Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 2008. Logistic regression analysis was applied to examine the influence of paternal education on uptake of the first dose of measles vaccination, independent of maternal education, whilst controlling for confounding factors such as respondent’s age, urban/rural residence, province/state of residence, religion, wealth and occupation. ResultsThe results of the analysis show that even if a mother is illiterate, having a father with an education of Secondary (high school) schooling and above is statistically significant and positively correlated with the likelihood of a child being vaccinated for measles, in the six countries analysed. Paternal education of secondary or higher level was significantly and independently correlated with measles immunisation uptake after controlling for all potential confounders. ConclusionsThe influence of paternal education status on measles immunisation uptake was investigated and found to be statistically significant in six nations with the biggest gaps in measles immunisation coverage in 2008. This study underscores the imperative of utilising both maternal and paternal education as screening variables to identify children at risk of missing measles vaccination prospectively. reports BackgroundMeasles is a highly contagious, yet vaccine preventable, viral infection, with a case fatality rate of up to 10%. Globally, an estimated 10 million cases and 164,000 deaths from measles occurred in 2008. Measles vaccination is a cost-effective intervention for averting measles infection. Vaccination for measles has been part of the Organization’s (WHO) recommended immunization series since the inception of on Immunization (EPI) in 1974. Routine measles vaccination coverage was selected as the third indicator of progress towards the Goal (MDG 4), of reducing under-five mortality rates by two-thirds by 2015, compared with 1990 baseline data. According to the WHO, by 2008, measles vaccination coverage was 83% globally among children aged 12–23 months old. Nearly 700 million children aged between 9 months to 14 years living in high-risk countries, were vaccinated against the disease between 2000 to 2008, and globally measles deaths declined by 78% during this period, indicating that the global measles vaccination campaign successfully averted over 3. 6 million deaths [1–3]. The lowest rates were in the South-(75%) and African (73%) regions. In low-income countries, 76% of children aged 12–23 months had received measles vaccination [3].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: While expression of control NLS-tagged mCherry (NLS-mC) did not affect Ca2+ oscillations in budding ECs (Figure 2G–I; NLS-mC), co-expression of sFlt1 and NLS-mC in ECs completely inhibited Ca2+ oscillations of ECs close to somite boundaries (Figure 2G–I; sFlt1+NLS-mC). Tip cell sprouting was also inhibited by expressing sFlt1 (Figure 2—figure supplement 1B), as previously reported (Zygmunt et al. , 2011). Collectively, our results indicate that Vegfa/Vegfr2 signaling is required for the Ca2+ oscillations during tip cell budding from the DA. VEGFR3 signaling is another signaling pathway that facilitates sprouting angiogenesis (Covassin et al. , 2006; Tammela et al. , 2008). To investigate the role of Vegfr3 in Ca2+ oscillations in the budding ECs from the DA, we examined Ca2+ oscillation in vegfr3 morphants (Hogan et al. , 2009). vegfr3 morphants exhibited loss of venous sprout from the PCV (Figure 2—figure supplement 1C) and phenocopied vegfr3 null mutant fish (Hogan et al. , 2009). These vegfr3 morphants did not show any alteration of Ca2+ oscillations during tip cell budding (Figure 2—figure supplement 2A–C). These results suggest that Vegfr3 is not involved in the Ca2+ responses during vessel sprouting from the DA. While ISV sprouts from the DA are mainly driven by Vegfa/Vegfr2 signaling, those from the PCV are driven by Vegfc/Vegfr3 signaling (Hogan et al. , 2009). We observed that tip cells in the venous sprouts from the PCV exhibited Ca2+ oscillations in a manner dependent upon Vegfr3 (Figure 2—figure supplement 3A–D). Thus, Ca2+ oscillations are not only specific for arterial sprouting, but also occur in venous sprouting that is regulated by Vegfc/Vegfr3 signaling.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that synthetic biology could eliminate all diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Number 12—December 2016 for Neurocysticercosis by Using All-Payer All-Claims Data, Oregon, 2010–2013 2013. Twice as many cases were found by searching inpatient and outpatient data than by inpatient data alone. Studies relying exclusively on inpatient data underestimate frequency and miss less severe disease. Neurocysticercosis, central nervous system infection caused by the larval form of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium, manifests a broad range of neurologic symptoms, including seizure, headache, obstructive hydrocephalus, encephalitis, stroke, and cognitive disorders (1). In the United States, neurocysticercosis is increasingly identified in migrants and travelers from nonindustrialized countries, particularly among the Hispanic population (2). However, because no reliable surveillance system for neurocysticercosis exists, studies to document the frequency of the disease have relied primarily on hospital discharge data (3–9). These studies may underestimate the frequency of neurocysticercosis and provide a biased representation of its effects. In this population-based study of neurocysticercosis, we used the newly implemented All-Payer All-Claims (APAC) database in Oregon, which includes healthcare claims from inpatient, outpatient, and emergency care environments. We analyzed Oregon’s APAC insurance claim data for the 3. 5-year period from January 2010 through June 2013. APAC includes claim information collected from most healthcare payers in Oregon and provides a unique person-level identifier allowing analysis at the individual level (10). Because no specific code for neurocysticercosis exists, we searched >119 million claim lines for the code for cysticercosis (123. 1) from the of Diseases, Ninth Revision, (ICD-9-CM), in any of the 13 diagnostic fields at any time during the study period. We extracted all claims from these patients for the entire study period, dropping any claims that were denied to avoid duplication from resubmitted claims. Persons who did not have >1 neurocysticercosis-associated diagnostic, procedure, or current procedural terminology code were also excluded, leaving a list of persons whose condition fit our case definition of neurocysticercosis and all of their paid and capitated claims.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: This significant trend was seen both with MMRV (P <. 001) and MMR (Schwarz strain) (P <. 001) (Table 2). The trend was also observed but nonsignificant with MMR (Moraten strain), given the limited statistical power with 77% of children being vaccinated at 12 months. Similarly, the proportion of children with low response (150–499 mIU/mL) was greater with first dose at 11 months (7. 5%) vs older ages (2. 8%, 1. 7%, 1. 5% at 12, 13–14 and 15–22 months of age respectively), globally (P <. 001) and for each vaccine (P <. 001 and P =. 005) (Figure 1). The GMC also steadily increased with older age at first vaccination, from 1835 mIU/mL (11 months) to 3562 mIU/mL (15–22 months) (P <. 001; Table 2). Figure 1. Age distribution of children with low and negative response after vaccination with 1 or 2 doses of measles-containing vaccine. Includes children who received measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine containing Schwarz strain. Open in new tabDownload slideGMCs post–dose 2 were highly correlated with GMCs post–dose 1 (Spearman coefficient = 0. 8) (1). The pattern of improved antibody response with older age at first dose and MMRV vaccine persisted after the second dose (Table 2). Among the 119 children seronegative after their first dose and with information after the second dose, 23% still had an undetectable titer after a second dose, and this was observed more frequently with MMR (10/28 [36%]) than with MMRV (17/91 [19%]) (P =. 06). Eight children seronegative post–dose 2 had detectable titers after the first dose. Sensitivity analysis excluding them did not change the results.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Ca2+ oscillations in stalk cells during budding from the DA. (A) 3D-rendered time-sequential images of Tg(fli1:Gal4FF);(UAS:GCaMP7a);(fli1:H2B-mC) embryos during stalk cell budding from the DA (29 ss). Green and orange arrowheads indicate tip and stalk cells, respectively. (B) The fluorescence changes in GCaMP7a (ΔF/F0) of individual ECs from A indicated by arrowheads (green, orange, light gray, dark gray, and black) at the left panel are shown as a graph. (C) Quantification of Ca2+ oscillatory activity in untreated and ki8751-treated embryos during stalk cell budding from the DA as in A and Figure 5—figure supplement 1A, respectively. Graphs show Ca2+ oscillation frequency (left) and mean ΔF/F0 (right) in tip cells, stalk cells and other ECs within the DA in untreated and ki8751-treated embryos (Untreated, n ≥ 10; ki8751-treated, n ≥ 13). (D) Stalk cells that are budding from the DA have significant Vegfr2 activity, albeit weaker than that in tip cells. Scale bar, 10 μm in A. *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001; NS, not significant. DA, dorsal aorta. Video 4 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Ca2+ oscillations occur in stalk cell during budding from the DA. Time-lapse recording of 3D-rendered light sheet images of the Tg(fli1:Gal4FF);(UAS:GCaMP7a);(fli1:H2B-mC) embryos at 29 ss. Elapsed time is in seconds (s). Scale bar, 10 μm. Vegfr2 in tip cells and stalk cells is required for their migration from the DA To investigate the significance of the Vegfr2 activity in tip and stalk cells, we examined the behavior of ECs expressing dominant-negative Vegfr2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that synthetic biology could eliminate all diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: We required a supporting diagnostic, procedural, or current procedural terminology code in the case definition to reduce the likelihood of including miscoded cases, while accepting that some true-positive cases may have been excluded. We also randomly selected 4 age- and sex-matched controls from all persons in the dataset, extracted data from all of their claims, and compared the proportion of specific diagnostic codes in neurocysticercosis cases versus codes for controls. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs by using conditional logistic regression. The denominator for prevalence estimates was taken from US estimates of the insured population in Oregon in 2010. A total of 137 persons were identified with a 123. 1 ICD-9-CM code during the 14 quarters of this study. Of these, 12 were excluded because they did not have paid or capitated claims or did not have an associated neurologic diagnostic or procedural code. The remaining 125 persons whose conditions met the case definition of neurocysticercosis yielded a mean 1-year prevalence of 1. 1 cases/100,000 insured persons. Age of case-patients ranged from 3 to 84 (median 41) years. Slightly more cases were found among female patients (69/125, 55%). The 125 cases generated a total of 8,224 claims, of which 2,337 contained a neurocysticercosis-associated neurologic diagnosis or procedure code. Figure Figure. Frequency of neurocysticercosis claims by associated diagnosis and healthcare setting, Oregon, 2010–2013. Most claims (5,925/8,224, 72%) were made in outpatient settings. Only 10% (818/8,224) were inpatient claims, and <5% (337/8,224) were generated in emergency departments. Of the 125 persons with neurocysticercosis, 70 (56%) had a claim history that included only outpatient claims, 47 (38%) had both outpatient and inpatient claims, and 3 (2%) had inpatient claims only. Paid and capitated claims associated with mental health disorders, headache, seizure/epilepsy, and syncope were made primarily in outpatient settings, whereas claims associated with hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, and cerebrovascular disease were made primarily in inpatient settings (Figure). Private insurance carriers were the primary payers of paid claims, accounting for ≈55% (4,504/8,224) of payments provided.