Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Saccharification of recalcitrant biomass and integration options for lignocellulosic sugars from Catchlight Energy’s sugar process (CLE Sugar) access Published: 28 January 2013 Saccharification of recalcitrant biomass and integration options for lignocellulosic sugars from Catchlight Energy’s sugar process (CLE Sugar) Johnway Gao1, Dwight Anderson1 & Benjamin Levie1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 85. 8% of biomass carbohydrates are saccharified for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips (softwood), and 94. 0% for debarked maple chips (hardwood). Furan compound formation was 1. 29% of biomass feedstock for Loblolly pine and 1. 10% for maple. At 17% solids hydrolysis of pretreated softwood, an enzyme dose of 0. 075 g Sigma enzyme mixture/g dry pretreated (unwashed) biomass was needed to achieve 8. 1% total sugar titer in the hydrolysate and an overall prehydrolysate liquor plus enzymatic hydrolysis conversion yield of 76. 6%. At a much lower enzyme dosage of 0. 044 g CTec2 enzyme product/g dry (unwashed) pretreated softwood, hydrolysis at 17% solids achieved 9. 2% total sugar titer in the hydrolysate with an overall sugar yield of 85. 0% in the combined prehydrolysate liquor and enzymatic hydrolysate. CLE Sugar has been demonstrated to be effective on hardwood and herbaceous biomass, making it truly feedstock flexible. ConclusionsDifferent options exist for integrating lignocellulosic sugar into sugar-using operations. A sugar conversion plant may be adjacent to a CLE Sugar plant, and the CLE Sugar can be concentrated from the initial 10% sugar as needed. Concentrated sugars, however, can be shipped to remote sites such as ethanol plants or other sugar users. In such cases, options for shipping a dense form of sugars include (1) pretreated biomass with enzyme addition, (2) lignocellulosic sugar syrup, and (3) lignocellulosic sugar solid. These could provide the advantage of maximizing the use of existing assets. BackgroundWoody biomass is one of the most abundant biomass feedstocks, besides agriculture residuals in the United States.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biometrics are increasingly used for identity verification. [SEP] Text: Go to Review 5683. DOI: 10. 19080/BBOAJ. 2018. 06. 555683 Go to Review 1823. Fingerprint was first begun to be taken in ink on dactlograms by a by and the concept of fingerprinting has been unique identifier to catch criminals that took off from the Scotland Yard. In 1970's electronic reader was being developed that led to today's technologies, Laboratories has developed hand geometry readers in 1985 and the US government has purchased the readers. Types of biometrics The common biometrics based on physiological or behavioural characteristic that a normal person have are: a. Face b. Iris c. Retina d. Voice e. Handprint f. Fingerprint g. Signature h. DNA pattern i. Sweat pores Basically, the biometric method of identifying a person is preferred over traditional methods. As the use of computer in information technology areas is rapidly increasing, a secure restricted access to privacy or personal data must be obtained. The biometric technique can be used in many application area in order to prevent unauthorized access to use the privacy data such as ATMs, smart card, computer networks, time & attendance system, desktop PCs and workstation. Nowadays, there are several types of system developed with biometrics techniques for real-time identification. The face recognition and fingerprint matching are the most popular biometric techniques used to develop the system followed by hand geometric, iris, retina, and speech. The oldest biometric technique is the electronic fingerprint recognition which has undergone researches and development to extend its applications since its applications by law enforcement. There are two related matching techniques, which are minutiae-based, and correlation- based. What makes a fingerprint unique includes three main patterns; the loop the whorl and the arc using these patterns to match a fingerprint will generally locate a positive identification [4]. The finger print biometric machine is an automated digital version of the old ink and-paper method used for more than a century for identification, primarily by law enforcement agencies. The digital version involves electronically reading users finger print when placed on a platen where the details are mined by the biometric machine algorithm and a finger print pattern analysis is performed. A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges on all parts of the finger and pattern recognition algorithms rely on the features found in the impression.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fish populations can recover instantly if fishing is reduced. [SEP] Text: If we want the best fish, we should do what farmers do. We should leave the big fish in the sea, so they reproduce. That way, we will always have big fish. Evolution Fishing-induced evolution is a term used by scientists to describe the fact that fishing changes the fish. Fishing affects fish in oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers. Evolution is the change in traits, or characteristics like size, color, or certain behavior patterns, that are passed on from parents to offspring. Evolution happens when two things occur at the same time. First, a trait (for example, size) gives the fish a better chance to survive and have babies. Second, the trait is an heritable trait, which means it can be passed on from parents to their offspring. Fishing can trigger evolution. First, fishing removes the big fish. So, the small fish will have a better chance to survive and reproduce. Second, size is heritable. It passes from parents to offspring through their genes. So, when fishers continually remove the big fish, the smaller fish reproduce and eventually, through evolution, the entire population will consist of smaller fish. for Just Size! Fishing does not only select for fish of a certain size. Fishing can select on other characteristics too [1], for example, maturation and behavior. Keep reading to see how this happens! is an important time in the life of any species. It is the time when the fish change from juveniles to adults and become able to reproduce and produce offspring for the first time. A lot of energy is needed to mature, and the sources of this energy are scarce. So, during the maturation period, a fish needs to grow slower or even stop growing to channel energy to the maturation process. The energetic cost to the fish can even decrease the chances of its survival. The age and size at which a fish is ready to mature depend on two things: the amount of food the fish can obtain from the environment and how the fish shares the food among its important life processes. These life processes include growing, maturing, storing energy, and surviving. These life processes compete for the energy provided by food. The amount of food and the way food is shared between life processes depends on many things, including the temperature of the water, how many predators exist, how much food there is, and how many fish are living together.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Conventional bisulfite pulping time is as long as 6–10 hours [10], and the calcium bisulfite usage is about 31–35% on wood, equivalent to 9. 7–10. 9 total combined SO2 on wood [11]. Zhu et al. [12] introduced a sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocellulose (SPORL) where the effective pretreatment was conducted at a higher temperature of 180°C for 30 minutes with 8–10% bisulfite and 1. 8–3. 7% sulfuric acid on wood. Faster pretreatment time, a bisulfite charge much less than that of bleachable grade bisulfite pulping, and avoiding bleaching and related unit operations downstream makes the cost of pretreatment more consistent with what can be a cost-effective replacement for sugar. In this paper, we introduce CLE Sugar, which begins with a mild bisulfite pretreatment and results in a high yield pretreated feedstock that enables enzymatic hydrolysis of even recalcitrant feedstocks such as softwood. It is operated at time and temperature conditions intermediate between SPORL and conventional bisulfite pulping times, uses less than half the bisulfite chemical as bisulfite pulping, and avoids the addition of any other acid. Thus, the mild bisulfite step lowers the cost of producing highly enzymatically digestible biomass and for subsequent lignocellulosic sugar production. ResultsBiomass feedstocksThe carbohydrate compositions of softwood chips (un-debarked Loblolly pine chips), hardwood chips (debarked maple chips) and switchgrass (Alamo variety) were analyzed. Table 1 below summarizes the carbohydrate composition of the biomass used. The carbohydrate composition of each biomass was determined by converting the polymeric sugars in the feedstock into monomeric sugars such as glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and galactose. Results in Table 1 show the original polymeric sugar composition of the biomass. The total polymeric sugar composition for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips and switchgrass samples used in the current study was 51. 8%, 58. 6% and 59. 5%, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biometrics are increasingly used for identity verification. [SEP] Text: These are sometimes known as «epidermal ridges» which caused by the underlying interface between the dermal papillae of the dermis. Gorman identified three major areas where finger print biometrics are used to include: Law enforcement purposes, fraud prevention in entitlement programs, and physical and computer access generally referred to as large-scale Systems (AFIS). It is believed that no two people have identical fingerprint in world, so the fingerprint verification and identification is most popular way to verify the authenticity or identity of a person wherever the security is a problematic question. The reason for popularity of fingerprint technique is the uniqueness of a person arising from his behaviour and personal characteristics which indicates that each and every fingerprint is unique, different from one other. Finger print recognition is probably the most widely used and well-known biometric that is very less vulnerable to errors in harsh errors environments. Though fingerprint biometrics is applicable in all fields of human endeavour, the finger print of some individuals working in certain industries such as chemical and agricultural are often badly affected making fingerprint mode of authentication problematic. However, to overcome this problem multimodal biometrics system can be applied and fingerprint recognition systems are still considered as the right applications under the right circumstances. Phillips and Martin concluded that finger print biometrics is one of the efficient, secure, cost effective, ease to use technologies for user authentication and according to their survey almost all drawbacks are addressed in fingerprint biometric system. Verification and identification Biometric systems operate in two basic modes: verification and identification [5,6]. Verification mode is used to validate a person against whom they claim to be and use one to one matches by comparing biometric data taken from an individual to a biometric template stored in a database. Verification relies on individuals enrolling on the system and registering their identity prior to providing biometric samples which is a massive administrative task when applied to international border control. Identification mode uses a one to many match and searches all the templates in a database to identify an individual therefore the system does not need the compliance of the data subject. The accuracy of biometric technology depends on the accuracy and number of records within the databases. In the verification mode, the system validates a person’s identity by comparing the captured biometric data with her own biometric template(s) stored system database.