Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: However, payment for audio-only visits was not intended to be permanent policy. We argue that reimbursement of audio-only visits should continue for several years after the public health emergency to avoid exacerbating disparities in access to care. 2020, the provided funding to 43 FQHCs and community health centers in California to grow their telemedicine programs and provide data to our evaluation team. Early evidence showed that unlike many organizations in the health care delivery system, health centers were able to maintain patient access to care and keep overall visit volume stable during the first six months of the pandemic. In interviews with our study team in October and November 2020, health center leaders across the 43 health centers attributed this success during the pandemic to several factors, all of which relate in some way to humble audio-only visits. First, many observed that their (typically high) no-show rates were lower than usual across all visit types (audio-only, video, and in-person) after May 2020, allowing clinicians to fill their schedules with billable visits. Offering different care modalities provided additional—often more convenient—options to patients, allowing them to select the modality they wanted and could accommodate. Health centers were even able to convert no-shows into visits by calling and conducting audio-only visits with patients who missed an in-person appointment. Second, health centers conducted individual outreach to patients they had not heard from, often emailing or calling them directly, to highlight the various safe ways to interact with their health care team. Finally, and most importantly, health centers could leverage simple and frictionless audio-only visits to maintain access to care. to August 2020, we found that more primary care visits among health centers in the study occurred via audio-only visits (49 percent) than in-person (48 percent) or via video (3 percent). Audio-only visits comprised more than 90 percent of all telemedicine visits. Reliance on audio-only visits during the pandemic is not surprising given the digital divide. However, what we found particularly interesting was that video visits did not replace audio-only visits as the pandemic progressed, despite signals from payers that video visits were the more sustainable model and with months of additional implementation time. What is preventing greater adoption of video visits among health centers? Interviews again provided insight. First, many low-income patients are not ready for video visits because they lack devices, broadband, or digital literacy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. neuron. 2009. 03. 019 (2009). 10. 1073/pnas. 1514209112 (2015). 101. Nat. Methods 11, 1081–1082, doi: 10. 1038/nmeth. 3140 (2014). 10. 1007/s00429-013-0645-0 (2013). 10. 1038/nmeth706 (2004). 10. 1016/j. neuroscience. 2010. 06. 020 (2010). 10. 1016/j. expneurol. 2012. 02. 009 (2013). 10. 3389/fnins. 2015. 00025 (2015). 10. 1111/epi. 12406 (2013). 10. 1152/jn. 01040. 2014 (2015). 10. 1007/s10867-011-9216-x (2011). 10. 1038/nm1277 (2005). 10. 1016/j. expneurol. 2013. 05. 004 (2013). 10. 1152/jn. 90770. 2008 (2009). 10. 1038/nm. 4084 (2016). Haiss, F. et al. Improved in vivo two-photon imaging after blood replacement by perfluorocarbon. J. Physiol. 587, 3153–3158, doi: 10. 1113/jphysiol. 2009. 169474 (2009). 10. 1172/JCI82859 (2016). 10. 1038/jcbfm. 2010. 204 (2011). 10. 1101/pdb. prot068155 (2012). 10. 1038/nm. 3400 (2013). 10. 1111/epi. 12247 (2013). 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2014 (2015). 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2014. 12. 059 (2010). 10. 1523/jneurosci. 4980-07. 2008 (2008). 10. 1073/pnas. 1311967110 (2013). 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2012. 01. 007 (2012). 10. 1038/nprot. 2006. 58 (2006). 10. 1016/0166-2236(90)90135-W (1990). 10. 1002/syn. 890140102 (1993). 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Early childhood education can have long-term benefits on development. [SEP] Text: Since the kinds of technological knowledge that are made possible for children to develop understanding of is dependent on teachers’ technological knowledge (e. g. Sundqvist 2020; 2021), how activities are organised and what hands-on materials are offered (e. g. Thorshag & Holmqvist 2019), this highlights the significance of ECE teachers’ awareness and inclusion of the history of technology to support an emerging understanding of the nature of technology. We acknowledge the importance of including the historical aspect of mechanical technology, especially in relation to developing an understanding of how technology has been intertwined with human development throughout our history of which current high technological societies ensues. We have applied DiGironimo’s (2011) model to study how knowledge related to the five dimensions of the nature of technology emerge in the interaction in a preschool setting, highlighting the need to discuss the implications of employing the model that initially was used for older students in a preschool context. The framework has proven valuable for discerning a broad comprehension of the concept of technology, and the results of our study suggest that the model is useful as a framework for a mutual point of reference within both the research field and professionals in ECE. ConclusionRegarding how technology education is enacted, the results from previous research can be categorised into two themes: technology activities organised with either play-oriented or goal-oriented approaches (see also Eliasson et al. , 2022). The results of this study instead point to the possibilities and significance of combining a well-planned and goal-oriented learning activity with an open and permissive approach, giving play orientation space within the activity and being sensitive to the children’s focus of interest as a basis for teaching technology. In this study it is shown how the teacher moves between using children’s play approach and by ignoring it to coordinate a mutual focus on the technology content, thus bringing light to the significant role of the teacher. To enable such a teaching approach, the teacher must be comfortable with teaching basic subject knowledge and be sensitive to the orchestration of the activities. This study contributes with knowledge on how technology education can be incorporated in ECE settings, without losing sight of its essential elements with an equally strong focus on education, play and care.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Yet, even among patients who are able to participate in video visits, many have a preference not to because of cultural or privacy concerns. For example, some patients are not comfortable showing their home environment. Furthermore, health center leaders pointed out that patients with limited data plans may not want or be able to use their data on a video visit. The costs of in-person care are often offset by health centers and health plans that provide or subsidize transportation. Yet, to date, there has not been sufficient attention to addressing video visit costs for patients. Finally, a video visit, like an in-person visit, typically requires multiple steps such as clicking links, downloading mobile apps, troubleshooting connection issues, and waiting in a virtual waiting room. Even when these steps are relatively easy for patients to navigate, automated instructions and communications about them are seldom available in multiple languages. This technology can be challenging for many, especially non-English speakers, compared to audio-only visits that you can passively receive as you go about your day without the need for any instruction. Not all the barriers identified in interviews were at the patient level. Some clinicians opted for audio-only visits in the early months of the pandemic because it was difficult to learn new video platforms and workflows at a time of great uncertainty. Also, video visits often required clinicians to take on additional responsibilities within the visit, diagnosing and treating patients’ technology as well as physical problems. Health center leaders reported numerous challenges with video platforms and equipment (for example, connectivity issues) that disrupted video visits, negatively impacted the user experience, and required additional staff time to address. Furthermore, some health centers used video platforms that were separate from their scheduling systems or electronic medical record, which proved cumbersome. Others implemented multiple video platforms, thereby increasing complexity and training needs. Some health centers reported additional challenges connecting with interpreter services via video. Audio-the ease of audio-only visits and their effectiveness in addressing certain patient needs suggests that reimbursement should continue, there are important concerns to consider. There is widespread concern among policy makers that reimbursing for telephone visits will lead to fraud and abuse and additional (unnecessary) utilization. Payers are also worried that they will end up reimbursing for activities (for example, communication about lab results) that used to occur without payment. Furthermore, many assume that care delivered via audio is lower in quality because clinicians cannot visually assess the patient.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Maximum growth rates of mutants isolated from both cultures were consistently less than those of the non-mutants suggesting that the mutations were mildly deleterious in both strains, however their effect in each population was different. High rates of emerging genetic variation introduce a level of unpredictability that could ultimately compromise the function of engineered organisms and adversely affect the biotechnology they are embedded in. ResultsGrowth rates (denoted as ‘η’ in the current study), and hence generation times, of both the MG1655 and the MDS42 strains have been previously compared and have been shown to be unequal [24]. We confirmed these findings via batch growth in the minimal glucose-depleted medium that was utilized in all experiments in our study. Doubling times were 38 (1. 1 h−1) min for the MG1655 strain and 53 (0. 79 h−1) min for the MDS42 strain (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Unequal generation times have a bearing on mutation rates thus utilizing a chemostat environment enabled us to fix the growth rate (η) and generation time [26, 30] in both strains, allowing for a direct comparison. In addition, controlling dilution rates and the carbon source (substrate) concentrations can allow for bacterial growth under a constant selective pressure, which in this experiment was hunger and starvation [26,27,28]. Triplicate populations (N = 3) of both strains of E. coli were grown in continuous culture in the chemostats that were fed a substrate of minimal glucose-depleted media. A dilution rate of 0. 1 h−1 ensured that the substrate in the chemostat was depleted and yielded a generation time of 6. 9 h. Previous work with derivatives of the E. coli K12 strain that have not been engineered to remain stable reported that they acquire mutations readily in glucose-limited chemostats [20]. Therefore, it was expected that mutations would accumulate in the triplicate MG1655 chemostats, and hence they were utilized here as controls. Populations of both strains reached a steady state within 20 h, maintaining an average density of 1. 6·108 colony forming units (CFU) per mL for the MG1655 strain and 1. 1·108 CFU*mL−1 for the MDS42 strain, with no significant difference between the two (P = 0. 128; Fig. 1a).