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: Countries in the (EMR) countries—particularly the polio-endemic countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan—spend substantially more time on polio eradication activities (74% and 64%, respectively) and comparatively less time supporting other health priorities (Table 1 and Figure 1). Countries where polio is not endemic and those where transmission has been interrupted (including Nigeria at the time of the survey) spend less time on polio eradication activities, allowing personnel to spend a greater portion of their time on other health and development priorities, most notably RI strengthening and measles and rubella control. GPEI-funded staff were asked to rank their views of the most important influences of the polio eradication program on non–polio-related health and development programs and goals. The top 5 program activities selected (in rank order) were communication and social mobilization, capacity building, monitoring and supervision, strengthening RI, and support for control of other diseases, such as measles and rubella (Figure 2). Figure 2. Polio staff perceived that strengthening routine immunization programs is one of the Eradication Program’s most significant impacts on non–polio-related health priorities. Data are based on responses to the following survey question: “Based on your experience, please name the top three most important ways in which the polio program supports other non-polio health and development programs/goals? ” The number of responses citing activities other than those listed was 60. Open in new tabDownload slideCountries with higher RI training rates reported significantly higher RI time allocation (r = 67%; P <. 025). The same relationship holds true for RI-related activities (r = 78%; P <. 005; Figure 3). This relationship was substantiated through country leadership discussions. It was noted that, while inclusion of RI in terms of reference is necessary, reinforcing the importance of RI strengthening and introducing new tools and approaches to personnel was critical to keeping RI in focus and a top priority. Figure 3. Routine immunization (RI) training rates among Eradication Initiative–funded personnel, by country, with average time since last RI training session. DRC, of the Congo; NA, not applicable.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: The embryos showing transient mCherry expression in the vasculature were selected, raised to adulthood, and crossed with wild-type AB to identify germline transmitting founder fishes. Tg(UAS:GCaMP7a) fish and Tg(UAS:GFP);SAGFF(LF)27C fish were used (Bussmann et al. , 2010; Muto et al. , 2013). Tg(fli1:EGFP) fish were provided by N Lawson () (Lawson and Weinstein, 2002). Tg(fli1:Gal4FF) fish line was a gift from M Affolter (University of Basel, Switzerland) (Totong et al. , 2011; Zygmunt et al. , 2011). Injections of morpholino oligonucleotides and plasmids Request a detailed protocol For morpholino oligonucleotide (MO)-mediated knockdown, embryos were injected at one-cell or two-cell stage with control MO (), 3 ng of vegfr2 MO, 7 ng of dll4 MO, 3 ng of vegfr3 MO, 3 ng of plxnD1, and 7 ng of notch1b MO. The sequences for the already-validated MOs used in this study are: vegfr2 MO, 5′--3′;dll4 MO, 5′- -3′; vegfr3 MO, 5′--3′; plxnD1 MO, 5′- -3′; notch1b MO, 5′--3′ (Leslie et al. , 2007; Siekmann and Lawson, 2007; Torres-Vázquez, et al. , 2004; Wiley et al. , 2011). To express sFlt1, Vegfr2-ΔC, and full length Vegfr2 transiently using the Tol2 system, we co-injected the plasmids with capped Tol2 transposase mRNA (30 pg) (Kawakami et al. , 2004).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that synthetic biology could eliminate all diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Federally-funded pay sources provided payment for ≈40% of claims. Headache was the most common diagnostic category coded in claims for persons with neurocysticercosis (63/125, 50. 4%), followed by seizures (41/125, 32. 8%); both were significantly more common among case-patients than among controls (OR 3. 2, 95% CI 2. 1–4. 8, and OR 13. 3, 95% CI 6. 8–25. 9, respectively). Other diagnostic codes significantly more common in claims for persons with neurocysticercosis include meningitis/encephalitis, stroke, cognitive disorder, syncope, cerebral edema, and hydrocephalus (Table). The median age for those with a diagnostic code for stroke was significantly lower for those with neurocysticercosis (45 years) than for controls (63 years) (p = 0. 05 by Kruskal-Wallis test); no significant differences in age were found for the other diagnostic categories evaluated. the true prevalence or incidence of neurocysticercosis in the is difficult due to the lack of active case reporting from providers to public health entities. Most epidemiologic studies, therefore, use hospital-discharge datasets, which capture inpatient cases only (3–9). The results of our study show that twice as many neurocysticercosis cases are found when inpatient and outpatient data are searched than when only inpatient data are searched. Epidemiologic studies that rely solely on inpatient data largely underestimate the number of cases and the frequency and cost of healthcare interactions for neurocysticercosis. Although our study detected additional cases of neurocysticercosis that were seen exclusively in the outpatient setting, it still falls far short of capturing all neurocysticercosis cases in Oregon because APAC data do not include the uninsured population. Even though only 14. 5% of persons in Oregon lack health insurance (11), a previous study involving chart review demonstrated that 40% of neurocysticercosis patients in Oregon were uninsured (5). This finding suggests that our study may have missed as many as 80 additional neurocysticercosis cases among the uninsured during the study period. The predominance of outpatient healthcare claims reflects the growing recognition that neurocysticercosis can result in chronic illness and disability even after the infection has been resolved (12–14).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: Personnel terms of reference included RI as per survey data, demonstrating the increasing formal role of GPEI-funded staff in RI activities. However, RI training rates are quite variable—in Chad, all GPEI-funded personnel (100%) have been trained in RI. In contrast, only 56% of surveyed personnel in the EMR countries (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia) have received RI training. In Chad, the revitalization of the RI programs depend largely on GPEI-funded staff both at national level and decentralized levels. GPEI-funded assets have helped raise awareness of the importance of RI for polio and other vaccine-preventable diseases, yield data and surveillance information that allow countries to develop evidence informed RI planning and implementation, facilitate systematic RI microplanning, provide RI services to deprived communities, such as nomads, migrants, rural remote populations [6]. Sudden withdrawal of GPEI-funded personnel could therefore have a negative impact on a number of health system strengthening activities outside of polio eradication. As reported by the respondents, the largest impact would be a decrease in RI coverage rates and its associated effects, including higher dropout rates, less community awareness of RI activities, and decreased monitoring of RI programs and training and supervision of RI personnel. While self-reported data by GPEI frontline managers may introduce some bias, it is clear that the polio eradication program has been successful in increasing capacity at the local level in countries and places where systems are weakest—districts where the risk of polio is high. Decentralizing support to RI microplanning, and conducting district taskforce meetings to analyze data for action are promising approaches to improve the program, as shown in India. and India, GPEI has shifted its social mobilization efforts from being externally driven to local agents, often women, who promote immunization, child health, and birth registration in their own communities, with tangible results and impacts. Although a direct causal relationship between national RI improvements and GPEI-funded personnel’s’ time spent on non–polio eradication activities is challenging to establish, in 6 of 10 focus countries (Chad, the and India), DTP3 coverage improved between 2013 and 2015; in 2 (Somalia and Pakistan), no progress was reported; and in 2 (Angola and South Sudan), coverage regressed between 2013 and 2015, based on WHO and estimates for immunization coverage [10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: -and and BeverageGCGC--MSMedical/-(SEC)Chromatography (SFC)-&& and Clinical AnalysisBiopharmaceutical PerspectivesBiopharmaceuticals and and ArchivingData Analysis, Statistics, and -(FFF)Food and Beverage AnalysisForensics, NarcoticsFrom the EditorGC–MS(GC): : : : Sample PreparationLC–MS(LC/HPLC)Market ProfilesMass SpectrometryMedical/-Reviewed 10. 56530/lcgc. na. vp4480b1 The analysis of peptides using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) for proteomics applications is powerful and can yield tremendously rich data sets. However, the exquisite sensitivity and global applicability of MS detection also makes it prone to contaminants that can easily and seriously compromise the quality of a data set. A short list of tips and tricks can increase the likelihood of consistently producing good LC–MS data in this context and streamline the troubleshooting process when problems do eventually occur. Some applications of liquid chromatography (LC) involve highly specific “tips and tricks” that are acquired by analysts over time, and they can make the difference between producing data that is either terrible or great. The analysis of peptides by LC coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS) is one such area where it can appear that highly skilled analysts possess superpowers or “golden hands” that enable them to acquire better data than anyone else in a laboratory. In the end though, careful attention to detail and a thorough understanding of the conditions and chemistry involved in these analyses can help avoid problems before they occur or accelerate troubleshooting problems when they do appear. For this month’s installment of LC Troubleshooting, I invited Dr. to share his short list of knowledge, tips, tricks, and advice related to analyzing peptides by LC–MS. There are many details that are important to consider in the preparation of samples and in the instrument prior to LC–MS data acquisition that can increase the likelihood of acquiring high quality data. Dwight StollLC–MS has become the gold standard help users mitigate them and produce methodology used for proteomics, higher quality data in general. which is the identification and quantification of protein abundances in biological samples.