Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: During peak heatwave events, implementing 100% RPVSPs over building roofs impacts the atmosphere up to 1. 2 km. Hrelative decreases within the urban boundary layer, attributed to higher urban surface temperatures and reduced evaporation. RPVSPs enhance vertical Wspeed, reaching up to 1. 2 m s−1 during daytime, extending up to 0. 8 km in the urban boundary layer. The technology exacerbates urban temperature and lowers Hrelative, driven by changes in vertical mixing. Stronger vertical winds indicate enhanced energy transport from the surface to higher atmospheric layers. RPVSPs increase Qsensible, intensifying vertical mixing and deepening the PBlayer over the urban domain. In addition, the weaker vertical mixing over urban areas results in the advection of moist air coming from surrounding rural areas to urban areas and, consequently, the atmosphere beyond a certain height over the urban domain is barely affected by surface condition19. The weaker vertical mixing further developed stronger advection. However, this study does not indicate the stronger advection of moist air from rural areas because of the stronger vertical mixing of RPVSP scenarios. Surface heating of urban areas by RPVSP scenarios is the main important factor for controlling the vertical Wspeed in urban areas that enhances further development of a large convective roll over urban areas20. Fig. 4: Changes in simulated vertical meteorological variables. a–c, The changes show the vertical distribution profile in simulated standard surface meteorological fields air temperature (a), Hrelative (b) and wind fields (c) between building rooftops with RPVSP scenarios (100% coverage) and building rooftops without RPVSP scenarios along point A to point B (marked in Supplementary Fig. 8) during peak hour (14:00 LT) over Kolkata. Full size imageRegional impacts on sea breeze circulationsThe height of the PBlayer is closely associated with the advection of the sea breeze in tropical coastal cities. RPVSPs have the potential to modify sea breeze circulation by altering surface conditions and the boundary layer structure, potentially triggering localized circulation patterns in urbanized regions. The urban surface affects the Qlatent, Qsensible and momentum flux, while boundary layer height and surface convergence help to modify the sea breeze circulation impact on the urban atmosphere.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Peer review processEditorsReviewer #1Reviewer #2Reviewer #3Author ResponsePeer review processNot revised: Preprint includes the authors’ original preprint (without revision), an eLife assessment, public reviews, and a provisional response from the authors. Read more about eLife’s peer review process. of of Cambridge, Cambridge, United KingdomReviewer #1 (Public Review): Summary: Both flies and mammals have D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors, yet the role of D2-like receptors in Drosophila learning and memory remains underexplored. The paper by Qi et al. investigates the role of the D2-like dopamine receptor D2R in single pairs of dopaminergic neurons (DANs) during single-odor aversive learning in the Drosophila larva. First, they use confocal imaging to screen driver strains with expression in only single pairs of dopaminergic neurons. Next, they use thermogenetic manipulations of one pair of DANs (DAN-c1) to implicate DAN-c1 activity during larval aversive learning. They then use confocal imaging to demonstrate expression of D2R in the DANs and mushroom body of the larval brain. Finally, they show that optogenetic activation during training phenocopies D2R knockdown in these neurons: aversive learning is impaired when DAN-c1 is targeted, while appetitive and aversive learning are impaired when the mushroom body is manipulated. Qi et al. thus propose a model in which D2R limits excessive dopamine release to facilitate successful olfactory learning. Strengths: The paper reproduces prior findings by Qi and Lee (2014), which demonstrated that D2R knockdown in DL1 DANs or the mushroom body impairs aversive olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The authors extended this previous work by screening 57 GAL4 drivers to identify tools that drive expression in individual DANs and used one of the tools, the R76F02-AD; R55C10-DBD driver, to manipulate DAN-c1 neurons with greater specificity. They also show that GFP-tagged D2R is expressed in most DANs and the mushroom body.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can help detect diseases early with image analysis. [SEP] Text: [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Deep-learning-based smartphone application for self-diagnosis of scleral jaundice in patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases. J Pers Med. 2021;11(9):928. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Sangers T, Reeder S, van der Validation of a market-approved artificial intelligence mobile health app for skin cancer screening: a prospective multicenter diagnostic accuracy study. Dermatology. 2022;238(4):649-656. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Boennelykke A, Jensen H, Østgård Cancer risk in persons with new-onset anaemia: a population-based cohort study in Denmark. BMC Cancer. 2022;22(1):805. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. The risk of pancreatic cancer in symptomatic patients in primary care: a large case-control study using electronic records. Cancer. 2012;106(12):1940-1944. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Wearable sensor technology to predict core body temperature: a systematic review. Sensors (Basel). 2022;22(19):7639. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Phases of metabolic and soft tissue changes in months preceding a diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(6):1742-1752. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Digital single-image smartphone assessment of total body fat and abdominal fat using machine learning. Sensors (Basel). 2022;22(21):8365. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Non-invasive estimation of hemoglobin using a multi-model stacking regressor. . 2020;24(6):1717-1726. [CrossRef] [Medline]-. Association between purchase of over-the-counter medications and ovarian cancer diagnosis in the (CLOCS): observational case-control study. . 2023;9:e41762. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: Recently, the intensification of sea breeze circulation is strongly regulated by the city-scale synoptic background climate, which plays a critical role in modulating the prevailing wind near the surface21. The local circulation is generated by the thermal incongruity between land and sea22,23 and, on the synoptic scale, wind. This local circulation can extend more than 100 km horizontally inland24 and vertically may reach up to 3–4 km during the mid-afternoon. Due to the effect of urban signature, the advancement of sea breeze circulation can be accelerated for many hours25. RPVSPs alter these factors, increasing PBlayer height and Wspeed in urban areas. The adoption of RPVSPs accelerates sea breeze circulation, increasing vertical Wspeed by 3–5 m s−1 over urban regions. Due to drag forces, high-rise buildings and high surface roughness delay the arrival of sea breeze in urban cores (Supplementary Fig. 4). RPVSPs induce sensible heating and enhanced wind fields, affecting the urban climate during heatwaves. City-scale RPVSP adoption alters the thermal pressure gradient, raising Tambient by up to 1. 5 °C and horizontal Wspeed by 1. 2 m s−1. Therefore, increasing the coverage of the roof surface by RPVSPs induces sensible heating and increased wind fields, resulting in feedback within the urban local climate during peak hours in heatwave events. RPVSPs enhance the advective flow between the city and its environs, accelerating local warming in urban environments. They create a regional low, which can increase the horizontal and vertical Wspeed over the urbanized region. DiscussionWe conducted a comprehensive assessment of the study by comparing its findings with similar data from 30 existing case studies across various scales, including urban, continental and global contexts. The comparison is to assess the response of our model when using RPVSPs at the city scale, with results obtained from other cities with different background climate conditions. The case studies were categorized into two groups: (1) simulation-based studies and (2) observational studies. Within each group, the studies were further classified on the basis of their thermal effects into four categories: daytime warming, nighttime cooling, daytime cooling and nighttime warming (Fig. 5 and 2). These case studies utilized both observational and modeling approaches, providing critical insights for the RPVSP community.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Although the authors only train larvae with a single odor, they demonstrate that driving D2R knockdown in DAN-c1 neurons impairs aversive learning, as do other loss-of-function manipulations of DAN-c1 neurons. Weaknesses: The authors claim to have identified drivers that label single DANs in Figure 1, but their confocal images in Figure S1 suggest that many of those drivers label additional neurons in the larval brain. It is also not clear why only some of the 57 drivers are displayed in Figure S1. Critically, R76F02-AD; R55C10-DBD labels more than one neuron per hemisphere in Figure S1c, and the authors cite Xie et al. (2018) to note that this driver labels two DANs in adult brains. Therefore, the authors cannot argue that the experiments throughout their paper using this driver exclusively target DAN-c1. Missing from the screen of 57 drivers is the driver MB320C, which typically labels only PPL1-γ1pedc in the adult and should label DAN-c1 in the larva. If MB320C labels DAN-c1 exclusively in the larva, then the authors should repeat their key experiments with MB320C to provide more evidence for DAN-c1 involvement specifically. The authors claim that the SS02160 driver used by Eschbach et al. (2020) labels other neurons in addition to DAN-c1. Could the authors use confocal imaging to show how many other neurons SS02160 labels? Given that both Eschbach et al. and Weber et al. (2023) found no evidence that DAN-c1 plays a role in larval aversive learning, it would be informative to see how SS02160 expression compares with the driver the authors use to label DAN-c1. The claim that DAN-c1 is both necessary and sufficient in larval aversive learning should be reworded. Such a claim would logically exclude any other neuron or even the training stimuli from being involved in aversive learning (see Yoshihara and Yoshihara (2018) for a detailed discussion of the logic), which is presumably not what the authors intended because they describe the possible roles of other DANs during aversive learning in the discussion.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can help detect diseases early with image analysis. [SEP] Text: Worrying about wasting GP time as a barrier to help-seeking: a community-based, qualitative study. Gen Pract. 2016;66(648):e474-e482. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Public awareness of cancer in Britain: a population-based survey of adults. Cancer. 2009;101(Suppl 2):S18-S23. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Cancer symptom awareness and barriers to symptomatic presentation in England--are we clear on cancer? Cancer. 2015;113(3):533-542. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]van der Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms for early detection of skin cancer in community and primary care settings: a systematic review. Health. 2022;4(6):e466-e476. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]British association of dermatologists position statement on artificial intelligence (AI) interventions. of Dermatologists. 