Input: Claim: Mindfulness can replace all other forms of mental health support in schools. [SEP] Text: However, the role lacked clarity, which made peer support workers uncertain about when they could disclose their personal experiences to service users. Pay was often low; some felt undervalued. Some service users lacked trust in peer support workers’ knowledge because of the lack of formal training. While some peer support workers felt accepted within teams, others experienced negative attitudes from non-peer staff. Why is this important? This is one of the largest reviews of peer support to date. Many peer support workers found their role enjoyable, and said that it helped their own recovery. They were valued by service-users. This research provides insights on how to implement the role successfully. This research, which summarised reviews of peer support, was based on the best evidence available, but that evidence is low quality. Control groups varied across studies (usual care, active controls and waiting list controls), and some research was old (from before 1980). More research is needed; but the varied nature of peer support makes it challenging to evaluate the role. Barriers to successful implementation of peer support workers included a lack of time, resources, training certification and appropriate funding. What’s next? ImROC (through Organisational Change), an organisation that supports peer support implementation, recommends training and ongoing professional development. The findings of this review are in line with ImROC’s recommendations. The researchers say formal career pathways for peer support workers might address some barriers to implementation of the role, but these pathways are still in early development. You may be interested to read This is a summary of: Cooper R, and others. The effectiveness, implementation, and experiences of peer support approaches for mental health: a systematic umbrella review. BMC Medicine 2024; 22. A webinar Collection from NIHR Evidence about mental health crisis. A panel discussion about the paper by the authors. Guidelines for peer support workers for the UK and the US. Funding: This study was funded by the. Conflicts of Interest: One of the study authors is the director of a consultancy company that provides peer support training and consultancy. See paper for full details. Disclaimer: Summaries on NIHR Evidence are not a substitute for professional medical advice. They provide information about research which is funded or supported by the NIHR. Please note that the views expressed are those of the author(s) and reviewer(s) at the time of publication.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: A review based on the endogenous melatonin rhythm 25: 215–224, DOI: [PubMed] Stevens, RGCircadian disruption and breast cancer: from melatonin to clock genes Epidemiology 16: 254–258, DOI: [PubMed] Hansen, JIncreased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night Epidemiology 12: 74–77, DOI: [PubMed] Megdal, SP; Kroenke, CH; Laden, F; Pukkala, E; Schernhammer, ESNight work and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis Cancer 41: 2023–2032, DOI: [PubMed] Pukkala, E; Auvinen, A; Wahlberg, GIncidence of cancer among Finnish airline cabin attendants, 1967–92 BMJ 311: 649–652, DOI: [PubMed] Schernhammer, ES; Laden, F; Speizer, FE; Willett, WC; Hunter, DJ; Kawachi, I; Fuchs, CS; Colditz, GANight-shift work and risk of colorectal cancer in the nurses’ health study J Inst 95: 825–828, DOI: [PubMed] Straif, K; Baan, R; Grosse, Y; Secretan, B; El Ghissassi, F; Bouvard, V; Altieri, A; Benbrahim-Tallaa, L; Cogliano, VCarcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting 8: 1065–1066, DOI: [PubMed] Innominato, PF; Levi, FA; Bjarnason, GAChronotherapy and the molecular clock: Clinical implications in oncology 62: 979–1001, DOI: [PubMed] Fortier, EE; Rooney, J; Dardente, H; Hardy, MP; Labrecque, N; Cermakian, NCircadian variation of the response of T cells to antigen J Immunol 187: 6291–6300, DOI: [PubMed] Haus, E; Smolensky, MHBiologic rhythms in the immune system 16: 581–622, DOI: [PubMed] Silver, AC; Arjona, A; Walker, WE; Fikrig, EThe

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Irrigation systems are essential in arid agricultural regions. [SEP] Text: The dissipation and leaching characteristics of pesticides in tropical soil (Costa Paraíba et al. , 2003) and the potential for non-point groundwater pollution were studied (Reichenberger et al. , 2002). Senna de Oliveira et al. (2005) reported the usefulness of dissolved organic carbon and bioavailability of N and P as indicators of soil quality in Brazilian soils. They attempted to provide an in-depth analysis about the relationship between water scarcity, irrigated agriculture, and the environment, while contributing at the same time to studies that may lead to planned agriculture, preserving, and optimizing natural resources. A study has been reported dealing with the effects of intermittent irrigation on actual evapotranspiration (ET) and leaf area index (LAI) of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. ) grown in a semi-arid environment in northeastern Brazil (Vieira de Azevedo et al. , 2008). ET increased when the irrigation interval increased resulting in a higher value of LAI. Integrated studies including climatology, hydrology, and socio-economic aspects are required both for analyzing the dynamic natural conditions and assessing possible strategies to make semi-arid regions less vulnerable. A model was introduced that dynamically describes the relationships between water availability, agriculture, and selected societal processes. It has been tailored to simulate the rather complex situation in semi-arid northeastern Brazil in a quantitative way including sensitivity to external forces such as climate change. Simulation results show that, independently of differences in climate change scenarios, rainfed farming is more vulnerable to drought impacts than irrigated farming. However, irrigation capacity and other water infrastructure systems to enhance resilience with respect to climatic fluctuations are significantly constrained given an important negative precipitation trend (Maarten et al. , 2006). In Mexico, there are reports on different environmental effects of irrigated agriculture. Gallegos et al. (1999) developed research to determine the impact of wastewater irrigation on groundwater at two locations (Leon and Mezquital Valley), finding higher levels of coliforms and nitrate concentration. Herre et al. (2004) studied the long-term effect of untreated wastewater irrigation which was evaluated in a district where it has been used since 1912. Accumulated heavy metals are bound mainly to the organic soil fraction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness can replace all other forms of mental health support in schools. [SEP] Text: The expertise of people with lived experience is essential in co-production and service improvement redesign. A good example is the Healthwatch ongoing ethnographic study for the Well programme. Clearly defining the role and scope of peer support workers across service models is important. I would like to see peer support workers being valued, fully funded and remunerated, as part of the services funded by commissioners. ” James Ntalumbwa, Former associate director for quality and mental health nurse, Salford and Trafford care group Researcher “Like many people working in NHS mental health services, my team is looking to expand our provision of peer support. This paper usefully summarises some of the potential pitfalls we need to consider. Peer support is increasingly used throughout NHS mental health services and this review highlights how much we still need to learn about the organisation, delivery and impact of this approach. ” of the public “As a service user, I can see the merits of peer support workers, especially if they have experienced mental health issues themselves, but many appear to be working with minimal training and guidance. As someone who has experienced episodes of low mood during my adult life, that limited training and guidance is concerning, and I am worried that people who believe they have ‘been there’ could project their experiences onto me or other service users – albeit in a well-meaning way. Given the huge increase in peer support workers, after reading this summary, I hope that healthcare leaders, policy makers and decision makers, especially in mental health-based settings, will be concerned by the general lack of training and guidance that is provided, and how this is likely to impact the overall effectiveness and patient benefit of the role. Peer support workers meet and work with some of the most vulnerable people in society: many are likely to make a positive difference, but their impact is likely to be variable and inconsistent without appropriate and standardised training. The service providers should also evidence more how the role actually benefits patients, service users and (where appropriate) wider support networks. ” Abi Dennington-Price, Public contributor Psychologist and Neuropsychologist “The community mental health service I am due to start work for has peer support workers. I am yet to know the details of the roles (pay, supervision and so on); I will discuss these findings with my senior colleagues. The physical rehabilitation service where I work now has no peer support workers and indeed this study excluded physical health.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text:  circadian clock controls toll-like receptor 9-mediated innate and adaptive immunity Immunity 36: 251–261, DOI: [PubMed] Jewett, KA; Krueger, JMHumoral sleep regulation; interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor 89: 241–257.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Irrigation systems are essential in arid agricultural regions. [SEP] Text: Results showed an increase of dissolved organic carbon and bioavailable Cu and Cd. community from two agroecosystems with contrasting irrigation types were compared in the State of Hidalgo (Cutz-Pool et al. , 2007)stating that soil properties such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), and exchangeable contents of cations (Mg2+, Na+) appear to affect the composition and abundance of these communities. A computer tool allowing the dynamic generation of digital map reports was developed and transferred to water user associations (WUA) of irrigation districts (Ojeda-Bustamante et al. , 2007). Effluents from leather processing, a major industry in the town of León, Mexico, are normally discharged to the without treatment and used downstream to irrigate agricultural land. Tannery wastewater contains valuable nutrients, but also contaminants such as salts and chromium (Cr) that could affect soil processes andcrop production. It has been reported how almost 25 years ofirrigation of agricultural land with water from the has affected the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen, as well as the production of nitrous oxide under different water regimes and fertilizer application rates. It was found that respiration and nitrification were not affected by this irrigation water, but nitrous oxide production was greater in soil irrigated with water from the than in soil irrigated with well water (Trujillo-Tapia et al. , 2008). Concentrations and retention of pharmaceutically active substances are crucial to assess the environmental risk of medication on humans. Environmental introduction concentrations (EICs) of drugs in the Mexico City-wastewater irrigation system was estimated by using information about water consumption, sales data, and excretion rates. Calculated EICs of all compounds except metoprolol and clarithromycin were comparable to measured concentrations when excretion rates were considered. Whereas concentrations of basic compounds with positive or neutral charges were effectively reduced during reservoir storage and soil passage, acidic anionic compounds were hardly retained. Though realistic EICs can be predicted for most substances, large deviations between EICs and measured concentrations in the case of metoprolol illustrate that estimated concentrations cannot substitute monitoring programs (Siemens et al. , 2008).