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that synthetic biology could eliminate all diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Patients with neurocysticercosis often require long-term management for disease sequelae such as seizures, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, and meningoencephalitis, resulting in frequent interaction with specialist providers. This aspect of neurocysticercosis care is not captured in studies based on inpatient data, which tend to highlight acute illness. We found that cognitive disorders were coded for 1 of 9 neurocysticercosis patients in this study and were 3 times more likely to occur in these patients than in controls; this finding supports results of recent studies showing that cognitive impairment can be a notable sequela of neurocysticercosis (12). Cognitive disorders primarily affect learning, memory, perception, and problem solving. A team-based approach to clinical management that includes ancillary support, including social services and rehabilitation, may be beneficial in neurocysticercosis cases, especially when long-term adherence to antiepileptic drugs or other therapies are required to maintain quality of life. Another intriguing finding was that claims coding for stroke were >5 times more likely to appear for patients with neurocysticercosis than for controls and occurred among patients who were significantly younger than controls (data not shown). Although cases of stroke in neurocysticercosis patients have been reported, the effects at the population level have received little attention. This study has limitations. Although APAC data provided an improved understanding of the neurocysticercosis outpatient population, the data source and quality may introduce bias and limit generalizability. A major limitation of APAC and other healthcare claims datasets is that diagnostic codes associated with a claim may not accurately represent the current clinical context. APAC data are de-identified, which precludes verification of clinical presentation through chart review, a limitation shared by approaches based on other administrative datasets as well. By excluding the uninsured population, this study also underestimates the true prevalence of neurocysticercosis and may present a biased view of diagnostic codes if uninsured cases differ substantially from insured cases. Finally, the composition of neurocysticercosis cases and associated claims in Oregon may not be the same as in other regions of the country. Dr. Flecker is currently a in (Peru), where his research focuses on emerging zoonotic disease. Top 52. DOIPubMed9. DOIPubMed2012. Dis. 2015;21:969–76. DOIPubMed2011. Hyg.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: The contributions of GPEI-funded personnel need to be valued by governments, programs, and donors, to guide the transition of polio assets and infrastructure to sustain the essential functions that will be needed to continue to strengthen systems, improve RI activities, control measles and rubella, and promote the health of these most disadvantaged communities, which were previously affected by polio. Therefore, polio transition planning is critical in taking the findings of this study and developing a business case for transitioning polio assets to build more equitable and stronger health and immunization systems. Notes Disclaimer. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this 1. Organization (WHO). & Plan 2013—2018. Geneva: WHO, 2013. 2. Organization (WHO). 2011–2020. Geneva: WHO, 2013. 3. Organization (WHO). Measles and Plan: 2012–2020. Geneva: WHO, 2012. Accessed 31 October 2016. 4. al. Methods for evaluating the impact of vertical programs on health systems: protocol for a study on the impact of the global polio eradication initiative on strengthening routine immunization and primary health care. BMC Public Health2012; 12:728. 5. al. The impact of polio eradication on routine immunization and primary health care: a mixed-methods study. J Infect Dis2014; 210 (Suppl 1):S504–13. 6. van den al. Experiences and lessons from polio eradication applied to immunization in ten focus countries of the polio eradication endgame strategic plan. J Infect Dis2017; 216 (suppl 1):S250–9. 7. al. Strategic engagement of technical surge capacity for intensified polio eradication initiative in Nigeria, 2012–2015. J Infect Dis2016; 213:S166–23. 8. . The contribution of the polio eradication initiative to narrowing the gaps in the health workforce in the African Region. Vaccine2016; 34:5150–4. 9. Group. Polio funded personnel’s involvement in routine immunization and broader immunization goals. Final report. Boston: Group, 2015. 10. Organization. Immunization data: 3 coverage. Accessed 21 October 2016. 2015. Correspondence: M. van den 3 10017 (mvandenent@unicef. org). © 2017. Published by Press for the Society of America. This is an 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: This is because of the ability of LC-MS to provide sensitive detection for untargeted peptides and identify unknown peptides through tandem MS (MS/MS) fragmentation and comparison of the experimental spectra to theoretical spectra prepared in silico. Subsequently, LC–MS-based proteomics tools have become invaluable in diverse disciplines ranging from immunology to microbiology and food chemistry. However, analysis of biomolecules is generally susceptible to a number of unique and perilous sample preparation pitfalls that can severely degrade the quality of data acquired, even when the most sophisticated LC–MS systems are used, which is because of the unique chemistry and size of large biological macromolecules, such as proteins, peptides, and oligonucleotides to name a few. In this installment, we provide our views on some of the most common pitfalls in sample and instrument preparation relevant to proteomic analyses by LC–MS. We hope that increasing awareness of these potential problems can help users mitigate them and produce higher quality data in general. Adding ContaminationAll mass spectrometric methods require the ionization of the analytes of interest before they can be separated and ultimately detected. For the peptides encountered in proteomic workflows, the ionization step is generally straightforward because conventional tryptic digestion of proteins often results in amino acid chains with terminal amino groups. Indeed, the protonation of peptides is so favorable that they are often observed as multiply charged positive ions. Given the ease of ionization of peptides, MS can almost be regarded as a “universal detector” for peptide analysis. However, this sensitivity can also be a double-edged sword in the sense that the detector will also respond to very low concentrations of easy-to-ionize contaminants in our samples, thus degrading the overall quality of the acquired data. PolymersPolymers are perhaps the most frequently encountered type of contamination in proteomic samples, probably because they are present in most laboratories at levels high enough to matter to LC–MS work. A few examples of polymer sources include skin creams and moisturizing products, pipette tips, chemical wipes that contain an abundance of different polyethylene glycols (PEGs), and siliconized surfaces that contain polysiloxanes (PSs). The presence of these contaminants can be readily recognized in MS spectra by their characteristically large numbers of regularly spaced peaks in the spectra (44 Da spacing for PEG, 77 Da spacing for PS).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: , 2003; Chevre et al. , 1994, 2000). Эксперименты по оценке возможности получения гибридов между трансгенными сортами Brassica napus L. и его дикими родственниками Brassica rapa L. , Raphanus raphanistrum L. , Sinapis arvensis L. , и Erucastrum gallicum (Willd. ) O. E. Schulz показали что вероятность данного события наиболее высокая в паре Brassica napus L. -Brassica rapa L. и составляет от 7 до 14 % в различных вариантах опыта. Вероятность образования гибридов Brassica napus L. С другими видами стремится к нулю (Warwick et al. , 2003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: in through your institution Journal of Infectious DiseasesThis issuesearch term Advance 10. 1093/infdis/jix164 Published: 01 July 2017 10. 1093/infdis/jix164 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation of Infectious DiseasesThis issuesearch term of Infectious DiseasesThis issuesearch term. The potential to strengthen routine immunization (RI) services through supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) is an important benefit of global measles and rubella elimination and polio eradication strategies. However, little evidence exists on how best to use SIAs to strengthen RI. As part the 2012 Nepal measles-rubella and polio SIA, we developed an intervention package designed to improve RI processes and evaluated its effect on specific RI process measures. Methods. The intervention package was incorporated into existing SIA activities and materials to improve healthcare providers’ RI knowledge and practices throughout Nepal. In 1 region (Central Region) we surveyed the same 100 randomly selected health facilities before and after the SIA and evaluated the following RI process measures: vaccine safety, RI planning, RI service delivery, vaccine supply chain, and RI data recording practices. Data collection included observations of vaccination sessions, interviews with the primary healthcare provider who administered vaccines at each facility, and administrative record reviews. Pair-matched analytical methods were used to determine whether statistically significant changes in the selected RI process measures occurred over time. Results. After the SIA, significant positive changes were measured in healthcare provider knowledge of adverse events following immunization (11% increase), availability of RI microplans (+17%) and maps (+12%), and awareness of how long a reconstituted measles vial can be used before it must be discarded (+14%). For the SIA, 42% of providers created an SIA high-risk villages list, and >50% incorporated this information into RI outreach session site planning. Significant negative changes occurred in correct knowledge of measles vaccination contraindications (−11%), correct definition for a measles outbreak (−21%), and how to treat a child with a severe adverse event following immunization (−10%). Twenty percent of providers reported cancelling ≥1 RI sessions during the SIA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: Adsorption of peptides from analytical samples onto such surfaces has been observed within timeframes as low as an hour after being placed in the LC vial, and they can result in a significant decrease in the apparent concentration of low-abundant peptides. A number of strategies to minimize sample adsorption to glass LC vials have been demonstrated, including the use of surfactants (which is not recommended for LC-MS, as discussed above). “Priming” vessels with a sacrificial protein, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), is also done, similar to what is done with LC columns (4). The idea here is that the vessel is rinsed with a solution of a protein that is unrelated to the target proteins being analyzed (or synthetic peptides not found in biological samples); adsorption sites on the material are subsequently saturated and therefore unable to further adsorb peptides or proteins of interest from the analytical sample. Many vendors also offer “high-recovery” LC vials and other products that are engineered to minimize such undesirable analyte adsorption. An additional point to be aware of in this area is related to the removal of the sample solvent during the sample preparation process (for example, vacuum centrifugation to remove organic solvents). Completely removing all of the solvent promotes strong analyte adsorption onto surfaces; thus, it is helpful to avoid complete drying and to leave a small amount of liquid in the vial to increase analyte recovery. Plastic micropipette tips present another opportunity to lose peptides to adsorption. With this in mind, it is important to limit the number of sample transfers during sample preparation, which has spurred the development of a number of so-called “one-pot” sample preparation methods that minimize contact between the sample and vessel, including nanoPOTS (6), SP3 (7), and FASP (8). From this research, it is becoming increasingly clear that single reactor vessel sample preparation protocols are superior to conventional protocols in the proteomics area. Finally, when transferring peptide samples, it is best to avoid contact with metals. For example, most glass syringes are fitted with stainless steel needles by default. If a peptide sample is drawn up through a metal needle, peptides can be lost to adsorption on the metal surface.