Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Samples were collected periodically to determine the cell density and concentrations of sugar, l-lactic acid, and byproducts. Analytical methods2,3-BD was analyzed using a gas chromatograph (GC; GC2014c, Shimadzu). Samples were centrifuged at 12,000×g for 10 min and were then extracted with an equal volume of ethyl acetate after the addition of benzyl alcohol as the internal standard. The GC system was equipped with capillary GC columns (AT SE-54; inside diameter, 0. 32 mm; length, 30 m; Center, of Chemical Physics, China), and nitrogen was used as the carrier gas. The injector temperature and detector temperature were both 280 °C. The column oven was maintained at 40 °C for 3 min, after which it was programmed to increase to 80 °C at a rate of 1. 5 °C/min. The temperature was then raised to 86 °C at a rate of 0. 5 °C/min and finally to 200 °C at a rate of 30 °C/min. The injection volume was 1 μL. The concentrations of glucose, xylose, and fermentation products, including lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, and ethanol, were measured in an HPLC (Agilent 1200 series, Hewlett-Packard, USA) equipped with a Bio-HPX-87H column (300 × 7. 8 mm) and a refractive index detector. Analysis was performed with a mobile phase of 5 mM H2SO4 at a flow rate of 0. 5 mL/min at 55 °C. Stereoselective assays of l-lactic acid and d-lactic acid were performed in an HPLC equipped with a chiral column (10 W, Japan) and a tunable UV detector at 254 nm. The mobile phase was 2 mM CuSO4 at a flow rate of 0. 7 mL/min and 25 °C. The optical purity of d-lactic acid was described as the enantiomeric excess (ee) value, defined as [(d-lactic acid) − (l-lactic acid)]/[(d-lactic acid) + (l-lactic acid)] × 100%. ResultsConstruction of an l-lactic acid producer from B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 1 Serious adverse events: Kawasaki disease Three trials reported four cases of Kawasaki disease among 7701 children allocated to RV1 compared to no cases in 5416 children allocated to placebo (RV1 Phua 2005‐SGP; RV1 Phua 2009‐AS; RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA). We did not observe a statistically significant difference between the intervention and placebo groups (RR 1. 79, 95% CI 0. 30 to 10. 61; 13,117 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 1. 10). 1. 2. 2. Serious adverse events requiring hospitalization Two trials reported serious adverse events requiring hospitalization (RV1 Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; RV1 Steele 2008‐ZAF) and found fewer events in the RV1 group than the placebo group (RR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 81 to 0. 96; 63,675 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 1. 11). 1. 2. 3 Rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity Eighteen trials provided data for the efficacy of RV1 to prevent rotavirus diarrhoea in children; see Analysis 1. 12 for two‐months safety trial follow‐up, Analysis 1. 13 for one‐year follow‐up and Analysis 1. 14 for two‐year follow‐up. Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RV1 Anh 2011‐PHL; RV1 Anh 2011‐VNM; RV1 Bernstein 1999‐USA; RV1 GSK[041] 2007‐KOR; RV1 GSK[101555] 2008‐PHL; RV1 Kerdpanich 2010‐THA; RV1 Omenaca 2012‐EU; RV1 Phua 2005‐SGP; RV1 Rivera 2011‐DOM; RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA; RV1 Vesikari 2004b‐FIN; RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU; RV1 Vesikari 2011‐FIN), and in high‐mortality countries (RV1 Madhi 2010‐MWI; RV1 Madhi 2010‐ZAF; RV1 Narang 2009‐IND; RV1 Steele 2010a‐ZAF; RV1 Steele 2010b‐ZAF; RV1 Zaman 2009‐BGD). Data below are grouped accordingly.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Original PaperZia Agha1,2, MD MS; Roter3, PhD; Schapira4,5, MD1and 2Department of Medicine, University of 3Department of and Management, School of 4Division of Pulmonary and Medicine, of 5:3350 (111N-1)San Diego, CA 92161USAPhone: +1 858 552 8585 ext 7674Fax:+1 858 642 1295Email: zia. agha@va. govAbstractBackground: The quality of physician-patient communication is a critical factor influencing treatment outcomes and patient satisfaction with care. To date, there is little research to document the effect of telemedicine (TM) on physician-patient communication. Objective: The objectives of this study are to measure and describe verbal and nonverbal communication during clinical TM consultations and to compare TM with in-person (IP) consultations in terms of the quality of physician-patient communication. Methods: Veteran patients (n = 19) requiring pulmonary medicine consultations were enrolled into the study. The study group included 11 patients from the Hospital (VAMC) remote site. Patients had individual TM consultations with a pulmonary physician at the Milwaukee VAMC hub site. A control group of 8 patients had IP consultations with a pulmonary physician at the Milwaukee VAMC. Video recordings of medical consultations were coded for patient-physician verbal and nonverbal communication patterns using the (RIAS). Results: There were no differences in the length of TM consultations (22. 