2022. URL: [accessed 2024-04-25] Schroé Which behaviour change techniques are effective to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour in adults: a factorial randomized trial of an e- and m-health intervention. . 2020;17(1):127. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Webb T, M. Monitoring interventions. In: editors. of Behavior Change. Cambridge. Press; 2020:537-553. Kroenke K. Studying symptoms: sampling and measurement issues. Med. 2001;134(9 Pt 2):844-853. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Regulatory considerations to keep pace with innovation in digital health products. NPJ Digit Med. 2022;5(1):121. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Evidence standards framework for digital health technologies. for Health and Care Excellence. 2022. URL: [accessed 2024-04-25] Evaluating diagnostic strategies for early detection of cancer: the CanTest framework. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):586. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Wang P, Kricka LJ. Current and emerging trends in point-of-care technology and strategies for clinical validation and implementation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: The focus of these studies predominantly revolved around the assessment of first- and second-generation RPVSP systems. Among the 30 case studies, 17 reported daytime warming ranging from 0. 1 °C to 1. 5 °C. Only two studies found that RPVSPs might warm the atmosphere at night by 3. 1–4 °C. On the other hand, 13 studies indicated that RPVSPs could reduce Tambient throughout the day by 0. 02–1 °C, while 11 studies suggested that RPVSPs may decrease nighttime temperatures by 0. 12–2. 7 °C. Notably, five studies found that RPVSPs could contribute to both daytime warming by 0. 34–1. 5 °C and nighttime cooling by 0. 24–2. 7 °C. Our findings in the tropical region of Kolkata suggest that the widespread adoption of RPVSPs can significantly raise urban temperatures during the day, while typically cooling the urban environment at night. During summertime heatwaves, near-surface air temperatures in urban areas can increase by up to 1. 5 °C during the day. However, it has been observed that RPVSPs can reduce nighttime maximum near-surface air temperatures by up to 0. 6 °C when rooftops are fully covered with RPVSPs. Moreover, the extensive implementation of RPVSPs can lead to an increase in TSurface of urban grid cell of up to 3. 2 °C during peak hours, with an average cooling effect of up to 1. 4 °C during summer heatwaves at night. This increased temperature refers specifically due to the increased fraction of the RPVSPs on urban rooftops at the whole city scale. absorb approximately 90% of solar energy, converting up to ∼20% of it into electricity, while the remainder contributes to their warming. As a result, these RPVSPs often become very hot surfaces due to RPVSPs surface temperature reaching ∼70 °C during peak hours in the urban building rooftops (Fig. 6). Typically installed elevated above roof surfaces, RPVSPs have both a hot top surface and a hot underside. As air flows over these RPVSPs, it absorbs heat from both surfaces, amplifying the heating effect nearly twice as much as if the same temperature were present on a standard building surface.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Moreover, if DAN-c1 artificial activation conveyed an aversive teaching signal irrespective of the gustatory stimulus, then it should not impair aversive learning after quinine training (Figure 2k). While the authors interpret Figure 2k (and Figure 5) to indicate that artificial activation causes excessive DAN-c1 dopamine release, an alternative explanation is that artificial activation compromises aversive learning by overriding DAN-c1 activity that could be evoked by quinine. The authors should not necessarily expect that D2R enhancer driver strains would reflect D2R endogenous expression, since it is known that TH-GAL4 does not label p(PAM) dopaminergic neurons. Their observations of GFP-tagged D2R expression could be strengthened with an anti-D2R antibody such as that used by Lam et al. , (1999) or Love et al. , (2023). Finally, the authors could consider the possibility other DANs may also mediate aversive learning via D2R. Knockdown of D2R in DAN-g1 appears to cause a defect in aversive quinine learning compared with its genetic control (Figure S4e). It is unclear why the same genetic control has unexpectedly poor aversive quinine learning after training with propionic acid (Figure S5a). The authors could comment on why RNAi knockdown of D2R in DAN-g1 does not similarly impair aversive quinine learning (Figure S5b). #2 (Public Review): Summary: The study wanted to functionally identify individual DANs that mediate larval olfactory learning. Then search for DAN-specific driver strains that mark single dopaminergic neurons, which subsequently can be used to target genetic manipulations of those neurons. 56 GAL4 drivers identifying dopaminergic neurons were found (Table 1) and three of them drive the expression of GFP to a single dopaminergic neuron in the third-instar larval brain hemisphere. The DAN driver R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD appears to drive the expression to a dopaminergic neuron innervating the lower peduncle (LP), which would be DAN-c1. Split-GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (GRASP) technique was used to investigate the "direct" synaptic connections from DANs to the mushroom body.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can help detect diseases early with image analysis. [SEP] Text: The literature suggests different models or approaches, but all agree on three distinct steps which are (1) assessing manifestations of the BPSD that the patients present with, (2) formulating a hypothesis to help understand them, and (3) designing 1 or more interventions targeting their trigger factors [4,13-15]. Interventions can be psychosocial, pharmacological, or a combination of both [4,13-15]. Traditionally, detecting symptoms, monitoring their evolution, and evaluating treatment efficacy are based on nursing observations documented using assessment scales (and Cohen-Inventory) or solely using written notes in the patient’s medical record [15,16]. However, this process may prove ineffective for the early detection of the signs of BPSD, and nurses may perceive it as a potential factor in work overload [12]. Indeed, the first 2 steps require the investment of health care professionals, informal caregivers, and other individuals, and the third is more complex due to the variability and multifactorial nature of the BPSD. The BPSD challenges nurses daily, often triggering crises that are extremely complex to manage. Responding effectively and efficiently to these clinical issues requires more intensive observation and specialized care, with a greater emphasis on the prodromal detection of warning signs. However, due to an aging workforce and difficult working conditions (eg, high levels of stress and burnout, job dissatisfaction, and low levels of retention), the health care sector is facing a shortage of nursing staff [17]. Council of Nurses estimates a need for 13 million extra nurses to fill the worldwide shortages in the profession [18]. This shows the limitations of current human resources–based strategies, with the corollary need to explore innovative and sustainable solutions. In recent decades, new information technologies have been adopted by every area of health care [19]. The first information technologies to be integrated into health care were electronic medical and health records, clinical information systems, and health information exchanges. More recently, other technologies have emerged, such as clinical decision support systems, mobile health apps, telehealth, telemedicine, robotics, wireless medical devices, and virtual reality [19-21]. Technological development in the health care sector, including nursing, is currently focused on artificial intelligence (AI) [19]. In the field of health care, AI usually refers to software capable of interpreting clinical data, learning from it, and helping clinical decision-making [19,22].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: Additionally, this heating is because the RPVSPs (monocrystalline types) we considered are thin (6. 55 mm), resulting in lower thermal inertia compared with traditional roof surfaces. As a result, air temperatures around RPVSPs tend to remain higher during the day, particularly in urban building environments. Moreover, higher air temperature was also observed in the gap between the RPVSPs and roof (~0. 3 m) compared with the ambient air temperature8,26. This increase of 3. 2 °C is indicative of the overall impact of the RPVSPs on urban temperature during peak hours at the city scale. Conversely, during summer nights, the cooling effect of the RPVSPs, along with other environmental factors, leads to an average decrease in surface temperature of 1. 4 °C. This is because the combined effects of radiative cooling and enhanced convective cooling lead to a net temperature reduction of the shaded rooftop surface. Although the RPVSPs reduce nighttime radiative cooling, the increased convective cooling compensates for this, resulting in the observed urban temperature being 1. 4 °C cooler at night27,28. These results align closely with a previous review study14, which yielded valuable insights into the influence of RPVSPs on their surrounding environment. The review indicates that RPVSPs tend to warm the environment during the day and cool it at night. Nonetheless, compared with earlier similar studies, the uniqueness of our current analysis lies in its meticulous approach to accurately represent the energy balance of RPVSPs, the influence of roof surfaces and the local climate of tropical Kolkata. These existing studies have revealed two diverging viewpoints: one group of studies asserts that solar panels can significantly cool the urban environment on a diurnal scale, while another group demonstrates that solar panels elevate local urban temperatures during the day and reduce them at night. The inconsistencies in these findings are largely attributed to the erroneous reporting of the RPVSPs energy balance, the local climate and the nature and characteristics of the mounting surface. Notably, the heat convection between the back surface of the panels and the underlying surfaces (roofs or grounds) was not considered in these studies. It is worth mentioning that the temperatures of RPVSPs can reach up to 70 °C during peak solar hours14.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Activation of MBNs during training impairs both larval aversive and appetitive learning. Finally, based on the data the authors propose a model where the effective learning requires a balanced level of activity between D1R and D2R (Figure 7). Strengths: The work is well written, clear, and concise. They use well documented strategies to examine GAL4 drivers with expression in a single DAN, behavioral performance in larvae with distinct genetic tools including those to do thermo and optogenetics in behaving flies. Altogether, the study was able to expand our understanding of the role of D2R in DAN-c1 and MB neurons in the larva brain. Weaknesses: Is not completely clear how the system DAN-c1, MB neurons and Behavioral performance work. We can be quite sure that DAN-c1;Shits1 were reducing dopamine release and impairing aversive memory (Figure 2h). Similarly, DAN-c1;ChR2 were increasing dopamine release and also impaired aversive memory (Figure 5b). However, is not clear what is happening with DAN-c1;TrpA1 (Figure 2K). In this case the thermos-induction appears to impair the behavioral performance of all three conditions (QUI, DW and SUC) and the behavior is quite distinct from the increase and decrease of dopamine tone (Figure 2h and 5b). The study successfully examined the role of D2R in DAN-c1 and MB neurons in olfactory conditioning. The conclusions are well supported by the data, with the exception of the claim that dopamine release from DAN-c1 is sufficient for aversive learning in the absence of unconditional stimulus (Figure 2K). Alternatively, the authors need to provide a better explanation of this point. The study provides insight into the role of D2R in associative learning expanding our understanding and might be a reference similar to previous key findings (Qi and Lee, 2014, #3 (Public Review): It is a strength of the paper that it analyses the function of dopamine neurons (DANs) at the level of single, identified neurons, and uses tools to address specific dopamine receptors (DopRs), exploiting the unique experimental possibilities available in larval Drosophila as a model system.