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: В этой связи актуальным является поиск моделей для оценки возможных отсроченных экологических рисков. Одной из них можно считать природно-трансгенные растения. Исследуя их филогению, можно проанализировать, насколько вероятна передача трансгенов и их закрепление в геномах родственных форм, а также исследовать особенности изменения нуклеотидных последовательностей в отсутствии действия отбора и под его действием.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: Many RI process measures were at high proportions (>90%) before the SIA and remained high afterward, including proper vaccine administration techniques, proper vaccine waste management, and availability of vaccine carriers and vaccine registers. Conclusions. Focusing on activities that are easily linked between SIAs and RI services, such as using SIA high-risk village list to strengthen RI microplanning and examining ways to minimize the impact of an SIA on RI session scheduling, should be prioritized when implementing SIAs. polio, measles, supplementary immunization activities, immunization systems. Measles and Plan 2012–2020 outlines strategies for reaching elimination including 95% routine vaccination coverage for the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1), introduction of a second routine dose (MCV2) and use of supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) to provide an additional opportunity for measles vaccination, particularly for individuals in areas where routine immunization (RI) services are inadequate [1]. Initiative outlines a similar strategy of strengthening immunization systems while using mass polio vaccination campaigns where RI coverage is low. However, concern has long existed about the potentially negative impact that measles SIAs, polio campaigns, and similar vertical disease control, elimination, and eradication activities could have on the routine health system, including RI services [2–5]. The concern about negative effects of SIAs on RI relates in part to the similarities and differences between the 2 approaches. RI services seek to regularly provide all recommended vaccines in a country’s immunization schedule to a preset target age group (usually infants), through either health facilities or outreach sites, whereas SIAs usually provide 1 or 2 vaccines during a short time frame to a wider age range. However, SIAs and RI services have substantial overlap in resource requirements; specifically, SIA vaccinators are often the same healthcare providers who provide RI and other primary health services. Indeed, studies indicate SIAs can negatively affect routine health service delivery temporarily owing to this human resource overlap [6–12].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: Studio, "Living Archive: Nature" Vol. XL, No. 4, Summer 2024 for ensure that artificial intelligence meaningfully addresses social inequalities, AI designers and regulators should seek out partnerships with marginalized communities to learn what they need from this emerging technology—and build it. Hopes for the future of artificial intelligence would seem to be bright. There is, after all, a great deal of utility in AI already. AI tools can provide high-quality real-time translation for well-resourced languages like English—a major technological breakthrough. AI systems also are poised to enhance the accuracy of cancer screening and improve other areas of health care delivery. Yet much of the discourse surrounding AI is rather gloomy. It’s not just that people worry about possible effects of generative AI on their livelihoods; innovation-driven employment disruptions are neither unusual nor insurmountable. More concerning is the mounting evidence showing that the output of AI models exacerbates social inequity and injustice. Facial-recognition technology, famously, is proving to be a tool of oppression, as many have feared. Reports of AI triggering false arrests of Black people are becoming routine. Municipalities are using facial-recognition cameras to aggressively surveil and police residents in public housing, many of whom are Black. Against hopes that AI would reduce bias in criminal justice, its use so far has magnified the system’s structural inequalities. Meanwhile, major AI firms like OpenAI are exploiting overseas sweatshop labor to train algorithms. And AI tools meant to benefit people with disabilities are having the opposite effect. This situation is creating real harm for people who are already disadvantaged, while also amplifying distrust in science and government. Proposed responses to these equity and justice concerns typically amount to small tweaks, often of a technical nature. The thinking seems to be that policymakers, academics, and the technical community can solve AI’s problems by identifying statistical biases in datasets, designing systems to be more transparent and explainable in their decisionmaking, and exercising oversight. For instance, experts ask how government agencies might evaluate the safety and efficacy of algorithms. In parallel, the technology industry has tried to educate developers about the impact of social biases on AI algorithms and has suggested minimal “fairness solutions” also focused on bias. We must ask ourselves if we really believe that marginalized people should be content to leave their fates to the tinkering of governments and corporations when such measures have had little impact in the past.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: В настоящее время природно-трансгенные растения описаны в пределах родов Nicotiana, Linaria и Ipomea. Они содержат в своих геномах последовательности, гомологичные Т-ДНК Agrobacterium spp. Рассмотрим подробнее эти рода растений и обсудим возможности их использования для изучения отсроченных экологических рисков ГМО. Т-ДНК в растениях Nicotiana В 1983 году Уайт с соавторами (White et al. , 1983) обнаружили Т-ДНК подобную последовательность в геноме нетрансформированного Nicotiana glauca.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: The team focused on 5 RI service components based either on those suggested previously in the literature or on previous efforts to use polio vaccination campaigns to strengthen RI services [13, 18, 19]: vaccine safety and administration, recording and reporting practices, supply chain, communications, and disease surveillance. The SIA vaccinator training and preparation activities already covered each of these topics to some extent, so the team believed that building on the existing SIA training areas could make this package feasible to implement. Table 1. Open in new tab Modified and Developed for to Strengthen RI the 2012 Nepal Measles, Rubella, and Polio SIA Material. New or. Description of Change. How/. . SIA guidelinesModifiedAddition of RI messages throughout guidelines where appropriate and addition of a new section on how to sustain the gains of the MR SIA through strengthening various RI activitiesFor development of the training materialsNational, regional, and district health officialsSIA posterModifiedIncludes messages on importance of also having a child who is fully vaccinated with all nationally recommended vaccines and information on where the child can receive these vaccinations and recommended ages of vaccinationPosted within community, health facility, market areas 104 wk before target populationRI invitation cardNewCard given when mother comes to booth to remind her to bring child back for RI services and where/when these services can be receivedDistributed to mothers of infants when they come to an SIA boothCaregiver of infants (age <2 y)Vaccinator field resourceNewKey SIA operational and RI messages for vaccinators (4-fold brochure)Distributed to vaccinator at SIA training and used during field resourceNewKey SIA operational and RI messages for FCHVs (2- or 3-fold brochure)Distributed to vaccinator at SIA training and used during flipchart or presentationModifiedIncludes RI messages (see Table 3) on key slides within flipchartUsed during SIA training by district officialsDistrict health official, vaccinator, FCHVSupervision checklistModifiedChecklist includes checking if RI messages are given and if providers have brochuresUsed during SIA by supervisorsSupervisorRapid convenience surveyModifiedSurvey includes checking whether the child is fully up to date on RI schedule and has RI vaccination cardUsed during SIA by monitorsSIA monitorMaterial. New or. Description of Change. How/. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: Where is the input, in this equation, of marginalized people themselves? If we are concerned by equity in the age of AI, shouldn’t those with the most at stake have an important role in shaping the governance agenda? Then too, relying only on governance by state authorities and commercial operatives means ratifying and reinforcing the concentrations of economic and political power that already accrue to a small number of well-connected businesses. Their technical revisions to the mechanics of AI may address some harms built into the technology so far but will always be behind the curve of inequities that emerge as AI makers exercise, and strive to protect, profit-seeking prerogatives that inevitably displace their stated commitments to just outcomes. And simply extending regulatory oversight does not encourage developers to design AI that promotes the welfare of the disadvantaged. Technical revisions to the mechanics of AI may address some harms built into the technology so far but will always be behind the curve of inequities that emerge. Better solutions lie in a more inclusive innovation ecosystem in which all players—not just regulators and lobbyists—take responsibility for creating equitable and just AI. It is important that AI not only not discriminate but also that it be proactively marshaled to the benefit of all of society. In other words, we should be thinking about how to ensure that AI is not just here for profit but also to serve those who, in being served, don’t generate financial returns. To this end, public and philanthropic research funders, universities, and the tech industry should be seeking out partnerships with struggling communities, to learn what they need from AI and build it. Regulators, too, should have their ears to the ground, not just the C-suite. Typical members of a marginalized community—or, indeed, any nonexpert community—may not know the technical details of AI, but they understand better than anyone else the power imbalances at the root of concerns surrounding AI bias and discrimination. And so it is from communities marginalized by AI, and from scholars and organizations focused on understanding and ameliorating social disadvantage, that AI designers and regulators most need to hear. A for AI: Design from the Progress toward AI equity begins at the agenda-setting stage, when funders, engineers, and corporate leaders make decisions about research and development priorities. This is usually seen as a technical or management task, to be carried out by experts who understand the state of scientific play and the unmet needs of the market.