Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 1. Total DNA was extracted from the samples following the method described by Martín-Hernández et al. [29] and the total DNA from each of the 30 samples was considered an “isolate”. Reactions (PCRs) were performed to amplify 5 different fragments from randomly selected coding regions of N. ceranae with the following criteria: each was supposed to be single-copy loci, of at least 990 bp in order to obtain long amplicons ranging from 873 to 1280 bp, and should not include microsatellites (the GenBank 0. 5 μL of the template DNA solution, 0. 4 μM of each nucleotide, 10 pmol of each primer, 1. 5 U of (Invitrogen, cat. no. 11509-015), its 10x buffer, 25 nmol MgCl2, 12 μg of BSA (Roche Diagnostic, cat. no. 10711454001) and sterilized distilled water to a final volume of 25 μL. PCRs were performed on an Epand a thermocycler following the program: 94 °C for 2 min; 40 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, the primer-specific annealing temperature for 30 s, 68 °C for 60 s (for products under 1000 bp) or for 90 s (for products over 1000 bp); and a final elongation step at 68 °C for 7 min. The five different primer pairs, their sequences, the PCR product sizes and the correspondent annealing temperatures are also shown in Table 2. The PCR products were kept at 4 °C and 5 μL of each were ran in standard 2 % Agarose gel (Invitrogen E-GEL 2 % Agarose GP, cat. no. G8008-02) and visualized by staining. PCR products were purified using (cat. no. 28104) before sequencing in both directions at the Unidad de Biología Molecular (Universidad de Alcalá) using the same PCR primers (Table 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: 36), be female (1. 10, 1. 03 to 1. 18), have attended a state school (3. 65, 3. 36 to 3. 96), be over 21 years at application (45. 28, 40. 61 to 50. 49), be of non-white ethnicity (1. 42, 1. 32 to 1. 52), speak English as a second language (2. 15, 1. 99 to 2. 33), and have a below average UKCAT score when compared with those with socioeconomic background reported (1. 86, 1. 74 to 1. 99). Thus, according to missing data theory, the missing socioeconomic status and advanced qualification data seemed to be not missing completely at random—that is, the value of the missing variable and the probability that it is missing is unrelated to observed variables. The results of the sensitivity analyses using multiple imputed data generally indicated that the missing values for advance qualification as socioeconomic status were missing at random. On average the odds ratio recovered from the analyses of the imputed data only varied by around 5-10% compared with those obtained for the non-imputed data. The only exception to this was the findings for the prediction of conditional offers using imputed advanced qualification values. These results differed by a slightly larger degree, with, on average, odds ratio differing by an average of 12%. A fuller report of these results is available from the lead author’s website (www. dur. ac. uk/p. a. tiffin/fps). DiscussionThe main findings of this study at least partially supported our original hypothesis; the results suggest that important differences exist, both in terms of the probability of an offer and that of finally taking up a place at medical school according to certain sociodemographic characteristics of the candidates and how the medical school applied to used the UKCAT. In terms of offers, the negative effect of being a member of a widening participation group seemed to be mitigated by the admissions processes utilised by medical schools using the UKCAT score as a threshold for interview or offer decisions. Indeed, only academic achievement and UKCAT score were significant and independent predictors of either a conditional or an unconditional offer at this category of medical school (tables 5 and 6). The findings from these separate models were largely supported by the interactions observed in the combined analyses (tables 7 and 8).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: The limited number of patients enrolled in these trials did not allow identifying whether the failure of DEB-BMS was due to a strategy of “balloon first” or “stent first” angioplasty, or to stent implantation per se10,14. At a mechanistic level it may be argued that the time-limited antirestenotic effect of DEB cannot be sufficient to antagonise the chronic proliferative stimulus generated by BMS18. Moreover, whether the presence of BMS may act as a barrier that prevents the transfer of the drug into the vessel wall still remains a matter of some debate31. As DEB technology rapidly evolves, possible ameliorations are largely desirable16. The use of new antiproliferative drugs, as well as the adoption of new excipients that enhance drug transfer and retention in the vessel wall, need further investigation. Similarly it warrants further study whether other endovascular treatment approaches, such as cutting balloons, might act in synergism with DEB by augmenting drug penetration at the PCI site. Finally, new imaging technologies may better meet our need for a more comprehensive analysis of DEB interactions with the vessel wall. Most importantly we need trials that assess the role of DEB in a well-defined patient population with a sufficiently large sample size. A total of 18 trials have been registered at the clinicaltrial. gov database; some of these are expected to be presented or published in the next few months including: – the of Paclitaxel-eluting Balloon -Stent versus for Drug-eluting Stent Restenosis- 3, NCT00987324; – the Restenosis Intra-stent of Drug-eluting Stents: Paclitaxel-eluting Balloon versus Everolimus-eluting Stent - 01239940; and – the Treatment of by Paclitaxel-Paclitaxel-- 1000, NCT01166711. They will certainly contribute with valuable information in establishing the real role of DEB as a PCI option. Conflict of interest statement The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. 1. Garg S, Serruys PW. Coronary stents: current status. J Cardiol. 2010;56:S1-42. 2. ömig de é üni P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Isolates of Nosema ceranae with their correspondent geographical origin, year of sampling and biological sourceFull size table Table 2 Primers and PCR dataFull size table In order to ensure that the variability found in the PCR products actually corresponds to distinct genomic DNA templates, the amplification products of 3 variable X639 fragments were selected (SpTF, Sp402 and Sp1103) and cloned into the Escherichia coli plasmid pCR2. 1-TOPO® with the ® Kit (Invitrogen, cat no. K4500-01). The plasmid DNA was extracted from randomly selected clones and purified using the (Qiagen, cat no. 27106), and it was digested (1 μg) with EcoRI (Biolabs, R0101S) and separated by 1 % agarose gel electrophoresis to check the correct size of the insert. A total of 38 clones were obtained (14, 6 and 18, respectively) and they were sequenced independently as described above. Additionally, the absence of recombination during the PCR amplification was tested as described elsewhere [30]. Briefly, two clones that differ by 6 bp were mixed, amplified with polymerase, and the products were sequenced using M13 commercial primers. All the sequences obtained matched one of the two templates and no recombinants were detected. All sequencing chromatograms were carefully revised visually, with the double-peaks noted as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and identified with the code for the degenerate base positions (wobble positions IUB Code). The sequences obtained were aligned using the algorithm [31], and analyzed and translated into protein sequences with 7. 0. 5. 2 [32]. For a clearer study of the polymorphisms, common conserved areas were removed manually from the general alignments. The allele population frequencies pi for a given variable site i was calculated assuming that double peak isolates are heterozygous and that those with a “clean” peak in the chromatogram are homozygous. The diversity for a site i with j alleles were estimated by Di = 1– Σpij 2, and heterozygosis as the number of isolates with a double peak at the site i divided by the total number of isolates. Mean diversities were compared with standard t-student tests.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Medical schools using the UKCAT score as a factor in the admissions process could largely be seen as an intermediate category, with some exceptions. For instance such medical schools were less likely than those that used UKCAT as a threshold to provide a conditional offer to a candidate from a state school or a low socioeconomic background (table 8) but were also more likely to provide a conditional offer to an individual with below average academic achievement (table 7). Heavier use of UKCAT therefore seemed to promote widening access as intended, at least to a degree, in terms of offers. Although it is important that universities act as fairly as possible when providing offers, ultimately it is the characteristics of the candidates finally taking up places at universities that will determine the demographics of the UK medical workforce. When analysing the raw proportions of under-represented groups it appeared that many of the trends observed in the offer data were translated into final uptake of placement. However, after controlling for individual institutional effects and the potential confounding of other sociodemographic variables the picture shifted somewhat. After these adjustments the clearest remaining differences were that entrants to medical schools that used the UKCAT weakly (in borderline cases) were less likely to be male than for the other two categories of medical school but were more likely to have English as a second language than those taking up places in medical schools that used UKCAT as a factor (table 11). Several potentially important trends, albeit of borderline statistical significance, were also observed in that those medical school using the UKCAT as a threshold score were more likely to admit students from state or non-grammar schools and from low socioeconomic backgrounds than were medical schools that used UKCAT in borderline cases (table 12). This latter trend for entrants of low socioeconomic status was also observed for medical schools using UKCAT as a factor compared with those using it in borderline cases. A trend of borderline statistical significance was also observed for applicants from low socioeconomic backgrounds holding conditional offers to be less likely to achieve the grades necessary for entry, although this effect might apply less to those of non-white ethnicity. This in turn might weaken the impact of UKCAT use on the final proportion of entrants from low socioeconomic backgrounds.