2 minutes) and IP consultations (21. 9 minutes). Analysis of visit dialogue indicated that the ratio of physician to patient talk was 1. 45 for TM and 1. 13 for IP consultations, indicating physician verbal dominance. Physicians were more likely to use orientation statements during IP consultations (P =. 047). There were greater requests for repetition from patients during TM consultations (P =. 034), indicating perceptual difficulties. Conclusions: The study findings indicate differences between TM and IP consultations in terms of physician-patient communication style. Results suggest that, when comparing TM and IP consultations in terms of physician-patient communication, TM visits are more physician centered, with the physician controlling the dialogue and the patient taking a relatively passive role. Further research is needed to determine whether these differences are significant and whether they have relevance in terms of health outcomes and patient satisfaction with care. J Res 2009;11(3):e36doi:10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: licheniformis MW3 and its utilization of xylose B. licheniformis MW3 is a natural producer of 2,3-BD. To produce l-lactic acid in this strain, the genes responsible for 2,3-BD synthesis (alsS and alsD) were knocked out (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). The resulting strain, designated RH01, was used to test the biosynthesis of l-lactic acid from xylose. Fed-batch fermentation was performed in a 5-L fermenter with an initial xylose concentration of approximately 55 g/L [19]. In our previous study, d-lactic acid production by strain MW3 was distinctly affected by the pH of the incubation medium and exhibited a maximum productivity at pH 7. 0 [9]. Thus, in this study, pH 7. 0 was chosen for the engineered strain RH01. As shown in Fig. 2a, no 2,3-BD was detected in RH01, and 73. 4 g/L l-lactic acid was obtained from 113. 1 g/L xylose after 62 h. The productivity was 1. 2 g/[L h], and the yield was 64. 9% of the theoretical yield. The concentrations of acetic acid, ethanol, and succinic acid were 6. 7, 5. 5, and 0. 31 g/L, respectively. A large amount of formic acid (20. 1 g/L) was detected in the medium, suggesting that the native l-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) might not be sufficiently robust to compete with other enzymes in consuming pyruvate. Fig. 2Time-course of fed-batch fermentation by strains RH01 and RH02 from xylose. a RH01; b RH02. The fermentations were conducted in a 5-L bioreactor with 2. 5 L of initial medium. The initial concentration of xylose was approximately 57. 0 g/L. The cultivation was performed at 50 °C with stirring at 80 rpm. The pH was maintained at 7. 0 by automatic addition of 25% (w/v) Ca(OH)2. Xylose was added to the medium when its concentration was lower than 20. 0 g/L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) Safety trials (up to two months follow‐up): RV1 was not superior to placebo in the prevention of rotavirus diarrhoea in the trials assessing outcomes up to two months after vaccination (RR 1. 28, 95% CI 0. 66 to 2. 50; 3537 participants, 9 trials). These trials, although reporting cases of rotavirus diarrhoea, were not designed to measure efficacy. Efficacy trials (one to three years follow‐up): RV1 reduced rotavirus diarrhoea by 78% at up to one year (RR 0. 22, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0. 40; 9083 participants, 4 trials) and 65% at the second year of follow‐up (RR 0. 35, 95% CI 0. 25 to 0. 48; 10,441 participants, 6 trials). Pooled results, however, showed statistical heterogeneity at one year (I2 statistic = 80%, Analysis 1. 13) and two years (I2 statistic = 55%, Analysis 1. 