Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Clinical guidelines provided by governing bodies such as or the of Audiology, do not mention emerging treatments for hearing loss involving stem cell therapies [Citation42]. The lack of training and guidance provided to audiologists, suggests that any awareness of stem cell therapies for hearing loss is acquired independently. This results in vastly differing levels of understanding around this emerging therapy, and possibly inconsistent information provided to patients. It is also worth noting that a lack of awareness about the science and what is involved in stem cell-based research and its clinical translation, may influence perceptions. One of the participating audiologists indicated that a “religious objection” would prevent them advising clients or undertaking additional training, while 11 patient participants indicated that they held “ethical” concerns about the use of stem cell therapies. While it is possible that other factors may be behind these responses, a misunderstanding that stem cell research and cellular replacement therapies must involve the destruction of a human embryo is the most plausible explanation. Further research to more fully and respectfully explore concerns and increase awareness of newer forms of stem cell research, such as the use of induced pluripotent stem cells, will be essential in the development of educational resources for both healthcare professionals and patients. 12. Patients show a willingness to receive stem cell therapies for hearing lossDespite the low awareness of stem cell use in treating hearing loss, patient enthusiasm for such therapies was high. Of patients who had self-perceived hearing loss, 75% indicated that they were open to the use of stem cells for the treatment of their hearing loss, should such treatments become available in the future. Interestingly, despite indicating their openness to stem cell therapies, over half of the patient participants were unsure of what the therapy would do, and almost half of the patient participants expected the stem cell therapies to improve their hearing. Patient readiness to try stem cell therapies for hearing loss, their high expectations of treatment outcomes, combined with their low awareness is somewhat concerning, given the recent rise in clinics offering unvalidated stem cell treatments claiming to cure a wide range of conditions, including hearing loss [Citation22]. Unproven stem cell therapies are often advertised directly to patients online and employ tactics that intentionally exploit vulnerable patients. The clinics providing such therapies often claim to be experts in the field, and that the therapies being performed are standard care or part of a research program [Citation22].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Molecular phylogeny and pathogenicity of indigenous Beauveria bassiana against the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta Meyrick 1917 (Lepidoptera: gelechiidae), in EthiopiaJ. Genetic Eng. Biotechnol. 2021; 19:1-15CrossrefScopus (9)PubMed30. Aynalem, B. ∙ Muleta, D. ∙ Venegas, J. . . . Isolation, molecular characterization and pathogenicity of native Bacillus thuringiensis, from Ethiopia, against the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta: detection of a new high lethal phylogenetic groupMicrobiol. Res. 2021; 250:1-10CrossrefScopus (12)31. Sora, A. S. Review on productivity of released tomato (Mill. ) varieties in different parts of EthiopiaJ. Hortic. Sci. 2018; 1:102-11432. Roussos, S. ∙ Bagnis, C. ∙ Besnard, O. . . . Use of solid state fermentation for the production of fungal biopesticides spores for insect controlSera, T. . . . and QualityPublishers, 2000; 277-286Printed in the NetherlandsCrossref33. Gouli, V. ∙ Gouli, S. ∙ Brownbridge, M. . . . Manual for of in with to of 200534. Habtegebriel, B. ∙ Getu, E. ∙ Dawd, M. . . . Molecular characterization and evaluation of indigenous entomopathogenic fungal isolates against Sorghum Chafer, Pachnoda interrupta (Olivier) in EthiopiaJ. Entomol. Nematol. 2016; 8:34-45Crossref35. Lobo, K. S. ∙ Soares-da-Silva, J. ∙ Silva, M. C. . . . Isolation and molecular characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis found in soils of the Cerrado region of Brazil, and their toxicity to Aedesae gypti larvaeRev. Bras. Entomol. 2018; 62:5-12CrossrefScopus (20)36. Alatar, A. A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Earth’s magnetic field protects it from solar radiation. [SEP] Text: The electricity is created from the movement of the liquid metal, in a similar way to a wind turbine, which creates electricity from the motion of the blades. The electricity flows around the planet’s equator in a very large loop and creates a strong magnetic field, which escapes the outer core. The magnetic field passes all the way to the Earth’s surface and out into space. It creates a bar magnet-shaped magnetic field (Figure 1a). The magnetic field extends out into space forming a “bubble” in which the Earth sits. This magnetic bubble shields the planet’s atmosphere from the Sun’s magnetic field, which otherwise would strip away Earth’s atmosphere over billions of years. The way the Earth’s magnetic field is created is very complex and not totally understood by scientists today. It is thought that the electrical current loop in the core does not form a perfect circle running around the equator, which is why the magnetic field is actually somewhat “tilted,” by around 11°, away from the rotation axis of the Earth. The strength of the electrical current changes over time too, which makes the magnetic field at the Earth’s surface change. Finally, the flow of the liquid metal “drags” the magnetic field westward. All these different processes combine to make the magnetic field very complicated and it is hard to predict how it changes over time. About four times every million years, the magnetic field experiences a reversal where the poles “flip over,” though this takes thousands of years to happen. Field at the Earth’s the overall shape of the Earth’s magnetic field is similar to a simple bar magnet, when you look at the magnetic field in detail, it is far more complicated. In general, a compass needle points approximately northwards, but it does not point to true North (the point around which the Earth rotates). The angle between true North and the direction a compass needle points is called declination. A compass needle points toward a location called the magnetic North pole. The magnetic field is very useful for navigation. used basic compasses back in the 1100s to find direction. The first map was made by Edmund Halley, of Halley’s comet fame, for use by ships sailing the in 1699. He realized that the magnetic field changed constantly and proposed that there was a liquid layer at the center of the Earth.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Such clinics often provide scientific imagery, information and patient testimonials as “tokens of legitimacy” to support their claims [Citation43]. In fact, these stem cell therapies are driven by commercial profit and most (if not all) have yet to be proven effective and safe. Clinics providing such therapies are now operating even in countries with high standards of regulatory oversight, including Australia [Citation44,Citation45], Japan [Citation46] and the USA [Citation33,Citation47]. Thus, the combination of high patient expectations, eagerness to treat their hearing dysfunction and low level of awareness with the presence of unproven treatment clinics, illustrates an urgent need for increased awareness and understanding of stem cell therapies for hearing loss. A simple way to achieve this is through the provision of reliable and accessible information to the public and patients; either directly a through healthcare providers, such as audiologists, and/or via general practitioners, or via curated websites that can be updated with the latest discoveries. Both patients and clinicians participating in this survey identified audiologists as having a key role in the provision of this information. Such information has the potential to both raise awareness of possible treatment options that are safe, effective and scientifically proven, and to ensure that patients can make informed decisions and are not exploited. 13. The role of audiologists in providing accurate & relevant information to patientsAudiologists are primary caregivers for hearing health and they work closely with patients if hearing rehabilitation is required. As such, audiologists are likely to be one of the first points of contact for patients seeking information and guidance on potential treatments for their hearing loss. All audiologists within this study agreed that they should have a role in educating patients in stem cell therapies for hearing loss. Audiology as a profession has shifted from a biomedical-centred approach, where clinicians primarily focus on managing the hearing loss with available treatment options, to a more patient-centered model of practice which emphasizes joint decision making and considers the biological, psychological and social needs of the patient [Citation48]. As such, the education of patients regarding new therapies for hearing loss, such as stem cell therapies, may be viewed as an extension of care that audiologists can provide as part of a patient-centered care approach. This is a view that was shared by the large majority of patients surveyed in the current study (98. 7%).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: ∙ Faisal, M. ∙ Abdel-Salam, E. M. . . . Efficient and reproducible in vitro regeneration of Solanum lycopersicum and assessment genetic uniformity using flow cytometry and SPAR methodsSaudi J. Biol. Sci. 2017; 24:1430-1436CrossrefScopus (21)PubMed37. Lin, J. L. ∙ Luther, C. G. ∙ Hanson, P. – publicationAVRDC – publication, 2015 15-79538. Pham, T. A. ∙ Kim, J. J. ∙ Kim, K. Optimization of solid-state fermentation for improved conidia production of Beauveria bassiana as a mycoinsecticide. 2010; 38:137-143CrossrefPubMed39. Qiu, L. ∙ Li, J. ∙ Li, Z. . . . Production and characterization of biocontrol fertilizer from brewer’s spent grain via solid-state fermentationSci. Rep. 2019; 9:1-9CrossrefScopus (24)PubMed40. Jaronski, S. T. Mass production of entomopathogenic fungi: state of the artof Beneficial OrganismsElsevier, 2014; 357-413CrossrefScopus (91)41. Roshandel, S. ∙ Askary, H. ∙ Hassanlouei, R. T. . . . The effects of natural substrates on the sporulation and viability of conidia and blastospores of Metarhizium anisopliaeProtect. 2016; 4:94-11142. Cruz-Quiroz, R. ∙ Robledo-Padilla, F. ∙ Aguilar, C. . . . Forced aeration influence on the production of spores by Trichoderma strainsValorizat. 2017; 8:2263-2270 SpringerCrossrefScopus (20)43. El-Ghany, M. N. A. ∙ Abdel-Razek, S. A. ∙ Djelouah, K. . . . Efficacy of bio-rational insecticides against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera Gelechiidae) on tomatoesBiosci. Res. 2018; 15:28-4044.