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Обнаруженная последовательность имела сходство более чем 80 % с Т-ДНК Agrobacterium rhizogenes и была названа кл (клеточная)Т-ДНК. Растения табака имели нормальный фенотип, при этом клТ-ДНК присутствовала во всех исследованных растениях данного вида (White et al. , 1983). Гибридизацией по Саузерну было показано, что кл-ДНК содержит последовательности ORFs 11 (rolB), 12 (rolC), 13, 14, и 15 (rolD), которые были названы 13, NgORF14 и NgrolD соответственно.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: In our study, we documented a variable impact of the SIA on these process measures. A number of RI system strengths before the SIA remained strong after the SIA, including most providers administering vaccines using safe, correct techniques, most able to name ≥1 common AEFI, and most facilities with a usable vaccine carrier. We also identified positive changes in specific vaccine safety and RI planning measures, and a substantial proportion of providers reported using SIA planning data to increase RI outreach delivery activities. However, certain RI operational indicators were weaker after the SIA, including provider knowledge about measles outbreak criteria and how to manage a severe AEFI, and belief in false contraindications for vaccination. These latter issues could be addressed through improved training. In addition, a substantial minority of providers reported cancelling RI sessions during the SIA. Most of these negative aspects can be overcome by adequate training of health providers and preplanning to secure additional resources, if necessary, to maintain functioning RI services. The majority of the evidence for the impact of mass vaccination campaigns, including both polio and measles-rubella vaccination campaigns, on the routine delivery of vaccinations and other health services are based on qualitative research, generally using self-reports and retrospective record reviews [6, 20–22]. These studies documented qualitative improvements to the health system from disease elimination activities, including better staff skills from training opportunities during SIAs and stronger supply chains and health information systems. In Nepal, we were able to use a quantitative approach to identify slight improvements to the vaccine cold chain and improvements to certain areas of vaccine knowledge. However, we also identified decreases in immunization-related knowledge among providers after the SIA. Many of these areas of knowledge related to policy definitions, such as proper contraindications for vaccination, how to respond to a severe AEFI, and when to declare a measles outbreak. These latter definitions are routinely covered in SIA trainings; however, inadequate implementation of SIA training (which was implemented as a cascade-style design from regional to facility level) could have led to increased uncertainty about these topic definitions among surveyed providers. Ensuring providers have an opportunity to ask questions during the SIA training, conducting supervision during cascade-style trainings to ensure that topics are not diluted at each step, and conducting knowledge checks with providers throughout the training may help resolve this issue.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: But do these experts really understand which needs are unmet? When experts steer innovation, they are deciding which problems are important and how they should be understood and solved. Often, the problems deemed important are those that, in being addressed, yield profit. But sometimes developers try to solve social problems, usually with minimal input from the populations most affected. This leads to misdiagnosis. Such is the story of the per Child program, for instance. Developed by the MIT and funded by international donors, the initiative was supposed to improve education for children from low-income families around the world by ensuring that the children had access to internet-connected computers. But the project failed because the computers were not easy for the children to use, broke frequently and were difficult to repair, and relied on electricity that was at best intermittently available. Even when the computers worked, the content built into them contributed little to the realization of local educational goals. When experts steer innovation, they are deciding which problems are important and how they should be understood and solved. Centering marginalized communities in AI agenda-setting would help to avoid such outcomes by increasing the probability that the design and deployment of new technologies reflects grassroots knowledge and concerns. This approach may be slower and harder to scale than technology development based solely on expert opinion, but it is more likely to produce social benefits. A heartening example comes from University, where computer scientists worked with residents in the institution’s home city of Pittsburgh to build a technology that monitored and visualized local air quality. The collaboration began when researchers attended community meetings where they heard from residents who were suffering the effects of air pollution from a nearby factory. The residents had struggled to get the attention of local and national officials because they were unable to provide the sort of data that would motivate interest in their case. The researchers got to work on prototype systems that could produce the needed data and refined their technology in response to community input. Eventually their system brought together heterogeneous information, including crowdsourced smell reports, video footage of factory smokestacks, and air-quality and wind data, which the residents then submitted to government entities. After reviewing the data, administrators at the Agency agreed to review the factory’s compliance, and within a year the factory’s parent company announced that the facility would close. Bottom-up design, in Pittsburgh and elsewhere, requires openness and humility from researchers, recognition of community expertise, and a desire to empower marginalized people.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Кл-ДНК была представлена несовершенными инвертированными повторами, которые содержали одну копию NgrolB гена и по две копии остальных генов. Повторы, гомологичные Т-ДНК A. rhizogenes, названные левым и правым «плечём» простираются приблизительно на 10 kb. Фёрнер с соавторами исследовал Nicotiana glauca, собранные в географически удаленных районах. Методом гибридизации по Саузерну авторы показали присутствие кл-Т-ДНК во всех исследованных образцах. N. glauca. (Furner I. J. et al, 1986).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: Planning and implementing high quality supplementary immunization activities for measles and rubella and other injectable vaccines. 2013:1–169. 18. , Fields R. Practical checklist to use PEI to strengthen the routine immunization program, in technical consultation on the global eradication of poliomyelitis. Geneva, Switzerland: Organization, 2000. 19. Sodha SV. Strengthening routine immunization systems to improve global vaccination coverage. Bull 2015; 113:5–14. 20. . Impact of targeted programs on health systems: a case study of the polio eradication initiative. 2002; 92:19–23. 21. The impact of polio eradication on routine immunization and primary health care: a mixed-methods study. J 2014; 210 (suppl 1):S504–13. 22. . GPEI external evaluation—international spread team. Geneva, Switzerland: Eradication Initiative, 2009. 23. WHO/estimates of national immunization coverage (). Geneva Switzerland: Organization. . Accessed 1 May 2017. 24. Strengthening routine immunization services in the through the eradication of poliomyelitis. J 1997; 175 (suppl 1):S268–71. 25. Organization. Planning and implementing high quality supplementary immunization activities for injectable vaccines using an example of measles and rubella vaccines. Geneva, Switzerland: Organization, 2013. Accessed 1 May 2017. 26. , de. Integration of targeted health interventions into health systems: a conceptual framework for analysis. Plan 2010; 25:104–11. 27. . When do vertical (stand-alone) programmes have a place in health systems? Geneva, Switzerland: Organization, 2008. 28. Sepúlveda J et al. Improvement of child survival in Mexico: the diagonal approach. Lancet 2006; 368:2017–27. 29. Orenstein WA. Beyond vertical and horizontal programs: a diagonal approach to building national immunization programs through measles elimination. Vaccines 2016; 15:791–3. 2017. Published by Press for the Society of America. This is an 3. 0 IGO (CC BY 3. 0 IGO) License ( which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: Today universities enforce a clear separation between engineering and the social good; they may require that STEM students take a single course on professional ethics, while the rest of the curriculum teaches students that technology is politically and morally neutral. More useful would be to design introductory science and engineering courses that help students understand the social and political assumptions underlying seemingly technical choices, as well as the consequences of these assumptions. For instance, when computer science students learn how to build datasets that inform an AI, they should learn at the same time that the contents of datasets—because they are based on historical records—could reflect racist practices. Because it is essential that future AI researchers be empowered to reckon with the true social complexities of their work, humanizing education should be treated as no less important than technical education: it cannot be ghettoized in elective courses, where it is easily dismissed. Students must learn that technical decisions about research problems, datasets, and code are always value-laden. And humanists and social scientists must teach this lesson: it is they who offer deep knowledge of how technology works in society. Students need this knowledge, and they need intellectual models who disrupt the idea that only scientists and technologists have valuable expertise to offer in the development of AI. Accreditation bodies can play a crucial role in fostering change by predicating their approval on successful adoption of this educational approach. The project of changing AI innovation through education should begin as soon as possible, but its rewards will take many years to realize. In the short term, there are opportunities for improvement through policy. As suggested by the case of Timnit Gebru, who says she was fired from Google for exposing deleterious ethical and equity consequences of the company’s software, AI development would benefit if researchers had stronger whistleblower protections. And funding agencies can support more socially conscious approaches right now, even requiring researchers to write proposals that champion the equity benefits of their projects. Doing so would encourage the most promising kind of AI development—development that does real good for all of society, including and especially underserved communities. in participation is important not only because it can enable codesigned technologies like the Pittsburgh air-pollution system, but also because it fosters democratic engagement in decisionmaking surrounding emerging technologies. Whether these are decisions made by private companies or public officials, the people affected should have a say in them. Civil society organizations have a crucial role to play here, by amplifying voices drowned out by the industry din.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: После данного открытия встал вопрос, существуют ли другие виды Nicotiana, содержащие Т-ДНК. Род Nicotiana является одним из крупнейших родов пасленовых и содержит 75 видов, которые характеризуются широким спектром вариаций морфологии их вегетативных и генеративных органов (Clarkson et al. , 2004). Ряд видов Nicotiana представляют собой результат межвидовой гибридизации, что усложняет построение филогении этого рода.