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: For over 20 years, the cell-based therapy industry has successfully manufactured products and cured patients Citation[1,2]. Given the billions of dollars spent and many more requested, the common questions that we are all asked by governments, funding agencies and investment organizations are: ‘how many units have been manufactured? ‘ and ‘how many patients have been treated? ‘. The challenge for us today is that mere arm waving is simply no longer acceptable. If we want their hard cash then we need to supply hard numbers. With the help of the leading providers of cell-based therapies and acknowledged experts we have collated the essential baseline data in order to robustly answer these two important questions. Regenerative medicine replaces or regenerates human cells, tissue or organs, to restore or establish normal function Citation[3], therefore by definition, regenerative medicine is an opportunity for all the major therapeutic approaches including medical devices, small molecules, complex biological molecules as well as cell-based therapies Citation[4]. However, there is no doubt that within regenerative medicine, the exciting paradigm shift is cell-based therapies. This is the step-change platform technology that is enabling the fourth pillar of healthcare – a sustainable new sector based on living cells as therapies Citation[4]. Presently there are a great many misconceptions regarding the genuine achievements to date by our fledgling sector. The spectrum of stakeholder opinions ranges from near total inability to deliver a commercial product to estimates of annual sales in the billion dollar range Citation[5,6]. The public believe we can either cure everything or nothing, the press is totally in the dark, politicians are confused and unregulated stem cell tourism is threatening legitimate business. The reason for this total chaos is a combination of the historical lack of an industry voice Citation[7,8] combined with market reports that ‘conveniently‘ interchange stem cell-based therapies with the all-encompassing term ‘regenerative medicine‘. Highly successful products such as the billion dollar per year recombinant human bone morphogenic protein (e. g. , ®, Medtronic) are a very valid part of regenerative medicine and while having mechanisms of action that involve cells in vivo, they are not cell-based therapies but are products of conventional pharma and biotech. We need to urgently correct these misconceptions by providing our supporters and critics alike with unequivocal baseline data for cell-based therapies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: The rates of synonymous (Ks) and non-synonymous substitutions (Ka) were calculated with the DNAsp 5. 10 program [33], and sequence logo graphical representations were created with Weblogo 2. 8. 2 [34]. ResultsThe five markers analyzed in the 30 N. ceranae isolates revealed sequences that were mostly identical to their corresponding GenBank 639. Compared to the reference sequence, the X580 marker showed 7 additional nucleotide differences, as well as a 3 bp indel; however, all of our sequences were identical so those differences were omitted from the analysis and they were not included in Fig. 1. The complete alignments can be seen at the GenBank 754. Table 3 Polymorphism data for each markerFull size table Table 4 Polymorphism data per siteFull size table Geographical genotype distributionHalf of the N. ceranae isolates in this study were obtained from six different European countries and the other half were Australian isolates (Table 1). Thus, the number of different genotypes found for each sequence was evaluated, as was the corresponding mean diversity and heterozygosity (Table 3). There were no apparent differences when the Australian isolates from A. cerana were compared to A. mellifera, suggesting free transmission of the microsporidian from one host to the other. Accordingly, these two types of isolates were pooled together for further comparisons. isolates were compared to those from Australia, the diversity per site was also similar (Table 3), although more dissimilar genotypes were detected in the latter (the mean numbers of genotypes were 2. 8 and 6. 6, respectively: t = 3. 62, d. f. = 8, p < 0. 01). Identical genotypes were often found among European samples, not only for a specific marker but also, when considering the five markers. For instance, the genotype 5-11-3-5-3 was obtained from an isolate from Switzerland, another from Slovakia and a third from Spain (Fig. 1), whereas no pair of isolates from Australia shared the same genotype. For most of the marker sites analyzed, the European populations were dominated by heterozygotes while the different genotypes are more balanced in Australia (Fig. 3). Fig. 3Sequence logo showing the genotype diversity for each polymorphic site.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Comparison with previous findings and possible interpretationsAfter controlling for factors such as UKCAT and academic performance we estimated that non-white applicants were still around 40% less likely to receive a conditional offer from a medical school using UKCAT in borderline cases than a candidate reporting their ethnicity as white (table 5); an almost identical finding to that reported by a study of ethnic minority applicants to medical school in 1990. 27 A subsequent study from candidates for admission from 1996 and 1997 also reported a relative disadvantage for applicants from ethnic minority groups, although the authors noted variation between individual medical schools unrelated to the overall number of non-white applicants to each institution. The present results from the separate models were largely echoed by the pooled analysis, which directly compared the three types of medical school. Some authors have cited such findings as evidence of institutional discrimination. 28 Although UCAS does not pass on information of ethnicity to universities it may be apparent from a candidate’s name or subsequently at interview. Evidence of racial discrimination has been uncovered previously within a medical school setting and as such cannot be entirely ruled out, deserving further exploration. 29 It has been previously highlighted that racism is defined as an attitude, and thus studies, such as the present one, that simply examine the probabilities of an offer to an applicant are unable to provide direct evidence of this. 30 Moreover, there may be more innocent, unmodelled effects that may explain some of these observations. For example, it may be that candidates from certain under-represented groups are less likely to have a relative in the medical profession and therefore find it more difficult to gain relevant work experience that would bolster their application and improve their performance at interview. One possibility is that universities using the UKCAT as a threshold may place less emphasis on personal statements or the interview in deciding on offers and mitigating against this effect during the offer process (tables 7 and 8). Owing to the nature of the structure of offer data, individual institutional effects could not be controlled for at the same time as within candidate effects. However, whether these observations are associated with a group effect or individual universities they deserve further exploration. The relative over-representation of women entering medical school is a sensitive and contentious issue. The proportion of women entering medical school in the has steadily risen; in the most general practitioners are forecast to be women by 2013 and most of all doctors by 2017.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: We have articulated on many occasions that whilst cell therapies are just one of the four modalities for regenerative medicine, the converse is also true, regenerative medicine is just one medical indication for the cells as therapies industry (‘Regen‘) Citation[4,101]. Since this journal is exclusively focused on regenerative medicine, we have therefore endeavored to assemble accurate baseline data for the cell-based therapies that are the most relevant to regenerative medicine: permanent cell replacement therapies, transient cell therapies and tissue engineering. In order to establish a totally unambiguous baseline upon which to subsequently build and therefore to provide a dynamic tally of genuine progress in the regenerative medicine cell therapy sector, we have exclusively chosen to use data from products that have been successful when subjected to the stringent process of regulation including US FDA (and EMA equivalent) regulatory approval via Application (PMA), Application (BLA) and Exemption (HDE). A suggested term for this category is ‘cellular therapeutics‘ [. Comm. ]. Whilst we fully appreciate that this rigid cutoff will underestimate the total scale of regenerative medicine cell-based therapies it does, however, provide a totally hype-free, robust baseline upon which to add other cell-based therapies with proven safety and efficacy. Since the majority of the companies are privately owned, the data have either been very kindly provided by the companies themselves or from estimates from leading authorities Citation[6], and can be found in Table 1. Wherever possible we have attempted to cross-check data with other reputable sources including papers authored by the late Lysaght () Citation[2,5,6,9–13,102]. Table 1 contains only data that we believe all would unanimously agree should be included since all have regulatory approval – FDA (and/or EMA equivalent) and/or HDE. The list may be short but it immutably provides ample evidence of our genuine successes to date. There are, however, two more categories that need very careful consideration. The first is cell-based regenerative medicine treatments that are not subject to FDA (and/or EMA equivalent) regulatory authorization via either PMA or BLA.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 14), evidence of a purifying selection (that is, most non-synonymous mutations are deleterious and disappear). Similar results were obtained for nine other coding sequences in N. ceranae [23]. By contrast, all the polymorphisms detected in the other two markers, X580 and X802, led to changes in the corresponding polypeptide, strongly suggestive of directional selection and a possible adaptive role for these polymorphisms. Genotyping of the different N. ceranae isolates systematically produced ambiguous results as two alternative nucleotides exist at a number of points, which is not a technical artefact. First, indeterminate forms exist for very specific nucleotides. For a given point where a genotype shows a double peak – say, A and G – some other genotypes exhibit a clean A, and other a clean G. Secondly, the cloning and subsequent analysis of different clones demonstrated that the double peaks actually corresponded to alternative DNA templates in a given isolate. Thus, the genotyping of N. ceranae has to be directed so as not to obtain a single haplotype corresponding to a specific pure strain but rather, to a whole-isolate genotype that may be of mixed heterozygosity. This heterogeneity can be explained by two different but not exclusive phenomena: (1) a given honey bee is infected by two or more strains of N. ceranae and therefore, the isolate includes genetically different clones; and (2) a given strain of the microsporidian has more than one different genome and thus, it might be heterozygous for a number of markers. Evidence for recombinationRecombination per se is not absolute proof of sex, because clonality does not mean the total absence of it. As recombination is too rare to break the prevalent clonal population pattern [39], a good signal of an asexual reproduction model is a strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) together with a clear phylogenetic signal. By contrast, recombination, high levels of heterozygosis and sustained diversity provide strong evidence of sexual reproduction. Despite the extensive heterozygosity in the genotypes in the isolates, our results provide consistent evidence that different haplotypes can be formed after recombination between two other haplotypes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: This suggests that it was the way the test scores were being used, rather than absolute sex differences, that underlay this finding. Universities with the weakest use of the UKCAT (in borderline cases) were most likely to admit entrants with relatively low school attainment. This observation is not easily interpreted, although several possible explanations exist. Firstly, these medical schools sometimes used the UKCAT as a rescue mechanism, interviewing or making offers to candidates who would not normally be considered, for example, owing to low predicted academic attainment. Therefore the use of the UKCAT in this way may compensate for relatively low A level performance in some cases. However, data held by the UKCAT consortium suggest that, in practice, this mechanism is invoked relatively rarely and therefore is unlikely to fully account for this observation. A second explanation may be that the intention to use the UKCAT in a rescue manner may be a marker of an institutional attitude towards not prioritising academic achievement over other candidate attributes. Thus, in this case the manner in which UKCAT was used would be acting as an instrumental