14) of follow‐up. At the third year of follow‐up, there were very few reported cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity. Based on a single trial (RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU, 1590 participants), there was no difference between RV1 and placebo groups (data not shown). High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Safety trials (up to two months follow‐up): Three trials found no difference in the RV1 group compared to placebo when outcomes were assessed up to two months after vaccination (RR 1. 00, 95% CI 0. 41 to 2. 41; 757 participants, 3 trials). Efficacy trials (one to two years follow‐up): RV1 reduced rotavirus diarrhoea by 51% during the first year of follow‐up (RR 0. 49, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 68; 6114 participants, 4 comparisons from 3 trials), and by 59% during the second year (RR 0. 41, 95% CI 0. 28 to 0. 62; 1251 participants, 1 trial). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 statistic = 76%, Analysis 1. 13). 1. 2. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Inter-rater reliability, calculated as percentage agreement by double coding of 20% random sample by 2 independent and blinded coders, ranged from 87% to 100%. Resultsof the Visit DialogueVisit length is associated with communication quantity (number of utterances) and was measured for each IP and TM consultation. There were no significant differences in the length of consultations (P = 0. 96), with IP visits averaging 21. 9 ± 7. 6 minutes compared to 22. 2 ± 12 minutes for TM visits. Descriptive analyses of the visit dialogue can be presented in several ways. First, an overall “profile” of the visits in terms of physicians’, nurses’, and patients’ communication is presented in terms of counts of utterances (“utterance” is defined as a statement or complete thought). The total number of utterances (ie, “all talk”) across all participants (physician, patient, nurse, and patient companion) was similar in the two consultation modes (344 ± 170 utterances during IP and 354 ± 233 during TM). During IP visits, there were an equal number of physician utterances (166 ± 80) and patient utterances (166 ± 88). However, during TM visits, physicians accounted for a higher number of utterances (178 ± 118) as compared to patients (142 ± 127). As noted previously, the nurse was present during TM visits only and, on average, contributed 21 utterances (6%) to the dialogue. The largest categories of nurse contribution included orientations (5 utterances), agreements (3 utterances), biomedical information (3 utterances), and closed medical questions (2. 5 utterances). A patient companion was equally likely to be present in both IP and TM consultations: 3 of 8 (38%) IP visits and 5 of 11 (45%) TM visits. The verbal contribution of the companion was similar in the two encounter modes, accounting for an average of 7% (31 utterances) of dialogue during IP visits and 9% (28 utterances) during TM visits (P =. 8). Most of the companion’s contribution to the dialogue was in the provision of information to the physician about the patient’s medical symptoms (12 utterances), therapeutic regimen (4. 5 utterances), lifestyle and psychosocial status (3 utterances), and agreements (3 utterances).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Each fermentation condition was repeated at least twice, and typical fermentation kinetics are shown hereFull size image To verify this assumption, LDH activity in the crude extract of strain RH01 was tested. As expected, a relatively low LDH activity of 0. 31 U/mg was observed. To enhance LDH activity, the native LDH encoding gene ldh (GenBank: AAU39324) was replaced with ldh Bc (GenBank: AEH52590) from a thermophilic l-lactic acid-producer B. coagulans 2–6 [25] to construct strain RH02 (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). As shown in Fig. 2b, both the l-lactic acid titer (96. 9 g/L) and yield (85. 2%) of strain RH02 expressing ldh Bc were higher than those of RH01. Increased LDH activity (0. 94 U/mg) was also detected in this strain, which might have helped to divert the carbon flux of the major byproduct, formic acid, to the formation of l-lactic acid. In addition, the concentrations of acetic acid, ethanol, and succinic acid were significantly decreased (Table 2). Thus, the results suggested that strain RH02 could efficiently use xylose and might be a good candidate for the production of enantiopure l-lactic acid from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Table 2 Cell growth, sugar consumption, products, and LDHs activities of different strainsFull size table Co-utilization of glucose and xylose by engineered B. licheniformis MW3Hydrolysis of lignocellulose, such as corn stover, generates a solution primarily consisting of glucose and xylose at a ratio of approximately 3:1 (w/w) [1]. Thus, we tested the capability of strain RH02 to ferment a mixture of glucose and xylose (3:1, w/w). Strain RH02 used glucose preferentially over xylose, the latter of which could hardly be consumed when glucose was present (Fig. 3a, Table 2). As a result, only 0. 