Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 09 ± 0. 01 2 < 0. 5 < 2. 5 4. 6 ± 2. 5a 367 ± 266a 0. 71 ± 0. 42a 10. 3 ± 2. 4a 13 ± 3b < 0. 05 0. 19 ± 0. 03a 0. 06 ± 0. 01a 3 165 ± 16a < 2. 5 5. 1 ± 1. 0a 125 ± 35 1. 87 ± 1. 12a 12. 3 ± 2. 7a 7. 6 ± 1. 1a < 0. 05 0. 18 ± 0. 05a 0. 41 ± 0. 17a 4 23. 8 ± 2. 6 < 2. 5 6. 6 ± 0. 4a 55 ± 9 2. 17 ± 0. 86a 95 ± 19 32. 9 ± 3. 1b 0. 11 ± 0. 01a 0. 76 ± 0. 08a 0. 25 ± 0. 04a 5 8. 0 ± 1. 7a < 2. 5 22. 5 ± 3. 3a 68 ± 12a 4. 44 ± 1. 69a 518 ± 149a 98. 7 ± 14. 2a 0. 12 ± 0. 01a 1. 03 ± 0. 19a 0. 24 ± 0. 06a 2. 2 Plant growth Seeds of Triticum aestivum cv Arabella, Brassica napus cv Genie, Pisum sativum cv Karina, Cicer arietinum cv Kabuli, Lupinus albus cv Feodora, and Lupinus cosentinii cv were surface sterilized by washing the seeds with 0. 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 3 min, followed by rinsing with deionized water. Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes in a climate chamber at 20°C. After germination and development of seminal roots, the seedlings were transferred to a hydroponic culture with a 1/20 strength Hoagland solution (Arnon and Stout 1939), 22°C room temperature, relative humidity 60% and 600 µmol m-2 s-2 photosynthetically active radiation. After one week, the primary roots of B. napus, P. sativum, C. arietinum, L. albus, and L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: IoT security protocols help prevent unauthorized access to connected devices. [SEP] Text: Another fine-grained access control model has been recently introduced by merging RBAC and ABAC entities so that flexibility, fine granularity, and efficiency can be achieved (Qi, Di & Li, 2018). However, these models are not designed for IoT-based systems. An access control model for IoT-based healthcare and medical devices also exists that prevents unauthorized access. In this system, only authorized users can access the system after verification through security access tokens (SAT). SAT is proof of an authorized user, as well as, SAT is cryptographically protected (Hossain et al. , 2018). A secure and efficient access control scheme is designed for the internet of medical things–primarily based on fog/cloud computing. It is capable of providing high-level security with a short execution time, for the information stored on the cloud (Wang et al. , 2018). The integration of cloud computing and IoT has many security issues and challenges that are discussed in the IoT and cloud computing survey (Stergiou et al. , 2018). Furthermore, various researchers working on the security and privacy of database-as-a-service, cloud-based secure services, and blockchain, along with the legitimate user recognition, challenges, and performance analysis (Khan et al. , 2020; Khan et al. , 2019; Ahmad et al. , 2018). SDAC model Due to both the models’ weaknesses and limitations, the merger of RBAC and ABAC is favored. The SDAC model is an efficient solution in the form of a hybrid model that covers flaws significantly. This model aids in resolving the problems of RBAC (ANSI/2004) and ABAC (Hu et al. , 2015) standards, discussed in the earlier section. An administrator usually creates several permissions for the users in an organization so that implementation of the access control is fulfilled in a significant manner. Normally, the administrator creates permissions manually and one by one. This is a time-consuming and challenging job. Under this model, authorization (permissions) are automatically generated by joining the action-level and the object-containers. Authorization is generated when action and object are joined together. The concept encompasses diverse security heights, and each one of them includes certain quantified whereabouts. For level 1, it contains approve, write, print, and delete actions. For level 2, includes writing, edit, and read actions. Then, level 3 has submitted and execute actions only.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: In general, the raw materials for Li-ion batteries are lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide, which are used in the production of Li cathode materials. In addition, Li salt forms can also be included in the battery structure as electrolytes [29]. It is shown in Table 1 that Co, Li, Ni, and manganese (Mn) dominate the cathode structure and require special pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical processes for recycling [27, 30–36]. Table 1 The precious metals in the most common commercial lithium-ion batteries [27, 30–36] Battery type Metal type (elemental weight %). LiNixCoyMnzO2 14. 88 5. 75 16. 96 21. 87 0. 05 10. 82 [30] LiCoO2 16 2 - - 10 3 19 [31] LiCoO2 5–20 5–7 - 5–10 - - - [32] LiCoO2 16. 5 2 - - 7. 1 4. 1 - [33] LiCoO2 29. 49 3. 14 0. 02 16. 48 8. 02 - [34] LiCoO2 27. 5 14. 5 - 24. 5 14 - [35] LiNiMnCoO2 8. 45 1. 28 5. 86 14. 84 16. 6 22. 72 8. 79 [36] In general, Li-ion batteries consist of positive and negative electrodes and electrolytes that conduct Li-ions. Figure 8 shows the schematic structure of Li-ion batteries [37, 38]. The electromechanical charging and discharging process for Li-ion batteries operates as follows: during charging, the battery is connected to a charger. The positive electrode releases negatively charged electrons. To maintain charge balance at the negative electrode, an equivalent amount of positively charged ions is dissolved into the electrolyte solution. As lithium ions migrate to the positive electrode, they are absorbed by the graphite in the anode. This absorption process not only involves the incorporation of lithium ions into the graphite but also includes the deposition of electrons to “lock” the lithium ions in place. During discharge, when a load is connected to the battery terminals, the negative electrode releases lithium ions, which move toward the electrolyte. The positive electrode then absorbs these lithium ions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: cosentinii were cut 1 cm below the first lateral roots to obtain a split root system by stimulation of root branching and lateral root development (Saiz‑Fernandez 2021). Triticum aestivum developed several seminal roots; thus, the abovementioned procedure was unnecessary, and the roots could easily be diverted into different compartments. After cutting, all plants were transferred back into the hydroponic solution and cultivated for another 10 days to allow the plants to recover (Saiz‑Fernandez 2021). Plant individuals with similarly developed root systems were transferred from hydroponic culture into the previously prepared pots filled with sand. Each experimental unit consisted of one plant with a split root system where one part of the root system was placed in a pot with quartz sand and the other part into a pot with mixed sand. The pots were connected with clamps, and the seedlings were stabilized with a stick to support the shoot growing between the two pots. In total, from each plant species, 10 experimental units were prepared. The plants were grown in a growth chamber at 22°C and 65% humidity, 600 µmol m− 2 s− 1 photosynthetically active radiation and watered with a 1/20 strength Hoagland solution containing all essential mineral nutrients, except P. After one week of growth and allowing the plants to extend their roots deeper in the sand substrates, the experimental units were watered with two different nutrient solutions containing either all essential plant nutrients according to a 1/10 strength Hoagland solution except P (P0), or all mineral elements contained in the previous solution with the addition of 100 µM P (P+). Half of the experimental units were watered with P0 solutions at both root sides (50 mL in each pot), whereas the other half received P + solutions at the root side growing in quartz sand (50 mL) and P0 solutions at the root side growing in mixed sand (50 mL). The addition of treatment solutions was continued every second day over a period of five weeks. treatment was replicated fivefold for each plant species, and the different species and treatments were spatially distributed in a fully randomized design. 3. 4 Rhizosphere properties and exudate collection After five weeks, the plants were removed from the sand and carefully shaken to remove loose sand p2. 5 µM CaCl2 solution. This allowed the collection of root exudates depending on plant species and P-treatment for each root system separately.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: IoT security protocols help prevent unauthorized access to connected devices. [SEP] Text: These action-levels have been prearranged along with the organizational structure. The overseer could generate additional action-levels if required. Likewise, object ampules have been shaped for the storing of objects. Several ampules could be molded for the storage of objects. Objects are usually allotted to containers concerning the category of the object. In a situation where these objects are apportioned to ampules, then the object-container would relate on an action-level. This procedure routinely produces several authorizations. According to Fig. 2, when an administrator applies action-level two on object-container 1, 12 permissions will be created at once. In this way, an administrator can create multiple permissions at a time. On the other side, the administrator has to create permissions one by one, in the traditional RBAC model. Furthermore, an IoT-based wireless sensor network can be deployed along roadside to monitor and control traffic, as discussed in (Masek et al. , 2016). Figure 2: Multiple permission creation process by using object containers and action levels. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 471/fig-2 The network model for sensors inter-operability can be either based on machine to machine communication (M2M) or wireless sensor network based on LoRa (low-power wide-area network technology). The IoT sensing devices can help to provide real-time traffic control along with roadside parking management solutions. There are some limitations in the deployment of these IoT sensors devices along roadside. However, there is a big challenge of providing a secure, fast, and reliable access control mechanism for the secure and reliable operation of these IoT sensors. Therefore, we propose a novel and dynamic access control model that can provide significantly better security for traffic control systems. Figure 3 illustrates that if the security of the TSS compromises, then a big traffic jam can happen in the presence of sensitive vehicles. The users travelling in the red cars and sensitive vehicles are highlighted with maroon color. After attacking the system, cyberpunks successfully created a deadlock so that the government or military officials may be trapped in a traffic jam, especially when they are travelling in the same fleet. In this manner, the criminal elements can easily attack or capture their target. Therefore, this is necessary that the TSS must be secure enough so that the system is not compromised for any reason; particularly during the movement of sensitive automobiles.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: Concurrently, electrons are released from the negative electrode and travel through the external circuit to the positive electrode, thereby supplying electrical current to the circuit [37]. Figure 8 Schematic structure of lithium-ion batteries [37, 38]. Figure 9 shows the size of the global Li-ion battery market and its projected growth in US$ billion from 2015 to 2024. The Li-ion battery market is expected to grow from USD 22. 5 billion in 2015 to USD 58. 