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fish populations can recover instantly if fishing is reduced. [SEP] Text: In general, fish can use one of two life strategies that affect the age at which they mature and the other life processes: • “Live fast, die young” strategy. If the risk of death is high, it is not worth trying to reach old age and energy should be put toward reproduction. For example, when fishers are fishing loads of fish, the amount of fish death is high. In that case, the best strategy is for a fish to put all its energy into maturing quickly and reproducing early, to have offspring before fishers catch them. • “Live slow and grow old” strategy. If the risk of death is low, fish can have a long future waiting for them, and there is no rush to mature or reproduce. The best strategy is to mature and reproduce later in life. These fish can grow larger and have more offspring. Larger fish can live longer, because big fish have fewer natural enemies than small ones. Fishing favors the “live fast, die young” strategy [1]. Fish mature younger and smaller in fished populations. So, fishing affects maturation in two ways. First, fishing leads to more death, so fish must live fast. Second, fishing removes large fish, so the small fish that mature young have more offspring than the bigger fish that mature late. a few scientists study the combination of fish behavior, fishing, and evolution. It is a new idea. However, many researchers have observed that fish in today’s waters mature younger and smaller (Figure 1). Maturation is the first fish trait that we and other researchers studied, because data on fish size and maturation are easy to collect. We also study how fish behavior is related to fishing [3, 4]. We do our experiments in the lab if we cannot do them directly in the sea. We think that we can witness the evolution of fish during our lifetime. This is awesome but also a bit scary! Figure 1 - Examples of fish species that exhibit the “live fast, die young” strategy. Fishing has caused these fish to mature at an earlier age and become smaller in size [1]. The colored markers show where each species lives. Fish images © Sockeye salmon and chum salmon: Timothy Knepp, U. S. Fish and [Public domain]. American plaice and sole: Jonathan Couch, 1877 [2]. Lake whitefish: 1927–1940 [Public domain].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Biomass carbohydrate composition Full size tableThe wood chips were re-chipped with a Bearcat garden chipper with a 1. 91 cm screen to obtain smaller size chips. 3-mm round-hole fines were removed to avoid circulation problems in a 28. 3-liter pilot pretreatment reactor. The resulting wood chip size distribution for the softwood chips was 24% “pin size” chips (passes a 7 mm round hole screen, retained on a 3 mm round hole screen), and 76% “accept size” chips (retained on a 7 mm round hole screen). All softwood chips were less than 8 mm thickness. The lengths of the re-chipped chips ranged approximately from 20 to 40 mm. PretreatmentA few biomass feedstocks, including un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips, and Alamo switchgrass were pretreated in the pilot digester with the mild bisulfite pretreatment method as described in the method section. Table 2 shows the pretreated biomass yield and prehydrolysate amount after the pretreatment. Due to the mild bisulfite pretreatment condition, a high biomass yield was obtained at 74. 9%, 69. 3%, and 81. 6%, respectively for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips, and switchgrass. The prehydrolysate has a reducing sugar titer around 2. 6–3. 7% that is mostly hemicellulose sugars. The prehydrolysate sugars account for 15, 18, and 11% of the biomass sugar, respectively for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips and switchgrass. In the pretreatment chemistry and mild conditions, the furan compound formation was 1. 29% of biomass feedstock for Loblolly pine and 1. 10% for maple, as shown in Table 3. Table 2 Biomass parameters before and after acidic calcium bisulfite pretreatment Full size tableTable 3 Furan formation Full size tableThe pretreated biomass carbohydrate compositions are shown in Table 4. Table 2 shows the hemicellulose solubilization and hydrolysis to hemicellulosic sugars in the prehydrolysate. These hemicellulosic sugars include arabinose, galactose, xylose and mannose.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Biometrics are increasingly used for identity verification. [SEP] Text: In such a system, an individual who desires to be recognized claims an identity, usually via a Number (PIN), a user name, a smart card, etc. , and the system conducts a one- to-one comparison to determine whether the claim is true or not (e. g. , "Does this biometric data belong to Janet? "). Identity verification is typically used for positive recognition, where the aim is to prevent multiple people from using the same identity. Identification mode involves establishing a person's identity based only on biometric measurements. The comparator equivalent they obtained biometric with the ones stored in the database bank using a 1: N matching algorithm for recognition. In the identification mode, the system recognizes an individual by searching the templates of all the users in the database for a match. Therefore, the system conducts a one-to-many comparison to establish an individual's identity (or fails if the subject is not enrolled in the system database) without the subject having to claim an identity (e. g. , "Whose biometric data is this? "). Identification is a critical component in negative recognition applications where the system establishes whether the person is who she (implicitly or explicitly) denies to be. The purpose of negative recognition is to prevent a single person from using multiple identities. Identification may also be used in positive recognition for convenience (the user is not required to claim an identity). While traditional methods of personal recognition such as passwords, PINs, keys, and tokens may work for positive recognition, negative recognition can only be established through biometrics [3]. Identified application areas Management is an area that has been carried out using attendance software that relies on passwords for users’ authentication. However, this type of system allows for impersonation since the passwords can be shared or tampered with. Passwords could also be forgotten at times thereby preventing the user from accessing the system [7]. Oloyede et al. [8] carried out extensive research on applicability of biometric technology to solve the problem of staff attendance. However, the researchers did not write any software to address the problems of attendance [9-12]. Marijana carried out a critical review of the extent to which biometric technology has assisted in controlling illegal entry of travelers into specific country through the integration of biometric passport. The issue regarding how the false acceptance rate can be measured in a border control setting was also looked into.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fish populations can recover instantly if fishing is reduced. [SEP] Text: We used small trawl nets inside an aquarium and saw that bold fish escaped the nets by being more active and better at swimming [3]. at the As we explained, fish have many traits linked to their living processes. These traits depend on each other and on the amount of energy the fish has. A fish with a “live fast, die young” strategy matures early and has more offspring. But to do so, the fish must grow slower and invest less energy into its defense strategies. This “live fast” fish will be bolder and eat more [5]. So, fishing not only leads to smaller-sized fish. It should also drive changes in many other traits. We are only starting to learn about how fishing affects the evolution of all these new traits. Our plan is to study more traits to see how they are affected by fishing. We will first do our experiments in the lab, because it is easier than in the sea. We want to see how “live fast” fish defend themselves from predators and diseases. We also want to study how much they eat and how they affect the food web. This information will help us to understand the effects of fishing on the whole ecosystem. to Fish Populations? Fishing causes changes in the fished populations. Fishing not only kills fish, but it also tends to leave the remaining fish populations less abundant (fewer fish) and less diverse (fewer different traits). If fishing causes fish to evolve into smaller, less diverse populations, then future generations of fish might be in trouble. We know that small and less diverse populations are weaker because the fish may not be able to deal as well with changes in the environment and may eventually die out. The remaining fish in the evolved population are also less valuable for fishers and are more difficult to catch, which makes fishing less profitable. When an activity has such negative effects on a population of organisms that the population may not recover, we say that the activity is not a sustainable activity. Many of our current fishing methods are not sustainable and may permanently damage fish populations. To save the fish, and to make fishing more sustainable, we need to fish less. We can also reduce the fishing selection, for instance by also actively fishing for medium-sized fish, instead of only taking out the big ones. We can also combine different fishing methods that target different traits to maintain diverse populations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The hemicellulose glucomannan also contains glucose, which was present in small amount in the prehydrolysate due to the glucomannan hydrolysis to glucose and mannose. The pretreated biomass solid has a higher glucan composition and lower hemicellulose composition. The higher glucan composition was also due to the partial dissolution of sulfonated lignin into the prehydrolysate (data not shown). Table 4 Pretreated biomass carbohydrate compositions Full size tableEnzymatic hydrolysis and total sugar yieldHigh dosage enzymatic hydrolysis is used to assess the maximum amount of sugar that can be enzymatically released from the pretreated biomass. A low consistency hydrolysis of 5% pretreated biomass was used. Each gram of pretreated biomass was applied with a high enzyme dose of 0. 34 g Sigma enzyme mixture. The total sugar yield is defined as the total monomeric sugars from the prehydrolysate and from the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass. The total sugar yields are summarized in Table 5. The results indicate that the total sugar yields from the pretreatment were 85. 8%, 94. 0% and 80. 2%, respectively for un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips and switchgrass. Table 5 Sugar yields from pretreated biomass Full size tableHigher solids hydrolysis is required to achieve a high sugar titer. Table 6 summarizes the total sugar titer of enzymatic hydrolyses at 5% and 17% solid consistency for the pretreated un-debarked Loblolly pine chips. At 17% solids hydrolysis, a lower enzyme dose of 0. 075 g enzyme mixture per gram of pretreated biomass was used. This translates into an enzyme dose of 0. 056 g enzyme mixture per gram of untreated biomass. With this low enzyme dosage, the total sugar yield was 76. 6% for the un-debarked Loblolly pine chips. In addition, Novozymes CTec2 enzyme product was also tested on the high solids loading with an enzyme dosage of 0. 044 g CTec2 product per gram of pretreated biomass or 0. 033 g CTec2/g untreated wood. CTec2 achieved a total sugar yield of about 85%.