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: Use of among Teachers and Pupils’ Satisfaction with in size paper includes results of two different research. The first one is considering primary grade teachers opinion about their competencies in Drama education. Drama art at a primary school in Croatia is taught as a part of theatre culture inside the curriculum of the mother tongue and literature and most often as an extracurricular activity. Extracurricular activities are an integral part of the Croatian educational system. Every pupil is free to choose, in addition to the regular school subjects, an extracurricular activity or more of their preference. The aim of the first research was to investigate the frequency, importance and variety of ways in which drama techniques are used in teaching. The analysis are based on the result of empirical research on a sample of 161 early primary grade teachers from 10 schools from Istra and Zagreb counties. It is proven wrong that frequency of using drama techniques in teaching is more frequent among teachers with shorter length in teaching and that frequency of using drama techniques in teaching is not more frequent among teachers with longer experience in drama extracurricular activities. This paper also presents the results of the second research about pupils’ satisfaction with basic aspects of extracurricular activities in the fourth grade of primary school. Extracurricular activities are provided by teachers in schools and partly by trainers or tutors of external courses at music schools, sports clubs etc. The research was done in eight schools in the county of Istria, Croatia. All pupils in this research (N=138) are included in extracurricular activities of some sort. In the paper, all the activities are divided in the following categories: arts, aesthetic education including literature, sports education, technical, ICT education, and others. Results consider only extracurricular activities provided in schools and show that there is a statistically significant difference in satisfaction with extracurricular activities between girls and boys. There is also a difference in satisfaction regarding the choice and type of extracurricular activities. The combining of the results in these two research gives a possibility to question how to strengthen teachers in their abilities to teach drama and perspective to analyse pupils’ satisfaction to improve teaching process. Keywords: Drama education, extracurricular activities, drama techniques, pupils’ satisfaction teachers’ role in satisfying educational goals implies, among other things, positive emotional environment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: However, among the health center leaders we spoke to, audio-only visits were not just easier than video visits; health center leaders credited telephone visits with increasing access to care, reducing wait times, and in certain circumstances, offering care they perceived to be of comparable quality. While it is important to explore the potential downsides of audio-only visits and determine the specific use cases for which they are appropriate, eliminating payment for audio-only visits in the near term will disproportionately impact safety-net settings and patients who are not prepared or equipped for video visits. Telemedicine can serve as a tool to reduce disparities in health care access but limiting reimbursement to video visits may actually increase them. One potential path forward after the public health emergency is to continue to reimburse for audio-only visits for a trial period and specifically in cases where there is a documented barrier to video visits. During this time, policy makers could amass more evidence, as there has been limited research to date on the quality of audio-only visits to inform policy. We may learn that audio-only visits are just as effective as in-person or video visits in particular situations, such as for medication management for a stable patient with ADHD, or for insulin titration for a patient with well-controlled diabetes. Furthermore, policy makers should prioritize efforts to prepare all patients and health centers for video visits by ensuring that everyone—including patients in rural communities—has access to high-speed Internet and devices with affordable data plans. Hands-on assistance navigating video visits is also key. Some health centers we spoke to discussed efforts to train patients on telemedicine platforms when they came in for in-person visits or to provide resources to improve digital literacy. Efforts like this should be expanded. Then, after the vast majority of low-income patients are prepared for video visits, reimbursement for audio-only visits could be eliminated entirely or could be restricted to specific use cases where quality is known to be equivalent to in-person care. Bell said, “The great advantage that the telephone possesses over every other form of electrical apparatus consists of the fact that it requires no skill to operate. ” Perhaps a day will come when audio-only interactions are truly archaic because other technologies will be just as user-friendly. Based on what we have seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, we are not there yet. Authors’ authors would like to acknowledge the for their support of this work. Advertisement 2021.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Fig. 1A description of mean steady-state growth, mutant accumulation, and mutation rate for all chemostat runs: n = 3 per strain. The vertical scale is logarithmic (Log10) and the horizontal scale is in hours, for all three sections of this figure. a The relationship between mean cell density measured as colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) and time measured in hours. Cell density for all runs reached steady state in approximately 20 h and stayed that way till the end of the sampling period. The diamond shape and dotted line represents the mean cell density for the MG1655 strain. The circle and the solid line represent mean cell density for the MDS42 strain. Horizontal error bars represent the standard deviation above and below the mean. b The relationship between the mean of the total number of mutant colony forming units (cycR, rifR) for each chemostat run and time (in hours). The diagonally stripped boxes represent the means for the runs containing the MG1655 strain and the solid grey boxes represent the means for runs containing the MDS42 strain. Standard deviations are not shown, as some were negative values, which cannot be plotted on graphs that utilise a logarithmic scale. Instead the horizontal error bars represent the distance between each mean and the maximum and minimum number of mutant colonies quantified at each time point. c The mean mutation rate (μ) measured as mutations per cell per generation, that was estimated at four time points (24, 168, 336, 504 h) during the experiment. The horizontal axis is scaled to generations, where the generation rate was 0. 14 generations per hour for a growth rate (η) of 0. 1 hr−1. The grey squares represent the MG1655 strains and the open circles represent the MDS42 strains. The horizontal error bars represent the standard deviation above and below the mean mutation rateFull size image Spontaneously occurring mutations are extremely rare and are typically observed when they produce a detectable phenotype, usually observed via a selective screen. Fortuitously in E. coli, spontaneous mutations produce a detectable phenotype change when they occur at either the RNA polymerase subunit (rpoB) locus or the cycloserine A (cycA) locus.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: “The most important predictors of students' satisfaction with school are students' feelings that they are treated fairly, that they feel safe and that they believe that teachers are supportive” (Samdal et al. , 1996). Assuming that teacher who feels competent would be a better motivator and supporter was my motive for the first research. “The function of drama teacher is to challenge, arouse interest, make anxious, give confidence, coordinate achievement, and encourage reflection. In any one lesson, he may operate in these varieties of other ways. No more than the maths or history teacher can he abdicate from his responsibility to assist and support his pupils in their learning” (O’Neill, Lambert, Linnell, & Warr-Wood, 1976). In this 1953. when they were officially introduced in our school. Previšić (1985). It is different from country to country how much one invests in the development of extracurricular activities. According to Rajić et al. (2007), from 2003, the USA government invest 3, 6 billion (milliards) dollars in extracurricular projects to improve and allow their children to develop their interest and academically improve status, and their personal and social success. Puževski (1988) uses the term extracurricular activities to indicate “all the forms of activities, work and life that students of a school take part in and which are organized outside regular lessons (student groups, societies, organizations and communities)” (p. 24). These are planned educational endeavours that are realised within the framework of the school, outside regular lessons, and which provide an area of interest and an affirmation of a pupil's personality (Pejić-Papak & Vidulin-Orbanic, 2011). The goal of extracurricular activities is to initiate children to creation, gaining knowledge and competence according to their personal abilities and interest. This point of view was my motive for the second research on students’ satisfaction with extracurricular activities. The satisfaction as a key factor to the openness for learning and evolving. Mlinarević and (2009), has done similar researches in Croatia. About the process of enhancing the quality of extra-curricular activities. That paper presents the reports of 284 students on their satisfaction with extra-curricular activities during the school year 2009/2010.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: Exploring healthcare providers’ perspectives on virtual care delivery: insights into telemedicine services access Published: 02 January 2024 Exploring healthcare providers’ perspectives on virtual care delivery: insights into telemedicine services Israa K. Abdelghany1, Ranim AlMatar1, Asmaa Al-Haqan1, Israa Abdullah1 & …Salah Waheedi1 Show authors 15. 4% of HCPs had previously used telemedicine technology and 39% already knew about it. Additionally, 42. 3% preferred to use telemedicine, and 88. 5% had a moderate to high usefulness score. Telemedicine’s ease of use was perceived positively. Attitude median score was 73 with an IQR of 16 (63–79). Half of the participants intend to use telemedicine. In phase two, twenty-two interviews were conducted resulting in six themes; HCPs’ acceptance of telemedicine, facilitators and motives for telemedicine implementation, skills and training required to conduct telemedicine, barriers limiting the use of telemedicine, strategies to overcome the barriers, and benefits of telemedicine. ConclusionMost of the HCPs favor telemedicine integration into Kuwait’s healthcare system as their perceptions of telemedicine were overall positive, paving the way to develop implementation strategies. reports BackgroundGovernments and health organizations worldwide have been developing services and regulations dedicated to providing the general population with a high-quality healthcare system. This system aims to reduce the burden of disease or injury, disability, and to improve peoples’ overall health status, as well as functioning level. However, booming public expectations, transforming health-related needs, and new aspiring goals are raising the bar for health systems to aim for better health outcomes. For that to be achieved, a high-quality health system is needed to optimize healthcare by the continuous provision of care, thus, improving or maintaining health [1]. One of the ways healthcare can be improved is by implementing different forms of technology [2]. Since we are living in a digital world, where communications, computer sciences, informatics, and medical technologies continue to progress rapidly, one must have heard about the term telehealth or telemedicine.