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can help detect diseases early with image analysis. [SEP] Text: Combined with critical thinking and human judgment, AI has the potential to improve nurses’ clinical reasoning by increasing the speed and accuracy of assessment, anticipation, synthesis, and knowledge generation [23]. From 1985 to date, the PubMed database lists 1086 publications on AI in nursing. There has been a significant growth in the number of these publications since 2020, reinforcing the nursing sciences’ aims of developing and adapting nursing practices in line with sociodemographic changes and health care system, and medical and technical progress. [24]. Promoting the development, adoption and effective use of AI-based technologies (AITs) in health care has been identified as a key strategy to address the challenges related to both the complexity of managing the BPSD and limited resources [19,25-28]. Despite significant recent interest in the topic and the increasing number of technical devices on the market, little information is available on introducing AITs to help nurses attempting to detect BPSD as early as possible. This narrative review aims to identify and summarize the characteristics of existing publications concerning the use of AITs to support nurses in the early identification and management of BPSD. MethodsSearch StrategyThis narrative review was conducted following the Toronto and Remington guidelines [29]. The research question used to guide it was as follows:What are the available publications on the use of artificial-intelligence-based technologies in neuropsychiatric symptoms related to dementia? We consulted the PubMed database in September 2023 using the descriptors and keywords “artificial intelligence,” “behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia,” and “neuropsychiatric symptoms” (Multimedia 1. A total of 30 publications were identified and included after their titles and abstracts were reviewed. Following a thorough examination of their full texts, 5 publications were excluded because they focused on mental health issues unrelated to dementia or BPSD. In total, 25 publications were included. Textbox 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: It also shows the changes in other urban state variables after the implementation of RPVSPs at a city scale versus without RPVSPs for five cities—Sydney, Austin, Kolkata, Athens and Brussels. The data show that RPVSPs lead to a significant decrease in temperatures during the night and an increase during the day in cities such as Sydney (−0. 8 °C to 1. 9 °C), Austin (−0. 7 °C to 1. 8 °C), Kolkata (−0. 6 °C to 1. 5 °C), Athens (−0. 4 °C to 1. 2 °C) and Brussels (−0. 3 °C to 1. 1 °C), underscoring their impact on the urban thermal environment. The robust correspondence observed among the data from these cities supports the hypothesis that covering rooftops with RPVSPs significantly and consistently affects the urban microclimate. Thus, it would not be inaccurate to suggest that if an entire city is enveloped by RPVSPs, the prevailing microclimatic conditions would be largely influenced by their presence. Therefore, the detailed results regarding the impact of large-scale deployment of RPVSPs on urban thermal environment conditions in a tropical city, such as Kolkata, can be generalized to other global cities undergoing or planning for large-scale RPVSP implementation, considering that prevailing microclimatic conditions would be significantly influenced by RPVSPs’ presence. The impact of city-scale deployment of RPVSPs in cities, specifically in Kolkata, under heatwave conditions has been investigated. City-scale RPVSPs integration to cities presents a serious thermal challenge. RPVSPs can locally heat the urban environment, influencing heat absorption and contributing to localize urban warming. During a hot day with a heatwave, RPVSPs alter the urban energy budget, leading to a maximum increase of 241. 6 W m−2 in Qsensible and a significant rise in Qlatent (35. 3 W m−2). Maximum increase of heat flux and changes of heat flux have also been calculated (3 and 4). RPVSPs increase Tambient by 1. 5 °C during the day but cause a slight decrease (0. 6 °C) at night.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the result of their screening for transgenic drivers covering single or small groups of DANs and their histological characterization provides the community with a very valuable resource. In particular the transgenic driver to cover the DANc1 neuron might turn out useful. However, I wonder in which fraction of the preparations an expression pattern as in Figure 1f/ S1c is observed, and how many preparations the authors have analyzed. Also, given the function of DANs throughout the body, in addition to the expression pattern in the mushroom body region (Figure 1f) and in the central nervous system (Figure S1c) maybe attempts can be made to assess expression from this driver throughout the larval body (same for Dop2R distribution). A first major weakness is that the main conclusion of the paper, which pertains to associative memory (last sentence of the abstract, and throughout the manuscript), is not justified by their evidence. Why so? Consider the paradigm in Figure 2g, and the data in Figure 2h (22 degrees, the control condition), where the assay and the experimental rationale used throughout the manuscript are introduced. Different groups of larvae are exposed, for 30min, to an odour paired with either i) quinine solution (red bar), ii) distilled water (yellow bar), or iii) sucrose solution (blue bar); in all cases this is followed by a choice test for the odour on one side and a distilled-water blank on the other side of a testing Petri dish. The authors observe that odour preference is low after odour-quinine pairing, intermediate after odour-water pairing and high after odour-sucrose pairing. The differences in odour preference relative to the odour-water case are interpreted as reflecting odour-quinine aversive associations and odour-sucrose appetitive associations, respectively. However, these differences could just as well reflect non-associative effects of the 30-min quinine or sucrose exposure per se (for a classical discussion of such types of issues see Rescorla 1988, Neurosci, or regarding 1988, Behav Genetics, or with some reference to the original paper by Honjo & Furukubo-Tokunaga 2005, J Neurosci that the authors reference, also Gerber & Stocker 2007, Chem Sens).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can help detect diseases early with image analysis. [SEP] Text: We identified three categories of publications depending on the AIT’s use and they are (1) predicting behavior and the stage and progression of dementia, (2) screening and assessing clinical symptoms, and (3) managing dementia and the BPSD (Figure 3). A total of 4 publications reported on the use of machine learning technology to predict dementia behavior and the stage and progression of dementia [34,36-38]. Three publications referred to the use of natural language processing for screening and assessing clinical symptoms [35,48,49] and 1 reported on the use of machine learning [50]. One publication described the use of wearable technologies [40], and 1 combined this type of AIT with machine learning [46]. Finally, 10 publications reported on the use of robotics as a psychosocial approach to managing dementia and BPSD [32,39,41,42,44,45,51-54] (Table 1). One publication reported on the use of AITs to predict the stage and progression of dementia [31], 1 described the detection and measurement of dementia’s clinical symptoms [48], and 6 examined dementia management [39,41,44,51-53]. As for the BPSD, 5 publications reported using AITs to predict behavior [33,36,37,46,47], 3 described the detection and assessment of clinical symptoms [35,40,49], and 5 looked at managing behavior [32,42-44,55] (Figure 4). In the context of the BPSD, behavior management refers to interventions carried out to identify and act on trigger factors. Figure 2. Number of publications by type of artificial intelligence–based technology. Figure 3. Number of publications by artificial intelligence–based technology use. Table 1. Publications by type of AITa and use.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: RPVSPs lower thermal capacity and high thermal conductivity resulted in higher urban TSurface during the day, which decreases slightly at night due to rapid heat release. RPVSPs affect Hrelative, decreasing it by 5. 6%, increasing thermal stress and enhancing Wspeed in the urban atmosphere. This is because a very slight increase in latent heat occurs due to higher evaporation caused by the temperature rise. However, this insignificant phenomenon does not significantly affect the temperature in the canyon, which is more impacted by the substantial increase in sensible heat at the roof level. The increase in canyon temperature leads to a slight decrease in Hrelative. RPVSPs trap longwave radiation, warming the urban surface and raising the urban Tambient. Modification of RPVSP technology intensifies urban warming, increasing Qsensible, turbulence and vertical Wspeed, elevating the PBlayer height by 615. 6 m. This alteration influences convective rolls and accelerates Wspeed, impacting the urban atmosphere during heatwaves. This study is solely based on simulations due to the absence of available observational data for urban RPVSPs at the whole city scale. To address this concern, we have validated the WRF/BEP + BEM-simulated RPVSP surface temperature using an experimentally validated model. A key limitation of our study is the assumption that most roofs in Kolkata are flat, despite the presence of some historical buildings with sloped roofs. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity of updated urban representations within the WRF/BEP + BEM model, particularly concerning construction materials and operational performance indicators. By identifying these areas for improvement, our study fosters a proactive approach toward enhancing modeling accuracy, ultimately contributing to more refined analyses and valuable insights. Despite uncertainties in accurately representing urban properties in simulation modeling, it underscores the importance of informed decision-making for sustainable city-scale solutions by balancing RPVSPs’ environmental impact with their benefits. Future research should prioritize enhancing roof reflectance and developing advanced systems to mitigate local urban heating during daytime. Additionally, the integration of cutting-edge materials science with RPVSP breakthroughs holds significant potential for creating cool photovoltaic systems that operate at lower temperatures, thereby reducing heat emissions into urban environments. Increasing roof reflectance through the use of cool roofs or super cool roofs in urban installations of RPVSPs could significantly boost the energy production of solar panels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: As it stands, therefore, the current 3-group type of comparison does not allow conclusions about associative learning. A second major weakness is apparent when considering the sketch in Figure 2g and the equation defining the response index (R. I. ) (line 480). The point is that the larvae that are located in the middle zone are not included in the denominator. This can inflate scores and is not appropriate. That is, suppose from a group of 30 animals (line 471) only 1 chooses the odour side and 29, bedazzled after 30-min quinine or sucrose exposure or otherwise confused by a given opto- or thermogenetic treatment, stay in the middle zone. . . a P. I. of 1. 