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionIn the wireless communication network, cryptography is used to provide data secure with the help of encryption and decryption process. WBSN are using to monitor the patient effectively and this is useful especially in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) following the social distance to monitor the patient. The cryptographic protocol is required to effectively protect the privacy of user in data transmission from WBSN. The devices in WBSN are low constraint devices and vulnerable for attacks and cryptographic protocol is required to apply to protect the data. When the sensed medical record data is in the network, eavesdroppers may modify the contents of encrypted messages; classical cryptosystems are using mathematical functions and different numerical techniques for encrypting the data. Instead of classical cryptography, quantum cryptography (QC) can safely trade an enciphering key over a private channel. Quantum computation is used in the wireless body sensor network to guarantee the security of the information transmission. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is to provide a secure communication scheme that uses a quantum mechanism. It will produce a shared random secret key known only to communicating parties. The known private key is used to encrypt and decrypt messages. In the BB84 protocol, two basis sequences are used, that is, (i) a rectilinear basis (+), (ii) diagonal basis (×). In rectilinear, basis is divide into horizontal polarization (0°) and vertical polarization (90°). Diagonal basis contains two polarization states, 45 ° and 135°. Table 1 shows the bit value of the BB84 protocol. Photon polarization state has been used to transmit the medical record data. In 1984, this convention was created by. Table 1 BB84 protocol polarzation schemeFull size table1, the quantum polarization node is represented in the form of + and ×, and qubits are represented in the form of ↗, ↖, ↑, and →. The light has a photon; it carries a rigid amount of energy and polarization physical property. Polarization node is classified into two types [1]. One is a rectilinear polarization node; another one is the diagonal polarization node. The polarization directions for rectilinear are 0° or 90°, and the diagonal polarization node is 45° or 135°. Polarization node is called a “Quantum Basis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Fish populations can recover instantly if fishing is reduced. [SEP] Text: In general, our fishing practices should be adapted to maintain fish with the preferred traits in the sea just like cow farmers keep their favorite cows. But mostly, our fishing practices should protect diversity in the fished populations. Large and diverse fish populations are more sustainable. Glossary Trait: ↑ Is any characteristic of an organism. For instance, large or small size, bold or shy behavior, early or late maturation. Fishing-induced Evolution: ↑ The process by which fishing creates changes in the inherited traits of fish, by selection on size, maturation, and/or behavior. Evolution: ↑ Changes in inherited traits that give organisms a better chance to survive and have offspring. Heritable Trait: ↑ A characteristic that is passed from parents to offspring. Maturation: ↑ The stage of development that makes an organism able to reproduce for the first time. Sustainable Activity: ↑ It uses the resources of the planet in a way that maintains them at levels similar to the present levels, so the resources will be conserved for the future generations. Conflict of authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 2015. Fisheries-induced evolution. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. and Syst. 46:461–80. doi: 10. 1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054339 [2] ↑ Aflalo, F. G. 1904. Freshwater and Bank. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. . [3] ↑ Diaz Pauli, B. , and Sih, A. 2017. Behavioural responses to human-induced change: why fishing should not be ignored. Evol. Appl. 10:231–40. doi: 10. 1111/eva. 12456 [4] ↑ Arlinghaus, R. , Laskowski, K. L. , Alós, J. , Klefoth, T. , Monk, C. T. , Nakayama, S. , et al. 2016. Passive gear-induced timidity syndrome in wild fish populations and its potential ecological and managerial implications. Fish Fish. 18:360–73. doi: 10. 1111/faf. 12176 [5] ↑ Réale, D. , Garant, D. , Humphries, M. M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This indicated that the CTec2 enzyme product has a higher specific activity than the Sigma enzyme mixture. Table 6 Sugar titer from low and high consistency hydrolysis of pretreated un-debarked Loblolly pine chips Full size tableDiscussionThe mild bisulfite pretreatment provided high yield in both pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis with lower furan formation. The CLE Sugar process, while as yet unoptimized, is effective on un-debarked Loblolly pine chips, debarked maple chips, and switchgrass. The total pretreatment time is 1. 5 to 2. 25 hours including temperature ramp-up time, which is much shorter than 6–10 hours in the conventional sulfite pulping process. The mild bisulfite step provides much higher biomass throughput and uses much less chemical on biomass than conventional sulfite pulping. It also does not require bleaching, a significant cost in conventional sulfite pulping. In fact, the pretreated biomass can be enzymatically hydrolyzed even without washing, resulting in a simpler process. Washing may prove beneficial, however. The pretreated biomass is highly digestible by enzymes and thus can provide a few process options for lignocellulosic sugar production and its sugar integration in a lignocellulosic biofuel or renewable chemical plant. These options include (1) pretreated biomass materials preloaded with enzymes, (2) lignocellulosic sugar syrup and (3) lignocellulosic sugar solids. A process flow chart is shown in Figure 1 for the three lignocellulosic sugar options. Figure 1 Lignocellulosic sugar production options from lignocellulosic biomass pretreated in a mild bisulfite process. Full size image (1). Pressed pretreated materials without and with enzyme: After the pretreatment, the pretreated biomass is refined without water addition. The lignosulfonate is removed as a byproduct from the prehydrolysate. The lignosulfonate less prehydrolysate is adjusted to a pH that can neutralize the pretreated biomass to pH 5. 0. The pH adjusted material is pressed to a solid density, e. g. 40% or higher.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: ” Quantum basis are the match up to binary values; it will produce qubit. It is accustomed to surrounding the mystery sharing key in the correspondence condition. The main idea of this paper is to produce the quantum key, which is at both the sender side and beneficiary side is a similar mystery key. This key can be utilized for additional encryption and decoding of clinical record information, which is in the remote body sensor network. BB84 convention re-enactment contains the accompanying strides to share the shared key in the WBSN. Alice and Bob both are communicating parties; they can communicate through two kinds of the communication channel; that channels are the quantum channel (it can be fiber optics) and other one channel is public (it can be a telephone line or internet connection). Figure 1 shows the communication channel of key generation method. Fig. 1Quantum key generation communication channelFull size imageWireless body sensor network (WBSN) offers human body monitoring techniques remotely. WBAN includes body automation, medical healthcare monitoring, and pacemaker interactions with implant medical devices and military applications. A WBSN consists of a small set of biomedical sensors around the human body to monitor and collect vital signs like temperature, heartbeat, and brain signal. Then, it will be transmitted wirelessly to a hospital database, doctor, and relatives. Figure 2 shows the architecture of WBSN. Fig. 2Architecture of wireless body sensor networkFull size imageThe attackers may modify this human body sensitive data, which is present in the wireless communication medium. Small changes in medical data make it mass effective in human body health. So, security plays a vital role in the wireless body sensor networks. The proposed EBB84QCP model for the wireless body sensor network environment consists of seven main steps that are: 1. Qubit generation converts the binary format of random number and quantum basis into qubit with quantum mechanism techniques. This process is done by the sender (Alice) and sends it to the receiver (Bob). 2. The second step is done by the receiver (Bob). Bob guesses the random quantum basis and a binary format of random number and then generates the check bits. He (Bob) sends his check bits to the sender (Alice). 3. In the third step, Alice compares her qubit with Bob’s check bits. 4. After the comparison, Alice finds out the matched bits used to frame the secret key. 5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every country equally contributes to and enforces ocean conservation laws. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Chromosomes and Research 10. 7554/eLife. 19090 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordDecember 23, 2016 Accepted ManuscriptNovember 28, 2016 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 6,465 views 968 downloads 132 9090. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Results and discussion Materials and methods 1. Observations and hypotheses relevant to Cbs duplication and evolution in tetrahymenine ciliates Data availability 10. 7554/eLife. 19090. 001 establishment of distinct genomic lineages (cellular or nuclear) in the life cycles of phylogenetically diverse organisms has allowed the evolution of a wide variety of programmed, somatic lineage-specific DNA rearrangement mechanisms. Some cases mediate the generation of protein products specific to a differentiated cell type, such as sigmaK of the Bacillus subtilis mother cell (Kunkel et al. , 1990) or the vast diversity of vertebrate immunoglobulins (Schatz, 2004). Other cases result in genome-wide chromosome restructuring, as was first recognized by microscopic observation of parasitic nematodes over 125 years ago (Boveri, 1887) and since documented in several eukaryotic branches, including vertebrates (Bachmann-Waldmann et al. , 2004; Smith et al. , 2012; Sun et al. , 2014; Wang and Davis, 2014). This large-scale phenomenon has been most thoroughly studied in the phylum Ciliophora, or ciliates, a deep-branching and diverse group of protozoa (Bracht et al. , 2013; Chalker and Yao, 2011; Coyne et al. , 2012; Vogt et al. , 2013; Yao et al. , 2014). Although unicellular, ciliates carry two distinct nuclei that display a remarkable form of germline/soma differentiation (Figure 1A; Orias et al. , 2011); the smaller, diploid, transcriptionally silent germline nucleus (micronucleus or MIC) contains the genetic material transmitted across sexual generations, whereas the larger, polyploid, actively expressed somatic nucleus (macronucleus or MAC) supports all the vegetative functions of the cell.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After pH adjustment and pressing, the high density pretreated biomass can be sprayed with sufficient amount of enzyme and properly wrapped under clean-in-place (CIP) condition. This pressed biomass loaded with enzymes can be shipped from a centralized biomass pretreatment center to existing sugar users, such as ethanol plants, for hydrolysis and conversion. This option requires the end user to install a hydrolysis tank for hydrolysate production before a conversion process, but a benefit of shipping the pretreated biomass with enzymes is that initial hydrolysis takes places faster, reducing the amount of time required to liquefy the pretreated feedstock. In some applications, simultaneous saccharification fermentation can be applied depending on end user’s process specifications. (2). Lignocellulosic sugar syrup: To ease the end user’s application in utilizing pretreated biomass, lignocellulosic sugar syrup can be first produced in the centralized lignocellulosic sugar production plant. The pretreated biomass is first enzymatically hydrolyzed to a hydrolysate, which is clarified to removal insoluble solids. The clarified lignocellulosic sugar hydrolysate can be concentrated to lignocellulosic sugar syrup that has a total sugar titer of 50–70%. Due to the high density and sugar titer of lignocellulosic sugar syrup, transportation cost of sugar syrup to a biofuel plant will be less than shipping the untreated biomass or the pretreated biomass. The use of lignocellulosic sugar syrup is much easier than the pretreated biomass since the lignocellulosic sugar stream can be easily blended into the existing process. (2). Lignocellulosic sugar solid: Another option of lignocellulosic sugar format is the solid lignocellulosic hydrolysate. The lignocellulosic sugar syrup can be further processed to evaporate most of the water content to form a lignocellulosic sugar solid. This sugar solid has over 80-90% sugar content and can be bagged for shipping to the end user for a biofuel or biochemical production process that requires a much higher concentration of sugar in their feed stream. The sugar solid has minimal moisture content and properly sealed sugar solids can be stored without requiring a tank.