6 billion by 2024, primarily driven by demand in light- and medium-/heavy-duty vehicles [21, 39]. Figure 10 shows the recycling process of used Li-ion batteries, consisting of three main stages. During the pretreatment stage, the batteries undergo discharging, disassembly, crushing, classification, and separation of materials, such as plastics, C, aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu), from the cathode and anode components. The metal extraction stage can employ pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, electrometallurgical, and bio-metallurgical methods. This stage utilizes energy, reagents, reducing agents, water, and bacteria or microorganisms and produces outputs like concentrates, slag, wastewater, and waste gases. The final stage of product preparation includes the separation and recovery of various materials and the synthesis of cathode active materials for the production of new Li-ion batteries [40]. Figure 9 The growth in the global lithium-ion battery market [21, 39]. Figure 10 Primary steps in the recycling of active materials from spent lithium-ion batteries [40]. Typically, EVs use three main types of batteries: lead-acid, NiMH, and Li-ion batteries. A comprehensive comparison summarizing the features, advantages, and disadvantages of each of these battery technologies is shown in Table 2 [21, 41–51]. Table 2 Main characteristics of different battery types [21, 41–51] Battery type Lead acid NiMH Lithium ion Main components Metallic lead, lead dioxide, lead sulfate, and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) Hydrogen, nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2), and potassium hydroxide (KOH) Li, Fe, Al, Cu, Co, graphite, and density (J/kg) 30–50 40–110 100–250 Battery voltage (V) ~2. 00 1. 35 2. 50–5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: The plants in the collection solutions were placed back into the growth chamber and allowed to release root exudates over a time period of 3 h. Immediately after the collection, the resulting solutions were analyzed using ion chromatography. After that, the plants were separated into roots and shoots. Shoots were washed for 1 min with deionized water. The split roots were separately washed for 5 min with ice-cold CaCl2 solution (5 mM) and 1 min with deionized water to remove adsorbed ions from charged root cell structures (Han et al. 2005). Finally, the shoots and roots were dried at 60°C for 48 h, weighed and stored in centrifuge tubes until being analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). 3. 5 Determination of carboxylates and element concentrations The dried plant material was ground to a fine powder using a centrifugal mill equipped with a titanium rotor (Retsch ZM 100) and stored in centrifuge tubes. Afterwards, microwave digestion (Ethos plus 2, MLS, Leutkirch, Germany) was carried out with 0. 1 g of subsample taken from the ground biomass and measured in duplicate. Samples were mixed with 1. 6 mL nitric acid (65% suprapure) and 0. 6 mL hydrofluoric acid (4. 9% suprapure) and heated to 220°C in a microwave, according to Krachler et al. (2002). Concentrations of P, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, and REEs (and Lu) from the diluted digestion solutions and soil solutions were determined by ICP-MS (XSeries 2, Thermo Scientific, Dreieich, Germany) using 10 µg L− 1 rhodium and rhenium as internal standards. Possible interferences were monitored and corrected if necessary (Pourret et al. 2022). Concentrations of acetate, fumarate, glutarate, malate and citrate in the collection solutions were determined by ion chromatography equipped with conductivity detection (ICS-5000, 4 mm system, Thermo Scientific, Dreieich, Germany).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: IoT security protocols help prevent unauthorized access to connected devices. [SEP] Text: Hence, the work is clearly elaborated with the scenario-based case study. The purpose of the making of diverse action-levels is usually to provide well-ordered access to the objects. In a situation where an object is generated, it is advisable to allot specific quantified actions on that object, for instance, the write and read-only. Particular objects are common in their setting; for that reason, any person could access that object. The administrator could use a given container on the action level, whereas considering the level of contact on those objects. It is evident that an object is generated with the allotment of object attributes and features like IP address, time, and age. In this case, the features of the objects are apportioned to permissions routinely and go-ahead would encompass similar features like objects. It is clear that if an object with the time features similar the object would just be obtainable between 11:00 AM to 3:00 PM. Then, the freshly produced authorization would execute similar function. In addition, when administrator has created the actions with the allotment of attributes like location, username, and designation, so the newly created permissions are also capable of offering these attributes since permission is a combination of object and action. This way, the created permissions are more restricted as compared to the previously proposed models. It is apparent that a user who has initiated this permission, that user could only execute a specific action on that attributed-object between the apportioned time frame. Moreover, the actions are also attributed to a particular action that can be performed under the given attributes. The authorizations are lively, and any variation in the object and action features would influence the permission’s characteristics. In this case, manual updating is not needed for this authorization creation as the addition of attributes makes the model and permission process dynamic. It is apparent that the model is vibrant giving the ease of authorization generation due to the addition of the attribute on top of stout, and comforts of administration for permission generation attributable to the RBAC model, as shown in Fig. 4. Figure 4: Customize attributed permissions. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 471/fig-4 The permissions are stricter as the attributes of objects and actions are transformed into the permissions. Thus, the customized permissions enforce security in an efficient manner. Such permissions are suitable for sensitive departments like government and military organizations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: 00 Efficiency 75–80% - ~100% Service life (years) 2–3 > 5 5–6 Life cycle (cycles) 500–1,000 300–500 >1,000 Fast charging time (hour) 8–16 h 2–4 h ≤1 h (for manganese and phosphate based ones) and 3–4 h (Co-based) Advanced charging ability temperature (°C) 18–45 −30 to 70 20–65 Environmental impact impact Less impact Cost benefit maintenance and free design Low maintenance cost 3. 2. Nickel-based batteries Alkaline batteries, which are Ni based, use an alkaline solution as their electrolyte. Batteries, such as nickel–zinc (Ni-Zn), nickel–iron (Ni-Fe), nickel–cadmium (Ni-Cd), and NiMH, are produced with nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) as the cathode material. The Ni-Zn battery family typically has a maximum nominal cell voltage of 1. 6 V and surpasses Ni-Cd batteries in specific energy and environmental friendliness due to their nontoxic nature. Additionally, Ni-Zn batteries offer excellent charge and discharge rates and a broad operating temperature range. However, their commercialization is significantly restricted by a short life cycle of approximately 300 cycles, caused by the preferential solubility of zinc species in the electrolyte. Since 1992, the EV market has extensively adopted NiMH batteries, which have a nominal cell voltage of 1. 32 V and greater specific energy than lead-acid batteries [23]. Ni-Cd batteries Ni, as a strategic metal, is used in a wide variety of applications, including the production of stainless steel and nonferrous alloys, chemical or petrochemical catalysts, military industries, and battery production. Recently, Ni-Cd batteries have become a popular rechargeable power source for many portable devices, such as laptops, cameras, and music players. These used Ni-Cd batteries contain valuable materials, including cathode and anode materials made of Ni and Cd (approximately 43%), plastic separators (5%), a steel container (27%), and a Ni mesh plate that supports the anodic powder (25%). The significant value of the metallic Ni content, along with the toxic and carcinogenic nature of Cd, has led to increased interest in recycling these batteries for both academic and industrial purposes [27].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Inorganic and organic acid anions were separated at 30°C on an IonPac® AS11-HC column (Thermo Scientific, Dreieich, Germany) using gradient elution with sodium hydroxide as eluent and a flow rate of 1. 0 mL min− 1. The measuring program started with an eight-minute isocratic phase and a sodium hydroxide concentration of 1 mM, followed by the gradient analysis with a continuously increasing sodium hydroxide concentration of up to 40 mM for 35 min. Finally, the column was flushed for three minutes with 50 mM NaOH and equilibrated for 10 min with 1 mM NaOH. 3. 4 Data processing and statistical analysis Concentrations of LREEs and HREEs in the plant and soil samples were calculated as sums of (LREEs) and (HREEs) according to Tyler (2004). Significant differences among means of element concentrations in soil fractions, carboxylate concentrations of P + and P0 plants, and element concentrations in plant parts cultivated with different P supply were compared by t-test with Bonferroni adjustment of p-values using 25. Carboxylate release and element concentrations in different root parts of the same plants were compared by a t-test for non-independent samples at α = 5%. Element concentrations, contents and root carboxylate release among plant species within a certain P-treatment were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's HSD post-hoc test. Prior to the analysis, the data were checked for homogeneity of variances using Levene's-test. In case the assumption of homogeneity was violated, the data were log-transformed. If the assumption was still violated, significant differences between means were identified using Welch's ANOVA at α = 5%. Results2. 1 Plant growth and biomass responding to P-supply The dry biomass varied considerably among the tested plant species (Figure 1). Brassica napus accumulated the most biomass (3. 1 g) when P was supplied, and T. aestivum accumulated the least biomass when no P was supplied (0. 2 g) (Fig. 1A). Phosphorus supply increased the total dry mass (shoot and root mass) of T. aestivum, B. napus, C. arietinum and L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: IoT security protocols help prevent unauthorized access to connected devices. [SEP] Text: The organizations that deal with secret information hence the access control should be implemented in a strict way for restricting unauthorized access. Furthermore, the users are restricted to do the task under the given circumstances. According to the recommended model, the customize-permissions are apportioned to roles usually by employing object attributes. For the RBAC model (ANSI/2004), authorizations are allotted manually by the overseer, which is a frenetic work for him/her. According to the SDAC model, permission apportionment standards are involuntary that would lessen the efforts of overseer or administrator. After the instinctive formation of permissions, the permissions apportioned to roles besides the decision of consignment of permissions is undertaken with the aid of attributes. The object-attributes demarcated on the object creation level under this SDAC model. It is after postulating the object attributes on the object creation stage, and objects are apportioned to object-containers, which is employed on the action-levels. Every security level comprises several attributed-actions, as discussed earlier in this paper. The administrator creates several customized-permissions by applying object-containers and action-levels, which automatically generates permissions. In addition, object and action attributes are copied in the permissions that make the customize-permissions into attributed-permissions. Figure 5 illustrates the complete working of the SDAC model. Here, an administrator creates objects, actions, roles, users, object-containers, and action-levels. While creating the fundamental entities of SDAC model, administrator also assigns attributes to the entities that make them attributed-objects, attributed-actions, attributed-roles, and attributed-users. In the next step, administrator assigns the attributed-objects to object-containers and attributed-actions to action-levels, so that administrator can create multiple customize attributed permissions. As the permissions, roles, and users are attributed, the system starts matching the attributes. The system automatically assigns the permissions to roles and roles to users by matching their attributes. In addition, the delegation of rights to users and user revocation process is dynamic, since the system grants or revokes access for a user by matching the attributes of users. For example, if a user has attributes username = ‘Bob’, IP address = 192. 168. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: In 1908 and 1909, Edison developed Ni batteries as a portable and versatile power source. The five main types of rechargeable Ni batteries are Ni-H2, Ni-Zn, NiMH, Ni-Cd, and Ni-Fe. All these batteries use NiOOH as the cathode material and Cd as the anode material. Ni-Cd batteries, which use nickel oxide hydroxide (NiO(OH)) and metallic cadmium as electrodes, were invented in 1899 and were widely used in portable electronic devices and EVs until the 1990s. They have since been largely replaced by newer battery technologies due to their lower energy density and the environmental concerns related to cadmium. Despite this, Ni-Cd batteries excel in high-rate capacity and longevity, lasting up to ten years under optimal temperatures of 30–80°C. However, they quickly lose capacity and have a high self-discharge rate when stored at room temperature. Their energy density ranges from 1. 2 V to 50 J/kg [1]. Figure 11 illustrates the charging principle of a Ni-Cd battery [37]. Figure 11 Ni-Cd battery charging principle [37, 38]. The charging and discharging mechanism of Ni-Cd batteries is illustrated in Eq. (1) [41]: 2NiOOH+2H2O+Cd⇔2Ni(OH)2+Cd(OH)2E0=1. 29 V (1) The electromechanical charging and discharging process for Ni-Cd batteries operates as follows: upon connecting a load to the battery terminals, the battery begins to discharge. The KOH electrolyte dissociates into positive potassium ions (K+) and negative hydroxyl ions (OH–). The K+ migrate toward the positive electrode (anode), while the OH– move toward the negative electrode (cathode). The negative electrode releases electrons, which travel to the positive electrode through an external circuit, generating current that flows from the positive electrode to the negative electrode through the load. During charging, the OH– migrate toward the anode, and the K+ move toward the cathode. To discharge, the reaction is reversed: Ni(OH)2 at the positive electrode is converted to NiO(OH), releasing electrons, while Cd(OH)2 at the negative electrode is reduced to Cd as it receives electrons from the external circuit [37].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: albus by 65%, 52%, 27%, and 56%, respectively. In contrast, the total biomass of P. sativum and L. cosentinii did not respond to P supply (Fig. 1A). Considering the shoot biomass of plants without adding P, shoot biomass decreased in the order B. napus > L. albus > P. sativum > T. aestivum. The addition of P did not significantly (p > 0. 05) affect the shoot mass of P. sativum, C. arietinum, and L. cosentinii, and there were no differences among P. sativum, L. cosentinii and C. arietinum (Fig. 1B). Here, the plant treated with 100 µM P developed only 15%, 28%, and 15% more shoot biomass than the reference plants (0P). However, L. albus, B. napus and T. aestivum strongly responded (p < 0. 01) to elevated P-supply with 39%, 52%, and 88% greater shoot biomass, leading to a shift in aboveground biomass pattern of the species of B. napus > L. albus > P. sativum = C. arietinum = L. cosentinii = T. aestivum (Fig. 1B). Considering the whole root system, including both root parts growing in quartz sand and mixed sand, the addition of P did not significantly affect root biomass within a plant species, but tended to increase (p = 0. 14) total root mass in L. cosentinii by 124% compared with P-deficient plants (Fig 1C). There were no differences between plant species when the plants were externally supplied with P (Fig. 1C). However, in P0-treated plants, L. albus and C. arietinum showed the greatest root mass, and the lowest root mass was found for L. cosentinii (Fig 1C). Considering the development of the split root systems in different sand types, all species tended to have a greater root mass in mixed sand, especially T. aestivum and L. albus, which showed 200% and 60% more root mass when no P was supplied and C. arietinum (125% more biomass in mixed sand) when P was provided.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: IoT security protocols help prevent unauthorized access to connected devices. [SEP] Text: 1: input <- the object name (role name or action name) with attributes 2: validate the user input on object name (role name or action name) field and ip address field 3: add the object (role or action) with fields as user input 4: update the object (role or action) to the database DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 471/table-4 Algorithm 2: User creation and user login process. 1: input <- the username, password with attributes 2: validate the user input on object name (role name or action name) field and ip address field 3: if users are in login page then 4: check the user is logging to admin type 5: verify the username and the password from user input 6: check if users’ information matches with the information created before (period time, IP address) 7: if all information is matched, load the admin/user page 8: end if 9: if users are in register page then 10: add the user with fields as user input 11: update the user to the database 12: end if DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 471/table-5 Step2: Creation of object-containers and attributed-objects assignment to these containers. Creation of action-levels and assignment of attributed-actions to different action levels. Step3: Multiple customize-permissions creations by applying action-levels on object-containers Algorithm 3: Multiple permissions creation. 1: load all available object-containers and action-levels to comboboxes 2: initialize an integer count variable with a value of 0 3: for action in selected action-level do 4: for object in selected object-container do 5: add the permission with the action and the object 6: if this permission is existed then 7: continue 8: else 9: update the permission with the related action and object to the database 10: increase count by 1 11: end if 12: end for 13: end for 14: return count (as the number of permissions that are created) DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 471/table-6 Step4: Customize attributed-permissions automatically assigned to attributed-roles and attributed-roles are assigned to attributed-users with the help of attributes. Algorithm 4: Customize-attributed-permissions automatically assigned to user with the help of attributes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: NiMH batteries Research on NiMH batteries began in 1967. However, issues with the stability of metal hydride (MH) led to the exploration and development of nickel–hydrogen (NiH) batteries. The discovery of new hydride alloys in the 1980s significantly enhanced the stability of these batteries. NiMH batteries were subsequently developed and brought to market in Japan between 1989 and 1990, and they have become some of the most widely used rechargeable batteries today. They offer numerous advantages, including low self-discharge rates, excellent electrochemical performance, reasonable environmental compatibility, safety, and efficient operation across a broad temperature range. While Ni-Cd batteries dominated the portable rechargeable battery market until 1992, the introduction of NiMH batteries led to their replacement of over half of the Ni-Cd batteries in use. NiMH batteries avoid the issue of Cd toxicity and outperform in terms of energy density and storage effect. Currently, NiMH batteries deliver 40% higher specific energy than conventional Ni-Cd batteries. These rechargeable batteries are widely utilized as power sources for various electrical applications, including mobile devices, stationary energy storage systems, and notably, transportation systems. Despite their robust performance and longevity, NiMH batteries have a relatively lower specific energy density compared to Li-ion batteries. To bridge this energy density gap, ongoing research on NiMH batteries is being conducted in the United States, China, Japan, and Europe. Over 10 million HEVs currently in operation rely on NiMH batteries for propulsion. Consequently, given the significant contribution of NiMH batteries to the battery market, a comprehensive economic analysis of this battery type is essential. The anodes of NiMH batteries incorporate less harmful elements, such as lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), and neodymium (Nd). Typically, NiMH batteries consist of 36–42 wt% Ni, 25 wt% Fe, 4 wt% Co, and 8–10 wt% REEs, such as La, Ce, Pr, and Nd. As NiMH batteries are a major application for REEs, the global supply of these resources is experiencing considerable pressure. Currently, the supply of lanthanide group elements is severely constrained due to inefficiencies in mining processes and the scarcity of ore resources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Without the addition of P, the root mass ratio varied significantly among the species showing decreasing ratios from T. aestivum > C. arietinum > P. sativum, L. albus, L. cosentinii > B. napus (Fig. 1D). Addition of P significantly reduced the root/shoot ratio in T. aestivum, B. napus and L. albus by 45%, 25% and 17%, respectively, while in the other plant species, there was no effects (C. arietinum) or slightly increasing trends (P. sativum, L. cosentinii). When the plants received solutions containing 100 µM P, the root mass ratio was similar in T. aestivum, P. sativum, C. arietinum and L. cosentinii, but lowest in B. napus (Fig. 1D). 2. 2 Shoot nutrient accumulation Shoot [P] of plants watered with 100 µM P ranged between 1. 21 mg g-1 (B. napus) to 2. 46 mg g-1 (T. aestivum) (Table 2). Triticum aestivum and L. cosentinii showed substantially higher [P] in shoots than all other investigated species did. Shoot [P] of T. aestivum, B. napus, P. sativum, L. albus and L. cosentinii responded to a reduction in P supply by a 57%, 19%, 13%, 12% and 20% decrease of shoot [P], respectively, compared with plants treated with high P (100 µM P). Shoot [P] in C. arietinum was almost unchanged; however, under conditions of low P supply, C. arietinum, L. albus and L. cosentinii still displayed the highest shoot [P] compared with B. napus and T. aestivum. The concentrations of K and Mg varied substantially among the tested species and ranged between 24. 5 and 54. 2 mg g-1 K and 2. 7 and 6. 7 mg g-1 Mg but did not respond to changes in P supply. As an exception, however, P supply increased shoot [K] in B. napus by 30%.