participants with severe dehydrating cholera. According to the WHO, lethargy or unconsciousness, inability to drink or poor drinking, reduced urine output, cool and moist extremities, low blood pressure, and a rapid and feeble pulse are the signs of severe dehydration. Serious adverse events (SAE) leading to hospital admission or death: the number of SAEs. An SAE is defined as an adverse event (AE) meeting one of the following five conditions: Death during the period of protocol‐defined surveillance Life‐threatening event (defined as a study participant at immediate risk of death at the time of the event) An event requiring hospitalization, or which prolongs the existing hospitalization during the period of protocol‐defined surveillance. In the case of diarrhoea, an SAE is one that requires admission to an inpatient ward for more than 24 hours. Congenital anomaly or birth defect, or malignancy A persistent or significant disability/incapacity Other AEs: the number of AEs. An AE is defined as any untoward medical event (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: In addition, out of 1,663 organizations (clubs and cooperatives) for farmers who satisfied VietGAP requirements, only 22 (1. 3%) were rice farmers. In 1974, the total area of floating rice was about 0. 5 million ha, in which province made up about 50% (250,000 ha) (Xuan & Matsui, Citation1998). By 2015, acreage devoted to floating rice production in decreased to only 50 ha, as farmers made the transition to high-yielding rice varieties. Thus, even with government efforts to promote eco-friendly cultivation practices, farmers have resisted the conversion. Rice is one of the staple products consumed daily in Vietnam and many other countries. As economic conditions improve, Vietnamese consumers are likely to choose healthier food options (Mishra & Ray, Citation2009; Truong, Yap, & Ineson, Citation2012; Vuong, Gallegos, & Ramsey, Citation2015). Rice export is also a key component of the country’s broader economic development strategy (Ha, Nguyen, Kompas, Che, & Trinh, Citation2015). Thus, demand for “safe” rice products will require an increase in current production, yet farmers seem reluctant to embrace these methods of production. Within this context, the purpose of the present research is to investigate the factors that lead farmers to adopt eco-friendly rice production methods. 1. 2. Literature review: Factors in farmer adoption of new technologiesPrevious studies have examined a variety of factors related to the adoption of new technologies. The most well recognized factors that influence technology acceptance are the perceived ease of use and perceived benefits or economic value (Davis, Citation1989). This basic technology acceptance model is considered robust, such that it may be applied across contexts and may thus include context-specific variables. Research that has examined decision-making within the specific context of agriculture has analyzed the roles of farmers’ attitudes, evaluations, and perceptions (Mwangi & Kariuki, Citation2015; Tey et al. , Citation2014a). Attitudes toward risk may shape farmers’ participation in new programs (Barreiro-Hurlé, Espinosa-Goded, & Dupraz, Citation2010).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Electronic microscopy was performed as INRA-AgroParisTech platform Microscopie et Imagerie des Micro-organismes, Animaux et Aliments (MIMA2, Massy, France). The samples were critical point dehydrated (K850, Elexience, France) using carbon dioxide as the transition fluid and coated with gold–palladium (272 Ǻ of thickness) in an automatic sputter (Polaron SC7640, Elexience, France). High-magnification imaging of the Bacillus subtilis biofilms was performed at an operating voltage of 2 kV under an S-4500 (Hitachi, Japan) at the MIMA2 platform. Prediction of biodiesel propertiesMathematical equations and predictive models were used to theoretically determine all the physicochemical fuel-related parameters of the biodiesel obtained by transmethylation of Y. lipolytica engineered strains grown in industrial starch. The equations and models used have been previously described in detail by Ledesma-Amaro et al. [56] based on previous theoretical and empirical studies [46, 57–59]. AbbreviationsTA: triacylglycerol GA: glucoamylase α: α-amylase DCW: dry cell weight SEM: scanning electron microscope 8. doi:10. 1038/nature11478. 4. doi:10. 1002/ejlt. 201400181. 88. doi:10. 1007/s00253-012-4248-0. 6. doi:10. 1016/j. cbpa. 2006. 02. 035. 5. doi:10. 1128/AEM. 71. 10. 6443-6445. 2005. Aydemir E, Demirci S, Doğan. Genetic modifications of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ethanol production from starch fermentation: a review. J Bioprocess Biotech. 2014;4(180). doi:10. 4172/2155-9821. 1000180. van Dijck PW, Wyss M. Yarrowia lipolytica: safety assessment of an oleaginous yeast with a great industrial potential. Microbiol. 2014;40(3):187–206. doi:10. 3109/1040841X. 2013. 770386.