Input: Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: In a small-scale study, (N = 47), infants' DRD4 genotype was found to moderate the relationship between maternal insensitivity and externalising child behaviour: children who carried the 7-repeat allele and had relatively insensitive mothers showed the highest level of externalising behaviour [116]. In a further study, the same researchers investigated the effect of children's DRD4 genotype on the efficacy of parenting intervention in a pre-selected 'externalising' sample [117]. At the follow-up stage, they found that intervention aimed at increasing parental sensitivity and positive discipline was effective in reducing externalisation for children with a 7-repeat allele, but not for children without the 7-repeat allele. This findings points to a genetically moderated differential susceptibility to intervention, which might partially explain difficult-to-treat cases often encountered in clinical work. Methodological problems in molecular genetic studiesGenetic association studies in the field of psychiatric and psychological genetics have been suffering from inconsistencies in replications of results. There can be many reasons for these difficulties, some of which are the result of methodological flaws, for example genotyping errors. Improved measurement of phenotypes and carefully controlled genotype determination can reduce the danger of false negative findings [118]. Failure of replication, however, may have 'legitimate' underlying causes. Initially, replication problems of case-control studies were often attributed to population stratification (case and control groups originating from genetically distinct populations) and to multiple testing without appropriate corrections, which could result in spurious associations. These problems have been largely dealt with by using genetic data from families [119] and more stringent statistical testing [120]. However, the real problem might be that more complex behavioural phenotypes are affected by many genes, each with only a small effect accounting for only 1% or even less of the phenotypic variance [81], therefore inadequate statistical power is a serious problem. Likewise, different environment interactions across samples can also hinder replication of an association. A considerable genetic heterogeneity is expected within and among studies, as different combinations of the various alleles of the multiple genes and epistatic gene interactions may produce similar phenotypes. This heterogeneity may go undetected as often in smaller studies only a few genetic markers are investigated. According to Greene and colleagues [121], real associations may not replicate in independent samples if they are part of a larger epistatic interaction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: This might be expected owing to the lower barrier to entry for telemedicine and to some level of anticipated need for follow-up. There were, however, no statistically significant differences in the rate of emergency department visits or hospitalization after telemedicine. Video or telephone visits may be a convenient and safe way for patients to address some primary care needs without generating a substantial number of follow-up office visits or experiencing health events. Back to top 2021. Published: November 16, 2021. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2021. 32793Open Access: This is an open access 1. Temesgen ZM, DeSimone DC, Mahmood M, Libertin CR, BR, Berbari EF. Health care after the COVID-19 pandemic and the influence of telemedicine.  Proc. 2020;95(9S):S66-S68. doi:10. 1016/j. mayocp. 2020. 06. 052PubMed2. Uscher-Pines L, Mulcahy A, Cowling D, Hunter G, Burns R, Mehrotra A. Access and quality of care in direct-to-consumer telemedicine.  E Health. 2016;22(4):282-287. doi:10. 1089/tmj. 2015. 0079PubMed3. Li KY, Zhu Z, Ng S, Ellimoottil C. Direct-to-consumer telemedicine visits for acute respiratory infections linked to more downstream visits.  (Millwood). 2021;40(4):596-602. doi:10. 1377/hlthaff. 2020. 01741PubMed4. Shi Z, Mehrotra A, Gidengil CA, Poon SJ, Uscher-Pines L, Ray KN. Quality of care for acute respiratory infections during direct-to-consumer telemedicine visits for adults.  (Millwood). 2018;37(12):2014-2023.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: 2019;17:2259-2271. DOI: 10. 1111/pbi. 1313763. tuberosum GBSSI gene: A target for assessing gene and base editing in tetraploid potato. Reports. 2019;38:1065-1080. DOI: 10. 1007/s00299-019- 02426-w64. . Potato steroidal glycoalkaloids: Biosynthesis and genetic manipulation. Potato Research. 2009;52:1-15. DOI: 10. 1007/s11540-008-9103-465. Delbrouck JA, Desgagné. The therapeutic value of solanum steroidal (glyco)alkaloids: A 10-year comprehensive review. Molecules. 2023;28(13):4957. DOI: 10. 3390/molecules2813495766. GAME9 regulates the biosynthesis of steroidal alkaloids and upstream isoprenoids in the plant mevalonate pathway. Nature Communications. 2016;71(7):10654. DOI: 10. 1038/ncomms1065467. et al. Generation of α-solanine-free hairy roots of potato byCas9 mediated genome editing of the St16DOX gene. and Biochemistry. 2018;131:70-7768. . Polyphenol oxidase in potato (A multigene family that exhibits differential expression patterns). Plant Physiology. 1995;109:525-531. DOI: 10. 1104/2. 52569. . Polyphenol oxidase-mediated protection against oxidative stress is not associated with enhanced photosynthetic efficiency. Annals of Botany. 2015;116:529-540. DOI: 10. 1093/aob/mcv08170. Unravelling enzymatic discoloration in potato through a combined approach of candidate genes, QTL, and expression analysis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2007;115:245-252. DOI: 10. 1007/S00122-007-0560-Y71. Richael CM. Development of the genetically modified Innate® potato. In: Goldman I, editor. Reviews. & Sons, Ltd; 2020. 78. DOI: 10. 1002/9781119717003. ch372.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: In these cases, small sample differences in allele frequency at an interacting locus may impact the power negatively, so the originally reported effect may not replicate or even reversed. The recommendation is to check for interaction with other polymorphisms (see, for example the replicability of 'novelty seeking', where interaction of at least three gene loci made replication uncertain [122]. As mentioned above, some of these problems can be tackled by increasing study sizes and combining study samples, increasing the number of carefully chosen candidate polymorphisms or as Plomin and Davis suggest [81] employing the newly available genome-wide association (GWA) strategy. In GWA studies many hundred thousand single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the genome of many (often more than 1000) individuals are genotyped. Comparing profiles of 'case' and 'control' groups, SNPs associated with caseness can be identified. GWA studies of type II diabetes identified nearly 20, robustly replicating gene loci. The associated alleles were common in the studied populations and all had only small effects on disease risk [123]. Although, this seems to be the "future of genetics in psychology and psychiatry" [81], GWA is almost certainly unfeasible in the field of attachment studies. Animal research pointing to new directions: environmental modification of brain anatomy and gene activity, epigenetic effects of parentingStudies in animal models have found convincing evidence for the critical impact of early emotional experiences. Studies from the 1950s showed that even short separations of young rodent pups from their mother have profound and persistent effects on behaviour and physiological stress reactivity [124]. In the last two decades, brain development shaped by the interplay of genetic predispositions and experience-induced adaptation has been extensively studied primarily in the context of stress elicited by early separation from the primary caregiver. An avian model of early parent-offspring bonding is filial imprinting in precocious birds which is accompanied by extensive reorganization in the frontal lobe. Domestic chicks imprinted on artificial stimuli in experimental settings showed increased synaptic connectivity in the intermediate medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV), which seems to be important for storage of memory acquired during imprinting [125, 126]. Bock and Braun [127] showed that successful imprinting in chick is accompanied by extensive pruning of excitatory spine synapses in other associative forebrain regions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: doi:10. 1377/hlthaff. 2018. 05091PubMed5. Daniel H, Sulmasy LS; Health and Committee of the of Physicians. Policy recommendations to guide the use of telemedicine in primary care settings: an of Physicians position paper.  Med. 2015;163(10):787-789. doi:10. 7326/M15-0498PubMed6. Reed ME, Huang J, Graetz I, et al. Patient characteristics associated with choosing a telemedicine visit vs office visit with the same primary care clinicians. . 2020;3(6):e205873. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2020. 5873PubMed7. Reed ME, Parikh R, Huang J, Ballard DW, Barr I, Wargon C. Real-time patient-provider video telemedicine integrated with clinical care.  N Med. 2018;379(15):1478-1479. doi:10. 1056/NEJMc1805746PubMed8. Reed ME, Huang J, Parikh R, et al. Patient-provider video telemedicine integrated with clinical care: patient experiences.  Med. 2019;171(3):222-224. doi:10. 7326/M18-3081PubMed9. Uscher-Pines L, Mehrotra A. Analysis of Teladoc use seems to indicate expanded access to care for patients without prior connection to a provider.  (Millwood). 2014;33(2):258-264. doi:10. 1377/hlthaff. 2013. 0989PubMed10. Alexander GC, Tajanlangit M, Heyward J, Mansour O, Qato DM, Stafford RS. Use and content of primary care office-based vs telemedicine care visits during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. . 2020;3(10):e2021476.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: (a) Schematic map of the pRPaCas9 construct. P rRNA rRNA promoter; TETO, tetracycline operator; La, nuclear localisation signal. Other components are from the pRPa parent vector (see the text for more details). (b) The protein blots show tightly regulated and inducible Cas9 expression (predicted mass: 159. 4 kDa). The EF1α panel provides a loading control. Multiple independent clones yielded similar results. (c) Cell growth with (+Tet) and without (−Tet) Cas9 induction. Error bars (SD) from triplicate counts are obscured by the data symbols. A second independent clone gave similar results. (d) Schematic map of the pT7sgRNA construct showing the gRNA cloning strategy using tandem BbsI sites. The sgRNA scaffold and HDV ribozyme are also shown. P T7 phage T7 promoter. Other components are from the pRPc6MYCn parent vector. (e) The RNA blot shows expression of the predicted 96 b sg2 that is dependent upon Cas9 expression. The rRNA panel provides a loading control. A second independent clone yielded similar results. Full size imageFor expression of the sgRNA, a phage T7 promoter, a cloning site, the sgRNA scaffold and a hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme29 were synthesised in tandem (Fig. 1d). The cloning site comprises dual BbsI restriction enzyme cleavage sites, which allows for high-efficiency cloning of annealed oligonucleotide pairs (AGGG[N]20/AAAC[N]20, Fig. 1d) without introducing additional unnecessary flanking sequences. The HDV ribozyme is a self-cleaving RNA that liberates the upstream RNA. Thus, the ribozyme generates the 3′-end of the sgRNA. This synthetic cassette was used to generate pT7sgRNA that integrates at a second non-transcribed rDNA spacer locus (Fig. 1d); there are estimated to be 10–20 rDNA spacer loci in the T. brucei genome7. We selected the aquaglyceroporin gene, AQP2, (Tb927. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: Imprinted animals later responded to the presentation of the learned stimulus with enhanced brain electrical and metabolic activity (see Sullivan et al. [128] for a review). This experience-dependent development of neural connections serves the adaptive response of the offspring to its actual normative environment. However, in case of adverse early influences, the same plasticity may lead to altered neural development with long-lasting behavioural and physiological effects. There has been accumulating evidence for the importance of parental care, especially tactile stimulation in the subsequent development of infants of mammalian species. Separation from the mother in rodents induces physiological and behavioural responses including vocalisation and searching behaviour, corticosterone hormone release and inhibition of metabolism related to growth and later stress reactivity [129, 130]. Bock and colleagues [131] found synaptic changes in the prefrontal cortex of rat pups exposed to 1-hour-long separations from their mother. These changes were region-specific, depended on timing of the separations during the first weeks of the pups' life, and they also found a possible link between synaptic changes and endocrine function. A further study on the semi-precocious rodent Octodon degus [132] showed that short, repeated separations in the first three weeks of life resulted in significant alterations of density of neurons releasing corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in brain regions involved in emotion regulation. More sustained early social isolation of young degus altered the serotonergic and dopaminergic cortical innervation in the orbital prefrontal cortex possibly reflecting different functioning of these monoamine transmitter systems in result of parental deprivation [133]. These few examples selected from an extensive research field illustrates the critical effects of early stress on brain development. The mechanisms underlying alterations in brain development are far from being understood in animals and even less in humans, but new molecular techniques and imaging methods may hold the key to growing knowledge of normal and corrupted developmental trajectories. In relation to the association of infant attachment with a promoter polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene, we have mentioned that gene expression may be affected by variation in the DNA sequence of the regulatory region of the gene. There is, however, increasing evidence for changes in gene expression through DNA and chromatin modifications without a change in the inherited nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic modifications of promoter regions that influence the transcription of genes coding for crucial protein products can be induced by the environment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Original PaperChristopher Ferber1,2, MD Mittelman1,3, MD, PhD Tannaz Moin4,5, MBA, MD Holly Wilhalme6, MS Rebecca Hicks1,2, MD 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of 2Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine and Diabetes Center, Miller Children's and Women's 3Children's Discovery and 's Hospital, School of 4Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine at 5HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation & 6Department of Core, Division of Medicine and Research, University of :Christopher Ferber, MDDivision of Pediatric EndocrinologyUniversity of Angeles200 90024United StatesPhone: 1 3108256244Email: cjferber@mednet. ucla. eduAbstractBackground: Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes require frequent outpatient evaluation to assess glucose trends, modify insulin doses, and screen for comorbidities. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides a detailed glycemic control assessment. Telemedicine has been increasingly used since the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To investigate CGM profile parameter improvement immediately following pediatric outpatient diabetes visits and determine if visit modality impacted these metrics, completion of screening laboratory tests, or diabetic emergency occurrence. Methods: A dual-center retrospective review of medical records assessed the CGM metrics time in range and glucose management indicator for pediatric outpatient diabetes visits during 2021. Baseline values were compared with those at 2 and 4 weeks post visit. Rates of completion of screening laboratory tests and diabetic emergencies following visits were determined. Results: A total of 269 outpatient visits (41. 2% telemedicine) were included. Mean time in range increased by 1. 63% and 1. 35% at 2 and 4 weeks post visit (P=. 003 and. 01, respectively). Mean glucose management indicator decreased by 0. 07% and 0. 06% at 2 and 4 weeks post visit (P=. 003 and. 02, respectively). These improvements in time in range and glucose management indicator were seen across both telemedicine visits and in-person visits without a significant difference. However, patients seen in person were 2. 69 times more likely to complete screening laboratory tests (P=. 03). Diabetic emergencies occurred too infrequently to analyze.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: In terms of convenience, the current strategy involves annealing a pair of oligonucleotides and ligating the product to the BbsI-digested pT7sgRNA construct prior to transfection. This cloning step is highly efficient, but sgRNA delivery can also be achieved in a cloning-free format. Such a cloning-free format, involving transient transfection of the sgRNA or an sgRNA-encoding PCR-product, may be suitable for strategies that do not require maximal-efficiency editing, such as when integrated antibiotic resistance markers are used to select for correctly edited cells13. In terms of the editing efficiency of our system, several features likely contribute; first, Cas9 was codon-optimised to increase expression in T. brucei28. Second, Cas9 and the sgRNA are transcribed from strong rDNA and T7 promoters, respectively. Third, the T7 polymerase, BbsI-cloning approach and ribozyme all help to produce sgRNAs with minimal superfluous sequence, likely enhancing assembly with Cas9. In addition, tightly regulated temporal control of Cas9 expression increases the versatility of the system, also minimising off-target edits and allowing for phenotypic analysis of edited cells without potential interference from continuously expressed Cas9. Finally, and as in metazoan cells37, our findings support the view that gRNA sequences achieve optimal efficiency cleavage in T. brucei when the PAM-adjacent GC-content is >50%. A major source of off-target edits may involve the non-specific association of Cas9 with native RNA. Indeed, expression of Cas9 in the absence of sgRNA has been reported to be toxic in T. cruzi18 and Toxoplasma gondii, and a “decoy” sgRNA has been used in Toxoplasma to reduce these effects24. The current system should minimise such problems in T. brucei since we constitutively transcribe the sgRNA and induce a tightly regulated Cas9 gene, which stabilises the sgRNA. Thus, cells are not exposed to Cas9 in the absence of sgRNA.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: Although the mechanisms through which these modifications occur have yet to be fully explored, one important process is environmentally induced DNA methylation leading to transcriptional silencing. It has also been shown that these environmentally mediated effects on gene expression tend to persist in the individual's lifetime and can even be transmitted from one generation to the next [134]. The pioneering research by Meaney and colleagues [135] has shown that, in rats, stable individual differences in maternal care are related to individual differences in pups' later behaviour and stress reactivity. Cross-fostering experiments have proved that these maternal effects are not heritable in the narrow sense, but are consequences of the characteristics of maternal care received in the first week of life. Meaney and colleagues have found that variation in early care affects the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in the hippocampus by differential methylation of the promoter region of the gene leading to stable differences in offspring stress reactivity persisting through adulthood [136]. Moreover, they have shown that, through differential patterns of DNA methylation of the promoter region and thereby differential expression of the estrogen receptor alpha gene in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the brain, this individual variation of early experience influences adult reproductive behaviour, suggesting a mechanism for intergenerational transmission of the pattern of maternal care [137, 138]. Results of animal work cannot be translated directly to humans, but initial findings of recent research suggest an effect of parental care on epigenetic regulation in the human brain. The methylation pattern of the promoter of glucocorticoid receptor gene in the hippocampus of suicide victims with a history of childhood abuse has been found to differ from that of suicide victims with no childhood abuse or control subjects [139]. Thus, there is a good reason for hypothesising that epigenetic modification of gene expression plays a role in the development of early mother-infant relationship, even if at present it seems impossible to study these processes in human infants. ConclusionThere is a considerable individual variation in infants' attachment behaviour with their primary caregivers. Attachment theory, as first conceived, gave an environmental explanation for this variation, regarding caregivers' sensitive responsiveness to infant signals as the crucial factor for the development of optimal, secure attachment. This exclusively environmental explanation has recently been challenged by studies that have included physiological and genetic measures.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate an immediate improvement in CGM metrics following outpatient visits, regardless of modality. While statistically significant, the magnitude of these changes was small; hence, multiple visits over time would be required to achieve clinically relevant improvement. However, completion of screening laboratory tests was found to be more likely after visits occurring in person. Therefore, we suggest a hybrid approach that allows patient convenience with telemedicine but also incorporates periodic in-person assessment. JMIR Diabetes 2024;9:e58579doi:10. 2196/58579Keywordsdiabetes; type 1 diabetes; pediatrics; continuous glucose monitoring; time in range; glucose management indicator; telemedicine; screening labs IntroductionType 1 diabetes affects millions worldwide with up to 75% of cases diagnosed during childhood [1]. Pediatric type 1 diabetes care necessitates frequent outpatient visits to assess glycemic trends and adjust insulin doses, stay up to date with routine screening [2,3], provide reinforcement of diabetes education such as management of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and illnesses, and prevent potentially life-threatening diabetic emergencies including level 3 hypoglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis. In the past decade, continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) have become increasingly prevalent in place of traditional finger sticks [4]. By providing more frequent real-time blood glucose data with trends and safety alerts for glycemic excursions, CGM use has positive effects on clinical diabetes outcomes including less frequent episodes of hypoglycemia and lower hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values [5,6]. Time in range (TIR) and glucose management indicator (GMI) are 2 key measures of glucose control generated from CGM data. TIR is the percentage of the time during a CGM window for which the blood sugar falls within a preset target range (typically 70-180 mg/dL). GMI is a surrogate measure for HbA1c calculated from all the available blood sugar data used to quantify overall glycemic control. GMI has the advantage of being applicable to custom time periods as opposed to the fixed red blood cell lifespan of 90-120 days, which HbA1c reflects. Frequent monitoring of HbA1c remains the gold standard of assessing diabetes management with tighter glycemic control being associated with less frequent complications of diabetes over time, even in youth [7-9].