0 would result. Unless experimentally demonstrated, claims that the thermogenetic effector shibire/ts reduces dopamine release from DANs are questionable. This is because firstly, there might be shibire/ts-insensitive ways of dopamine release, and secondly because shibire/ts may affect co-transmitter release from DANs. To implicate a role of dopamine in DANs, previous work used e. g. RNAi against the dopamine-synthesizing TH enzyme (Rohwedder et al, cited). It is not clear whether the genetic controls when using the Gal4/ UAS system are the homozygous, parental strains (XY-Gal4/ XY-Gal4 and UAS-effector/ UAS-effector), or as is standard in the field the heterozygous driver (XY-Gal4/ wildtype) and effector controls (UAS-effector/ wildtype) (in some cases effector controls appear to be missing, e. g. Figure 4d, Figure S4e, Figure S5c). As recently suggested by Yamada et al 2024, bioRxiv, high cAMP can lead to synaptic depression (sic).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: AI in healthcare can help detect diseases early with image analysis. [SEP] Text: Yet, in different health care settings and contexts, AITs could provide nurses with accurate and reliable systems for assessing, monitoring, planning, and supporting safe therapeutic interventions [27,56]. Based on our findings, it appears that the use of AITs has been explored more in acute care than in long-term care settings, which include community care and nursing homes. However, the prevalence of BPSD seems to be higher in the context of long-term care, particularly in nursing homes where 80%-90% of residents exhibit at least 1 of the BPSD and institutional resources tend to be more limited [57]. As mentioned above, BPSD has traditionally been assessed and monitored by health care professionals’ observations of patients’ behaviors [15,16]. However, this process may have limited success in the early detection of warning signs of the BPSD, and health care professionals perceive it to be another task or factor leading to work overload [11]. Therefore, it seems appropriate to anticipate symptom escalation and optimize staff and financial resources. Multimodal sensors for capturing physiological parameters, activity trackers, and facial expression recognition are all promising AITs that make the process of managing the BPSD more efficient and personalized [40,58-61]. By mining information from such devices, nurses could detect early warning signs of BPSD and their trigger factors. By combining this information with their clinical knowledge and experience, nurses could be equipped with a clinical decision-making support system enabling them to guide and personalize their therapeutic interventions [56,62-64]. Although nurses agree about the potential usefulness of AITs, most do not fully understand AI’s underlying principles, and they are concerned about the potential consequences of its use in clinical practice [65-68]. Other obstacles pertaining to AITs include the unknown cost-benefits of their use in health care settings, the current lack of use and data management protocols in those settings, and the lack of information technology capacity there to support them [69,70]. The published papers identified in this review reinforced these points as the involvement of nurses in designing studies and the use of AITs was low. However, in interdisciplinary contexts, nurses have key roles to play in the conception and design of AIT devices, verifying their effectiveness and adapting their use.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: strategic green spaces can cool cities Published on February 28, 2022 Green spaces are not the answer to overheated cities by themselves. Careful urban planning needs to consider their strategic placement. Use + Taipei, buildings block cooling breezes from flowing between mountain and sea : 毛貓大少爺 CC 2. 0 360info Asia-Pacific DOI 10. 54377/7ce3-bff7 Green spaces are not the answer to overheated cities by themselves. Careful urban planning needs to consider their strategic placement. When it comes to climate adaptation options, one of the key messages coming from the on is for cities to integrate their grey and green spaces. While modern cities have largely moved on from traditional practices, our forebears may have understood more than we realise about living with nature. Increasingly, researchers specialising in how cities can cope with climate change are encouraging us to regain local knowledge of nature. City developments often don’t consider orientation, water, wind flows, and light. In face of urban warming, air conditioning remains almost the standard response in more developed nations, whatever the weather. Air-conditioners can significantly reduce heat-health risk, but the cost of electricity prices many poor people out. Air-conditioners that emit heat to outdoor environments also increase heat stress for people outdoors. All while climate change is increasing the magnitude, frequency, and duration of extreme high temperatures. Highly populated cities in warm and humid climates are particularly at risk. Urban areas are generally several degrees warmer than rural surroundings due to the replacement of natural surfaces with hard pavements and buildings, a phenomenon well known as the urban heat island effect. The loss of natural areas in the process of urbanisation reduces the mechanism of evaporative cooling and shading from tree canopy. Development that blocks natural channels of cities, such as valleys, riversides, and coastal fronts, also reduces natural ventilation. Local-level governments that determine land use and development can play a crucial role in heat-risk reduction in several ways. For example, modifying planning regulations, land zoning and building codes for improving ventilation and green spaces can lower the urban heat island effect. This adjustment of land use can have huge impacts on the health and well-being of citizens, as well as improving social equality in heat adaptation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: That would call into question the interpretation of low-Dop2R leading to high-cAMP, leading to high-dopamine release, and thus the authors interpretation of the matching effects of low-Dop2R and driving DANs. response: Reviewer #1 (Public Review): Weakness #1: The authors claim to have identified drivers that label single DANs in Figure 1, but their confocal images in Figure S1 suggest that many of those drivers label additional neurons in the larval brain. It is also not clear why only some of the 57 drivers are displayed in Figure S1. As introduced in the results section, we screened 57 driver strains based on previous studies, either they were reported identifying a single (a pair of) dopaminergic neuron (DAN) in larvae or identifying only several DANs in the adult brain indicating the potential of identifying single dopaminergic neuron in larvae. 1, TH-GAL4 was used to cover all neurons in the DL1 cluster, while R58E02 and R30G08 were well known drivers for pPAM. Fly strains in Figure 1h, k, l, and m were reported as single DAN strains in larvae4, while strains in Figure 1e, f, g were reported identifying only several DANs in adult brains5,6. We examined these strains and only some of them labeled single DANs in 3rd instar larval brains (Figure 1f, g, h, l and m). Among them, only strains in Figure 1f and h labeled single DAN in the brain hemisphere, without labeling other non-DANs. Other strains labeled non-DANs in addition to single DANs (Figure 1g, l and m). Taking ventral nerve cord (VNC) into consideration, strain in Figure 1h also labeled neurons in VNC (Figure S1e), while strain in Figure 1f did not (Figure S1c). In summary, the strain in Figure 1f (R76F02AD;R55C10DBD, labeling DAN-c1) is a strain we screened labeling only a single DAN in the 3rd instar larval brains.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data collected from social media is often used in targeted advertising. [SEP] Text: The y-axis shows the mean absolute rank difference for clusters in that decile as a fraction of the total number of clusters in the dataset. The figures are based on cross-validated predictions from the tree model with Facebook features, log population density and regional indicatorsFull size image3. 5 Demographically disaggregated predictionsA further aspect of “leaving no one behind” relates to reducing poverty for men, women and children of all ages [42]. However, monitoring the progress of such a goal necessitates the availability of demographically disaggregated poverty maps. A potential advantage of social media data is the ability to acquire data on user groups broken down by various demographic traits such as gender, age and education levels. Such data could then be used in the models to make demographically disaggregated poverty predictions. We test this approach here by applying the models fitted above to demographically disaggregated social media data in order to make predictions for specific demographic groups. That is, here we apply the models that were trained in a gender oblivious setting to data, i. e. , Facebook audience estimates, that were collected for women and men separately. Figure 4 shows plots of the gender disaggregated predictions (female vs. male) that were made for Philippines (Panel A) and India (Panel B). The model used to make the predictions in Fig. 4 is the model combining Facebook features, log population density and regional indicators that was fitted using data for the 18+ user demographic. See the Additional file 1, Figures S3 and S4 for gender disaggregated predicted using different choices of models. Whereas for the Philippines all choices of model give similar overall trends, for India the model choice greatly affects the results. Figure 4Gender disaggregated predictions. Gender disaggregated predictions (male vs. female) for DHS clusters in the Philippines (A) and India (B); plotted line is the diagonal. Predictions were made by applying the tree model with Facebook features, log population density and regional indicator variables (fitted on data for the 18+ user group) to disaggregated data collected separately for each gender.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: Enhancing ventilation of cities and increasing tree coverage in hotter and less affluent areas might help reduce the need of air conditioners, and help mitigate heat-related health risks for the most vulnerable. The city of Stuttgart, Germany was famously a pioneer of ‘climatological planning’. A valley city, having suffered from poor access to light and fresh air for many years, Stuttgart was astonishingly forward-thinking in appointing climatologists to participate in urban planning in 1938. Building upon years of research, the city determined that cleansing winds were blocked from sweeping down forested hills by inappropriate building development. They adjusted the planning controls to specify a greater open-space to development ratio on hillside parcels of land. Critical geographical features that influence air flow, such as mountain forests, rivers, valleys and other green spaces, are designated ventilation zones in the urban plan. Taipei is a subtropical city nestled in a basin. Some studies suggest a sea-land circulation of air through the city. During summer days, the breeze from the sea and forested mountains follows the major river valleys of the Danshui, Keelung, and through the city, cooling as they pass. However modern urban development has ignored this natural mechanism. Many mountain valleys are developed into transportation corridors and intensive development occupies the waterfront areas. This likely blocks the breezes from penetrating the city. Indeed, with more intense urbanisation compared with other cities in Taiwan, Taipei has shown a faster and more obvious warming trend in the past few decades. Yet, when the time comes for urban regeneration, there is still a chance for planners to integrate climatological knowledge. They could identify ventilation zones with critical natural geographical features, and systematically allocate open spaces to allow prevailing winds to harness cooling services. Green spaces are well known to regulate the micro-climate of a city, lowering the temperature of their surroundings. However, this cooling effect has its limitations; beyond 100m they can barely be perceived. Development geometry around green spaces determines how far cool air can penetrate. If there are no adjacent heat sources, no physical barriers blocking air flow, and good winds, cool air might flow further. Hence, simply increasing ‘green coverage’ without considering relative location of green spaces cannot effectively reduce the problem of urban warming. Understanding this cooling mechanism is particularly critical for cities like Taipei, which has been densely built.