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Finally, Alice has done an XoR operation between matched bits and not matched bits of Alice’s qubit and frame the secret key value for the cryptographic process. 6. Alice discusses a matched bit and her not matched bit details with Bob via the communication medium. 7. Bob now identify the secret key value based on Alice’s information. Here, the secret key value for the cryptographic process is shared with the communicating parties securely. The attackers will not predict the key value because quantum theory and bitwise operators are making a secure key value. This work’s major contribution is to provide a secure secret key for communication in the wireless body area network in medical applications. For this purpose, a quantum cryptography protocol that uses a quantum basis and random number binary values and bitwise operators is used to share the secret key for the cryptographic process. The proposed EBB84QCP is providing a secured transmission of medical data in WBSN, which prevents passive and active attacks in wireless communication. The remaining of this work is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the related work. The working flow of the proposed system is explained in Section 3. The results are discussed in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 concludes the proposed work with the future direction. 2 Related workRecent researches involved in applying the cryptography protocol for secure communication in wearable devices are reviewed in this section. Recent researches in WBSN were reviewed with advantages and limitations. R. M. , S. P. et al. [2] developed effective and efficient IDS in IoMT environment using the DNN algorithm to classify and predict unforeseen cyberattacks to avoid post-effects intrusion in sensitive cloud data storage. This system’s merit is to reduce the number of features and instances extracted for the classification process in the DNN model. The work’s demerit is that too many machine learning techniques are used for detecting the intruders in the IoMT environment. G. T. Reddy et al. [3] proposed an ensemble-based machine learning model and analyzed the performance against the individual machine learning algorithms for diabetic retinopathy classification. Machine learning (ML) algorithms random forest classifiers, decision tree classifier, AdaBoost classifier, K-nearest neighbor classifier, and logistic regression classifier are applied for diabetic retinopathy dataset. The limitations of the proposed work are tested on a limited size of the dataset.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: Internet host and/or users, fixed and mobile telephones) that can be considered or use to express an overall trend of growing ICTs disparities between and within countries, the availability and the quality of the access (i. e. the physical telecommunication infrastructure) is the key to a quick and reliable development of ICTs in the countries. Looking closer to the statistics as published by the different official bodies such as ITU or the in Figure 1, it is clear that the gap in ICTs access between developed and developing countries do exist (report 2003). Figure 1. Gap in ICTs access between developed and developing countries. Source: ITU indicator database. There are many reasons for the barriers why, until now, broadband ICT access was mainly deployed in developed countries and more precisely in urban areas as shown in Figure 2. However it can easily be explained that economics and existing technologies are the main drivers (and barriers in developing countries) to ICTs. Economics in the first case because, any entrepreneur in this new business, operators and service providers will naturally inclined to first serve the most populated areas (i. e. dense, rich cities and suburbs) where most of the potential customers are located instead of less populated areas such as remote and rural areas. Figure 2. to ICT and : ITU 2003. In the same way, while developed countries and urban areas are requiring higher and higher bit rates for multimedia applications, rural areas in developing countries are still at first favoring voice communication with a slow evolution towards ICTs. Moreover, while developed countries already have existing telecommunication infrastructure ready to evolve and the financial resources to invest and pay for new services, developing countries still suffer from the lack of basic infrastructures (not only telecommunication infrastructures, but also power supply, roads), and more crucial, have great difficulty to mobilize the necessary financial resources. This is what we call the “demand factor’’. Technologies in the second case because, until now, existing wired or wireless technologies have inherent limitations either in performances or in capacity (e. g. the 6 Km maximum distance from the exchange for digital subscriber line (DSL)) or the Line-of-Site (LOS) Equipment (CPE) location from the base station for wireless access. And even if such limitations can be overcome using other complementary backbones or equipments (optical fibers or microwaves links, remote switching units.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Lignosulfonate in the liquor stream can be sold as a co-product, or could be concentrated, dewatered and burned along with other solid residuals rich in lignin from the hydrolysis process for energy production as part of power supply for the pretreatment facility. At the yields investigated, the majority of the lignin remains in the solid residuals. process can supply concentrated lignocellulosic sugars from recalcitrant biomass sources to existing sugar users. Mild bisulfite pretreatment is an efficient step for pretreating recalcitrant biomass to achieve a high yield of total biomass carbohydrate conversion to monomeric lignocellulosic sugars. The historical sulfite pulp industry provides a proven commercial scale of this type of pretreatment technology. Furthermore, the process is flexible for various biomass feedstocks, including softwood (un-debarked Loblolly pine chips), hardwood (debarked maple chips), and herbaceous biomass (Alamo variety switchgrass). Options for using lignocellulosic sugar produced from the CLE Sugar process include (1) pretreated biomass with enzyme addition, (2) lignocellulosic sugar syrup, and (3) lignocellulosic sugar solid. These options provide a unique advantage of using lignocellulosic sugar in existing production infrastructure. For example, the use of lignocellulosic sugar can help a corn or grain-based ethanol plant by supplementing its feedstock to increase the value of the ethanol by making use of the Standard incentives or to maintain feedstock options in the face of variations in corn prices. MethodsBiomass feedstocksThe softwood feedstock was forest chips of Loblolly pine, so they contained bark. Hardwood chips used in this test were debarked maple chips from Michigan. Both the un-debarked Loblolly pine chips and debarked maple chips were re-chipped with a Bearcat garden chipper with a 1. 91 cm screen to obtain smaller chips, and 3-mm round-hole fines were removed. Switchgrass biomass is Alamo variety harvested in winter from a field trial in the southeastern United States. Acidic calcium bisulfite reagentAn acidic calcium bisulfite solution was used as a sulfonation reagent in the pretreatment of biomass.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: This work may consider the huge number of the dataset for diabetic retinopathy classification. Chowdhary, C. L. et al. [4] analyzed the performance of hybridization of various symmetric and asymmetric cryptography algorithms for image encryption and decryption. The hybrid process elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) with Hill cipher (H. C. ), ECC with Standard (AES), and ElGamal with Cipher (DPC) involved the speed implementation of symmetric algorithms. The hybrid encryption techniques provided the right solution for image encryption. The advantage of work has implemented the better encryption time, decryption time, and entropy. This work may consider the various images of varying sizes in pixels. P. G. Shynu et al. [1] proposed a fuzzy-based data transformation technique to preserve privacy by using privacy-preserving data mining (PPDM) in the database. Privacy-preserving data mining is used to transform fuzzy data original dataset. The proposed model is to determine the privacy level of each data. This work considered the fuzzier decision support framework to ensure privacy. G. T. Reddy et al. [5] developed a prediction model using principal component analysis and a deep neural network for uninterrupted marine environment monitoring to alert the technologists by predicting the battery’s life well in advance. The model uses the raw data of a real-time marine monitoring system, and the results are compared with linear regression and XGBoost techniques. This model is reducing the time complexity and eliminated the negative impact features. The prediction accuracy is increased by 12%. This prediction model is used to predict battery life for dynamic IoT sensors and can support in replacement of the battery at a prior stage without loss of any monitoring activity. This work may use the bio-inspired algorithm in the dimensionality reduction phase. et al. [6] divided the wireless body area networks (WBAN) into four tiers, including in vivo nano-communications. The research challenges confidentiality, integrity, and availability of all tiers are discussed. The authors may simulate physiological signals in vivo nano-communications to get a better solution for end-end security in the WBAN. Y. et al. [7] focused on a high pseudo number for generating the quantum key value. The communicating parties can be disseminated pseudo number as a quantum key value. In this work, they did that three types of key distribution schemes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: A lack of coordination between the organisation responsible for rolling out the technology and its recipients was described. Lack of internet access was a commonly identified barrier: '. . . only the Director of Nursing and medical students have access' (rural midwife, 11. 02); '[I have] no internet access at work where I need this information, not a fault of the website' (rural midwife, 11. 02). (This situation was unchanged in 2006 when the author visited the hospital referred to). Of the 166 emails from the research participants, only two had very positive responses regarding unlimited internet access: 'I'm in a one-nurse post and I love the internet, it has transformed my life' (RAN, 10. 02). Internet access was available in the homes of 77% of the PAR team, in the workplace for 53%, and 31% had access via both. These figures are slightly increased from those reported in the CRANA survey in 20007. Contextual factors: Time to learn about, or use, the internet was a barrier noted by many of the research participants, for example: 'I have accessed it but not had time to look at it properly' (RAN, 05. 