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: random sequence generation, we judged four trials at low risk of bias (Bhattacharya 2013; Qadri 2015; Qadri 2016; Sanchez 1994). Taylor 2000 reported insufficient information regarding random sequence generation. We judged three trials at low risk of bias for concealment of the allocation sequence (Bhattacharya 2013; Qadri 2016; Taylor 2000). The other two trials reported insufficient information to allow us to make a judgement. judged four trials at low risk for performance bias. Sanchez 1994 reported insufficient information to enable us to make a judgement. We judged one trial at low risk of detection bias (Bhattacharya 2013), however, the remaining trials were unclear. Incomplete outcome data We judged all included trials at low risk of bias, as they reported sufficient information. Selective reporting All trials reported on pre‐planned outcomes, and therefore, we considered them at low risk of bias. Other potential sources of bias We judged all the trials as unclear risk of bias, as we did not have information regarding any other potential bias. Effects of interventions See: Summary of findings 1 WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral): two doses ± booster dose versus placebo; Summary of findings 2 BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): two doses versus placebo; Summary of findings 3 BivWC vaccine (Shanchol): single dose versus placebo Effectiveness and safety of WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral) We identified two trials on the effectiveness and safety of the WC‐rBS vaccine, Dukoral. Taylor 2000 evaluated the effectiveness of two doses of Dukoral and a booster dose compared to placebo. Sanchez 1994 evaluated the effectiveness of two doses of Dukoral compared to placebo. There were differences between the age groups, population (one trial was on military volunteers), follow‐up duration (Sanchez 1994 followed up for five months; Taylor 2000 followed up for two years), and the number of vaccine doses (one trial used two doses of vaccine, and the other used two doses plus a booster dose). Primary outcome Cases of cholera Dukoral reduced cases of cholera better than a placebo at two years, with a vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 61% (RR 0. 39, 95% CI 0. 31 to 0. 51; 1 trial, 14,997 participants; Analysis 1. 1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: As discussed earlier, the intention of each of these all rice farming approaches is to decrease or forgo the use of agro-chemicals. Fifty-nine farmers produced rice using conventional methods. These were considered non-adopters who did not apply any of the above-mentioned eco friendly practices. Because a small number of farmers in the use eco rice methods, the observations represented nearly the entire population of eco methods farming for each of the geographic target locations. The process of conducting interviews with the eco rice farmers is as follows. First, we contacted with extension workers at provincial level to discuss and select the districts that had the largest number of eco rice farmers. Second, we worked with extension workers at district levels to get the list of eco rice farmers. Based on the list, we conducted face-to-face interviews with all eco rice farmers. The most important criterion for selecting non-adopting/conventional farmers was geographic proximity to adopters/eco rice farmers. We assumed, based on local knowledge, that non-adopters were well aware of eco practices but they had refused these practices. This selection also ensured homogeneity in terms of natural conditions (soil, water, rain, etc. ) as well as cultural characteristics for both adopters and non-adopters. Thus, survey responses from conventional (non-adopting) rice farmers were gathered as a convenience sample, but represented each target location. The data were collected in April 2016 in the districts of and in province and district of city. These two study areas are the major rice zones in the VMD, with the former producing more than 4 million tons and the latter supplying 1. 3 million tons in 2016 (see Figure 2 for more details of the study sites). Figure 2. Location of the study sites in the VMD. Display full sizeAs mentioned, the dependent variable (adoption) was coded as follows: 0 = conventional rice; 1 = single eco practice; and 2 = combined eco practices. In terms of environmental and economic values, the utility derived from the alternative 1 will be better than that of the alternative 0 and that of the alternative 2 will be the greatest. The classification for each alternative is that if those who were cultivating conventional rice (without any eco practices) are indexed as 0, those who were applying one eco practice (large-field, floating rice or ecologically engineered rice, etc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 10. doi:10. 1016/j. foodchem. 2013. 11. 117. 87. doi:10. 1016/j. plipres. 2009. 08. 005. 3131. doi:10. 1038/ncomms4131. 9. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2012. 08. 007. 113. doi:10. 1002/1097-0061(20010130)18:2<97:AID-YEA652>3. 0. CO;2-U. 2015. doi:10. 1007/s00253-015-6624-z. 44. doi:10. 1038/nature02579. 35. doi:10. 1186/1752-0509-6-35. 1535. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0051535. 7966. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0027966. 3188. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0123188. 25. doi:10. 1002/pmic. 200900161. 2015. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2015. 02. 007. 89. doi:10. 1128/AEM. 01412-08. 91. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2011. 05. 002. 37. doi:10. 1007/s00253-011-3506-x. 2015. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2015. 02. 005. 148. doi:10. 1186/s13068-014-0148-0. 39. doi:10. 1007/s00253-014-6314-2. 81. 701. doi:10. 1186/1471-2164-13-701. 83. doi:10. 1002/(SICI)1097-0061(1998100)14:14<1267:AID-YEA327>3. 0. CO;2-2. 19. doi:10. 1007/s00253-010-2803-0. 68. doi:10. 1007/s00253-012-4001-8. 9. doi:10. 1271/bbb. 70825. 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: The pooled analysis showed that two doses ± booster of Dukoral reduced cases of cholera better than a placebo at five months and two years, with a VE of 76% (RR 0. 24, 95% CI 0. 08 to 0. 65; 2 trials, 16,423 participants; Analysis 1. 2). However, Analysis 1. 2 demonstrated high heterogeneity (96%). Secondary outcomes Cases of severe dehydrating cholera These two trials did not specifically report the cases of severe dehydrating cholera. Serious adverse events (SAE) Taylor 2000 reported that there were no serious adverse events. Sanchez 1994 did not specifically report serious adverse events. Other adverse events Taylor 2000 reported there were 0. 2% of participants in both the vaccine and placebo groups with adverse events. The most common symptom was diarrhoea. Sanchez 1994 reported that the rate of non‐cholera diarrhoea was similar in the vaccine group and the placebo group. Effectiveness and safety of two doses of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) We identified two trials that evaluated the effectiveness of two doses of BivWC (Shanchol) vaccine compared to placebo (Bhattacharya 2013; Qadri 2015). Primary outcome Cases of cholera Two doses of Shanchol reduced cases of cholera better than a placebo at one year, with a VE of 37% (RR 0. 63, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 85; 2 trials, 241,631 participants; Analysis 2. 1). Two doses of Shanchol reduced cases of cholera better than a placebo at two years, with a VE of 64% (RR 0. 36, 95% CI 0. 16 to 0. 81; 2 trials, 168,540 participants; Analysis 2. 2). Two doses of Shanchol reduced cases of cholera better than a placebo at five years, with a VE of 80% (RR 0. 20, 95% CI 0. 15 to 0. 26; 1 trial, 54,519 participants; Analysis 2. 3). Secondary outcomes Cases of severe dehydrating cholera These two trials did not specifically report the cases of severe dehydrating cholera. Serious adverse events (SAE) One trial reported that the number of participants with one or more SAEs after the first dose was 13 in the vaccine group and 11 in the placebo group.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: As shown in Table 3, the implementation of a single eco method consumed the least of the three environmentally detrimental inputs (fertilizer, pesticide and fuel) among all rice farming approaches. The average fertilizer cost for single eco practice was significantly lower than that for any of the combined eco practices. In terms of consumption of environmentally detrimental inputs, these results suggest that the single eco practice was more environmentally friendly. At the same time, the selling price of rice produced by the average single eco method farm was significantly higher than that produced through the other options. One explanation for this outcome is that nearly all floating rice farmers, and the majority of VietGAP and GlobalGAP farmers, had contracts with distribution companies, which then offer a higher selling price. It is also likely that companies and consumers may have recognized floating rice as a more environmentally friendly product (almost no use of agro-chemicals), and were willing to pay a higher price. The selling price of combined eco practices was not significantly different from that for conventional rice production methods. Table 3. Cost-Benefit analysis of different rice farming approachesDisplay TableWith respect to output level, the single eco method farmers had the lowest yield per hectare, significantly lower than that of conventional rice but insignificantly different from combined eco practices. Agro-chemical usage was positively related to production output, and single eco method farmers consume the least of the agro chemicals. Table 3 also shows that the net benefit, benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and benefit-revenue ratio (BRR) from the use of a single eco rice method was significantly higher than those same indices for the other concerned rice farming approaches; the single eco method resulted in the lowest cost but the highest selling price. One of the most important determinants of the adoption and continued use of environmentally friendly rice production methods, especially in developing countries, is economic achievement, that is, whether the practices allow the farmer a profit. Thus, based on this cost-benefit analysis, the use of the single eco rice method showed the highest economic potential among the rice production farming approaches. This result suggests that the single eco practice is a feasible alternative for farmers in the study sites. The next section presents the analysis of factors that affect the farmer’s adoption decisions for rice production. 