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness can replace all other forms of mental health support in schools. [SEP] Text: Guest EditorialDror Ben-:Dror Ben-03766United StatesPhone: 1 6036467016Fax:1 6036467016Email: Dror. Ben-Zeev@Dartmouth. eduAbstractResearch has already demonstrated that different mHealth approaches are feasible, acceptable, and clinically promising for people with mental health problems. With a robust evidence base just over the horizon, now is the time for policy makers, researchers, and the private sector to partner in preparation for the near future. is a useful model to draw from. Created in 1985 by the U. S. Commission (FCC), Lifeline is a nationwide program designed to help eligible low-income individuals obtain home phone and landline services so they can pursue employment, reach help in case of emergency, and access social services and healthcare. In 2005, recognizing the broad shift towards mobile technology and mobile-cellular infrastructure, the FCC expanded the program to include mobile phones and data plans. The FCC provides a base level of federal support, but individual states are responsible for regional implementation, including engagement of commercial mobile phone carriers. Given the high rates of disability and poverty among people with severe mental illness, many are eligible to benefit from Lifeline and research has shown that a large proportion does in fact use this program to obtain a mobile phone and data plan. In the singular area of mobile phone use, the gap between people with severe mental illness and the general population in the U. S. is vanishing. Strategic multi-partner programs will be able to grant access to mHealth for mental health programs to those who will not be able to afford them—arguably, the people who need them the most. Mobile technology manufacturing costs are dropping. Soon all mobile phones in the marketplace, including the more inexpensive devices that are made available through subsidy programs, will have “smart” capabilities (ie, internet connectivity and the capacity to host apps). Programs like Lifeline could be expanded to include mHealth resources that capitalize on “smart” functions, such as secure/encrypted clinical texting programs and mental health monitoring and illness-management apps.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Paladino, N; Leone, MJ; Plano, SA; Golombek, DAPaying the circadian toll: the circadian response to LPS injection is dependent on the Toll-like receptor 4 J Neuroimmunol 225: 62–67, DOI: [PubMed] Marpegan, L; Bekinschtein, TA; Costas, MA; Golombek, DACircadian responses to endotoxin treatment in mice J Neuroimmunol 160: 102–109, DOI: [PubMed] Xiao, S; Manley, NRImpaired thymic selection and abnormal antigen-specific T cell responses in Foxn1(Delta/Delta) mutant mice PLoS One 5: e15396. DOI: [PubMed] Kerbel, RSHuman tumor xenografts as predictive preclinical models for anticancer drug activity in humans: better than commonly perceived-but they can be improved Ther 2: S134–139. [PubMed] Filipski, E; Li, XM; Levi, FDisruption of circadian coordination and malignant growth Control 17: 509–514, DOI: [PubMed] Filipski, E; Delaunay, F; King, VM; Wu, MW; Claustrat, B; Grechez-Cassiau, A; Guettier, C; Hastings, MH; Francis, LEffects of chronic jet lag on tumor progression in mice 64: 7879–7885, DOI: [PubMed] Filipski, E; Subramanian, P; Carriere, J; Guettier, C; Barbason, H; Levi, FCircadian disruption accelerates liver carcinogenesis in mice 680: 95–105, DOI: [PubMed] Filipski, E; Levi, FCircadian disruption in experimental cancer processes Ther 8: 298–302, DOI: [PubMed] Wu, M; Zeng, J; Chen, Y; Zeng, Z; Zhang, J; Cai, Y; Ye, Y; Fu, L; Xian, L; Chen, ZExperimental chronic jet lag promotes growth and lung metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL/6 mice 27: 1417–1428.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Irrigation systems are essential in arid agricultural regions. [SEP] Text: Groundwater from the Costa de Hermosillo aquifer has been used extensively for irrigation over the past 60 years in the Sonora region of northwestern Mexico resulting in salinization of fresh groundwater resources. Isotopic composition of present-day surface discharge from agricultural fields is substantially enriched in 32S due to widespread application of ammonium sulphate fertilizers and S mobilization potential of mineral resources (Szynkiewicz et al. , 2008). The area irrigated with sewage water in the in central Mexico has steadily expanded during the last 100 years providing the opportunity to assess the effects of this practice, particularly on mycorrhizae. Concentrations of zinc, lead, copper, and cadmium appeared to have increased linearly over time, while mycorrhizae diversity decreased in the long-term (Ortega-Larrocea et al. , 2007). In Bolivia, the application of deficit irrigation (DI) to stabilize yield and to increase water productivity of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd. ) raises questions in the arid southern Altiplano where water resources are limited and often saline. Rainfed quinoa and quinoa with irrigation restricted to flowering and early grain filling were studied during the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 growing seasons. Results showed that irrigation of quinoa with saline water and/or capillary rise from a saline shallow water table could result in significant salt accumulation in the root zone after just 1 year (Geerts et al. , 2008) In Chile, effects were reported of agricultural activities on water pollution. A sensitivity analysis and a preliminary short-term, site-scale performance assessment of analytical soil and groundwater nitrate transport were carried out (Oyarzun et al. , 2007). Both the nitrate flux from the vadose zone and nitrate groundwater concentration are mainly influenced by the initial soil nitrogen levels, water input, and soil porosity. Intensive farming areas in southern Chile showed nitrate levels that were higher in deep wells than in extensive farming areas (González et al. , 2004). Diffuse nitrogen pollution caused by irrigated agriculture has been quantified for the Pocochay stream located in the Aconcagua watershed in the Valparaíso Region. The study area under irrigation extends 93 x 36 km2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness can replace all other forms of mental health support in schools. [SEP] Text: Mobile phone hardware and software development companies could be engaged to add mHealth programs as a standard component in the suite of tools that come installed on their mobile phones; thus, in addition to navigation apps, media players, and games, the new Android or iPhone could come with guided relaxation videos, medication reminder systems, and evidence-based self-monitoring and self-management tools. Telecommunication companies could be encouraged to offer mHealth options with their data plans. Operating system updates pushed out by the mobile carrier companies could come with optional mHealth applications for those who elect to download them. In the same manner in which the Program has helped increase access to fundamental opportunities to so many low-income individuals, innovative multi-partner programs have the potential to put mHealth for mental health resources in the hands of millions in the years ahead. 2016;3(2):e26doi:10. 2196/mental. 5843KeywordsmHealth; policy; reimbursement; access We are closer than ever to having viable mobile health (mHealth) options for people with psychiatric illnesses and must ensure that the most vulnerable members of society will be able to benefit from the opportunities these clinical technologies can provide. Worldwide, the majority of the adult population has access to mobile devices [1]. Even people with severe mental illnesses, who have historically been the last to gain access to technological innovations, now own and use mobile phones [2]. Like the general population, people with psychiatric conditions are interested in leveraging their personal mobile devices to enhance their health, as demonstrated in numerous publications in this and other journals [3-5]. Clinical researchers across continents have responded to the public need by developing innovative mHealth approaches that use a range of mobile device functions such as texting, apps, and sensors for clinical assessment and treatment. The US of Mental Health, the largest funder of mental health research in the world, has already supported hundreds of technology-based studies, and mHealth for mental health projects continue to be funded annually. Private sector technology companies such as Google, Apple, and IBM as well as pharmaceutical companies are moving into the mHealth arena with an eye toward mental health. Research has already demonstrated that different mHealth programs are feasible, acceptable, and clinically promising for people with mental health problems [6-9]. A robust evidence base supporting the utility of different mHealth approaches is just over the horizon.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Logan, RW; Zhang, C; Murugan, S; O’Connell, S; Levitt, D; Rosenwasser, AM; Sarkar, DKChronic shift-lag alters the circadian clock of NK cells and promotes lung cancer growth in rats J Immunol 188: 2583–2591, DOI: [PubMed] Beau, J; Levi, F; Motta, RThe influence of the athymic mutation nude on the components of the circadian rhythm of activity in mice 7: 371–376, DOI: [PubMed] Plano, SA; Agostino, PV; Golombek, DAExtracellular nitric oxide signaling in the hamster biological clock FEBS Lett 581: 5500–5504, DOI: [PubMed] Schwartz, WJ; Zimmerman, PCircadian timekeeping in BALB/c and C57BL/6 inbred mouse strains J Neurosci 10: 3685–3694. [PubMed] Blask, DE; Dauchy, RT; Sauer, LA; Krause, JA; Brainard, GCGrowth and fatty acid metabolism of human breast cancer (MCF-7) xenografts in nude rats: impact of constant light-induced nocturnal melatonin suppression 79: 313–320, DOI: [PubMed] Blumenthal, RD; Waskewich, C; Goldenberg, DM; Lew, W; Flefleh, C; Burton, JChronotherapy and chronotoxicity of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, in athymic mice bearing human breast cancer xenografts Res 7: 3178–3185. [PubMed] Yasuniwa, Y; Izumi, H; Wang, KY; Shimajiri, S; Sasaguri, Y; Kawai, K; Kasai, H; Shimada, T; Miyake, K; Kashiwagi, ECircadian disruption accelerates tumor growth and angio/stromagenesis through a Wnt signaling pathway PLoS One 5: e15330.