variable. Such institutions may be more likely to set lower academic conditions for entry or show latitude to candidates who eventually did not quite achieve these required grades. Lastly, it may be pure coincidence that, on average, the medical schools that used the UKCAT in this manner happened to have had slightly lower entry requirements compared with other medical schools in 2009. Several mediators could potentially explain the disparities observed between data relating to offers and those concerning medical school entrants. Firstly, applicants holding more than one unconditional offer could choose which, if any, of the universities to enter, and this is not something that medical school can influence. Secondly, a minority of applicants holding conditional offers may fail to achieve the examination results required for admission. Indeed, those from a low socioeconomic background may be over-represented in this category (table 13). Thirdly, it was not possible to control for the individual (random) effects associated with specific medical schools applied to while adjusting for the dependency of observations nested within each candidate. Therefore it is possible that some effects that appear associated with how UKCAT is used were, at least, partly attributable to the behaviour of individual universities. For example, to draw a comparison with the entrant data, not all medical schools using UKCAT as a threshold admitted a higher than average proportion of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds (fig 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: For this group perhaps ‘regenerative medicine tissues‘ might be a good classification term – ‘tissues‘ being defined as cellular or decellularized materials whose medical utility is inherent and thus do not require substantial ex vivo manipulation to make them medically useful [Suggestion by. Comm. ]. A good example is OsteoCel® Plus by NuVasive, which is regulated as a Human Cells, Tissues and Tissue-(HCT/P), as defined in the 21 Code of Part 1271 Citation[103]. According to this regulation, is restricted to homologous use for the repair, replacement or reconstruction of musculoskeletal defects. This route allows rapid access to the product by surgeons and their patients. The other important category is cell-based therapies that are provided routinely on a humanitarian basis (but not under an HDE), or via compassionate-use (rapid access) programs that allow a clinician to provide treatment for a given patient while the therapy is still under development. This issue of contains an 2. All the above ‘cellular therapeutics‘ and ‘regenerative medicine tissues‘ are produced either under good manufacturing practice (GMP) and/or good tissue practice (GTP). We estimate from the cumulative numbers of units manufactured and patients treated in Tables 1 & 2, as well as from discussions with senior industry experts, that the current value of the regenerative medicine cell therapy market is presently in the order of $100–200 million per annum. The largest contribution by far is from Apligraf® (Organogenesis). It is therefore highly interesting to note a comment from and President of Organogenesis that, “In the USA, on average, once every 2 minutes Monday to Friday a patient is treated with Apligraf. ” [Pers. Comm. ]. Since its inception, has provided high-quality clinical translation and commercial reports, reviews and analysis Citation[15–19]. Building quantitatively on this mainly qualitative foundation we plan to regularly update the baseline data for the regenerative medicine cell therapy field and therefore provide a ‘gold standard‘ reference point for all the stakeholders as well as the public. We would therefore very much welcome comments, suggestions and appropriate data in order to keep this tally robust, up to date and most of all relevant.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Group 1 (blue) and Group 2 (turquoise) consisted of 36 and 319 genes, respectively and showed co-expression within each group. The remaining genes were clustered in a third (grey) group. Out of 17 miRNAs, 5 showed a significant correlation with group 1 (blue) and 2 miRNAs showed a significant correlation with group 2 (turquoise). No significant correlation was detected between miRNAs and group 3 (grey) (Fig. 1, Additional file 2). Figure 1Associations between miRNAs and target genes at expression levels. By co-expression analysis, 371 target genes of 17 miRNAs were clustered into three groups. 36 target genes showed co-expression and were clustered into group 1 (blue). Another 319 target genes showed co-expression and were clustered into group 2 (turquoise). The remaining 16 target gene did not show co-expression were clustered into group 3 (grey). If the target prediction is true, the miRNAs should be correlated with target genes at the expression levels. We then quantified the correlation between the each of miRNAs with three groups of target genes. Each row corresponds to a co-expressed gene group and each column corresponds to a miRNA. Each cell contains the corresponding correlation and p-value. The table is color – coded by correlation according to the color legend on the right side. Full size image(GO) enrichment analysis was performed for the 371 expressed target genes to identify biologically significant terms. The top five ranked GO terms were iron binding (GO: 0043167), signaling (GO: 0023052), nucleus (GO: 0005634), DNA binding (GO: 0003677) and transmembrane transportation (GO: 0022857). Expressed target genes were also screened against the of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, from which nine biological pathways were identified. Out of these nine pathways, seven were metabolism related, including purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism (Table 2). 27 of the expressed target genes are predicted to encode enzymes involved in the nine KEGG pathways of which, 26 were clustered within group 2. Furthermore, 11 out of the 27 predicted enzymes were significantly correlated with ame-miR-2b expression (χ2 = 39. 11, df = 1, p < 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Such variability was also present in the offer data to some extent (see standard deviations, table 1). These differences are likely to be due to variations in admissions policies aside from UKCAT usage. The effects would have been unmasked once an adjustment for university level effects was possible in the data on entrants. Strengths and limitations of the studyThis is the first study to report in detail on the impact of the UKCAT on medical school selection. Missing data were sparse except for two predictor variables: socioeconomic background and school qualifications. Therefore some caution must be exercised when drawing conclusions about the role of these predictors. However, the findings from the sensitivity analysis using multiple imputation suggested that the data were largely missing at random and thus should not affect the conclusions drawn from the multilevel multiple logistic regression models predicting offers. The case of missing advanced qualification data in relation to the prediction of conditional offers could be considered something of an exception to this; when these missing data were imputed the findings showed a relatively greater degree of variation compared with the results for the non-imputed data. Although graduate and other widening access courses make up a small fraction of overall UK medical school intake, these findings are unlikely to generalise to this population of applicants, who were excluded from the analysis. Concerning the analysis of offers; it was not possible to control for the random effects associated with specific universities applied to while also adjusting for the dependency of observations nested within each candidate. This was because of the offer data structure being hierarchical but not nested—that is, more than one candidate could apply to more than one university. These effects would be particularly pronounced if, for example, a particular medical school had a strong policy of recruiting students from one or more widening participation categories. However, the intraclass correlation values observed in the entrant data, where university effects could be explored, were relatively low (range 0. 22 to <0. 001) suggesting that most, if not all, of these within medical school effects were relatively trivial once the association with education and demographic variables were controlled for, although caution must be exercised in extending this assumption from the entrant to the offer data. One of the most striking findings was how small the absolute numbers of applicants and entrants to medical school were from low socioeconomic backgrounds; only around 5. 5% of applicants and 4. 5% of entrants reported being from socioeconomic class 4 or lower socioeconomic background (although this may be mildly underestimated owing to missing data).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Today, with a minimum baseline of 675,000 therapeutic units manufactured and 323,000 patients treated, we are undoubtedly a credible new sector of advanced healthcare that is proud to stand up and be counted. Table 1. Regenerative medicine cell-based therapies with US FDA (and/or EMA equivalent) regulatory approval via Application (PMA), Application (BLA) and/or Exemption (HDE)†. 2. Examples of cell-based regenerative medicine treatments that are not subject to US FDA (and/or EMA equivalent) regulatory approval via Application (PMA) or Application (BLA)† and cell-based products/services that are routinely provided on a humanitarian basis (but not under an Exemption [HDE]) or via compassionate use (rapid access) programs. would like to thank the following for either directly providing their company‘s data (when possible) and/or advice, suggestions and comments: Gil Beyen, TiGenix; Christopher Bravery, Consulting on Advanced Biologicals; Julie Daniels, UCL/Hospital; William Dolphin, Avita Medical; David Haddow, Altrika; Paul Kemp, Intercytex; Tyler Lipschultz, NuVasive; Luca, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Geoff MacKay, Organogenesis; Jonathan Mansbridge, Tecellact; Nick Medcalf, Smith & Nephew; Randal Mills, Osiris Therapeutics; Gary du Moulin, Genzyme; Graziella Pellegrini, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; David Smith, Lonza Walkersville; Alex Speechley, Altrika; Dean Tozer, Advanced BioHealing; Darin Weber, Group. C Mason and E Manzotti are both on the Set (BRITS) project funded by the Board under their Program:. Financial & competing interests disclosure The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript. 2009. Tissue Eng. Part A16(3) 767–768 (2010).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Our study is also limited by a general lack of information about 3′UTRs in microsporidian genes, including N. ceranae. Therefore empirical miRNA knock-down studies are required to verify the predicted target genes as well as the role of honey bee miRNAs on N. ceranae parasitism. Additionally, honey bee and parasite strains need to be considered in order to conclude more broadly whether these differentially expressed genes are general responses toward parasite infection or are specific host responses to N. ceranae15,16,17,18. For example, Nosema-resistant bee strains have been developed and may be insightful models to study the molecular mechanisms specific to Nosema resistance8. The honey bee strain used in this study is not from a known Nosema-resistant lineage. Therefore, the honey bee responses we have identified are likely to be general responses toward N. ceranae infection and may differ from the mechanisms within Nosema-resistant strains. This is the first study showing host miRNA responses toward microsproidian infections. Based on current data, it is unclear how N. ceranae infection leads to differentially expressed miRNAs. The key proteins that are important for the formation of small regulatory RNAs have also been reported from several protozoan parasites19,20,21. Fly gut defense against bacterial invasion depends in part on the RNAi component Aubergine22. In contrast, the fungus Botrytis cinerea, manipulates the host RNAi system to attack the host immune response, instead of suppressing its expression2. A previous study did not support that N. ceranae infection could suppress the expression level of honey bee RNAi genes8. The key genes that are involved in small regulatory RNA synthesis have been identified from the N. ceranae genome23. We hypothesize that the parasite might generate and secrete small regulatory RNAs into the cytoplasm to interfere with host miRNAs. Alternatively, small regulatory RNAs from the parasite might directly target honey bee genes, an excellent topic for future work. Materials and MethodsEthics statementThe apiaries for bee sample collection were maintained by the USDA-. No specific permits were required for the described studies. Studies involved the European honey bee (Apis mellifera), which is neither an endangered nor protected species. Infection and SamplingN.