3. 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: doi:10. 1016/j. renene. 2008. 09. 002. 45. doi:10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2014. 08. 011. 3. 2. 1. 3) is the major starch-degrading enzyme secreted by the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J Gen Microbiol. 1991;137:2463–8. 1003. doi:10. 1007/s12010-009-8579-y. 6. doi:10. 1016/j. enzmictec. 2011. 01. 002. 15. doi:10. 1007/s00253-010-2487-5. 40. doi:10. 1128/AEM. 70. 8. 5037-5040. 2004. 50. doi:10. 1042/BST0301047. 99. doi:10. 1016/j. ymben. 2014. 09. 008. 95. doi:10. 1016/j. bbalip. 2013. 07. 001. 48. Berlin: Springer; 2010 (ISBN: 978-3-540-77584-3 2010). -. Increased electron donor and electron acceptor characters enhance the adhesion between oil droplets and cells of Yarrowia lipolytica as evaluated by a new cytometric assay. J Chem. 2003;51(10):3007–11. doi:10. 1021/jf020901m. 93. doi:10. 1038/nbt. 2683. 8. doi:10. 1016/j. biortech. 2008. 06. 039. 2015. doi:10. 1016/j. bbalip. 2015. 04. 004. 1. Berlin: Springer; 1996. 88. 9. 9. CAS 502. doi:10. 1016/j. mimet. 2007. 06. 008. 44. 53. CAS 37. 5. 91. doi:10. 1002/bit. 25245. 9. doi:10. 1016/j. plipres. 2012. 05. 001. 71. doi:10. 1186/1475-2859-11-71. 33. doi:10. 1007/s11746-006-5033-y. 0003. R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: It also reported that the number of participants with one or more SAEs after the second dose was 11 in the vaccine group and 16 in the placebo group (Bhattacharya 2013). Other adverse events One trial reported that the number of adverse plus severe adverse events were similar in the Shanchol group (n = 51) and the control group (n = 48) after the first dose. After the second dose, the number of adverse and severe adverse events was 27 in the Shanchol group, and 33 in the control group (Bhattacharya 2013; Table 1). Open in table viewerTable 1. Adverse events for all participants within 14 days after first and second dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) Bhattacharya 2013 BivWC (Shanchol) events No. recipients Adverse events No. recipients Adverse events (AE)/severe adverse events (SAE) after the 1st dose 51 31,932 48 34,968 AE/SAE after the 2nd dose 27 31,932 33 34,968 Number of participants with one or more AE/SAE after the 1st dose 33 31,932 36 34,968 Number of participants with one or more SAE after the 1st dose 13 31,932 11 34,968 Number of participants with one or more AE/SAE after the 2nd dose 16 31,932 20 34,968 Number of participants with one or more SAE after the 2nd dose 11 31,932 16 34,968 AE: adverse events; No: number; SAE: severe adverse events Effectiveness and safety of a single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) We identified one trial that explored the effectiveness of a single dose of BivWC (Shanchol) compared to placebo (Qadri 2016). Primary outcome Cases of cholera A single dose of Shanchol reduced cases of cholera better than a placebo at six months, with a VE of 40% (RR 0. 60, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 77; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; Analysis 2. 4) and at 2 years with a VE of 39% (RR 0. 61, 95% CI 0. 53 to 0. 70; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; Analysis 2. 6).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: Factors affecting the adoption decisions for eco-friendly rice methodsThe results of the generalized ordered logit model are presented in Table 4 and identify the factors affecting the adoption of eco rice. As mentioned, the ordered logit regression requires a test of the parallel-lines assumption. test showed that the assumptions of the parallel-line model was violated, since Pvalue>χcritical2=0. 001. Thus, we used the alternative generalized ordered logit model. Table 4. Generalized ordered logit model results considering adoption of eco riceDisplay TableThe estimated results shown in Table 4 include two panels for conventional rice and single eco practice. The former panel contrasts conventional rice (Y0=0) with single eco practice Y1=1 and combined eco practices (Y2=2) while the latter panel contrasts conventional rice (Y0=0) and single eco practice (Y1=1) with combined eco practices (Y2=2). Note that for each dichotomization, the higher valued group is recoded as 1, while the lower numbered group was is recoded as 0 (Williams, Citation2016). This distinction is important for interpretation of the unconstrained variables’ coefficients, which differ between panels. The likelihood ratio value is 12. 78, which is smaller than χ(10,0. 01)2=23. 21, suggesting that we accept the null hypothesis or the restricted model as appropriate. test produced χ2=58. 03, which is greater than χ(10,0. 01)2=23. 