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Irrigation systems are essential in arid agricultural regions. [SEP] Text: It is representative of the central part of Chile where intensive irrigation prevails and predominantly takes place in the alluvial plains of river systems with water sources from the Andes Mountains. Even though nitrate concentrations in the Pocochay have not yet reached alarming levels, the impact of irrigated agriculture on surface water quality is evident and makes a case for introducing better management practices to avoid aggravation of contamination (Ribbe et al. , 2008). In Uruguay, a case study was reported about vegetable farms and the influence of farm resource endowment on the possibilities of sustainable development (Dogliotti et al. , 2006). Mantel et al. (2000) presented a methodology that explores soil survey information at the national level, thus generating sustainability indicators for wheat cultivation. The fertility capability soil classification system (FCC) was applied to analyze soil quality in the tropics. It is based on quantitative topsoil attributes and soil taxonomy and does not deal with soil attributes that can change in less than one year, but rather with those that are either dynamic on time scales of years or decades with management, as well as inherent ones that do not change in less than a century. FCC attributes can be positive or negative depending on land use, as well as the temporal and spatial scales for the case in question (Barrios et al. , 2006). The effects of field compaction of different soil-water statuses on pore size distribution and soil water characteristics of a were studied in western Cuba. The use of field capacity water content as the upper limit of plant available soil water was considered inappropriate for compacted soils (Tarawally et al. , 2004). Peasant agriculture and soil awareness were examined in the Central mountain chain of the (Ryder, 2003). This study demonstrated that empirical knowledge of site suitability is of great value to verify scientific site suitability ratings derived from parametric indices, thus strengthening the fact that the participatory approach to agricultural research and development is particularly relevant in soil survey. In another study, similarities and differences were explored between the views on soil quality issues of farmers and scientists in central Honduras (Ericksen et al. , 2003). The authors investigated ways in which local farmers categorized and managed soils and land uses. Farmer understanding of soil quality was heavily influenced by the fact that agricultural production was their primary concern, whereas soil scientists have a more holistic view of plant productivity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: NASA’s Artemis program aims to return humans to the Moon by the mid-2020s. [SEP] Text: 우리 기관에 요청하기 공지사항바로가기 추가했던 서지는 체험 종료 이후에도 쭉 이용가능 Citeasy DBpia에서 국내 연구자를 위한 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)를 오픈했어요. 워드는 물론, 한글까지 인용 정보를 관리할 수 있어요. 내가 인용한 논문을 저장해놨다가 참고문헌으로 쓴다고요?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: DOI: [PubMed] Van Bogaert, MJV; Groenink, L; Oosting, RS; Westphal, KGC; Van der Gugten, J; Oliver, BMouse strain differences in autonomic responses to stress Behav 5: 139–149, DOI: [PubMed] Dardente, H; Menet, JS; Challet, E; Tournier, BB; Pevet, P; Masson-Pevet, MDaily and circadian expression of neuropeptides in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of nocturnal and diurnal rodents Res 124: 143–151, DOI: [PubMed] Yamada, N; Shimoda, K; Takahashi, K; Takahashi, SChange in period of free-running rhythms determined by two different tools in blinded rats 36: 357–362, DOI: [PubMed] Mistlberger, RE; Bossert, JM; Holmes, MM; Marchant, EGSerotonin and feedback effects of behavioral activity on circadian rhythms in mice Res 96: 93–99, DOI: [PubMed] Edgar, DM; Martin, CE; Dement, WCActivity feedback to the mammalian circadian pacemaker: influence on observed measures of rhythm period length J 6: 185–199, DOI: [PubMed] Rabinovich, GA; Toscano, MATurning ‘sweet’ on immunity: galectin-glycan interactions in immune tolerance and inflammation Immunol 9: 338–352, DOI: [PubMed] Casiraghi, LP; Croci, DO; Poirier, F; Rabinovich, GA; Golombek, DA“Time sweet time”: circadian characterization of galectin-1 null mice J 8: 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Irrigation systems are essential in arid agricultural regions. [SEP] Text: Based on a field study on the semi-arid in China, Li et al. (2004a) studied the strategies of limited farmland irrigation in the dry period of normal precipitation years, and examined the effects on water use and grain yield of spring wheat with dry period irrigation and fertilizer application at sowing. Results indicated that dry period irrigation resulted in larger and deeper root systems and a larger leaf area index than in non-irrigated treatments. The root/shoot ratio in the irrigated treatments was significantly higher than in non-irrigated treatments. Grain yields and water use efficiencies were the highest with dry period irrigation plus fertilizer application. Effects of water table and fertilization management on nitrogen loading to groundwater were examined by Guo et al. (2006). A field experiment was conducted in an intensively irrigated agricultural area in the Dianchi catchment of Kunming, China in two celery (Apium graveolens) crop sites with different water table depths (2. 0 m and 0. 5 m below the soil surface). Fertilizers were applied at both sites at two different rates, the first being the higher rate traditionally used by farmers in the region (about 4800 kg N ha-1 yr-1) and the other being one third of this quantity. Results showed that fertilization practices had little impact on water balance and dynamics in the plant-soil-aeration zone-saturated zone system. However, the groundwater table controlled vertical infiltration recharge and evaporation-transpiration rate. Nitrate concentrations of soil water near the groundwater table with the high fertilization rate were greater than with low fertilization. The high fertilization rate consequently resulted in greater nitrogen (including nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium) loadings from the aeration zone to the groundwater. Nitrate was the dominant nitrogen component entering groundwater. Little ammonium and less nitrite were transported in groundwater. The shallow water table made nitrate entering groundwater easier and consequently determined the NO3 loading from the vadose zone. Zhang et al. (2004) investigated the spatial and temporal variations of water quality in drainage ditches in vegetable farms and citrus groves in St. . Concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals were measured. The concentrations ranged from non detectable to 9. 13 mg L-1 for NH4-N, 283 mg L-1 for NO3-N, and 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Humans can survive unprotected on Mars due to its thin atmosphere. [SEP] Text: April 01 2022 How did Mars lose its atmosphere and water? They were mostly lost to space early in Mars’s history, in processes driven by the Sun’s UV photons and solar wind after Mars lost its magnetic field. Bruce M. M. for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1063/PT. 3. 4988 Open the PDF for in another window and. Jakosky; How did Mars lose its atmosphere and water? . 1 April 2022; 75 (4): 62–63. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search light, Greenhouse gases, Atmospheric composition, Greenhouse effect, Planetology, Solar wind, Mars missions, today is a cold, dry planet. Its temperature averages 50 K below the freezing point of water. And its atmosphere is too thin for water to persist as a liquid. Geological evidence, however, shows that liquid water was abundant on the surface of ancient Mars (see my 1. View largeDownload slideGeological evidence for the presence of liquid water on ancient Mars. (a) Valley networks on the oldest surfaces are thought to have been carved gradually by stable liquid water. (b) A river delta formed from debris deposited where water flowed into Jezero Crater. Colors represent compositional information derived from orbital spectroscopy that relates to water-bearing minerals. (Courtesy of NASA. )Figure 1. View largeDownload slideGeological evidence for the presence of liquid water on ancient Mars. (a) Valley networks on the oldest surfaces are thought to have been carved gradually by stable liquid water. (b) A river delta formed from debris deposited where water flowed into Jezero Crater. Colors represent compositional information derived from orbital spectroscopy that relates to water-bearing minerals. (Courtesy of NASA. ) Close modal was 30% dimmer then, so a thick greenhouse atmosphere must have been warming the planet. Carbon dioxide makes up 96% of today’s atmosphere and was likely the largest contributor to that greenhouse effect, though it may not have been the only greenhouse gas on Mars. Where did the CO2 from that earlier, thicker atmosphere go? Where did the water that carved the channels and eroded the surface go? Can water and CO2 be put back into the atmosphere and make Mars warm again?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: DOI: [PubMed] Leone, MJ; Marpegan, L; Duhart, JM; Golombek, DARole of proinflammatory cytokines on lipopolysaccharide-induced phase shifts in locomotor activity circadian rhythm 29: 715–723, DOI: [PubMed] Sadki, A; Bentivoglio, M; Kristensson, K; Nygard, MSuppressors, receptors and effects of cytokines on the aging mouse biological clock 28: 296–305, DOI: [PubMed] Cavadini, G; Petrzilka, S; Kohler, P; Jud, C; Tobler, I; Birchler, T; Fontana, ATNF-alpha suppresses the expression of clock genes by interfering with E-box-mediated transcription 104: 12843–12848, DOI: [PubMed] Koyanagi, S; Ohdo, SAlteration of intrinsic biological rhythms during interferon treatment and its possible mechanism 62: 1393–1399, DOI: [PubMed] Kwak, Y; Lundkvist, GB; Brask, J; Davidson, A; Menaker, M; Kristensson, K; Block, GDInterferon-gamma alters electrical activity and clock gene expression in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons J 23: 150–159, DOI: [PubMed] Okada, K; Yano, M; Doki, Y; Azama, T; Iwanaga, H; Miki, H; Nakayama, M; Miyata, H; Takiguchi, S; Fujiwara, YInjection of LPS causes transient suppression of biological clock genes in rats J 145: 5–12, DOI: [PubMed] Watts, CJ; Hahn, BL; Sohnle, PGResistance of athymic nude mice to experimental cutaneous Bacillus anthracis infection J 199: 673–679, DOI: [PubMed] Nickol, AD; Bonventre, PFAnomalous high native resistance to athymic mice to bacterial pathogens 18: 636–645.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Irrigation systems are essential in arid agricultural regions. [SEP] Text: (2007) described a multi-level drainage system designed to improve drainage water quality. Results are presented from a field scale land reclamation experiment implemented in the Area in Wales, Australia. A traditional single-level drainage system and a multi-level drainage system were compared in the experiment carried out in an irrigated field setting. Data on drainage flows and salinity, water table regime, and soil salinity were collected over a 2-year period. The multi-level drainage system provided greater waterlogging protection than the single-level system, and faster leaching of the root zone without increasing drainage salt loads. On the other hand, shallow drains were found to have significantly lower drainage water salinities than deep drains, and the combination of deep and shallow drains in a multi-level drainage system provides significant benefits in relation to drainage water disposal management options when compared to single-level systems. In a study by Ayars et al. (2006), traditional subsurface drainage system design procedures were described, followed by alternative design criteria for arid regions, and suggestions that system design include control structures enabling better drain system management. Suggested changes included reducing installation depth of laterals, accounting for crop water use from shallow ground water in the design, and relaxing the mid-point water depth requirement. Active control of drainage systems in arid irrigated regions is a developing concept that is currently being evaluated around the world. Research in the USA and Australia has demonstrated that water tables in irrigated areas can be effectively controlled with various types of structures. Control has resulted in reduced volumes of drainage water and total discharged salt loads. Salt accumulation in the root zone is to be considered when adopting controlled drainage, but other research has demonstrated that it is possible to manage salt accumulation through careful water management. Irrigation development in an arid zone almost always has to deal not only with secondary salinity, but also with primary and fossil salinity. In many cases, irrigation development brings about large-scale changes in the local geohydrological regime which often results in mobilization of salts stored in the underlying substrata. This primary and fossil salt mobilization has been found to be one of the principal causes of river salinization in irrigated basins in the arid zone. The study by Smedema and Shiati (2002) highlights this salinity hazard, which is as yet insufficiently recognized, and discusses related control measures and strategies. Chowdary et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Humans can survive unprotected on Mars due to its thin atmosphere. [SEP] Text: It takes no more than a few bars of pressure from atmospheric CO2 to raise the temperature to the melting point of ice, and Mars initially may have had as much as 20 bars. By comparison, the total atmospheric pressure at Earth’s surface is about 1 bar. The abundance of water on Mars can be expressed as a global equivalent layer (GEL), which is the depth of the water if all of it existed at the surface as a liquid and was spread uniformly over the planet. Mars’s observed morphological features would have required a GEL of at least 50 m. Water may also reside as groundwater or as ice in the crust, in an amount that could raise the GEL by nearly an order of magnitude. Altogether, those reservoirs yield about 500 m GEL of water on the planet. By comparison, Earth’s oceans, if spread over the entire planet, would form a layer about 2 km thick. can lose water and CO2 above their surfaces in two ways. and its solar wind can strip water vapor and gaseous CO2 from the top of the atmosphere into space. The two compounds can also diffuse into the subsurface. There, CO2 and water can react with crustal materials to form CO2- and H2O-rich minerals. Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution, or MAVEN, spacecraft has been tracking the stripping of the Martian atmosphere since 2014. Although the atmosphere is losing gas today at a rate of only about 2–3 kg/s, rates would have been much higher early in Mars’s history, when the Sun’s extreme UV rays and the solar wind were more intense. But by observing the processes today and knowing some history of the Sun, planetary scientists can extrapolate the loss rate into the past and estimate the total loss through time. They use the observed enrichment of the heavier of stable isotope pairs, such as D/H, 13C/12C, 15N/14N, and 38Ar/36Ar, to infer the fraction of each gas that has been lost (see Physics Today, May 2015, page 12). In each case, the lighter isotope is removed to space more easily and leaves behind an increased concentration of the heavier isotope. Loss of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon are of interest to scientists because of their connections to the climate-related gases H2O and CO2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Login to your accountEmail/UsernameYour email address is a required field. E. g. , [email protected]PasswordShowYour password is a required field. Forgot password? Remember meDon’t have an account? Create a If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the button. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your passwordEmail*If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your passwordinRegisterLog inSubmitLog inSubscribeprovided by Main menu This journal this journal now Current issue alerts - preprints & medical sciences & of (partner) (partner) (partner) (partner) (partner) (partner) Methods & (partner) (partner) Oncology (partner) (partner) Reports (partner) Trends in Trends in in Trends in Ecology & in Endocrinology & in in in in Trends in in in Trends in Physical sciences & engineering in i(partner) (partner) Trends in in Submit 10. 1016/0896-6273(93)90112-5Also available on startedAccess OutlineAbstract1. An, G. ∙ Lin, T. N. ∙ Liu, J. -S. . . . Expression of c-fos and c-jun family genes after focal cerebral ischemiaAnn. Neurol. 1993; 33:457-464CrossrefScopus (237)PubMed2. Angel, P. ∙ Karin, M. The role of Jun, Fos, and the AP-1 complex in cell proliferation and transformationBiochim. Biophys. Acta. 1991; 1072:129-157CrossrefScopus (3453)PubMed3. Angel, P. ∙ Allegretto, E. A. ∙ Okino, S. T. . . . Oncogene jun encodes a sequence-specific trans-activator similar to AP-1Nature. 1988; 332:166-171CrossrefScopus (852)PubMed4. Aronin, N. ∙ Schwartz, W. J. A new strategy to explore molecular mechanisms of suprachiasmatic nucleus functionKlein, D. C. ∙ Moore, R. Y.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Irrigation systems are essential in arid agricultural regions. [SEP] Text: (2005) presents the development and application of a geographical information system (GIS)-based decision support framework that integrates field scale models of these processes to assess non-point-source pollution of groundwater in canal irrigation project areas. GIS is used to represent spatial variations in input data over the area and to map the output of the recharge and nitrogen balance models. The latter are used to provide the spatially distributed recharge and pollutant load inputs to the distributed groundwater flow and transport models, respectively. Alternate strategies for water and fertilizer use can be evaluated using this framework to ensure long-term sustainability of productive agriculture in large irrigation projects. Development and application of the framework is illustrated by a case study of a large canal irrigation system in India. Use of reclaimed wastewater (treated wastewater or reused drainage water) for irrigation is an important route for the introduction of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) into the environment. The mobility and sorption-desorption behavior of carbamazepine, naproxen, and diclofenac were studied in soil layers sampled from a plot irrigated with secondary treated wastewater (STW). Carbamazepine and diclofenac were significantly retarded in the 0-5 cm soil sample rich in soil organic matter (SOM); carbamazepine was not affected by water quality (freshwater versus STW), whereas diclofenac exhibited a higher retardation factor (RF) in the freshwater system. Naproxen exhibited significantly lower RFs than diclofenac, but with a similar trend, showed higher retardation in the freshwater system than in the STW system. In the 5-15 cm soil sample containing low SOM, naproxen was highly mobile while carbamazepine and diclofenac were still retarded. In the 15-25 cm sample, all compounds exhibited their lowest RFs. Sorption data suggested that SOM governs the studied PC interactions with the soil samples. However, higher carbon normalized sorption coefficients were measured for the PCs in the 15-25 cm sample, suggesting both quantity and physicochemical nature of SOM affect sorption interactions. While both naproxen and carbamazepine exhibited reversible sorption isotherms, diclofenac exhibited pronounced sorption-desorption hysteresis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Humans can survive unprotected on Mars due to its thin atmosphere. [SEP] Text: Using the measurements of MAVEN and other spacecraft, for example, researchers can track H atoms from their occurrence in atmospheric water vapor in the lower atmosphere to an extended corona that reaches from the upper atmosphere to at least as far as 10 Mars radii. The inferred H loss rate varies by as much as an order of magnitude through the Martian seasons. That variation results from increased atmospheric dust near perihelion that raises temperatures and allows water to be carried to higher altitudes where it can escape more readily. Extrapolating the loss through time, scientists have found that more than 25 m GEL of H2O may have been lost to space. Scientists can also track the historical loss of O to space by recognizing that it can come from either CO2 or H2O. Oxygen is removed either as ions from the upper atmosphere or by photochemical processes that break up CO2 or H2O and eject the O atom (see figure 2). Carbon is harder to track, but researchers can estimate the total amount lost to space from the 13C/12C isotope ratio, from the current estimated loss rate for O, and from the rate of photodissociation and loss of atmospheric carbon monoxide. Those amounts yield an integrated loss through time of at least 1–2 bars of CO2. Figure 2. View largeDownload slideA year’s worth of data on oxygen escaping from Mars. Colors represent the flux of oxygen atoms, and arrows show the average direction of their movement. (Adapted from an image courtesy of the Union. )Figure 2. View largeDownload slideA year’s worth of data on oxygen escaping from Mars. Colors represent the flux of oxygen atoms, and arrows show the average direction of their movement. (Adapted from an image courtesy of the Union. ) Close modal The dynamo, reactions, and the poles Planetary scientists think that the loss of H was much larger early in history when the Sun’s UV radiation intensity was much higher. The stripping of C and O by the solar wind began about 4. 1 billion years ago, when the Martian magnetic field shut off with the death of the planet’s dynamo (see Physics Today, October 2021, page 17). At that point in time, no global magnetic field existed to protect the atmosphere from the onslaught of the solar wind. Carbon dioxide can react with minerals to form carbon-bearing minerals in the crust.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: ∙ Reppert, S. M. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus; The Mind's 1991; 445-4565. Aronin, N. ∙ Sagar, S. M. ∙ Sharp, F. R. . . . Light regulates expression of a Fos related protein in rat suprachiasmatic nucleiin: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87. 1990; 5959-59626. Auwerx, J. ∙ Sassone-Corsi, P. IP-1: a dominant inhibitor of Fos/Jun whose activity is modulated by phosphorylationCell. 1991; 64:983-993Abstract(PDF)Scopus (206)PubMed7. Bartel, D. P. ∙ Sheng, M. ∙ Lau, L. F. . . . Growth factors and membrane depolarization activate distinct programs of early response gene expression: dissociation of fos and jun inductionGenes Dev. 1989; 3:304-313CrossrefScopus (459)PubMed8. Benbrook, D. M. ∙ Jones, N. C. Heterodimer formation between CREB and Jun proteinsOncogene. 1990; 5:295-302PubMed9. Bohmann, D. ∙ Bos, T. J. ∙ Admon, A. . . . Human proto-oncogene c-jun encodes a DNA binding protein with structural and functional properties of transcription factor AP-1Science. 1987; 238:1386-1392CrossrefScopus (1194)PubMed10. Boyle, W. J. ∙ Smeal, T. ∙ Defize, L. H. K. . . . Activation of protein kinase C decreases phosphorylation of c-Jun at sites that negatively regulate its DNA-binding activityCell. 1991; 64:573-584Abstract(PDF)Scopus (1004)PubMed11. Briata, P. ∙ D'Anna, F. ∙ Franzi, A. T. . . . AP-1 activity during normal human keratinocyte differentiation: evidence for a cytosolic modulator of AP-1/DNA bindingExp. Cell Res. 1993; 204:136-146CrossrefScopus (47)PubMed12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Irrigation systems are essential in arid agricultural regions. [SEP] Text: It was found that frequent irrigation applications with a low amount (3-day interval and 15 mm application) combined with low N rates reduced crop stress and represented the best scenario from both a productive and environmental point of view (low N leaching). Popova and Kercheva (2004) also used DSSAT software, in this case the CERES-maize model, to evaluate the long-term impact of irrigation scheduling and rates, timing of fertilization on water stress indicators, nitrogen uptake, and leaching under maize in Chromic Luvisol, Sofia region, Bulgaria. Adjusted and modified CERES-maize was run with different irrigation and fertilization scenarios, and 30-year weather data. Scenario analyses proved that grain yield and N-uptake were severely affected on drylands under the study conditions. Drought indicators showed that irrigation was required in 70% of the years. An integrated management strategy of N-application that was timed to coincide with the period of maximum crop uptake and irrigation scheduled at 85% of field capacity reduced available N for leaching in the risky years. A drainage control scenario, developed for 75-80% of the required irrigation depth and predominantly satisfying the most sensitive phases of maize development, saved up to95 mm yr-1 of water and reduced drainage by 30-40% in medium wet to wet fallow states. Simulator - Infiltration and Movement (APSIM-SWIM) was used by Stewart et al. (2006) to estimate deep drainage and nitrate leaching from the root zone under sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) at the