72 g/L of xylose was consumed at the end of the fermentation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV1 was more immunogenic than placebo when measured by vaccine virus shedding after the final vaccine dose (RR 10. 94, 95% CI 4. 90 to 24. 43; 2638 participants, 16 trials), although the results showed statistical heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 76%, Analysis 1. 29). RV1 was also more immunogenic when measured by seroconversion at all time points (Analysis 1. 30); although the pooled data showed statistical heterogeneity after one dose (I2 statistic = 57%), after two doses (I2 statistic = 79%), and after three doses (I2 statistic = 51%). 1. 4. Dropouts before the end of trial Twenty‐eight trials reported on the number of participants who dropped out of the trial before it ended. Overall, there was no statistically significant difference between the RV1 and placebo or no‐intervention groups (RR 0. 95, 95% CI 0. 90 to 1. 00; 93,106 participants, 28 trials; Analysis 1. 31). 1. 5. Subgroup analyses 1. 5. 1. G type Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity Six trials reported on rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity by different G types. There were significantly fewer episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in the group receiving RV1 when compared to placebo, regardless of G type (G1, G2, G3, G4, or G9); however, the pooled data for G1 (I2 statistic = 81%) and G9 (I2 statistic = 63%) types showed statistical heterogeneity, see Analysis 1. 32. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe There were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the RV1 groups compared with placebo in episodes attributed to the G1, G2, G3, G9, and G12 types; see Analysis 1. 33. Results were not statistically significant for G4 and G8 types. The pooled data for G8 types showed statistical heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 63%). 1. 5. 2. Malnourished children Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity One trial provided data separately as the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in a subgroup of malnourished children (RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Overall, patients made few orientation statements (eg, requests for instructions related to flow of the visit and physical exam) and there was no difference when comparing the two visit types (TM = 0. 9 vs. IP = 1. 6; t = 0. 78, P =. 46). Requests for Repetition and Unintelligible UtterancesRequests for repetition are statements (eg, “What? ” “Come again? ” “How is that? ” “Would you repeat that? ”) in response to instances in which one participant has not clearly heard or understood another’s words or statements. Such requests are indicative of perceptual difficulties. Utterances are coded as “unintelligible” when the coder is unable to understand what a participant (eg, patient or physician) has said. These two categories are not part of the subsuming Roter categories (Table 1) used in this study. However, we coded and analyzed TM vs IP data for these categories to detect any differences in clarity of physician-patient verbal communication, as the effect of TM technology on the quality of communication is an area of concern. Patients made significantly more requests for repetition during TM visits (TM = 1. 64 vs. IP =. 38; t = -2. 33, P =. 034). Physicians also made more requests for repetition during TM, although the difference was not statistically significant (TM =. 45 vs. IP =. 00; t = -2. 19, P =. 053). Unintelligible utterances in physician dialogue were more common during IP visits (TM =. 27 vs. IP = 3. 75; t = 2. 66, P =. 031). There was no significant difference in the number of unintelligible utterances by patients, when comparing the two consultation modes (TM =. 91 vs. IP = 2. 38; t = 1. 16, P =. 