21, indicating that the model fit is acceptable for prediction. Two of the variables in Table 4, PRICE and USE, are relaxed for the parallel-lines assumption in the generalized ordered logit model. The interpretation of the relationships between the dependent variables and these unconstrained variables are not straightforward as compared to the other constrained variables that have the same coefficients between panels. the perceived difference in selling prices had a positive, significant relationship in the first panel but a negative relationship in the second panel, indicating that farmers were likely to adopt conventional rice and single eco practice rather than combined eco practices. This may be because more labor and other inputs are required for combined eco practices, although market prices are not significantly different between the two outputs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cellulovorans DSM 3052 were purchased from von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ). Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was purchased from (ATCC), while A. niger strain nl-1 was from University (Nanjing). Synthetic genes of cdt-1, gh1-1, cbh2 (codon-optimized, shown in Additional file 1), and Enhancer were provided by Inovogen (Beijing). Detailed descriptions of plasmids and sequences of primers are given in Additional file 1: Tables S1–S4. Media and culture conditions Escherichia coli strains were grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium (1 % tryptone, 0. 5 % yeast extract, 1 % NaCl) supplemented with either 100 μg/mL ampicillin or 50 μg/mL kanamycin, and were induced with 1 mM isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 25 °C. EBY100 transformants were selected and maintained on minimal dextrose plates [0. 67 % yeast nitrogen base (YNB) with ammonium sulfate and without amino acids, 2 % glucose, 1. 5 % agar, appropriate supplements of Leu and Trp], and were induced in 10 mM CaCl2 supplied synthetic complete (SC) minimal medium (0. 67 % YNB, 2 % galactose, appropriate amino acids) with an initial A600 nm of 1 at 20 °C for 48 h. Cultivation of the yeasts expressing cellodextrin pathway was carried out in 96-well plate at 30 °C in SC minimal medium supplied with 2 % glucose, 1 % cellobiose, 0. 5 % cellotriose, or 0. 5 % cellotetrose. Cell density was periodically measured using (Thermo Scientific). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry analysis Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 transformants were cultured in SC minimal medium with 2 % glucose as the carbon source for 48 h at 25 °C. Cells were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7. 4), and the photographs were taken with a confocal laser scanning microscope (2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Secondary outcomes Cases of severe dehydrating cholera A single dose of BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) reduces cases of severe dehydrating cholera better than a placebo at six months with a VE of 63% (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 28 to 0. 50; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; Analysis 2. 5), and at two years, with a VE of 50% (RR 0. 50, 95% CI 0. 42 to 0. 60; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; Analysis 2. 7). Serious adverse events (SAE) This trial did not specifically report serious adverse events. Other adverse events Qadri 2016 reported adverse events after a single dose of Shanchol (Table 2). Within 14 days of vaccination, active surveillance noted 45 adverse events in the Shanchol group and 47 in the control group. Within 28 days of vaccination, active surveillance noted 33 adverse events in the Shanchol group and 30 in the control group. Open in table viewerTable 2. Adverse events for all participants after a single dose BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) Qadri 2016 BivWC (Shanchol) events No. recipients Adverse events No. recipients Adverse events within 14 days (active surveillance) 45 2987 47 3034 Adverse events within 28 days (active surveillance) 33 2848 30 2892 Adverse events within 28 days (passive surveillance) 121 102,954 125 102,357 of main results We included five randomized controlled trials (RCTs; reported in 12 records) in our synthesis that explored the effects of oral killed cholera vaccines compared with a control group (placebo) among children and adults. Two doses of whole‐cell plus recombinant vaccine (WC‐rBS; Dukoral), with or without a booster dose, reduced cases of cholera at five months and at two years, in both a general population (2 to 65 years), and an adult male population (17 to 65 years; vaccine effectiveness (VE) 76%; high‐certainty evidence; 2 trials; summary of findings Table 1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: Predicted probabilities by the adoption decisionsDisplay TableThe probability of a farmer’s adoption of a single eco practice was the highest at 78. 4% as compared to 18. 95% for conventional rice and only 2. 65% for combined eco practices. This suggests that the single eco practice was preferred among those farmers in the sample. We also found that the farmers who did not observe biodiversity losses were more likely to adopt conventional rice production (35. 