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: 2), clone 221a cells, 2T1 and 2T1T7 cells25 and their derivatives were grown in HMI-11 medium. Cumulative growth rates were monitored by splitting to 1 × 104 cells/ml and by counting daily. Tetracycline (Sigma) was applied at 1 µg/mL. Pentamidine isethionate was from Sigma and eflornithine was from Sanofi Aventis. T. brucei genetic manipulation and plasmid constructionT. brucei were genetically manipulated using electroporation as described25. To generate the pRPaCas9 construct, the SpCas9 sequence was codon optimised and synthesised (Genscript) with a La nuclear localisation signal27 at the N-terminus. The synthetic Cas9 cassette, digested with HindIII/BglII, was ligated to pRPac6MYCn 26 [Addgene ID:69242] digested with HindIII/BamHI. The resulting pRPaCas9 construct was linearised with AscI prior to electroporation; 2T1T7-Cas9 parasites were selected with hygromycin at 2. 5 µg/mL and checked for sensitivity to puromycin to indicate correct construct integration. To generate the pT7sgRNA construct, the BLA resistance cassette in pRPc6MYCn 26 [Addgene ID:69243] was replaced by a BLE cassette following NgoMIV/BstZ17I digestion. A synthetic sequence comprising a T7 promoter, tandem BbsI sites, the sgRNA scaffold and an HDV ribozyme was then used to replace the expression cassette from pRPc6MYCn, following NheI/ApaI digestion. Potential gRNA sequences were identified either manually or using the LeishGEdit. net online tool13, and then selected based on PAM-adjacent GC-content37. The gRNA oligonucleotide pairs were FwgAQP2 () and RvgAQP2 (); FwgAAT6i () and RvgAAT6i (); FwgAAT6ii () and RvgAAT6ii () and, for the ‘AQP2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mental health conditions can have genetic, biological, and environmental causes. [SEP] Text: Although twin studies of attachment are providing mixed results, molecular genetic studies are showing that specific genetic polymorphisms of the dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmisson systems may moderate the statistically identified links between caregivers' behaviour and infant attachment. These gene-environment interaction effects, pointing to genetically-based differential susceptibilities to care-giving environments, have been more often found for disorganised attachment, which is an extreme form of insecure attachment predictive of subsequent behavioural problems and psychopathology. Because the results of the as-yet few and relatively small-scale studies are not wholly consistent, there is a clear need for larger-scale and carefully designed studies that examine multiple polymorphisms of multiple candidate genes. More recent research on the epigenetic modification of gene expression by early maternal care in animals suggests the possibility of similar processes affecting human development. The investigation of such processes in humans, although not feasible at present, would offer an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of developmental psychopathology and the intergenerational transmission of attachment and parenting. 1. 812. 136. 160. 734. 249. 10. 1017/S0954579499002035. 304. 10. 1037/0012-1649. 42. 2. 293. 858. 10. 2307/1131237. 591. 10. 2307/1132107. 286. 63. 10. 1111/1469-7610. 00003. 655. 10. 1080/016502598384306. 532. 10. 1037/0012-1649. 40. 4. 519. 263. 10. 3200/GNTP. 166. 3. 245-263. 164. 10. 1037/0893-3200. 11. 2. 152. 596. 10. 2307/1131833. 86. 10. 1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199921)20:1<77::AID-IMHJ6>3. 0. CO;2-S. 242. 10. 1017/S0954579400005277. 746. 10. 1111/1469-7610. 00661. 561. 10. 1111/j. 1469-7610. 1992. tb00890. x. 376. 10. 1037/0012-1649. 31. 3. 364. 1313. 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: But with CGM use rising, many have advocated for using these CGM based metrics to assess overall diabetes control in addition to, or even in lieu of, HbA1c [10,11]. In addition to glycemic control monitoring, outpatient type 1 diabetes visits also serve the purpose of making sure patients are up to date with routine screening. recommends periodic laboratory assessment to screen for comorbidities of type 1 diabetes, as well as associated autoimmune diseases [2,3,12,13]. Finally, these visits reiterate diabetes education to patients and families which can help prevent complications of the disease including severe hypoglycemia, or the life-threatening diabetic ketoacidosis that can result from untreated hyperglycemia. The use of telemedicine for outpatient medical visits has skyrocketed in recent years as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic [14]. Outpatient type 1 diabetes care was no exception, with some centers citing as much as 99% of their visits being converted to telemedicine within the first year of the pandemic [15]. However, even before the pandemic, telemedicine had been studied as a possible modality for type 1 diabetes health care delivery given the ability to evaluate objective data from glucose and CGM logs to guide management decisions. Telemedicine visits have been shown to improve diabetes clinical outcomes [16], while potentially removing key barriers, such as geographic distance, for patients and families. Even after widespread vaccination strategies allowed the safe return of in-person visits, it has been reported that many patients and families continue to express a preference for telemedicine [17]. Because clinic visits generally entail adjusting insulin doses, promoting adherence, and reinforcing education about insulin administration and carbohydrate counting, it is reasonable to expect that CGM profile parameters should improve immediately after an outpatient encounter. Previous studies have confirmed that increased outpatient type 1 diabetes visits lead to improved clinical outcomes [18,19]. To our knowledge, our study is the first to evaluate emerging CGM profile parameters in pediatric patients in the periods directly before and after outpatient follow-up visits, and concurrently examine whether telemedicine versus in-person visits have differential effects on glycemic control, completion of screening laboratory tests, or frequency of diabetic emergencies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: 2′ precision edit, FwgAQP2c () and RvgAQP2c (); the overhanging ends that facilitate cloning are in bold. Oligonucleotide pairs were annealed by heating to 70 °C for 3 min followed by slow cooling. Annealed pairs were ligated to BbsI-digested pT7sgRNA and constructs were confirmed by sequencing. pT7sgRNA constructs containing specific gRNA sequences were linearised with NotI prior to electroporation and parasites were selected with phleomycin at 2 µg/mL. 40 µg of single-stranded oligonucleotide () was used as a repair template, which was resuspended in 10 μL of H2O and delivered by electroporation as described above; the edited base is in bold. DNA analysisDNA was extracted from T. brucei using a DNeasy blood and tissue Kit (Qiagen). The primer pairs used for the PCR assays were FwAQP2only () and RvAQP2only (), FwAQP3only () and RvAQP3only (), FwAAT6only () and RvAAT6only (), Fw5430ATG () and Rv5430STOP (). The FwAQP2only or Fw14180 () primers were combined with RvAQP3only for the AQP2-3 PCR assays (lower panels in Fig. 2c). RNA analysisFor northern blotting, RNA was extracted from T. brucei using an RKit (Qiagen). 1. 5 µg of RNA was resolved on formaldehyde agarose gels in MOPS buffer and transferred to nylon membranes by capillary blotting. A digoxigenin (DIG)-labelled riboprobe was hybridized to the membrane and the transcript was detected using an anti-DIG antibody (Roche) with a chemiluminescent CDP-star substrate (Roche). rRNA stained with ethidium-bromide was used as loading control. Protein analysisTotal T. brucei extracts equivalent to 1 × 106 cells were separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and subjected to western blotting analysis according to the manufacturers’ instructions (BioRad).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: FigureAlthough sleep is a physical state in which a person becomes relatively physically inactive and unaware of the environment, the brain never ceases its activity. This recurrent state is characterized by reductions in interaction with and awareness of the environment, lowered motility and muscular activity, and partial or complete temporary suspension of voluntary consciousness and behavior. 1 When sleeping, humans alternate between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Each stage has its own signature brain activity. The polysomnogram is the primary tool for assessing sleep in the lab for both clinical and research purposes. During a polysomnogram, electroencephalography (EEG) and other sensors are used to categorize sleep in discrete stages. An EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain's neurons. In addition to EEG, common sleep studies also measure eye movements with electrooculography; muscle tone with electromyography (EMG); and cardiac activity with an ECG. Respiratory effort and effectiveness are measured with respiratory inductance plethysmography, pulse oximetry, and devices that measure apnea duration from airflow alteration, such as oronasal thermistry. 2 Stages of normal sleep NREM sleep comprises the majority of the total sleep time in adults. NREM sleep is divided into three substages: stage N1, stage N2, and stage N3. Stage N1 A transition between wakefulness and sleep characterized by mixed EEG frequency of 4-7 Hertz (theta) for at least 50% of the epoch (30-second segment) and relatively low voltage, accounting for 10% or less of a total night's sleep in young adults. 3 Stage N2 This stage is characterized by transient sleep spindles; EEG activity of 12-14 Hz which lasts a minimum of 0. 5 seconds; and K complexes, EEG waves lasting about 0. 5 seconds with a well-delineated negative deflection immediately followed by a positive one, creating a tracing resembling the letter K. 3 High spindle frequency is correlated with sleep maintenance and brain plasticity and negatively correlated with mental health. 4,5 Stage N3 Due to the large delta waves produced on an EEG recording, Stage N3 is also sometimes referred to as deep or delta sleep. A delta wave has an amplitude of greater than 75 millivolts and lasts at least 0. 5 seconds with a low frequency (. 05-2 Hz).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: MethodsOverviewOur study was conducted across 2 diverse pediatric endocrinology sites in Southern California, University of Children’s Hospital (UCLA) in Westwood and Miller Children’s and Women’s Hospital (MCH) in Long Beach. Electronic health record (EHR) data were retrospectively collected for pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes (based on the ICD-10 [Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision] codes at visits) using Dexcom CGM who presented for at least 1 outpatient follow-up appointment during the study window of calendar year 2021. We included visits with patients who were aged 5-21 years old with disease duration at least 1-year, last HbA1c <10%, a minimum of 70% CGM use, and no serious and possibly confounding medical conditions. We excluded patients that were documented to have type 2 diabetes or indeterminate type. Baseline demographic information collected from the EHR included patient age, sex, race, ethnicity, duration of disease, insurance type, and insulin pump use. For each visit, and GMI were collected from the app at 4 different time points, that is, 4 weeks and 2 weeks before each visit and then 2 weeks and 4 weeks afterward. Notably, the parameters for each 4-week period were inclusive of the corresponding 2-week period. Changes from baseline analyses were examined comparing TIR and GMI values from 4 weeks before the visit with the values obtained at 2 and 4 weeks post visit. Because of this design, analyses were performed at the visit level to look for changes in these parameters to account for patients presenting for multiple visits during the study window. Completion of screening laboratory tests completion was defined as a binary outcome and considered “complete” if all recommended laboratory tests were up to date by the next outpatient visit. EHR data were also collected on all diabetic emergencies following each visit during the study window, defined as a binary yes/no for the occurrence of glucagon use or a diabetes-related emergency department visits or hospitalization occurring before the next outpatient visit. Ethical ConsiderationsInstitutional review board approval was obtained at both UCLA (IRB#21-002033) and MCH (IRB #278-22). Patient consent was waived given retrospective chart review study design.