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: In this respect, controversially, one could argue for the status quo (an excess of women, those with good academic performance, and those of a higher socioeconomic status), as male sex, lower social class, and poor academic performance have been reported to be associated with subsequent professional disciplinary action. 37 38 However, research from the suggests that students drawn from minority populations enrich the teaching environment of a medical school39 and may be more likely to practice in areas underserved by healthcare facilities. 40 In addition, patient satisfaction with their doctor may be increased in cases where they share the same ethnicity41 or sex42 and, although research is lacking, this finding could potentially extend to other sociodemographic characteristics. Also, the issue of social equity and fair opportunities for all applicants of comparable ability cannot be overlooked, and the present findings suggest that the robust use of the UKCAT is a potential tool for dealing with such disadvantage. In summary, our findings suggest that placing an increased weight on an applicant’s UKCAT performance significantly reduces the disadvantage faced by most candidates from under-represented groups when seeking an offer of a place from a medical school. These benefits do not always seem to translate into proportions of entrants from ethnic minority groups; candidate choice and academic performance are likely to be important mediating factors between offer and acceptance and these are factors over which universities will have minimum influence. Nevertheless, medical schools have a duty to act in as fair a way as possible during the admissions process, and the UKCAT seems to be a tool that has the potential to produce a more level playing field for many of those seeking access to the medical profession.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: of Nephrology and : 2771-1889 10. 33696/nephrology. 1. 004 to the BNT162b2 m-19 Vaccine? Fernando Carrera1,*, Joana Costa1, Luciano Pereira2, Marco Marques3, Belarmino Spencer1, Francisco Ferrer1 123Affidea Laboratory, Lisbon, Portugal + Affiliations - Affiliations *Dr. Fernando Carrera, fernando. carrera@davita. com Received Date: August 04, 2021 Accepted Date: August 17, 2021. to the BNT162b2 m-19 Vaccine? . Ren Stud. 2021;1(1):21-27. Copyright © 2021 Carrera F, et al. This is an open-access 91. 7% of patients. Among patients there was a significant negative correlation between anti-S levels and age after both, the first dose (R= -0. 176, p=0. 01) and the second dose (R= -0. 193, p=0. 005); there was also a significant negative correlation between anti-S and Index adjusted for age after both, the first dose (R= -0. 150, p=0. 028) and the second dose (R= -0. 163, p=0. 018). Finally, a negative correlation between anti-S and Index was found after the first dose (R= -0. 140, p=0. 04). No correlations were found with dialysis vintage, Kt/V, or diabetes. Conclusions: Following vaccination, patients had a significantly lower anti-S response than healthcare workers. Age, Index and Index negatively impacted the humoral response. However, with more than 91% response we believe that vaccination can be recommended strongly in the hemodialysis population. January 2020, the Organization (WHO) classified COVID-19 to be a Emergency of and declared it a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [1]. Over one hundred and eighty-five million people have been infected by SARS-CoV-2 and roughly four million have died worldwide so far [2]. In addition, the economic and social impact of the pandemic has been extensive [3,4].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: We define significantly differentially expressed miRNAs as those with both a fold-change of expression >2 and p value < 0. 05. Annotated 3’UTR of honey bee protein coding genes were used for miRNA target prediction using Miranda package with an energy threshold of 2026. We then used the protein sequences of predicted target genes to retrieve GO terms using Blast2GO software27. Biological pathways were retrieved from KEGG database by screening the predicted target genes. association between miRNAs and their target genes at the expression level were analyzed by WGCNA package28. Original small RNA sequencing data have been uploaded to NCBI bio-project PRJNA282511. MicroRNA data verification with RT-qPCRThe same total RNA that was used to construct the sequencing library was used to synthesis cDNA with mikit (). The reverse transcription reaction setup is revised from the factorial instruction by increasing the input total RNA to 1000 ng. The primers for miRNA were designed based on the mature sequence and master mix () was used for RT-qPCR reaction according to factory instruction. We randomly selected 5 miRNAs (ame-miR-12, ame-miR-315, ame-miR-317, ame-miR-31a, ame-miR34) for RT-qPCR assays. The amplification efficiency for each miRNA primer was calculated with qpcR package29. Ame-miR-12 is used as reference to calculate the relative expression level of the other four miRNAs. The correlation of their expression levels between sequencing data and RT-qPCR data was calculated by SPSS package for data validation. Additional InformationHow to cite this 10. 1038/srep17494 (2015). 10. 1038/Nrg1379 (2004). 10. 1126/science. 1239705 (2013). 10. 3390/V5092282 (2013). 10. 1051/Apido/2009046 (2010). 10. 1002/Arch. 20362 (2010). 10. 1038/Nrg2290 (2008). 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0062589 (2013). Dussaubat, C. et al. and Responses to the ceranae in the Apis mellifera. PloS One 7, 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: What is already known on this topicThe introduction of the UK clinical aptitude test (UKCAT) was part of an initiative to broaden the demography of medical school entrantsUKCAT scores are modestly correlated with A level attainment, and performance is associated with white ethnicity, professional or managerial background, independent or grammar school education, and male sexIt is unknown whether the UKCAT has tackled the relative disadvantage of certain socioeconomic groups when applying to UK medical schools and how this impact might vary according to the use of the test in the admissions processWhat this study addsBeing from an under-represented socioeconomic group was not a major disadvantage for candidates applying to medical schools that used UKCAT as a threshold, after controlling for academic attainment and UKCAT score; this was not so for applications to universities using the test more weaklyStronger use of the test (threshold score) was associated with increased proportions of males, possibly state school students, and those from low socioeconomic status backgrounds entering medical schoolWeaker use of the test (borderline cases, weighted factor) was associated with higher proportions of entrants with relatively low academic attainment and English as a second languageNotesCite this as: BMJ 2012;344:e1805FootnotesWe thank (chair of the UKCAT consortium and reader in medical education) for advice on data analysis and interpretation; (chief operating officer for the UKCAT consortium); (fellow, Brasenose College, Oxford University) for assistance with data abstraction; and (statistician, the Institute) for providing supplementary statistical advice in relation to the project. Contributors: PAT led on conception, design, statistical analysis, and interpretation of data, and is the guarantor of the paper. JCMcL contributed to the study conception design, literature review, drafting, revising the 2. 0/ and Widening access by changing the criteria for selecting medical students. Educ2007;23:1235-45. OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science↵McLachlan JC. Outreach is better than selection for increasing diversity. Med Educ2005;39:873-5. OpenUrl↵Mathers J, Parry J. Why are there so few working-class applicants to medical schools? Learning from the success stories. Med Educ2009;43:219-28. of Science↵Schwartz S. Fair admissions to higher education: recommendations for good practice.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Vaccination safety Acute reactions after 30 minutes of each vaccine dose: No participants had any acute reaction and all left the clinic after vaccination without event. Local (injection-site) reactions within 7 days after each dose: Mild pain was the most commonly reported local reaction among patients (31% after the first dose and 38% after the second dose) as well as among healthcare workers (63% after the first dose and 11. 6% after the second dose). In both cases this resolved within 1 to 2 days without requiring medication. Systemic reactions within 7 days after each dose: Systemic reactions were reported more often by healthcare workers than by patients; in both groups, they were more prevalent after the second dose. Headache (8. 4% in patients and 26% in healthcare workers), mild muscle pain (12. 6% in patients and 39. 1% in healthcare workers) and fatigue (8. 4% in patients and 34. 5% in healthcare workers) were the most commonly reported events (Figure 1). Serious adverse events: None of the patients reported lymphadenopathy along the study period but 8 healthcare workers (1 male and 7 females) reported ipsilateral axillary lymphadenopathy: one female 8 days after the first dose and the others after the second dose. In 2 females it lasted for 3 weeks; in the others it resolved within 1 week. Lymphadenopathy, is likely to have resulted from a robust vaccine-elicited immune response [9]. One patient, 82 years old with Index of 10, died suddenly at home, eight days after the second dose. This fatality was not considered to be related to vaccination. Two other patients missed the antibody tests 21 days after the second dose because they were hospitalized for reasons unrelated to vaccination. They remained RT-PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2. Vaccination efficacy One patient, arrived for the regular dialysis session on day 21st after the first dose, with fever and mild respiratory symptoms. A nasopharyngeal swab was RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2. The second dose of vaccine was not administered and the patient was dialyzed in a dedicated room for SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. That day, blood tests for anti-N and anti-S were negative, meaning that the patient had not responded to the first dose of vaccine.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: It comprises the microcontinent of Madagascar and several archipelagoes: the (La Réunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues islands), the (Mahé, Praslin, main islands) and the (Grande Comore, Mohéli, Anjouan and Mayotte islands). These islands differ by their environmental conditions and apicultural practices. On most islands, honeybee genotypes belong to the native A-lineage, with variable rates of hybridization with European lineages following the introduction of allochthonous queens or hives38. The prevalence of V. ceranae also varies. While one tenth of Malagasy colonies are carriers of the parasite, V. ceranae prevalence is very high in the small islands (79. 