28). was used for global ratings of the emotional tone (nonverbal communication) of both the patient and physician. Based on vocal qualities, coders captured the global ratings (ie, a single rating for the entire visit) of emotional affect for both the patient and physician on 11 affective dimensions (anger, anxiety, sadness, distress, dominance, interest, friendliness, responsiveness, sympathy, hurried, and respectful) for each IP and TM visit.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: To eliminate CCR, we constructed strain RH03 by the deletion of the ptsG gene (GenBank: AAU40497), which encodes the major glucose transporter in PTS in strain RH02 (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). As shown in Fig. 3b, although strain RH03 could use glucose and xylose simultaneously, the gene deletion has slowed the cell growth and l-lactic acid production upon glucose. After 29 h of fermentation, up to 13. 4 g/L xylose was consumed, with 26. 5 g/L glucose remaining (Table 2). Fig. 3Time course of batch fermentation by B. licheniformis strains RH02, RH03, RH04, and RH05 from a glucose and xylose mixture (3:1). a RH02; b RH03; c RH04; d RH05. The fermentations were conducted in a 5-L bioreactor with 2. 5 L of initial medium. The initial concentrations of glucose and xylose were approximately 60. 0 and 20. 0 g/L, respectively. The cultivation was performed at 50 °C with stirring at 80 rpm. The pH was maintained at 7. 0 by automatic addition of 25% (w/v) Ca(OH)2. Each fermentation condition was repeated at least twice, and typical fermentation kinetics are shown hereFull size image To recover glucose consumption, the previously reported galactose permease encoded by the galP gene (GenBank: AFM61492) [1] was integrated into the genome locus of ptsG of strain RH03 (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). The resulting strain, RH04, exhibited significantly enhanced glucose consumption and l-lactic acid production rates. As a result, 56. 4 g/L l-lactic acid was produced via the consumption of 51. 8 g/L glucose and 12. 5 g/L xylose (Fig. 3c, Table 2). It can be seen that the consumption rate of glucose was slow compared with that of strain RH02. To further resolve this point, the promoter of the glucokinase gene glck (GenBank: AAU41533) was substituted with the strong promoter Pals from the 2,3-BD gene cluster to construct strain RH05 (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). As shown in Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV1 was significantly better than placebo in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea for this subgroup at one year of follow‐up (RR 0. 39, 95% CI 0. 19 to 0. 79; 287 participants, 1 trial, Analysis 1. 34). 1. 5. 3. Children infected with HIV Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity One safety trial included only confirmed HIV‐positive, asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic children (RV1 Steele 2010a‐ZAF). At one‐month follow‐up, no statistically significant difference between the RV1 and placebo arms for rotavirus diarrhoea was reported (RR 1. 00, 95% CI 0. 26 to 3. 78; 100 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 35). One efficacy trial included children who were infected with HIV or children that had been exposed to HIV, as long as they were not clinically immunosuppressed (e. g. AIDS) at the age of vaccination (six weeks) (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF). HIV tests were performed on approximately 46% of children from Malawi and 23% of children from South Africa. We did not conduct a specific analysis for this population, but the authors stated that demographic characteristics and the proportion of children who were infected with HIV were similar across the study groups. 1. 6 Sensitivity analysis 1. 6. 1 Primary outcomes with high heterogeneity according to allocation concealment To investigate heterogeneity for primary outcomes with pooled results where I2 statistic > 75%, we planned to pool data only from studies with low risk of bias for allocation concealment in a sensitivity analysis. We rated all trials at low risk of bias for allocation concealment for the two outcomes where heterogeneity was high (I2 statistic > 75%); see Analysis 1. 3 (I2 statistic = 75%) and Analysis 1. 4 (I2 statistic = 90%). 1. 6. 2 Cluster‐randomised trials Two outcomes (serious adverse events: intussusception, and rotavirus severe diarrhoea at two years) included one cluster‐randomised trial carried out in a high‐mortality country (RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD). When we excluded data from this trial there was a small but non‐significant change to the effect estimate and 95% CI for Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe (up to 2 years follow‐up) (RR 0. 