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Plasmid pSG1144, carrying an F-type of replicational origin, a trfA-oriV replicon from plasmid R2 [27], a chloramphenicol resistance gene and a T7 promoter, was obtained from (). Inducible variants of orf238 and ctxvp60 were constructed by cloning the genes in the multiple cloning site of pSG1144 (Additional file 1). Genes ctxvp60 opt and ctxvp60 dezopt were synthesized by Gen(). Plasmids were prepared using IS-free, MDS42 host strain. Standard laboratory media LB and LB-agar plates were used during the cultivations [28]. Chloramphenicol and ampicillin were added at 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml final concentrations, respectively. PCR primersTable 1 lists the oligonucleotides used in our experiments. Table 1 Primers used in this study. Full size tableAnalysis of mutationsTo analyze the mutational spectrum of the ctxvp60 gene, a 2481-bp segment was amplified from the mutant cells using the primer pair T7/chi3. The amplified fragments were resolved on a 1% agarose gel and compared to a fragment generated from the wild-type template. Identical size indicated mutations affecting only one or a few nucleotides, a decrease in size or failure of amplification indicated a deletion, and an increase in size suggested an IS insertion. In case of insertion mutants, the identity and the localization of ISes were determined by PCR using IS- and plasmid-specific primer pairs. For 12 mutants, insertions sites were further analyzed by sequencing. Growth measurements and statisticsGrowth characteristics were monitored in liquid medium in 100-well Honeycomb 2 plates (). Growth curves were taken by following the optical densities (O. D. ) at 540nm in each well using the (). Ten parallels of resuspended colonies for each plasmid-host combination were grown to saturation in ten wells at 37°C using continuous shaking in 200 μl LB medium supplemented with 25 ug/ml chloramphenicol, if required. The orf238 containing plasmids were grown in the presence and in the absence of IPTG. IPTG was added to induce the cultures at 0. 35 O. D. in 0. 6 mM final concentration.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: 3 Additionally, deep sleep has been called “restorative sleep” because cellular repair is very active in this stage. 5,6 Stage N3 accounts for 10% to 20% of the sleep period in young to middle-aged adults but declines with age. 3 The largest portion of N3 occurs in the early part of the sleep period and is characterized by slumber from which it is difficult to be aroused. 3 During N3, parasomnias, such as sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting are most likely to occur. 3 REM sleep (stage R) REM sleep is also called stage R or “dream sleep” due to the vivid dreams that occur during this stage and is divided into phasic REM sleep and tonic REM sleep. Bursts of rapid eye movements occur during phasic REM sleep and low muscle tone with corresponding limited motor activity during tonic REM sleep. 3 Suppression of muscle tone occurs during this stage. 1 EEG demonstrates a low voltage, mixed EEG pattern. Sawtooth waves are a common finding during REM sleep; these 2-6 Hz wave patterns are sharply contoured and occur in brief bursts. 3 Deprivation of REM sleep results in a lack of memory consolidation. 7 End of cycle Completing REM sleep ends a “sleep cycle,” defined as the regular alteration between NREM and REM, with each cycle lasting approximately 90 minutes. 1 Sleep requirements The amount of daily sleep for average adults is 7. 5 to 9 hours, while children need longer periods. 1 The timing of the sleep period also naturally varies across the lifespan. In addition to changes in sleep timing, the time spent in different sleep stages also varies over the lifespan: older adults spend less time in stage N3 and REM but more in stage N2. 8 This decrease in stage N3 has implications for healing in this population since N3 is critical for cellular repair. 1 extra hours of sleep above and beyond the normal requirements is necessary to decrease sleep debt. Making up for lost sleep is most efficiently accomplished by going to bed earlier rather than sleeping later into the morning; unfortunately, this does not eliminate severe sleep debt for most individuals. 9 Sleeping regular hours all week long can decrease sleep debt.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Statistical MethodsPatient characteristics were summarized overall and by site using means, SDs, medians, and IQRs for continuous variables, and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. The number of visits per patient were also summarized overall and by visit type (in-person vs telemedicine). Random effects models were used for all statistical analyses since multiple visits could be potentially included for each patient. First, to examine differences in TIR and GMI over time, we conducted a linear mixed effects model using data from both sites with fixed effects for time (2 weeks and 4 weeks) and the baseline value (4 weeks before the visit). We then compared changes in TIR and GMI from baseline (4 weeks before the visit) with 2 and 4 weeks post visit by visit modality using a linear mixed effects model with fixed effects for visit type (ie, telemedicine vs in-person visit) and the baseline measurement. A second model added an interaction term between time and visit type to determine if any changes by visit type differed by time point. Multivariate models were also constructed to assess the effect of potential confounding variables collected such as age, sex, site, duration of disease, race, ethnicity, insurance type, and pump use that could affect measured outcomes. A mixed effects logistic regression model was used to determine if there was an association between visit type and the odds of completing screening laboratory tests. All analyses were conducted in SAS (version 9. 4; SAS Institute). P values of <. 05 were considered statistically significant. ResultsA total of 535 visits across 278 patients at both sites were considered, of which 269 outpatient visits met inclusion criteria among 135 unique patients. Of these, 81 visits among 39 patients took place at UCLA and the remaining 188 visits among 96 patients were at MCH. Of all included visits, 111 were performed by telemedicine (41. 2%, Figure 1). A total of 73 patients within the study were male (n=73, 54. 1%), mean age was 13. 3 years old, and mean duration of type 1 diabetes was 5 years. There were no significant differences in these metrics between sites. However, insurance type, race, and ethnicity varied significantly between UCLA and MCH. Of the patients seen at UCLA (36/39, 92. 3%) had private insurance compared with only (43/96, 44. 8%) of patients seen at MCH.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: When testing the effect of pCTXVP60 on the growth of strains harboring various numbers of IS elements, the median O. D. value of the ten parallel cultures corresponding to each strain (MG1655, MDS12, MDS30 and MDS42) was calculated and plotted for every time point. RNA isolation from colonies and transformation with pCTXVP60, small and large colonies were collected separately from the transformation plate. Cells from small and large colonies were resuspended into fresh minimal medium and the O. D. of the suspensions were adjusted to 1. 0. RNA was isolated from the suspensions using the isolation kit with (Qiagen, Düsseldorf, Germany), supplemented with lysozyme from White (Sigma, St. ). DNA contamination was digested using DNAseI from (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) for 45 min at 37°C in the presence of 10 mM Tris (Sigma, St. ) and 2. 25 mM MgCl2 (Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania). The reaction was stopped by adding 2. 5 mM EDTA (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and incubation at 65°C for 10 min. cDNA was synthesized from purified- and DNase-treated RNA samples using the Strand cDNA (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) with random hexanucleotide primers, according to manufacturer's instructions. The cDNA samples were used as templates in the following PCR using ORFstart and ORFstop primers, specific to the previously identified small ORF region of the ctxvp60 transcript. Primers groL1 and groL2 were used as positive controls. Cell imagingCells were incubated 30 mins. at 37°C with 10 μM nonyl acridine orange (NAO) and 10 μg/ml Ethidium bromide (EtBr). DNA staining was performed using 500 ng/ml 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for 10 minutes after 70% ethanol fixation (30 mins) and PBS washes. Two percent agarose gel blocks (1 cm × 1 cm) were used to immobilize the cells on cover slips before microscopy observation. NAO, EtBr and DAPI were from.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Select sleep disorders REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) Idiopathic RBD, a sleep behavior disorder characterized by behaviors that can occur during a loss of REM sleep atonia and dream-enactment behaviors, has gained attention as a prodromal marker for neurodegenerative disorders, including and Lewy body dementia. 3,10 Sleep paralysis Sleep paralysis is the complete inability to move for 1 or 2 minutes when waking or falling asleep. Sleep paralysis is a feature of narcolepsy. 11 Rarely do healthy individuals experience sleep paralysis unless they are severely sleep-deprived. 11 narcolepsy, a syndrome of daytime sleepiness with cataplexy, transient muscle weakness can occur with brief episodes of muscle paresis as the patient directly enters into REM from being awake. 3,12 Cataplexy can be triggered by events stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, such as excitement or laughter. 3,12 Hypnagogic hallucinations, which are defined as vivid, often frightening sensory experiences not generated by external stimuli, perceptions, or mental activity also occur during an uncoupling of sleep and wakefulness. 3 In these situations, REM, with accompanying sleep paralysis and dreaming, occurs after awakening. 13 Sleep-related breathing disorders Sleep-related breathing disorders are characterized by abnormal respiration during sleep; they occur in both adults and children. There are four major groups of sleep-related breathing disorders: central sleep apnea syndromes (a lack of signals from the brain to initiate breathing), obstructive sleep apnea syndromes (breathing interrupted by soft tissue obstruction of the airway), sleep-related hypoventilation disorders (breathing that is too shallow or too slow to produce adequate oxygenation), and sleep-related hypoxemia disorder (decreased oxygenation without high enough levels of CO2 to initiate adequate breathing). Functions of sleep The body performs biological housekeeping during sleep, such as tissue repair and removing waste from the brain. 14-17 During non-REM sleep, blood supply increases to muscles, energy is restored, tissues grow and are repaired, and children release growth hormones. Therefore, sleep deprivation can impact growth. 18,19 Inadequate sleep can result from a child's environment or amphetamine-based medications prescribed for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: A majority of patients seen at UCLA were White (29/39, 74. 