6 to 100%)39. As outgroups, we aimed to include A. mellifera isolates from continental Africa and Europe, as well as isolates from other Apis host species in Thailand. Here, we assessed the haplotype frequencies by the high throughput sequencing of 42 coding and non-coding regions within V. ceranae genome in single honeybee isolates, avoiding the multicopy rDNA region. We demonstrated that the haplotype frequency distribution enabled the detection of parasite population structure. To our knowledge, it is the first population study depicting such a fine geographically structured populations of a microsporidian parasite. Figure 1Map of the (SWIO) showing the studied islands. Color-codes indicate the grouping of isolates throughout the forthcoming figures and tables. Full size imageResultsA. mellifera individuals were collected in the SWIO and in continental Africa and screened for the presence of Vairimorpha spores (Table S1). Except two individuals from one colony in Senegal, no spores were detected in continental Africa. In contrast, spores were commonly found in honeybees in the SWIO, all identified as V. ceranae. Twenty-eight honeybee isolates from different hives were eventually selected in the SWIO, representing the different geographic areas (Table 1). archipelago was divided into two areas: La Réunion on one side, Mauritius and Rodrigues on the other, corresponding to known contrasted apicultural regions38. The honeybees had been genotyped by Techer et al. 38. Most were from the A lineage, including one from its sublineage Z. Six individuals were from C lineage and one from M lineage.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: The demography of medical schools: a discussion document. BMA, 2004. ↵. The standardised admission ratio for measuring widening participation in medical schools: analysis of medical school admissions by ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and sex. BMJ2004;328:1545-6. ↵Multi-Stata for Windows [program]. Version 12. Stata, 2011. ↵. Widening access to medical education for under-represented socioeconomic groups: population based cross sectional analysis of UK data, 2002-6. BMJ2011;342:539. OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science↵Hoare A, Johnston R. Widening participation through admissions policy—a British case study of school and university performance. Educ2011;36:21-41. OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science↵Office for National Statistics. Statistics socio-economic classification (NS-SEC). 2011. www. ons. gov. uk/ons/guide-method/classifications/current-standard-classifications/soc2010/soc2010-volume-3-ns-sec--rebased-on-soc2010--user-manual/index. html. ↵. Sensitivity analysis for non-random dropout: a local influence approach. Biometrics2001;57:7-14. of Science↵. Medical school applicants from ethnic minority groups: identifying if and when they are disadvantaged. BMJ1995;310:496-500. OpenUrlAbstract/↵Collier J, Burke A. Racial and sexual discrimination in the selection of students for London medical schools. Med Educ1986;20:86-90. OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science↵Commission for Racial Equality. Report of a formal investigation into St George’s School. Commission for Racial Equality, 1988. ↵McManus IC. Factors affecting likelihood of applicants being offered a place in medical schools in the in 1996 and 1997: retrospective study. BMJ1998;317:1111-6. OpenUrlAbstract/↵of Physicians. Women and medicine: the future—summary of findings from of Physicians research. RCP, 2009. ↵McKinstry B. Are there too many female medical graduates? Yes. BMJ2008;336:748. ↵. Career choices of medical graduates of 1999 and 2000: questionnaire surveys. BMJ2003;326:194-5. ↵.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: He did not need hospitalization and recovered completely. No other participant became infected with SARS-CoV-2 along the study period. IgG anti-N response All participants considered to be without previous infection remained negative for anti-N throughout the study, except for one patient who become positive for anti-N 21 days after the second vaccine dose. He had no symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and had been anti-N negative 21 days after the first vaccine dose. It is presumed that he contracted SARS-CoV-2 infection via asymptomatic spread in the period between the two anti-N tests. All patients considered to have had previous infection had positive anti-N in both determinations except for one patient with previous symptomatic and RT-PCR positive SARS-CoV-2 infection who was anti-N negative 21 days after both the first and second vaccine doses. He was anti-S positive after both doses. There were no statistically significant differences between the levels of antibody anti-N after the first and second doses in all participants, when the groups with or without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed separately. IgG anti-S response One of the primary end points was to evaluate how participants responded to vaccination through anti-S levels and the factors which may have influenced the magnitude of the responses. Patients and healthcare workers anti-S response to each dose of vaccination are presented in Table 2. Anti-S level (relative light units) No. and % 1st dose 2nd dose 1st dose 2nd dose (range) Median (range) N (%) N (%) With previous SARS-CoV-2 12 567. 3 (1. 3-3029. 2) 768. 9 (22. 2-3983. 7) p=0. 01 12 (100%) 12 (100%) Without previous SARS-CoV-2 204 0. 5 (0. 5-17. 9) 34. 2 (0. 5-487. 5) p<0. 001 73 (35. 8%) 187 (91. 7%) Age ≤55 33 0. 5 (1. 0-10. 8) 69. 9 (0. 5-295. 8) p<0. 001 19 (57. 6%) 32 (97. 0%) Age >55-65 34 0. 5 (0. 5-9.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: infected honeybees were chosen as a geographical outgroup. One isolate from A. cerana and one from A. dorsata were chosen as a host outgroup. Table 1 Honeybees studied in the present work. Full size tableThe major haplotypes represented 96% of the detected readsForty-two primer pairs were selected to amplify V. ceranae coding and non-coding regions, including microsatellites (Table S2). All markers were amplified by PCR but amplification was less efficient for several markers of the MAD26. 1 isolate. The 052A amplification products showed two bands on electropherograms. Sequencing showed that these amplicons mapped on two loci on V. ceranae genome and the marker was kept for analysis. sequencing, the data provided by the subcontractor showed essentially mismatching paired reads, denoting wrong pairing. Thus, the two ends of each amplicon were treated separately as independent markers. The 0386AR marker (in EnP1B gene) was not exploitable due to large of a repeated motif31 that exceeded the reads length. As a consequence, 83 markers were considered and a total of 636 haplotypes were obtained following filtering (Table S3). One marker (001DR) as well as the clonal control did not show any variation in any isolate, validating the polymorphism in other markers. The distribution of frequencies of the 636 haplotypes in the 33 isolates (28 in the SWIO and 5 for outgroups) showed numerous values with low frequencies (Fig. 2). We considered haplotypes with a frequency higher than 0. 12 in at least one isolate as “major haplotypes”, and other haplotype, with a frequency higher than 0. 01 in one isolate but always lower than 0. 12, as “rare haplotypes”. The high numbers of frequencies close to one represented highly dominant haplotypes. Interestingly, the frequency distribution also showed peaks at 0. 25, 0. 5 and 0. 75. Figure 2Distribution of haplotype frequencies, showing the number of values with a frequency from 0. 01 to 1, with increasing intervals of 0,01 (n = 10,942 values). Haplotypes whose frequency was below and above 12% were classified as “rare” (yellow) or “major” (blue), respectively. Peaks at frequency close to 0. 25, 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Fair access to medicine? Retrospective analysis of UK medical schools application data 2009-2012 using three measures of socioeconomic status 12. Data were analysed for all 32,964 UK-domiciled applicants aged <20 years to 22 non-graduate medical schools requiring applicants to sit the Test (UKCAT). Rates of applicants and accepted offers were compared using three measures of SES: (1) Postcode-assigned Index of score (IMD); (2) School type; (3) Parental occupation measured by the Classification (NS-SEC). ResultsThere is a marked social gradient of applicants and applicants with accepted offers with, depending on UK country of residence, 19. 7–34. 5 % of applicants living in the most affluent tenth of postcodes vs 1. 8–5. 7 % in the least affluent tenth. However, the majority of applicants in all postcodes had parents in the highest SES occupational group (NS-SEC1). Applicants resident in the most deprived postcodes, with parents from lower SES occupational groups (NS-SEC4/5) and attending non-selective state schools were less likely to obtain an accepted offer of a place at medical school further steepening the observed social gradient. Medical schools varied significantly in the percentage of individuals from NS-SEC 4/5 applying (2. 3 %–8. 4 %) and gaining an accepted offer (1. 2 %–7. 7 %). ConclusionRegardless of the measure, those from less affluent backgrounds are less likely to apply and less likely to gain an accepted offer to study medicine. Postcode-based measures such as IMD may be misleading, but individual measures like NS-SEC can be gamed by applicants. The previously unreported variation between UK countries and between medical schools warrants further investigation as it implies solutions are available but inconsistently applied. reports BackgroundOver 100 years ago Flexner wrote ‘We have no right… to set up standards which will close the profession to “poor boys” [1]’. However, medicine in the UK remains dominated by those from more affluent backgrounds, and policy and professional stakeholders internationally identify widening participation as a significant issue facing the medical profession [2–7].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: 5) 54. 8 (0. 5-210. 7) p<0. 001 11 (32. 4%) 29 (85. 3%) Age >65-75 61 0. 6 (0. 5-17. 9) 39. 1 (0. 8-487. 5) p<0. 001 25 (41. 0%) 59 (96. 7%) Age >75 76 0. 5 (0. 5-11. 8) 23. 2 (0. 5-148. 9) p<0. 001 18 (23. 7%) 67 (88. 2%) BMI ≥30 41 0. 5 (0. 5-8. 3) 17. 8 (0. 5-138. 0) p<0. 001 10 (24. 4%) 38 (92. 7%) With previous SARS-CoV-2 5 166. 9 (20. 2-210. 5) 194. 2 (90. 2-245. 6) p=0. 08 5 (100%) 5 (100%) Without previous SARS-CoV-2 41 9. 3 (0. 5-79. 2) 146. 3 (18. 0-647. 3) p<0. 001 38 (97. 0%) 41 (100%) Age ≤55 26 14. 0 (0. 6-79. 2) 163. 4 (33. 5-647. 3) P<0. 001 25 (96. 2%) 25 (100%) Age >55 15 6 (0. 5-31. 9) 121. 1 (18-579. 2) P<0. 001 13 (86. 7%) 13 (100%) BMI ≥30 7 7. 2 (0. 6-19. 8) 116. 4 (33. 5-366) P=0. 018 6 (85. 7%) 7 (100%) Abbreviation: BMI: Index. Table 2: Vaccine efficacy: anti-S levels according to Age and Index. Influence of age Among patients there was a significant negative correlation between anti-S levels and age after both the first dose (R= -0. 176, p=0. 01) and the second dose (R= -0. 193, p=0. 005). Among healthcare workers there was also a significant negative correlation between anti-S levels and age after the first dose (R= -0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 5 and 0. 75 are indicated by stars. Full size imageThree hundred and five haplotypes were considered as major haplotypes. They represented 95. 7% of the reads. These included 86 haplotypes whose frequency where higher than 0. 12 in all the isolates, representing 60. 1% of the reads (Fig. 3). The 331 rare haplotypes represented only 4. 3% of the reads. Twenty-four major haplotypes were specific to one isolate, always A. dorsata, denoting the distance of that isolate. Among rare haplotypes, 115 were specific to one isolate, including 100 that were specific to one honeybee in the SWIO, i. e. they were present in only one SWIO isolate. Nine out of the 28 SWIO isolates carried at least one specific haplotype. Interestingly the continental Malagasy honeybees carried most of the specific haplotypes: 32 for MAD26. 