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Earth’s magnetic field protects it from solar radiation. [SEP] Text: Analysis of cosmic ray, solar wind energies, components of Earth’s magnetic field, and ionospheric total electron content during solar superstorm of November 18–22, 2003 : orcid. org/0000-0002-2799-91121,2, Bidur Kaphle1, Niraj Adhikari1, Sanam Limbu1, Aashish Sunar1, Mishra1 & …Sarala Adhikari3 Show authors 1923 all metrics AbstractThis paper studies the impacts of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) preceding storm (November 18–22, 2003) on several space weather components. The comprehensive study of different parameters such as solar wind speed, density, plasma temperature, plasma pressure, auroral electrojet, SYM-H, energy transfer, components of Earth’s magnetic field, total electron content, and cosmic ray received by Earth during the ICME storm has been studied, which accounts for the more precise knowledge of the storm from different dimensions. The solar storm of November 2003 had SYM-H value of − 472 nT. During the main phase of the storm, the velocity of solar wind reached approximately to 500 km/s, and plasma pressure cumulated to around 20 nPa. The total energy dissipated during the storm in the magnetosphere has been converted in the form of ring current, joule heating, and auroral precipitation. The joule heating leads to modification in thermospheric contents and traveling atmospheric contents that result in further modification of the density, composition, circulation, and dynamics of ionosphere–thermosphere system. This phenomena further result in the escalation and slumping of TEC. We found out the decrease in rate of cosmic ray received by the Earth during the main phase of the storm, which lead to our conclusion that there exists inverse relation between strength of solar storm and amount of cosmic ray fluxes received by the Earth. In addition, the study made on the change in TEC and SYM-H during the event hinted us toward the possible changes in the space weather caused by the solar superstorm of November 18–22, 2003. Similar content being viewed by others Study of cosmic ray intensity and geomagnetic storms with solar wind parameters during the period 1998–2005 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, over 30% of audiologists surveyed had been approached by a patient with questions about stem cell therapies. Despite this, 70% of audiologists surveyed indicated that they were not confident advising patients about stem cell therapies for hearing loss. Consultation around stem cell therapies is difficult as many factors need to be considered by the healthcare professional. In their study of general practitioners, Arthurs et al. (2022) note that tensions can arise between supporting patient decisions, managing high expectations from patients, and counselling patients with distrust toward conventional treatments [Citation49]. These considerations are most likely shared in consultations between audiologists and hearing loss patients, and contribute to the low level of confidence expressed by audiologists. The previously discussed lack of training and guidance provided to audiologists regarding emerging stem cell therapies for hearing loss may also contribute to the noted low confidence, particularly given that nearly half of the cohort surveyed had ≤5 years of clinical experience. There are numerous ways that this could be investigated to improve audiologists' confidence in counselling patients on this topic. Peak bodies such as Australia and are well placed to collaborate to develop useful educational material, continued professional development sessions, and Universities may be able to provide micro-certs to keep up-to-date with recent developments. For example, the Health and Council provides general practitioners with stem cell information resources to assist them in conversations regarding stem cell treatments with their patients [Citation50] and these sessions could be developed for audiology and other allied health professions. 14. A preference for health professional consultation & online platforms to receive new informationWithin the current study, the p91. 1%), consultation with a health professional was the most preferable choice. This reliance on health professionals is possibly explained by the age of patients captured in this survey (average of 60 years). In their analysis of health information-seeking behaviors, Jacobs and colleagues (2017) found that older adults relied on health professionals as their primary source of health information [Citation51]. Another possible contributor to the preference for consultation with health professionals is the trust that patients have in Australia's regulation of healthcare. In their study, Waldby et al. (2020) found that Australian patients had a high level of trust toward health services provided in Australia, given the comprehensive healthcare regulation that exists [Citation52]. Other popular methods that patients selected to receive information included online materials and information available from peak bodies and government websites.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: IntroductionAugmentative biocontrol in protected crops often involves multiple biological control agents (BCAs) targeting the same or different pest species (Wittman and Leather 1997; Shipp et al. 2003; Calvo et al. 2009; Labbe et al. 2009; Chow et al. 2010; Messelink et al. 2011). These BCAs may also be used in conjunction with biorational chemicals in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes where the focus is to combine crop protection strategies with the overall aim to reduce the use of broad spectrum pesticides and chemical residues on produce (Cock et al. 2010). Combining several BCAs may allow a holistic biological pest management programme but interactions between different BCAs are complex and one species can potentially disrupt the functions of another. Biocontrol programmes can be compromised due to competition or intraguild predation (e. g. hyperpredation, hyperparasitism and pathogenicity) from other introduced BCAs or naturally occurring species (Momen and Abdel-Khalek 2009; Chow et al. 2010; Buitenhuis et al. 2010; Messelink et al. 2011; Shipp et al. 2012; da Silva et al. 2015). In order to develop efficient and successful pest management programmes compatibility between the different BCAs must be established. Phytoseiid mites are important components of pest management programmes in protected crops and one of the most widely used species is Amblyseius (=Typhlodromips) swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) (van Lenteren 2012). Marketed primarily for whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) control, both of which are major pests in tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers and ornamentals (Malais and Ravensberg 2003), this polyphagous predator can suppress pest outbreaks on its own (Messelink et al. 2006; Chow et al. 2010; Messelink et al. 2010; Calvo et al. 2011). Combining its use with other BCAs can enhance pest control particularly when the BCAs do not compete directly but exploit different life stages of the same pest (Calvo et al. 2009; Dogramaci et al. 2011). Conversely, A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Earth’s magnetic field protects it from solar radiation. [SEP] Text: It immensely affected the ionosphere, magnetosphere, and cosmic rays received by the Earth, which is also seen during our study. Moreover, the following points are the main conclusion that came from our study of the event: 1. When the CME of 18 November resulted in a solar storm of 20 November, the SYM-H decreased by approximately 500 nT, AE increased by around 4000 nT, and Bz was recorded at a minimum of around 55 nT. The solar wind pressure fluctuated between 2 Pa, 18 Pa, and density varied in the range of 30–5 kg/m3 in the same pattern. 2. On the basis of our analysis of solar cycle 23 (1996–2008), we concluded that solar super storm can occur anytime in solar cycle. Its occurrence is independent of the phase of solar cycle and has possibility of occurrence anytime in solar maxima or in solar minima. 3. It is found that the total amount of energy in the form of ring current in our study is less than that of as studied by Gonzalez and Mac-Mohan in 1997. 4. The variation on TEC in all four stations was mainly due to the difference in latitude and the local time. However, one striking similarity of the wave nature in increment and decrement of TEC was observed in all the stations. 5. In all neutron monitor stations analyzed here, the rate of cosmic ray received decreases by approximately 3% during the ICME. From this analysis, it can be inferred that there exist inverse relation between the strength of solar storm and the amount of cosmic ray received by the Earth. Thus, we can say that the study of the storm of this sort help us to better understand he conditions of different geomagnetic parameters during disturbed period. Moreover, we can also predict their affects in the space weather by analyzing the energetic p5625. 23. Lett 32(12)1804. 10870 Hathaway DH (2007) The solar cycle. In: Guido RMD (2018) Characterizing coronal mass ejections in solar cycle analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804. 10870 Hess VF, (1937) World-wide effect in cosmic ray intensity, as observed during a recent magnetic storm. Nature 140(3538):3167939. 02. 4001. 2015. J 121:7941–7960. 2. pp 195–248 1354. 181.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Unsurprisingly, a high preference for online materials is noted given the ease with which this material can be accessed. However, unverified information online can be dangerous for patients as it can be biased toward public opinion over empirical data [Citation53,Citation54] and exaggerate positive aspects of experimental stem cell therapies without fully disclosing the burdens that come with such treatment [Citation55]. It is therefore vital that accurate and accessible information is made available. Peak bodies, universities and government agencies are perhaps best placed to provide up-to-date information through their trusted official pages. Participating audiologists indicated a high preference for online training or online webinars as a means of getting new information, with possible integration of stem cell-related information into existing professional development opportunities. With the technology currently available, educational programs could be readily developed by professional accreditation bodies such as and provided online to audiologists. Such educational models could include sessions from scientists working in the field, ethicists and surgeons to give a comprehensive update. They could employ both in-person and on-line formats to maximize engagement across the country and possibly internationally. 15. Limitations of the study & future directions for researchAs the sample size for both audiologists and their adult patients in this study is relatively small, it is not possible to speculate whether the findings can be generalized to a larger population. Instead, the findings of this study should be viewed as preliminary insights into the perspectives and awareness of Australian clinical audiologists and their patients relating to stem cell therapies for hearing loss. Findings from this study can be used to inform much larger studies that incorporate audiologists and patients from a range of clinical settings, both nationally and internationally. Future research should aim to conduct broader studies with larger sample sizes to validate and expand upon the preliminary findings presented in this study. Additionally, longitudinal studies may also be valuable in providing insights as to whether perspectives and awareness levels change over time, or with advances in stem cell research. Moreover, should educational material be developed, follow-up studies should assess the effectiveness of this material in increasing audiologists' confidence and stem cell awareness. In patients, this follow-up material could provide insights as to how educational intervention impacts their understanding and attitudes toward stem cell therapy for hearing loss. 16. ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to consider the awareness, views and perspectives of Australian audiologists and hearing loss patients towards stem cell therapies for hearing loss.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Isolates were obtained from soil samples collected from farmlands and forest sites of Ethiopia. The potential isolates were selected based on their virulence effectiveness [17]. Cuticle degrading enzyme production with agar plate methodsThe 5 mm mycelial agar disc of each isolate was transferred in triplicates into casein hydrolysis agar composed of; (KH2PO4 (1 g), KCl (0. 5 g), MgSO4·7H2O (0. 4 g), CaCl2·2H2O (0. 