4%), followed by Asian (2/39, 5. 1%) with (7/39, 17. 9%) documented as “Other” or “Unknown” and (1/39, 2. 6%) with Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Conversely, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity comprised (57/96, 59. 4%) of patients seen at MCH, followed by White at (25/96, 26%), Black at (7/96, 7. 3%), and (10/96, 10. 4%) documented as “Other” or “Unknown. ” Finally, most patients across both sites used an insulin pump, encompassing (23/39, 59%) of UCLA patients and (52/96, 54. 2%) of MCH patients (Table 1). Across all visits, mean TIR increased by 1. 63% and 1. 35% during the 2-week and 4-week period after each visit, respectively (P=. 003 and P=. 01, respectively; Figure 2). Mean GMI decreased by 0. 07% and 0. 06% during the 2-week and 4-week period after each visit, respectively (P=. 003 and P=. 02, respectively; Figure 3). TIR and GMI at 2 and 4 weeks post visit were not statistically different from each other (P=. 61 and P=. 51, respectively). Following telemedicine visits, TIR increased from baseline by 1. 9% at 2 weeks and 1. 7% at 4 weeks, while those seen in-person had TIR improvement from baseline of 1. 4% at 2 weeks and 1. 1% at 4 weeks. This change in TIR between visit modality was not significant at either time point (P=. 54 and P=. 48, respectively; Figure 2). GMI following telemedicine visits decreased from baseline by 0. 1% at 2 weeks and 0. 08% at 4 weeks, while those seen in-person had GMI decrease from baseline by 0. 06% at 2 weeks and 0. 05% at 4 weeks. This change in GMI between visit modality was also not significant at either time point (P=. 39 and P=. 44, respectively; Figure 3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed using FV1000 confocal laser scanning microscope () equipped with 60× (oil, NA:1. 35) objective. Fluoview software (version 1. 7. 2. 2), DAPI images were pseudo colored red. Bioinformatic analysis of E. coli IS sequences in shotgun dataShotgun sequencing data from early genome sequencing projects (Sanger method), where clone libraries of various genomes were constructed and maintained in E. coli host, provide a large dataset for checking the frequency of host IS contamination of the cloned sequences. Sequence reads were fetched from the. Bacterial and archaeal genomes were analyzed when individual read sequences, assembled sequence, annotations, and experimental notes were available. We built two BLAST databases for each analyzed organism, one from the read sequences, and the other from the assembled genome. A representative set of E. coli K12 MG1655 (U00096) IS elements was compiled, and expanded by an IS10 sequence from DH10B (NC_010473). Database queries were done by nucleotide level BLAST searches. To produce a conservative estimate for the number of insertion events, stringent parameter settings (expectation value 0. 1, minimum score 75, minimum run length 40 nucleotides) were used. Reads from possibly non-cloning sequencing, with "finishing", "primerwalk", "454" annotations were carefully removed. The first pass of BLAST used IS sequence baits against shotgun read databases. This round of BLAST caught reads that contain some E. coli IS-like sequences. With these reads as baits, a second round of BLAST mapped the genomic sequence parts of the reads onto the assembled genomes. Using IS baits, genome segments with matches to E. coli IS sequences were identified next. Potentially, these segments contain endogenous IS elements (and not elements acquired in the cloning process), and were excluded from further analysis. Using the remaining segments as queries, the read databases were searched, and all the reads matching to IS-acquiring segments were identified. Finally, reads collected at this pass were BLAST-ed against the assembled genomes, to find and retain only the reciprocal best hits. This back-and-forth BLAST-ing identified genome segments from which some cloning inserts acquired E. coli IS elements during the shotgun sequencing process.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: 20 Paradoxically, children exhibiting signs and symptoms of sleep deprivation, such as an inability to concentrate, may be misdiagnosed with ADHD. 21 Without adequate sleep, the body is at a disadvantage in completing repairs. 14,17,22 This is particularly important in the hospital setting, where patients must adequately recuperate from illness or surgery. A hospital's noisy environment may keep patients awake, and hourly patient assessments will arouse them, diminishing their ability to heal. Sleep is also important for emotional well-being. Persistent sleep deprivation can cause significant mood swings, erratic behavior, and hallucinations. 23 Sleep insufficiency Research has shown that decreased sleep is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. 24 Chronic sleep loss is associated with immunodeficiency, as evidenced by increased susceptibility to viral infections, such as the common cold. 25-27 Chronic sleep insufficiency is correlated with increased heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, dementia, and obesity. 28-31 Without enough sleep, the ability to perform even simple tasks, such as substituting one symbol for another or recognizing letters, dramatically declines. 32 Without adequate sleep, the brain's ability to consolidate information is diminished through decreased long-term potentiation of neuronal synaptic strength, which is associated with learning and memory. 33,34 Being less alert, attentive, and unable to concentrate effectively has obvious implications for nurses providing patient care. 35 Night and shift work Working the night shift impacts sleep-related processes. For example, artificial light at night extends the body's perception of natural daylight and delays the secretion of melatonin that promotes sleep onset. 22 Treatment with exogenous melatonin has positive effects on sleep quality in patients with primary sleep and metabolic disorders, and respiratory diseases. However, exogenous melatonin use is not without potential adverse reactions, including daytime sleepiness, headaches, and dizziness, agitation, and increased bedwetting in children. Exogenous melatonin may also interact with anticoagulation and antiepileptic drugs; the safety of long-term melatonin use has not been established with controlled studies. 36-39 Night-shift workers have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. 40 Shift work, night work, and changing schedules all contribute to sleep disturbance in healthcare workers. 41 Also, research has highlighted gastrointestinal problems related to rotating shifts, such as deregulation of appetite. 42-44 Leptin, the hormone that regulates appetite, is negatively correlated with sleep.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: After adjusting for site, age, sex, race, ethnicity, insurance type, and duration of disease, baseline values of TIR and GMI that were farther from goal were associated with a greater improvement (P=. 02 and P<. 001, respectively). In addition, pump use was found to be associated with improvement in TIR, but not GMI (P=. 045 and P=. 36, respectively). Site, age, sex, race, ethnicity, insurance type, and duration of disease were not statistically associated with CGM metrics. Screening laboratory tests were completed following 81/111 telemedicine visits (73%) compared with 138/157 visits in-person (87. 9%) with 1 patient seen in-person lost to follow-up. This difference was statistically significant with patients seen in-person being 2. 69 times more likely to have up-to-date screening laboratory tests by the next visit compared with those seen by telemedicine (P=. 03). Diabetic emergencies could not be assessed following 9 visits where patients were lost to follow-up at the time of the data collection. However, there were only 2 instances (0. 8%) of documented interim diabetic emergencies, and so were deemed too infrequent to meaningfully analyze. Figure 1. Visit breakdown. Table 1. Patient demographics. CharacteristicsUCLAa (n=39)MCHb (n=96)Overall (n=135)Sex, male, n (%)19 (48. 7)54 (56. 3)73 (54. 1)Age (years), mean13. 513. 213. 3Duration (years), mean5. 15. 05. 0Private insurance, n (%)36 (92. 3)43 (44. 8)79 (58. 5)Pump use, n (%)23 (59)52 (54. 2)75 (55. 6)Race or ethnicity, n (%)White29 (74. 4)25 (26. 0)54 (40. 0)Hispanic or Latinoc1 (2. 6)57 (59. 4)58 (43. 0)Black0 (0)7 (7. 3)7 (5. 2)Asian2 (5. 1)3 (3. 1)5 (3. 7)Native Hawaiian0 (0)1 (1. 0)1 (0. 7)American Indian1 (2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Also, the procedure yielded the reads that genuinely map to these segments, including those that contain acquired E. coli IS sequences. To find the functions of the genes encoded in these segments, GenBank annotations were parsed. The relationships of reads, IS elements, genome segments and gene annotations were overlaid in simple diagrams. Supporting online material. Nucleotide sequences of pCTXVP60, pCTXVP60frameshift, pSG1144-orf238, pSG1144-ctxvp60, pSG1144-ctxvp60opt, and pSG1144-ctxvp60dezopt, codon use of ctxvp60 opt and ctxvp60 dezopt, as well as data related to the structure prediction of ORF238 can be found at and at the end of this 1655. Upon transformation by plasmid pCTXVP60, heterogeneous colonies of transformants were obtained on agar plates (Fig. 1A). While the majority of the colonies were small, slow-growing, and translucent, a few percent showed normal growth and appearance, as compared to control pCTX clones (not shown). Upon prolonged incubation, eventually all small colonies started to develop sectors of normal growth. A preliminary analysis of the cells from normal, healthy colonies showed that the plasmids recovered had altered restriction digestion patterns, primarily due to IS element insertions in the fusion gene [24]. An extended analysis of 100 colonies by PCR spanning the fusion gene confirmed the extreme instability of the plasmid. A vast majority, 92%, of the large colonies carried plasmids with IS insertions, while 8% displayed deletions or no alteration detectable by PCR. Insertion events were due to IS1, IS3, and IS5 translocations, as detected by using IS-specific PCR primers. Insertion sites were determined by sequencing 12 clones. All IS insertions occurred in the 5' third of the fusion gene, in the ctx part or near the 5' end of vp60. Results of the analysis are summarized in Fig. 2. Figure 1Transformants of pCTXVP60/MG1655 (A) and pCTXVP60/MDS42 (B) on LB plates containing chloramphenicol. Arrows indicate sectors of colonies that have arisen by outgrowth of cells harboring mutated plasmids.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: 31 Increased food intake associated with sleep loss can lead to weight gain through changes in hormone secretion, increasing hunger. 45,46 Furthermore, irregular meal times contribute to sleep disturbances, such as the ability to maintain sleep-wake schedules, and are particularly problematic when eating close to bedtime. 47 Possible links between chronic sleep insufficiency and dementia have also been documented, but not all studies report consistent results. 44,48 Fatigue has been shown to be significantly associated with night work, less than 11 hours between shifts, shifts greater than 10 hours, and sleep disturbance in night-shift workers. 49 High levels of poor sleep quality have been found in nurses, with the worst quality exhibited by those of the evening chronotype (night owls versus larks). 50 Nurses working rotating shifts may spend more time in bed than their day-working counterparts but exhibit poorer quality of sleep. 51 Sleep deprivation that impairs both short- and long-term memory can negatively impact nurses' ability to provide high-quality care. 52 Sleep hygiene Multiple studies have shown that information about sleep hygiene promotes better sleep:53 Regular bedtime and rise time: maintain a consistent bedtime and wake-up time, even on your days off. Keeping “anchor hours,” or four hours of consistent and fixed slumber daily helps reduce the negative impact of changing schedules on fatigue. To make up sleep, go to bed earlier and do not sleep later into the morning. 