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Specifically, mutations at the rpoB locus render an organism resistant to the antibiotic Rifampicin (rifR) [31] and mutations at the cycA locus confer resistance to d-cycloserine (cycR) [32]. Therefore antibiotic-containing selector plates can be used to screen for these specific mutants. Although mutations at different loci and/or silent mutations are excluded here, this is a commonly used system with the cycA locus especially being used to estimate background mutation rates in E. coli (see Ref. [32] for example). Indeed the cycA locus was used for the first estimate of background mutation rates in the MDS strains [6]. Here we exploited this system by sampling the continuous culture populations periodically and plating these samples on selector plates to quantify spontaneous mutant accumulation over time. Samples were also plated on non-selector plates for a colony count. RifR and cycR mutants accumulated in both the MG1655 and MDS42 strains, with marked variation between runs (Fig. 1b). Mutation rates (denoted as ‘μ’ in the current study) were estimated using a simple linear mutation accumulation model, that reports the number of mutations per cell per generation and is suitable for chemostats [33] (Table 1; Fig. 1c). Mutation rate estimates (μ) in the MDS42 strain were 1. 4-fold higher than in MG1655 by 24 h, increasing to approximately 20-fold higher by 168 h (7 days) (Table 1). These were then surpassed by the MG1655 strain 504 h into the experiment, where the average estimated mutation rate reached 1. 03·10−3 mutations cell−1 generation−1, which is approximately 30-fold higher than in the MDS42 strain (Table 1; Fig. 1c). Table 1 Estimates of mutation rates (μ) in mutations/cell/generation for the MG1655 and MDS42 strainsFull size table The spontaneous mutation rate in both strains had previously been estimated at the cycA locus via a fluctuation test [6].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: in three rural and three urban elementary schools. The results show the number and frequency of extra-curricular activities and students’ satisfaction with the choice of extracurricular activities, suggesting new possibilities of organizing extra-curricular activities and reasons for the involvement of students in extracurricular activities. Same authors, Mlinarević and (2011), have done another research about students’ estimates of the possibility of the co-constructing curriculum in extracurricular activities in primary school. In order to incite student’s creativity through extracurricular activities in elementary school. The level of possibility of students’ choices in school options in the curriculum construction and implementation activities and school factors that directly affect the flow and the performance of extracurricular activities has been explored. Methodology and aim of this paper is to establish the relationship between using of drama techniques among teachers and pupils’ satisfaction with extracurricular activities. Assuming that satisfaction among pupils is highly based on teachers’ competence and motivation to teach drama. Even thou the results are more general, not only considering drama, in this paper I try to observe these two educational positions and try to think of better ways to improve teachers’ competence and pupils’ satisfaction in educational process. For both the of the researches, questionnaires were made. The questionnaires consisted of a general section (the years of work in teaching, conducting drama groups as part of extra-curricular activities, and professional training in the field of drama education, or number and type of extracurricular activities attended…). Both questioners contained and multiple-choice questions that were related to the use of different methods in drama teaching and extracurricular work or p50. 7%) and 68 female (49. 3%) From the research problems of this paper, these hypotheses were made: H1 Frequency of using drama techniques in teaching is more frequent among teachers with shorter length in teaching. H2 Frequency of using drama techniques in teaching is more frequent among teachers with longer experience in drama extracurricular activities. Both of them have been proven wrong. H3 There is the difference in satisfaction with extracurricular activities regarding pupils’ gender. H4 There is the difference in satisfaction with extracurricular activities regarding chosen extracurricular activities. Both of them have been proven right.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: As the name implies, the prefix tele- from Greek telos- means at a distance and health or medicine refers to different kinds of services and outcomes related to healthcare [3]. Throughout the past few decades, the swift development in technology led to a concurrent telemedicine advancement, resulting in a sophisticated targeted service used in homes, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities [2]. According to the Organization (WHO), telemedicine is defined as “the provision of healthcare services at a distance with communication conducted between healthcare providers seeking clinical guidance and support from other healthcare providers (provider-to-provider telemedicine) or conducted between remote healthcare users seeking health services and healthcare providers (client-to-provider telemedicine)’’ [3]. Televisits are healthcare services provided through telemedicine and are defined as medical acts in which doctors communicate with patients remotely and might result in medicine or treatment prescriptions [3, 4]. In our study, we will use the term ‘telemedicine’ and choose ‘televisits’ as the healthcare service under question. The rapidly spreading 2019 (COVID-19) led to devastating consequences on healthcare systems, health workers, and patients, as well as the economy worldwide [5]. The challenge of the consistently growing number of COVID-19 cases and deaths warranted the establishment of an alternative method of care delivery and disease control. The emergence of COVID-19 was a turning point in the journey of telemedicine into practice [6]. During the pandemic, social isolation and extreme lockdown measures were implemented, this resulted in using telemedicine not only to take care of COVID-19 patients, but also in public awareness, research, and teaching [7]. These versatile areas of applications suggest using telemedicine even after the COVID-19 pandemic is over, due to the enhanced HCPs’ perception of such technology [8]. Telemedicine is considered a viable option by patients and healthcare professionals for providing healthcare services. Quality of care and confidentiality, as well as ensured privacy, are prerequisites for patients to accept telemedicine [9]. Moreover, telemedicine use would save time and is cheaper for patients considering the transportation cost, unpaid leaves, and gas prices [4].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Working under the assumption that these were an estimate of a background mutation rate, we compared the rates acquired in our chemostats at the cycA locus only (Table 1), with these previous estimates, and found an approximately eight-fold increase in just 24 h in the MDS42 strain and a two-fold increase in the MG1655 strain (Additional file 1: Figure S2). This fold-difference increased further in both strains in comparison with this background rate estimate. In a chemostat, growth rate is an important measure of fitness. The mean growth rate is held constant by controlling the dilution rate. This means that if any portion of the population gains an advantage it is at the expense of the remainder. So, faster growing mutants will ultimately dominate and slower growers will ultimately wash out of the population. Thus, growth rate was used as an index to phenotypic variation. We reasoned that in a clonal population, a wider distribution of growth rates was indicative of increased phenotypic, and hence, by association, emerging genetic variation. Previously published work [34, 35] has shown that phenotype screening is an effective way of assessing the emergence of genetic diversity in chemostat populations. Therefore, populations of mutants from two chemostat runs—one for each strain—where the mutant fraction increased monotonically over time were chosen for further investigation. Forty-eight cycR mutant colonies were chosen at random from each time point with the exception of the MDS42 mutants sampled at 24 h; a total of 20 colonies was available here. Each mutant was grown individually in batch culture using the same minimal glucose-depleted medium as used in the chemostat experiments. Twenty-four non-mutants from both strains were also grown in the same conditions for comparison. These non-mutant populations were streaked from fresh glycerol stocks and were thus assumed to have no mutations. To check that tradeoffs between growth and yield did not confound our assertion that growth rate is a reasonable measure of fitness, we estimated biomass yield in the batch experiments and showed that the average yield of mutant strains was lower (MG1655) or the same as (MDS42) the non-mutant strains (Additional file 1: Figure S3). The observed growth rate distributions were different between strains (Fig. 2). Of the MDS42 mutants, 83–100% sampled through time were able to grow in isolation in batch.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: research shows that drama education has very widespread use in class teaching as particular subject or as a part of teaching method in others subjects in Croatia. It is an integral part of the contemporary educational paradigm that enables teachings through experience, game and holistic approach. Nevertheless, can we expected improvement if teachers consider themselves not competent to teach Drama education? This is something to be considered in relation to other research, because if the teachers are not motivated enough to become competent how can we expect that pupils will be content with extracurricular activities which are the only free subject that they can choose. The results of this research have proven that there is statistically significant difference with extracurricular activities regarding pupils’ gender. Girls are more satisfied with extracurricular activities than boys are. There is also found statistically significant difference in satisfaction with extracurricular activities regarding chosen extracurricular activities. It shows that pupils who chose artistic aesthetic extracurricular activities are more satisfied with their choice than others are. It is also fact that girls choose most the artistic aesthetic activities, so the correlation between two hypotheses is also possible. What does it mean? Is the choice of activities provided in schools more suited for girls? These kinds of insights give us a possibility of rethinking the performance, content and organization of extracurricular activity because its purpose and value are very important for child development. author(s) declare that there is no conflict of interest. 12. January 2015. Kerbel, L. (2012). Swimming in the shallow end. Opportunities for girls in youth drama, focusing on the quantity and quality of roles available to themonline/. 15. January 2015. Krušić, V. (2008). The posibilities of drama. for Drama Education. /online/. 2. September 2012. Martinčević, J. (2010). Extracurricular activities as a factor of education for a leisure time, Life and School, Journal for the Theory and Practice of Education, Ladislav Bognar, Faculty of philosophy Osijek, Faculty of education in Osijek, 24(2) 19- 34. Miliša, Z. (2000). (ur. ) Report. Department of Education Development, Zagreb. Mlinarević, V. , & Brust Nemet, M. (2009).