1 and 31 for MAD30. 2. MAD26. 1 was the most divergent SWIO isolate in term of presence or absence of haplotypes. Thirty-five other major or rare haplotypes where present in only one archipelago (mainly Madagascar) and 33 in the SWIO only. There was no clear differentiation of isolates or groups of isolates when considering only the presence or absence of haplotypes (Figure S1). This changed once considering their frequency. Figure 3Cumulated frequencies of the 636 haplotypes from 83 markers in isolates (a) and their distribution in selected categories (b). Since markers were independently studied, the cumulative frequency that equaled 1 for each marker reached 83 over the dataset. A haplotype was considered present with a frequency higher than 1% in one isolate and ubiquitous with a frequency higher than 1% in all isolates. Haplotypes with a frequency higher than 12% in at least one isolate were considered as “major”. Haplotypes with a frequency higher than 1% in at least one isolate but never higher than 12% were considered as “rare”. If rare haplotypes were numerous (b), their cumulated frequency was low (a). Ubiquitous major haplotypes appear in blue, including those that are frequent in all isolates (dark blue). Shared major haplotypes, defined as present in at least two groups, appear in green. Isolate-specific major haplotypes are in purple.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Widening participation has been defined as ‘ensuring that students from disadvantaged backgrounds can access higher education, get the support they need to succeed in their studies, and progress to further study and/or employment suited to their qualifications and potential’ [8]. Recruitment from disadvantaged groups is not a problem confined to UK medical schools. In the USA, there is a persistent decline in applicants and matriculants from the Black and male population along with a recognised need for continued work in recruitment from under-represented ethnic and racial groups [9]. In Australia, recruitment to undergraduate medical degrees from indigenous populations is increasing but remains low [10]. In the UK, female and ethnic minority groups are now well represented in medicine, but those from a lower socio-economic status remain under-represented (SES). In 2012, the Commission reported that within the UK, the proportion of medical students from private schools was not changing, that the responses from professional bodies regarding widening participation (WP) were poor and ultimately concluded that “medicine has made far too little progress” [11]. The most common argument for widening participation is on the grounds of social justice and the wider desirability of improving social mobility. Other benefits may include the development of a more diverse workforce providing better care for the whole population. The evidence for this is mostly from the USA, where for example, physicians from ethnic minority groups are more likely to work in underserved communities and with patients of the same ethnicity [12, 13]. Studying in a more diverse medical school also has positive effects on students’ attitudes towards diversity related issues and may increase preparedness to care for minority groups within society [14, 15]. In Scotland, general practitioners from less affluent backgrounds have been shown to be more likely to work in practices serving the most deprived communities [16]. Research from the USA also suggests that students from lower income groups may be more likely to pursue family medicine, which is a priority in many countries, including the UK where the government has proposed that 50 % of foundation year trainees should enter GP speciality training [17] in order to allow health services to effectively manage the growing number of older people with multimorbidity [18]. Despite the policy focus, it remains unclear how best to measure whether the social mix of medical students according to SES is changing as the result of widening participation activity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: 357, p=0. 015) but not after the second dose (R= -0284, p=0. 056). Healthcare workers always reached higher levels of anti-S in comparison with patients. Other correlations Among patients there was also a significant negative correlation between anti-S and Index adjusted for age after both the first dose (R= -0. 150, p= 0. 028) and the second dose (R= -0. 163, p=0. 018). Finally, a negative correlation between anti-S and Index was found after the first dose (R= -0. 140, p= 0. 04) (Table 3). Logistic regression of variables associated with being reactive after the 1st vaccine dose OR (Odds ratio) P value Age (per 1 year) 0. 970 0. 008 Index age-adjusted 0. 894 0. 015 Index 0. 938 0. 044 Table 3: Patients without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. No correlations were found with dialysis vintage, Kt/V, diabetes, treatment with ACEi or ARB, or smoking. patients and other immunocompromised individuals were excluded from all phase 3 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine trials and, when our study began, there was no published study of the effects of vaccination in ICHD patients. We therefore decided to use the same criteria for safety and efficacy in our study as used by the vaccine manufacturer in its phase 3 study [9] in an attempt to identify possible differences between hemodialysis patients and the general population [10,11]. These differences may be aggravated by immunosenescence associated with ageing [12,13], as ICHD patients in this setting tend to be of older age. From the experience of vaccination for hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients it is known that higher and more frequent doses are needed than in the general population [14]. Is this also true with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination? All (100%) of our patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection had an anti-S response after the first vaccine dose, but only 35. 8% of patients without previous infection responded to the first dose. After both doses of vaccine, 91. 7% of all patients had responded compared to 100% of healthcare workers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Pairwise distances between isolates were calculated using the frequency data, showing lower distances within geographic groups and within SWIO isolates than between SWIO isolates and outgroups (data not shown). To visualize how the haplotype frequencies organized the parasite populations, principal component analyses (PCAs) were also performed. All parasite populations from honeybees collected in the SWIO, except MAD26. 1, and the one from Switzerland formed a distinct population compared to the outgroups (Fig. 4a). As the outgroups affected the distribution, PCAs were performed on SWIO isolates only, showing geographic groups (Fig. 4b). All the Reunion isolates were grouped together with the Swiss isolate. and Rodrigues islands isolates also formed a distinct group. The other SWIO isolates, except three, formed a group that could itself be separated between two Seychellois isolates, the Comoros isolates and the Malagasy isolates. isolate was close to the Reunion/Swiss group and the Mayotte isolate was located midway. The MAD26 isolate was clearly a single separated isolate, demonstrating its divergence from the other parasite populations. Figure 4Principal component analyses (PCAs) of the N. ceranae haplotypes frequencies in A. mellifera isolates from the (SWIO). Honeybees were sampled in La Réunion (blue), Mauritius and Rodrigues (green), the Comoros archipelago (orange), the Seychelles archipelago (pink) and Madagascar (red). Outgroup from Europe (grey) and from A. ceranae and A. dorsata in Thailand (black) were included. For details on the isolates, see Table 1. (a) PCA of all the 636 haplotypes, whatever their frequency, representing 83 coding and non-coding genetic markers from the 7 considered groups. The three first components represented 52. 7% of the variance. (b) PCA (53. 7% of the variance represented) of the 636 haplotypes from the SWIO isolates, i. e. without the outgroups. (c) PCA (53. 7% of the variance) of the 305 major haplotypes from the SWIO isolates. (d) PCA (57.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: The most common measures used in the UK rely on postcode assigned SES such as the Index of (IMD, a small area measure of SES routinely used in UK health services research as a proxy for individual SES) or on school type (selective or not, state vs. independent/fee paying) which are relatively easy to measure. These are area or institutional variables and so subject to ecological fallacy when applied to individuals. They are also not comparable across the UK, since IMD measurement is country specific [19, 20], and the four UK countries (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales) have different schooling systems which vary both in the proportion of children attending independent schools and the degree of selection in the state system. Individual measures, such as parental Socio-of occupation (NS-SEC) and assessment of household income avoid the problems of area-based measures, but would be complex to measure on a large scale and are more open to gaming by applicants if explicitly used in selection. The aim of this study is to examine how UK secondary school leaver applicants to medical school and those with an ‘accepted offer’ of a place vary by SES using two measures in widespread use (postcode-assigned IMD score and school type) and one individual measure (parental NS-SEC). MethodsDatasetApplicants to medical school in the UK apply through the Universities and System (UCAS) and most UK medical schools also require applicants to take one of two specific aptitude tests. Over the period examined, 25 (78 %) medical schools required applicants to sit the test (UKCAT). Linked UCAS and UKCAT data were used to examine the SES of applicants to, and those with an accepted offer from 22. PopulationData from three admission cycles were examined (2009–2010 to 2011–2012). An admission cycle crosses calendar years since an applicant sits the UKCAT and makes their UCAS application in one year for medical school entry in the next calendar year at the earliest. Widening participation in the UK is primarily framed in terms of the family and social-economic background of applicants. From this perspective, it is relatively difficult to account for graduate entrants, whose current individual SES based on any measure may or may not reflect their family background.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Despite this lower response, the risk of hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19 infection in ICHD patients and the low rate of adverse reactions, suggest that all ICHD and the healthcare workers caring for them should be vaccinated. Our older ICHD patients appeared to respond less well to vaccination: in patients without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, 90. 5% in those older than 75 years were reactive after two doses of vaccine to 97. 0% in those younger than 55 years. (Table 4). Probability of being reactive to the 1st first and 2nd dose (age = 55 and > 75 years) Reactive after 1st dose Reactive after 2nd dose Age ≤ 55 years (n=33) 14 (42. 4%) 19 (57. 6%) 1 (3. 0%) 32 (97. 0%) Age > 75 years (n=76) 58 (76. 3%) 18 (23. 7%) 7 (9. 5%) 67 (90. 