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractGlobal efforts to eradicate polio by the agency partners and country-level stakeholders have led to the implementation of global polio vaccination programs. This study presents the findings of existing studies regarding the barriers and facilitators that countries face when implementing polio interventions. A comprehensive search was conducted in and Web of Science. Eligible studies underwent quality assessment. A qualitative evidence synthesis approach was conducted and aligned to the for (CFIR). The search identified 4147 1283. Ejemai Eboreime, University of : June 16, 2022; Accepted: October 21, 2022; Published: November 16, 2022Copyright: © 2022 Ezezika et al. This is an open access 2020. The results were limited to English-language journal 1. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Summary of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study selection Study screening was completed using Covidence, a systematic review management tool, through a two-step process (Fig 1). After pilot testing the project’s screening guidelines document to ensure consensus between team members, all 1. Data extraction After pilot testing the data extraction template, two reviewers independently performed data extraction for the included 2. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Frequency table of study-identified barriers* and facilitators (n = 20). most common study design utilized across all studies was a qualitative approach (n = 12). Data collection methods across all qualitative studies included focus group discussions (n = 5), interviews (n = 8), participant (and non-participant) observation (n = 2/n = 2), and document/report/literature reviews (n = 3). The second most frequently used study design across all studies was a mixed methods approach (n = 8). The qualitative data collection methods were like those studies exclusively using a qualitative approach, including interviews (n = 6), focus group discussions (n = 1), and participant observation (n = 1). Cross-sectional surveys were an additional data collection method (n = 2). Quantitative data collection methods in studies utilizing a mixed methods approach included interviews (n = 2), surveys (n = 2), and national resources (including national records and reports) (n = 3). Year of publication The included 2019. Two 1970. Between 1970–1999, there were no published 3. Themes of barriers and facilitators. Fear.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: Tech companies have effectively unlimited resources, as well as access to political power. To be heard, ordinary people need civic organizations to be their advocates, critically evaluating industry claims, anticipating the social effects of AI that corporations ignore, and using their own lobbying capacities to focus the attention of policymakers and regulators on the public good. Humanizing education should be treated as no less important than technical education: it cannot be ghettoized in elective courses, where it is easily dismissed. Foundation has been exemplary in this regard. The philanthropy funds multiple organizations that seek to improve the public conversation about AI and generate policy action. These include Fight for the Future and the Technology Project, which advocated for regulation of facial-recognition tools after Joy Buolamwini, a Black computer scientist, identified systemic biases in existing technologies. Other philanthropies have joined, and could still join, Ford in supporting nonprofits dedicated to the independent assessment and democratic control of AI. Civic organizations have a further important role in providing bridges between communities and technologists by helping engineers and regulators understand AI through a social lens. Civil society, in other words, can do in the wider world what educators can do in the classroom, explaining how design can inadvertently exacerbate social problems and how it can be used with the goal of improving people’s lives. of Michigan’s Science, Technology, and Program, for example, has established a Initiative that serves this bridging function by working with advocacy organizations to develop proposals for technology policy in the public interest. For instance, the initiative helped We the challenge the city of Detroit’s investment in acoustic gun detection, an unreliable AI-powered technology that threatened to exacerbate overpolicing of poor communities of color. Like bottom-up design, this partnership approach values communities as experts rather than simply consumers, nurturing a technological future that reflects public needs and democratic vision. and Injustice through design, driven by the needs of marginalized communities, will do much to promote beneficial adoption of AI and prevent harms associated with the technology. However, we also know that developers will pursue profits and the technical challenges that interest them, without much concern for equity. With this in mind, AI technologies must be subject to regulation, and this regulation should occur before technologies come to market. In particular, technologies that disproportionately harm marginalized communities should be prohibited.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Гудспид предположили, что существуют две различные группы видов Nicotiana, возникшие из двух исконных линий prepetunioid и precestroid. Он предположил, что базовое число хромосом рода было 12, и подчеркнул роль удвоения хромосом и гибридизации в эволюции рода. Гудспид разделил Nicotiana на три подрода: Rustica, Tabacum и Petunioides, и 14 cекций (Goodspeed, 1954). С тех пор, количество подродов Nicotiana осталось неизменным, в то время как количество и состав секций был пересмотрен (Clarkson et al. , 2004).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: The public’s awareness of polio vaccines and the intervention in general were mentioned by three studies as a positive influence on uptake [19, 22, 23]. Lastly, one study described the decrease in religious resistance to OPV as associated with the defeat of militants and increased involvement of religious scholars in the polio vaccination campaigns in Pakistan [20]. Influential opinions. Influential opinions was a theme that emerged that was closely tied with acceptance of the polio program. Some religious leaders and health professionals were not in support of the polio programs. Because the opinions of these groups were heavily influential in parents’ decision-making, they served as a hindrance to program implementation. On the other hand, religious leaders and health professionals who served as champions of the vaccine were helpful in facilitating program implementation. Under this theme, five barriers were identified by six studies, and three facilitators were identified by four studies. The meaning and values attached to the intervention by health workers and opinion leaders was cited by two studies as a challenge in the implementation of polio interventions [29, 31]. First, one study in India stated medical practitioners’ opposition against repeated rounds of polio vaccination as a barrier to implementation [31]. These private medical practitioners “advised their clients against vaccination as they thought it was unnecessary for children in Kerala” (p. 6) [31]. Moreover, another study conducted in Uganda highlighted the influence of health workers and opinion leaders, as laypeople emulated their refusal to vaccinate their own children [29]. In both cases, reservations about the intervention were influenced by individuals who may be involved at some capacity in the intervention or whose opinions concerning the intervention may be perceived as credible. One study identified health workers and opinion leaders’ refusal to vaccinate their children as a negative influence on participants in Uganda [29]. Protests by alternative medicine providers, including active discouragement by homeopathic practitioners, was a barrier mentioned by one study in India [30]. For instance, “many homeopathic practitioners have actively discouraged their clients from immunizing their children,” exerting strong influence on households in northern Kerala and “convincing them against immunization” (p. 7). Another study highlighted the reliance on religious leaders that oppose OPV as a barrier to polio immunization interventions in Pakistan [20]. Four studies described champions as facilitators to intervention implementation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: administration has already taken some steps in this direction with a 2023 executive order that, among other things, calls on federal agencies to issue guidance on the use of AI in law enforcement, hiring, housing, and health care and directs the Commission to specify that algorithmic discrimination in access to credit is illegal. But a systematic regulatory process could do more to disincentivize the creation of unjust and inequitable AI. Regulation could be accomplished through impact assessments, inspired by the 1970 Protection Act, which requires development projects to undergo an environmental assessment and demands more extensive review of higher-risk interventions. In particular, technology impact assessment should be focused on equity, which would involve auditing the datasets and algorithms underlying AI tools to determine whether the outputs might discriminate against or otherwise harm marginalized communities. Such evaluation also must extend beyond technical components of AI, because even a well-functioning system designed to pursue a worthwhile goal like crime reduction can perpetuate structural inequalities. Thus an equity-focused impact assessment should consider the social context in which the technology will be used: regulation should attend to characteristics of AI users and ensure that they are adequately trained to mitigate bias. Such sociotechnical evaluation will require the work of experts across disciplines, including science, law, humanities, and the social sciences. And regulation, like design, will be incomplete without participation from marginalized communities. The input of minoritized people in regulating AI is essential; that input should be solicited and valued, and participation should be voluntary and compensated. This is a means of building trust while alleviating structural inequities in AI and innovation generally. The input of minoritized people in regulating AI is essential; that input should be solicited and valued, and participation should be voluntary and compensated. What we propose is a serious commitment, but we know that thoughtful sociotechnical assessment is productive. Consider the response of officials to concerns about the use of facial recognition in K–12 schools. The state’s Office of Services analyzed benefits and harms of this particular deployment of the technology, with an eye toward both technical accuracy and the likelihood that the technology would exacerbate bias. Drawing on evidence from legal cases and scientific and social scientific research, the office found that even accurate systems would violate civil rights. In response, the state legislature banned the use of facial recognition in schools.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Приблизительно 75 % видов табака происходят из Америки и 25 % видов из Австралии (Goodspeed, 1954; Clarkson et al. , 2004). Разным группами исследователей были охарактеризованы виды из всех подродов Nicotiana. Фёрнер с соавторами исследовали 17 видов Nicotiana на наличие Т-ДНК и обнаружили ее в 6 видах N. glauca, N. otophora, N. tomentosiformis, N. tomentosa, N. benavidesii, N. tabacum. В геноме N. tabacum последовательности, гомологичные rol генам A. rhizogenes, были названные trol гены, или tORF (Meyer A. D. et al, 1995, Frundt C. et al, 1998).