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: However, the presence of perceived barriers to telemedicine, for example, the lack of physical examination and problems with the devices used, is linked to low utilization. Moreover, HCPs’ perceptions of this care delivery method are also a crucial factor in adoption. The importance of telemedicine in Kuwait, however, has not yet been properly established. This study aims to evaluate the perceptions of HCPs for healthcare services provided virtually in Kuwait, and to assess their acceptance and intention to implement this service. MethodsStudy design and settingThis study was conducted using an exploratory sequential mixed methods design [10, 11]. The healthcare providers’ perception towards telemedicine was explored using a quantitative online questionnaire (Phase 1). The findings from the questionnaire were further explored by conducting semi-structured interviews with participants who choose to provide their contact details for phase 2. Finally, findings from both phases were interpreted through integration of the quantitative and qualitative data. This study was carried out in Kuwait, which has a population of around 4. 1 million. The healthcare system in Kuwait provides primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare services in both public (government) and private sectors. -19 healthcare facilities in the governmental and private sector started to provide some services virtually. However, some of these services stopped shortly after health restrictions were removed. Sample size and sampling strategyFor the online questionnaire (Phase 1), sample size was calculated using the Raosoft sample size calculator [12] with chosen 5% as a margin of error, 95% as a confidence interval (CI), and a response distribution of 50%. According to the Bureau in Kuwait (CSB), the 2020 statistical analysis of the Ministry of Health (MOH) workers showed that there are 61,993 healthcare providers (CSB, 2020). “Raosoft. com” stated a minimum sample of 382 is required to have statistically meaningful results. A chain-referral convenient sampling method was used to recruit healthcare providers. For the semi-structured interviews (Phase 2), the participants were recruited through the survey, as well as through snowball sampling. To obtain a range of perspectives, the interviews included healthcare professionals across different roles in the healthcare system, including doctors, pharmacists, nurses, and allied health professionals from several practice sites. Participants could either be working in the public or private sector, or self-employed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The overall mean mutant growth rate for the MDS42 mutants was 1. 2-fold slower than non-mutant growth under the same conditions in batch (Fig. 3). Seven days into the experiment, we observed a wide range of growth rates, which expanded further by day 14 (Fig. 2); a small percentage of mutant growth rates also approached the mean rate of non-mutant growth (Fig. 3). Following this, the distribution of growths for mutants sampled on day 21 had a smaller range and a lower mean (Fig. 2). Fig. 2The distribution of individual growth rates, ascertained via batch culture, for the isolated cycR mutants sampled from intervals starting at 24 h (day 1), and then seven, 14, and 21 days respectively. Forty-eight mutants were isolated from each time point from each strain except for the 24-h interval for MDS42, where only 20 mutants were available. Each mutant was grown individually in batch culture using the same growth medium as used in the chemostat cultures. The percentage of mutants that had a growth rate that was greater than zero is indicated in the top-right corner of each panelFull size image Fig. 3A comparison of mean cycR mutant growth rates of batch monocultures of the MG1655 (stripped bars) and MDS42 strains (grey bars). The two horizontal lines represent the mean growth rate for non-mutant strains of MG1655 (dashed line; 1. 1 hr−1) and MDS42 (dotted-dashed line; 0. 79 hr−1)Full size image In comparison, 4–75% of the MG1655 mutants grew in isolation. For the MG1655 mutants sampled we observed a similar broad range of growths after day 7 (Fig. 2). Here too mean mutant growth rates were much slower than the non-mutant populations (Fig. 3). The rate of decline in the mean and variance of growth rate of mutants in batch was far greater in the MG1655 strain. By day 14 only three of the mutants grew in pure batch culture, which dropped to only two by day 21 (Fig. 2). This was unexpected because the mutant fraction in samples from the chemostat for this particular experimental run was very high (5. 03% by day 21). We questioned whether this observation was the result of individuals in the population with cross-feeding polymorphisms.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: Extracurricular Activities: Success and Development of with the Role of Parents, Public and 0 Original scientific paper By leap_bojan on November 30, 2019 × Saibovich, S. A. , 2019. Extracurricular Activities: Success and Development of with the Role of Parents, Public and Home Work. of 6(1), 26. APA Saibovich, S. A. (2019). Extracurricular Activities: Success and Development of with the Role of Parents, Public and Home Work. of 6(1), 21-26. SA. Extracurricular Activities: Success and Development of with the Role of Parents, Public and Home Work. of. 2019 Nov,6(1):21-26. . "Extracurricular Activities: Success and Development of with the Role of Parents, Public and Home Work. " of 6. 1 (2019): 21-26. Chicago Saibovich, Sabirov Alisher. "Extracurricular Activities: Success and Development of with the Role of Parents, Public and Home Work. " of 6, no. 1 (2019): 21-26. × Suggested 10. 18775/ijmsba. 1849-5664-5419. 2014. 61. 1003 URL: in Tashkent, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Abstract: The value of Extracurricular activities (ECA) is underestimated in the field of Higher and of Uzbekistan. Present work is revealing hidden potential of ECA to advance students capacity. Using unique data collected on the basis of in-depth interviews with the administration of the first international university in Uzbekistan with British accreditation, the author tried to expand the scope of preliminary studies of the relationship of extracurricular activities with academic achievement, development of skills and the role of parents in shaping interest in extracurricular activities of students. The results demonstrate: (a) the impact of extracurricular activities on academic performance and skills development; (b) the effectiveness of the parental approach, based on a personal experience; (c) the importance of public and domestic works (unstructured extracurricular activities) in the development of the individual. Keywords: Extracurricular activities, Academic achievement, Leadership, Activities: Success and Development of with the Role of Parents, Public and 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics and occupational informationFull size tableIn regard to participants’ familiarity with telemedicine, a minority of respondents (N = 55, 13. 1%) reported never having heard about it, while 65 HCPs (15. 4%) had prior experience using telemedicine technology. Of all participating HCPs, 178 (42. 3%) prefer to use telemedicine, whereas 60 (14. 3%) participants prefer not to use it. The assessment of perceived usefulness resulted in a median score of 26 and an IQR of 6 (22-28). Three hundred and twenty-three respondents (88. 5%) had a moderate to high usefulness score, scored by 172 (46. 5%) and 154 (42%) participants respectively. On the other hand, only 42 (10%) participants had a low usefulness score. More than half of HCPs thought using telemedicine would enable them to accomplish tasks quickly (N = 238, 56. 6%) and help in multiple aspects of patient care (N = 250, 59. 4%). Regarding telemedicine's perceived ease of use, perceptions were overall positive, with almost half of respondents agreeing or strongly agreeing that it is facile to operate, control, and interact through telemedicine. Results showed that 17 (4. 6%) participants had a low ease-of-use score, while 170 (46. 1%) had a moderate score and 181 (49. 2%) had a high score. This section had a median score of 22 and an IQR of 4 (20-24). Most participants believed it is easy to operate (N = 280, 66. 5%) telemedicine and become skillful (N = 240, 57%) using this technology. Six statements exploring HCPs' attitudes toward telemedicine resulted in a median score of 73 and an IQR of 16 (63–79). More than half of the respondents (N = 214, 62. 5%) had a moderate attitude score and 36. 3% (N = 124) had a high score, whereas only 4 (1. 2%) participants scored low. By probing HCPs' intention to use telemedicine, we found only 13 (3. 9%) participants had a low use-intention score, while the remaining scored between moderate (N = 147, 44. 9%) and high (N = 167, 51. 1%).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Indeed, metabolic stress and fluctuating reactor conditions elicit transcriptional changes in chemostat populations of E coli in a matter of seconds, leading to a new ‘steady state’ that is presumably reached by all cells within these populations [37, 38]. It is reasonable to assume that this has occurred in both the MDS42 and MG1655 chemostat populations in the present study. However, our screen enabled us to select individual mutants from these populations, and their growth rate phenotypes varied, suggesting that we were able to observe additional changes to this phenotype that deviates over and above the new steady state. Although our growth rate distributions (Fig. 2) suggested a high turnover of phenotypes, brought on by an elevated mutation rate, the fitness effect of mutations, and whether they could lead to adaptation were not clear. For the MDS42 mutants the first 14 days saw a wide distribution of slow growth rates, an indicator that mutations were likely to be deleterious, but insufficiently so to see them washed out of the chemostats quickly. Beyond 14 days a smaller range of growth rates was observed, which could be indicative of either a decrease in the accumulation of new mutants, or the possibility that the sustained high mutation rates led to the acquisition of increasingly deleterious phenotypes. This is plausible given that IS elements have been deleted from the MDS42 strains. Previous reports have suggested that the systematic deletion of IS elements hinders the ability of these multiple deletion strains to evolve in that acquired mutations, even with a detrimental effect on growth, are not fatal to the cell [15, 24]. Therefore, even in instances where high mutation rates are sustained, new mutations of varying effects continue to accumulate rapidly in MDS42 populations, which over time could make the population more susceptible to genetic drift or purifying selection events. In contrast, the range and mean of the distribution of mutant growth rates in the MG1655 strain appear to fall after just 7 days in batch monocultures. In addition, by day 14, 94% of mutants would not grow in monocultures and those that did, grew very slowly, an indication of deleterious mutations. Yet surprisingly, mutant accumulation in the chemostats continued to rise over the 21 days. Furthermore, in mixed batch cultures, mutants appeared to thrive, with a growth rate approximately four times faster than when grown individually.