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Others (Figure 1g, h, l, and m) we still describe them as strains labeling single DANs, but they also label one to several non-DANs. 1, we mainly showed the strains labeling single DANs. The labeling patterns of other screened driver strains were summarized in Table1. Since all brain images of the rest 47 strains are available, we will state in Fig S1 that additional brain images can be provided upon request. Weakness #2: Critically, R76F02-AD; R55C10-DBD labels more than one neuron per hemisphere in Figure S1c, and the authors cite Xie et al. (2018) to note that this driver labels two DANs in adult brains. Therefore, the authors cannot argue that the experiments throughout their paper using this driver exclusively target DAN-c1. Figure S1c shows single DA neuron in each brain hemisphere. Additional GFP (+) signals were often observed, but not from cell bodies of DANs because they were not stained by a TH antibody. These additional GFP (+) signals were mainly neurites, including axonal terminals, but could be false positive signals or weakly stained non-neuronal cell bodies. This conclusion was based on analysis of a total of 22 larval brains. We will add this in the text or Fig S1 caption. Enlarged insert of GFP (+) signals will be added also to Figure S1c. Weakness #3: Missing from the screen of 57 drivers is the driver MB320C, which typically labels only PPL1-γ1pedc in the adult and should label DAN-c1 in the larva. If MB320C labels DAN-c1 exclusively in the larva, then the authors should repeat their key experiments with MB320C to provide more evidence for DAN-c1 involvement specifically. We thank the reviewer for the suggestion. MB320C mainly labels PPL1-y1pedc in the adult brain, with one or two other weakly labeled cells. It will be interesting to investigate the pattern of this driver in 3rd instar larval brains. If it only covers DAN-c1, we can try to knock-down D2R in this strain to check whether it can repeat our results.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Data collected from social media is often used in targeted advertising. [SEP] Text: Moreover, unlike in the Philippines, Facebook usage in India is much lower among women than men (According to PEW surveys [29], 14% of women and 34% of men in India use Facebook, compared to 59% of women and 57% of men in the Philippines; see Additional file 1, Table S15 for more details). This combined with the low overall Facebook penetration in the country, means that the sample of female Facebook users in India is likely to be biased towards women from the upper socioeconomic strata. Hence the case of India presents a major caveat of our approach with regards to representation of different demographic groups on the social media platform. A similar observation concerning the case of fewer but higher status women being active on social networks in less gender equal countries was also reported by other researchers [46]. On the positive side, the predictions for the Philippines, where for most locations the prediction for men and women are similar, are plausible. According to data from the Gap Report,Footnote 7 women outnumber men in the Philippines as both “legislators, senior officials and managers” (f/m ratio 1. 06) and as “professional and technical workers” (f/m ratio 1. 39). The same report ranks the Philippines 8 out of 149 countries in terms of gender gaps. 4 DiscussionOur results demonstrate the potential of social media advertising data from Facebook’s marketing platform to capture geographic variations in wealth and poverty levels. The analysis indicates that the types of devices and network connections accessed by the Facebook user population act as proxies for socioeconomic status of a given location. Such an approach can be used to estimate the levels of socioeconomic well-being at high spatial resolutions. The results from India where just about a quarter of the population use Facebook suggest that this approach could be useful even in countries with low penetration of Facebook users. The analysis here looked at data from a single snapshot. Furthermore, the DHS ground truth data was not aligned in terms of collection period with the Facebook data. For the purpose of long term monitoring of poverty for the Goals, it is important to understand the temporal stability of the models as well as whether and how changes in the device types accessed by Facebook users reflects changes in the socioeconomic situation of a particular location. This would be a potential area for future exploration as more data, both in terms of ground truth and in terms of social media, becomes available.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: In such contexts, green spaces need to be preserved and/or created more strategically. Large green spaces possessing greater distance from their centre to the surrounding built environments, which are the source of heat, tend to form more stable cool islands of a city. Of course, not every city can simply designate large areas of land for green space, particularly for cities that are already crowded. Yet, small patches of vegetation can reduce temperature. Clustering small green patches close to each other or distributing them around larger cool islands, such as rivers, parks and woodlands, can extend cooling. This understanding helps to provide alternatives to creating a large green space in a dense and hot city centre. Encouraging small areas of greenery adjacent to each other in school grounds, business precincts, private-owned lands, and under-utilised lands, can lower temperatures in the most crowded areas. Not every kind of vegetation has the same cooling effect. In general, areas planted with trees are cooler than areas covered with shrubs and grasses. Vegetation draws water from the ground and evaporates it from leaves. This process, called evapotranspiration, removes heat from surrounding areas. Trees, with larger a leaf surface area, generally have higher evapotranspiration rates than that of shrubs and grasses, removing more heat from their surroundings. More importantly, trees provide shade. Some studies have found that open grass areas have a similar surface temperature to pavement in summer due to direct exposure to sunlight. Unlike in temperate countries, shading from either buildings or trees is critical for outdoor activities in the tropics. In summer, people often take a route or find a spot with shade and avoid open grasslands during the daytime. The decision to increase the number of green spaces for cooling should therefore consider both vegetation types and human activity in the open spaces. Understanding the local climate is very important for heat adaptation. In hot and dry climates, we can see narrow streets amongst buildings, which allow streets to be shaded from sunlight. In temperate climates, however, open grasslands and sunshine is often prefered by the public. Street width and building height ratio affects microclimate in a complicated way. On the one hand, narrow streets and taller buildings for shade avoids direct sunlight heating up the pedestrian level. On the other hand, it can be bad for ventilation or can cause wind tunnels. Wider streets allow cooling breezes, but increase periods of direct sunlight and heat during the day.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: This will be an interesting fly strain to test, but we believe that it will not be necessary for our current manuscript as DAN-c1 driver is very specific (for details, refer to our response to Reviewer#3). However, this line will be very useful for future experiments. Weakness #4: The authors claim that the SS02160 driver used by Eschbach et al. (2020) labels other neurons in addition to DAN-c1. Could the authors use confocal imaging to show how many other neurons SS02160 labels? Given that both Eschbach et al. and Weber et al. (2023) found no evidence that DAN-c1 plays a role in larval aversive learning, it would be informative to see how SS02160 expression compares with the driver the authors use to label DAN-c1. We did not have our own images showing DANs in brains of SS02160 driver cross line. However, Figure 1 in the paper of Eschbach et al. (2020) shows strongly labeled four neurons on each brain hemisphere9, indicating that this driver is not a strain only labeling one neuron, DAN-c1. Weakness #5: The claim that DAN-c1 is both necessary and sufficient in larval aversive learning should be reworded. Such a claim would logically exclude any other neuron or even the training stimuli from being involved in aversive learning (see Yoshihara and Yoshihara (2018) for a detailed discussion of the logic), which is presumably not what the authors intended because they describe the possible roles of other DANs during aversive learning in the discussion. We agree that the words ‘necessary’ and ‘sufficient’ are too exclusive for other neurons. As mentioned in the Discussion part, we do think other dopaminergic neurons may also be involved in larval aversive learning. We are going to re-phrase these words by replacing them with more logically appropriate words, such as ‘important’, ‘essential’, or ‘mediating’. Weakness #6: Moreover, if DAN-c1 artificial activation conveyed an aversive teaching signal irrespective of the gustatory stimulus, then it should not impair aversive learning after quinine training (Figure 2k).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: Review > Vol. 14 No. 2, June 2023 Evaluating Open-in Public Security: Effectiveness and Observations on Ethnicity () Methanias Colaço Júnior1,2*, Barbosa de Souza Costa2,3, Santos Recchi3, Bliacheriene1, Fatima de L. S. Nunes1, de Araújo1 1School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities (EACH), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil. 2in (PROCC), of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil. 3Group to Crime (GAECO), (MPSE), Aracaju, Brazil. DOI: 10. 4236/blr. 2023. 142054 147 Downloads 683 Views 84. 8%, a sensitivity rate of over 89. 9%, and an fß-measure of over 82. 5%, in line with the established criteria. It is worth mentioning that replications of this experiment may also validate a better average for the accuracy rate, which reached, for many cases, the final level of 90% and even 100% precision. Conclusion: The effectiveness results demonstrate the potential suitability of the facial recognition tool for identifying individuals, particularly within the context of front-view photos of inmates in the prison system and similar Management applications. However, the study also revealed a higher rate of false positives among Black individuals, emphasizing the importance of addressing potential biases and refining the technology to ensure equitable treatment across all ethnic groups. Finally, this research contributes to ongoing discussions on harnessing the benefits of technology while mitigating potential negative consequences in law enforcement contexts. and Cite: Júnior, M. , de Souza Costa, L. , Santos Recchi, E. , Bliacheriene, A. , de L. S. Nunes, F. and de Araújo, L. (2023) Evaluating Open-in Public Security: Effectiveness and Observations on Ethnicity. Review, 14, 1000-1028. doi: 10. 