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: First, three studies highlighted the influence from health-focused champions in endorsing the uptake of polio vaccination, thus positively influencing the decision-making process of participants across the of and Angola [21, 23, 30]. Moreover, one study described the involvement of religious scholars as decreasing religious resistance to OPV and increasing the acceptance of the vaccine [20]. Participants of this study noted that “the involvement of religious scholars in the OPV campaigns also helped the cause of polio eradication,” decreasing the number of non-compliant parents (p. 3701). Lastly, the decrease in religious resistance to OPV through the defeat of militants and the increased involvement of religious scholars positively influenced polio vaccination uptake in one study [20]. Intervention design. Intervention design was another theme that emerged from the implementation of polio programs. Strategies to reach target populations were a challenge as the resources needed for such mobilization were not available or convenient in some settings. However, in other settings, strategies including policies that enforce polio vaccination served as facilitators to program implementation. Under this theme, two barriers and four facilitators were mentioned across three and four studies, respectively. Four 2019. Our analysis was dominated by India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Ethiopia, and Afghanistan. The barriers and facilitators identified in this study are consistent with the literature published in the last two decades [2, 8]. This systematic review has implications for current and future vaccination programs. A key lesson from this study is that implementation practitioners should recognize the relevance of religious beliefs and leaders and the need to include them in public awareness campaigns on the need to vaccinate. This implication is related to the themes of community trust, beliefs about interventions, and fear. Beliefs related to interventions constituted a crucial factor in implementing polio vaccination and eradication programs as both barrier and facilitator. The beliefs fell into two categories: (1) geo-political and (2) vaccine efficacy concerns and misconceptions and religious concerns about polio interventions. Some people doubted the true motive of the vaccination. Coupled with their distrust of the government, they refrained from the intervention, highlighting the need to undertake community engagement, public awareness campaigns, education strategies, and trust-building among the populace in establishing and increasing uptake [8]. Examples of these strategies have been identified across several studies, including the positive reception of good social mobilization systems in Afghanistan and the increase in public trust and knowledge through multiple polio campaigns in and Angola [23, 25].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: of AI through Intellectual and Ensuring that AI advances, rather than harms, progress toward social equity and justice entails intellectual and moral change, not just new rules. Educators and research funders must promote equitable design, so that developers want to work with marginalized communities to learn about their needs and together build technologies that provide meaningful benefit. With this in mind, engineers must be sensitized to systematic biases in datasets and algorithms but also to methodologies that promote community partnerships capable of correcting inequities resulting from discrimination. And policymakers must be prepared to think creatively, attuning regulations not only to technical characteristics of AI products but also to those products’ equity impacts in real-life scenarios. Bottom-up knowledge and the humility to keep learning from those in need: these are tools for ensuring responsible AI but also for realizing the immense potential of this emerging technology. AI can exacerbate social problems, but it can also be used to solve them. Alongside their obligation to prevent harm, policymakers, research funders, tech and university leaders, and STEM professionals have an opportunity to foster equity through innovation. That is where the true promise of AI lies. is professor of public policy and women’s and gender studies, and cofounder and director of the Science, Technology, and Program, at the University of Michigan. is a PhD student in the School of Information at the University of essay is an edited version of a paper that was commissioned from the author by the Trust at Sunnylands for an expert panel that convened in early 2024. Your participation enriches the conversationRespond to the ideas raised in this essay by writing to [email protected]. And read what others are saying in our lively Forum section. this 44. Vol. XL, No. 4, Summer 2024 Previous 2023. He describes the day-to-day experience of working at the White House, gaps in the innovation system that science policy can help fill, and how making artificial intelligence systems more transparent could define the future of AI applications. Go to Hell, Robots! Eric Trumpreviews a new translation of the classic Czech play that introduced the word “robot,” along with newly commissioned essays about the play.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Была выдвинута гипотеза возникновения этих генов в эволюции рода Nicotiana благодаря горизонтальному переносу генов. Интриери и Буятти проанализировали распространение и последовательности rol генов у большого числа видов рода Nicotiana. Была сделана попытка проследить эволюцию rol генов у рода Nicotiana и оценить их влияние дифференцировку видов этого рода (Intrieri M. C. , Buiatti M. , 2001). Для обнаружения присутствия rol генов авторами был использован ПЦР анализ.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: The findings of these studies reflect the lessons learned in newer studies, including the significance and effectiveness of good social mobilization strategies for engaging communities in polio vaccination campaigns in India, Pakistan, and across various remote settings in Africa and Asia [35–38]. These strategies will open avenues to highlight the efficacy and relevance of the vaccine to communities and provide answers to questions that bother them. Cultural and religious misconceptions were critical, especially relating to Islamic beliefs and some Muslims who believed that the vaccine is not halal [19]. These findings concur with Mshelia et al. , who found competing belief systems among caregivers founded on Islamic principles and misconceptions as major factors in polio vaccination decision-making [2]. Ataullahjan et al also found that some Muslims in Pakistan believed that some haram (impermissible) products were included in the vaccine [8]. These religious beliefs are often misconceptions and not scientifically supported, emphasizing the need to engage Imams and other religious leaders in addressing polio vaccine misconceptions. Additionally, this review revealed that elements of health systems, including infrastructure and human resources, were still relevant in implementing polio vaccination and eradication programs. Lack of access to general and health infrastructure, including healthcare, health facilities, and financial, organizational, and logistical constraints, served as key barriers to the vaccination interventions, highlighting the need for implementers to take health system capacity into account when considering vulnerable groups at the design stage of interventions [14, 18, 20, 23, 24, 26]. Similarly, newer studies support these findings, as they attempt to highlight the need for surveillance capacity and health service delivery across many contexts, including: remote and conflict-affected areas [39–41]. For instance, common implementation barriers in regions of the of Congo and Ethiopia include inaccessibility issues caused by gaps in human resources, supply chain, and finance [39]. In this study, the strategies that best addressed these barriers included adapting service delivery approaches, investing in health systems capacity, and strengthening accountability and planning [39]. The availability of human resources in terms of adequate staff and technical support is also critical in the implementation of polio vaccination and coverage. In Afghanistan, for instance, vaccination teams were unable to reach between 7. 6 to 56. 6 percent of eligible children due to the absence of adequate staff [25]. Conversely, adequate human resources for health in Rwanda enabled staff to find, map, and repeatedly visit vaccine-eligible populations that were not reached by other health services [28].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: The moment of extinction is generally when the death of the last individual of a particular species occurs. In many cases, however, the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point [8]. Deforestation has been seen around the world in decades, though tropical rainforests are particularly targeted. If current deforestation levels proceed, the world’s rainforests may be globally extinct in as little as 100 years, according to National Geographic. According to GRID-Arendal—a collaborating center, a frequent deforestation trend occurred in countries particularly Indonesia, Thailand, Brazil, the of Congo, and other parts of Africa, as well as some parts of Eastern Europe. As a consequence, several sites within the protected area network have been frequently degraded. According to a study by the University of Maryland and the Institute [18], Indonesia is recorded the most deforested nation. Since the last century, the country has lost at least 39 million acres (15. 79 million hectares) of forest land. Similarly, African national parks also faced with deforestation problems and continuous reduction of forest lands mainly due to political actions as well as the application of measures applied by those responsible for the management of these parks [19]. The terrible damage in protected areas, despite the strict protection status [20], is linked with social factors such as the increased logging activity, which means more revenue for rural counties, where logging mills are often located, and more jobs in these areas. Many rural communities have experienced economic decline since environmental concerns decreased logging on federally protected lands [21]. Rica, particularly around the Osa Peninsula, the greater forest cover loss in areas with a high density of threatened, endemic, and new-to-science species poses a significant question regarding the success of future conservation initiatives outside protected areas [22]. The UK, similar to many of the countries such as the and the Mediterranean, suffers from coastal flooding and erosion, as a consequence of intensive industrial and agricultural activities, as well as by urbanisation and tourism [23, 24]. As [25] state, intensive logging constitutes a factor that provides further evidence for anthropogenic disruption of the structure and functioning of rainforest ecosystems. In the case of the System, fires last year burned through parts of and Parks, as well as Whiskeytown and [26].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: ДНК выделяли из тканей листа и амплифицировали с использованием ПЦР праймеров, последовательности которых находились на границах кодирующей последовательности каждого из четырех генов. То есть с их помощью можно было амплифицировать полноразмерный ген. Важно отметить, что есть определенные противоречия между данными Фёрнера с соавторами (Furner et al. , 1986) и результатами Интриери и Буятти (Intrieri, Buiatti, 2001).