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: Introduction Extra-curricular activities contribute to academic success, develop skills required in the labor market and demonstrate the uniqueness of WIUT. The organization of meaningful extracurricular activities is a laborious and costly process. However, losses arising from deductions, omissions, poor performance or inappropriate behavior of students are much more expensive than funds spent on out-of-class work. In addition, extracurricular activities are an important indicator determining the attractiveness of an educational institution. Cambridge and Oxford, in addition to academic achievements, became famous Boat race. Webster exposes its own team to the Olympiad. University is also considered as one of the most chess universities in the world. This study was stimulating the search for optimization of extracurricular work at the university. Investigating foreign experience, the research team dwelled on the experience of the (HEAR). This system of accounting for the achievements of extracurricular activities of students unites 100 higher educational institutions of and provides safe access to the information base of the achievements of students in the non-academic sphere. Based on the HEAR system, WIUT implemented its own system: “System”. The recording of achievements in extracurricular work reflects the range of interests of students and is attached to the diploma. The list of achievements demonstrates the skills and level of social activity of the graduate. WIUT was established in 2002, and today it organizes extracurricular activities, taking into account the formation of skills required in the labor market of Uzbekistan. The potential of extracurricular activities is beyond the scope of activities aimed at organizing meaningful leisure for students. The palette of extracurricular activities at the university includes about 40 clubs. Students of WIUT initiate guest lectures, concerts, programs promoting issues of law, international relations and globalization. Annually, during the first month of study, the Students’ Union of the WIUT holds a “Clubs Day” at which students present their own ideas and form lists of club members. The university administration provides comprehensive material and organizational support. Diagram 1 shows clubs and programs organized in the 2017-2018 academic year. 2. 2. 1. between Extracurricular Activities, Scientific literature [1] (in our standards, we quote authors name and the year; (A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: The providers' use-intention median score was 23 with an IQR of 4 (20-24). Further details are provided in Table 2. Table 2 HCPs' Perception of TelemedicineFull size tableThe effect of attitude towards telemedicine, perceived ease of use, and usefulness on use intention were investigated using Spearman's test. Results showed significant correlations, especially between attitude towards telemedicine and use-intention (r = 0. 495, p < 0. 001). Another factor that influenced use intention and preference was knowledge of telemedicine or previous experience. Further details are provided in Table 3. Table 3 Significant correlations:Full size tablePhase 2Twenty-two interviews involving nine physicians, eight pharmacists, three allied health professionals, and two nurses were conducted. We identified 6 themes expressed by the healthcare providers. These themes were (1) the overall acceptance of telemedicine; (2) Facilitators and motives for telemedicine implementation; (3) Skills and training required to conduct televisits; (4) Barriers limiting the use of telemedicine; (5) Strategies to overcome the barriers; and (6) Benefits of telemedicine. Theme 1: the overall acceptance of telemedicineTelemedicine was accepted by HCPs because it was perceived as an alternative method to face-to-face healthcare services. As stated by one participant, “I was hoping for the service to resume later on because it will save too much and save time on the physicians, nurses, and pharmacists in the polyclinics” (P1, pharmacist). A physician mentioned that the doctor’s specialty may determine their acceptance of telemedicine use in their practice. Another physician said, “But for me as an ENT surgeon… working in ENT for about 14 years. I believe if I were still there and have these e-services, I would never rely on them 100% because I need to see the patient” (P5, physician). Although some HCPs accept televisits, some providers are resistant to change because of the increased workload. Moreover, in our interviews, we assessed the acceptance of video calls for various purposes, such as conducting patient visits, demonstrating a product or a tool, or counseling patients.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: So it appears that for the strain with no genome reductions, MG1655, the mutants that survive in the chemostat are no longer exploiting the same niche as the non-mutants; they do not grow in the original media. Their ability to thrive as a cohort suggests that in these strains, acquired mutations have delivered cross-feeding phenotypes. Cross-feeders metabolise by-products from other individuals in the population [39, 40]. Therefore, in a chemostat, a limited but renewed source of glucose could establish a hierarchy whereby a percentage of the population utilises this glucose, and produces byproducts that could, in turn, feed other members of the population, allowing cross feeders to adapt. Multiple byproducts could open up a multitude of niches, leading to the adaptation of several putative beneficial mutations. This could explain the weak, but present, correlation between mutant accumulation and deviation from steady state in the MG1655 chemostats, which suggests accumulating mutations were causing an increase in cell density. This correlation was absent in the MDS42 reactors. Overall, our study showed that stress increased mutation rates in both reduced and non-reduced E. coli strains. The MDS42 strain has been engineered for stability and was intended for a closed and controlled biotechnological application [6]. Although the current study shows that the elevated mutation rate was the result of metabolic stress that is typical of an open environment, it stands to reason that closed systems would behave similarly when under any stress. Previously documented evidence from lab evolution studies using E. coli show that similar to any other stress, glucose-limitation in a chemostat elicits the general stress response affecting genes such as rpoS, a master regulator of this stress response [27]. This stress-response can also down-regulate the DNA mismatch-repair machinery via mutations in mutS and mutY which ultimately leads to an increase in background mutation rates [21, 22, 26]. Although not specifically assayed in the current study, these mutations are very likely to have occurred in our populations too. Moreover, chromosome replication times have been observed to change in stressed chemostat populations in association with altered expression of genes involved in DNA replication, repair, and recombination [41]. Here too, these genes are triggered by and control a multitude of processes involving DNA integrity and hence could lead to an increase in mutation rates if mis-expressed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: Sobirov, 2018) for the in-text referencing) describes the positive impact of extracurricular activities on academic performance, leadership development and a healthy lifestyle. Participation of students in extracurricular activities is an indicator of competence of career development in business. Students involved in extracurricular activities demonstrate academic and social achievements, self-esteem and satisfaction with life [2]. Extracurricular activities develop leadership, communication skills and influence further career growth [3], student self-efficiency, and internal motivation [4]. 2. 2. of Parents in Shaping the Interest in Charlie S. Shannon [5] in the 2. 3. of Activities in Not all young people participate in organized (structured) extra-curricular activities. However, even those who participate in such events, spend up to 40 percent of free time to unstructured leisure [6]. Table 1 shows the most popular leisure activities among adults in the as of September 2013 [7]. Structured and unstructured extracurricular activities, differently affect the development of the individual. Structured classes develop the initiative more than unstructured. Important in unstructured activities (leisure) is that the youth, being alone, develops self-control and self-discipline. “Leisure is not just “good”, it is fundamentally important” [8], adolescents become “agents in their own development” [9]. 3. the method of in-depth interviews, the opinions and assumptions of the WIUT staff on the impact of extracurricular work on personal development were studied. The content of semi-structured interviews, with prior approval, was recorded on the recorder. The information is collected through the following semi-structured questions: What are the memories of participating in extracurricular activities? What was the reaction of the parents to the decision to engage in extracurricular activities? How do extracurricular activities affect student achievement and skills development? What needs to be changed in the organization of extracurricular activities? The text of each interview was translated in Word format, to check against an audio record for correctness of information.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: While video calls can facilitate many aspects of healthcare, in some areas, a complete subjective and objective assessment may not be feasible through video calls. Some interviewees were supportive of its use, while others were not, and some found that it depends on patients’ p2. Furthermore, there are no chief technology officers to assist HCPs in some institutions. The final factor limiting telemedicine acceptance is patient-related issues. According to the providers, patients’ p82. 8% of those with high attitude scores had a high use intention score as well. This was consistent with one study that showed a positive effect of attitude on use intention [13]. The interviews in the present study showed that good communication skills, patience, and sympathy are the components of a trustful relationship between HCPs and patients. In addition to the previous qualities, empathy and emotional support were also mentioned in other studies [21]. In our interviews, we only asked the participants who had already tried telemedicine before if they thought that training was required, and 8 out of 11 said yes. One healthcare professional noted that the MOH system is complicated and requires training before usage; however, those who opposed training emphasized the ease with which platforms may be used. From this finding we can infer the importance of providing education and training in this field to improve providers' opinions and provide a technologically capable working team, thus facilitating telemedicine implementation [20]. Results from interviews revealed that the lack of physical examination was the most mentioned barrier by HCPs as they could not read patients' body language, make eye contact, or complete an objective examination. These findings were similar to current literature that addressed the importance of physical examination and non-verbal communication [21, 22]. Patient-related factors such as their age, hearing, visual, as well as language abilities were found to be barriers to conducting successful televisits [23]. Furthermore, patients’ level of education is critical, as not all of them can use applications or gain access to this type of service. Unlike other studies that showed an effect of age [20] on perceived usefulness and gender on attitude [24], sociodemographic characteristics had no significant effect on the results of this study. Additionally, some patients refuse to appear on camera because they fear being recorded. However, a study conducted in Kuwait looked at patients’ perceptions of virtual healthcare services and found that 24. 3% were concerned about privacy, while 48.