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: IoT security protocols help prevent unauthorized access to connected devices. [SEP] Text: The end-users need so that they can control and deal with different activities for TCS; such as, set Timers, block a route, open a route, and other related activities. For this purpose, the administrator assigns various access rights to the users, like some users, can set timers for various routes, some users can block/open some routes for the safety measures of sensitive vehicles, and some users can approve the timing as well as blocking/opening of routes. The administrator will set different rights for different users according to their ranks and security levels. Only the authorized users can access the system that means the users will access the system after providing their credentials. The administrator assigns the authority to users User1 to User6 for setting the timers for TCS, User7 to User10 for blocking/opening the routes, and User11 to User15, to approve/monitor all the tasks. In this way, the user tasks, as well as the approval and monitoring tasks dealing with other users, will tighten the security. In addition, the administrator can control the violation of segregation problems up to some extent. A complete view of the objects, actions, permissions, roles, users, and their particular attributes provided in Table 3. Here, the understanding of the users' access rights with detail can be achieved. Table 3: Another view of permissions assignment to roles and roles to users in TCS. Permission name Action, object Permissions attributes Role name Role attributes of users Prms1 View, Timers. txt Location Role1 Location User1,…User6 Location Prms2 Write, Timer. txt Location Role1 Location User1,…User6 Location Prms3 Edit, Timer. txt Location Role1 Location User1,…User6 Location Prms4 Submit, Timers. txt Location Role1 Location User1,…User6 Location Prms5 View, Blockroute. txt Username Role2 Username User7,…User10 Username Prms6 Write, Blockroute. txt Username Role2 Username User7,…User10 Username Prms7 Edit, Blockroute. txt Username Role2 Username User7,…User10 Username Prms8 Submit, Blockroute. txt Username Role2 Username User7,…User10 Username Prms9 View, Openroute. txt Username Role2 Username User7,…User10 Username Prms10 Write, Openroute.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: Consequently, recycling used NiMH batteries is becoming increasingly attractive due to the substantial quantities of Ni and REEs they contain [21, 27]. MH alloys are active materials in the negative electrodes of NiMH batteries that can reversibly store hydrogen in electrochemical media. MH alloys, which exhibit metal bond strengths suitable for electrochemical applications at room temperature, can be classified as solid-solution and binary intermetallic alloys. These alloys are specifically categorized as A3B, A2B, AB, AB2, AB3, A2B7, and AB5, where “A” represents one or a combination of REEs, alkaline earth elements, and light transition metals [e. g. , titanium (Ti) and zirconium (Zr)] and “B” represents transition metals, mainly Ni [52]. The NiMH battery market reached its peak between 2012 and 2013, with approximately 1. 5 million HEV batteries. However, it is now gradually declining as higher-performance Li-ion batteries take over. In 2013, more than half of all HEVs utilized NiMH batteries, and a substantial number of these batteries remain on the market. Consequently, a significant quantity of used NiMH batteries is being discarded, posing a hazardous waste disposal challenge. Additionally, these used NiMH batteries contain valuable metal elements that can serve as secondary resources. For instance, each HEV contains 10–15 kg of REEs, and large-scale recovery of these elements could provide significant resources for new battery production. REEs are among the most critical raw material groups in certain regions, particularly in Europe, and the recovery of Ni is becoming increasingly attractive due to its high market value [53]. As with batteries, NiMH has four main components: cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator, as well as case (steel). The cathode of a NiMH battery consists of a Ni core coated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), while the anode is an alloy made up of misch metal (primarily Ce, La, Pr, and Nd), Ni, Co, Mn, and Al. The anode alloy is usually represented as MmNi3. 5Co0. 8 Mn0. 4Al0. 3, where Mm denotes misch metal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Concerning the measured micronutrients, L. albus exhibited the highest [Mn] and [Fe], irrespective of P-supply. Additionally, L. albus, L. cosentinii, B. napus and T. aestivum showed higher shoot [Zn] than C. arietinum, the species with the lowest shoot [Mn]. The addition of low P doses tended to decrease shoot [Mn] in T. aestivum, B. napus, and P. sativum and significantly decreased [Fe] and [Zn] in P. sativum. In contrast, shoot [Mn] in low-P plants of L. albus and L. cosentinii were consistently higher than those in plants that received P with the watering solution (Table 2). Table 2 Concentration of nutrients in shoots of six plant species cultivated under split-root conditions (means ± sd; n = 5) and addition of 100 µM P (P+) and no P in the treatment solution (0P). Capital letters denote differences among the plant species within a P-treatment Species P-treatment mg g-1 µg g-1 T. aestivum P0 1. 06 ± 0. 05B 49. 8 ± 6. 0A 2. 9 ± 0. 4B 160 ± 35B 122 ± 42A 46 ± 10A P+ 2. 46 ± 1. 03A 51. 5 ± 9. 7A 2. 7 ± 0. 2B 206 ± 29B 99 ± 22AB 36 ± 3A p-value 0. 02 0. 75 0. 34 0. 06 0. 32 0. 10 B. napus P0 0. 98 ± 0. 06B 24. 5 ± 0. 95B 6. 2 ± 0. 5A 97 ± 17C 39 ± 3B 34 ± 5A P+ 1. 21 ± 0. 12B 30. 2 ± 4. 3B 5. 9 ± 0. 7A 114 ± 13BC 45 ± 8B 35 ± 7A p-value 0. 05 0. 02 0. 59 0. 22 0. 14 0. 81 P. sativum P0 1. 14 ± 0. 09AB 33. 0 ± 3. 3B 5. 4 ± 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: IoT security protocols help prevent unauthorized access to connected devices. [SEP] Text: txt Username Role2 Username User7,…User10 Username Prms11 Edit, Openroute. txt Username Role2 Username User7,…User10 Username Prms12 Submit, Openroute. txt Username Role2 Username User7,…User10 Username Prms13 Approve, Blockroute. txt Designation Role3 Designation User11,…User15 Designation Prms13 Deny, Blockroute. txt Designation Role3 Designation User11,…User15 Designation Prms14 Approve, Openroute. txt Designation Role3 Designation User11,…User15 Designation Prms15 Deny, Openroute. txt Designation Role3 Designation User11,…User15 Designation DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 471/table-3 Benefits SDAC model inherits the features of basic RBAC entities like objects, actions, permissions, roles, and users. Due to these entities, this model is secure and it implements the concept of least privilege (LP) in the SDAC model. Usually, the RBAC model facilitates the organization with LP, but the proposed model is more suitable for LP as it further decreases the access rights of the users. For instance, if a user wants to obtain access to some specified resources then, in RBAC system, all the necessary permissions are assigned to him/her permanently, or we can say that the user can access those permissions all the time. On the other hand, SDAC model is implemented with attributes like date, IP address, time, and username, etc. Therefore, a user can only access the permissions by fulfilling the implemented attributes. For example, if a user has permissions on a resource and the date attribute is set for these granted permissions. The user can only access the permissions on the assigned dates; however, in a typical RBAC model, the user can access the permissions all the time. Therefore, for security concerns, the proposed model serves effectively than the typical RBAC and ABAC models. The SDAC model is dynamic because of the addition of attributes. Commonly, in the RBAC model, all the tasks are performed manually by the administrator. If any change is needed, the administrator is troubled again since administrator has to work over it once more. This model decreases the burden of the administrator because after creating the objects and actions, the administrator can create number of permissions with a single click.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: A separator made of polyamide or polypropylene is placed between the two electrodes, and a KOH solution is used as the electrolyte [54]. The chemical composition and reactions of NiMH batteries are illustrated in Figure 12 [37, 55–57] and detailed in Eq. (2) [41]: Figure 12 The principle of operation of a NiMH battery [37, 55–57]. MH+NiOOH⇔M+Ni(OH)2E0=1. 35 V (2) The electromechanical charging and discharging process for NiMH batteries operates as follows: during the charging phase, the cathode is composed of Ni(OH)2, and the anode consists of a metal. When the charger is connected across the electrodes, a current flows through the cathode. KOH serves as the electrolyte, dissociating into positive K+ and negative hydroxide ions (OH–). The OH– react with Ni(OH)2 at the cathode to produce NiO(OH) and water. This reaction generates electrons that travel through the external circuit to the anode. At the anode, water reacts with the metal to form MH, which releases OH–. During discharge, NiOOH is formed at the cathode, and MH is formed at the anode. A load is connected across the electrodes. The KOH electrolyte again splits into K+ and OH–. The OH– react with the MH to produce the metal and water, releasing electrons in the process. These electrons travel through the external circuit, powering the load and returning to the cathode. At the cathode, water reacts with NiOOH to regenerate Ni(OH)2 and release OH–. The reactions that occur during discharge are the reverse of those in the charging phase [37]. As in NiMH batteries, both the anode and cathode are porous structures with a large surface area, providing low internal resistance and the ability to perform at high speeds. The cathode is usually produced by embedding or bonding Ni compounds into foam Ni or a highly porous sintered substrate, while the anode is an alloy-coated perforated Ni foil or grid that stores hydrogen.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 0A 88 ± 18BC 67 ± 10BC 27 ± 9B P+ 1. 31 ± 0. 02B 37. 6 ± 10. 3AB 6. 6 ± 2. 0A 100 ± 36BC 97 ± 17AB 40 ± 7A p-value 0. 11 0. 36 0. 24 0. 50 < 0. 01 0. 09 C. arietinum P0 1. 23 ± 0. 17A 28. 2 ± 4. 0B 3. 7 ± 0. 5B 63 ± 18C 84 ± 31BC 20 ± 2B P+ 1. 30 ± 0. 11B 24. 3 ± 1. 8C 3. 5 ± 0. 6B 53 ± 21C 97 ± 43AB 18 ± 3B p-value 0. 56 0. 10 0. 59 0. 42 0. 59 0. 13 L. albus P0 1. 25 ± 0. 15A 29. 3 ± 4. 3B 2. 5 ± 0. 3B 452 ± 96A 160 ± 71A 40 ± 8A P+ 1. 42 ± 0. 071B 29. 9 ± 4. 9B 2. 6 ± 0. 6B 413 ± 51A 107 ± 30A 37 ± 6A p-value 0. 05 0. 82 0. 78 0. 25 0. 15 0. 40 L. cosentinii P0 1. 39 ± 0. 17A 46. 9 ± 11. 3A 6. 7 ± 2. 2A 121 ± 58BC 88 ± 18BC 52 ± 9A P+ 1. 73 ± 0. 16A 54. 2 ± 19. 6A 6. 6 ± 2. 0A 96 ± 38BC 87 ± 20AB 46 ± 6A p-value 0. 03 0. 55 0. 94 0. 56 0. 91 0. 33 Species P0 <0. 001 <0. 001 <0. 001 < 0. 001 < 0. 01 < 0. 01 P+ <0. 01 <0. 01 <0. 001 <0. 001 < 0. 01 < 0. 01 2. 3 Root nutrient accumulation Root [P], [Mn] and [Fe] varied substantially among plant species, P supply and the root part considered (roots growing in quartz sand and mixed sand, respectively) (Table 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: IoT security protocols help prevent unauthorized access to connected devices. [SEP] Text: 2 for : Intel® Core i5 9300H Memory: 12288 MB of RAM Hardisk: Samsung 256 : Intel® 300 model for the IoT-based TSS allows the administrators or authorities to efficiently implement access control by creating multiple permissions at the same time. On the contrary, typical RBAC will enable administrators to create permissions one by one. The results are presented in Fig. 9A and compared with the RBAC model. In Fig. 9A, it is observed that the SDAC model is creating more permissions in every attempt of permission creation. The administrator successfully created multiple permissions in SDAC model (in orange colour bars). In the first attempt, three permissions are created with the merger of object containers and action levels (3 objects × 1 action = 3 permissions). In addition, the second attempt has four permissions that are created by applying object container (2 objects) with action level (2 actions). Furthermore, two permissions are created by applying object container (2 objects) with action level (1 action). Moreover, eight permissions are created by merging object container (4 objects) with action level (2 actions). In comparison, the administrator has created permission one by one in a typical RBAC model (in blue colour bars). In this manner, the administrator can create more permissions through this model as compared to the standard RBAC model. Figure 9: Analysis of SDAC model with respect to various aspects. (A) Administrator efforts for permission creation. (B) Average memory consumption of each entity. (C) Variable permission assignment time. (D) Variable role assignment time. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 471/fig-9 The results are compiled on the basis of the simulated application and proposed model working criteria. The reason behind more permission creation in our more model is the applying of the object containers with various action levels. In this way, the administrator may build several permissions at the same time. The screenshots of the developed system are also shown in Figs. 8A and 8B. On the other hand, the analysis of the proposed SDAC model has also improved performance concerning memory consumption, role assignment, and permission assignment time. The memory consumption of each entity is provided in Fig. 9B. Each entity is highlighted with different colors such as role (sky blue bar), permission (brown bar), action (grey bar), object (yellow bar), and user memory consumption (dark blue bar).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: In practice, NiMH batteries can be used in telecommunications, uninterruptible power supplies, and powering HEVs due to their high energy and power (40–110 J/kg, 200–1,200 J/kg), environmental friendliness, wide operating temperature range (−30°C to 70°C), high tolerance to overcharge and over discharge, long life, low maintenance, and low cost [41]. 4. A potential source of rare earth elements: end-of-life NiMH batteries NiMH batteries are widely used in HEVs, cell phones, and laptops. However, NiMH batteries are slowly being replaced by Li-ion batteries, resulting in a higher amount of used NiMH batteries. Known for its low toxicity and high energy density, NiMH battery consists of a cathode, usually made of Ni(OH)2, and an anode made of a hydrogen storage alloy based on misch metal (mostly REEs). The typical composition of NiMH is 36–42% Ni, 3–5% Co, and 5–25% REEs, such as La, Ce, and Nd. Reuse and recycling of end-of-life NiMH batteries are important issues as they lead to minimal environmental impact in terms of CO2 emissions, resource depletion, and nonrenewable energy needs, as analyzed by life cycle assessment. Meanwhile, spent NiMH batteries are recognized as one of the most promising secondary sources of REEs for sustainable use [58]. REEs comprise 17 chemical elements in the periodic table, as defined by the of Pure and (IUPAC): the 15 lanthanides, plus yttrium and scandium. Yttrium and scandium are classified as REEs because they are commonly found in the same ore deposits as lanthanides and share similar chemical properties. Although all REEs occur naturally, they are not found in pure metal form. Due to their distinctive magnetic, phosphorescent, and catalytic properties, REEs have become essential for modern technology. These elements are critical for a wide range of technologies, including cell phones, televisions, LED light bulbs, and wind turbines. The estimated average concentration of REEs in the Earth’s crust is between 130 and 240 mg/g, which is significantly higher than that of many other commonly used elements. REEs are crucial components in all high-tech devices.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Considering the root part growing in quartz sand, where P-supply was controlled, the addition of low P solutions (0P) decreased root [P] in this root part of all plant species by 10–25% compared with plants treated with 100 µM P (P+). This effect was strongest in T. aestivum, B. napus, P. sativum and C. arietinum (p < 0. 05) and somewhat weaker in L. albus and L. cosentinii (p > 0. 05). Considering both P treatments, L albus showed the lowest root [P], and T. aestivum, B. napus, P. sativum and L. cosentinii exhibited the highest root [P], especially when the plants received high P-doses (P+). Table 3 Nutrient concentrations in roots of six plant species cultivated under split-root conditions on two sand types, quartz sand and mixed sand (means ± sd; n = 5). The plants received 100 µM P (P+) or no P (0P) in quartz sand. Capital letters denote differences among plant species within a P treatment, and lowercase letters denote differences between the root halves Root part with P supply (quartz sand) Root part without P supply (mixed sand) Species treatment mg g-1 µg g-1 mg g-1 µg g-1 T. aestivum P0 1. 34 ± 0. 25aAB 103 ± 28bA 8345 ± 2889aA 0. 93 ± 0. 13bC 175 ± 49aA 1784 ± 440bA P100 1. 78 ± 0. 23aA 131 ± 27bAB 6270 ± 2032aA 1. 15 ± 0. 09bC 252 ± 45aA 2614 ± 585bA p-value 0. 02 0. 14 0. 13 0. 01 0. 06 0. 04 B. napus P0 1. 54 ± 0. 19A 148 ± 83A 1243 ± 697B 1. 53 ± 0. 10A 97 ± 23B 391 ± 97C P100 1. 79 ± 0. 11aA 86 ± 40AB 476 ± 132C 1. 56 ± 0. 06bA 67 ± 21C 316 ± 48D p-value 0. 03 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: IoT security protocols help prevent unauthorized access to connected devices. [SEP] Text: A novel attribute-based access control scheme using blockchain for IoT. IEEE Access 7:38431-38441. 2019. Security and privacy based access control model for internet of connected vehicles. 97(10):687-696. 2014. Permission based implementation of dynamic separation of duty (DSD) in role based access control (RBAC) -S, Hasan R. 2018. of Things-based health prescription assistant and its security system design. 82(4):422-439. 2014. Guide to (ABAC) definition and considerations. 800:162. 2015. Attribute-based access control. Computer 48(2):85-88. 2018. Specification and verification of separation of duty constraints in attribute-based access control. IEEE Transactions on and Security 13(4):897-911. 2012. A unified attribute-based access control model covering and RBAC. Joy J, Gerla M. 2017. Internet of vehicles and autonomous connected car - privacy and security issues. . 2018. Role-based access control for vehicular adhoc networks. . 2020. Blockchain technology, improvement suggestions, security challenges on smart grid and its application in healthcare for sustainable development. and Society 55:102018. 2019. An analytic study of architecture, security, privacy, query processing, and performance evaluation of database-as-a-service. Transactions on Technologies 3(3):e3814. 2010. Adding attributes to role-based access control. Computer 43(6):79-81. 2018. Cyberspace-oriented access control: a cyberspace characteristics based model and its policies. IEEE Internet of. 2016. A harmonized perspective on transportation management in smart cities: the novel IoT-driven environment for road traffic modeling. Sensors 16(11):1872. 2018. Formal definition and analysis of access control model based on role and attribute. Journal of and Applications 43(4):53-60. 2015. Attributes enhanced role-based access control model. Sandhu RS. 1998. Role-based access control. In: Advances in computers. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 46:237-286. 2018. 5G for vehicular communications. 56(1):111-117 -G, Gupta B. 2018. Secure integration of IoT and cloud computing. 78(54):964-975. 2019.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: Nd is extensively used in super magnets for disk drives, Ce is vital in auto-catalysts, and all REEs are utilized in the production of flat-panel TVs. Various REE compounds are present in smart batteries that power every EV and HEV. Owing to their unique physical, chemical, magnetic, and luminescent properties, these elements facilitate numerous technological advantages, such as reduced energy consumption, enhanced efficiency, increased speed, durability, and thermal stability. Recently, there has been a rising demand for energy-efficient devices (green technology), particularly those that are faster, lighter, smaller, and more efficient. These advancements are also contributing to the miniaturization and improved efficiency of analytical instruments [59]. Considering the demand and supply gap for REEs, there is a need to adopt the sustainable approach of the circular economy system. To ensure the sustainable use of REEs, it is essential to develop recovery technology from secondary sources. Recycling of spent batteries can be achieved through pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes, but hydrometallurgy is preferred due to its lighter conditions, higher selectivity, and sensitivity [58]. NiMH batteries are a significant secondary source of REEs, Co, and Ni. Recycling these batteries properly not only contributes to their economic value but also protects the environment. Various authors have described different recycling methods for extracting REEs and other valuable nonferrous metals from used NiMH batteries. The three primary methods employed are mechanical processing, pyrometallurgy, and hydrometallurgy. Mechanical processing typically includes steps such as grinding, screening, and bed elutriation to recover valuable materials. In pyrometallurgy, the thermal decomposition of REEs, such as La, Ce, Nd, and Pr, from spent NiMH batteries is performed in their oxidized forms [53]. Pretreatment methods for the recovery of NiMH batteries, typically categorized as end of life and waste, aim to minimize the quantity of waste NiMH batteries, separate them into different fractions, and produce a black powder, known as battery powder, ready for further processing (Figure 13). Early research on NiMH battery recycling primarily focused on recovering Ni-based alloys through ore dressing techniques [53]. Pyrometallurgical processes involve melting the battery material, either after pretreatment to reduce Fe content or as a whole unit, sometimes including plastic components.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 23 0. 04 0. 65 0. 10 0. 31 P. sativum P0 1. 52 ± 0. 13A 152 ± 109AB 1692 ± 792B 1. 39 ± 0. 08A 165 ± 71AB 1213 ± 434AB P100 1. 68 ± 0. 04aA 64 ± 35B 1489 ± 34aB 1. 35 ± 0. 07bB 90 ± 26BC 1100 ± 89bB p-value 0. 06 0. 24 0. 68 0. 44 0. 08 0. 63 C. arietinum P0 1. 32 ± 0. 09aAB 129 ± 43bA 1515 ± 260aB 1. 15 ± 0. 06bB 205 ± 30aA 1014 ± 82bB P100 1. 85 ± 0. 30aA 213 ± 126A 1909 ± 799aB 1. 21 ± 0. 07bBC 133 ± 17B 758 ± 171bC p-value <0. 01 0. 20 0. 38 0. 15 <0. 01 0. 02 L. albus P0 1. 10 ± 0. 26B 47 ± 8B 1325 ± 250aB 1. 08 ± 0. 04B 43 ± 8C 632 ± 79bB P100 1. 35 ± 0. 08B 44 ± 14B 919 ± 145aB 1. 31 ± 0. 17BC 36 ± 5C 790 ± 109bC p-value 0. 09 0. 72 0. 01 0. 03 0. 18 0. 25 L. cosentinii P0 1. 38 ± 0. 17A 134 ± 23A 2691 ± 2035B 1. 20 ± 0. 04B 123 ± 77AB 1075 ± 537AB P100 1. 63 ± 0. 45AB 81 ± 53AB 2610 ± 1567B 1. 30 ± 0. 05BC 68 ± 21C 1084 ± 344BC p-value 0. 31 0. 12 0. 95 0. 10 0. 10 0. 97 Species P0 0. 04 <0. 01 0. 02 <0. 001 <0. 001 <0. 001 P100 0. 05 0. 01 <0. 001 < 0. 001 <0. 001 <0. 001 supply was high, T. aestivum, B. napus, C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: This method ensures that every object (component) is verified by the preceding component, and the next one is measured in a way that establishes a trust relationship from the root to the end. Only a trusted component is authorized to execute and transfer the same to the next one. Figure 1. Chain of trust. Our method involves creating a linked chain between members of a swarm based on their attestation results. This chain is composed of devices with secure software setups, as indicated in their attestation reports. Using this approach, we generate a trusted graph that enables nodes to recognize reliable swarm members and identify who will initiate the next attestation session. Devices utilize the trusted graph to determine which parties they can communicate with during their regular operations. The graph updates whenever a neighboring device submits a new attestation value containing information about a newly verified device. In order to preserve the aforementioned feature and utilize the swarm nature of IoTs (where the devices often function as a group, are numerous in quantity, and are mobile in nature), our approach consists of the following stages (as depicted in Figure 2). Figure 2. Overview of the proposed approach. First, devices should join the swarm and be part of the group. Here, the first device (the one that joins the group first) measures its integrity and makes the report available for submission. The report is then broadcasted to swarm members. This device is verified by O at system startup. This particular node is special in the sense that it starts swarm attestation from itself by executing self-verification. It is also called initiator (the root of trust). From this point forward, devices attest to each other and form a trusted chain. Devices in the chain will then generate a trusted graph comprising node IDs extracted from submitted reports. This graph restructures whenever nodes leave the group or new attestation reports arrive. New attestation session starts by a genuine device elected through leader election. We later see (in Section 4) how member devices select a session initiator. Whenever a new attestation session starts, devices remove information related to an old session by clearing obsolete data. In short, the phases can be summarized as follows: First phase is attestation, which is followed by trusted-chain formation. After that, we generate a trusted graph that essentially comprises trusted swarm members.