03). Discussions with managers and policy officers confirmed cost and management concerns were common: '. . . at $18 per month per staff member with a 50 MB download it can get very expensive. . . sharing logon access. . . no good - if someone gets onto pornographic sites you can't track who it was' (policy officer, field notes, 05. 03); 'I can't give access to any of my staff. . . the directive comes from Darwin' (rural DON, field notes, 03. 03). 'The personal cost incurred through accessing the internet and experiencing technical difficulties was also identified as a barrier:. . . My phone bill has gone up by $60 a month because of line dropouts' (RAN, 09. 02). Technical difficulties included corrupted files and old operating systems that had difficulties viewing the site. Although usually repaired fairly easily and quickly, when practitioners are busy and not particularly familiar with computers, these inconveniences can affect the utility of the resource. This was particularly so in the remote setting but also problematic for people in regional areas, highlighting the need for telephone support. Further discussions with the research group highlighted the need for a search engine on the site.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Calcium bisulfite was produced by constantly purging pure sulfur dioxide into a calcium oxide solution. The final calcium bisulfite concentration contained about 2–4% total sulfur dioxide, of which about 1% was free sulfur dioxide. The pH of this calcium bisulfite solution was about 1. 4. The total sulfur in the reagent was determined by a standard ASTM D 1552–90 method of sulfur in petroleum products (high temperature method) in Leco S632 (St. Joseph, Michigan). The sulfur result was used to calculate the total equivalent sulfur dioxide (bound and free). The calcium in the liquor was measured by a standard method equivalent to EPA Method 200. 8, revision 5. 4, of EPA/600/R-94/111. The calcium in the liquor was analyzed by an inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) (). The bound sulfur dioxide in the calcium bisulfite was determined by the total amount of soluble calcium in the liquor, and the free sulfur dioxide was determined by subtracting the bound sulfur dioxide from the total sulfur dioxide. Pilot pretreatment digesterA 28. 3-liter (one cubic foot) digester with a heat exchange was used in biomass pretreatment with an acidic calcium bisulfite reagent. The digester and the heat exchanger are made of SA-515 Gr 70 alloy and the digester head is made of SA-515 alloy. The piping for calcium bisulfite reagent circulation during the pretreatment is made up of 304 stainless. During pretreatment, steam indirectly heats up the cooking liquor that circulates back to the digester. Sulfonation conditionsThe re-chipped biomass materials were sulfonated in the pilot pretreatment reactor. In each cook, 3. 0 kilograms (oven dried - OD basis) of woody biomass material were used at a biomass-to-liquor ratio of about 4. 0, and 2. 2 kilograms (oven dried basis) of switchgrass was used at a biomass-to-liquor ratio of about 4. 5. The biomass materials were first steamed to 90°C to remove air in the void space of the biomass. After the condensation was drained, the woody biomass was charged with a cool liquor of calcium bisulfite at 12. 5% on wood.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: The unique feature of this technique is used to ensure high authentication without any attacks. The quantum key value with an on-time padding scheme produced a better packet delivery ratio, less overhead and delay, and secure data delivery with no loss. The system considered the classical cryptography techniques for encryption and decryption process to strengthen the security of the system. Zhang et al. [8] proposed that the biometric method appropriated the biological channels to secure data transmission in the body area networks and discussed the possible attacks of the resource-constrained BAN. When compared to public-key encryption techniques with secret key encryption (SKE), SKE will provide a better solution in the BAN. The strong key distribution method is the only solution for delivering security in BAN. Doha AL-Mubayedh et al. [9] defines a quantum key distribution protocol BB84 and provides a practical implementation of it on IBM QX software. This proposed scheme provided a statistical analysis of detecting/not detecting third-party eavesdropping. This work ensured the quantum key distribution protocol BB84 practical implementation as well as eavesdropping attacks possibility. Same AI Janabi et al. [10] reviewed that WBSN architecture design security needs in WBSN. The primary security requirements, data confidentiality, data freshness, data authentication, and secure management, are discussed. The current security solutions are ZigBee security services. Bluetooth security protocols, biometrics techniques, merits, and demerits are discussed. The authors provided safety measures such as trust, audit, and digital forensics about WBSN for healthcare services. Miralem muhic et al. [11] described the simulation environment of the quantum key distribution network with multiple links and nodes. The proposed scheme analyzed several routing protocols, routing packets, and packet delivery ratio. QKD network provided a better solution for the large amount of routing data flooded throughout the network. et al. [12] tested and evaluated quantum key distribution (QKD) systems from six aspects: distance loss, galloping loss, splice loss, data traffic, encryption algorithm, and system stability. QKD technologies can meet large-scale applications. This scheme’s advantage is shorter quantum signal state’s correction time and the higher the quantum key rate efficiency. Bennett C. H. et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: One was installed and required more precise descriptions with key words that the target audience would use when searching for information. Human factors: 'Hardware' is not all that is needed to utilise such resources. Individuals must have the time, motivation and skills with troubleshooting support available when required6,17. These issues were of concern to many of the research participants in this study, for example: 'Many practitioners say they have no time to deal with computers' (IT policy officer, field notes, 11. 03). Some of the participants had very little experience with computers, affecting their interest and ability to access the site: 'I felt a little perplexed by it - no idea what cookies etc are - so I guess I need some coaching, preferably on the phone or in person' (RAN, 11. 03). Although anecdotal evidence had suggested this situation was improving, a significant barrier was the lack of computer support in remote areas with not one of the remote participants having on-site support. 'We've had no support or training' (RANM, 11. 03). When problems were identified there were significant challenges in rectifying them: 'Viruses are a problem with no budget for flying people out to assist. We tried to send out a disc for fixing the computers but people couldn't access it (IT policy officer, field notes, 8. 03). These results are consistent with a 2003 report that identified an almost complete lack of onsite assistance to operate, repair, maintain and service telecommunications across remote communities, including those with extensive infrastructure in place from recent initiatives3. Limitations of the research One of the limitations of this research was the inability to identify if the hits to the site were from the target group. The only way to get a precise estimation of this would have been too ask this question prior to entry. Given the barriers and difficulties experienced by the research participants, evident early in the research, a decision was made not to do this. Another limitation was the lack of clear data quantifying the number of research participants who had the appropriate technology for computer mediated communication in their homes or at the workplace. The questionnaire had not been specific enough to provide this data and was only completed by the PAR team. This information would have been more helpful had it been collected from all research participants, although this has recently been researched (2005) in a national project with the final report due to be released in 200618.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The pre-steamed un-debarked Loblolly chips were heated up to 165°C in 15 minutes and held at 165°C for 75 minutes. The pre-steamed debarked maple chips were heated up to 155°C in 15 minutes and held at 155°C for 75 to 120 minutes. Similarly, the pre-steamed switchgrass was heated up to 155°C in 15 minutes and held at 155°C for 75 minutes. The wet cooked biomass and the prehydrolysate amounts were measured for mass balance calculation. After cooking, a prehydrolysate “spent liquor” fraction was drained and the cooked chips were collected after having relieved the pressure in the pretreatment reactor by draining the spent liquor and venting. The cooked biomass solid content was measured by drying a biomass sample of about 70 wet grams in an oven set at 105°C for overnight. This solids content was used to determine the total recovered solid biomass after the pretreatment. The cooked chips were very mushy. The cooked wood chips were passed once through an Alpine grinder, without adding any water, to form a pulp-like material. The cooked switchgrass was not refined due to its pulpy status upon removal from the pretreatment reactor. MethodsThe carbohydrate analysis in biomass feedstocks and in pretreated biomass samples was determined by hydrolyzing 100 mg of refined materials with 72% sulfuric acid at 127°C for 60 minutes for a complete carbohydrate hydrolysis. The monomeric sugars from completely acid-hydrolyzed biomass were analyzed quantitatively in the dilute sample for glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and galactose in a Dionex ion exchange chromatography. chromatography is equipped with a CarboPac PA1 (Dionex P/N 035391) 4 mm × 250 mm ion-exchange column and a Dionex ED 40 pulsed amperometric detector with gold working electrode and solid state reference electrode. The monomeric sugar results were used for the carbohydrate composition calculation in a biomass sample or a pretreated biomass sample. All biomass carbohydrates were completed in single analysis with duplicate tests of a known composition control (e. g. debarked and clean pine chip sample) to assure the accuracy of the analysis in Weyerhaeuser’s analytical group.