in North Queensland, Australia located on a dry tropical coastal strip and one of Australia's premier sugar-producing districts with approximately 40 000 ha of land under sugarcane. Collection of data related to drainage and nitrate leaching over two cropping seasons at a specific field site and their use in the calibration and application of the model was described. Model simulations indicated that the amount of drainage and nitrate leached over a cropping season compared favorably to that derived from inferred drainage and observed soil-water nitrate concentrations. Subsequent investigation of fertilizer management options using the model identified the timing and amount of both irrigation and fertilizer application as key parameters over which management control might be utilized to minimize deep drainage and flux of nitrate to groundwater. The objective of the study by Chung et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Humans can survive unprotected on Mars due to its thin atmosphere. [SEP] Text: Orbital surveys have identified it in surface materials, in buried materials that have been exposed at the surface, and in meteorites found on Earth that have come from Mars. Carbonates at or near the surface hold the equivalent of no more than a couple of tens of millibars of CO2—counted as if it all were released into the atmosphere. Deeply buried carbonates could hold up to a bar of CO2, but their abundance is difficult to quantify, as they are exposed and visible in only a few locations. Today, water is locked up in the polar caps and in mid- and high-latitude ground ice. Those sinks hold about 20–30 m GEL of H2O. A much bigger sink may be water bound in hydrated minerals at the surface that spacecraft have identified spectroscopically from orbit. Scientists can extrapolate that data to estimate the water locked up in the minerals hidden beneath the surface, but with large uncertainties. The most likely amount of stored water is between 130–260 m GEL, although a reservoir more than 500 m deep is possible. The large uncertainty arises from the difficulty of predicting a global abundance from a small number of exposures of minerals. Clearly, the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere to space and the crust can account for the loss of a thick early atmosphere. But the water history is more complicated. In addition to being lost to space and the crust, water has been released to the surface in catastrophic floods. That water would have eventually evaporated over time or percolated into the crust, and volcanic materials would have outgassed. Today H2O from the polar ice caps moves through the atmosphere and exchanges with midlatitude ground ice or condenses at the opposite pole. The amounts of water in each case are difficult to quantify. Despite the uncertainties, however, scientists are getting a consistent story of what drove the evolving climate and water on Mars. Can the CO2 that is locked in the crust be mobilized and restored to Mars’s atmosphere today? If that were possible, it could support greenhouse warming that would raise the planet’s temperature and allow liquid water to become widespread again. Unfortunately, the bulk of the CO2 that remains on Mars is distributed globally and would require strip-mining and processing of the entire planet to release. Don’t give up hope, though.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Carter, D. A. Neurotransmitter-stimulated immediateearly gene responses are organized through differential postsynaptic receptor mechanismsMol. Brain Res. 1992; 16:111-118CrossrefScopus (43)PubMed13. Carter, M. S. ∙ Krause, J. E. Structure, expression, and some regulatory mechanisms of the rat preprotachykinin gene encoding substance P, neurokinin A, neuropeptide K, and neuropeptide yJ. Neurosci. 1990; 10:2203-2214CrossrefPubMed14. Chiu, R. ∙ Angel, P. ∙ Karin, M. Jun-B differs in its biological properties from, and is a negative regulator of, c-JunCell. 1989; 59:979-986Abstract(PDF)Scopus (705)PubMed15. Cole, A. J. ∙ Abu-Shakra, S. ∙ Saffen, D. W. . . . Rapid rise in transcription factor mRNAs in rat brain after electroshock-induced seizuresJ. Neurochem. 1990; 55:1920-1927CrossrefScopus (189)PubMed16. Colwell, C. S. ∙ Kaufman, C. M. ∙ Menaker, M. Phaseshifting mechanisms in the mammalian circadian system: new light on the carbachol paradoxJ. Neurosci. 1993; 13:1454-1459PubMed17. Cutrera, R. A. ∙ Kalsbeek, A. ∙ Pevet, P. No triazolaminduced expression of Fos protein in raphe nuclei of the male Syrian hamsterBrain Res. 1993; 602:14-20CrossrefScopus (25)PubMed18. Deng, T. ∙ Karin, M. JunB differs from c-Jun in its DNAbinding and dimerization domains, and represses c-Jun by formation of inactive heterodimersGenes Dev. 1993; 7:479-490CrossrefScopus (293)PubMed19. Diamond, M. I. ∙ Miner, J. N. ∙ Yoshinaga, S. K. . . . c-Jun and c-Fos levels specify positive or negative glucocorticoid regulation from a composite GREScience.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: GMOs are extensively tested for safety before being approved for use. [SEP] Text: The learning phase was completed once, whilst cued recall was completed twice: once immediately following learning, and repeated again following a delay containing the same cues. Anterograde taskTo measure acute memory performance, a Task (MST)14 measured the acute impairment caused by alcohol immediately after intoxication using two phases. During phase one, participants observed 128 images of objects on the screen, and were required to press a key classifying them as ‘indoor’ or ‘outdoor’. Phase two followed, and tested memory recognition as participants were required to identify 192 objects on the screen as either ‘old’, ‘similar’, or ‘new’. Of these 192 objects: 64 were identical repetitions of objects from phase one (targets); 64 were objects that were perceptually similar, yet not identical to those observed in phase one (lures); and 64 were completely new objects not previously observed (foils). Following a randomisation process, participants completed either one of two stimulus sets on session one, and completed the alternate set on session two. This paradigm is illustrated below, in Fig. 1. As suggested14, traditional recognition memory was calculated by subtracting the percent of foils falsely identified as ‘old’ from the percent of targets accurately identified as ‘old’. Furthermore, behavioural pattern separation (BPS score) was also calculated by subtracting percent of foils falsely identified as ‘similar’ from the percent of lures correctly identified as ‘similar’, which gives an index of the ability to distinguish between two similar patterns. The MST was completed twice between two sessions, and contained independent, non-repeated stimuli in both. Figure 1Phase one and two of the MST. Phase one involved classifying objects as either ‘indoor’ or ‘outdoor’. Phase two followed immediately after, and assessed participant’s memory for the objects they had seen in phase one by presenting either the object again (target), a perceptually similar but not identical object (lure), or a completely new object (foil). Only one of these three categories were presented; for example, the target was not presented again if the similar object had already been presented. Figure produced with author permission from Stark et al. 14.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Humans can survive unprotected on Mars due to its thin atmosphere. [SEP] Text: One can imagine manufacturing boutique, high-efficiency greenhouse gases on Mars that could—someday, at least—provide a substantial greenhouse effect. Additional resources ►M. S. Chaffin et al. , “Martian water loss to space enhanced by regional dust storms,” Nat. Astron. 5, 1036 (2021). M. Jakosky, M. T. Mellon, 57(4), 71 (2004). M. Wilson, 68(5), 12 (2015). M. Wilson, 74(10), 17 (2021).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 1990; 249:1266-1272CrossrefScopus (1074)PubMed20. Earnest, D. J. ∙ Iadarola, M. ∙ Yeh, H. H. . . . Photic regulation of c-fos expression in neural components governing the entrainment of circadian rhythmsExp. Neurol. 1990; 109:353-361CrossrefScopus (154)PubMed21. Gass, P. ∙ Herdegen, T. ∙ Bravo, R. . . . Induction of immediate early gene encoded proteins in the rat hippocampus after bicuculline-induced seizures: differential expression of Krox-24, Fos, and Jun proteinsNeurroscience. 1992; 48:315-324CrossrefScopus (142)PubMed22. Hai, T. ∙ Curran, T. Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificityin: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88. 1991; 3720-372423. Herdegen, T. ∙ Kovary, K. ∙ Leah, J. . . . Specific temporal and spatial distribution of Jun, Fos, and Krox-24 proteins in spinal neurons following noxious transsynaptic stimulationJ. Comp. Neurol. 1991; 313:178-191CrossrefScopus (324)PubMed24. Herdegen, T. ∙ Kummer, W. ∙ Fiallos, C. E. . . . Expression of c-Jun, proteins in rat nervous system following transection of vagus nerve and cervical sympathetic trunkNeuroscience. 1991; 45:413-422CrossrefScopus (112)PubMed25. Hirai, S. I. ∙ Ryseck, R. P. ∙ Mechte, F. . . . Characterization of jun D: a new member of the jun oncogene familyEMBO J. 1989; 8:1433-1439CrossrefScopus (495)PubMed26. Ivashkiv, L. B. ∙ Liou, H. C. ∙ Kara, C. J. . . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are nutritionally superior for everyone. [SEP] Text: Nutrients and foods that have, thus far, received the most attention include alcohol, fats (monounsaturated fatty acids, n-3 fatty acid supplementation), and a number of micronutrients such as vitamin C, D, and E, retinol, and zinc (reviewed by Lee and Lip87 and Pieters and De Maat11). For most of these, the number of investigations is limited, and the available evidence produced contradictory findings. Also, most of the studies investigated individual activators or inhibitors in the fibrinolytic pathway such as plasminogen, or tissue plasminogen activator or PAI-1 activity or antigen as surrogate markers of fibrinolytic activity, without directly measuring fibrinolytic potential. The evidence for dietary habits that can inhibit fibrinolysis is much stronger. Again, for individual nutrients and foods, the evidence is limited, but there is a strong relationship between consequences of overnutrition such as obesity and metabolic syndrome and decreased fibrinolytic potential and in particular increased PAI-1. A major source of PAI-1 is adipose tissue, with visceral fat producing more PAI-1 than subcutaneous fat, since it produces more proinflammatory cytokines, which stimulates PAI-1 secretion (being an acute-phase protein) and it contains more stromal cells, which is the cellular component of adipose tissue that produces PAI-1. 92-94 The metabolic syndrome is characterized by abdominal obesity, as well as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance (insulin resistance), all of which have been linked to increased PAI-1. 95,96 In fact, the relationship of PAI-1 with metabolic syndrome is so strong, that it is considered by some to be a true component of the metabolic syndrome. 97 In agreement with PAI-1, global fibrinolytic assays have also demonstrated decreased lysis in both obesity and metabolic syndrome, confirming their hypofibrinolytic effects. 98,99Thus, while the evidence for the effect of individual components of plant-based diets on fibrinolysis is still to be confirmed, the lower prevalence of obesity7 and metabolic syndrome in plant-based consumers (reviewed by Babio et al100)supports a beneficial relationship between plant-based diets and fibrinolytic potential.