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Given that stress can lead to mutations via so many different genetic pathways, it is reasonable to assume that a stress of any type, even in a closed system could lead to an elevated mutation rate. This study also found that the adaptive effect of mutations was difficult to predict. We observed a different effect in populations from each strain, neither of which would be ideal for a biotechnology. For example, the cross-feeding mutants that emerged in the MG1655 populations could produce unwanted byproducts. Moreover, if embedded in an environmental biotechnology, the adaptations could lead to the engineered microorganisms becoming bio contaminants. In the MDS42 strain, the deletions of IS elements appeared to initially ‘dampen’ the effect of mutations a potential advantage for a biotechnology, provided that the process was completed in a few days. For longer-term applications, or for proposed environmental biotechnologies, further chassis modifications would be required. MethodsBacterial strainsStrains of bacteria used in this study are both derivatives of E. coli K12. The MG1655 (F- lambda- ilvG- rfb-50, rph-1) substrain is the E. coli reference strain (GI: 556503834) and was purchased from the DSMZ culture collection (Braunsweig, Germany). The multiple deletion series (MDS) MDS42 substrain (GI: 471332236) was created by deleting IS elements, cryptic prophages, and degenerate genes from MG1655 and has been described in detail in Posfai et al. [6]. It was purchased from (Wisconsin, USA). Chemostats and culture conditionsStrains were streaked onto fresh LB-agar plates from glycerol stocks and growth overnight at 37 °C. A single colony was then inoculated into a 100 mL culture of freshly prepared minimal M9 media [42] supplemented with 10 mM glucose and 0. 2% casamino acids and grown till it reached an optical density of 0. 1. Eight millilitres of this culture was used to inoculate a 500 mL computer controlled-chemostat (modified miniBio® 500, Applikon Biotechnology, Delft, NL). The continuous culture was maintained at a volume of 350 mL with constant stirring at a dilution rate of 0. 1 hr−1 at a temperature of 37 °C and a pH of 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: The recording of each participant’s interview was analyzed in accordance with the procedure for analyzing the information set out by Bogdan and Biklen (1998) [10], who advocate the creation of coding categories, the mechanical sorting of information and the analysis of data within each category. Interviews of each participant were separately coded as Interviewer 1 (INT. 1), Interviewer 2 (INT. 2), Interviewer 3 (INT. 3), similarly, until Interviewer 11 (INT. 11). Duplicate information is grouped into coding categories. The comparative method of research is used in the process of organizing and analyzing information. 4. Sample and selected 11 administrative representatives of WIUT (Figure 1), whose activities are related to the process of organizing extracurricular activities at the university. This allowed us easily and economically determine the influence of extracurricular activities on the progress and development of students’ skills. We also try to identify the strengths and weaknesses of extracurricular activities at the university and identify questions for further research. Respondents have personal experience of participation both in structured and unstructured forms of extracurricular activities: sports, social clubs, socially useful work, doing household chores. 4. 1. study consists of several phases. During the preparatory process, a list of interviewers was compiled, with which were discussed: the purpose of the interview; time and place of the meeting; permission to audio recording; confidentiality issues. Interviewers are assured that their names will not be announced at any stage of the study and will not be passed on to third parties. The issue of further use of the received material was also discussed. The next phase is the collection of information. We hold eleven meetings based on a schedule agreed in advance. The average duration of an interview was one to one and a half hours. The interviews are recorded on electronic recorder and later transmitted into Word format. The questions proposed to the respondents are grouped into three groups: (a) the impact of extracurricular activities on academic achievement and skills development; (b) the role of parents in shaping interest in extracurricular activities; (c) the importance of unstructured out-of-class training in the formation of the individual. 5. Results 5.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: 5% believed video calls were secure [9]. In the present study, we assessed whether providers thought virtual visits dehumanize interpersonal interactions or make them uncomfortable. Less than a quarter perceived dehumanized patient care, while half of the respondents felt comfortable using telemedicine. This might be explained by the familiarity with technology generally as it is implemented in almost all daily activities and used by healthcare providers during conferences and continuous medical education programs. Findings from this study show that many participants were uncertain whether telemedicine leads to increased cost by increasing workload or not. When workload was further investigated through interview, some perceived increased workload using telemedicine, while others claimed it saves time. Another study conducted in 2021 also cited increased workload [25]. On balance, other studies expected more cost and time saving because of reduced travel time and transportation expenses [26, 27]. Our study revealed several benefits of telemedicine. One promising finding is the HCPs perceived high telemedicine usefulness. Amodt et al. (2019) produced similar findings where participants cited the feasibility of timely feedback and decreased workload by enabling the assessment of more patients in less time. Enhanced communication was also cited by Crilly et al. (2019), which noticed improved pharmacist-patient relationships after implementing telemedicine in community pharmacies. Interviews revealed that HCPs use televisits to triage patients and meet patients’ needs, which is a desired benefit as well as a facilitator of telemedicine implementation. Nearly half of HCPs highly believed telemedicine is easily used, which exceeds the results of other studies. In this study, 54. 9% find it easy to control telemedicine technology and get it to do what they command, but in Mammen et al. (2018), 46. 9% faced technical problems while applying this technology [14]. Another discussed aspect is the flexibility of telemedicine stated by 48. 9% of HCPs, yet inflexibility was stated in Helou et al. (2020) by physicians who could not manage consultation times adequately. Another mentioned inflexibility was the inability to retrieve patients' records [7]. Further elaboration during interviews were done to assess how these barriers could be overcome and increase use intention. One point is the need for highly qualified HCPs who are aware of strategies promoting a strong relationship with patients to enhance patient acceptance of telemedicine.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Reconstructing life is central to synthetic biology’s efforts, as a means to try and understand what life is. I explore the consequences of the model of the cell-as-a-computer, where the “chassis” is explicitly separated from the program, as in a computer (Danchin 2009a). As a heuristics, information is viewed here as an authentic category of reality. I organise in what follows a tentative philosophical reflection on constraints met by synthetic biology around four themes which I see as a true revolution of human thinking, the shift from a mechanistic view of the world to an algorithmic view, with the result that living organisms can be understood as information traps. The modern reflection on information began with Hilbert’s problems at the beginning of the XXth century. One of his questions was whether arithmetics, the mathematics of whole numbers, was simply a tautology, i. e. its conclusions could be automatically drawn and reached from its premises. The response brought about by Gödel and successors after 1931 recognised that arithmetic was incomplete, in that it could bring about conclusions which were understandable only when taking a point of view from the outside of arithmetics. Arithmetics incompleteness establishes that whole numbers theory must be separated from its meaning for the human creator and observer. Briefly, arithmetics is associated to two levels of information: the self-sufficient information carried by strings of symbols, and the information carried by the context: language and civilisation, or more generally, by the biological entities we name Homo sapiens. The latter provides interpretations of the demonstrations and theorems created by the axioms and definitions of number theory but the corresponding information has not yet been theorised. Based as is arithmetics on strings of symbols, the alphabetic metaphor of the genetic program sits at the centre of several theses which I try to make explicit, via a rapid travel through history with the aim to place the category information within synthetic biology: 1. A thousand-year-old metaphysical/ontological thesis, where I discuss the relationships between shape, form and the process of in-formation; 2. An epistemological thesis exploring how information links models of phenomena to reality in a situation identifying two levels of information, the information of the model, and the meaning of the model; 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: 1 between Extracurricular Activities, Extra-curricular activities directly and indirectly affect academic performance and the development of soft flexible skills: “Extracurricular activities teach to be hardworking, which is very important in learning (INT. 4)”; “Sporting events have a positive impact on health, which, in turn, has a direct impact on learning (INT. 5)”. Success or failure depends on the role played by the participant in the team: “If the student is the organizer of the event, the impact is possibly negative. If it’s a simple performer, the effect is positive (INT. 6)”. It is important to take into account the period of conducting the events: “During the assessment period it is difficult to combine study and extracurricular activities (INT. 7)”. Recognizing the positive impact of extracurricular activities on academic performance and skills development, respondents noted the existing risks. Excessive enthusiasm for extracurricular activities adversely affects learning. “It happens that studying becomes a secondary matter and this has a negative impact on academic performance. From year to year, it is observed that some members of the Students Union, because of the heavy workload of public work, failed some subjects”. (INT. 3). The development of certain skills is related to certain types of extracurricular activities: “Sport and activities involving managerial roles affect the development of leadership skills (INT. 10)”; “Communicative skills improve when students are rehearsing something (Drama Club) (INT. 3)”. “Body language is very well developed in judo. A person from a half-glance, on the basis of gestures and movements of the enemy learns to understand what he has conceived, what his future actions will be” (INT. 4). “The development of creativity is influenced by reading fiction books, magazines about science and technology (INT. 3). ” In the opinion of the respondents, “the process of planning is the one in which flow of events will help develop strategic thinking (INT. 9). ” 5. 2. of Parents in Shaping the Interest of in Three methods used by parents of respondents to engage in extracurricular activities were identified: an authoritarian, consultative method and a method based on a personal example.