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: [13] have introduced the first QKD convention and utilized two-dimensional quantum frameworks or qubits as data transporters. This work ensured that no one (third party) was not listening to the communication in the insecure channel. et al. [14] proposed a new protocol, which is an over BB84 protocol. The new protocol provided a better capacity and error estimation when compared with the BB84 protocol. The proposed scheme is generating the quantum key that is multiplying two keys instead of adding the keys. The disadvantage of this work is to alter the other quantum cryptography protocols and compare the proposed system’s performance. V. E. Rodimin et al. [15] implemented the decoy-state protocol for secure long-distance quantum communications. The authors used Python code for post-processing procedures, and external applications are implemented using the open-source protocol. The proposed work detected the mismatch problem in the decoy-state protocol. The authors may speed up the parallelization post-processing procedure and investigation work. Abidi, Bahae, Jilbab, et al. [16] proposed routing protocol for wireless body area networks to transfer data with less energy consumption and more lifetime through multi-hop communication in the network. The authors may consider a more strong wireless protocol for energy consumption. et al. [17] proposed that data access control techniques in data storage of patient medical data. The authors considered that the two issues are distributed data storage and distributed data access control patient sensitive data. The proposed system may consider the on-demand access policy during emergency healthcare. et al. [18] proposed a system that used symmetric cryptography for a key agreement protocol for wireless body area networks. It provides good performance and offers the privacy attributes of node anonymity and session. The proposed system’s drawback may consider the public-key privacy features for any platform. et al. [19] proposed a mysterious anonymous authentication method for WBSN and demonstrate that it is safe under an arbitrary oracle model. The proposed system may be considered an impersonation attack. The author implemented the novel anonymous authentication scheme for the WBAN using the random oracle model. B. Archana et al. [20] focused that a procedure, which is quantum key distribution (QKD), is utilized to share an irregular shared key by enciphering the data in quantum states. Photons are the quantum substance which is assuming an essential job in encoding the key.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Digital resources provide access to educational materials in remote areas. [SEP] Text: Busy practitioners unfamiliar with computers reported technical difficulties including corrupted files and problems with operating systems that affected the utility of the resource. This was particularly so in the remote setting, but was also problematic for people in regional areas, highlighting the need for telephone support. The additional costs involved in providing support to geographically distant areas should be an added impetus for a whole-of-government approach, however there is little evidence in the literature3 or from the present research of this occurring. The evaluation found a significant number of remote area practitioners need education and training in IT. This situation has not changed significantly since the survey of CRANA members in 2000 which showed 48% required training in IT with only 4% receiving professional training in this field in the previous 12 months7. The pivotal question of whose responsibility it is to provide the education and training is yet to be resolved. Whether this resides with the individual health worker, the employers, or the State, Territory and Federal governments, must be addressed before the full effectiveness of computer mediated communication can be realised. In some instances, education and training would have to commence at a basic level and 24-hour phone support service would be advantageous. The barriers and facilitators that impacted on the development and utility of this strategy need to be addressed as a matter of urgency. The resource library in 2006 Since being established, the resource library has become a core component of the CRANA website. The resource library was updated with the website in late 2005. At this time, CRANA decided to expand the site offering more resources to those who access it. CRANA office staff have been trained to update the website and the resource library and are responsible for checking the links are still active. Users who find broken links are encouraged to notify CRANA via a 'broken links' section with the most recent message received in early 2006. Members of CRANA are encouraged to forward any material that may be appropriate, and this is added to the resource library. work was partly funded by a Support, Education and from the Commonwealth Government. We would like to thank the research participants for their contributions. Kildea is the of the Council of Nurses of Australia. 1. . Health online: a health information action plan for Australia, 2nd edn. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia; 2001. 2. Consultants Australasia. Connecting our communities, sustainable networking strategies for Australian remote Indigenous communities. Canberra: DCITA, 2003. 3. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In this study, lignin, uronic acids, acetyl groups, extractives and ash were not quantitatively studied. Enzymatic hydrolysisFor enzymatic hydrolysis, a pre-mixed enzyme cocktail was formulated with a cellulase product (Sigma Cat. No. C2730) at 99. 5 mg protein/mL, a beta-glucosidase product (Sigma Cat. No. C6105) at 42. 5 mg protein/mL, and a xylanase (Sigma Cat. No. X2753) at 3. 4 mg protein/mL. The total mixed Sigma enzyme protein titer was 145. 5 mg/mL. enzyme cocktail has a density of 1. 1 g/ml. Cellic® CTec2 enzyme product was provided by Novozymes and was used in the high consistency pretreated biomass hydrolysis. The CTec2 enzyme product has a density of 1. 2 g/ml. In the enzymatic hydrolysis, the enzyme dosage is defined as gram of enzyme product per oven dry (OD) gram of pretreated biomass. Unwashed pretreated biomass was used in all the enzymatic hydrolysis tests. The enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted in screw-capped 50-mL volume in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks in an orbital shaking incubator, controlled at 50°C and 200 r. p. m. The hydrolysis pH was controlled at pH 4. 8 by a 50 mmol sodium citrate buffer. Sugar analysisOne milliliter hydrolysis sample was weighed and diluted into a total volume of 10 mL in deionized water. The sample was then centrifuged and the supernatant was used for sugar analysis in a HPLC. equipped with a 300 × 7. 8 mm Bio-HPX-87P Column (Cat. No. 125–0098) was used to analyze glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and galactose in the hydrolysate from an enzymatic hydrolysis and in the prehydrolysate from a cook. The 87P column was run with water as an eluent at 0. 6 ml/min at 85°C. The acetic acid in the prehydrolysate was analyzed in a 300 × 7. 8 mm Bio-HPX-87H Column (Cat.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: QKD gives security not reachable some other old-style cryptographic strategies. When adding Eve’s attack and detectors problems in the proposed system, the performance will be improved. 3 Proposed methodologyThe proposed security framework is explained in this section with the necessary justification briefly. The proposed system uses the quantum cryptography protocol BB84 with enhancement. It will produce the secret key for communication in the wireless environment, and this work will protect the medical data in the network from the attackers. Any unauthorized third party or man in the middle attacks may interrupt the communicating parties but not catch the secret key information. The steps of the proposed Enhanced BB84 protocol are as follows: (i) qubit generation, (ii) check bit generation, (iii) discussion in the public communication channel, (iv) quantum key generation with the bitwise operator, (v) discussion about the key generation process to receiver (Bob). 3. 1 Stage 1: qubit generation Table 2 shows the qubit generating process which is used in this work. Table 2 The sender (Alice) side processFull size table3. 2 Stage 2: check bit generationAfter receiving qubit from Alice, Bob (the receiver) can do the random guesses and note down the results he got. Table 3 shows the check bit generating process which is used in this work. Table 3 The receiver (Bob) side processFull size table3. 3 Stage 3: discussion in the public communication channelIn this step, communicating parties can use the public two-way communication channel. Bob sends his detected qubits (check bits) to Alice through a classical channel. 3. 4 Stage 4: quantum key generation with bitwise operatorAfter discussing the classical channel, Alice must compare her quantum key generation scheme with Bob’s scheme. Alice can identify which polarization basis and binary format of the random number is commonly used on the sender and receiver sides. Alice can use that corresponding common bit to generate the secret key in the encryption process. Table 4 shows how communicating parties can identify their matched bit value for the further cryptographic process. The sender (Alice) can perform an XoR operation between matched bits value and her remaining not matched bits of quantum key generation. After that, Alice (sender) framed the quantum secret key value and discussed the key generation process to Bob (receiver) via the communication channel. Table 4 Quantum key formation using BB84 protocolFull size table3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All students learn better through digital tools compared to textbooks. [SEP] Text: In addition to the pro-ROC stance she evidently adopted sometime between the first and second volume of Kuo-Yü Zonder Goeroe, she quickly embraced the Indonesian nation-state and dedicated the rest of her career to the Jawa Pos. In the early 1980s, when her husband was in his late 70s and their three children had moved to Europe, she effectively managed this newspaper on her own (Iskan 1982: 28). In the first part of Kuo-Yü Zonder Goeroe, Mrs. The explains that Chinese, like Malay, has less morphology than European languages and is therefore easier to learn. For this book, she developed her own method to learn Mandarin, which required the student to learn the pronunciation of individual characters before having to study their usage in combinations, peruse example sentences, and carry out exercises. To indicate how Chinese characters should be pronounced, Mrs. The used a Dutch-influenced Indies-style romanization alongside Zhùyīn Fúhào transcriptions. In the second part of Kuo-Yü Zonder Goeroe, conversely, the entire source text – rather than just the individual characters at the beginning of each 7. 1: 7. 1The Indies-style transcription of MandarinDownload FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide In the above system, the ⟨h⟩ was used to mark aspirated consonants, e. g. khoeng 孔 (kǒng), phei 陪 (péi), tha 他 (tā), and tjha 茶 (chá), although this was not always done consistently or correctly. 21 Vowel diacritics conveyed additional phonological detail; the diaeresis ⟨◌̈⟩ indicated that the underlying vowel formed a distinct phonological unit, e. g. sjoeï 誰 (shuí), tjië 街 (jiē), and tjoöe 稠 (chóu). Other authors preferred the acute accent ⟨◌́⟩ for this purpose. Some orthographic idiosyncrasies indeed depended on individual p7. 1, yet the second volume adopted a system closer to the Wade-Giles Romanization.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Oleaginous yeasts, defined as those that can accumulate lipids to over 20% of their dry-cell weight (DCW), are still being screened and can be found in different taxa. A useful criterion is their ability to grow on pentoses or polysaccharides, which are lignocellulosic sugars. However, although some of these yeasts are immediately suitable for providing useful enzymes (such as sugar hydrolases), their capacity to be custom engineered for specific lipid production will require additional effort. Conversely, known genetically-tractable yeasts may not have yet been tested for their oleaginous potential. Blastobotrys adeninivorans is part of a basal clade of the Saccharomycotina subphylum [1] and diverged long before Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The species was first described in 1984, under the name of Trichosporon adeninovorans [2], and successively reclassified into the genera Arxula (adeninivorans) in 1990 [3] and Blastobotrys in 2007 [1]. A few natural isolates of soil, plant (wood hydrolysate, silage), or animal origin have been described in the literature or deposited in culture collections. Among them, the type strain CBS 8244T and the industrial strain LS3 have been the best studied, LS3 being used to develop auxotrophic recipients for genetic transformation [4, 5]. Since the early 1990s, the species has attracted attention because of its interesting biochemical, physiological, and genetic properties. First, it exhibits a versatile metabolism, indicative of the presence of various degradative enzymes and pathways linked to central metabolism [6]. One to several strains can assimilate a number of sugar substrates, such as d-galactose, d-xylose, l-arabinose, raffinose, sucrose, trehalose, cellobiose, starch, and arbutin, and can also ferment some of them (glucose, sucrose, and starch) [6, 7]. Organic acids (e. g. , pyruvate, acetate, and butyrate), as well as aromatic compounds (e. g. , hydroxybenzoates), may also serve as a growth source [6, 7].