4236/blr. 2023. 142054. 1. the context of criminal investigation, information is placed as a central asset in the workflow.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity can be completely restored after any environmental damage. [SEP] Text: It has been well demonstrated in different animal species that the obstructed bladder will show an increase in sensitivity to exogenously applied agonists and a reduction in sensitivity to intramural nerve stimulation (postjunctional supersensitivity). Morphological studies have shown an inverse correlation between nerve density and the duration of obstruction [14], leading to a dramatically decreased density of synapses in the long-term obstructed detrusor [15]. In animals [16, 17], but also in man [18, 19] the nerve damage is inhomogeneous. Urinary outlet obstruction can elicit a partial (patchy) denervation of the bladder, probably caused by e. g. , ischemia in the bladder wall and stretch of the intramural nerves caused by the development of residual urine [16, 17, 19, 20]. Fusco et al. [21] summarized available evidence about BOO-induced morphological and molecular alterations occurring in the various compartments of the human bladder and concluded that the remodeling process involved multiple cellular compartments including not only detrusor muscle and nerves but also the urothelium, lamina propria, and detrusor extracellular medium, thus confirming what has been found in numerous animal studies. In a series of acetylcholinesterase-stained wholemounts of the rat bladder the major nerve pattern of the obstructed bladders was found to be the same as in the control bladders (Fig. 1). The nerves were thicker, but the anatomical pattern of intramural nerves was the same as in the controls. No new nerves were observed in any of the obstructed bladders, and there were no intramural ganglia. Restoration of nerve function after injury can occur spontaneously or as the result of different types of intervention. The bladder innervation has a high degree of plasticity. This means that after a nerve lesion, surviving axons can sprout and take over the innervation from those axons that have degenerated [22]. This indicates that the capacity for restitution is high. There is also a high safety margin. Every muscle cell has at least one motor synapse, and there is connexion-dependent coupling between the cells making it possible for one active muscle cell to activate its neighbors. The bladder can lose up to 50% of its motor and sensory innervations without the development of residual urine [23].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: While the authors interpret Figure 2k (and Figure 5) to indicate that artificial activation causes excessive DAN-c1 dopamine release, an alternative explanation is that artificial activation compromises aversive learning by overriding DAN-c1 activity that could be evoked by quinine. This is a great point! Yes, we cannot rule out the possibility that artificial activation compromises aversive learning by overriding DAN-c1 activity that could be evoked by quinine. The experimental results with TRPA1 could be caused by depletion of dopamine, or DA inactivation due to prolonged depolarization or adaptation. However, we still think that our hypothesis on the over-excitation of DAN-c1 is more consistent with our experimental results and other published data. Our justification is as follows: (1) Associative learning occurs only when the CS and US are paired. In wild type larvae, a specific odor (conditioned stimulus, CS, such as pentyl acetate) depolarizes a subset of Kenyon cells in the mushroom body, while gustatory unconditioned stimulus (US, quinine) induces dopamine release from DAN-c1 to the lower peduncle (LP) compartment in the mushroom body (Figure 7a). Only when the CS and US are paired, calcium influx caused by CS and Gas activated by D1R binding to dopamine will turn on a mushroom body specific version of adenylyl cyclase, rutabaga, which is the co-incidence detector in associative learning (Figure 7d). (2) Rutabaga transforms ATP into cAMP, activating PKA signaling pathway and modifying the synaptic strength from mushroom body neurons (MBN, also called Kenyan cells) to the mushroom body output neurons (MBON, Figure 7d). This change in synaptic strength will lead to learned responses when the same odor appears again. (3) In our work, we found D2R is expressed in DAN-c1, and knockdown D2R in DAN-c1 impairs larval aversive learning. As D2R reduces cAMP level and neuronal excitability3, we hypothesized that knockdown of D2R in DAN-c1 would remove the inhibition of D2R auto-receptor, and lead to more dopamine (DA) release when US (quinine) was delivered compared to the wild type larvae.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: Being crime a complex social phenomenon that acts in a continuous way through a web of multiple connections and interdependencies that perdures in time and space, the solution to a concrete case demands global knowledge of the phenomenon it emerges from (BRAZ, 2013). Just like human beings need oxygen to fulfill their vital functions, criminal investigation needs information to proceed with its purposes every moment. In this line of thought, we can quote the maxim by (Tzu & Pin, 2015) “If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle” to highlight the importance of information in the context of criminal investigation, being vital and decisive to interact with the socio-criminal environment to explore closed information networks, and to manage the sources properly (BRAZ, 2013). As for the police investigation work, it is possible to verify the low capacity to produce the necessary proof for the conviction of the defendants. According to Adorno and Paisinato (Adorno & Paisinato, 2008) in a sociologic research carried out by the Center of of the University of São Paulo (NEV/Cepid/ USP), aimed to answer questionings related to criminal impunity in the city of São Paulo, and starting from the hypothesis that the high rate of impunity compromises the credibility of the institutions in charge of enforcing the law to benefit citizens, it was possible to verify the weak police willingness to investigate crimes by unknown offenders. Therefore, we can observe that in fact few police reports become investigations (Adorno & Paisinato, 2008). This restricted course of action makes it impossible to really combat the increase of crime rates, and does not enable dealing with the changes provoked by the emergence of organized crime and the violation of human rights either (Vasconcellos, 2008). In this context, facial recognition presents itself as another tool for encouraging the initiation of well-supported investigations and for police engagement in the investigation of crimes by unknown offenders. The literature has attested the beginning of efforts at researching the recognition of faces since the 19th century (& Santa Rosa, 2004: p. 176). In 1878, the English scientist Galton presented an 16. 5 million people during that year (Company, 2020). In all of the cases, the monitoring tool showed a similarity rate over 90%, according to the data presented by the headquarters of the General Command, during a press conference about the popular street party.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity can be completely restored after any environmental damage. [SEP] Text: The nerves grew out of the transplant and connections with the original intramural nerves. All the synapses degenerated at the time of transplantation, but new synapses began to reappear on the ganglion neurons and most neurons survived for the full length of the experiments (4 months). The authors suggested that their results showed that homotransplants of pelvic neurons into the bladder have a high rate of success, in terms of survival, maintenance of fine structure, growth, and reconnections. In addition, these neurons of adult organisms display plastic and regenerative abilities. The bladder innervation has a high degree of plasticity. This means that surviving axons can sprout and take over the innervation from those nerves that have degenerated. Gabella and Uvelius [28] did not investigate the functional status of the bladders after transplantation. If bladder function can be restored, this approach may be possible to apply in humans: parasympathetic ganglion cells could be injected into the bladder wall through a cystoscope in the same manner as Botox injections. A future possibility would be to use ganglion cells with different transmitters. attractive way to improve function in an obstructed and or denervated bladder would be stem cell therapy [29-33]. Studies of stem cells injected into the bladder have demonstrated positive effects in experimental voiding dysfunctions such as detrusor overactivity with or without bladder outflow obstruction (BOO). Most studies on the effects of stem cells on bladder dysfunction have been performed on the rat BOO model [31, 34, 35]. It is obvious that stem cell treatment can affect the remodeling of the bladder that occurs after the initiation of obstruction in the rat BOO model, and that this treatment may have a beneficial effect against both morphological and functional changes. In many of the animal studies performed, the authors speculated on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a new treatment to prevent the morphological and functional effects of BOO in humans. However, if MSC treatment has positive effects also in human BOO, relevant questions are (1) When should treatment be instituted? , (2) can cell therapy reverse established morphological changes? In most of the BOO studies cited above, stem cells were given early in the remodeling process initiated by the urethral obstruction, i. e. , at times points when the process is still dynamic.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: The elevated DA release along with calcium influx caused by CS increases the cAMP level in MBN, which leads to the learning deficit (over-excitation, Figure 7b). Mutant larvae with excessive cAMP, dunce, showed aversive learning deficiency, supporting our hypothesis2. (4) Our results of TRPA1 can be explained by this over-excitation hypothesis. When DAN-c1 is activated (34C) in distilled water group, the artificial activation mimicked the gustatory activation of quinine. The larvae showed the aversive learning responses towards the odor (Figure 2k DW group). When DAN-c1 is activated (34C) in sucrose group, the artificial activation mimicked the gustatory activation of quinine, so the larvae showed a learning response combining both appetitive and aversive learning (Figure 2k SUC group). (5) When DAN-c1 is activated (34C) in quinine group, the artificial activation and the gustatory activation of quinine lead to elevated DA release from DAN-c1. During training, this elevated DA caused over-excitation of MBN, leading to failure of aversive learning (Figure 2k QUI group), which had a similar phenotype compared to larvae with D2R knockdown in DAN-c1. (6) Similarly, optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 during aversive training, leads to elevated DA release from DAN-c1 (both gustatory activation of quinine and artificial activation). This would also cause over-excitation of MBN, and lead to failure of aversive learning. Artificial activation in other stages (resting or testing) won’t cause elevated DA release during training, so the aversive learning was not affected (Figure 5b). (7) However, when optogenetic activation was applied during training, we did not observe aversive learning responses in the distilled water group, or a reduction in the sucrose group (Figure 5c, Figure 5d). Our explanation is that the optogenetic stimulus we applied is too strong, DAN-c1 has already released elevated DA in both groups. So, the aversive learning in these groups has already been impaired, they just showed the corresponding learning responses to distilled water or sucrose.