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: Another point addressed how essential it is to have an IT team available at healthcare institutions, to ensure continuity of care and solve technical issues [27, 28]. A previous study also conducted in Kuwait addressed the importance of cooperation between HCPs and IT team [29]. LimitationsUsing self-reported online measures adds selection bias to the results. However, the global COVID-19 outbreak and the mandatory public lockdown in Kuwait made this research methodology feasible. The lack of HCPs email lists or general population electoral roll impaired our ability to distribute questionnaires widely and this may hinder our ability to get adequate representation for all sectors of health professionals. However, the authors used multiple methods to reach out to healthcare providers, such as personal contact and using social media. Regarding the qualitative phase of this study, although the study aimed to address the HCPs perceptions about the implementation of telemedicine in their practice, half of our interviewees had not used telemedicine before, which means that their perceptions may change when they use it. Furthermore, like most of the qualitative studies, our study’s sample size was small, but the themes derived from the data were representative due to the strong saturation of the data that emerged. -19 pandemic resulted in a dramatic shift of traditional in-person visits to virtual healthcare services. HCPs supported the incorporation of telemedicine in their practice in Kuwait, acknowledging the benefits and barriers of its implementation. Moreover, they suggested solutions to overcome the barriers. Future studies may consider comparing the perceptions of both patients and HCPs about telemedicine to evaluate their overall satisfaction and quality of care. Availability of data and materials The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. -19: 2019 ENT: : : Portability and IT: IQR: MOH: Ministry of Health P: Participant QSS: : for the WHO: Organization 252. 51. 2020. 94. 1875. 50. - of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physicians’ Use and Perception of Telehealth: of Lebanon. . 2020;17(13):4866. 81. AlMatar R, et al. Population perceptions of health care services provided virtually (telehealth): a cross-sectional study. J 2022;45(2):505–12. Creswell JW. Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th ed. , international student ed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The exploration of extant theories of information as a prerequisite to understand the concept of genetic program in synthetic biology; 4. A conjecture proposing the need to create a new theory, that of information of the chassis (machine) or, why the brain is not a computer. Metaphysical thesis: shape, form and informationWhen searching for life outside Earth we look for “unusual” shapes, not commonly associated with standard chemistry and mineralogy. We restrict our identification of forms, looking first for the 3D architecture of the “chassis” which compartmentalises the living entity (see for example the beginning of Monod’s Chance and Necessity (Monod 1971)). Typically we draw aside crystalline shapes, and look for more complex shapes such as those of spheroidal or tubular objects. Yet, we need more to recognise life, as drawing our conclusions from the geometry of shapes can be misleading (this happens when an artefact is interpreted as a biological entity’s signature (Clemmer and Beebe 1991)). Furthermore, the form of living organisms does not reduce to their static shapes, it implies dynamic processes. From the early times of philosophy, life was identified as a phenomenon connected to recognisable autonomous but not independent categories. To account for all phenomena, Aristotle recognised ten categories: οὐσία, προσότης, ποιότης, πρός τι, κεĩσθαι, ἔξις, τόπος, χρόνος, πράττειν, παθεĩν. An essential step in understanding reality required construction of some entanglement of these categories, a process which progressively reduced them to four: matter, space, time, and subsequently energy. A remarkable achievement was reached when Einstein combined them together in a surprisingly concise equation, E = mc2. Yet, it was obvious that these universal categories do not account for many phenomena: no one has been able, for example, to derive the crystal lattice of a mineral as simple as sodium chloride from the equations of microscopic physics (Grandy 1992). Imagine the challenge for synthetic biology!

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: On the contrary, the interviewer’s story about leisure associated with the daily grazing of livestock, which influenced the development of leadership qualities, helped to see the positive side of this lesson. “I grew up in a village. Usually in such places little or no clubs of interest (karate, football, etc. ). Grazing was my extra-school occupation. In search of good pastures, I had to go to the territory of a neighboring district, which, at times, caused discontent among the local residents (my peers). The elucidation of circumstances required firmness of character, perseverance and perseverance. The proceedings, when the local guys tried to drive me out of my village, and my pride and perseverance uphold my point of view, laid the foundation for my leadership qualities (INT. 5). ” In addition, the respondent talked about his own children’s experience of competition. The respondent fought for the right to use a “sales point” near his own home. The excitement of competition stimulated interest in business: “Watching how completely outsiders selling the “ayran” (drink made from sour milk) under the windows of my house earn money, I decided to compete with them. Having studied the technology of making “ayran” (quenching thirst milk drink, obtained with lactic acid bacteria), I was able to establish my own business. The quality of my product and my tireless efforts ultimately allowed me to drive out competitors. During these years I learned how to earn money and solve some of my own financial issues (INT. 5). ” 6. significant results were obtained during the study. First, respondents note the impact of extracurricular activities on academic performance and skills development. The result is similar to the results of similar scientific studies conducted abroad. Second, the advantage of a balanced parental involvement in the formation of an adolescent’s interest in extracurricular activities. Parents who give freedom of choice, stimulate interest in extracurricular activities. In the case of respondents, this is a method based on a personal example of parents. Third, the impact of social and domestic work on skills development. 265.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, many motivated patients do not succeed in quitting and/or maintaining their attempt to stop smoking due to their strong biopsychosocial addiction, for example nicotine addiction, using smoking to manage feelings of distress, and being part of a social group of smokers [11]. Therefore, the vast majority of patients, who are motivated to quit smoking would benefit from support from healthcare providers (HCPs) [12]. Recent evidence suggests that persistent smoking cessation is most effectively achieved with a combination of behavioural support and pharmacological treatment (i. e. nicotine substitution, varenicline or bupropion), which increases the chances of prolonged abstinence by almost fourfold (relative risk 3. 88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3. 35–4. 6), compared to usual care [13, 14]. Smoking cessation support can be delivered in the form of short interventions during a patient’s conventional treatment plan or as a separate add-on programme with several individual or group-based meetings [15,16,17]. A Cochrane review has found that smoking cessation interventions that begin during a hospital stay and that are continued after discharge increased smoking cessation rates significantly after discharge (risk ratio 1. 37, 95% CI 1. 27–1. 48) [18]. Yet, the optimal timing of smoking cessation advice is highly individual, and repetitive advice from different types of HCPs (e. g. , nurses, physicians, healthcare assistants) at different points in the care trajectory is needed [19,20,21]. Despite its efficiency, the implementation of smoking cessation support in healthcare settings is limited. For example, in an American registry-based study, only 36% of lung cancer patients received smoking cessation advice [9], and results from the Eurobarometer surveys show that, at the population level, the use of evidence-based cessation methods in European countries is low and declining [22]. Beliefs and attitudes among HCPs appear to be an important barrier in this regard. A systematic review of general practitioner (GP) beliefs and attitudes towards discussing smoking cessation with patients found that a significant minority of GPs hold beliefs and attitudes that are unlikely to promote smoking cessation counselling [23]. Forty-two per cent of physicians reported that discussing smoking was too time-consuming, and 38% believed that discussing smoking with patients was ineffective. Moreover, 22% lacked confidence in their ability to discuss smoking cessation, and 18% felt uncomfortable doing so.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Even understanding what became the modern category matter was never simple: matter displayed itself as an immense variety of entities (shapes, processes, phase transitions and even transmutations…). One could think about substance (οὐσία, ὕλη and the like, with all kinds of idiosynchrasies) but something more was required. Analysing movement of matter, the Atomists invented a process permitting matter to take form, to be in-formed, via the interaction of indivisible Parmenidian tiny material p1. Animal cloning (Wilmut et al. 1997) is now commonplace; 2. The genome of a Mycoplasma species M. mycoides, was transplanted into another species, M. capricolum, and after several rounds of reproduction (reproduction of the machine and replication of the program, see below) the host species was replaced by a colony of the donor genome (Lartigue et al. 2007). This latter experiment is so important conceptually that it is essential for synthetic biology that it is reproduced in many laboratories. Yet, this might not satisfy us that the model is adequate to represent reality. Three main lines of reasoning argue against the cell-as-a-computer model. 1. The first counterargument explores the concept of (OS) (von Neumann 1958). Because the machine is separated from the program, a subset of the program must be devoted to the interaction with the machine and its “users” (in the most general sense) (Danchin 2009a). If a particular routine is meant to reproduce the machine, then a subset of the program must be somehow linked to the architecture of the machine. Analysis of the genes giving bacteria their shape showed that there is indeed an unexpected coincidence between gene clustering in genomes and shape of bacteria (Tamames et al. 2001). In multicellular organisms, the distribution of control genes, the homeogenes, parallels the body plan: changing the order of some homeogenes in the chromosomes changed the shape of the organism, putting organs in the place of others (Gaunt 1991). Rather than an objection, the existence of a correlation between the organisation of the program and the architecture of the organism fits a prediction of the model. 2. The second counterargument is that the program is carried by some material structure, bringing about contextual information.