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: A similar study in revealed the strong positive association between the density of vaccination workers and immunization coverage in the Zhejiang province [42]. In this study, a higher density of vaccination workers improved the availability of vaccination services, including: the administration of vaccinations, the education of parents on immunization, raising general awareness of health in the community, and ensuring the continuous vaccine supply [42]. Human resources are essential in vaccination programs; hence, thinking of new ways to incentivize and motivate staff to visit rural areas and vulnerable groups may be critical for effective implementation. Reliance on the opinions and recommendations of religious leaders/scholars, health professionals, and health-focused champions played an important role in implementing polio vaccination and eradication programs, highlighting the need to research ways to motivate people to partake in polio immunization programs. Encouraging influential individuals within a particular context to share their opinions, thoughts, and attitudes toward a particular health intervention during the planning stages may increase knowledge sharing and possible collaboration to enhance community sensitization. Through the support and championing of these influential individuals, health interventions may lead to increased receptiveness by the public. Several studies in this review found that uneducated people went to religious leaders and alternative health providers as their main source of health information, demonstrating over-reliance on these individuals as opposed to recommendations set out by government bodies and workers affiliated with national systems (including health professionals) [20, 30]. Polio vaccination interventions could take advantage of the trust in religious and traditional leaders by educating these leaders on vaccines and the need to increase coverage [20, 30]. In Pakistan, women and religious leaders have played a central role in addressing vaccine misconceptions related to religious concerns [43]. First, strategies to increase trust include relying on the female workforce of vaccinators within local communities who have already fostered trust [43]. Second, to increase vaccine-related knowledge and to dispel religious misinformation, Muslim religious leaders worked closely with the national government to endorse pro-vaccine fatwas (a formal ruling on a point of Islamic law given by a recognized authority), as well as to deliver pro-vaccine sermons and establish a 24/7 WhatsApp polio help line and call center [43, 44]. Religious and traditional leaders are important in vaccination programs, so research on various methods of community engagement and leader inclusion in polio interventions will be relevant to implementers. Additionally, future research could provide important insights by considering the perspectives of traditional and religious leaders with regards to vaccination.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: del Park in Guatemala, about two thirds of the total land of the park was destroyed by forest fires, as a consequence of phenomena associated with considerable immigration of population to the area as well as with deficiencies affiliated with organisation issues of the administration bodies [27]. On the other hand, according to [28], in Park, Aruba, the herbivory causes vegetation cover to decrease, which can lead bare soils to become vulnerable for wind and water erosion problems, which can be attributed to trampling and grazing of livestock. protected area, Rangers raided two illegal settlements and confiscated two homemade guns, one chainsaw, electric fishing gear, and wild animals’ parts. After examining the impact of hunting on the distribution of biodiversity in the protected area, [29] concluded that mainly the settlements and their occupants had been conducting forest crimes such as large-scale logging and poaching since 2016. This means that the Wildlife Alliance’s Program will need to counter these threats by stopping poachers and loggers on daily basis [30]. Also, the problem of illegal hunting created debates in relation to effective management and conservation of biodiversity with regard to the protected areas of Africa [31]. According to a new study published recently, the authors have warned that climate change has adversely and uniquely affected many of the 417 national parks spread across the and its territories [32]. A study published in Nature, a leading scientific journal, provides data that suggest that climate change–related phenomena have killed 150,000 people annually for the past 30 years and that numbers will increase [33]. The long-lasting state of economic and political crisis, economic sanctions combined with consequences of war, and the NATO air strikes in 1999 resulted in an enormous destruction of infrastructure and high foreign debts in some countries in Europe [1]. Due to this reason, protected areas in Serbia, for instance, suffer from inadequate funding. In correspondence with the existing legal regulation, some portions of the national budget must be allocated for protected areas, besides fund for environmental protection, taxes for use of natural resources, income from their own activities, projects, and other donations. In the case of the protected area in Serbia, [34] have pointed out that the financial allocation of the Ministry of Environment and (MESP) covers limited part of the operational costs of the protected area and its portion is dwindling. Therefore, most of the protected areas (PA) in Serbia are faced with financial constraint and not sustainable [1].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Каждая из них представляет собой несовершенный инвертированный повтор. Вставка, названная ТА, похожа на часть Т-ДНК А. rhizogenes 1724 микимопинового типа, но имеет необычные гены orf14 и mis. TB несет фрагмент подобный участку Т-ДНК штамма 1724 микимопинового типа: orf14-mis и область, контролирующую синтез маннопина и агропина (mas2'-mas1'-ags). Ген mas2’ кодирует активный фермент. TC сходна с левой частью последовательности штамма А4 A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccination programs have significantly reduced the global incidence of diseases like measles and polio. [SEP] Text: Number 1—March 1998 Diversity of Wild-Viruses: Implications for of 1993. The pattern of measles genetic groups provided a means to describe measles outbreaks and assess the extent of virus circulation in a given area. We expect that molecular epidemiologic studies will become a powerful tool for evaluating strategies to control, eliminate, and eventually eradicate measles. Figure 1Figure 1. Incidence of U. S. measles cases and measles deaths between 1980 and 1997. Total number of measles cases for years 1993–1997 (week 35) are indicated above each bar. Until the advent of a live-attenuated vaccine in the early 1960s, measles was an epidemic disease worldwide. Today many countries have controlled measles, but the disease remains endemic on most continents. Development of a live-attenuated measles vaccine and implementation of laws that required proof of vaccination upon school entry dramatically reduced the incidence of measles in the United States. The number of reported cases plummeted from approximately 500,000 before vaccine introduction in 1963 to fewer than 1,500 in 1983. Despite these measures, a reemergence or resurgence of measles in the from 1989 to 1991 resulted in more than 55,000 cases of measles and approximately 120 measles-associated deaths (Figure 1; 1). In exploring the reasons for the resurgence, our laboratory genetically characterized measles viruses isolated from wild-type virus-infected persons from the same outbreak or temporally and geographically distinct outbreaks in the United States; in the regions examined, all measles viruses isolated during the period of resurgence were almost identical in nucleotide sequence and genetically distinct from vaccine strains (2). Measles isolates from many regions of the world have been characterized in parallel studies by our laboratory and by others. In conjunction with classic epidemiologic investigations, these well-characterized viruses have formed a picture of the distribution of wild-type measles viruses in most areas of the world. Eight distinct genotypes have been identified, and undoubtedly more will be added. Some are localized to specific regions, while most are widely distributed. The assembly of these sequences into a large database, which includes their geographic distribution, has become a new means by which measles transmission pathways can be traced and control measures can be assessed. This "molecular epidemiology" has affected the U. S. measles elimination program, and if used appropriately with standard epidemiologic methods, it will affect global measles elimination and eradication. This 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 0006[climate change;climate change impacts;climate change trends;climate change vulnerabilities;national parks;range shifts]From glaciers melting in Park to corals bleaching in National Park, field research in US has detected statistically significant changes that analyses of possible causes have attributed to human-induced climate change. Research that has used data from US shows that climate change has also raised sea level, shifted vegetation and animal ranges, increased tree mortality, and caused other impacts. Average annual temperature of the US System increased at a statistically significant rate of 0. 9 ± 0. 2ºC per century (mean ± SE) from 1895 to 2010. If we do not reduce greenhouse gas emissions from power plants, cars, and deforestation, temperature in the 21st century could increase at two to six times the rate of 20th century warming, and temporal and spatial patterns of precipitation could change substantially. Analyses of vulnerabilities of resources in US indicate that continued climate change could fundamentally alter many of the globally unique ecosystems, endangered plant and animal species, and physical and cultural resources that national parks protect. (pages 102 - 140)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0007[acid rain;air pollution;atmospheric deposition;national parks;nitrogen deposition;visibility]The story of air pollution research, policy development, and management in national parks is a fascinating blend of cultural change, vision, interdisciplinary and interagency collaboration, and science-policy-management-stakeholder collaborations. Unable to ignore the loss of iconic vistas from regional haze and loss of fish from acid rain in the 1980s, the US Service (NPS) embraced an obligation to protect resources from threats originating outside park boundaries. Upholding the requirement for parks to remain “unimpaired” for the enjoyment of future generations, and using the Act statement that the NPS has an “affirmative responsibility” to protect park resources, the NPS has supported, and effectively used, research as a means to protect lands, waters, and vistas from a mostly unseen threat. Using visibility and atmospheric nitrogen deposition as examples, we illustrate some success stories where the NPS led the way to benefit not only parks, but the nation. (pages 141 - 160)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: rhizogenes но также содержит последовательность гена сходного с геном октопинсинтазы octopine synthase-like (ocl) и c-подобные гены, характерные для A. tumefaciens. TD имеет множественные перестройки фрагмента T-ДНК, сходного с правой частью TL-ДНК штамма A4, и включает ген, подобный orf14 и ген неизвестной функции - orf511 (Сhen et al. , 2014). Исследование родственных видов показало присутствие обширных вставок Т-ДНК в геномах N. tabacum и N. otophora. У N.

Output: pass