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: These numbers do not only point out the necessity, but also the effectiveness of the use of tools for this type of biometric identification. In this 84. 9%, sensibility rate over 89. 9% and fβ-measure over 82. 5%, given the established criteria. It is worth highlighting that replications of this experiment can also validate a better average for the accuracy rate, which reached the final level of 90% and even 100% precision. Regarding the ethnicity viewpoint, there were more false positives in the images of Black individuals. It opens a debate about how to extract the most from technology, by optimizing how police approach or non-approach people, without disadvantaging a specific ethnicity. From now on, the 2. Due to the variety of applications resulting from facial recognition activity, a series of studies have been elaborated to experiment and enhance their techniques. Kaufman and Breeding (Kaufman & Breeding, 1976: 20. 000 individuals. Another factor observed when analyzing Table 1 is that the facial recognition accuracy rate observed in the found works is equal or superior to 90%, in their majority. The exception is the work of (& Santa Rosa, 2004: p. 176) which reported hit rates between 80% and 98%. It is also worth mentioning that works that performed an analysis of the facial recognition tools for forensic application by considering an experimental approach with the statistical validation of the data significance, as it is proposed in this 5. Moreover, it eliminates conflict of interests by mitigating bias and strengthening evaluation without characterizing demand, which are confusing factors and serious threats to the internal validity of any experiments. 3. first, an exploratory research was carried out (Severino, 2017) in order to verify the state of the art of facial recognition and of the quality metrics used for the evaluation of the results of the experiment, as well as for listing free and open source solutions in this area. The synopsis of the material used as reference is shown in Section 4. Next, the application to be submitted to the experiment was selected. The tool named Face Recognition, available at was chosen by meeting the simple choosing criteria determined by the investigators of the Office of Sergipe and by the authors of this 1. Comparison among recognition works. open source, zero cost, the best evaluation from clients, and simple interface. More details about the application and the selection procedure will be described in Section 5. The following step was to prepare the database.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biodiversity can be completely restored after any environmental damage. [SEP] Text: The literature shows that there has been some progress. It is possible to transplant ganglion cells experimentally into the bladder. The ganglion cells survive and sprout into the surrounding tissue. So far, it is not known if there are functional connections (synapses) between the axons of the transplanted ganglion cells, and the detrusor smooth muscle cells. Stem cell transplantation has been performed successfully but with a result opposite to that of ganglion cell transplantation. Transplantation of stem cells improves the function of the detrusor, but it has been difficult to demonstrate the transplanted stem cells, or the cells derived from them. Neurotrophins or neurotrimin might be injected in the bladder wall to increase the sprouting of existing ganglion cells, or cells that have been injected into the bladder wall. Bladder outlet obstruction, persisting underactivity, and decreased nerve density are often combined with inflammatory activity of the lower urinary tract. NLRP3 and its mRNA as well as Cox-2 mRNA are increased in obstructed bladders. Systemic treatment with the NLRP3 inhibitor glyburide normalized nerve density, and, to some extent, bladder function. It is unclear whether Cox-2 is involved in the changed nerve density following obstruction, but Cox-2 mRNA increases almost 5-fold in the obstructed bladder. being too speculative future therapy against bladder underactivity remaining following relief of outlet obstruction could be either a systemic therapy, perhaps by anti-inflammatory drug treatment, or a local using neurotrophins, ganglionic or stem cells, perhaps by injection into the bladder wall as Botulinum toxin is injected today. /This study received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The study does not contain any new animal experiments. Ethical permits for the original experiments were applied for at the of Agriculture and approved by the Malmo/Committee for animal experiments (approval numbers M 4–16, M 104–15, and M 40–13). Conflict of potential conflict of interest relevant to this 1. Gabella G. Intramural neurons in the urinary bladder of the guinea-pig. Res 1990;261:231-7. PMID: 2401001 2. Gabella G. The structural relations between nerve fibres and muscle cells in the urinary bladder of the rat.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (8) We also applied this over-excitation to activate MBNs. As MBN takes over both appetitive and aversive learnings, over-excitation of MBNs led to deficit in both types of learning, which follows our hypothesis (Figure 6). In summary, we hypothesized that DAN-c1 restricts DA release via activation of D2R, which is important for larval aversive learning. D2R knockdown or artificial activation of DAN-c1 during training would induce elevated DA release, leading to over-excitation of MBNs and failure of aversive learning. Weakness #7: The authors should not necessarily expect that D2R enhancer driver strains would reflect D2R endogenous expression, since it is known that TH-GAL4 does not label p(PAM) dopaminergic neurons. Just like the example of TH-GAL4, it is possible that the D2R driver strains may partially reflect the expression pattern of endogenous D2R in larval brains. When we crossed the D2R driver strains with the GFP-tagged D2R strain, however, we observed co-localization in DM1 and DL2b dopaminergic neurons, as well as in mushroom body neurons (Figure S3 c to h). In addition, D2R knockdown with D2R-miR directly supported that the GFP-tagged D2R strain reflected the expression pattern of endogenous D2R (Figure 4b to d, signals were reduced in DM1). In summary, we think the D2R driver strains supported the expression pattern we observed from the GFP-tagged D2R strain, especially in DM1 DANs. Weakness #8: Their observations of GFP-tagged D2R expression could be strengthened with an anti-D2R antibody such as that used by Lam et al. , (1999) or Love et al. , (2023). Love et al. , (2023) used the antibody from Draper et al. 10. We have tried the same antibody, but we were not able to observe clear signals after staining. Maybe it is not specific for the neurons in the fly larval brain, or our staining protocol did not fit with this antibody. Unfortunately, we were not able to find Lam (1999) paper.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: With the news of the crime, the investigative entity starts to perform investigations to recover the event and find the possible perpetrator (Tourinho Filho, 2013). The purpose of criminal investigation is to build a previous evidence frame, which justifies the penal action on behalf of the minimum safety that is required for the state activity against someone in the crime field. On behalf of the dignity of a human being, a rule-based Democracy in all areas, chiefly in Law, is sought. That is the reason why it is neither permitted to attack an individual by investigating his/her private life—which is naturally guaranteed by the constitutional right to intimacy—and nor to institute legal proceedings against someone without minimum proof, in a way to instruct and sustain not only concreteness (existence proof of the penal infraction), but also sufficient evidence (reasonable proof that the individual is the perpetrator or reasonable proof of misdemeanor) (NUCCI, 2012). Crime investigation has administrative nature and is conducted before the legal proceeding, which means, in the pre-procedural phase, being used to persuade the individual responsible for the criminal charge. The judge must not be biased and must not assess any evidence, and must intervene only to halt any threats or harm to individual rights and guarantees, to the effectiveness of jurisdiction, and must guarantee constitutional and legal principles (Oliveira, 2014). has the obligation to guarantee collective safety and order, but it is halted in all of its actions by the observance of legality and transparency, stated in the of 1988 (NUCCI, 2012). In summary, the purpose of criminal investigation is to investigate the existence of a crime and the perpetrator, elements that constitute just cause for the legal proceeding, corresponding to the procedural interest, which is the condition of the action and an essential element to the right of action (Greco Filho, 2015). At this point, one of the contributions of the present 4. 2. Biometry-based techniques have recently appeared as the most promising option for individual recognition, rather than password-based authentication, PIN (Number) or cards, which have to deal with problems like theft and loss. Biometry-based technologies include identification based on physiological features, such as face, fingerprints, finger geometry, hand geometry, palm, iris, retina, ear, and voice (Jafri & Arabnia, 2009). Facial recognition appears to offer several advantages over other biometric methods.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All species contribute equally to ecosystem balance. [SEP] Text: We cannot rule out the possibility that a rare type of β cell was missed in our examination of individual clones using the MADM marking experiments. However, because the rate of clonal expansion is sufficient to account for the growth of the β cell population during the chase period, a rare highly proliferative β cell did not contribute significantly to the expansion of β cell mass. Published rates for β cell replication in adult mice (12 wk old) are highly variable, from 2% [32] to 15% per day [33]. Assuming 5% of β cells replicate per day, and that all β cells are equivalent, β cells should divide approximately every 20 d. This would dilute the H2BGFP label beyond detection (by completing up to five rounds of replication) within 100 d. In addition, clone size at 2 mo should be approximately eight cells. These straightforward calculations predict results that are entirely consistent with our findings. These estimates, of course, assume no β cell death over the duration of our experiments. β cells have a finite lifespan, but the absolute β cell death rate is unknown. Based on β cell mass measurements and an estimate of β cell proliferation of 2% per day throughout adulthood, Finegood et al. calculated the β cell lifespan to be 52 d [32]. Recent findings demonstrate that β cell proliferation rates decline to less than 0. 1% in 1-y-old mice [33], casting doubt on the often quoted rates for β cell turnover in mice. analysis of wild-type β cells consistently fail to identify apoptotic cells [13,27,33,34]. Regardless of the true rate of β cell turnover, our findings of a uniform loss of label and a consistent clone size indicate that all β cells have equivalent replicative capacity. Pancreatic β cells are not the only differentiated cell type capable of growth and maintenance without the support of an adult stem cell population. Hepatocytes are highly replicative and not thought to be supported by a facultative stem cell under normal conditions [35]. Pulse–chase analysis with the tetracycline-inducible H2BGFP label shows that all hepatocytes lose their label at the same rate. Therefore, like the β cell population, the hepatocyte population seems to be homogeneous. We do not know of an example of a mature differentiated cell type that has two populations (one replicative and the other not).