47%) than those who perceived biodiversity losses (16. 35%). With respect to the adoption of single eco practice, the probability of farmers who witnessed biodiversity losses was higher (i. e. 80. 5% > 63. 39) that of those who did not. This result suggests that one means by which to stimulate the adoption of eco practice would be to improve farmers’ awareness and understanding of the benefits of biodiversity. Additionally, the results offer that those farmers who participated in organizations were more likely to adopt single eco practice (83. 63%) than those who did not (62. 32%). As mentioned earlier, this is an indication that participation in agricultural cooperatives and clubs facilitate shared information and practice. The perceived ease of use (USE) was also significant in predicting the probability of adopting single eco practice. When farmers perceived the technology to be easier to implement by one additional unit, the probability of selecting single eco practice increases about 8%. Farmers with more paddy plots were less likely to adopt single eco methods. Again, multiple plots are more difficult to manage and require more capital and human resources. When farmers had one more plot, the probability of adopting single eco practice declined about 6%. One further finding of the generalized ordinal logit analysis is that conventional rice farmers may share characteristics of eco friendly rice farmers. That is, the analysis provides an estimation of membership in a specific rice cultivation category, and those conventional rice farmers who are similar to eco rice farmers represent a target group for transition to eco-friendly methods. These values (probabilities) are important for policy implications to encourage and maintain farmers’ adoption. The predicted probabilities are illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3. Observed and predicted adoption of eco-friendly rice. Note: The numbers in rectangles indicate number of farmers Display full size indicates correct predictions and Display full size indicates incorrect predictions The calculations in rectangles are based on the highest probabilities among categories. Source: Own estimates from the collected data in 2016, n = 202.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 0) supplied with 1 % carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and 10 mM CaCl2. Viscosity reduction at 30 °C was measured periodically using an ubbelohde viscometer. The yeast cells with bifunctional minicellulosomes (A600 nm = 50) were suspended in the same buffer containing 1 % CMC and 10 mM CaCl2, and kept at 30 °C for 20 h. The reducing sugars released were quantified by 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay. FermentationTo screen the preferred combination of endoglucanase and exoglucanase, the pre-induced yeast cells were washed twice with PBS, then concentrated to A600 nm = 20 in SC minimal medium supplied with 10 mM CaCl2 and 1 % or Avicel. The fermentation was conducted anaerobically in rubber-stoppered glass serum bottle at 30 °C for 4 days. The yeast transformants without pre-induction were used for cellulose-galactose co-fermentation. An appropriate amount (0–25 g/L) of galactose was mixed with 1 % cellulose as the carbon source, and the growth temperature was lowered to 25 °C. Galactose was measured using D-galactose rapid kit (Megazyme), while cell density and ethanol were determined via a spectrophotometer (EU-2600, ONLAB) and gas chromatograph (GC-14C, Shimadzu), respectively. ResultsFunctional construction of cellodextrin utilization pathwayWe employed cdt-1 from N. crassa for cellodextrins uptake. It was co-expressed with different β-glucosidases (Ccel_2454 from C. cellulolyticum, bgla from C. cellulovorans, and gh1-1 from N. crassa) to construct cellodextrin pathway in S. cerevisiae EBY100. As shown in Fig. 2a and b, the EBY100 strains expressing either gfp-fused gh1-1 or gfp-fused cdt-1 were brightly fluorescent under a confocal laser scanning microscope.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Two doses of bivalent whole‐cell vaccine (BivWC; Shanchol) reduced cases of cholera at one year (2 trials; VE 37%, high‐certainty evidence), at two years (2 trials; VE 64%, moderate‐certainty evidence), and at five years (1 trial; VE 80%, high‐certainty evidence; summary of findings Table 2). A single‐dose of Shanchol reduced cases of cholera at six months (VE 40%, high‐certainty evidence), and at two years (VE 39%, high‐certainty evidence; 1 trial; summary of findings Table 3). Generally, oral killed cholera vaccines were found to be safe. The adverse events were similar in both the Dukoral vaccine group and the placebo group. There was no difference in adverse events between the Shanchol vaccine and the control groups within 14 days of a dose, in either the two‐dose or single‐dose regimen. Overall completeness and applicability of evidence The included 1. 1 Comparison 1: WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral) versus placebo, Outcome 1: Cases of cholera (2 doses + booster dose; 2‐year follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 2 Comparison 1: WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral) versus placebo, Outcome 2: Cases of cholera (2 doses ± booster dose; 5‐month and 2‐year follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 2. 