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: The sustainable construction strategy specified ways the construction industry can contribute to sustainable development like developing quality houses that improve health and wellbeing of residents, reduction in energy use, conservation and preservation of natural resources and ecosystem, and lastly to be more competitive and financially rewarding (DETR 2000). The significance of activities of construction to attaining sustainable development is huge and cannot be disputed (Gunatilake 2013). In the UK, it costs about 40–50% of entire country’s energy use to construct, operate and for final deconstruction of buildings (Williams and Dair 2007; Garde 2009). This type of impact is witnessed and recorded by researchers in the number of materials exploited for construction. According to Sev (2009), about 380 million tonnes of natural resources and raw materials are used every year by the UK construction industry. In addition, there is almost 13 million tonnes and 100 million tonnes of unused materials and waste produced each year respectively (Garde 2009). Sustainable development in construction industry can be achieved when everyone is involved and committed to cut down on negative ecological and socio-economic impacts (Parkin 2000; Parkin, et al. 2003). In the UK construction industry, the interest on sustainable construction is increasingly on the rise (Choguill 2008). This is because of research and improvements in technology, awareness campaign from non-governmental bodies and policies from relevant government authorities (Hwang and Tan 2012). However, there seems to be some hinderances to full and complete compliance to the principles of sustainable development in sustainable construction concept (Choguill 2008). These challenges emanate in different dimensions and sources causing barriers to widespread adoption of sustainable construction (AlSanad 2015). The sources could be from government’s inactions, stakeholders’ poor understanding, human resources, economic implications and culture (Son et al. 2011). There are barriers as client’s un-interestedness or unawareness, huge cost or inadequate information on long-time financial benefits, lack of sustainable materials, poor or lack of rules and regulations, and slow adoption of integrated modern methods of construction (Bond 2011a, 2011b). Despite government set regulations, researchers’ efforts, and advancement in technology and innovations, these barriers have made sustainable construction unpopular and contributed to the low demand (Zhou and Lowe 2003). Factors impacting on sustainable constructionStakeholders rolesStakeholders contribute to either the barriers or actions of sustainable construction depending on the circumstances (Maqbool 2018).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: mXBP/CRE-BP2 and c-Jun form a complex which binds to the cyclic AMP, but not to the 12-0- tetrad ecanoylphorbo1–13-acetate, response elementMol. Cell. Biol. 1990; 10:1609-1621CrossrefScopus (229)PubMed27. Janik, D. ∙ Mrosovsky, N. Gene expression in the geniculate induced by a nonphotic circadian phase shifting stimulusNeuroReport. 1992; 3:575-578CrossrefScopus (86)PubMed28. Johnson, R. F. ∙ Morin, L. P. ∙ Moore, R. Y. Retinohypothalamic projections in the hamster and rat demonstrated using cholera toxinBrain Res. 1988; 462:301-312CrossrefScopus (398)PubMed29. Kerppola, T. K. ∙ Curran, T. Fos-Jun heterodimers and Jun homodimers bend DNA in opposite orientations: implications for transcription factor cooperativityCell. 1991; 66:317-326Abstract(PDF)Scopus (291)PubMed30. Kilduff, T. S. ∙ Landel, H. B. ∙ Nagy, G. S. . . . Melatonin influences Fos expression in the rat suprachiasmaticMol. Brain Res. 1992; 16:47-56CrossrefScopus (49)PubMed31. Klein, D. C. ∙ Moore, R. Y. ∙ Reppert, S. M. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: The Mind's 199132. Kobierski, L. A. ∙ Chu, H. -M. ∙ Tan, Y. . . . cAMP-dependent regulation of proenkephalin by JunD and JunB: positive and negative effects of AP-1 proteinsin: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88. 1991; 10222-1022633. Kornhauser, J. M. ∙ Nelson, D. E. ∙ Mayo, K. E. . . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are nutritionally superior for everyone. [SEP] Text: Plant-based diets are associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all-cause mortality in a general population of middle-aged adults. J Assoc. 2019; 8: e012865. Crossref7. Fraser GE. Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases? Clin Nutr. 2009; 89: 1607s-1612s. Crossref8. Nöthlings Intake of vegetables, legumes, and fruit, and risk for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a European diabetic population. J Nutr. 2008; 138: 775-781. Crossref9. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. J. 2021; 42: 3227-3337. 10. . Cardio-metabolic benefits of plant-based diets. Nutrients. 2017; 9: 848. Crossref11. Pieters M, de Maat MP. Diet and haemostasis – a comprehensive overview. Blood Rev. 2015; 29: 231-241. Crossref12. Li D. Chemistry behind vegetarianism. J Chem. 2011; 59: 777-784. Crossref13. Kahleova H, Salas-Salvadó J, Rahelić D, et al. Dietary patterns and cardiometabolic outcomes in diabetes: a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Nutrients. 2019; 11: 2209. Crossref14. Satija A, Hu FB. Plant-based diets and cardiovascular health. Med. 2018; 28: 437-441. Crossref15. Derbyshire EJ. Flexitarian diets and health: a review of the evidence-based literature. Front Nutr. 2016; 3: 55. Crossref16. Keys A. Seven Countries: A of Death and Disease. Cambridge (MA): Press; 2013. 17. . Dietary patterns: a Mediterranean diet score and its relation to clinical and biological markers of cardiovascular disease risk. Cardiovasc Dis. 2006; 16: 559-568. Crossref18. . The flavone, flavonol and flavan-3-ol content of the Greek traditional diet. Food Chem. 2007; 105: 812-821. Crossref19.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: It becomes a barrier where a potential owner shows no interest or support to adopting principles of sustainable development (Samari et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2015; Toor and Ofori 2008; Zhang 2014). This challenge is mostly in connection with stakeholders limited understanding of what sustainability entails (Pitt et al. 2009; Serpell et al. 2013). This is related to poor knowledge on the financial and social benefits of sustainable construction known to stakeholders (Zhang et al. 2013), having low level knowledge of innovation in sustainability (Ahn et al. 2013) and failure to build collaborative working environment amongst stakeholders (Richardson and Lynes 2007). Project management practicesAccording to Reffat (2004), another important concern facing the construction sector in terms of professional skills is a lack of human resource capacity. The implementation of government policy initiatives, according to a 1999 CIB analysis, necessitates the utilisation of persons with managerial abilities (Raynsford 1999). Professionals in the construction sector are expected to be well-versed in the working principles of sustainable building so that they can apply sustainable policies in practice. According to Nguyen et al. (2017), any industry’s personnel is its backbone; thus, individuals who are not only knowledgeable but also can support sustainable construction while working as a team are needed. In another vein, organisations have shown quality project management practices in project teams that drives sustainability in construction through team commitment (Quinn and Dalton 2009), policy implementation efforts (Gattiker and Carter 2009), realisation of incentive policy (Avery 2005), project team skills (Opoku et al. 2015), sustainable procurement model (Toor and Ofori 2008), commit to changing behaviour (Holton et al. 2008) and appropriate project organisation structure (Northouse 2021). Technological factorsThere has been a significant investment and study in technologically innovative ideas that has proven to enhance construction industry’s agenda towards promoting sustainable development principles in construction (Maqbool and Sudong 2018). The UK construction sector has largely continued to witness technological advancements and innovative inputs in form of development as well as application of BIM technologies, implementation of modern methods of construction like off-site fabrications and utilisation of reusable materials, and Lean methodology. Barriers of sustainable construction practices in the UKDespite a plethora of policies and guidelines, the construction sector nevertheless faces several obstacles that prevent sustainable development from being fully realised in practice (Brennan and Cotgrave 2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Differential expression of the jun family members in rat brainOncogene. 1991; 6:1959-1964PubMed41. Moratalla, R. ∙ Vickers, E. A. ∙ Robertson, H. A. . . . Coordinate expression of c-fos and jun B is induced in the rat striatum by cocaineJ. Neurosci. 1993; 13:423-433PubMed42. Morgan, J. I. ∙ Curran, T. Stimulus-transcription coupling in the nervous system: involvement of the inducible protooncogenes fos and junAnnu. Rev. Neurosci. 1991; 14:421-451CrossrefScopus (2544)PubMed43. Murphy, T. H. ∙ Worley, P. F. ∙ Nakabeppu, Y. . . . Synaptic regulation of immediate early gene expression in primary cultures of cortical neuronsJ. Neurochem. 1991; 57:1862-1872CrossrefScopus (57)PubMed44. Naranjo, J. R. ∙ Mellström, B. ∙ Achaval, M. . . . Co-induction of jun B and c-fos in a subset of neurons in the spinal cordOncogene. 1991; 6:223-227PubMed45. Pennypacker, K. R. ∙ Hong, J. S. ∙ Douglass, J. . . . Constitutive expression of AP-1 transcription factors in the rat adrenalJ. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267:20148-20152Abstract(PDF)PubMed46. Ransone, L. J. ∙ Verma, I. M. Nuclear proto-oncogenes fos and junAnnu. Rev. Cell Biol. 1990; 6:539-557CrossrefScopus (384)PubMed47. Rea, M. A. Light increases Fos-related protein immunoreactivity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleiBrain Res. Bull. 1989; 23:577-581CrossrefScopus (226)PubMed48. Rosen, K. M. ∙ McCormack, M. A. ∙ Villa-Komaroff, L. . . .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponic farming is incapable of producing nutrient-dense crops. [SEP] Text: View in gallery (A, B) Soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) meter index and tissue Zn concentrations of holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum ‘Holy’) 3 weeks after transplanting into nutrient-film technique hydroponic systems containing nutrient solutions with 0. 5, 1. 0, 2. 0, 3. 0, or 4. 0 dS·m−1 electrical conductivities (ECs). Data were pooled across daily light integrals with EC. Each symbol represents the mean of six replications with 10 plants per replicate, and error bars represent the ses of the mean of the six replicates. * or *** indicates significance at P ≤ 0. 05 or 0. 001, respectively. raw image (A−L) Tissue nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) concentrations of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum ‘Nufar’), lemon basil (O. ×citriodorum ‘Lime’), and holy basil (O. tenuiflorum ‘Holy’) 3 weeks after transplanting into nutrient-film technique hydroponic systems containing nutrient solutions with 0. 5, 1. 0, 2. 0, 3. 0, or 4. 0 dS·m−1 electrical conductivities (ECs). Data were pooled across daily light integrals with EC. Each symbol represents the mean of six replications with 10 plants per replicate, and error bars represent the ses of the mean of the six replicates. ** or *** indicate significance at P ≤ 0. 01 or 0. 001, respectively. View raw image (A−D) Tissue potassium (K), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), and boron (B) concentrations of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum ‘Nufar’) 3 weeks after transplanting into nutrient-film technique hydroponic systems containing nutrient solutions with 0. 5, 1. 0, 2. 0, 3. 0, or 4. 0 dS·m–1 electrical conductivities (ECs). Data were pooled across daily light integrals with EC. Each symbol represents the mean of six replications with 10 plants per replicate, and error bars represent the ses of the mean of the six replicates. * or *** indicate significance at P ≤ 0. 