1 g), powdered skim milk (25 ml of 15%), glucose (10 g), agar (12 g) and distilled H2O (1000 ml) [18], and incubated at 25 °C for 10 days to evaluate their protease activity. Isolates were screened for chitinase activity on the chitin-agar medium according to the method suggested by Maketon et al. [19]. The 5-mm mycelial agar disc of each isolate was transferred in triplicates to the chitin-agar medium composed of; (NH4)2 SO4 (1 g), K2HPO4 (1 g), KCl (0. 5 g), NaCl (5 g), and MgSO4 (0. 5 g), FeSO4 (0. 01 g), agar–agar (20 g), colloidal chitin (5 g) and distilled H2O (1000 ml). They were incubated at 25 °C for 10 days. Isolates were screened for lipase activity according to Falony et al. [20]. The 5 mm mycelia gar discs were inoculated into a basal medium in triplicates with a composition (g/L): NaH2PO4 1. 2, MgSO4·7H2O 0. 3, KH2PO4 2, CaCl2 0. 25, 0. 003% NaCl, 2% agar, (NH4)2SO4 at 1%, and olive oil at 2% and incubated at 25 °C for 10 days.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Earth’s magnetic field protects it from solar radiation. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inStrength of Earth’s magnetic record stored in rocks documents the liquid core’s behavior and possibly when the inner core formed. Whether it formed half a billion or more than a billion years ago, however, is up for debate. by Alka Tripathy-Lang 22 August 202230 September 2022 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) Researchers (including coauthor Nick Swanson-Hysell) found surprisingly high paleointensity values in rocks collected from the (failed) Midcontinent Rift. Credit: Life as we know it requires an atmosphere. It is the air we breathe, our shield from harmful ultraviolet rays, and our defense against extreme temperature swings, like those on Mars. But Earth’s atmosphere owes its persistence to the geomagnetic field, which thwarts the Sun’s rays from dispelling this gaseous veneer. And this protective geomagnetic field owes its existence to Earth’s core. As the liquid part of the core (the outer core) swirls, the combination of molten iron alloys and Earth’s rotation results in a self-sustaining magnetic field called the geodynamo. As they archive evidence of the geodynamo’s billions-of-years-long existence, rocks can transcribe where north was (direction) and how strong the field was (intensity) at the time of formation. That transcription is possible as long as the rocks remain relatively untouched by high temperatures, fluids, or other traumas of tectonics. Because the strength of Earth’s magnetic field relies on the vigor with which the liquid core churns, understanding how paleomagnetic intensity has changed at the surface can help scientists address when the core transitioned from a single ball of sloshing melt to a solid inner core wrapped in a liquid outer core.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Awareness of stem cell therapies for hearing loss was found to be low in both participating clinical audiologists and their patients. Patients were supportive of stem cell therapies for hearing loss, and almost half of the participating patients expected stem cell therapies to improve their hearing following treatment. All participating audiologists and almost all participating patients agreed that audiologists should have a role in the education of patients in stem cell therapies for hearing loss. However, the confidence among audiologists in counselling patients about stem cell therapies was low. There was a strong preference from patients that health professionals be the providers of this information, followed by online material from peak bodies and reliable government websites. Audiologists indicated a preference for online training or webinars and integration of stem cell-related information into existing continuing professional development opportunities. Overall, access to reliable information is needed for both patients and audiologists as a means of increasing awareness and understanding of emerging stem cell treatments which are safe and effective. The findings of this study highlight the opportunity for discussion among audiologists, patients, researchers, audiology governing bodies, stem cell peak bodies and other important stakeholders on the role of audiologists in educating patients about potential future therapies for hearing loss. This dialogue could facilitate the establishment and integration of educational material and professional guidelines that could assist audiologists with their knowledge and confidence in advising patients, as well as managing their expectations in matters relating to stem cell therapies. In turn, this could enhance patient-centered care as patients are equipped with accurate information relating to the risks, benefits and limitations of stem cell therapies. With this information, patients could be better positioned to make informed decisions about their hearing health. Author contributionsD Iem made a significant contribution to the work reported including the acquisition of data, data analysis, drafting of the manuscript, and agreed to submit to Regenerative Medicine. He reviewed and agreed on all versions of the 38. 1 KB)Supplementary Materials10. 1080/17460751. 2024. 2402650 Competing interests disclosureThe authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. 141. (Open in a new window)633. doi:10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 3285. 1) was lower in the siRNA-Dicer group compared with the infection and siRNA-scramble groups at 3 dpi (Fig. 1). In total, 15 bacterial species/strains were found during the experimental period, including three core bacteria, Snodgrassella alvi, Gilliamella apicola and Frischella perrara. Two co-regulating bacterial groups were negatively correlated with N. ceranae over the entire experimental period. The marker genes of Erwinia rhapontici, Enterobacteriaceae bacterium, Enterobacter sp. JN969314. 1, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia and Frischella perrara were co-expressed (co-regulation group 1 of 7 bacteria) and significantly negatively correlated with N. ceranae RPB1 (corresponding correlation − 0. 36, P = 0. 03). Additionally, marker genes for Serratia sp. G5_1_1BCO2, Serratia marcescens, Serratia nematodiphila and Snodgrassella alvi were co-expressed (co-regulation group 2 of 4 bacteria), which was also negatively correlated with N. ceranae levels, even though this correlation was not statistically significant (corresponding correlation − 0. 29, P = 0. 08). Bartonella apis, Propionibacterium sp. B4, Lactobacillus apis and Gilliamella apicola did not cluster into any co-regulation group. None of these studied 15 microbes were statistically significantly differentially expressed at each day post-infection (T-test, P > 0. 05). However, the co-regulated groups (P < 0. 0001) and siRNA treatment (P < 0. 0001) showed significant effects on specific microbe counts during the entire experimental period within the generalized linear model. Additionally, 6 bacteria in co-regulation group 1 (E. rhapontici, E. bacterium, E. sp. JN969314. 1, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, K. pneumonia), 3 bacteria in co-regulation group 2 (S. sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Earth’s magnetic field protects it from solar radiation. [SEP] Text: Without a magnetic field, satellites could be lost, and tools that rely on careful magnetic models for navigation could go askew. The answers can’t come soon enough. The magnetic field protects Earth’s atmosphere from harmful radiation emitted from the Sun. Scientists are learning that the Sun is capable of emission events—solar flares—even more destructive than we ever thought possible, and understanding our magnetic field strength and variation is vital for knowing how at risk we could be from the next big solar storm. puppeteer that drives the magnetic field is Earth’s core, the superheated heart of our planet, which burns as hot as the surface of the Sun. In the core, molten metals are constantly in motion as hot buoyant plumes of lighter material rise outward. At the very center lies a small hardened inner core that has been growing as Earth cools. The mathematics of the geodynamo are so messy that did not believe it. This planetary anatomy sets the stage for an active magnetic field. The core’s constant need to cool itself, and thus convect, drives our planet’s electric generator. The generator produces a self-sustaining magnetic field through a process called the geodynamo. The mathematics of the geodynamo are so messy that did not believe the theory when one of its founders, Walter M. Elsasser, proposed it to him. The geodynamo works because the natural convection of the liquid core pushes metals through a weak existing magnetic field, exciting an electric current. Because of the relationship between electricity and magnetism, the current produces a second magnetic field, and the process repeats. This process has been self-sustaining for most of Earth’s history. Although the core sits thousands of kilometers beneath our feet, the magnetic field it produces stretches far into space, surrounding the planet like armor. But our planet’s armor isn’t perfect, and the results can be heartbreaking. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now A Chink in Earth’s jerks travel along Earth’s magnetic field lines, shown here inside the core. Credit:CNRS On an early spring day in 2016, teams of engineers in Japan watched as their prized satellite spun out of control.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: & publish with us Contact us Instructions to to Authors (PDF) How to submit Special publications & Authorship & COI Principles of and & publish with us Contact us Instructions to to Authors (PDF) How to submit Special publications & Authorship & COI Principles of and & publish with us Contact us Instructions to to Authors (PDF) How to submit Special publications & Authorship & COI Principles of and2020 vol. 6 Stats CC BY-NC 4. 0 Get citation history and cessation discussions in cancer patients receiving definitive radiotherapy: Do we treat all patients equally? John M. Holland 1 1 1 Simon A. Brown 1 More details Hide details 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, & date: 2020-02-28 Final revision date: 2020-03-30 Acceptance date: 2020-04-08 Publication date: 2020-05-22 Corresponding author John M. of Radiation Oncology, &. Prev. Cessation 2020;6(May):31 DOI: 0. 0001). Breast and prostate cancer patients were less likely to be current smokers (10%) than H&N and lung cancer patients (29%) (p<0. 0001). Smoking cessation discussions were less frequently documented in breast and prostate cancer patients (14%) than in H&N and lung cancer patients (55%) (p=0. 0005). Conclusions:We document smoking history less frequently for prostate cancer patients than H&N, lung or breast cancer patients. Breast and prostate cancer patients have lower rates of current smoking than H&N and lung cancer patients. We document smoking cessation discussions less frequently in current smoking breast and prostate cancer patients than current smoking H&N and lung cancer patients. As all of these patients have been shown to experience poorer outcomes when smoking during radiotherapy, all should be asked about their smoking history. use is recognized as a causative agent for head and neck (H&N) and lung cancers, but not for cancers of the prostate or breast. Still, tobacco use during radiotherapy has been associated with poorer outcomes for all four of these commonly treated malignancies1-6. Patients with these cancers who continue to smoke during radiotherapy have worse outcomes ranging from increased side effects during treatment to greater late effects including increased mortality from heart disease and second cancers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Microbe indicates each of 15 microbe species. The code is provided in supplementary file S2. Availability of data and materials The raw sequencing reads are deposited in NCBI bio-project PRJNA399493. AbbreviationssiRNA: small interfering 1: RNA polymerase II small subunit WGCNA: 7. -Mead K, Moran NA. Routes of Acquisition of the gut Microbiota of the honey bee Apis mellifera. Microbiol. 