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: Scientific notes of the pedagogical department the Code of Ethics review process Plagiarism policy Publication fee Periodicity of publication provisions Archives No. 47 (2020): Scientific notes of the pedagogical department Статті Development of soft skills of students of secondary schools in the process of extracurricular school activities through solving mathematical problems in the game format O. Zhukova V. N. A. Kosogova V. N. DOI: Keywords: soft skills, schoolchildren, mathematical disciplines, extracurricular activities, didactic game relevance of this problem is determined by the need for developing soft skills in modern youth, which include communication, teamwork, leadership, logical thinking, creativity, emotional intelligence, time management, etc. Their formation in secondary school becomes possible in the process of mathematical problems solving in the game format during extracurricular activities. To confirm the state mentioned, we conducted the study using the following methods: generalization, analysis, and systematization of psychology-pedagogical sources on the topic mentioned; survey (respondents – 32 schoolchildren of the 9th grade); pedagogical conversation; prediction. The analysis of the research results made it possible to note that communication, logical thinking and time management became the most foreground soft skills for schoolchildren, which they use in the process of vital activity. Among the most demanded soft skills in conducting mathematics lessons, the respondents emphasized logical thinking, time management, emotional intelligence. Secondary education seekers referred communication, interaction/teamwork skills, creative thinking, leadership, emotional intelligence to the number of most significant soft skills that are necessary for the implementation of extracurricular activities. Among soft skills, which are directly involved in the process of conducting educational activity in mathematics in the game format, the respondents pointed out teamwork, communication, logical and creative thinking, time management, emotional intelligence, leadership. To the number of pedagogical forms, with the help of which the process of formation of soft skills in the educational process, particularly while learning mathematical disciplines, takes place, the majority of schoolchildren referred the club of cheerful and inventive ones, quizzes on the subject, brain-rings. Schoolchildren see the process of soft skills development out of school in using online games, participating in the work of clubs in various educational institutions, attending trainings and speaking clubs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: top of pagetab to navigate through the menu items. ISSN (Online): 2720-8796in Healthcare: A Survey of Tkeshelashvili,1 Mariam Gendzekhadze,1 Uche-Ukah Ikechukwu,1 Achsah Madhusudanan,1 Bagus Damaco1Received: 26 November 2023; Accepted: 12 December 2023; Available online: 11 March 202410. 52340/GBMN. 2024. 01. 01. 65is expanding rapidly within the healthcare sector and has the potential to revolutionize the way medical treatment is provided. Telemedicine allows healthcare professionals to perform services remotely through video conferencing and other forms of communication. 1 The mental health treatment field is one area in which Telemedicine can significantly impact patients due to its communication-based and non-invasive nature. It is essential to investigate how Telemedicine can increase access and quality of mental health care, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, where mental health disorders are on the rise due to lockdowns and social isolation policies. 2 A study by Bunnell et al. found that mental health providers believe Telemedicine increases access to care and expect to use Telemedicine more in the future. 3 However, more reliable information on the effectiveness of Telemedicine in various medical specialties is needed. Stratification is needed to analyze the readiness and willingness of mental health care workers to provide better care via Telemedicine and to identify obstacles to its implementation in routine care. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the preparedness and willingness of Georgian mental health professionals to provide mental health care using Telemedicine and determine whether a relationship exists between their opinion and their years of experience. Additionally, it aims to highlight potential implementation challenges as seen by mental health care professionals. Implementation of Telemedicine could resolve common problems associated with delivering mental care, such as lack of physical access to mental health institutions, transportation costs, the stigma and psychological burden of visiting a mental health center, and other issues. Moreover, it might enable mental health professionals to care for more patients while investing in the same hours, which could benefit everyone involved.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 2009; Shenhav and Lancet 2004) and those who think that life is essentially due to the genetic program, organising their activity around construction of program biobricks, or even as complete genomes (Gibson et al. 2008). Information of the programThe study of the genetic program as a text, applying accepted rules of the theory of information (Shannon and Weaver 1949; Cover and Thomas 1991) to its analysis (Hénaut et al. 1996) resulted in the emphasis placed on DNA in synthetic biology. Schneider created his famous “logo” representation of sequences (Schneider and Stephens 1990) in a model of molecular machines based on Shannon’s information (Schneider 1991a, b). His work was based on the intuition that creation of information was consuming energy (Schneider 1991b). Furthermore, it assumed that the data has no meaning (hence no “value”), and could be characterised purely by analysing the probability of presence of a given symbol in the sequence, generating its logo (Schneider and Stephens 1990). A similar trend is visible in the way information is used in the mass media. It is current writing—because all kinds of signals can be digitised—that everything has an information coded in sequences of (0,1), restricting the concept of information to that particular view of sequences of symbols, and forgetting about in-formation (creation and accumulation of information, or a value associated to an information). The common feature of this conceptualisation is dematerialisation: the corresponding information becomes an abstract entity, which can be manipulated using mathematic tools. Yet pure abstraction is obviously inaccurate in terms of what we would like to name information. Messages without meaning (random messages) are without value. “O singe fort” in German has a meaning totally different from that in French (Yockey 1992). Can we see, even within the digitisation (or binarisation) paradigm, whether we should go further? The soviet school of electronics following Andronov, Kolmogorov, and the and Solomonoff constructed formal models of information vs chance by considering sequences of symbols as the result of an algorithm. Any sequence of symbols has some algorithmic complexity: the length of the shortest program generating the sequence. A repeated sequence of 2n bits 0101010…is coded by a simple program of the type: [1,n] PRINT 01.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: 본 연구에서는 최근 우리 학교교육에서 강조되고 있는 리더십교육과 봉사 활동 같은 비교과 영역의 활동이 사회적 선호 형성에 기여를 하고 있는지를 분석하였다. 구체적으로 학생들의 비교과 활동 경험과 사회적 선호, 두 변수 간의 상관관계를 도출하기 위해 본 연구에서는 서울시 소재 여자 고등학교 370명을 대상으로 공공재 게임을 진행하여 사회적 딜레마 상황에서의 사회적 선호를 측정하였다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: 435 with 2 degrees of freedom, and the associated p-value was calculated as 0. 0243  1. Distribution of positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences to the question: "be utilized to treat/manage specific patients"? 2, the survey addressed whether Telemedicine could increase the number of individuals seeking mental health assistance. Out of the 47 respondents, 32 responded affirmatively to this question. Among the respondents who provided positive answers, 12 were from the 0–10 years of experience bracket (92. 3% of this group), 12 were from the 10–20-year experience bracket (85. 7% of this group), and 8 were from the 20+ years of experience bracket (40% of this group). A statistical analysis indicated a p-value of 0. 0017 and a chi-square value of 12. 772  2. Distribution of positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences to the question: "increase the number of patients seeking mental care"? The third survey question, "Are you willing to incorporate Telemedicine into your practice"? (Fig. 3), garnered positive responses from 25 out of the 47 participants. Within this group of affirming respondents, 11 had 0–10 years of experience (84. 6% of this subgroup), 9 had 10–20 years of experience (64. 2% of this subgroup), and 5 had 20 or more years of experience (25. 3% of this subgroup). The chi-squared analysis resulted in a value of 12. 23, with a p-value of 0. 0022.  3. Distribution of positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences to the question: "Are you willing to incorporate Telemedicine into your practice"? 4, titled "to Mental Healthcare,"? 27 of the 47 respondents expressed affirmative views. Specifically, 11 responses originated from the 0–10 years of experience group (84. 6% of this group), 10 from the 10–20 years of experience group (71. 4% of this group), and 6 from the 20+ years of experience group (30% of this group). A chi-square analysis yielded a value of 11. 21, with a p-value of 0. 0037.  4. Distribution of positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences to the question: "increase the number of well-managed patients"?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: For n large, the program is much shorter than the sequence. In contrast, if the sequence is random (this is proposed as a definition of randomness), the only way to get the sequence is <sequence> END, i. e. a program with a length similar to that of the sequence. Algorithmic complexity has been related to Shannon’s information (Cover and Thomas 1991) and to physical entropy: “Algorithmic randomness provides a rigorous, entropy-like measure of disorder of an individual, microscopic, definite state of a physical system. It is defined by the size (in binary digits) of the shortest message specifying the microstate uniquely up to the assumed resolution. Equivalently, algorithmic randomness can be expressed as the number of bits in the smallest program for a universal computer that can reproduce the state in question (for instance, by plotting it with the assumed accuracy). In contrast to the traditional definitions of entropy, algorithmic randomness can be used to measure disorder without any recourse to probabilities” (Zurek 1989). This success led many to think that we had a final Theory of Information, which could tell us what information is. However, we can point out a first difficulty here. We know of an infinite set of transcendent numbers, such a π, whose digits are generated by fairly short algorithms while their succession cannot be predicted. They are therefore of limited algorithmic complexity. Yet, they are much more interesting than repeated sequences with the same complexity. Knowing the exact value of a digit placed in the digits of π, very far away in the digitisation might be interesting, but the only way to reach that value is to actualise the process of computation. Bennett named logical depth the time needed to reach that value and related it to physical complexity (Bennett 1988b). This is a first indication that we are far from having a thorough theory of information. How do we have access to the information of the genetic program?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: 분석결과 학생들의 사회적 선호와 학급 임원 경험의 유무 및 횟수, 사회봉사활동 경험의 유무 및 횟수는 강한 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 즉 사회적 선호는 교과 교육뿐만 아니라 교내외의 봉사활동 경험을 통해 형성될 수 있음을 알 수 있다. Social dilemmas are situations involving conflicts between individual interests and collective interests. Unlike individuals in standard economic theory, it is reported that individuals act cooperatively rather than maximize their own interests in social dilemma situations. In reality, individuals exhibit social p1. [단행본] 교육인적자원부 1997 제7차 사회과 교육과정 해설 1. 총론 대한교과서(주) 2. [단행본] 교육인적자원부 2001 제7차 고등학교 교육과정 해설 4.

Output: corroborate