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: 5 Stage 5: discussion about the key generation process to receiver (Bob)Now, the receiver (Bob) will identify the secret key value for the cryptographic function. This proposed model does not directly distribute the secret key value to the communicating parties, so eavesdropping does not catch the secret key during communication in the wireless link. In Fig. 3, the sender and the receiver can share their quantum secret key based on enhanced BB84 quantum cryptography; they can encrypt their medical sensed data with the encryption algorithm. The sender side process as follows: Fig. 3Enhanced BB84 quantum cryptography protocolFull size image The receiver side process is as follows: The proposed model is used to distribute the shared secret key for encryption and decryption in the communication links. If a hacker tries to attack the secret key in the WBSN network, there is a chance of serious issues, because the patient’s medical data is completely sensitive. Suppose any attacks on the data lead to severe and critical health issues, hence, we have to provide a secure platform using the proposed system enhanced BB84 quantum cryptography protocol for such a situation. 4 Experimental results4. 1 Simulation parameterThe proposed system has been developed and implemented using JAVA programming, an i7 processor, 500GB hard disk, 8GB random access memory with windows 2008 operating system. 4. 2 Time complexity of quantum key generationTable 5 shows the time analysis, which expresses the quantum key generation time for the proposed EBB84QCP. Here, the nine experiments have been carried out with various quantum basis sizes, including 48, 128, 626, 910, 1000, 1221, 1580, 1678, and 2100 bits. Here, key generation time (ms) is increasing gradually to a quantum basis. Table 5 Time complexity analysis of quantum key generation using EBB84QCPFull size tableFigure 4 shows the time analysis of the quantum key generation with various quantum basis sizes. Here, the key generation time is increasing gradually. Fig. 4Time complexity analysis of quantum key generationFull size image4. 3 Comparative analysis with proposed protocol and DESTable 6 shows that the EBB84QCP protocol will provide a better secret key generation time than the symmetric key cryptographic algorithm DES. Key generation time is measured in milliseconds, and the input size is in terms of kilobytes. Table 6 Comparative analysis between DES and EBB84QCP protocolFull size tableThe key generation time is demonstrated in Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Οι παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες, αναφερόμενοι επίσης και ως ευφυείς παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες (ΕΠΠ), κληρονομούν πολλά από τα χαρακτηριστικά τους από την τεχνητή νοημοσύνη (ΤΝ). Οι ευφυείς παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες, τόσο σε ατομικό όσο και σε συνεργατικό εκπαιδευτικό πλαίσιο μπορούν να υπηρετήσουν πολλούς ρόλους, από αυτόν του δασκάλου έως και αυτόν του συμμαθητή ή ακόμη και του μαθητή που δημιουργεί πρόβλημα.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Moreover, various nitrogenous compounds may serve as nitrogen sources (e. g. , urea, formamide, ethanolamine, and most amino acids), both carbon and nitrogen sources (e. g. , adenine, acetamide, uric acid, putrescine, and some amino acids) [6, 7], or an energy source via nitrate reductase [8]. Second, B. adeninivorans exhibits extremophilic traits, such as halotolerance, osmotolerance, and thermotolerance. This last characteristic is particularly interesting, as only a few yeasts, especially few biotechnological yeasts, have been found to grow at temperatures over 40 °C [9, 10]. Indeed, B. adeninivorans is able to grow at up to 48 °C [11] and survive a few hours at 55 °C [12]. In addition, as shown in the case of the LS3 strain, temperature can induce a reversible developmental state, with the cells being mainly in the yeast form at lower temperatures and (pseudo)hyphae forms at higher temperatures (above 42 °C) [11]. Third, with an eye towards metabolic engineering, valuable information has been brought to light by sequencing of the complete genome of LS3 [13] and integrative plasmids and recipient strains for genetic engineering have been developed [14]. The small size of the haploid genome of this yeast (11. 8 Mb) is an additional advantage for gene function studies or chassis strain development for various applications. Blastobotrys adeninivorans has earned its stripes as a biotechnological yeast mainly after being engineered in the laboratory of Kunze. It has been engineered for diverse applications, such as for a biosensor, a platform for protein expression, and a solventogenic yeast for butanol production [14]. Efficient cultivation in bioreactors has also been achieved, with Stöckmann et al. reporting a biomass titer of 240 g/L under pressure [15]. The ability of B. adeninivorans to produce lipids has been rarely reported in the literature. Strain LS3 was included in an assay to monitor lipid bodies by impedance spectroscopy a decade ago [16]. More recently, Olstorpe et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: 5, which compares the key generation time of the proposed EBB84QCP and the standard symmetric key cryptographic algorithm DES. Here, the proposed system is better key generation time than the data encryption standard (DES). The reason for the achievement is to use the quantum mechanism along with the bitwise operator. Fig. 5Comparative analysis of DES and enhanced BB84 quantum cryptography protocolFull size image4. 4 Comparative analysis with proposed protocol and RC4Table 6 shows that the EBB84QCP protocol will provide a better secret key generation time than the symmetric key cryptographic algorithm RC4. Key generation time is measured in milliseconds, and the input size is in terms of kilobytes (Table 7). Table 7 Comparative analysis with proposed protocol and RC4Full size tableThe key generation time is demonstrated in Fig. 6, which compares the key generation time of the proposed EBB84QCP and the symmetric key cryptographic algorithm RC4. Here, 12 experiments have been carried out with the consideration of various file sizes: 170, 240, 320, 440, 550, 670, 720, 890, 920, 1300, 1423, 1570 kilobytes. The proposed system provided better key generation time than the RC4. The reason for the achievement is to use the quantum cryptography techniques. Fig. 6Comparative analysis of RC4 and EBB84QC protocolFull size image4. 5 Comparative analysis against security attacksAttackers are ready to capture the secret key value in the wireless links. Symmetric key cryptographic algorithms, and RC4, are having a chance to lose their secret key value. But our proposed system is using quantum mechanics with a combination of the bitwise operator. 8, it is mentioned that all known attacks, wormhole attack, quantum attack, spoofing attack, black hole attack, and DoS attack, are possible in. RC4, because of the key distribution problem, weak computation, and failure of authentication. But the proposed system provides outstanding security against all attacks because it will provide the quantum key with a bitwise operator. So, any attackers cannot predict or catch the secret key of the communicating parties. Table 8 Comparative analysis against security attacksFull size table5 ConclusionsA novel enhanced BB84 quantum cryptography protocol provides strong security on the wireless body sensor networks in healthcare applications. Seven significant works have been done to ensure secure communication in the WBSN.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Ανάλογα με το ρόλο τους οι ΠΠ χρησιμοποιούνται για την ενίσχυση κινήτρων μάθησης, την εμπλοκή, την παροχή ενημέρωσης ή βοήθειας, την ενίσχυση των αλληλεπιδράσεων ή τη διευκόλυνση της συνεργασίας των εκπαιδευομένων. Η διατριβή διερευνά μια νέα προσέγγιση των ευφυών παιδαγωγικών παραγόντων που χρησιμοποιεί και συνδυ. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Depending on the strain, biotechnological processes should be fine-tuned to prevent excessive excretion of citric acid, which competes with lipid production in the presence of excess carbon, and strong filamentation, which depends on multiple parameters (dissolved oxygen, medium composition, and initial carbon concentration, etc. ) and may alter the process of lipid production and its yield [30, 31]. None of these species has been reported to grow at temperatures above 37 °C, though some thermotolerant strains may have been isolated. An R. toruloides DMKU3-TK16 mutant obtained through an adaptive breeding strategy can store lipids at approximately 14% DCW at 37 °C [32]. However, working at upper temperatures could provide specific advantages for compound solubilization (e. g. , FA), help to minimize the costs of cooling of bioreactors and facilitate consolidated bioprocesses. These processes are considered to be relevant at a temperature around 50 °C as microbial enzymes involved in the degradation of hemicellulose/cellulose or starch have been generally described to have optimal temperatures above 40 °C, up to 60 °C [10, 33, 34]. The upper permissive temperature for growth of eucaryotes has been considered to be near 60 °C [35], far below that of eubacteria and archae. Relatively few thermophilic fungi were found to grow at elevated temperatures, optimally around 55 °C, and tolerated up to 61 °C [36, 37]. Some of these (not yeast-like) fungi might be useful bioconverters of lignocellulosic residues into sugars [37]. Yeast species comprising strains able to grow at temperatures up to 45 °C were listed in a specific survey by Robert et al. in 2015 [9]. Among the 28 most thermotolerant species, two are well-known for different applications not related to lipid production, Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha and Kluyveromyces marxianus [38]. Few others were reported with a lipid content over 20% DCW in screening studies, such as Kodamaea ohmeri [39] and Kurtzmaniella cleridarum [40]. We are not aware of studies concerning lipid accumulation at high temperatures, except for K. marxianus. The potential of K.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: First, on the sender side (Alice), qubit generation is done using a quantum basis and random number to guarantee the integrity and authenticity of the secret key. Second, on the receiver side (Bob), check bits are generated to strengthen the quantum cryptographic process. Third, the sender made a comparison of her qubit value with the receiver’s check bit, and then the sender identified the matched bits of the qubit and check bit as well as not matched bits. Fourth, the sender has done an XoR operation between matched bits and not matched bits of Alice’s (sender) qubit and frame the secret key value for the cryptographic process. Fifth, Alice (sender) discusses a matched bit and her not matched bit details with Bob via the communication medium. Sixth, Bob now identifies the secret key value based on Alice’s information. Finally, Alice (sender) and receiver (Bob) shared a secret key without a direct method. Even attackers in the middle of the communication cannot predict the secret key value that much strength of communication is provided via quantum cryptography and a bitwise operator. In the future, our scheme should include a more mathematical and computational process of quantum key generation for protecting healthcare information in the wireless communication medium.