2014;80:7378–87. 50. 50. 0003. 80. 104. 7505. 13. 54. 1. M, Martín-Hernández R, Botías C, Bailón EG, González-Porto AV, Barrios L, et al. How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse. Environ Microbiol. 2008;10:2659–69. 4. 87. 3. J Exp Biol. 2018;221:jeb184606. NA. Genomics of the honey bee microbiome. Insect Sci. 2015;10:22–8. 84. 33. 5. Genome sequencing and comparative genomics of honey bee microsporidia, Nosema apis reveal novel insights into host-parasite interactions. BMC Genomics. 2013;14:451. 89. 41. 4. 85. 141. 98. 14. 4596. 15. X, Gómez-Moracho T, Jara L, Martín-Hernández R, De la Rúa P, Higes M, et al. Population genetics of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae: one host (Apis mellifera) and two different histories. PLoS One. 2016;e0145609:10. 1861. 90. 5715. 1802. 3816. 4. 51. 406. 2013. p. 52. 357. 40. 559. 0722. The funding body had no role in the design of the study, collection, analysis, data interpretation and writing the manuscript. Author informationAuthors and 1101, Nanchang, 330045, --306, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USAJay D. EvansAuthorsQiang HuangView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The sun is a hollow structure with an undiscovered inner layer. [SEP] Text: C, central macula; S1, inner superior; I1, inner inferior; N1, inner nasal; T1, inner temporal; S2, outer superior; I2, outer inferior; N2, outer nasal; T2, outer temporal. Figure 6 Bland–Altman plot for macular ORL thicknesses before and after magnification correction. The Bland–Altman plot shows the mean difference in different subfields before and after magnification correction (solid line) and limits of agreement (dashed line). C, central macula; S1, inner superior; I1, inner inferior; N1, inner nasal; T1, inner temporal; S2, outer superior; I2, outer inferior; N2, outer nasal; T2, outer temporal. View OriginalTable 1 of the 3000 ParticipantsTable 1 of the 3000 2 for Normal ChildrenTable 2 for Table 3 Demographic and of the and ORLTable 3 Demographic and of the and ORL Table 4 Comparisons of and ORL CorrectionTable 4 Comparisons of and ORL 5 Comparison of by OCT in Healthy SubjectsTable 5 Comparison of by OCT in Supplement 1 iovs-60-13-20_s01. pdf Supplement 2 iovs-60-13-20_s02. pdf Supplement 3 iovs-60-13-20_s03. pdf Supplement 4 iovs-60-13-20_s04. pdf Copyright 2019 This work is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. 0 International License.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Active smokers also have inferior oncologic outcomes including poorer locoregional control, higher risk of developing distant metastases as well as decreased disease-free and overall survival. While the literature is clear in showing the benefit of tobacco cessation for these four different cancers treated with radiotherapy, we questioned whether those tumors less commonly associated with tobacco causation (prostate and breast) underwent the same frequency of documentation and cessation discussion as patients with cancers more commonly associated with smoking (H&N and lung). study was reviewed and approved by our IRB (study number IRB 16428). Initial consultation notes of 592 non-metastatic patients seen in a single academic radiation oncology department in Portland, Oregon USA from January 2014 through June 2017 were reviewed using the electronic medical record. These notes contained input from residents, attendings and nurses. Current smokers were identified as smoking up until the time of consultation with smoking status recorded in the consultation note. Discussions regarding smoking cessation were identified in the consultation treatment plan with offers of therapy including counseling and medicine. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate smoking history and cessation discussions. SAS 9. 4 () was used for statistical analysis. The chi-squared test was used to compare frequencies. A p-value <0. 05 was considered to be statistically significant. We chose two cancer sites commonly associated with tobacco use and causation (H&N and lung) and two sites not commonly associated (prostate and breast). We reviewed consultation notes of 135 H&N, 174 lung, 125 breast and 158 prostate cancer patients. cancer patients were less likely to have their smoking history recorded at consultation (65%) than breast (91%), H&N (96%) or lung (97%) cancer patients (p<0. 0001). Breast and prostate cancer patients were less likely to be current smokers (10%) than H&N and lung cancer patients (29%) (p<0. 0001). Discussions regarding smoking cessation were less frequently documented in breast and prostate cancer patients (14%) than in H&N and lung cancer patients (55%) (p=0. 0005). Table 1 gives the frequencies of smoking history documentation, current smoking status and our documentation of tobacco cessation discussions for the individual four sites as well as the combinations of H&N and lung, and breast and prostate cancers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 00) 1 mo93. 2 (1. 06)6. 6 (1. 26)0. 2 (0. 00) 6 h92. 1 (1. 31)7. 9 (1. 31)0. 0 (0. 00) 1 mo92. 3 (0. 81)7. 7 (1. 04)0. 9 (0. 20) Autoclaved30 min0. 0 (0. 00)96. 6 (0. 64)3. 4 (0. 64) RPMIFreezing1 wk87. 5* (0. 52)12. 5 (0. 05)0. 0 (0. 00) 3 wk84. 1* (0. 18)15. 9 (0. 18)0. 0 (0. 00) FBS 1 wk89. 4* (1. 55)10. 6 (1. 55)0. 0 (0. 00) 3 wk88. 4* (4. 81)11. 6 (4. 81)0. 0 (0. 00) Air dried 1 wk82. 5* (0. 14)17. 5 (0. 07)0. 3 (0. 20) 3 wk81. 6* (0. 93)18. 3 (0. 93)0. 1 (0. 00) RT12 h94. 5 (1. 10)5. 5 (1. 10)0. 0 (0. 00) 48 h93. 7 (0. 66)6. 3 (0. 73)0. 0 (0. 00) 1 wk93. 5 (2. 40)6. 5 (3. 60)0. 0 (0. 00)N. apisPBS40 h95. 2 (1. 10)4. 8 (1. 10)0. 0 (0. 00) 6 mo64. 0* (3. 00)27. 0 (5. 00)90. 0 (1. 00) 12 mo25. 0* (2. 42)65. 0 (5. 43)10. 0 (2. 96)N. ceranae (S2) 0 h94. 4 (1. 06)5. 6 (1. 06)0. 0 (0. 00) 6 mo67. 0* (2. 50)33.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: These effects were partially reflected in significant differences in the absolute proportion of such candidates finally taking up places in the different types of medical schools; stronger use of the test score (as a factor or threshold) was associated with a significantly increased odds of entrants being male (1. 74, 1. 25 to 2. 41) and from a low socioeconomic background (3. 57, 1. 03 to 12. 39). There was a non-significant trend towards entrants being from a state (non-grammar) school (1. 60, 0. 97 to 2. 62) where a stronger use of the test was employed. Use of the test only in borderline cases was associated with increased odds of entrants having relatively low academic attainment (5. 19, 2. 02 to 13. 33) and English as a second language (2. 15, 1. 03 to 4. 48). use of the UKCAT may lead to more equitable provision of offers to those applying to medical school from under-represented sociodemographic groups. This may translate into higher numbers of some, but not all, relatively disadvantaged students entering the UK medical profession. IntroductionSince the Further and Act was introduced in 1992 efforts have been made to improve social mobility through access to higher education. Nevertheless, access to the professions remains largely restricted to those from relatively advantaged backgrounds. In particular the situation in medicine remains largely unchanged since the 1970s, with only around 5% of entrants having parents from a non-professional background. 1 2 This is in part a problem of application rates. 3 None the less, the success rate is lower for equivalent candidates from different class backgrounds. 4 This disparity may be at least partly due to the use of A levels (or equivalent advanced qualifications) as a primary selection tool for ability within the United Kingdom, as A levels are known to advantage applicants from privileged backgrounds. 5 A high degree of subjectivity has been shown in the reasons given by selectors for short listing candidates before interview. 6 Personal statements may also be relied on, which tend to favour pupils from independent schools,7 and have been viewed as a poor way of selecting candidates for medical school. In addition, face-to-face interviews may add little information to the admissions process, having been shown to be only weakly predictive of subsequent academic performance. 8Selection bias is problematic for several reasons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Table 1Frequencies of smoking history documentation, current smoking status and documentation of tobacco cessation discussions for non-metastatic cancer patients for the individual four sites of malignancy as well as the combinations of H&N and lung, and breast and prostate, Portland, Oregon USA 2014–2017 (N=592)CancersSmoking history recorded n/N (%)Current smokers n/N (%)Cessation discussed with current smokers n/N (%)IndividualHead & Neck129/135 (96)24/129 (19)13/24 (54)Lung168/174 (97)63/168 (38)35/63 (56)Breast114/125 (91)10/114 (9)2/10 (20)Prostate102/158 (65)12/102 (12)1/12 (8)CombinationsH&N and Lung297/309 (96)87/297 (29)48/87 (55)Breast and Prostate216/283 (76)22/216 (10)3/22 (14)use during radiotherapy has been associated with poorer outcomes. Chen et al. 1 reported worse outcomes in their actively smoking H&N squamous cell cancer patients including decreased overall survival, locoregional control, disease-free survival and higher late complication rate. Rades et al. 2 found improved locoregional control in lung cancer patients who did not smoke during radiotherapy. The negative effects of smoking are not limited to cancers where tobacco is a known etiologic agent. Taylor et al. 4 reported increased risk of developing lung cancer and higher cardiac mortality in smoking breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. Foerster et al. 6 found that prostate cancer patients who were current smokers at the time of prostatectomy or beginning radiotherapy had higher risks of locoregional recurrence, developing distant metastases and increased cancer-specific mortality. We did not record smoking history at initial consultation as frequently for prostate cancer patients than for the other three evaluated malignancies. It is possible that the overall low rate of prostate cancer patients who are current smokers affected this. Our 12% prostate cancer rate is lower than the Oregon adult smoking rate of 16. 1% and the national rate of 17. 1% during the period of this study7. We did a better job recording smoking history for our breast cancer patients even though this population had the lowest current smoking rate.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ViewPubMedWeb of Science12. Martín-Hernández, R. , A. Meana, L. Prieto, A. M. Salvador, E. Garrido-Bailon, and M. Higes. 2007. Outcome of colonization of Apis mellifera by Nosema ceranae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:6331-6338. ViewPubMedWeb of Science13. Martín-Hernández, R. , A. Meana, P. García-Palenci, P. Marín, C. Botías, E. Garrido-Bailón, L. Barrios, and M. Higes. 2009. Effect of temperature on the biotic potential of honeybee microsporidia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:2554-2557. ViewPubMedWeb of Science14. Oldroyd, B. P. 2007. What's killing American honey bees? PLoS Biol. 5:1195-1199. Web of Science15. Paxton, R. J. K. , J. S. Korpela, and I. Fries. 2007. Nosema ceranae has infected Apis mellifera in Europe since at least 1998 and may be more virulent than Nosema apis. Apidologie38:1-9. ViewWeb of Science16. Santillana-Hayat, M. , C. Sarfati, S. Fournier, F. Chau, R. Porcher, J. M. Molina, and F. Derouin. 2002. Effects of chemical and physical agents on viability and infectivity of Encephalitozoon intestinalis determined by cell culture and flow cytometry. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:2049-2051. ViewPubMedWeb of Science17. Shadduck, J. A. , and M. B. Polley. 1978. Some factors influencing the in vitro infectivity and replication of Encephalitozoon cuniculi. J. Protozool. 25:491-496. ViewPubMed18. Zander, E.