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Weakness #9: Finally, the authors could consider the possibility other DANs may also mediate aversive learning via D2R. Knockdown of D2R in DAN-g1 appears to cause a defect in aversive quinine learning compared with its genetic control (Figure S4e). It is unclear why the same genetic control has unexpectedly poor aversive quinine learning after training with propionic acid (Figure S5a). The authors could comment on why RNAi knockdown of D2R in DAN-g1 does not similarly impair aversive quinine learning (Figure S5b). We also think that other DANs may be involved in aversive learning. We re-analyzed the learning assay data, seemingly D2R knockdown in DAN-g1 with miR partially affected aversive learning when trained with pentyl acetate (Figure S4e). We are going to build single statistic panels for DAN-g1 and DAN-d1. However, neither larvae with D2R knockdown in DAN-g1 using miR trained with propionic acid (Figure S5a), nor larvae with D2R knockdown in DAN-g1 using RNAi trained with pentyl acetate (Figure S5b) showing aversive learning deficit. We will add paragraphs about this in both Results and Discussion sections. Reviewer #2 (Public Review): Weakness#1: Is not completely clear how the system DAN-c1, MB neurons and Behavioral performance work. We can be quite sure that DAN-c1;Shits1 were reducing dopamine release and impairing aversive memory (Figure 2h). Similarly, DAN-c1;ChR2 were increasing dopamine release and also impaired aversive memory (Figure 5b). However, is not clear what is happening with DAN-c1;TrpA1 (Figure 2K). In this case the thermos-induction appears to impair the behavioral performance of all three conditions (QUI, DW and SUC) and the behavior is quite distinct from the increase and decrease of dopamine tone (Figure 2h and 5b). The study successfully examined the role of D2R in DAN-c1 and MB neurons in olfactory conditioning.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: After selecting 50 images that are not in the system knowledge model, but are of the same individuals that were artificially added to the training base, these were joined to 50 images of unknown individuals, not present in the knowledge and training base, according to section 6. 2. 3. The 100 test images were divided into 10 clusters with 10 images each one: 5 different images of known individuals and 5 images of unknown individuals to the system. This way, the dependent variables will be extracted from each cluster, considering the calculation of the metrics based on the accuracy rate of the predictions in each cluster, and consequently will generate 10 data points, or 10 measures for each metric. The division in 10 clusters is considered a minimum size (Nadeau & Bengio, 2000) for the statistical significance of the difference calculation between the goal of 90% and the averages of each metric. After that, the experiment was conducted and then the results could be analyzed. 6. 2. 7. application will be used for the conduction of the facial recognition process, as described in Section 5. A small Java software was developed to initially feed the application with the photos of the inmates by using the IDE Eclipse (Eclipse Foundation, 2019) which inserted the 20. 577 images interactively. application (Postman Inc. , 2019) was used to insert the remaining artificial images, as well as to execute the algorithm. Postman is a platform for assisting in the development and use of APIs tests via HTTP requisitions. 7. Operation of the Experiment 7. 1. preparation consisted in the training of the 20. 577 images of inmates added to the 50 images of third parties, according to Section 6. 2. 3. Also, initially, just for ambiance and to calibrate the best tolerance for each metric, using the final 100 test images and another 50 random images, metrics were collected for various tolerance values. 7. 2. the application was trained, the testing image clusters were subjected to the evaluation of the algorithm, with the calculation of the respective similarities between the testing images and the images from the training database. As mentioned in Section 5, the identification of the individual in the App admits a tolerance value as input, which is a real value between 0 (zero) and 1 (one), and this value will determine the minimum proximity that an image must have in relation to the input image in order to be considered similar by the algorithm. 0. 5 is the standard value.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Conserving one endangered species will automatically protect an ecosystem. [SEP] Text: In January, the EPA rolled out a policy focused on active ingredients in new pesticides. The agency agreed to evaluate impacts on endangered species for all new pesticides before they hit the market. It also committed to adhere to the ESA by initiating consultations with the US Fish and (FWS) and the (NMFS) when appropriate. Under the new policy, if the EPA finds that a pesticide is likely to adversely affect an endangered species or its habitat, it will require mitigation measures before the product can be marketed. “Incorporating ESA assessments into the registration process for new pesticides is a key component of EPA’s larger effort to meet the Agency’s ESA obligations efficiently and effectively,” Li said in a Jan. 11 statement announcing the policy. The EPA has yet to disclose details about that larger effort. The agency declined C&EN’s request to speak with Li, noting that it expects to share more information in a work plan in March. Environmental groups hope that the plan will address not just new pesticides but also the hundreds already on the market that the EPA has yet to evaluate for risks to endangered species. Most of the litigation related to endangered species has involved older pesticides. The EPA reevaluates the human health and ecological risks of pesticides on the market every 15 years. During that process, the agency is also supposed to consider effects on endangered species. Under various legal settlements over the last decade, the EPA agreed to evaluate about a dozen high-profile pesticides for their potential to harm endangered species. Those pesticides include the herbicides atrazine and glyphosate, as well as neonicotinoids and the organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion. In each case, the EPA found that the pesticides are likely to adversely affect several endangered species. But for the most part, the agency has not implemented measures to protect those species. Hartyl says the atrazine lawsuit did get pesticide makers to phase out the most problematic uses, including canopy spraying, and a few nonagricultural uses. And companies agreed to completely end use of the chemical in Hawaii, which is home to more than 550 endangered species, he notes. “But many other species in the lower 48 states are still at risk. And we need to see conservation measures on the ground to protect endangered species from atrazine,” he says.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: The conclusions are well supported by the data, with the exception of the claim that dopamine release from DAN-c1 is sufficient for aversive learning in the absence of unconditional stimulus (Figure 2K). Alternatively, the authors need to provide a better explanation of this point. Please refer to our response to Weakness #6 of #1. Reviewer #3 (Public Review): Weakness #1: It is a strength of the paper that it analyses the function of dopamine neurons (DANs) at the level of single, identified neurons, and uses tools to address specific dopamine receptors (DopRs), exploiting the unique experimental possibilities available in larval Drosophila as a model system. Indeed, the result of their screening for transgenic drivers covering single or small groups of DANs and their histological characterization provides the community with a very valuable resource. In particular the transgenic driver to cover the DANc1 neuron might turn out useful. However, I wonder in which fraction of the preparations an expression pattern as in Figure 1f/ S1c is observed, and how many preparations the authors have analyzed. Also, given the function of DANs throughout the body, in addition to the expression pattern in the mushroom body region (Figure 1f) and in the central nervous system (Figure S1c) maybe attempts can be made to assess expression from this driver throughout the larval body (same for Dop2R distribution). We thank the reviewer for the positive comments and the suggestions. For the strain R76F02AD; R55C10DBD, we examined 22 third instar larval brains expressing GFP or Syt-GFP and Den-mCherry, all of them clearly labeled DAN-c1. Half of them only labeled DAN-c1, the rest have 1 to 5 weak labeled soma without neurites. Barely 1 or 2 strong labeled cells appear. These non-DAN-c1 neurons are seldom dopaminergic neurons. In VNC, 8 out of 12 do not label cells, 3 have 2-4 strong labeled cells. These data supported that R76F02AD;R55C10DBD exclusively labeled DAN-c1 in 3rd instar larval brains.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Facial recognition software is becoming common in public security. [SEP] Text: ML image recognition can often miscategorize — or fail to identify entirely — non-white and female faces in photographs, a problem that can be compounded for historians by the simple fact that historical photographs are often of poor quality and low resolution. Indeed, ‘big data’ visual projects often use stable categories for their subjects, like ‘male’ or ‘female’, and faces are classified according to how closely they resemble other faces in either category. This can marginalize individuals who may not present as or identify with the categories used by the algorithm and researchers. Furthermore, historical photos often differ in theme, subject matter, and style from the contemporary photos which typically feature in ML training sets. Since there can be vast cultural differences between past and present, historical photos can thereby be misconstrued by modern aesthetic interpretations. The makeup of the dataset used in this lesson presents further challenges from the standpoint of race and gender. is a historically Christian institution that initially drew seminary students primarily of background from the upper Midwest of the United States. As the decades passed, and as Bethel became a four-year liberal arts college, its student body grew more diverse, but it remained majority male and white throughout the 20th century. While its yearbook collection adequately demonstrates the usefulness of applying ML principles to historical analysis, its homogeneous nature limits its value as a representational primary source. All of this is to say that applying a seemingly objective technological tool to the study of history is anything but objective. As with the other, more traditional tools in the historian’s bag, AI for facial recognition must be used with discernment. Scholars from two broad perspectives may find this tutorial of interest. First, historians engaging with large visual corpora in their research, whether or not they’re specifically interested in facial recognition, may find computer vision generally and object recognition specifically valuable. Object recognition can allow one to track the changing frequencies of object presence in historical photographs over time. Or, more simply, object recognition can provide a technique for identifying photographs of interest in large visual collections for future close study. Second, this tutorial is meant to provide an introductory lesson in how computational analysis of large visual collections can aid in curating and organizing large digital collections. In the conclusion, I suggest other pathways in computer vision that scholars may wish to pursue as next steps, including training their own model in object recognition.

Output: pass