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: [68] reported the recovery of REEs as mixed oxides through a leaching and precipitation process [60]. Other studies on NiMH batteries, which are the most evaluated among secondary REE sources, are summarized in Table 3 [68–87]. Table 3 Studies on the recovery processes of rare earth elements from NiMH batteries [68–87] Process unit operations Leaching or *final recovery rates Ref. % Leaching precipitation Y 97% → *54 [70] Ce 100 → *99 La 100 → *99 Nd 99. 48 [71] 96. 43 La 99. 14 *Nd 85. 97 Leaching (2×),precipitation *Ce 90. 75 [72] *La 82. 59 Leaching precipitationoxidationsolvent extraction *Ce 84. 7 [73] Leachingaqueous biphasic system (3×) *Ce 8. 5 [74] *La 47 Leaching, precipitation, heat treatment *Nd 97. 53 [68] *Ce 99. 6 *La 98. 76 Leaching, precipitation, hydroxide conversion +wet oxidation, selective dissolution *Ce 97–98 [75] La 95. 8 → *99. 49 Ce 89. 9 → *99. 14 Leaching, precipitation Pr 96. 3 → *99. 12 [76] Y 97 → *41. 79 Sm 98. 6 → *95. 71 Mechanical treatment, leaching La 91. 6 [77] Mechanical treatment, leaching, evaporation and recirculation, precipitation La 99 [78] Ce 99 Mechanical treatment, leaching La 68. 08 [79] Ce 84. 61 Pr 32. 36 Sm 61. 07 Nd 65. 95 Mechanical treatment, thermal oxidation, thermal reduction REEs separated in the oxide phase [80] Leaching, precipitation La 66. 4% → *98% [81] Ce 88. 8% → *99% Pr 59. 3% → *99% Supercritical fluid extraction *REE 90 [82] Supercritical fluid extraction *REE 90 [83] 97. 7 [84] La 88. 7 Mechanical treatment, leaching, precipitation La 69. 5 [85] Ce 89. 4 Pr 95. 5 Sm 98. 4 Nd 98.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: arietinum and L. cosentinii showed higher root [Mn] than L. albus, and the reduction of P-supply did not significantly influence [Mn] of roots in quartz sand. However, P-deficient L. cosentinii had a 65% higher [Mn] than P-supplied plants (p = 0. 12). Triticum aestivum exhibited the highest [Fe] compared with all other species, irrespective of P-treatment, and B. napus the lowest. Reduction of P supply increased root [Fe] in B. napus and L. albus by 161% and 44%, respectively. In the corresponding mixed sand root part of P-supplied plants, root [P] was the highest in B. napus and P. sativum and the lowest in T. aestivum. supply was reduced at the root side in quartz sand, root [P] also declined significantly in the mixed sand root part of T. aestivum (19%) and L. albus (18%) but was unchanged in the other species. Considering both P treatments, roots in mixed sand of T. aestivum and C. arietinum showed consistently lower [P] than roots growing in quartz sand, while in B. napus and P. sativum root [P] only differed when P was added to the root half in quartz sand (higher P in quartz sand than in mixed sand). Lupinus albus and L. cosentinii did not show any differences in root [P] between the roots when P was added, nor in situations of P deficiency. Concerning the micronutrients, roots in mixed sand of T. aestivum had the highest [Fe] and [Mn] and L. albus showed by far the lowest concentrations. The [Mn] and [Fe] of the root half in mixed sand generally responded more strongly to the P-treatment than the root half growing in quartz sand. Specifically, T. aestivum showed the highest root [Mn] when supplied with P; however, the reduction in P supply reduced root [Mn] and [Fe] in quartz sand by 31% and 32%, whereas root [Mn] increased in B. napus (45%), P. sativum (83%), C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: This physical maintenance drives up the cost for IoT deployments, resulting in an erosion or destructionFootnote 12 of the return on investment (ROI) for the IoT system. Driving operational costs down to preserve ROI requires the elimination of such physical interactions. All three of the distributions covered in this section attempt to address the software update problem for IoT but do so in different ways. As we review these different solutions, we find the commonality is all about containment and finding ways to isolate the inconsistent dependencies. Pulsar: Linuxprovides various different operating systems for embedded sectors, including IoT. VxWorksFootnote 13 is a family of products representing their RTOS offerings. PulsarFootnote 14 is Wind River’s small, high-performance Linux distribution designed for manageability and IoT. Pulsar is a binary distribution of Linux based on the Yocto Project. A primary focus of Pulsar is to provide a regular cadence of updates for the packages that are included in Pulsar, including the kernel. As shown in Figure 4-5, Pulsar is a container-based Linux, allowing the download of different features and functionality as containers. However, within the containers, updates are managed in a traditional manner using software packages. Figure 4-5architecture and service updateswww. windriver. com/products/product-overviews/Pulsar-Linux-Product-Overview/ Full size imageUsing containers as a separation capability reduces destructive interactions between applications and makes the whole platform more stable. Additionally, by using containers, there is greater security in the platform as a whole, since the containers have a reduced privilege on the platform, making an attack on an application in a container less likely to leak out and affect the whole device. Pulsar can update whole applications on the device seamlessly by just replacing a container. addresses the issue of stable updates by providing an update service over a secure channel, where the updates themselves are comprised of RPMs (Package Manager), a common Linux update mechanism. All RPMs are signed with a 16 private key, ensuring the RPMs are genuine and not modified from what intended. All updates on Wind River’s package repository have gone through extensive testing to ensure they are stable on the Pulsar-supported platforms. Constant reviews of the published and Exposures (CVE) databases, and the open source mailing lists, ensure the latest defects and issues are addressed in the quarterly updates.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: 1 Leaching, electrochemical purification, precipitation Ce 96 [86] La 96 Nd 96 Mechanical treatment, washing with water, leaching, filtration, precipitation REEs 98 → *97 [87] * Final recovery rates. Source: Authors. 5. the advancement of technology, vehicles powered by internal combustion engines are expected to be replaced by EVs. It is a fact that EVs, especially HEVs, are of crucial contribution to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, which have long-term harmful effects on human life. Energy storage systems include batteries, fuel cells, solar collectors, and fuel cells. In the last decade, the prominence of energy storage systems, especially batteries, has led to positive effects on human life. Considering the increase in EVs and the types of batteries used, the demand for certain metals will rise in parallel. The growing demand for critical metals such as Cu, Ni, Co, and Li, used in EVs as part of the clean energy transformation policy, will create a supply problem. The supply problem will also have a direct impact on the rising prices of these metals. Within the scope of countries’ net zero emission targets, the concept of recycling comes to the fore. Within the scope of recycling, EV batteries attract attention due to the critical metals they contain. In this study, the literature on EVs and the types of batteries used is reviewed. In particular, NiMH batteries containing high amounts of REEs are discussed in detail, with an emphasis on the importance of recycling methods and processes of these batteries. The global supply of REEs has been steadily increasing. Due to their unique properties, REEs find extensive applications, particularly in the energy sector, catalysts, magnets, ceramics, and electronic devices. China, as the dominant nation with the largest reserves and production rates of REEs, has prompted other countries to seek alternative sources due to its export restrictions on these critical materials. Due to declining energy resources and the increasing need for storage systems, the demand for batteries is projected to increase to approximately 10 times the current amount within the next ten years, driven by the anticipated rise in EV production. Recently, the recovery of critical and strategic metals from end-of-life EV batteries, referred to as potential waste, has been gaining importance in order to prevent negative environmental impacts and mitigate economic conditions caused by decreasing raw materials and increasing production costs. The processes applied in beneficiation are generally categorized into three main groups.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: arietinum (54%), L. albus (20%) and L. cosentinii (81%). Moreover, root [Fe] increased by 34% in C. arietinum but was unchanged in the other species. 3. 4 Carboxylate release in response to P supply Considering the quantity of carboxylates released by both root parts per root half and unit of time, B. napus released by far the greatest amounts, irrespective of P-treatment (Fig. 2A). In B. napus, T. aestivum and P. sativum, the major portion (more than 98%) of the carboxylates released consisted of malate, and citrate was only occasionally detected. In contrast, C. arietinum, L. albus and L. cosentinii released both malate and citrate (Fig. 2A). Carboxylate release was not affected by P supply in T. aestivum and C. arietinum. Brassica napus and P. sativum responded to a reduction in P supply by a decrease in carboxylate release by 20% (p = 0. 04) and 44% (p = 0. 08), respectively. In contrast, in L. albus and L. cosentinii, the reduction of P supply significantly increased total carboxylate release by 159% (p<0. 01) and 115% (p = 0. 03), respectively, showing an increase of both malate and citrate, but especially of citrate (Fig. 2A). Roots growing in mixed sand released greater amounts of carboxylates per unit time in all tested plant species, except B. napus, which tended to release greater amounts of malate in quartz sand, but only when this root part was supplied with P (Fig. 2B). Also, in the other species, there were significant differences in the response of the different root halves to P supply. Triticum aestivum showed no response in any of the root halves (Fig. 2B). Brassica napus, P. sativum and C. arietinum predominantly responded in the root half in quartz sand, where P was added with the watering solution and showed a significant reduction in carboxylate release (24%, 65% and 75%) at low P supply.