58, 95% CI 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Clinical TM consultations fundamentally differ from IP encounters due to the physical separation of physician and patient. Direct physical examination and interview are not possible, and a virtual environment replaces the familiar physician’s office. It is possible that the physical separation and the lack of the hands-on physical examination reinforce a “physician-centered” interview style observed during TM consultations. Whether such differences in communication, particularly in the absence of the hands-on examination, have an effect on quality of care, health outcomes, and future patient utilization of TM is not known. We observed patients to be less engaged (less talkative) and more likely to take on a passive role during TM as compared to IP visits. It is possible that poor patient participation and communication during TM visits are due to the lack of familiarity with technology and the perception of physician detachment due to the inherent physical separation. Patient concerns about privacy and confidentiality during TM consultations may further inhibit patient participation, especially if the dialogue involves collecting data on sensitive or personal topics (eg, sexual history). Clinical TM consultations frequently involve a three-party communication exchange between a specialist at a tertiary site, and a patient and second provider at a remote site. In Street’s study, the presence of a referring primary care physician was linked to inhibited patient communication and lack of direct engagement with the consulting physician [6]. While it is possible that the presence of a second provider may result in poor patient participation [6], it is also possible that this presence helps promote confidence during TM, as patients feel they are getting attention from two health care professionals (two physicians or a physician and a nurse) versus only one physician during IP visits [20]. In our study, a trained clinical nurse assisted the patient during each TM consultation. On average, the nurse contributed only 6% of all utterances during the TM visit and was the least verbally active participant. It appears that the presence of a trained nurse provider instead of a referring physician may be less detrimental to communication between the patient and the TM physician. The present study results suggest that TM visits are less patient centered than IP visits. In contrast, results of studies that use patient self report to measure patient satisfaction often indicate high patient satisfaction with TM [21]. We believe that a number of patient factors may explain these differences between third-party evaluation of communication during TM, as in the present study, and patient self report of satisfaction.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 3d, strain RH05 used glucose more rapidly and had a consumption rate similar to that of strain RH02. The final concentration of l-lactic acid produced by RH05 was 61. 1 g/L, which was 47. 9% higher than that of strain RH03 (Table 2). Further enhancement of xylose utilization via engineering of the xylose metabolic pathwayThe xylose assimilation pathway enables the isomerization of xylose to xylulose followed by phosphorylation to xylulose-5-phosphate, which is encoded by the xyl operon, containing xylose repressor (xylR, AAU42862), xylulose isomerase (xylA, AAU42861), and xylulose kinase (xylB, AAU42860). Although strain RH05 can use glucose and xylose simultaneously, the consumption rate of xylose was still relatively low, especially after recovering the glucose utilization compared with strain RH03 (Table 2). It has been reported that XylR could specifically repress the d-xylose pathway genes in some Gram-positive organisms [26]. To enhance xylose utilization in strain RH05, the gene xylR was deleted (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). As shown in Table 2, only a slight increase in xylose utilization was noted in the mutant strain RH06, indicating that deregulation of XylR-mediated repression could not enhance the xylose consumption rate. Considering that the transcription of the xyl operon is also catabolite-repressed by the cis-acting catabolite-responsive element (CRE) located in the xylA gene in Bacillus sp. [27], the xylA gene from strain RH06 was replaced with xylA Tc (GenBank: WP_015253490) from a thermophilic Gram-negative (GN) Thermobacillus composti. However, the utilizations of both glucose and xylose were slower in mutant strain RH07 than in strain RH06. The result suggested that optimization through substituting the GN-derived xylA Tc was not effective at lifting the catabolite repression in B. licheniformis (Table 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 42 to 0. 