5%) Table 4: Patients without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found inverse associations between vaccine response and age, Index and Index. All of these are relevant in ICHD patients, who are predominantly of older age, have several comorbidities and have impaired exercise capacity, which can contribute to obesity. We did not include cellular immunity or neutralizing antibody (nAb) assays in our study. However, a recent study of the immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection showed that anti-S IgG (which we did measure) correlates highly with nAb and its response can be used as a marker of neutralizing activity in individuals [15]. This seems likely also to be the case after vaccination. The main goals of this COVID-19 vaccination program were to reduce morbidity and mortality by reducing disease severity and hospitalization. However, we know that ICHD patients remain a high-risk population for SARS-CoV-2 subsequent infection with variants [16] and efforts to prevent it should be maintained. Further studies are needed to ascertain how long the protection from vaccination will last in this population group and guide timing of booster doses. Conflict of All authors have nothing to disclose. 1. Organization.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 3% of the variance) of the 274 haplotypes, whatever their frequency, representing 43 coding markers from the SWIO isolates. (e) PCA (56. 1% of the variance) of the 362 haplotypes, whatever their frequency, representing 29 non-coding markers from the SWIO isolates. (f) PCA (68. 4% of the variance) of the 142 haplotypes, whatever their frequency, representing 11 microsatellites markers from the SWIO isolates. Full size imageAlthough clonal control did not show any sequence variation, some rare haplotypes may still be originated from amplification or sequencing errors36. In order to rule out any bias, the same analyses were performed removing all rare haplotypes (Fig. 4c). An almost identical distribution was observed, demonstrating that the structure of the parasite population is poorly affected by rare haplotypes. Thus, at this scale of deep multilocus sequencing, the artifactual or technical variations of the haplotypes that may have occurred did not change the observed structure. As coding and non-coding regions may be submitted to different evolutionary processes, PCAs were also performed separately on the coding markers (Fig. 4d), the non-coding markers (including microsatellites, Fig. 4e) and on microsatellites only (Fig. 4f). While the isolates distribution varied, groups were mostly maintained, showing that both coding and non-coding regions, including microsatellites only, allowed structuring populations. NJ clustering showed that all Reunion island and one Seychellois isolates were grouped together, as well as the isolates from Mauritius and Rodrigues and the isolates from Madagascar (Figure S3). The two other Seychellois isolates and the ones from Comoros formed a last group. When including the outgroups, the Malagasy group was included in a Madagascar-Comoros-Seychelles group. and the Reunion isolates were grouped together. The other outgroup isolates and MAD26. 1 form a group with long branches. Not considering the outgroups, and showed uncorrected p-values that were below 0. 05 between all the SWIO subgroups expect between Seychelles and Comoros and Seychelles and Madagascar for. However, differences were considered significant for Bonferroni-corrected p-values.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: This analysis is therefore of UK domiciled applicants aged 19 or under at the time of application, who applied to at least one of 22 medical schools (three graduate-entry schools were excluded). For all included applicants, data are available on whether the individual received an offer from each of the UKCAT medical schools they applied to, and whether they firmly accepted that offer. Measures of SESThree measures of SES were defined. First, the Index of (IMD) was calculated for the postcode of residence recorded in the UCAS application. IMD is a weighted score of a number of indicators of SES and ranks small areas in order of deprivation. IMD is not an individual measure of SES, since an affluent individual may live in a deprived area and vice versa. Each UK country has its own IMD measure, and although they are similar, there is variation in the indicators used, the weighting assigned to each indicator, the frequency of updating, and the size of the geography being measured (from ~750 residents in Scotland to ~2000 in Northern Ireland) [20]. IMD scores are therefore not strictly comparable across countries and the Office of recommends not using IMD as a UK wide measure [20], although IMD is often treated as such. For each country, small areas defined by postcode were ranked in ascending order of affluence, and categorised into centiles (equally sized hundredths) and deciles (equally sized tenths, where centile/decile 1 represents the least affluent group). Second, data from the UCAS application were used to define the school type an applicant attended. Like IMD, school type is a proxy rather than an individual measure of SES, but because it is routinely collected, it is also commonly used to examine participation. The state schooling systems in the four UK countries differ. In England, following the Regulations of 1975 many grammar schools were closed, but some English counties retain significant numbers of state-funded selective grammar schools, which have a higher percentage of students from more affluent backgrounds [21]. Selective schools are those which require potential students to sit an entrance examination with selection and admission to the school based on the individual’s performance. Scotland and Wales no longer have a selective grammar system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: 00 Add to cart ISBN: 978-981-4630-66-5 (ebook) Checkout Description10. 1142/9789814630658_fmatterAbstractPDF/following sections are included: 1: Cells: or a Source of Dilemmas? Audrey R. ChapmanPages:1–20 sections are included: IntroductioniPSCs as a Substitute for hand OversightPluripotent into Totipotent Cells: The Re-emergence of the Embryo IssueConclusion10. 1142/9789814630658_0002AbstractPDF/following sections are included: in Tissue RegenerationMSCs in Cell Co-TransplantationConclusion10. 1142/9789814630658_0003AbstractPDF/following sections are included: and IntegrationBackgroundParkinson's Disease (PD)Regenerative Therapy: Use of Stem CellsProtocolsfor TreatmentSafety in the Infusion of Stem CellsResultsConclusion10. 1142/9789814630658_0004AbstractPDF/following sections are included: History and EvolutionComposition of Fat TissueAdipose-Cells (ASC)Growth Factorsof Growth FactorsTechnique of GraftingTechnique of and Carcinogenicity of and ASCsConclusionConflict of Interest10. 1142/9789814630658_0005AbstractPDF/following sections are included: Approaches for Bone Reconstruction10. 1142/9789814630658_0006AbstractPDF/is the third cause of mortality worldwide and the leading cause of long-term disability in adults. However, there are no neuroprotective or neurorestorative therapies approved for ischemic stroke. Based on animal stroke models, cell therapy is a potentially new treatment for regaining neurological functions after stroke. Autologous bone marrow transplantation has demonstrated efficacy in acute stroke models through different mechanisms, such as attenuation of neuronal death, modulation of inflammatory response and stimulation of neuroplasticity and neoangiogenesis, mainly due to secretion of growth factors and cytokines. There is a scarcity of experience with bone marrow transplantation in stroke patients. We have performed a pilot phase I/II controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and feasibility of intra-arterial bone marrow mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) transplantation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Significant difference was observed between La Réunion and Mauritius/Rodrigues (p = 0. 010), La Réunion and the Comoros archipelago (including Mayotte, p = 0. 002), La Réunion and Madagascar (p = 0. 030), Mauritius and the Comoros (p = 0. 027). Removing the divergent MAD26 isolate did not change the results. Similar results were also obtained excluding the rare haplotypes or using the coding or non-coding markers only. A supplementary significant difference was observed between the Comoros and Madagascar using the coding regions or the microsatellites only. To get into more details, fixation indices were calculated for every marker with and without the divergent MAD26. 1 isolate (Table S4). Except the invariable 001DR marker, all markers significantly differed within the whole populations (FST) and between groups (FSC) whereas significance varied with marker when comparing populations among groups (FCT). Altogether, these results confirmed the distribution depicted with PCAs and the geographical grouping. DiscussionThe present study allowed the differentiation on V. ceranae isolates based on the high throughput sequencing of numerous genomic loci. It demonstrated that allele or haplotype frequency, whatever their nucleotide diversity, can be used to study Vairimorpha population structure. The data explained, at least partly, why the former cloning-sequencinq approaches could not resolve sub-populations. The major haplotypes represented 95. 7% of the reads, including 86 haplotypes whose frequency where higher than 0. 12 in all the isolates. As many major haplotypes are present in most or all individuals, the sequencing of a limited number of haplotypes in one isolate cannot resolve any differentiation. For instance, single cloning procedure would most probably lead to the sequencing of one major allele, and lead to wrong topology assertions. Moreover, as most alleles were ubiquitous, no topology could be established based on their sequences alone. In accordance with the genome analysis of isolates performed by Peters et al. 36, the data confirmed that discrimination of V. ceranae sub-populations can be performed through multilocus and genome-wide analyses. In the present work, the coverage was much higher (several thousand reads per marker and per isolate) than in previous whole genome analyses35,36,40, possibly allowing finest differentiation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: has attempted to move away from selective secondary schooling and no longer uses the ‘transfer test’ to determine secondary school entry at age 11 years, although most secondary schools continue to set their own entrance exam. Given the differences in interpretation of state school type between countries, and the public focus on independent vs. state schools when considering widening participation, we defined school type as independent (fee-paying) school, grammar school (selective entrance exam, state funded), or a non-selective state funded school (comprehensive, sixth form college, or further education college). In the UK as a whole, only 6. 5 % of children are educated in the independent sector [22]. Third, for each candidate we calculated parental Socio-(NS-SEC) based on applicant responses to the self-report questions used by the Office of (ONS) [23] undertaken during the UKCAT registration process. Applicants were allocated to one of five NS-SEC groups based on the highest NS-SEC of either parent. NS-SEC differs from the previous Classification of occupation. Firstly, it is not strictly linear. NS-SEC 1 (higher managerial, administrative and professional occupations) and NS-SEC 2 (intermediate occupations) can be considered higher SES and NS-SEC 4 (lower supervisory and technical occupations) and NS-SEC 5 (semi-routine and routine occupations) lower SES, but NS-SEC 3 (small employers and own account workers) is a distinct occupational group which is not ordered in the same way. Secondly when considering the most affluent group in both classification systems, NS-SEC 1 is a broader, numerically larger group than the previous social class 1, including both traditional professional occupations like medicine and law and modern professional occupations like nursing and teaching, as well as senior management. The proportion of the UK population in the five categories in 2011 was NS-SEC 1 41. 4 %, NS-SEC 2 12. 7 %, NS-SEC 3 9. 4 %, NS-SEC 4 6. 9 % and NS-SEC 5 25. 2 % [24]. Unlike IMD and school type, NS-SEC is an individual measure of SES, but completion of the NS-SEC questions during registration is voluntary so this information is not available for all applicants with approximately 10 % of data missing for school-leaver applicants in the period examined.