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Common IoT problems like platform integrity, device provisioning, and system authorization can be solved using specialized packages like the and McControl. While these problems cannot be solved for free, the cost in additional compute resources and Runtime RAM may likely provide the difference between a platform that is regularly being attacked and draining the maintenance and remediation budget and a platform with adequate tools and packages that is resilient to attack. IoT systems are composed of thousands of devices, and with so many devices, manual management is prohibitive. In other cases, IoT devices are physically located in remote or difficult-to-reach locations, increasing the cost of sending out a repair person in a “truck roll. ” Autonomous device management using a cloud-based management solution is essential to preserving an IoT system’s return on investment (ROI). Figure 4-23Notional cloud-based device management systemFull size imageCloud-based device management systems include a few common elements, as shown in Figure 4-23. On the device, a management agent performs the actions requested by the management system and also provides data to the management system on the device’s health. How such an agent is installed on a device can sometimes be an issue; however device provisioning solutions like SDO covered in a prior section provide convenient solutions to this issue. A management console, normally implemented as a browser-based web application, retrieves data from the device management system and presents usable information to system administrators, allowing admins to schedule maintenance, perform actions on groups of devices, or even dive into details of a specific device to troubleshoot problems or investigate trouble tickets. The actual device management system in the Cloud is what separates different systems. Generally, each management system must have three elements: A Input queue allowing devices to provide status and report problems A allowing administrators to push out commands to devices A Database containing information on each device in the system The security services that device management system must provide include Authentication : Ensures that both devices and administrators on the device management system are who they claim to be. Cryptographic credentials issued to these parties are essential to maintaining proof of identity for all entities on the system. Authorization: Commands to devices can be disruptive to the services provided by the IoT system, or even potentially destructive to the device itself. A reboot command to several devices might cause a temporary denial of service, but a forced operating system update with corrupt software could bring down a system for days or even months.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: These include physical (discharge, removal, size reduction and classification, gravity, magnetic, and electrostatic separation), physicochemical (flotation), and chemical (hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical) methods. The combination of physical and chemical processes is of absolute importance for the recovery of precious metals from secondary sources. The application of these processes reduces the risk of battery explosion during recycling processes, reduces by-products, avoids complexity in chemical processes, requires smaller capacity chemical beneficiation equipment as pre-concentrates are produced, reduces the need for reagents, and prevents the production of toxic gases from plastics and binders in thermal processes. As a result, a process with numerous economic and environmental advantages can be designed. After discharge, disassembly, size reduction and classification, the resulting coarse battery components can be separated based on their physical properties (conductivity, density, or magnetic susceptibility). Physical methods are a crucial step in the recycling process, as they lead to significant cost reductions and increased recovery rates. Producing a raw material for metal recovery is the primary objective in this case. NiMH batteries used in EVs, especially HEVs, contain high levels of REE and Ni and have much lower amounts of Co, graphite, and Li compared to Li-ion batteries. The recovery of REEs and Ni-Co alloy from NiMH batteries generally involves hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods following pretreatment processes. It is known that low-purity Ni-Co alloys are formed through pyrometallurgical methods, with REEs dissolving in slags. Further research is required for the recovery of REEs from these slags. For REE recovery using hydrometallurgical methods, battery leaching with H2SO4 followed by the selective precipitation of rare earth compounds is also proposed. Subsequently, the extraction of impurities through a combination of precipitation methods and solvent extraction is required. It has been reported that obtaining pure Ni-Co sulfate solutions, which can be further used in electrolysis cells to prepare valuable Ni-Co alloys, is essential [53]. Continued research is also important to determine the final form of the REE products. authors declare no financial support for the research, authorship, or publication of this 10. 20935/AcadEng7355, or upon request. Institutional review board statement Not applicable. Informed consent statement Not applicable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: In comparison, in the root half in mixed sand, carboxylate release in P. sativum and C. arietinum was unchanged or increased in B. napus by 80% when P supply in quartz sand was reduced. Also, L. albus and L. cosentinii did not respond in the root half of the P supply but showed an increase of carboxylate release from the root half in mixed sand only. Here, the exudation of malate increased by 121% and 320%, respectively, and citrate release increased by 192% and 870%, respectively, when P-supply was low at the root half in quartz sand (Fig. 2B). Carboxylate release per unit root mass showed far less variation depending on growth substrates and P supply (Fig. 2C). Mixed sand roots still tended to release more carboxylates per unit root mass. However, this trend was only observed in P-supplied T. aestivum, C. arietinum (irrespective of P-supply) and L. albus, but in the latter species only when P was lacking (Fig. 2C). Additionally, in both C. arietinum and L. albus, exudation rates were affected by P-supply, similarly to the carboxylate release per root (Fig. 2B), showing decreasing carboxylate release at the root half in quartz sand (C. arietinum: 90% decrease) or increasing exudation at the root half in mixed sand (L. albus: 105% increase) (Fig. 2C). 3. 5 Rhizosheath acidification in response to P supply In the rhizosheath of all plant species and treatments, the pH was significantly higher than that of the unplanted control soil (Fig. 2D). The pH in the mixed sand rhizosphere was consistently higher (on average 0. 3 units considering all species) than that in quartz sand as a consequence of the initial pH of the substrates used (Table 1); however, the pH of the substrates was altered depending on plant species root half and P supply (Fig. 2D). Considering data from both root halves, the rhizosphere pH of P-supplied plants of B. napus, L. albus and L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Agent also has a configuration file, called the Policy File, that controls what the agent is allowed to do and information about the Mesh control server. Table 4-8 size table (HDC) is an IoT device management solution by Wind River. HDC is able to connect to IoT devices and gateways, manage device-generated data, automatically respond to device events, and perform remote (OTA) software updates. HDC includes a significant back-end system using Kafka that enables intelligent autonomous management of devices and provides easy and secure device onboarding and provisioning through (SDO). HDC adds an agent protocol called DXL (Layer) to each edge device that enables intelligent processing of data and secure end-to-end communication. Device Cloud, administrators can Maintain secure two-way connectivity to gateways and devices Perform flexible data collection to the Cloud and even distribute that data across multiple edge nodes using DXL’s powerful edge capabilities Receive immediate notification of device issues and use HDC Agent tools for remote diagnosis and repair Securely onboard new devices using SDO and upgrade new devices when first activated in the field Push new updates out to connected devices Collect and import data from IoT devices directly to enterprise systems HDC focuses on the device management and edge aggregation services; HDC does not address applications and data analytics, but provides mechanisms for these services to reach devices through HDC using McAfee ePO plugins and call-outs to external services. For a more complete overview of HDC, see the HDC Overview whitepaper. Footnote 55Figure 4-25Cloud device management architecture Full size imageFigure 4-25 shows the architecture of HDC. Devices connect to HDC Cloud using or MQTTFootnote 56 protocols, and enterprise services leverage the data in HDC through a set of exposed by HDC on the back end. Within HDC, there are three primary components: the device connection protocols, the data bus that organizes and routes messages and events, and the database that holds structured and unstructured data, analytics, metadata, and compute workloads. A fourth part of HDC provides an extension interface to add features to HDC using the same extension interface as McAfee ePO,Footnote 57 allowing them to leverage each other’s extensions. One of the most interesting elements of HDC is the data bus and real-time processing rules. HDC utilizes an open source topic organization server called Kafka.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: 2010;112(11):788–95. doi: 10. 1007/BF03222207 14 Electric vehicle lifecycle carbon emission reduction: a review. Carbon Neutraliz. 2023;2(5):528–50. 15 IEA. Greenhouse gas emissions from energy data explorer; 2021 [cited 2024 Apr]. Available from: 16 Wang Q. Energy data 2020. Beijing: 2021. 17. A review of the life cycle carbon footprint of electric vehicle batteries. Technol. 2022;296:121389. 18. Cradle-to-gate emissions from a commercial electric vehicle Li-ion battery: a comparative analysis. Technol. 2016;50:7715. DOI: 10. 1021/acs. est. 6b00830 19. A review on battery technologies and its challenges in electrical vehicle. In: 2023 ’ Conference on Electrical, Electronics and (); 2023. p. 1–6. 20 Veza I, Asy’ari. Electric vehicle (EV) and driving towards sustainability: comparison between and ICE vehicles to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 from EV. J. 2023;82:459–67. 21 Mohammadi F, Saif M. A comprehensive overview of electric vehicle batteries market. e-. 2023;3:100127. 22 Poullikkas A. Sustainable options for electric vehicle technologies. Energ Rev. 2015;41:1277–87. 23. Different traction motor topologies with lithium-air battery for electric vehicles: a review. Proc. 2023. 24 Research Inc. Battery market size, share, industry research report; 2024 [cited 2016 May 1]. Available from: 25 Electronics Co. , Ltd. Battery cost per kWh - materials and comparison; 2021 [cited 2024 May]. Available from: 26 Insights. Lithium ion battery market to gain major traction with rising popularity for green technology, increasing demand for EVs and renewable power storage to augment the industry growth; 2018 [cited 2024 May]. Available from: 27. Pyrometallurgical recycling of Li-ion, Ni–Cd and Ni–MH batteries: a minireview. Chem. 2020;24:26–31. 28 de. Design of recycling processes for NCA-type Li-ion batteries from electric vehicles toward the circular economy. Energy Fuels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: cosentinii (pH 7. 1 ± 0. 2) was on average 0. 5 units higher than that of C. arietinum, P. sativum and T. aestivum (pH 6. 6 ± 0. 1). When the P supply was low, the pH in the soil of B. napus was still highest but lowest in C. arietinum and T. aestivum (pH 6. 4) and the differences initially observed between P. sativum, L. cosentinii, and L. albus disappeared which was predominantly driven by strong acidification of the rhizosphere of L. cosentinii and L. albus, especially at the root half in mixed sand, at a low P supply. In contrast, in P. sativum, the pH was not strongly affected by P supply and was comparatively low, irrespective of P-treatment. Under P+ conditions, the pH in the quartz sand rhizosheath was highest for B. napus and showed the pattern B. napus > L. albus = L. cosentinii > P. sativum = T. aestivum = C. arietinum. was lacking, the rhizosphere pH of B. napus, C. arietinum and T. aestivum was 0. 3 units lower (p < 0. 05) but unchanged (around 6. 