05 or 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Roles of culture to barriers of SCFull size tableGovernment rolesGovernment laws and legislation are one of the most important drivers of sustainable building, but a lack of applicable rules and policies is one of the most significant impediments or challenges to achieving absolute sustainability in the construction industry (Heeres et al. 2004). Serpell et al. (2013) and Samari et al. (2013) both stated in their studies that the lack of government legislation providing rules to require construction sector players on sustainability is a major setback. Government incentives to help organisations’ sustainability efforts are occasionally lacking. These incentives could take the form of monetary rewards or tax exemptions for every action taken to reduce environmental and social impacts such as noise pollution, gas emissions and solid waste (Chang et al. 2016; Chen et al. 2015; Samari et al. 2013; Shi et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2015). Summary of some of the important studies on the government contributions towards sustainable construction is presented in Table 3. Table 3 Government contributions to barriers of SCFull size tableResources factorsAnother impediment to sustainable construction is a lack of sustainable materials and technologies (Richardson and Lynes 2007). Not all building materials are considered environmentally friendly (Akadiri et al. 2012). A substance must be renewable, reusable, or recyclable to be considered sustainable, and the same can be said about innovations or technology. Another feature of a sustainable material or technology is its ability to improve health and social well-being. Sustainable resources, which are required to make a building truly green, are in short supply, posing a threat to sustainable construction practices (Choguill 2008; Shi et al. 2016). Summary of some of the important studies on the role of resources towards sustainable construction is presented in Table 4. Table 4 Impacts of resources to barriers of SCFull size tableConceptual frameworkA conceptual model drawn from the aforementioned literature, consisting important factors was developed to test and provide important inferences in this study. Based on the literature, it is clearly mentioned in the Fig. 3 that different factors impacting sustainability help the sustainable construction practices. However, certain barriers play reverse role, not only in the sustainable construction practices, but also diminishing the relationship in between factors impacting sustainability and sustainable construction practices. A moderating role of barrier of sustainable construction in between factors impacting sustainability and sustainable construction practices is highlighted in Fig. 3. Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: ∙ Curran, T. . . . Dynamic alterations occur in the levels and composition of transcription factor AP-1 complexes after seizureNeuron. 1989; 3:359-365Abstract(PDF)Scopus (350)PubMed57. Sonnenberg, J. L. ∙ Mitchelmore, C. ∙ Macgregor-Leon, P. F. . . . Glutamate receptor agonists increase the expression of Fos, Fra, and AP-1 DNA binding activity in the mammalian brainJ. Neurosci. Res. 1989; 24:72-80CrossrefScopus (321)PubMed58. Sonnenberg, J. L. ∙ Rauscher, III, F. J. ∙ Morgan, J. I. . . . Regulation of proenkephalin by fos and junScience. 1989; 246:1622-1625CrossrefScopus (527)PubMed59. Takatsuji, K. ∙ Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J. ∙ Tohyama, M. Substance P-immunoreactive innervation from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the ratBrain Res. 1991; 568:223-229CrossrefScopus (71)PubMed60. Uhl, G. R. ∙ Walther, D. ∙ Nishimori, T. . . . Jun B, c-jun, jun D and c-fos mRNAs in nucleus caudalis neurons: rapid selective enhancement by afferent stimulationMol. Brain Res. 1991; 11:133-141CrossrefScopus (32)PubMed61. Vogt, P. K. ∙ Bos, T. J. jun: oncogene and transcription factorAdv. Cancer Res. 1990; 55:1-35CrossrefScopus (339)PubMed62. Wisden, W. ∙ Errington, M. L. ∙ Williams, S. . . . Differential expression of immediate early genes in the hippocampus and spinal cordNeuron. 1990; 4:603-614(PDF)Scopus (631)PubMed35. 95Academic accessCorporate R&D Professionals 24-hour online access. Suitable for commercial use. $45.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: The aftermath of war; mental health, substance use and their correlates with social support and resilience among adolescents in a post-conflict region of eeOpen access Published: 31 August 2023 The aftermath of war; mental health, substance use and their correlates with social support and resilience among adolescents in a post-conflict region of Lasith Dissanayake1, Sameeha Jabir1, Thomas Shepherd2, Toby Helliwell2, Lavan Selvaratnam3, Kaushalya Jayaweera1, Nihal Abeysinghe1, Christian Mallen2 & …Athula Sumathipala1,2 Show authors Child and 0. 05) and p-values less than 0. 05 were considered significant. Chi-square tests were used to explore associations between variables of interest. Spearman rank order correlation was used to examine correlations among depression, hopelessness, quality of life, social support, and resilience. ResultsThe mean age of participants was 15. 02 (± 2. 13) years. Ninety-one (15. 6%) participants reported being exposed to one or more war-related events, and 85 (93. 4%) participants in this group reported being internally displaced due to war. Fifty-two (8. 9%) had dropped out of school and the prevalence of depression (3. 9%) and substance use (7%) were low. Correlational analyses revealed that depression and hopelessness were significantly negatively correlated with social support, resilience, and quality of life (p < 0. 01). Linear regression analysis suggested that 40% of the variance in resilience of the participants can be explained by perceived social support. ConclusionThe low prevalence of hopelessness and depression highlights the resilience of this group in the face of adversity. Furthermore, significant negative correlations between hopelessness and depression with perceived social support and resilience suggest that social support and resilience could be protective factors against mental health issues in these adolescents. However, the prevalence of school dropouts calls for a focus on academic attainment to promote better educational outcomes in the adolescents of this conflict-affected region. IntroductionHealthArmed conflicts are known to have a marked impact on the health and well-being of children and adolescents who may experience an array of negative events including displacement, separation/death of parents, witnessing death and destruction, and being forced to leave school [1].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Limited capacity of the efficiency of human resource creates how productivity of effort to match significant actions of sustainable construction. It was also observed that the ‘resource-related barriers’ have the highest position among other barrier categories with its mean value of 4. 22, whereas the ‘economic related barriers’ found to be the least significant with mean value of 4. 11. Bivariate correlation analysisAccording to Table 8, there is a strong, positive, and substantial relationship between sustainable construction factors, barriers and drivers. Table 8 Bivariate correlationFull size tableMultiple hierarchical regression analysisTable 9 presents the moderating effects of barriers in between the impact of sustainability factors on sustainable construction practices. Table 9 Hierarchical regression of barrier impact on sustainability factorsFull size tableResult of the hierarchical regression analysis shows that there is a significant direct effect between the factors of sustainability (stakeholder, project management and technological factors) and the driving forces of sustainable construction practices (see Table 9). No significant effects were observed via the moderation variable (barriers of sustainable construction). Therefore, the model of moderation test was not accepted as the insignificant values are observed, as highlighted in Table 9. Qualitative analysisIn this section, themes have been developed based on aim, objective as well as questions so that the outcome of this research may not deviate from its ultimate goals. Qualitative results based on the case study findings on plcplc believes that ‘green is a trend, sustainability is a mindset’. The main three features that they follow to make their business sustainable are a strong environment, a strong community that involves workforce, consumers as well as suppliers, and finally strong profit. The main two factors of sustainability are environmental responsibility along social responsibility. plc maintains their legal environment as well as a social responsibility that helps them develop performance build a strong and eco-friendly environment as well as community and also help to generate strong and sustainable profits (plc. 2021). Plc encourages their employees and workers to adopt this mindset as well as they try to maintain their business by following three main features such as community, environment, and sustain profit to operate their sustainable business. For building a sustainable business they also focused on two more factors that are environmental sustainability as well as social sustainability. plc implements ten actions in these two areas to identify more important things in the environment along with social concerns. These ten pillars mainly focus on where they can achieve the greatest strength by their operation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Daily rhythms in plasma levels of homocysteineDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-2-5Submitted on Apr 24, 2004Accepted on Sep 3, 2004Published on Sep 3, 20044. 0 results accumulated in recent years have revealed that plasma concentration of the sulfur-containing amino-acid homocysteine (Hcy) is a prognostic marker for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [1 - 5]. Plasma concentrations of Hcy in excess of 15 μmol/L under fasting conditions were associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality [6]. Furthermore, some patients having normal fasting levels of plasma Hcy were shown to have abnormally high levels of Hcy after methionine loading [7]. In most epidemiological studies, the differences between fasting concentrations of Hcy of cardiovascular patients and normal controls did not amount to more than 10–15%. Studies conducted during the 1960s have demonstrated that plasma levels of several amino acids vary in a daily manner. Feigin, Klainer and Beisel [8] were the first to report on daily rhythms in serum levels of total amino acids in adult men. The peak levels of the total integrated amino acids occured between 1200 and 2000 with a minimum level at 0400. Wurtman, Chou and Rose [9] reported on a daily rhythm in plasma concentration of tyrosine with a nocturnal nadir and a morning peak, which represented a two-fold increase in plasma tyrosine level. This rhythm persisted when subjects were maintained on a two-week low protein diet. Subsequently, the same group [10] extended their findings to 15 additional amino acids. Tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, cysteine, and isoleucine, underwent the greatest daily changes while alanine, glycine and glutamic acid showed the least. Hussein et al [11] reported that the daily fluctuations of plasma free amino acids were significantly affected by the dietary conditions. In none of these studies, however, were the levels of amino acids determined during the sleep period or under uniform dietary conditions. More recently, plasma Hcy levels were also shown to vary in a daily manner in humans with an evening peak and a morning nadir [12].