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Twenty middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke patients were included, and the outcomes were assessed blinded to the group assignment. Intra-arterial BM-MNCs were injected between 5 and 9 days after stroke and follow-up was done for up to 6 months. The safety and efficacy endpoints were evaluated and also biological effects of cell therapy in serum changes of growth factors and cytokines were also assessed. In this trial, a total of 1. 58 = 108 CM-MNCs were injected into the ipsilateral MCA cases. There were no serious adverse events related to BM-MNC transplantation and there was also no tumour formation during follow-up. Although no significant differences in neurological outcomes were found between both groups, there was a trend to better the functional outcomes with a higher number of CD34+ cells injected. We have also observed some biological effects after transplantation. After BM-MNC injec tion, a positive correlation between the number of BM-MNCs injected and serum levels at 90 days of GM-CSF and PDGF-BB were found and higher levels of nerve growth factor were detec ted as well, 8 days after transplantation. Based on recent reports in literature and our experience, bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation is feasible and safe in the acute-subacute phase of ischemic stroke. Changes in serum levels of growth factors detected after injection of BM-MNC are probably due to the secretory function of these cells in the ischemic environment. New clinical trials are ongoing to further assess dose and timing of this therapy and to elucidate the efficacy BM-MNC transplantation. No Access7: Practice-of Cell-based Products in Regenerative MedicineüterPages:141–167 is emerging as an interesting tissue source for obtaining adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) for cellbased therapies in regenerative medicine. The highly heterogeneous, freshly processed stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells or the expanded adipose-tissue derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), both are characterised with respect to their regenerative properties. Based on in vitro and preclinical data a number of clinical trials have been initiated to assess their potential clinical benefits. Since basic research is far from the clinical applications, a number of issues emerge and become challenging, when translation of research findings in clinical studies begins.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Yet, as the frequency of major haplotype was sufficient to assess population structure (Fig. 4c), one may wonder if such high coverage was necessary. Estimations have been made to test which reduced datasets may still assess the population structure. A discriminating PCA distribution appeared with a coverage as low as 20 reads per marker and per isolate, and the removal of singletons (Fig. S4). Noteworthy, no structuration appeared using the 10 most polymorphic markers with a coverage of 200, supporting the need for genome-wide analysis. Sequence quality, e. g. performing high fidelity amplification, ought to be of importance as it influences SNP distribution, and consequently haplotype frequency, and was shown to erase evidences for recombination36. For instance, a comparative analysis of V. ceranae genomes suggested that some SNPs were study-specific and thus did not depict true population differentiation36. Fortunately, the observed population structure was maintained analyzing the major haplotypes only, i. e. removing all possibly biased haplotypes. In conclusion, the frequency-based differentiation of isolates should rely on multiple informative loci, ideally genome-wide analyses, and a moderate sequencing coverage. Sequencing (GBS) could also be a method of choice as its strategy differs from the present one only in the unchosen loci that are linked to restriction sites. The three Vairimorpha species infecting the honeybee have been detected in some African regions7,41,42 but no ascertained data are available concerning their prevalence. Here a very limited number of honeybees sampled in continental Africa carried Vairimorpha spores (Table S1) with only 2 individuals from the same colony in Senegal. The data suggested that the parasite had a low prevalence in continental Africa, while it was common in the SWIO, reaching 100% of the colonies in La Réunion39. More comprehensive data would be needed to test hypotheses that can be formulated upon these findings. Honeybee subspecies in Africa mostly belong to the A-lineage, with other lineages present in the north of the continent43,44. If the genetic background of the A-lineage would confer resistance to V. ceranae and a limitation of its spread, its absence would also be in some of the SWIO islands, such as Madagascar and the Comoros, were only the A-lineage is present. Climate and temperature could also influence V.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Data analysisFor each country and for the UK as a whole, we calculated the percentage of applicants from each decile of IMD score (equal tenths of postcodes ranked in ascending order of affluence), each school type and each NS-SEC category. For IMD and NS-SEC, we then estimated an ‘application ratio’ which is the ratio of the proportion of applicants in each subcategory to the expected proportion of the population in that subcategory (akin to the standardised admission ratio proposed by Seyan et al) [25]. This process was repeated for the percentage of applicants who received an accepted offer, with a ‘selection ratio’ estimated which is the ratio of the proportion of applicants with an accepted offer in each subcategory to the proportion of all applicants in that subcategory. To further examine the distribution of applicant by SES, we calculated the percentage of applicants and the percentages of applicants with an accepted offer for 100 equally sized groups of postcodes ranked in ascending order of affluence by IMD, and examined how school type and NS-SEC were distributed across the range of IMD. Finally, we defined a single binary measure of participation by applicants from less affluent families as an applicant having parents in NS-SEC 4 or 5 (lower supervisory and technical, and semi-routine and routine occupations), and examined how the percentage of applicants and accepted offers made to this group varied between the 22 medical schools. Data were analysed in a web-based safe haven managed by the Centre, University of Dundee, under data governance rules established by the. The study was reviewed and approved by the University of Teaching and Committee. Analysis was carried out in v11. ResultsThere were 32,964 UK domiciled applicants aged 19 or under to one or more of the 22 medical schools for the three admission cycles 2009–10, 2010–11 and 2011–12. 32,065 (97. 3 %) had a postcode from which IMD could be calculated and were included in the analysis. 28,902 (90. 1 % of those included) had a valid parental NS-SEC and 31,028 (96. 8 % of those included) had a valid school type. Rates of missing data varied across countries, from 4. 9 to 10. 8 % for NS-SEC (highest for England) and 2. 9 to 5. 0 % for school type (highest for Scotland).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: The more progress is achieved with the “bench-to-bedside” approach the more regulatary issues come into place, like: formalities, obligations, regulations, laws and provisions. As there is only limited clinical data available on safety and efficacy, novel cell-based products are highly regulated to assure patient safety and a favorable riskbenefit assessment. To comply with the innovations in regenerative medicine the has classified these novel cell-based drugs as “advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP). ” ATMPs include products derived by gene therapy, somatic cell-based therapy as well as biotechnological therapy, such as tissue engineering. ASCs are considered as ATMPs. In contrast to conventional drugs, ASCs comprise a number of complex biological functions, such as being differentiable, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, immune regulatory, trophic or pro-regenerative. Nevertheless the regulatory context of ATMPs from preclinical to clinical assessment, to marketing authorisation reclines the authorisation process of classical drugs. This regulatory context also covers the whole manufacturing process from procurement of the tissue, transportation into the manufacturing center, manufacturing, storage, quality control, transport and application to the patient. This cell processing is subsumed under the terms “Good laboratory practice (GLP)” or even “Good manufacturing practice (GMP)” to assure safe and high-quality cell production. Points to consider in the GMP-compliant manufacturing of ASCs will be reviewed in the following. Section 2 Tissue Engineering-Based TherapiesNo Access8: and Stefan BohrPages:171–185 sections are included: BackgroundChallengesClinical TrialsConclusion10. 1142/9789814630658_0009AbstractPDF/following sections are included: IntroductionDevelopment and Importance for the FunctionTransfer of the to for Cartilage RepairScaffoldsThe in vivo Trials with Cultured ChondrocytesThe clinical and EngineeringConclusion10. 1142/9789814630658_0010AbstractPDF/tissue normally has the ability of healing. However, in some cases the healing ability is impaired. Delayed healing occurs when the bone does not unify within nine months. If after nine months the bone is still not unified, the term nonunion is used. Regeneration in such cases can be achieved by different methods, depending on the patient's condition.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 4, S1 and S2). These was in good accordance with the genome analyses of Peters et al. 36. The strong divergence between the SWIO and outgroups isolates suggested that the V. ceranae population in the SWIO may have a common origin and had enough time to diverge in allele frequency since its introduction. As the number of isolates in outgroups was restrained it was not possible to propose a geographic origin for this introduction. However, the proximity of the Swiss isolate with the population from la Reunion could be a hint towards a European origin (Fig. 4a). The data also revealed, for the first time, fine local geographical patterns, despite the genetic proximity between SWIO isolates. The population structure within the SWIO appeared very robust as it was maintained with or without the outgroups, with or without the divergent Malagasy isolate, using all haplotypes or only the major ones, using all markers or only the coding or non-coding ones (Fig. 4). Samples were mostly grouped by island or Archipelago, with the exception of one Seychellois isolate, one strongly divergent Malagasy isolate and the Mayotte isolate. Each insular group seemed to possess allelic frequencies differentiated from another and the organization of the insular populations was coherent with the geography of the SWIO. Such a genetic clustering was observed for honeybee populations in the SWIO as well as other archipelagos38, suggesting a similar insular evolution of both hosts and parasites. The discrimination of insular groups suggested that (1) there has been enough time since the parasite introduction to install divergences in the allelic frequency between areas and that (2) if there were gene flows between areas or from outside the SWIO through new introductions, they have not been sufficient to erase these divergences. Gene flow between islands could not be demonstrated by the present work, but the proximity of one Seychellois isolate and of the Mayotte isolate with those from la Réunion (the last two are French islands) could suggest such exchanges. However, the apparent absence of parasite substructure within islands or archipelagos may indicate that gene flow within these areas, i. e. through the exchange of parasite between colonies, had been sufficient to maintain allelic homogeneity. For instance, the closer proximity of isolates within La Réunion (Fig.

Output: pass