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Firstly, if candidates of equal ability are disadvantaged by their socioeconomic or school background then this is unjust and unacceptable within society as a whole. Secondly, at least some evidence shows that doctors from particular social backgrounds can perform a particular service in dealing with the health needs in their original communities. 9 Thirdly, diversity in student populations can promote positive awareness of the value of diversity in society. 10Attempts have been made to deal with this situation through several initiatives. These include the expansion of access courses for those without the requisite examination qualifications in the sciences and graduate entry courses. Access courses have resulted in an increased proportion of medical students from backgrounds that differ from those of students traditionally entering medicine, but the overall impact has been small. Moreover, although graduate entrants are from a more representative range of socioeconomic backgrounds11 these programmes have similarly not led to the significant changes in the socioeconomic profile of UK medical students. 12 It is therefore clear that new, wider approaches are required and must prove their effectiveness. This desire to widen participation in medicine was partly the driver behind the development of the UK clinical aptitude test (UKCAT), introduced in 2006. The test, developed in detail and delivered by a computer based testing and assessment business,13 was intended to evaluate abilities (on an experimental basis) that were considered pertinent to the success of a medical career. 14 scores are only modestly correlated with attainment at A level examinations and are significantly associated with several sociodemographic variables, although the scores may be less sensitive to the school type attended than to academic achievement. 15 16 Nevertheless, the constructs measured by the test may be sufficiently different from those estimated by traditional educational attainment to tackle some of the relative disadvantages encountered by certain sociodemographic groups, such as those from state schools rather than independent schools. The use of the UKCAT as a component of the medical selection process has attracted considerable criticism, including that of the BMA students committee. Opponents of the test highlight that A level achievement is predictive of medical performance at undergraduate and postgraduate level, whereas the evidence for the predictive validity of the UKCAT is currently lacking. 17 Moreover, it has been suggested that the fee of £65 (€78; $102) to £100 for taking the UKCAT may actually discourage those from less economically advantage backgrounds from applying to medical school.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: These breast and prostate cancer patients make up a large portion of our academic radiotherapy practice. These non-tobaccoassociated cancer patients have inferior oncologic outcomes and higher morbidity if they continue to smoke during their radiotherapy. To improve outcomes in these patients, we need to do a better job of actively discussing tobacco cessation. Go to reference authors have completed and submitted the for Disclosure of of Interest and none was reported. was no source of funding for this research. commissioned; externally peer reviewed. 1. Tobacco smoking during radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer is associated with unfavorable outcome. . 2011;79(2):414-419. doi:10. 1016/j. ijrobp. 2009. 10. 050 CrossRef 2. . Effect of smoking during radiotherapy, respiratory insufficiency, and hemoglobin levels on outcome in patients irradiated for non-small-cell lung cancer. . 2008;71(4):1134-1142. doi:10. 1016/j. ijrobp. 2007. 11. 006 Cross3. . Effects of Smoking on Radiation. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(15):1633-1635. doi:10. 1200/jco. 2017. 72. 2660 CrossRef 4. Estimating the Risks of Radiotherapy: Doses to the Lungs and Heart and Randomized Trials. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(15):1641-1649. doi:10. 1200/JCO. 2016. 72. 0722 CrossRef 5. . Smoking is associated with worse outcomes in patients with prostate cancer treated by radical radiotherapy. BJU Int. 2007;99(3):564-569. doi:10. 1111/j. 1464-410x. 2006. 06656. x CrossRef 6. '. Association of With Recurrence, Metastasis, and or Radiotherapy: A and Meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(7):953-961. doi:10. 1001/jamaoncol. 2018. 1071 CrossRef 7. Centers for and Prevention. Adults in the United States. 18, 2019. 14, 2020. 8. Smoking and with Tobacco- and Non-tobacco-Associated Cancers. J Community Health. 2019;44(3):552-560. doi:10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 1909. als Krankheitserreger bei der Biene. Leipziger Bienenztg. 24:147-150, 163-166.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: When categorising ethnicity in the present study only those describing themselves as of white ethnic background had a significantly higher odds ratio for receiving an offer of a place compared with applicants from other ethnic groups. Consequently we categorised those reporting their ethnicity as non-white as disadvantaged. The “low” academic attainment category was created by identifying those with a standardised tariff score below the mean (that is, <0). The median UCAS tariff in this low attainment group was 320 points, equivalent to between grades ABB and AAB at A level—that is, just below the entry requirement for most UK medical schools (the median tariff for the group as a whole was around 350 points). We defined a low UKCAT score as having a z score of 0 or below—that is, equal to or less than the mean for the peer group. We derived these latter two binary dummy variables to simplify interpretation of the univariate analysis results. We created a continuous metric of academic performance that included Irish and Scottish qualifications as well as A levels. This was done by expressing the examination results as a percentage of the theoretical maximum tariff scores that could be obtained. Standardised z scores were then derived within peer groups for each nationality; we compared all those taking Scottish “higher” qualifications against each other. In creating this metric we included only the first three highest grades, excluding general studies (or best of five or six in the case of Scottish highers and Irish leaving certificate, respectively) as this is the approach typically used by medical schools. Where examinations had been resat, we retained the grade at first sitting only. We also excluded data from candidates who did not have the minimum number of advanced qualifications required (for example, fewer than five Scottish higher passes). database records reported socioeconomic status using a simplified version of the socioeconomic classification system used by the for Statistics. 25 As in previous research on widening participation we classified those who gave themselves a socioeconomic classification rating of four or more as being from a non-professional background. We classified those learning English after the age of 2 years as having English as a second language. Data analysisFor the data relating to medical school offers, we carried out univariate analyses to estimate the unadjusted (raw) odds ratios for being offered a place after an application to a medical school, given that an applicant was either in or not in a particular sociodemographic category.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: In particular, the data are only produced at the stations locations, meaning that it is less effective in areas with a lower station density (such as northern Norway/Finland). "Thank you for this comment - there are different ways of thinking of downscaling, and the revised paper will explain these different positions, as the passage to a finer grid is not the only correct one. It’s also beneficial with an increased awareness about what we mean by downscaling, and there are many examples of the use of downscaling in the scientific literature, some which are in line with our definition. We interpret all station data as a quantification of local small-scale conditions and there are some cases where global climate model simulations have been downscaled to a single point. "Moreover, the details of the methodology are very condensed and not comprehensible for a reader that is not already familiar with it. The method is summarized very shortly in section 2. 2, and mostly referred to through 10. 5065/D6HD7T1R < We used this technique as provided and the gridding aspect was not the main focus of our paper as our main thrust of our work is the downscaling of precipitation statistics for the locations with rain gauge data. Any spatial non-stationarity will be captured by different modes of the PCA - it’s essentially a machine learning method that adapts to the information hidden in the data. "For instance, section 2. 2 mentions the use of EOFs for the large-scale data and PCA for the station data. It is not clear why a different analysis was done for each data type. "Thanks for this comment, and this will be clarified in the revised paper. We reserve the term EOF for regularly gridded data as most cases in literature, using area-based weights for the grid boxes. PCA on the other hand is reserved for irregular groups of coordinates typical for stations and does not involve area weighting. Hence, PCA tends to give more weight to regions with dense networks of measurements. "The validation of the results is mostly done visually, with a few assessment metrics given along the text in section 2. 3. I would expect results of the cross-validation to be given as detailed tables. "Good point. We will include tables of cross-validation results in the revised paper, in the 91.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 39, df between groups = 2, df within groups = 11, P = 0. 69, Older bees- ANOVA; F = 0. 15, df between groups = 1, df within groups = 8, P = 0. 71). Dead bees were not included in the data set. Each young bee that survived for 14 days was euthanized in a −80°C freezer, before dissecting its midgut to determine if it was positive or negative for N. ceranae spores. Bees not dissected immediately were stored in a −20°C freezer. In both the 2-and 1-Screen Test, older bees were installed in the adjacent cage from day 1 to 4 at an approximate 2∶1 ratio (older bees: young bees; mortality altered the final ratios, as shown in Table 1). The older bees were fed ad libitum with a 50% sucrose solution (w/w) feeder. Only older bees that survived the full 4 days were included in the data set. Midgut dissection occurred post −80°C euthanasia. After the older bees were removed, the cage that held them was left attached to the cage holding the young bees, to minimize handling time and control for airborne exposure between the two cages. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Summary of results from the cage trials. the 1-treatment, the food was removed from the young bees from day 2–4 (three days total). This forced them to receive food from the older bees. The young bees were observed to receive food via trophallaxis from the older bees, and in both the 1-Screen and 2-Screen treatments, both the older bees and the young bees were often found congregating on the screen. Mortality in the young bees while they did not have access to food was no different than during the rest of the treatment period (data not shown). bees (Apis mellifera L. ) were taken from four colonies in the Wageningen research apiary. In the 2-and 1-treatments, the older infected bees and the young bees in adjacent cages came from the same colony. Young bees. Recently emerged bees (easily recognized by their ‘fuzzy’ and ‘wet’ appearance) were taken directly from combs using a plastic tube aspirator.