79, 2764 participants, 1 trial; analysis not shown), and there were no changes to effect estimates or 95% CIs for serious adverse events: intussusception. ‘Summary of findings' Summary of findings of primary outcomes according to country mortality rate (WHO strata A to E) are presented in summary of findings Table for the main comparison (RV1, low‐mortality countries), and in summary of findings Table 2 (RV1, high‐mortality countries). 2. RV5 2. 1. Primary outcomes 2. 1. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe Seven trials provided data for the efficacy of RV5 to prevent severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children; see Analysis 2. 1 for one‐year follow‐up and Analysis 2. 2 for two years follow‐up. Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RV5 Clark 2004‐USA; RV5 Vesikari 2006a‐FIN; RV5 Vesikari 2006b‐INT; RV5 Block 2007‐EU/USA; RV5 Iwata 2013‐JPN; RV5 Mo 2017‐CHN), one trial was split between low‐mortality Vietnam in stratum B (RV5 Zaman 2010‐VNM) and high‐mortality Bangladesh in stratum D (RV5 Zaman 2010‐BGD), and another between high‐mortality Ghana and Mali in stratum D (RV5 Armah 2010‐GHA; RV5 Armah 2010‐MLI) and high‐mortality Kenya in stratum E (RV5 Armah 2010‐KEN). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) RV5 reduced the number of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 92% at one year (RR 0. 08, 95% CI 0. 03 to 0. 22; 4132 participants, 5 trials) and 82% by two years (RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 08 to 0. 39; 7318 participants, 4 trials). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at two‐year follow‐up (I2 statistic = 44%); see Analysis 2. 2. High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) RV5 reduced the number of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 57% at one year (RR 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: “Anyone interested in ED operations lives and breathes wait times like door-to-doc, which is reported to the Centers for Medicare and and publicly available,” she said. “Many other organizations do this for EDs. But this model takes federal regulation to yet another level, with another bureaucracy to manage and regulators financially penalizing poor performers. There is a lot known about EDs that are nonidentical, and these authors ignore the concept of volume bands and performance. ” Research led by Dr. Welch has identified volume-based differences in ED performance, indicating that ED volume is the strongest predictor of operational performance on metrics, with higher-volume EDs having longer patient lengths of stay and a higher percentage of patients who left before treatment was complete. (. 2012;38[9]:395. ) “ED performance measures should take ED volume, acuity, and other characteristics into account,” she noted. Whether a target is top-down, like the U. K. 's four-hour window, or based on a formula like that proposed by the authors, it can still create disordered incentives. “When the U. K. adopted the four-hour window with very strong incentives, while the average person did not spend less time in the ED, what occurred was that they ended up trimming off a lot of the outlier cases,” said Jesse Pines, MD, an adjunct professor of emergency medicine and health policy and management at of Medicine and in Washington, D. C. “But these very strong incentives—where the hospital administrators were reprimanded if less than 98 percent of patients had a stay less than four hours—resulted in rushed decisions, particularly with a spike in clinical decisions in the last 20 minutes before the window closes. ” No major adverse outcomes or deaths have been publicly tied to the U. K. policy, but Dr. Pines argued that rush decisions almost certainly compromise patient care. An analysis of the policy found that time to clinician only improved minimally and overall length of stay actually increased. (Med. 201259[5]:341; “We hoped that the target would have led to improved processes, resulting in patients being treated sooner and leaving earlier across the four hours, without diminishing time for physician-patient interactions and care. We did not observe this pattern,” wrote the authors led by of the University of Sheffield in England.