51 Exercise in the morning or early afternoon, particularly 4-6 hours before bedtime. Avoid caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. If used, do not consume them near sleep onset. For example, although alcohol may help you fall asleep, it depresses REM sleep until metabolized and can cause a REM rebound resulting in awakening with vivid dreams that disrupt sleep. 54 Do not do anything in your bedroom except sleeping and having sex. 56,57 White noise, interpreted as a “hissing sound,” and pink noise, with characteristic frequency variation, have been shown to improve sleep. 58 Avoid napping. If you have any issues sleeping, you will only compound sleep problems. If you have no problems sleeping at night, they are not off-limits but should be a full sleep cycle, which means in increments of 90 minutes. If you cannot sleep 90 minutes, never nap longer than 20 minutes. This will keep you from entering stage N3, deep sleep.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 6)0 (0)1 (0. 7)Other2 (5. 1)7 (7. 3)9 (6. 7)Unknown5 (12. 8)3 (3. 1)8 (5. 9)aUCLA: University of California, Los Angeles. bMCH: Miller Children’s and Women’s Hospital. cIn the EHR, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity is coded separately and lists race as “other. ”Figure 2. Time in range. Figure 3. Glucose management indicator. DiscussionPrincipal FindingsOur study demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in both TIR and GMI at 2 and 4 weeks after outpatient type 1 diabetes visits compared with baseline values during 4 weeks before. This improvement was observed even after adjusting for patient demographics and study site and was similar by visit modality, indicating that clinically stable pediatric patients using CGM from diverse backgrounds can have immediate improvement in glycemic control following both telemedicine and in-person visits. While not statistically significant, there were greater improvements in TIR and GMI in the immediate 2-week postvisit period, with a slight reversal toward baseline at the 4-week period. Possible explanations include recency of reviewed diabetes education at the outpatient visit (ie, decreased retention of information over time), or potential decrease in motivation to follow recommendations as more time elapsed following a clinical encounter. This would be expected to be more prominent for patients on multiple daily injections since with insulin pump therapy, settings are programmed directly into the pump which alleviates some patient burden for remembering and incorporating dose adjustments. This may result in a greater likelihood for the patients on pumps to be compliant with current insulin regimen recommendations. Regardless, an overall improvement in both TIR and GMI was maintained at 4-weeks post visit, though the magnitude of these changes was small. Goal TIR is typically at least 70% and extrapolating GMI to HbA1c targets suggest an ideal value of <7% (53 mmol/mol) for most pediatric patients [2,11]. This reinforces a need for multiple outpatient visits or insulin regimen adjustments over time to attain a clinically relevant, maintained change in TIR or GMI. We found no significant difference in improvements in our CGM parameters of interest between patients seen in-person versus by telemedicine.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Full size imageFigure 2Map of ctxvp60 orf238 with IS insertion sites. Tick-marks on orf238 indicate potential translational re-initiation sites. F marks the site of a frame-shift mutation introduced in the 5' end of vp60 (Additional file 1). Full size imageSimilar heterogeneity of pCTXVP60 transformants was observed in other regular E. coli hosts, including DH5α, DH10B or C600. In contrast, transformants of IS-less MDS42 [24] displayed a nearly uniform morphology (Fig. 1B) on LB plates. Colonies generally displayed moderately retarded growth, and only < 0. 1% of the colonies was larger, showing normal growth. Generally, plasmid DNA recovered from cultures using MDS42 host yielded unaltered restriction digestion pattern and nucleotide sequence (data not shown). Growth retardation effect of pCTXVP60 is due to an artificial byproduct, a Leu-rich ORFThe synthetic fusion gene ctxvp60 contains a large number of rare Arg ( 1 AGG, 21 AGA) codons. It was assumed that translation of ctxvp60 exerts a toxic effect on the cell by exhausting the rare tRNAArg pool and thus rendering it unavailable for the synthesis of essential proteins. To test this hypothesis, two new versions of ctxvp60 were synthesized. Version ctxvp60 opt was codon-optimized for E. coli and carried no rare codons, while ctxvp60 dezopt contained the rare AGG codons for all the 22 arginines (Additional files 2 and 3). Both versions were cloned in pSG1144 (Additional file 1), using MG1655-T7 host. Surprisingly, induced expression of both constructs, optimized and deoptimized, had only a minor negative effect on the growth of the cell, comparable to that seen with the vector plasmid (Fig. 3). Figure 3Effect of ORF238-expression on cell growth. MDS42-T7 cells harboring derivatives of the original ctxvp60 sequence inserted into the pSG1144 vector were grown in LB at 37°C. Overnight liquid cultures from colonies of freshly transformed cells were diluted into fresh medium and divided into two flasks.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: If you nap long enough to enter deep sleep, but do not complete a full 90-minute sleep cycle, you will not feel refreshed. 59,60 If you use an alarm to awaken, be sure to calculate how many 90-minute cycles you can get in after adding the time it normally takes you to fall asleep. Once you calculate how many cycles you can sleep, set the alarm for the end of a cycle. Do not add in those extra few minutes you long for, you will feel worse, not better, by waking yourself during a cycle. 58 Keep your bedroom cool. Natural sleep onset occurs as body temperature decreases. 51 Nursing implications Simple interventions, such as reducing noise at night, could help patients sleep more productively. Scheduling patient checks on a 90-minute interval (if clinical status allows) instead of hourly or every 2 hours, as is a common practice, could also enhance patient sleep by allowing for full sleep cycles. Avoid unnecessary light during patient turning or routine checks to minimize sleep disturbance. 51 Routine environmental cleaning could occur during regular daytime periods rather than nighttime. Sleep deprivation is positively correlated with decreased vigilance and work performance and workplace deviance, such as incivility and cyberloafing, which is the engagement in non-work-related online activities during work time. 61-63 In addition, circadian misalignment related to nightwork may be linked to aggression. 63 Knowledge of sleep and its impact on performance and health is important for nurses and their patients. Nurses should teach patients about sleep and its importance in health and well-being. 1. . Sleep: A Scientific Perspective. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1988:2. 2. . Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults. CMAJ. 2017;189(48):E1481–E1488. doi:10. 1503/cmaj. 170296. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 3. Kirch D. Stages and architecture of normal sleep. UpToDate. 2022. www. uptodate. com/contents/stages-and-architecture-of-normal-sleep? search=sleep&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=3#H630021532. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Previous studies have shown that telemedicine is not inferior to in-person visits in terms of key diabetes clinical outcomes among patients on CGM [16]. A likely reason is that data provided by CGM can be easily generated and transmitted remotely, and thus, easily incorporated into a telemedicine type 1 diabetes outpatient visit. Therefore, when CGM data are available, the option for telemedicine encounters in patients who are clinically stable can be a viable alternative to traditional in-person assessment. Completion of screening laboratory tests was significantly higher among patients seen in-person compared with those seen through telemedicine. This may be explained by the accessibility of on-site laboratory tests available to patients seen in-person (ie, blood samples in the laboratory can be conveniently collected after the visit). Patients seen in-person at UCLA always had access to an on-site laboratory, while only patients with public insurance seen at MCH could have blood drawn in the laboratory on site due to insurance contracts. Because not all pediatric endocrinology practices have access to an on-site laboratory, our findings may not be wholly generalizable. Two recent 0. 8% of visits). Certainly, this is influenced by the inclusion criteria of last HbA1c <10% as poorly controlled patients are at much higher risk for hyperglycemia-related emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Another possible explanation could be the previously reported protective nature of CGM use. This was reiterated by a recent publication from the type 1 diabetes exchange data showing that CGM users were about one third as likely to endure a diabetic ketoacidosis event compared with nonusers [22]. Baseline TIR and GMI values farther from goal were associated with greater magnitude of change. This is not surprising as these patients inherently have more room for improvement. Also, while maximizing TIR is an appropriate goal in all patients, minimizing GMI in those with near optimal control can come at the cost of more frequent hypoglycemic episodes. However, we cannot exclude that a regression to the mean may also contribute to the bigger improvement in those with worse baselines. Pump use was also associated with greater improvement in TIR from baseline, although not in GMI. This implies that patients using insulin pumps had more blood sugars centered within the target range, while not necessarily affecting average blood sugar.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: One of each pairs was induced by adding 1 mM of IPTG after 90 minutes growth (A+, B+, C+, D+ cultures, solid arrow), with the exception of E+, to which IPTG was added at 120 minutes (arrow with dashed line). (A, A+) pSG1144 vector (B, B+) pSG1144-ctxvp60 (C, C+) pSG1144-ctxvp60opt (D, D+) pSG1144-ctxvp60dezopt (E, E+) pSG1144-orf238. Full size imageOn the other hand, a frame-shift mutation of ctxvp60, introduced in a position near the 5' end of the vp60 part (Fig. 2; Additional file 1), did not relieve the growth retardation effect of the plasmid (data not shown). All these results indicate that neither the CTXVP60 protein per se, nor the supposed rare tRNA depletion phenomenon is the cause of the toxic effect of pCTXVP60. A thorough inspection of the original ctxvp60 gene revealed the presence of a 238 aa ORF (ORF238) out of the original reading frame. ORF238 spans the joint between ctx and vp60 and extends into the 5' part of vp60 (for coordinates, see Fig. 2). Translation of ORF238 results in an extremely Leu-rich (102 Leu residues) protein (Additional file 4). The hydrophobic nature of the protein and its four putative transmembrane domains (predicted with [29] and DAS-TMfilter [30, 31]) strongly suggest that it integrates in the cell membranes, and might be the cause of the toxic effect (Additional file 4). To test the hypothesis that ORF238 was the culprit of the growth defect, it was cloned as an inducible construct in plasmid pSG1144. Upon induction, expression of ORF238 resulted in a phenotype identical to that of the original ctxvp60 cloned in the same plasmid. Growth retardation of the culture, due to induction of ORF238, is demonstrated in Fig. 3. Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging of the cells expressing either CTXVP60 or ORF238 confirmed its inhibitory role.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Miner B, Kryger MH. Sleep in the aging population. Clin. 2020;15(2):311–318. | PubMed 25. . The sleep-immune crosstalk in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(3):1325–1380. | PubMed | CrossRef 26. Sleep deprivation, immune suppression and SARS-CoV-2 infection. . 