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: A similar pattern was observed for the raw odds of obtaining an unconditional offer, with the association between applicant age and sex weaker than for the other variables. No significant association was observed with applicant age once only unconditional offers were considered. The intraclass correlations were then smaller in magnitude, reflecting weaker candidate level effects. The intraclass correlations for medical schools using UKCAT as a factor were, on average, significantly larger than for the other medical school groups (P<0. 001), reflecting the increased predictive power of individual compared with group or unmodelled effects. A plausible reason for this may be a greater emphasis, for example, on A level performance when providing an offer, as some medical schools may insist on the original conditions of an offer being met, whereas other may allow a certain latitude, especially if the number of applicants accepting offers falls short of expectation. Table 3 Odds of an application resulting in a conditional offer of a place according to widening participation sociodemographic group and type of medical school’s use of UK clinical aptitude test (UKCAT)View this table:View popupView inlineTable 4 Unadjusted (raw) odds of an application resulting in an unconditional offer of a place according to widening participation sociodemographic group and use of UKCAT by medical schoolView this table:View popupView inlineMultilevel multiple logistic regression: applicationsTables 5⇓ and 6⇓ show, respectively, the results for the separate multilevel multiple logistic regressions for the probability of conditional and unconditional offers. The results in table 5 depict three varying models for the prediction of a conditional offer. For those applications relating to medical schools using UKCAT as borderline, six independent and statistically significant predictor variables existed, including sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, type of school attended, and academic attainment, with academic achievement being most strongly predictive of an offer. score was a relatively weak independent predictor in applications relating to this group of medical schools in that the odds of receiving a conditional offer were only increased by roughly 20% for every standard deviation of standardised score above the mean that was scored (odds ratio 1. 23, 95% confidence interval 1. 11 to 1. 37). The model for applications to medical schools that used UKCAT in borderline cases had three statistically significant interaction terms; age and academic attainment, sex and school type attended, and UKCAT score and English as a second language.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: 5194/egusphere-2024-1463-RC3 CC1: 'Reply on RC3', Rasmus Benestad, 18 Jul 2024 We are grateful for the comments from the third reviewer which we find constructive and useful, and hope that we have managed to revise our paper to meet any critical feedback. More detailed account is provided below. Our response is in bold font and we repeat the comments in italics. "The first major concern about the paper is the presentation of the methodology. While the methodology itself is straightforward, its presentation is not clear. Large parts of the methodological description point to previous publications from the lead author, instead of actually describing the method, making it very hard to follow. The use of R-code 10. 1088/1748-9326/ab2bb2 and open access) and involved 1875 rain gauge records from nad Europe with more than 50 years of valid data over the period 1961–2018. "An assessment of the performance of the exponential distribution, as well as the skill of the parametric form of the IDF curve needs to be presented in the main manuscript for the entire study domain. "Such assessments have already been carried out and published in papers cited in our paper (e. g. DOI:10. 1088/1748-9326/abd4ab and DOI:10. 1088/1748-9326/abd4ab), and the revised paper will explain this more carefully. While the performance of the exponential distribution has been tested for both Europe (including the Nordics) and North America, the expression for estimating IDF curves have only been calibrated and evaluated against Norwegian sub-daily data (e. g Parding et al, DOI:10. 5194/hess-27-3719-2023). The revised version will explain this point more carefully, but we don’t think it’s necessary to repeat this assessment in the present paper. "I am not particularly confident that the structure of the supporting information is helpful for understanding the study. I would strongly encourage the authors to separate the code development/application part in a technical reference from the remaining of the supporting material. "This is a good idea, and we will reorganise the content in a revised version, using appendices for information cited in the paper, but still provide the output of the R-markdown for those who’d be interested to repeat our study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: The room could be illuminated with white or red light. In the treatment, the cages were kept separate. In the 2-treatment, cages were arranged in pairs with their screens facing each other. Cardboard spacers kept the two screens at a fixed distance throughout the experiment (0. 6 cm for the April 19 trials, 1. 0 cm for the May 11 trials). These distances are longer than a honey bee’s proboscis (∼2 mm); so bees could not share food between the cages. The cages were taped together to prevent movement. In the 1-treatment, the two cages were placed in direct contact with the 4 cm-holes facing each other, and only one screen between the two cages. Bees could share food through the screen. All cages were discarded after use. For cage diagrams, see Figure 1. PCR Detection Real-Time PCR was used to confirm spore species identity. Spore suspensions were tested for both N. apis and N. ceranae, using primers from Bourgeois et al. [18]. All microsporidia samples were positive for N. ceranae and negative for N. apis. For a more detailed description of the PCR methods, please see Methods S1. Data were analyzed using statistical software R v2. 10. 1 (Foundation for Statistical Computing). The dependent variable, Young, was subjected to a square root transformation to provide variances suitable for statistical analysis using an ANOVA. To compare the three treatments, a Tukey HSD Test was performed. ResultsTable 1 summarizes the results of all 14 trials. There was a higher mean percentage of infected young bees in the 1-trials (40. 8±31. 1%) than in the and the 2-trials (2. 8±5. 6% and 3. 4±3. 1%, respectively). The distributions of the percent infected young bees for the three treatments are shown in Figure 2. There are significant differences in percent infected young bees among the three treatments (ANOVA; F = 9. 70, df between groups = 2, df within groups = 11, P = 0. 0037). The percent infected young bees is significantly higher for the 1-treatment relative to the 2-and to the (Tukey HSD; P = 0. 0097 and 0. 0065, respectively).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: 16 Secondly, the interaction between socioeconomic status and English as a second language was significant and suggested that those from a lower socioeconomic background who were not native English speakers were relatively disadvantaged compared with candidates who did not belong to this subgroup. Table 5 Results of multilevel multiple logistic regression analyses with outcome variable a conditional offer of a place at medical schoolView this table:View popupView inlineTable 6 Results of multilevel multiple logistic regression analyses with outcome variable an unconditional offer of a place at medical school View this table:View popupView inlineThe results in table 6 depict the three models for the prediction of an unconditional offer, according to category of medical school. The results were broadly similar to those in table 5, according to the probability of conditional place offers. Medical school that used UKCAT scores in borderline cases and as a factor had six independent and statistically significant principal predictor variables: sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, type of school attended, UKCAT score, and academic attainment. For medical schools using UKCAT as a threshold, the only sociodemographic variables that were independent and significant predictors of an offer were UKCAT score and academic attainment. In addition there was a trend of borderline statistical significance for older candidates to more likely receive an unconditional offer than those under 20 at application (odds ratio 1. 53, 95% confidence interval 0. 99 to 2. 38, P=0. 06). This observation is unsurprising as many older candidates have already obtained the required qualifications for entry (although specific graduate entry courses were excluded from the analysis). Each model also included between two and four statistically significant interaction terms. In addition to the interaction terms that were significant in the results outlined in table 5 the model for medical schools using UKCAT as a factor relating to the probability of an unconditional model also showed a significant interaction between ethnicity and English as a second language (2. 10, 1. 09 to 4. 05, P=0. 03). This implied that those who reported their ethnicity as non-white and were not native English speakers were relatively less disadvantaged compared with white non-native English speakers when obtaining an unconditional offer. This interaction term seemed to be the consequence of a small number of white non-native English speaking candidates, relatively few of whom obtained unconditional offers. Tables 7⇓ and 8⇓ present the results of the combined multilevel multiple logistic regression.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: The reference multimedia journal in interventional cardiology Create an account Sign in team Contact us Current issue Current issue Number 20 (Oct 21, 2024) Recent issues Number 19 (Oct 7, 2024) Number 18 (Sep 16, 2024) Number 17 (Sep 2, 2024) Just accepted and scaffolds Left main and multivessel disease Bifurcation lesions CTO Other coronary interventions valvular disease TAVI Mitral valve replacement and repair Tricuspid Pulmonary valve Other valvular and structural interventions heart failure Acute heart failure Chronic heart failure the knee AAA Iliac Femoral peripheral interventions hypertension Renal artery angioplasty Renal denervation Other hypertension stroke Carotid stenting LAA closure Ischaemic stroke Other stroke interventions -& permissions Reprint E-print Author centre DOI: 10. 4244/EIJV8I4A65 Not all drug-eluting balloons are equally good for patients, not all patients are equally suitable for drug-eluting balloons Salvatore Cassese, MD; Adnan Kastrati*, ät, Munich, Germany share print download PDF download media download 1. Drug-eluting stents (DES) have become the mainstay of current revascularisation practice since they dramatically reduced the need for re-intervention as compared with bare metal stents (BMS)2. The superiority of DES over BMS has been demonstrated in various lesion settings,3 such as de novo atherosclerotic disease of native and graft vessels4 and in-stent restenosis (ISR) after BMS5 or DES implantation6. The platform, polymer and antirestenotic drug are the most common components of DES. Although the stent platform has been shown to have an important impact on the BMS performance7,8, its specific role as a component of DES has not been investigated. Findings from several studies support a relevant role of the other two DES components, the drug carrier and the antiproliferative drug3,9. There is sufficient evidence to show that drugs of the “limus” family are safer and more effective than paclitaxel3. Drug-eluting balloons (DEB) have emerged as a new PCI option10. Main DEB components are vehicles for drug-elution (carriers/excipients) and the antiproliferative drugs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: , Little, CM. , Burgher MacLellan, KL. , Rogers, REL. (2010). The microsporidian Nosema ceranae, the antibiotic Fumagilin B, and western honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony strength. Apidologie 42 (1): 15 22. 