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Whilst some may adjust to the trauma and recover from the emotional distress, the direct or indirect exposure to war can inflict harm on adolescents that persists over their entire life course. (WHO) estimates that “among people who have experienced war or other conflicts in the previous 10 years, one in five (22%) will have depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia” [2, 3]. The impact on adolescent mental health is one of the most significant, yet under-explored after-effects of war [4, 5]. The long-term accumulation of a range of stressors and risk factors puts children and adolescents in post-conflict regions at an increased risk of mental health problems such as depression and anxiety [6]. The four “P” framework of case formulation (predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, and protective factors) also provide insight into the factors that may contribute to the development of mental health disorders in this group [7, 8]. Mental health disorders in adolescents are also known to present themselves in other ways such as through absenteeism, aggressiveness, substance use, medically unexplained pain, and antisocial behaviour, especially among those in post-conflict regions [9, 10]. Impact of in Sri LankaThe three decade long civil war (1983–2009) in is undeniably the most brutal internal conflict which befell the country. It took the lives of more than 70,000 people and left nearly a million people in the Northern and Eastern provinces displaced. Furthermore affected regions were left with weakened infrastructure, increased poverty and dramatically under-functioning education and healthcare systems [11, 12]. This civil conflict also had a devastating impact on the mental health of the country’s population, especially on children and adolescents in the areas of Northern and Eastern provinces [9, 13]. The lack of infrastructure, along with under-functioning healthcare systems in post-conflict settings in the country, in addition to the social stigma attached with mental health problems, poses a serious risk to adolescent mental health [3, 14]. Moreover, despite having an effective primary health care system, has a significant mental health treatment gap, particularly in post-conflict areas [9, 15]. Vavuniya district is in the of the country and experienced high levels of conflict during the civil war.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Their new target regarding achieving sustainability in their business is net-zero carbon across their supply chain as well as operations by 2045 and minimising waste by 2035. plc developed different strategies to meet its specific target. For maintaining better governance, they create a sustainable leadership forum. Reason behind applying this action is to ensure sustainable actions and improve their business decisions (plc. 2021). Figure 10 highlights the sustainability framework of plc. Fig. 10Source: Adapted from plc. 2021, p. 7)Sustainability framework of plc (Full size imageDifferent intuitive taken by plc to increase environmental sustainabilityplc effectively supports and trains as well as audits their project to reduce the risk of pollution. They also developed modern commercial KPIs to measure their pollution along with the impact of this pollution, try to build a project which reduces pollution incidents and also implement different innovative technologies and best practices for reducing population. plc manages their resources by improving knowledge as well as the use of sustainable materials to use their full potentiality of materials and reduce waste. Enhance investment in their sustainable materials, generating values for consumers by use of sustainable materials based on their life cycle as well as actively monitor and promote materials that fit with the changing economy. They implement different strategies to reduce their carbon emission as well as to adapt and increase the protocol (plc. 2021). plc reduces their waste by implementing proper direction and commercial KPIs for reducing direct as well as indirect waste costs. Implementing zero-waste avoidance principles to build sustainability as well as recycle that waste for their further production process. They also build some economic principles to resign as well as manage their wastage process and enhance the percentage of recyclable waste to building materials (plc. 2021). They also take very important intuitive steps to protect the environment and resources by adopting various actions and comprehensive tools to measure biodiversity, improve natural commitment principles, and develop plans for reducing water wastage as well as recycling water for further production processes. Different intuitive taken by plc to increase social sustainabilityplc builds sustainability in supply chain management as well as invested in online programs and training regarding sustainability to develop the supply chain. Review, reduce as well as renew and rebalance are the most important factors to maintain social sustainability (plc. 2021). They also contribute to building sustainable education, sustainable employment and supporting small businesses and sectors, etc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Significant daily rhythmicity was found in obese diabetic patients but not in normal controls. Since plasma samples were obtained every 3 hours and no attempt was made to examine how sleep affected the pattern of secretion, it is difficult to determine whether these findings bear any clinical significance. In rats, plasma Hcy demonstrated a 24-h rhythm with a nocturnal peak and a daytime nadir. Pinealectomy did not change the phase of the rhythm or its nocturnal elevation, but it did significantly increase mean plasma Hcy [13]. In the present study, we further investigated the possible existence of a daily rhythm in plasma Hcy under strictly controlled nutritional and sleep-wake conditions. We also investigated if the time during which methionine loading is performed, i. e. , morning or evening, had a different effect on the resultant plasma Hcy concentration. Six healthy men aged 23–26 years participated in 4 experiments. All were students who maintained a normal and regular sleep-wake cycle for at least three months prior to the studies. They were screened to ensure an adequate state of health by physical examination, detailed medical history and blood testing. All had a normal body weight (mean body mass index (BMI) = 23. 5 ± 1. 6 Kg/m2). They were instructed to avoid alcohol and coffee beverages during the 24 hours that preceded each of the experimental periods. The study was approved by the local Committee, and subjects gave written informed conset before being enrolled in the first experiment. Subjects were paid for their participation. the first and second experiments, daily rhythms in Hcy as well as in other amino acids were investigated under a normal or an inverse sleep-wake cycle. In the third and fourth experiments, Hcy concentrations were investigated after morning and evening methionine loading. Experiment 1 Subjcts were admitted to the laboratory at 1800 for a period of 24 hours, after having a normal day. A catheter was inserted into an antecubital vein and was kept patent by a drip of saline. Electrodes were attached for polysomnographic monitoring to determine sleep stages. These included respiration by respiratpry belt and nasal thermistor, and oximetry. Starting at 1900, 5-ml blood samples were drawn every hour until 1900 on the next day.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Moderate to severe hopelessness was reported by 5. 2% (n = 8) of the participants aged 17 years and above. Table 4 Prevalence of Depression and Hopelessness in the study populationFull size tableQuality of life, perceived social support and resilienceThe study assessed quality of life, perceived social support and resilience. Respondents reported that they received high levels of social support with a mean score of 6. 24 ± 0. 80 (the maximum score being 7. 0). Table 5 SupportFull size tableThe mean quality of life score was 88. 4 (± 8. 73) (the maximum score − 100). Participants reported a mean resilience score of 54. 10 (± 5. 15) (the maximum score − 60). Depression, substance use and dropping out of school were prevalent in the age 15–19 years category. Depression was significantly associated with hopelessness, age, dropping out of school and perceived social support. Hopelessness showed a significant association with perceived social support. The chi-square associations are shown in Table 6. Table 6 Association of Depression and Hopelessness with selected variablesFull size tableThe crude odds ratio of depression to hopelessness was 9. 20 (95% CI: 1. 89–44. 77). High perceived social support was seen to reduce the odds of both depression (OR: 0. 21; 95% CI: 0. 08–0. 57) and hopelessness (OR: 0. 13; 95% CI: 0. 03–0. 55). Table 7 Strength of Association of Depression and Hopelessness with selected variablesFull size tableCorrelational analysis and linear regressioncorrelations suggested that depression and hopelessness had highly negative correlations with social support and quality of life. Perceived social support was negatively correlated with depression (r=-0. 20, p < 0. 01 and hopelessness (r=-0. 40, p = 0. 000). Quality of life was also negatively correlated with depression (r=-0. 28, p = 0. 000) and hopelessness (r=-0. 40, p < 0. 01), and positively related with social support (r = 0. 50, p = 0. 000). Resilience was negatively correlated with hopelessness (r=-0. 49, p < 0. 01) and depression (r= -0. 14, p < 0. 01), and positively correlated with perceived social support (r = 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Building a sustainable environment creates wealth for the nation, increasing employment as well as career opportunities. They arrange different events, a campaign to increase the awareness about sustainability between peoples and society. plc increases social sustainability by creating employment in the UK, which played a very important role in growth of the economy and also supports small industries along with sectors to adopt to increase social sustainability. Building good communication with consumers, suppliers, and supply chain management helps them to understand climate change as well as gives them an edge to prepare themselves for upcoming changes (plc. 2021). DiscussionThe purpose of this section is to align the study’s findings with the study’s goal and objectives, as well as the research questions that motivated it. To that end, the research findings will be discussed under the following sub-topics: driving forces of sustainable construction, barriers of sustainable construction practises, analysis of actions of sustainable construction practises, and relationship between barriers and actions of sustainable construction practises. Sustainable construction driversThe leading driver of sustainable construction, according to this survey, is sustainable construction designs. This indicates that most managers feel that a sustainable construction design may appeal to both construction managers and clients. This finding is in line with Hwang and Tan (2012) who opined that most experts agree that sustainability in building operations should begin with the planning stage and be represented in the design. This finding is also backed up by Gunatilake and Liyanage (2010) who noted that sustainable construction design is the first and most important step toward taking on long-term responsibility for the building sector. Sustainable construction design was closely followed by principles of sustainable development, interest in sustainability, technological advancements, and innovations. These three variables share the same RII of 0. 84. This implies that managers believe that principles of sustainable development, interest in sustainability, technological advancements and innovations are all most significant drivers of sustainable construction. Next in line is performance measurement systems which is also closely followed by green-house features. and Vanduhe (2013) guide for rating RII values, it has been established that all the variables considered as drivers of sustainable construction are most significant because none of the considered variable is lower than 0. 76 RII. Hence, sustainable construction design, principles of sustainable development, interest in sustainability, technological advancements and innovations, performance measurement systems and green house features are all important drivers of sustainable construction.

Output: contrast