1 Comparison 2: BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) versus placebo, Outcome 1: Cases of cholera (2 doses; 1‐year follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 2. 2 Comparison 2: BivWC vaccine (Shanchol) versus placebo, Outcome 2: Cases of cholera (2 doses; 2‐year follow‐up; per‐protocol analysis) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: In addition, policy makers should focus on mitigating risks from production stage (technical aspects and adverse climatic impacts) to market (differentiation in selling price of eco rice versus conventional rice). Further research may address more specific questions as to how farmer-oriented organizations influence technology adoption decisions. The study results also identify farmers with larger farms, but fewer plots, as the most feasible group to adopt eco practices. However, farmers with more paddy plots were less likely to adopt eco practices. To promote eco practices in a new area, farmers with larger farm size but fewer plots are a good target group for demonstrations and training in the application of these techniques. With respect to characteristics of individual farmers, again the results from the study provide some useful guidance. Farmers’ perceptions of biodiversity losses were an important influence of adoption decisions. This is a vital starting point for collaborative policy that encourages technological innovations in environmentally friendly production methods. Perceptions about the ease of use of the technology positively influenced adoption, suggesting that farmers preferred eco practices. The perceived differences in selling prices suggest that farmers were likely to adopt conventional rice and single eco practice rather than combined eco practices. Farmers who perceived higher risk were unlikely to adopt eco practices Farmer experience was positively associated with the adoption. All of these indicate a need for education, but also persuasive efforts to overcome the negative perceptions. Additionally, when the characteristics of individual farmers were used as independent variables to predict rice production method in the logit analysis, a large proportion of farmers who use conventional methods shared similar characteristics with eco rice farmers. This indicates a favorable group to encourage the conversion to eco friendly methods. Policy makers may provide financial or other incentives to facilitate the transition. Based on the cost-benefit analysis, the single eco practice had the highest economic achievement when compared to the conventional rice and the combined eco practices, suggesting that the single eco practice is the most feasible to introduce to farmers in the study sites. The eco friendly practices identified here can reduce the costs while also increasing the prices that farmers receive. Additionally, finding and/or establishing a good market that allows for the differentiation between selling prices for eco rice and conventional rice is essential. To promote the adoption of eco practices, policy makers should create an incentive mechanism to encourage farmers to join farmer organizations. In addition, policy makers should focus on informing farmers about mitigating risks such as adverse climatic impacts, polluted water, and other environmental threats.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The difference in GFP distribution indicated the successful localization of GH1-1 and CDT-1 in yeast cytoplasm and cell membrane, respectively. Also, Fig. 2a and b show that although GFP was detected in some cells, the rest of the population did not have GFP. The cell-to-cell heterogeneity in gene expression probably arose from fluctuations in the global gene expression machinery of the cell, which has been termed “extrinsic noise”, “global noise”, or “gene expression capacity” [28]. All three yeast transformants expressing both cellodextrin transporter and β-glucosidase were able to grow with cellobiose as the sole carbon source (Fig. 2c). They showed similar growth rates in 2 % glucose fermentation (cell density [A600 nm] reached ~1. 45 from 0. 15 after 30 h), but exhibited different growth kinetics on cellodextrins (Additional file 1: Figure S2). Among them, the strain EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1) expressing GH1-1 and CDT-1 had the highest specific growth rates and reached A600 nm of 1. 34, 1. 21, and 1. 54 from 0. 15 in ~50 h with 1 % cellobiose, 0. 5 % cellotriose, and 0. 5 % cellotetrose as the sole carbon source, respectively. Fig. 2Functionality of the cellodextrin pathway in yeast. Confocal images of the EBY100 strains expressing gfp-fused gh1-1 (a), and gfp-fused cdt-1 (b). c Growth of the engineered EBY100 strains on the plate containing 1 % cellobiose as the sole carbon source. A Gly-Ser (GS) linker was introduced between GFP and GH1-1 or CDT-1 in (a) and (b). The control was transformed with pRS425.

Output: pass