205. Image 4. 0/ This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. 0 International.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: For example, interaction terms suggested that an applicant from a state school (in this case excluding grammar schools) was less likely to receive a conditional offer from a medical school that used UKCAT scores in borderline cases compared with one using threshold scores (0. 74, 0. 60 to 0. 90, P=0. 004) but were more likely to receive such an offer than from a medical school that used UKCAT as a factor (1. 47, 1. 21 to 1. 80, P<0. 001). Nevertheless this finding was consistent with the results from the separate models for the prediction of conditional offer provision (table 5) in that medical schools using UKCAT as a factor in the admissions process showed a relatively high degree of disadvantage for state school students (0. 52, 0. 45 to 0. 60, P<0. 001) even after controlling for the effects of other, potentially confounding, variables and interactions. Medical schools that used UKCAT as a threshold were also less likely to provide a conditional offer to an older applicant compared with the other two categories of medical school. Table 7 Results of multilevel multiple logistic regression analyses with outcome variable as conditional or unconditional offer of a place to study medicine. Values are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) unless stated otherwiseView this table:View popupView inlineTable 8 Results of multilevel multiple logistic regression analyses with outcome variable conditional or unconditional offer of a place at medical school. Values are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) unless stated otherwiseView this table:View popupView inlineDescriptive statistics and univariate analysis: medical school entrantsIn total, data related to 4456 medical school entrants to the 22 universities analysed. Table 9⇓ and figure 2⇓ depict the breakdown of the proportion of each medical school intake by widening participation status. Some categories of institutions appeared fairly homogenous in relation to the proportion of candidates of widening participation status taking up places, whereas others were relatively diverse. For example, medical schools using UKCAT as a threshold consistently admitted more than around 55% of their medical students from state schools, whereas more variation was observed in medical schools using UKCAT as a factor in the admissions process (fig 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Indeed, it has previously been demonstrated in animal models that antiproliferative drugs could be adequately delivered from balloon surface into the vessel wall only with a matrix compound11. Similarly, Radke et al compared various DEB using different drug-delivery formulations and confirmed that effective excipients are necessary to accomplish successful tissue transfer of the drug from a balloon surface12. Importantly, in vitro and in vivo models showed that during angioplasty with DEB, contact between vascular smooth muscle cells and paclitaxel, a highly lipophilic anti-neoplastic drug, is sufficient to provide long-lasting inhibition of cell proliferation13-15. As a result, paclitaxel became the sole drug used among DEB currently available on the market, with other drugs still under investigation16. It remains to be seen whether refinement of methods of drug delivery from balloons will enable effective use of “limus” drugs for DEB in the hope to repeat the success they have achieved as component of DES. A discrete number of randomised studies evaluated DEB versus plain balloon angioplasty (POBA), DES and BMS in different settings17. The main limitation of these trials was the lack of power to assess clinically relevant endpoints. 1 we summarised risk estimates for DEB regarding target lesion revascularisation (TLR) by performing a meta-analysis of currently available randomised trials. The main results are: 1) In de novo lesions, the combination of DEB with BMS, which makes little sense considering the widespread DES availability, does not reduce the need for re-intervention as compared with BMS alone and increases TLR risk as compared with DES (Figure 1, and B). 2) The size of the two trials18,19 that assessed DEB for lesions in small coronary vessels is limited and does not enable firm conclusions. However, no sign of benefit of DEB versus DES could be observed (Figure 1, Panel C). Randomised trials of BMS versus POBA in small vessels have shown that optimal POBA with provisional stenting is probably as effective over the long term as systematic stenting20. However, considering the fact that the efficacy and strength of current DES technologies is mostly generated when they are placed in lesions of small vessels, it is unlikely to expect a major role for DEB in the treatment of lesions in coronary vessels of small size21.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. The first report of the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2017. The first revision was submitted on November 30th, 2017 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on December 13th, 2017 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on December 19th, 2017 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2017. Version 0. 4 (accepted) · Dec 19, 2017 · manuscript is now ready to be published. 0. 4 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Dec 19, 2017 Version 0. 3 · Dec 14, 2017 · could you carefully check your manuscript and resubmit it? I personally found many typos (e. g. Inroduction instead of introduction) and some unclear sentences (e. g. "On the other hand honey bees a valuable economic asset due to the ensemble of their products which are includes honey. . . "). All I'm kindly asking for is a little extra effort, but necessary in order to make your 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Dec 13, 2017 Version 0. 2 · Dec 9, 2017 · I think that the manuscript has been considerably improved but needs further minor revisions prior to publication. Reviewer 1 · Dec 8, 2017 Basic reporting In this study, Hristov et al. aimed to analyze the presence of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in samples taken from different regions of Bulgaria. The manuscript improved a lot since the last revision. I consider that it should be published now. Experimental design The experimental design is clear now and the required information was provided by the authors. Validity of the findings No comment Additional comments Specific comments: L39-46- Please, provide 0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Nov 30, 2017 Version 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: This is supported by the descriptive statistics observed in table 9 and figure 2 where the relatively large variation between institutions in the same UKCAT usage category for intake of older students could be contrasted with the relative homogeneity within groups for the proportion of male entrants. These findings would suggest that the trend for mature entrants reflects one or more individual universities taking in either large or small proportions of mature students, rather than an effect associated with type of UKCAT usage (table 9). However, not all the trends observed were attenuated after controlling for institutional effects and potential confounding variables; the difference between the odds of an entrant to a medical school using UKCAT in borderline cases compared with one from those using UKCAT as a factor having English as a second language actually increased in significance (P value from 0. 2 to 0. 04) once this more complex modelling was performed. Table 11 Results of multilevel multiple logistic regression analyses for prediction of sex, ethnicity, English as second language status, and age (>21 years at application) of entrants to 22 participating medical schools with complete data available (n=2679) View this table:View popupView inlineTable 12⇓ depicts the results of multilevel multiple logistic regression for the prediction of widening participation status of entrants for school type attended, socioeconomic status, and achieving below average academic attainment (for this cohort of medical school applicants). Several trends that were highly statistically significant on estimation of the raw odds ratio were now absent or of only borderline significance. Notably, the intergroup differences in the probability of an entrant being from a state school (as opposed to independent or grammar school) attenuated to a difference of only borderline significance (odds ratio 1. 60, 95% confidence interval 0. 97 to 2. 62, P=0. 06) for medical schools using UKCAT as a threshold compared with those using UKCAT in borderline cases. In contrast, the faint trends for entrants to medical schools using UKCAT as a factor and as a threshold to be more likely to be from low socioeconomic backgrounds were now of borderline significance (P=0. 05 and P=0. 06, respectively). The relatively high proportions of entrants to medical schools using UKCAT as a factor with below average academic attainment compared with the other categories of medical schools remained statistically significant, even after adjustment for institutional and potential confounding effects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: 3) With less than 400 patients enrolled in total, randomised trials on the value of DEB for ISR showed that DEB compare favourably with POBA or paclitaxel-eluting stents reducing TLR risk in patients presenting BMS or DES restenosis22-25 (Figure 1, Panel D). In line with this evidence, the current guidelines for myocardial revascularisation of the of Cardiology recommend the use of DEB in cases of restenosis of previously implanted BMS (Class of recommendation: IIa; Level of Evidence B)26. Figure 1. Risk of target lesion revascularisation associated with drug-eluting balloons. Odds ratio (OR) and (95% confidence intervals, CI) are used as summary statistics. DerSimonian and Laird random effects model is used to calculate pooled OR for target lesion revascularisation (TLR). The Breslow-Day chi squared (p<0. 1) and the I2 statistic tested heterogeneity across the studies. The squares and the horizontal lines indicate the OR and the (95% CI); the size of each square is proportional to the statistical weight of a trial in the meta-analysis; diamond indicates the effect estimate derived from meta-analysis, with the centre indicating the point estimate and the left and the right ends of the (95% CI). In case of a three-arm design, the pooled risk estimates have been derived by separate comparison of DEB versus each control arm. The risk of TLR (per protocol defined) was evaluated at the longest follow-up (median 9 months [25th, 75th percentile 6, 12]) within de novo lesions (Panel A-B), de novo lesions in small vessels (Panel C) and in-stent restenosis subgroups (Panel D). Moderate to high heterogeneity was observed. DEB: drug-eluting balloons; BMS: bare-metal stents; DES: drug-eluting stents; POBA: plain-old balloon angioplasty. a bioengineered bare-metal stent used; b provisional bare-metal stenting in the DEB group; c DES restenosis; d BMS restenosis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: So, for a better understanding, it is important to say directly that these results might explain the differences in the prevalence observed in the different areas since different subspecies of bees are reared in each area. L175-L177- Does the author has analyzed the genetic origin of the bees? If the authors still have the samples which were used for analyzing Nosema, it would be interesting to analyze their genetic origin and prove (or not) the hypothesis that they are proposing. I think that this analysis would contribute to making the 0. 1)". PeerJ · Oct 29, 2017 Basic reporting This manuscript reports on the presence of N. ceranae, an emerging exotic pathogen of the honey bee, in populations of honey bees in Bulgaria. The introduction and background top the study are well laid out, with some interesting 1. Were positive controls employed in PCRS to avoid the issue of false negatives? Duplicate PCRs might help in clarifying this issue if positive controls were not available. 