2022;19(2):904. doi:10. 3390/ijerph19020904. 27. Cirelli C. Insufficient sleep: definition, epidemiology, and adverse outcomes. UpToDate. 2023. www. uptodate. com/contents/insufficient-sleep-definition-epidemiology-and-adverse-outcomes? search=sleep%20deprivation%20adult&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H433566388. 28. van Associations between sleep duration and sleep debt with insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in the EGIR-RISC Study. Diabetes Metab. 2019;45(4):375–381. | PubMed | CrossRef 29. Arora A, Pell D, van. How do associations between sleep duration and metabolic health differ with age in the UK general population. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0242852. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0242852. 30. King's College reports findings in type 2 diabetes (The impact of sleep debt on excess adiposity and insulin sensitivity in patients with early type 2 diabetes mellitus). Obesity & Diabetes Week. 2016;28. link. gale. com/apps/doc/A458493330/HRCA? u=txshracd2626&sid=HRCA&xid=27a9067f. 31. . The role of sleep curtailment on leptin levels in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Obes Facts. 2021;14(2):214–221. doi:10. 1159/000514095. 32. Nikles J, Mitchell GK, de R, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of sleep hygiene in children with ADHD. Med. 2020;25(4):497–518. | PubMed | CrossRef 33.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: This decreased variability has been historically reported in patients on insulin pumps, and intuitively makes sense if using a hybrid-closed loop algorithm that acts to mitigate both hypo- and hyperglycemia [23]. Our study design had several key strengths including a diverse patient population across both centers representing a spectrum of pediatric ages, durations of disease, and insurance types. Furthermore, within the study period many patients were seen by both telemedicine and in-person visits which mitigated potential patient demographic differences when comparing visit modality. However, there are several notable limitations of this study. This was a retrospective analysis of EHR data so our findings are subject to confounding factors that may have contributed to the patient or health care team decisions on whether to perform an in-person or telehealth visit. In addition, our results are limited to patients who met inclusion criteria of using Dexcom CGM with most recent HbA1c <10%, and therefore may not be generalizable to children and adolescents using other CGM devices or traditional finger sticks for glucose monitoring, with lower CGM adherence rates, or with higher HbA1c levels. Furthermore, there is potential for sampling bias since patients already using CGM to manage diabetes may have increased motivation or investment in their care to follow recommendations from outpatient encounters which could manifest as improved clinical outcomes. In addition, since rates of completion of screening laboratory tests were measured by being up to date by the following visit, it includes visits in which patients were not due for any screening laboratory tests and so it is possible that our 2 cohorts already had a baseline difference in the necessity for screening laboratory testing. Finally, our data are limited to 269 total patient encounters and therefore, larger scale and prospective trials are needed to verify our findings as well as to adequately analyze the risks of low frequency events such as diabetes emergencies. ConclusionOur study found small but statistically significant improvements in TIR and GMI within 2-4 weeks following outpatient pediatric type 1 diabetes visits, which was not statistically different whether conducted in-person or through telemedicine. Because of the small magnitude of these changes, subsequent visits and CGM reviews remain important to achieve clinically relevant improvements over time. However, our study found that completion of screening laboratory tests occurred more often following in-person visits which highlights the importance of alternating between periodic telemedicine and in-person visits at a frequency according to individual patient care needs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Nucleic acid staining (Ethidium bromide or DAPI) combined with differential interference contrast (DIC) imaging and membrane staining (nonyl acridine orange) revealed that cell division is impaired, resulting in slow-growing, abnormally long cells with aberrant nucleoids (Fig. 4B, E, F). Untransformed (MG1655) or uninduced ORF238-harboring cells, on the other hand, displayed normal phenotype and size distribution (Fig 4A, C, D). Figure 4Fluorescence microscopy images (A-F) of cells harboring control and toxic plasmids. Plasmids and host cells are indicated for each panel. While toxic constructs pCTXVP60 (B) or induced ORF238 (E,F) give rise to abnormally long cells, untransformed MG1655 cells (A) and uninduced ORF238 (C,D) cells displayed no defects. Insets of (A) and (B) show nonyl acridine orange-stained (green) membranes superimposed onto ethidium bromide stained (red) nucleoids. DAPI stained nucleoids (pseudocolored red) are shown in (C) and (E). Arrowheads in (B) and (E) indicate abnormal, stretched or multiple nucleoids in undivided cells. Scalebars: 2 μm. Full size imageISes integrated in ctxvp60 block transcription of the Leu-rich integrations, found in pCTXVP60, occurred either upstream or in the 5' end region of ORF238. It was assumed that ISes landing in this region relieve the cell from stress by blocking transcription of ORF238. To prove this, we showed that RNA prepared from cells harboring pCTXVP60 contained transcripts of the toxic gene detectable by RT-PCR. However, when picking a mutant with an IS1 or IS5 inserted into the 5' end of ctxvp60, transcripts of downstream sequences could not be detected (Fig. 5). Figure 5RT PCR results confirm inhibition of transcription by IS 1 insertion. (A) Gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR products made from RNA prepared from cells harboring pCTXVP60IS1 or pCTXVP60, as indicated. Two parallel experiments were performed with each sample.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Niu S-F, Chung M-H, Chen C-H, Hegney D, O'Brien A, Chou K-R. The effect of shift rotation on employee cortisol profile, sleep quality, fatigue, and attention level: a systematic review. J Nurs Res. 2011;19(1):69–80. | Text | PubMed 53. Nikles J, Mitchell GK, de R, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of sleep hygiene in children with ADHD. Med. 2020;25(4):497–518. | PubMed | CrossRef 54. Effects of alcohol on polysomnographically recorded sleep in healthy subjects. Exp Res. 2006;30(9):1527–1537. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 55. Suni E. Sleep Hygiene: what it is, why it matters, and how to revamp your habits to get better nightly sleep. Sleep Foundation. 2022. www. sleepfoundation. org/sleep-hygiene. 56. . Noise as a sleep aid: a systematic review. Rev. 2021;55. doi:10. 1016/j. smrv. 2020. 101385. 57. Trotti LM. Waking up is the hardest thing I do all day: sleep inertia and sleep drunkenness. Rev. 2017;35:76–84. doi:10. 1016/j. smrv. 2016. 08. 005. | PubMed | CrossRef 58. Larson J, Watson S. How to deal with sleep inertia, that groggy feeling when you wake up. Healthline. 2020. www. healthline. com/health/sleep/how-to-deal-with-sleep-inertia#:~:text=Chances%20are%2C%20your%20morning%20grogginess,may%20feel%20groggy%20or%20disoriented. 59. . Investigating the non-work antecedents of workplace deviance. Manage. 2023;10(1):2171559. doi:10. 1080/23311975. 2023. 2171559. 60. Effects of six weeks of chronic sleep restriction with weekend recovery on cognitive performance and wellbeing in high-performing adults. Sleep. 2021;44(8):zsab051. doi:10. 1093/sleep/zsab051.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Since multiple outpatient visits are necessary for a clinically meaningful and maintained impact on glycemic control, hybrid approaches using both telemedicine and in-person visits for type 1 diabetes care in pediatric patients to improve access to care and visit efficiency is an area in need of further study. 497. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] on behalf of the Association. 14. Children and adolescents: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S230-S253. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: a position statement by the American diabetes association. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(9):2026-2044. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] T1. Longitudinal changes in continuous glucose monitoring use among individuals with type 1 diabetes: international comparison in the German and Austrian DPV and U. S. T1D exchange registries. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(1):e1-e2. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Rodbard D. Continuous glucose monitoring: a review of recent studies demonstrating improved glycemic outcomes. Ther. 2017;19(S3):S25-S37. [CrossRef] [Medline]Cardona-. Glycemic outcome associated with insulin pump and glucose sensor use in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Data from the international pediatric registry sweet. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(5):1176-1184. [CrossRef] [Medline]Mayer-' for Diabetes in Group. Diabetic retinopathy in the search for diabetes in youth cohort: a pilot study. Diabet Med. 2012;29(9):1148-1152. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]/. The diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study at 30 years: overview. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):9-16. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Control and Research Group. The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes. 1995;44(8):968-983.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Primers ORFstart and ORFstop were used in lanes 1-4, and control primers groL1 and groL2 in lanes 5-8. White arrows mark the expected sizes of the respective PCR products. (B) Map indicating the position of IS1, orf238 and PCR primers relative to the ctxvp60 gene. Full size imageGrowth dynamics and evolution of strains harboring pCTXVP60 is related to the number of genomic ISesGrowth characteristics of transformants of toxic and mutant plasmids were monitored in liquid medium. Ten parallels originating from 10 colonies were grown for each plasmid-host combination, and automatic O. D. -readings were taken in a instrument (Fig. 6). Figure 6Effect of ctxvp60 on cell growth. The graphs display growth curves of individual cultures, with the exception of panel E, where each line represents the median growth curve of 10 independent cultures. Cells were grown in LB at 37°C by inoculating colonies of freshly transformed cells grown on agar+Cam plates, with the exception of panel C, which displays cultures from panel A, re-inoculated into fresh medium at 1:100 volume. (A) pCTXVP60/MG1655, (B) pCTX/MG1655 (non-toxic control), (C) Re-inoculated pCTXVP60/MG1655 cultures from panel A, (D) pCTXVP60/MDS42, (E) pCTXVP60 in MDS cells with different number of resident ISes, indicated by the numbers, (F) pCTXVP60/MDS42+IS. Full size imageInitial growth of MG1655/pCTXVP60 stopped at ~O. D. = 0. 2-0. 5. However, after prolonged incubation, individual cultures resumed growth at various time points, and reached a final density comparable to the MG1655/pCTX control (Fig. 6A, B). Plasmids isolated from these outgrown cultures almost invariably contained ISes inserted in pCTXVP60. Reinoculation of the outgrown cultures into fresh medium resulted in uninterrupted, normal growth (Fig. 6C).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: in through your institution issuesearch term Advance 5214. Email: elshemm@auburn. edu Search for other works by this author on: 10. 1093/sleep/zsz078 Published: 04 April 2019 10. 1093/sleep/zsz195 10. 