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Η αξιοποίηση των Παιδαγωγικών Πρακτόρων (ΠΠ) αποτελεί μια καινοτόμα εκπαιδευτική τεχνική για την υποστήριξη εκπαιδευτικών διαδικασιών παρέχοντας βοήθεια σε εκπαιδευόμενους και εκπαιδευτικούς, σε προηγμένα τεχνολογικά περιβάλλοντα, όπως είναι τα εικονικά περιβάλλοντα μάθησης (ΕΠΜ).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: marxianus as an oleaginous yeast is unclear. A strain isolated from Kefir exhibited over 30% DCW in lipids [41], while different strategies—including genetic modifications typically used in other organisms—to increase lipogenesis of several K. marxianus strains yielded at best a FA content of 16% DCW [42]. Because of its aforementioned advantageous traits, we reasoned that B. adeninivorans could be a valuable thermotolerant oleaginous yeast. Here, we assessed the ability of Blastobotrys species to naturally produce and accumulate lipids from a set of different substrates. Several strains of what was believed to be B. adeninivorans were used to examine the robustness of lipid production in the species. However, in the course of our study, strain genotyping showed that they can be divided into two different groups and various marker sequences actually placed the LS3 group into the Blastobotrys raffinosifermentans species. We took advantage of the thermotolerance of these yeasts and assayed lipid production at various temperatures, up to 45 °C. Overall, the natural capacity of these two species to produce lipids is promising and may be an alternative to currently-studied oleaginous yeasts. Results and discussionNitrogen limitation and lipid accumulation in strain LS3Oleaginous yeasts generally synthesize and abundantly store lipids in lipid droplets under specific environmental conditions, one of which is nitrogen limitation [43, 44]. In addition to FA synthesis, these yeasts can import and direct exogenous FAs into the lipid storage pathway, sometimes with particularly high efficiency, such as in Y. lipolytica [45]. We examined the capacity of strain LS3 to store lipids after neo-synthesis from glucose or after accumulation from exogenous oleic acid. We performed flask cultivation in YNB-based media with two different carbon sources at a fixed concentration of 30 g/L (glucose or a mixture of oleic acid and glucose) and two different concentrations of NH4Cl as a unique nitrogen source (5 g/L or 0. 75 g/L) to vary the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N). Efficient lipid storage occurred following growth in both substrates to above 30% DCW.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Квантономика, как одно из ключевых направлений экономического развития, характеризуется, в частности, интенсивным использованием квантовых вычислений и разработки квантовых компьютеров [9]. Мир уже шагнул в квантономическую эру, и уже в начале пути выявляются новые возможности применения квантовых технологий и квантовых коммуникаций в различных сферах.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Οι παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες, αναφερόμενοι επίσης και ως ευφυείς παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες (ΕΠΠ), κληρονομούν πολλά από τα χαρακτηριστικά τους από την τεχνητή νοημοσύνη (ΤΝ). Οι ευφυείς παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες, τόσο σε ατομικό όσο και σε συνεργατικό εκπαιδευτικό πλαίσιο μπορούν να υπηρετήσουν πολλούς ρόλους, από αυτόν του δασκάλου έως και αυτόν του συμμαθητή ή ακόμη και του μαθητή που δημιουργεί πρόβλημα.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, as expected, it strongly relied on a low-nitrogen concentration when glucose was the sole substrate (Fig. 1a). When the exogenous FA C18:1 was provided, the FA profile of the strain was enriched in C18:1 (Fig. 1b), suggesting entry of the FA directly into the storage pathway. staining showed storage to occur in the form of neutral lipids in lipid droplets in both cases (Fig. 1c). Our results show that strain LS3 has a good natural capacity for both lipogenesis and lipid accumulation upon FA uptake; in reaching approximately 30% DCW as lipids from glucose, it may be qualified as oleaginous. Fig. 1Effect of limiting nitrogen on the synthesis and accumulation of lipids in strain LS3. LS3 was cultivated for 72 h in YNB-based medium with carbon source at 30 g/L. The concentrations of 5 g/L and 0. 75 g/L NH4Cl led to a C/N ratio of 90 and 60, respectively, for cultures in glucose (G) and to a C/N ratio of 16 and 106, respectively, for cultures in a mixture of oleic acid and glucose (AO + G). a Cell density is expressed as OD600 (white bars) and total lipid content as the percentage of dry-cell weight (black bars). Average values and standard deviations (n = 2) are shown in the histograms. b Relative proportion (%) of main FAs in each FA profile. c -stained lipid droplets in cells sampled from low-nitrogen cultures in glucose (left) or in the presence of oleic acid (right)Full size image The genome of strain LS3 encodes a putative ATP citrate lyaseThe complete genome sequence of LS3 (first identified as B. adeninivorans, then reassigned to B. raffinosifermentans; see below and Table 1), already recognized to be of biotechnological interest, was published a few years ago [13]. We searched the genome for potential “markers” of oleaginicity by mining the genome of LS3 for specific genes involved in lipid metabolism, using proteins of Y. lipolytica as a query (Table 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Например, в индустрии информационной безопасности (ИБ) квантономика формирует запрос на создание принципиально новых систем защиты данных: традиционные криптографические системы уже недостаточно надежны, требуется их совершенствование, например, с использованием квантовой криптографической и стеганографической защиты.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Ανάλογα με το ρόλο τους οι ΠΠ χρησιμοποιούνται για την ενίσχυση κινήτρων μάθησης, την εμπλοκή, την παροχή ενημέρωσης ή βοήθειας, την ενίσχυση των αλληλεπιδράσεων ή τη διευκόλυνση της συνεργασίας των εκπαιδευομένων. Η διατριβή διερευνά μια νέα προσέγγιση των ευφυών παιδαγωγικών παραγόντων που χρησιμοποιεί και συνδυ. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: First, cytoplasmic ATP citrate lyase (ACL), which can efficiently convert respiratory citrate to acetyl-CoA for FA biosynthesis, is considered to be a signature (first biochemical then genetic) of oleaginous yeasts [46,47,48]. ACL, of which the subunits are encoded by two distinct genes in LS3, could be confidently predicted by its high amino acid similarity with this enzyme in Y. lipolytica (Table 2). The presence of these genes suggests the native oleaginous character of the Blastobotrys strain. Second, we found that LS3 possesses a copy of an AAL-like gene encoding putative peroxisomal acyl-CoA synthetase (Table 2). Homologous gene products in Y. lipolytica, which has a family of ten genes of Acyl/Aryl-CoA-ligases (AAL), were shown to be responsible for the activation of FAs into acyl-CoA [48]. Although various types of acyl-CoA synthetases are found in yeast (e. g. , Faa2 in S. cerevisiae), the distribution of these particular AAL-like genes was hypothesized to be biased towards oleaginous species [48]. Third, we examined the formation of triacylglycerol (TG). In yeast, TG synthesis relies on esterification of diacylglycerol with a third FA [49]. This last step of TG formation has been considered to be a limiting step for oil storage. It involves acyl-CoA dependent diacylglycerol acetyltransferases (DGAT) and/or phospholipid:diacylglycerol acetyltransferases (PDAT), which use phospholipids as FA donors. S. cerevisiae, Y. lipolytica [50], and B. raffinosifermentans LS3 (Table 2) all possess one gene encoding a PDAT enzyme. S. cerevisiae possesses only one DGAT gene, whereas Y. lipolytica [51, 52] and LS3 (Table 2) have two DGATs, possibly emphasizing their capacity for TG storage, a preferred form of oil storage in oleaginous yeasts.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Квантономика, как одно из ключевых направлений экономического развития, характеризуется, в частности, интенсивным использованием квантовых вычислений и разработки квантовых компьютеров [9]. Мир уже шагнул в квантономическую эру, и уже в начале пути выявляются новые возможности применения квантовых технологий и квантовых коммуникаций в различных сферах.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Η αξιοποίηση των Παιδαγωγικών Πρακτόρων (ΠΠ) αποτελεί μια καινοτόμα εκπαιδευτική τεχνική για την υποστήριξη εκπαιδευτικών διαδικασιών παρέχοντας βοήθεια σε εκπαιδευόμενους και εκπαιδευτικούς, σε προηγμένα τεχνολογικά περιβάλλοντα, όπως είναι τα εικονικά περιβάλλοντα μάθησης (ΕΠΜ).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: While our study was being conducted, the genetic content of strain CBS 8244T (type strain of B. adeninivorans) was analyzed in a patent in view of lipid production [53]. The genome reportedly contained the two genes for ACL and two different genes for DGAT, as in LS3. The genome sequence is not available, however. Table 1 List of strains, received as Blastobotrys adeninivorans and reassigned to two different speciesFull size table Table 2 Selected genes of lipid metabolism in the genome of B. raffinosifermentans LS3Full size table Diversity among strains and species assignmentWe continued our investigation of the oleaginous character of the species by expanding our investigation to several strains. Strains LS3 and CBS 8244T were previously suggested to belong to different genetic subgroups, given the size of their four chromosomes and DNA-fingerprints [54]. We thus genotyped five strains of various origins obtained from the CBS collection (Table 1) along with LS3 and CBS 8244T. Using AluI fingerprinting of intergenic spacer rDNA (IGS), we found the seven strains to be clearly distributed into two distinct groups, a first group of three strains, including CBS 8244T, and a second group of four strains, including LS3 (Fig. 2a). The sequences of ITS and D1D2 showed the second group to be homogenous for this marker (no sequence polymorphism between strains), whereas it differs from the first group by three to five nucleotides (Fig. 2b, Additional file 1: Figure S1). The sequence of mtCOXII in CBS 7370 and LS3 confirmed the proximity of these strains, while showing divergence of CBS 8244T (Fig. 2b). The sequence of these markers for strains of the LS3 group better matched those of B. raffinosifermentans, according to the YeastIP database [55]. This species, closely related to B. adeninivorans, was described in 2007 and represented by a unique strain at that time [1]. Our results highlight the existence of two distinct groups among strains previously identified as B. adeninivorans, resulting in the reassignment of the LS3 group to the B. raffinosifermentans species. Fig. 2Two genotypic groups in strains previously identified as B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing has potential applications in cryptography and data analysis. [SEP] Text: Например, в индустрии информационной безопасности (ИБ) квантономика формирует запрос на создание принципиально новых систем защиты данных: традиционные криптографические системы уже недостаточно надежны, требуется их совершенствование, например, с использованием квантовой криптографической и стеганографической защиты.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual learning environments require no teacher involvement. [SEP] Text: Οι παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες, αναφερόμενοι επίσης και ως ευφυείς παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες (ΕΠΠ), κληρονομούν πολλά από τα χαρακτηριστικά τους από την τεχνητή νοημοσύνη (ΤΝ). Οι ευφυείς παιδαγωγικοί πράκτορες, τόσο σε ατομικό όσο και σε συνεργατικό εκπαιδευτικό πλαίσιο μπορούν να υπηρετήσουν πολλούς ρόλους, από αυτόν του δασκάλου έως και αυτόν του συμμαθητή ή ακόμη και του μαθητή που δημιουργεί πρόβλημα.

Output: contrast