2. Statistical testing needs to be clarified. 3. (line 99, and more a comment for future reference) Do not use EDTA in re-suspension buffer when dissolving DNA as it inhibits PCR (it chelates Mg ions of the PCR buffer). alone. 4. (line 91) Were all 5 bees per colony analysed individually or as a single DNA extract? Validity of the findings In large part, the findings seem clear-cut and robust and sound. 1. (line 91) Why only 5 bees collected per colony when it is standard (Fries et al. 2013) to analyse 30 honey bees per colony? 2. Lines 132-142: Provide results of statistical tests to support statements 3. Lines 178-182 The authors hypothesise that warmer climates may favour N. ceranae over N. apis and vice versa. One paper explicitly exploring this issue is: Natsopoulou et al. (2015) Interspecific competition in honeybee intracellular gut parasites is asymmetric and favours the spread of an emerging infectious disease. Proceedings of the of London B: 282:20141896.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Table 12 Results of multilevel multiple logistic regression analyses for prediction of school type attended, socioeconomic status, and relatively low academic attainment (less than AAB or equivalent at A level) of entrants to 22 participating medical schools with complete data available (n=2679)View this table:View popupView inlineModelling the prediction of achieving conditions for medical school entryOf 16 435 total applicants, 1189 were initially given 1507 unconditional offers, having already achieved the required academic conditions at the time of application. A further 5368 candidates were initially provided with 7363 conditional offers (an average of 1. 4 offers per successful candidate). Of these individuals, 4470 (83%) eventually obtained an unconditional offer, having obtained sufficient academic qualifications to satisfy the relevant institutions that entry was merited. In most, but not all cases, this would involve achieving the initial A level (or equivalent) grades set as part of the conditions of the provisional offer. To explore the predictors of an application being converted from a conditional to an unconditional offer data were analysed from 3290 applications relating to 2803 candidates holding conditional offers where complete data were available. A multilevel multiple logistic regression model was built up in a stepwise fashion. A random intercept for each candidate was introduced, although it was not possible to model the random effects associated with individual institutions simultaneously. All possible combinations of interactions were explored and those found to be significant and independent predictors of successfully converting a conditional offer to an unconditional one were included in the final model (table 13⇓). The strongest predictor of success was academic attainment (odds ratio 10. 35, 95% confidence interval 8. 01 to 13. 27, P<0. 001), in these cases measured using a standardised UCAS tariff. Indeed, the only other significant and independent predictor was the application being associated with a medical school using UKCAT in borderline cases or a factor in the admissions process (compared with the remaining group). However, a trend of borderline statistical significance was observed for conditional offers associated with candidates of low socioeconomic status to have less probability of being converted to unconditional ones (0. 42, 0. 18 to 0. 99, P=0. 05). Two interactions were also significant. Firstly, an interaction between mature applicant status and academic achievement was observed (0. 11, 0. 07 to 0. 17, P<0. 001).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Trial Acronyms: DEB-AMI: Drug-eluting Balloon in Infarction; : Drug-eluting Balloon in Bifurcations Trial; : Prospective, Evaluating a Paclitaxel-in with EPC Stents for Disease; : DEversus in the Treatment of Artery Disease; : in of Diabetic Patients; BELLO: Optimization; : Paclitaxel-coated balloon versus drug-eluting stent during PCI of small coronary vessels; – ISR I (II) Treatment of in-by : Treatment of DES-In-With SeQuent® : The Paclitaxel-Eluting PTCA-in Disease to Treat In-Stent Restenoses. The most significant, still unresolved issue with DEB is the limited number of patients enrolled in the randomised trials with this technology. Interventional cardiologists are also eagerly waiting for the answer to two additional questions regarding DEB: are there differences in performance between currently available DEB and what are the reasons for the striking failure of DEB plus BMS considering the enormous success of their combination in the form of DES? Two studies published in the current issue of EuroIntervention contribute to the clarification of these two questions. Bondesson and colleagues retrospectively compared two paclitaxel-eluting balloons in patients undergoing PCI and included in the Swedish coronary and angioplasty register (SCAAR/Swedeheart)27. Of a total of 1,136 patients, 919 patients were treated with a balloon eluting 3 μg/mm2 of paclitaxel from a layer of hydrophilic contrast media as excipient (Sequent Please, B. Braun AG, Melsungen, Germany), and 217 patients were treated with a balloon eluting 2 μg/mm2 of paclitaxel directly from its surface without the use of an excipient (Elutax, GmbH. , Aachen, Germany). DEB with hydrophilic carrier were associated with a lower risk of restenosis (adjusted hazard ratio 0. 39 [95% confidence intervals 0. 24-0. 65]) at an average follow-up of ~11 months. This advantage was observed for both de novo and restenotic lesions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Additional comments Suggested changes to the text (where relevant, by line number): Abstract and elsewhere: Do not write about ‘Bulgarian honey bees’ as though they are different in some meaningful way from those in surrounding countries; rather, use ‘honey bees in Bulgaria’. 29-30 highest rate of invasion → highest prevalence 43 Give a date for the Empire 48 Delete ‘etc’ 49 various specific → numerous 53-4 Two main species of Nosema have been identified “in honey bees” (text in “” is needed) 66 replace ‘, but’ with a semicolon 69 invasion → infection 80 spreading → distribution 92 at entrance’ → at the entrance 94 add ‘a’ before ‘single bee’ 119 add ‘a’ before ‘Little Genius’ 122 add ‘a’ before ‘2%’ 141 have demonstrated a higher level of invasion → had a higher prevalence of N. ceranae 145-7 Information should be transferred to the Introduction 165 infection → prevalence Cite this review as Paxton RJ (2018) #2 of "The first report of the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in Bulgaria (v0. 1)". PeerJ Ansari · Nov 12, 2017 Basic reporting i recommended this 1. some latest 2017. Geographical distribution and molecular detection of Nosema ceranae from indigenous honey bees of Saudi Arabia. of Biological Sciences. , Issue 5, July 2017, Pages 983-991" 2. it will be more appropriate if author can add microscopic studies of nosema spores in the text 3. discussion should be elaborated in context to the prevalence of nosema in the adjacent countries of this review as Ansari MJ (2018) #3 of "The first report of the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in Bulgaria (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Oct 10, 2017 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: This is interpreted as increased A level achievement being relatively less of an advantage to those applying to holding conditional offers and over 20 years old, compared with younger applicants. In practice many mature candidates will be applying on the basis of a university degree, either achieved or pending, rather than A level achievement, and therefore this finding is readily understood in this context. Perhaps a less anticipated interaction was that observed for low socioeconomic status and non-white ethnicity (8. 56, 1. 81 to 40. 43, P=0. 007). This implied that those applicants holding conditional offers from low socioeconomic backgrounds were more likely to convert them to unconditional ones if they were of non-white than of white ethnicity. Table 13 Results of multilevel multiple logistic regression analysis for the prediction of achievement of grades or degree required for a conditional offer to be converted to an unconditional offer. Data from 3290 applications relating to 2803 candidates holding conditional offers where complete data were available were analysedView this table:View popupView inlineMissing data analysisThose applications with no data on socioeconomic background of the candidate (n=12 562) were significantly less likely to result in an offer (0. 81, 0. 76 to 0. 85, P<0. 001). Candidates with missing socioeconomic status (n=4605) were significantly more likely (P<00. 01) to be male (1. 13, 1. 05 to 1. 21), have attended a private or grammar school (1. 13, 1. 05 to 1. 21), be over 21 years at application (1. 33, 1. 23 to 1. 44), be of non-white ethnicity (1. 73, 1. 62 to 1. 86), speak English as a second language (1. 39, 1. 28 to 1. 51), and have below average academic attainment (1. 27, 1. 17 to 1. 39) and UKCAT score when compared with those with socioeconomic background reported. Likewise, those applications with no attainment data on A levels, higher, or Irish leaving certificate (n=11 949) were significantly less likely to result in an offer (0. 58, 0. 54 to 0. 61, P<0. 001). Candidates with missing or non-standard advanced qualification data (n=4917) were significantly more likely (P<0. 01) to have missing data on socioeconomic status (1. 26, 0. 17 to 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All patients respond equally well to regenerative therapies. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, most of failures in patients treated with DEB without excipient occurred <6 months after index procedure, suggesting poor drug retention in the vessel wall. As a closing remark, the authors suggest the lack of a “class-effect” for DEB and the urgent need for head-to-head, randomised comparisons of different DEB platforms. These findings provide additional support to the statement included in the European guidelines on myocardial revascularisation that “one cannot assume a class effect for all drug-eluting balloons”26. In the second study, Fischer and colleagues present the data from a subgroup of 55 patients who performed intravascular ultrasounds (IVUS) at nine-month follow up in the DEversus in the Treatment of () trial28. The original trial randomly assigned 637 patients to receive DEB-BMS (Coroflex DEBlue, B. Braun AG, Melsungen Germany) versus sirolimus-eluting stents () for de novo lesions. Current findings show that despite the similar stent expansion (symmetric expansion index 0. 90±0. 02 versus 0. 89±0. 04 for DEB-BMS versus SES, respectively, p value not significant) and strut apposition between DEB-BMS and SES, risk of restenosis was higher in the DEB-BMS group, as shown in the primary trial29. The main objective of this IVUS sub-study was, however, to assess whether a possible “geographical mismatch” (BMS deployment in segment of the vessel not pre-treated with DEB) underlies the lower antirestenotic efficacy of DEB-BMS. The authors excluded this as the failure mechanism of the DEB-BMS strategy. However, they only did an indirect assessment of “geographical mismatch” based on the lack of excess neointima at the stent margins in the DEB-BMS group. A more precise assessment would have required acute intravascular imaging during the index procedure and probably more sensitive imaging technology such as optical coherence tomography30. As a matter of fact, previous randomised trials failed to definitely address the merits and pitfalls associated with the concurrent use of DEB and BMS in de novo lesions, whilst the utility of DEB in case of ISR has been better scientifically proven.

Output: contrast