1093/sleep/zsz078 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issuesearch term issuesearch term attempted to identify the duration and quality of sleep associated with the optimal child outcomes in key developmental domains including cognitive functioning, academic performance, and mental health. In doing so, we examined nonlinear associations between the sleep and developmental variables. Based on racial/ethnic disparities in children’s sleep, we assessed this variable as a moderator of examined relations. MethodsTwo hundred eighty-two children participated (Mage = 9. 4 years, SD =. 72; 52% boys; 65% white/European American, 35% black/African American). Sleep was examined with actigraphy for seven consecutive nights and with self-reports. Actigraphy-based sleep duration (minutes) and quality (efficiency), as well as self-reported sleep quality were derived. Children reported on their mental health and were administered cognitive performance tests. Mothers and teachers reported on children’s mental health; teachers also reported on academic functioning. Schools provided academic achievement data. ResultsSleep duration had an accelerating nonlinear negative association with externalizing behaviors. Nonlinear associations were also detected between both actigraphy-derived and subjective reports of sleep quality and multiple developmental domains including academic functioning and mental health and the best functioning corresponded with the highest levels of sleep quality. Emphasizing the importance of individual differences, several examined associations were moderated by race/ethnicity. ConclusionsSleep duration and quality emerged as nonlinear predictors of multiple domains of child development. Findings illustrate that the benefits of longer and better-quality sleep did not taper off and that assessments of nonlinear relations may enhance understanding of the nature of associations between sleep and child functioning. sleep, children, actigraphy, cognitive functioning, academic achievement, mental healthStatement of SignificanceExamination and identification of what constitutes optimal sleep for various child outcomes is critical yet scarce.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Influence of synchronous primary care telemedicine versus in-person visits on diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia outcomes: a systematic review 2018. Three studies were conducted in the United States, 2 in Spain, 1 in Sweden, and 1 in the United Kingdom. The telemedicine interventions investigated were multifaceted. All included synchronous visits with a primary care provider through videoconferencing and/or telephone, combined with other components such as asynchronous patient data transmission. Five studies reported on HbA1c changes, 5 on blood pressure changes, and 3 on changes in lipid levels. Compared to usual care with in-person visits, telemedicine was associated with greater reductions in HbA1c at 6 months and similar HbA1c outcomes at 12 months. Telemedicine conferred no significant differences in blood pressure and lipid levels compared to in-person clinic visits. ConclusionsA systematic review of the literature found few studies comparing clinical outcomes resulting from synchronous telemedicine versus in-person office visits, but the existing literature showed that in the primary care setting, telemedicine was not inferior to in-person visits for the management of diabetes, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia. These results hold promise for continued use of telemedicine for chronic disease management. reports BackgroundTelemedicine is defined as the use of telecommunication and information technologies to provide clinical health care at a distance [1,2,3]. It includes a diverse array of technologies, such as synchronous virtual visits through videoconferencing or telephone consultations, and asynchronous transmission and interpretation of clinical data (e. g. , blood pressure readings, daily weights) [1, 4]. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine use increased dramatically [5], with a 154% increase in telemedicine encounters during the last week of March 2020 compared to the same surveillance period in 2019 [6]. Virtual visits reduced concerns regarding disease transmission and preserved personal protective equipment during the pandemic. Yet they also benefited patients with limited mobility [7] and difficulties with transportation or with taking time off work for appointments [8, 9]. In the United States, temporary federal and state regulatory changes during the pandemic allowed for greater patient access to telemedicine [5].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The results were consistent with the observed growth characteristics of transformants on agar plates: i) pCTXVP60 causes growth retardation, ii) in a stochastic manner, a fraction of the cells picks up an IS insertion in ctxvp60, due to the mobility of genomic ISes, iii) cells harboring an IS-inactivated ORF238 resume normal growth and quickly become dominant in the culture. In contrast, growth of MDS42/pCTXVP60 displayed a nearly uniform pattern. Initial growth of the cultures stopped at ~O. D. = 0. 3, and only one culture of 10 parallels grew eventually to high density (Fig. 6D). Plasmid isolated from this dense culture revealed a deletion in ctxvp60. Results indicate that the primary route to inactivation of the toxic gene is via IS translocation. Next, strains representing the various stages of the genome reduction process (MG1655, MDS12, MDS30, MDS42), and thus harboring various numbers of ISes (44, 25, 5, and 0, respectively) were transformed with pCTXVP60. The median growth curves observed for the transformants seemed to support the notion that the time needed for evolution of a non-toxic plasmid variant in the culture correlated with the number of ISes in the host genome (Fig. 6E). Even a single IS1, present in the host genome, had a marked effect on growth dynamics, and accelerated the evolution of fast-growing variants (Fig. 6F), as compared to the IS-less, essentially isogenic host (MDS42) (Fig. 6D). Bioinformatic analysis of E. coli IS sequences in shotgun sequencing dataTo test whether IS-mediated instability of cloned sequences could be more wide-spread than anticipated, a bioinformatic analysis of raw data from early genome sequencing projects was performed. Protocols for shotgun genome sequencing by the Sanger method started by the insertion of fragments from a target genome into a plasmid vector, followed by transformation into E. coli cells. Next, transformed cells were grown first on solid medium, then in liquid cultures, prior to processing. Enriched target fragments were then sequenced, and overlapping sequence reads were assembled into contigs. The middle, cell growing steps can be viewed upon as some biological test of E.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: This gap in the literature is especially evident when considering objectively derived sleep duration and measurement of sleep quality. Based on actigraphy-based assessment of sleep duration and efficiency as well as subjective sleep problems, findings show that relations between sleep and children’s cognitive functioning, academic achievement and mental health are nonlinear. Overall, the benefits of longer sleep duration and better sleep quality do not taper off and continue at an accelerated pace across the full range of sleep duration and quality. Highlighting the importance of examining race/ethnicity, the pattern of associations between sleep and child functioning differed for white/and black/children. represents a critical domain of children’s health. Among community samples of school-aged children, studies are increasingly establishing that longer sleep duration and better sleep quality relate positively to multiple domains of child adaptation [1, 2]. Despite these advances, open questions remain and debate surrounds the duration and quality of sleep children require for optimum functioning across various adjustment and health domains. Leading scholars and practitioners have provided general guidelines for optimal duration [3] and quality [4]. Based on recommendations by the Foundation (NSF) multidisciplinary expert panel [3], a sleep duration between 9 and 11 hr was suggested for school-aged children. These recommendations were based largely on shared opinion and pertain to sleep duration based on reported time in bed (not actual sleep duration that is derived through objective measures). Furthermore, recommendations in the field do not differentiate between the amount of sleep needed for various domains of child functioning [5]. Regarding sleep quality, an expert panel conducted a literature review and made recommendations for what constitutes good sleep quality [4]. For example, a sleep efficiency greater than 85% was considered good quality sleep for school-aged children. Collectively, existing recommendations are not without controversy and empirical examinations conducted to ascertain optimal sleep duration and quality that children need for best levels of functioning across various domains are scarce [5, 6]. This study is consistent with recommendations in the field for conducting empirically based assessments of what may constitute optimal sleep [7]. Our investigation advances the literature by attempting to identify optimal sleep duration and quality parameters associated with primary domains of children’s development including cognitive performance [8], academic functioning [9], and mental health [10, 11]. In doing so, we examined nonlinear associations between sleep and child functioning.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Evidence of the effectiveness of these telemedicine encounters on clinical outcomes would support the utility of continued use of telemedicine. Studies have shown that telemedicine results in good clinical outcomes across various healthcare settings, including psychiatry [10, 11], ophthalmology [12, 13], post-surgical rehabilitation [14, 15], and malnutrition management [16]. Telemedicine may also be particularly beneficial for chronic disease management, but there is a need to understand the effect of telemedicine encounters in the primary care setting on clinical outcomes for patients with chronic diseases. Telemedicine interventions for chronic disease management have mostly investigated team-based care with intensive counseling, many using remote monitoring devices [17,18,19,20,21]. Systematic reviews are lacking on the influence of synchronous telemedicine encounters with a primary care provider on clinical outcomes. The objective of this study is to perform a systematic review of literature to examine the effect of synchronous telemedicine versus in-person primary care visits on clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. MethodsLiterature search strategyPubMed and Web of Science were electronically searched to find relevant studies published between 1996 and January 19, 2021. We searched PubMed for Headings (MeSH terms) and key words in titles and abstracts. We searched Web of Science for Web of Plus function terms. Searches included terms related to telemedicine, telehealth, telecare, virtual visit, videoconferencing, primary care, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Reviews, perspectives, commentaries, and case reports were excluded in the initial search. The complete search strategy can be seen in Additional file 1. Study selectionWe combined PubMed and Web of Science searchers and removed duplicate 1. Studies selected for full-text review were those that compared synchronous telemedicine encounters to in-person office visits, occurred in the primary care setting, and reported clinical outcomes related to diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. Studies were excluded if virtual visits were not conducted in the primary care setting, there was no synchronous interactive component between the patient and provider, or if the telemedicine intervention was not provided by a primary care provider.

Output: contrast