7 ± 0. 2) for L. albus, L. cosentinii and P. sativum. At the root half with mixed sand, the pH of B. napus, L. albus and L. cosentinii was much (7. 2 ± 0. 1) higher than that of T. aestivum, C. arietinum and P. sativum (6. 8 ± 0. 1) (α = 1%). Here, the low P supply reduced the pH in the root rhizosheath of L. albus and B. napus by 0. 2 units and strongly reduced the pH in the rhizosheath of L. cosentinii, by 0. 6 units. In contrast, there were no pH changes in the rhizosheath of C. arietinum and T. aestivum. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: With Kafka, incoming messages from devices are filtered through a set of rules to determine appropriate actions. Actions can include storing the message data into a part of the database, passing the message off to an ePO plugin, generating an alert to an administrator, or even activating some compute element in the database to create an immediate response to the reporting device. In fact, with the Kafka rules, multiple actions can be executed as a result of receiving a single message. HDC is a secure device management system due to its use of (SDO) to provision devices and the use of DXL for secure communication. As discussed in the section on security management, SDO leverages the device’s root of trust to authenticate the device during onboarding, ensuring the device is not being spoofed by an attacker. During onboarding, HDC leverages the secure channel authenticated with the device’s root-of-trust key to install a new device identity key. DXL uses this new key for authentication back to HDC during TLS session establishment, making all messages passed over TLS authenticated back to the device. SDO also installs a trust anchor key for the HDC server; a trust anchor key is a key that is inherently trusted for a particular purpose. The DXL client stores the HDC trust anchor key so that it can authenticate the HDC server over TLS. On platforms that support the (see the section on software containment), the DXL client uses SGX to protect its identity key and the trust anchor key from attack by any malware that is able to infiltrate the device. Table 4-9 size table SummaryManaging the devices of an IoT system is critical to security. Since all the management services occur over the network, attacks such as device spoofing, message forgery, and data disclosure are all possible. Although basic security protections over messages are possible, in IoT system, attacks on the devices themselves can compromise key material and lead to questions regarding the provenance of data collected in the Cloud. The use of hardware security capabilities, like hardware root-of-trust keys and Environments (TEEs), drastically improves the security of device management systems and, due to the lower risk of attacks, reduces the total cost of ownership of IoT systems. and Root-of-ServiceAt the beginning of the 2. 0 for key and secret management and secure MQTT for messaging using TLS with end-to-end mutual authentication based on X.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: 2024;38(6):5545–57. 29 Kangal MO, Üçerler Z, Türk T, Gürkan OM, Çuhadar E, Eyüboğlu Ç. Maden rezervleri ve zenginleştirme yöntemleri. In: Keleş Ö,. editors. Elektrikli araçlarda lityum iyon bataryalar. İstanbul: Platformu (OTEP); 2024. p. 18, 20. 30. A promising approach for the recovery of high value-added metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sources. 2017;351:192–9. 31. A combined recovery process of metals in spent lithium-ion batteries. Chemosphere. 2009;77(8):1132–6. 32. Development of a metal recovery process from Li-ion battery wastes. Hydrometallurgy. 2005;79(3–4):172–81. 33 Lain MJ. Recycling of lithium ion cells and batteries. J Power Sources. 2001;97:736–8. 34 Dorella G, Mansur MB. A study of the separation of cobalt from spent Li-ion battery residues. J Power Sources. 2007;170(1):210–5. 35. Preparation of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sources. 2002;109(1):17–21. 36. A review on the growing concern and potential management strategies of waste lithium-ion batteries. Recycl. 2018;129:263–77. 37. Comparison of battery chemistries for electric vehicle applications. 5th Conference on 2024 Apr 23–25; Johannesburg/Pretoria, South Africa. ; 2024. 38 Engineers_Garage. How rechargeable batteries, charging, and discharging cycles work; 2024 [cited 2024 Sep]. Available from: 39 Osnpower. Analysis of the reasons for the rising price of lithium batteries; 2024 [cited 2024 Sep]. Available from: 40 Kaya M. State-of-the-art lithium-ion battery recycling technologies. Circ Econ. 2022;1(2):100015. Kaya M. State-of-the-art lithium-ion battery recycling technologies. Circ Econ.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 5 Shoot element accumulation responding to P supply Shoot [Cd] was highest in B. napus and lowest in C. arietinum (Fig. 3). In contrast, [Al] was the lowest in B. napus, and there were no differences among T. aestivum, P. sativum, C. arietinum, L. albus, and L. cosentinii. With regard to the REE concentrations, P. sativum had significantly higher shoot [LREE] and [HREE] than all other species did. HREE concentrations were similar in T. aestivum, B. napus, C. arietinum, L. albus, and L. cosentinii; however, B. napus, C. arietinum, and L. albus showed higher [LREE] than T. aestivum and L. cosentinii (Fig. 3). Phosphorus supply did not significantly affect shoot [Al] and [Cd] in the investigated species, except in L. albus, which showed a 61% lower [Cd] when P supply was low. Concomitantly, L. albus and P. sativum responded with a 42% and 49% decrease of [LREE] and a 42% and 44% decrease of [HREE] at a low P supply. In contrast, T. aestivum and B. napus exhibited the highest [LREE] in P-deficient plants, and [LREE] was by 39% and 19% higher when P supply was high. At the same time, [HREE] were unaffected by P supply in these two plant species. These changes in [LREE] and [HREE] altered the LREE/HREE ratios of B. napus and P. sativum, which consistently exhibited higher LREE/HREE ratios in P-deficient plants. In other plant species, no effects of P addition on the LREE/HREE ratios was observed, except in L. cosentinii, which showed the opposite trend with a lower LREE/HREE ratio at a low P supply (Fig. 3). Considering the shoot element contents (calculated as shoot biomass x concentration) (Table 4), B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: 509 certificates. Figure 4-26architectureFull size image Figure 4-26 shows the architecture of the client software. separates updates into three different categories based on the type of update and the repository from which the update packages are retrieved. These include Application Over-the-Air (AOTA), Software Over-the-Air (SOTA), and Firmware Over-the-Air (FOTA). AOTA supports update of application and individual software vendor’s services via an update mechanism based on packages and signed RPMs using SMART and Docker container update mechanisms. SOTA supports operating system updates from an OS vendor’s repository, which includes the use of the OS standard update mechanisms, like Manager and MenderFootnote 60 (for Yocto Linux). FOTA supports device or component manufacturer’s ability to update custom firmware over the air and integrates firmware-specific functionality to update the device firmware components. The primary mechanism for FOTA support is. Turtle Creek’s contribution to the IoT platform is twofold. First it unifies multiple disparate platform and software update mechanisms under a single management tool, making the process of managing and distributing updates easier. Second, it incorporates significant security protections on the update process, overlaying them on top of existing capabilities where necessary. creates a manifest format to convey update commands and requires this update to be signed with a key in the TPM. This satisfies the security requirement for authorization of updates and ensures that the versions and source (repository) for the updates are genuine. If update packages do not include an embedded signature or source authentication, Turtle Creek’s manifest can include a detached signature so the actual bits downloaded for the update can be verified that they have not been accidentally or maliciously modified. Table 4-10 outlines a more complete security analysis of Turtle Creek. Table 4-10 of Full size tableand RoT SummaryOne of the most difficult problems in IoT systems is updating the base system firmware or recovering from a security vulnerability in a root-of-trust component like a TPM. Oftentimes, these firmware elements are designed to require a trusted administrator to manually watch over an update or install process. IoT devices in remote environments or hard-to-reach places cannot afford to miss such updates, but also cannot be sustained if a skilled administrator must manually install such updates.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: 2022;1(2):100015. 41 Battery technologies for grid-level large-scale electrical energy storage. Univ. 2020;26:92–103. 42. Progress in electrical energy storage system: a critical review. Sci. 2009;19(3):291–312. 43. Comparison of characteristics: lead acid, nickel based, lead crystal and lithium based batteries. In: UKSim-on and Simulation. Cambridge; 2015. p. 444–50. 44. Challenges and progresses of energy storage technology and its application in power systems. . 2016;4(4):519–28. doi: 10. 1007/s40565-016-0248-x 45. Advanced hydrogen storage alloys for Ni/MH rechargeable batteries. J Mater Chem. 2011;21(13):4743–55. doi: 10. 1039/c0jm01921f 46 Perrin M, Malbranche P, Lemaire- Temperature behaviour: comparison for nine storage technologies: results from the network. J Power Sour. 2006;154(2):545–9. 47. Comparative study for “36 V” vehicle applications: advantages of lead–acid batteries. J Power Sour. 2001;95(1–2):58–67. 48. Modeling of zinc bromide energy storage for vehicular applications. . 2010;57(2):624–32. doi: 10. 1109/TIE. 2009. 2030765 49 Rydh CJ. Environmental assessment of vanadium redox and lead–acid batteries for stationary energy storage. J Power Sour. 1999;80(1–2):21–9. 50 Dehghani-. Study of energy storage systems and environmental challenges of batteries. Energy Rev. 2019; 104:192–208. 51 Leung P, Li XH, de. Progress in redox flow batteries, remaining challenges and their applications in energy storage. RSC Adv. 2012;2(27):10125–56. doi: 10. 1039/C2RA21342G 52 Young KH. Research in nickel/metal hydride batteries 2016. Batteries. 2016;2(4):31. 53. Chemical processes for the recovery of valuable metals from spent nickel metal hydride batteries: a review. Energ Rev. 2022;170:112983.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: napus showed the highest Cd, Al and REE contents, mainly when the plans were supplied with P and shoot content was lowest in T. aestivum. The low P supply did not significantly affect the shoot REE content of T. aestivum, L. cosentinii, C. arietinum and B. napus. However, in the latter species, the contents of both LREE and HREE tended to be by 21–34% lower. Also, in L. albus and P. sativum, LREE and HREE contents were 40–46% (P. sativum) and 58–60% (L. albus) lower at low P supply. Also, in L. albus Al, Cd contents were 48% and 71% lower. contents in B. napus was 47%, lower and Cd content in T. aestivum was 43% lower when the P supply was low. In contrast, Al and Cd contents in P. sativum, C. arietinum and L. cosentinii were largely unaffected by P supply. Table 4 Contents of non-essential elements in shoots of six species cultivated under addition 100 µM P (P+) or no P (0P) (means ± sd; n = 5). Capital letters denote differences among the plant species within a P-treatment Element contents µg ng µg µg T. aestivum P0 14 ± 3B 13 ± 4B 0. 11 ± 0. 02C 0. 03 ± 0. 01C P100 20 ± 12B 23 ± 5BC 0. 14 ± 0. 08C 0. 04 ± 0. 02C p-value 0. 36 0. 05 0. 52 0. 31 B. napus P0 68 ± 10A 526 ± 125A 3. 4 ± 0. 9A 0. 44 ± 0. 15A P100 128 ± 62A 451 ± 121A 4. 3 ± 1. 0A 0. 64 ± 0. 18A p-value 0. 03 0. 36 0. 19 0. 12 P. sativum P0 59 ± 36AB 20 ± 7B 1. 24 ± 0. 33B 0. 21 ± 0. 04B P100 55 ± 32AB 24 ± 5BC 2. 05 ± 0. 34B 0.

Output: pass