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: As shown in Table 3, although less than 0. 1 g/L of formic acid was detected in the resultant strain RH12, the cell growth and sugar utilization of the mutant strain were both slowed. In contrast, strain RH13, with a deletion of adhB (encoding alcohol dehydrogenase; GenBank: AAU42647), produced no ethanol, and strain RH14, with a knockout of ackA (encoding acetate kinase; GenBank: AAU41949), produced only 0. 51 g/L acetic acid; meanwhile, cell growth and l-lactic acid production were negligibly affected by disruption of the ethanol and acetic acid biosynthetic pathway genes. After eliminating both adhB and ackA genes, the yield of l-lactic acid produced by the new strain RH15 increased from 88. 9 to 95. 1%, and only a small amount of formic acid was observed as the main byproduct, rendering strain RH15 a good candidate for l-lactic acid fermentation. Table 3 Effect of different genes knocked out on l-lactic acid productionFull size table Fed-batch fermentation of glucose and xyloseTo reduce the probable inhibitory effects of high substrate concentrations and to achieve a higher l-lactic acid concentration, fed-batch fermentation was conducted in a 5-L fermenter using strain RH15. The initial total sugar concentration used was approximately 80 g/L. As shown in Fig. 4a, 121. 9 g/L of l-lactic acid (purity > 99. 7%; see Additional file 1: Figure S2) was obtained from 97. 4 g/L glucose and 30. 5 g/L xylose after 40 h of fermentation, resulting in a l-lactic acid productivity of 3. 05 g/[L h] and a yield of 95. 3% of the theoretical yield. The concentration of formic acid increased to 8. 2 g/L in the first 14 h and then decreased to 4. 3 g/L at 40 h. The concentration of acetic acid was less than 0. 2 g/L, while ethanol and succinic acid were not detected at the end of the fermentation. Fig. 4Time course of fed-batch fermentation of l-lactic acid by B. licheniformis strain RH15.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity Nine trials provided data for the efficacy of RV5 to prevent rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in children; see Analysis 2. 8 for one‐year follow‐up and Analysis 2. 9 for two‐year follow‐up. Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RV5 Block 2007‐EU/USA; RV5 Clark 2003‐USA; RV5 Clark 2004‐USA; RV5 Iwata 2013‐JPN; RV5 Mo 2017‐CHN; RV5 Vesikari 2006a‐FIN; RV5 Vesikari 2006b‐INT), and in high‐mortality countries (RV5 Armah 2010‐GHA; RV5 Armah 2010‐KEN; RV5 Armah 2010‐MLI; RV5 Zaman 2010‐AS). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) RV5 reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by 70% at one year (RR 0. 30, 95% CI 0. 25 to 0. 37; 8644 participants, 5 trials; Analysis 2. 8) and by 66% during the second year (RR 0. 34, 95% CI 0. 26 to 0. 43; 6144 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 2. 9). High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) RV5 reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by 48% at one year (RR 0. 52, 95% CI 0. 28 to 0. 94; 4806 participants, 3 comparisons from 1 trial; Analysis 2. 8) and by 39% during the second year (RR 0. 61, 95% CI 0. 45 to 0. 83; 6744 participants, 4 comparisons from 2 trials; Analysis 2. 9). Pooled results were significantly heterogenous at one‐year (I2 statistic = 67%; see Analysis 2. 8) and at two‐year (I2 statistic = 69%; see Analysis 2. 9) follow‐up. 2. 2. 2. All‐cause diarrhoea: of any severity One trial performed in high‐mortality Kenya (RV5 Armah 2010‐KEN) provided data for the efficacy of RV5 to prevent all‐cause diarrhoea of any severity; see Analysis 2. 10 for one‐year and Analysis 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: in via InstitutionLog in via Openin using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? for this keyword Advanced search Latest content Topic collections Search for this keyword Advanced search Main menu Latest content Topic collections Log in in via InstitutionLog in via Openin using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? BMJ are here, Issue 2 Are all psychotherapies equally effective in the treatment of adult depression? The lack of statistical power of comparative outcome studies Email alerts 0. 24. In order to detect such an effect size, power calculations showed that a trial would need to include 548 patients. We selected 3 recent meta-analyses of psychotherapies for adult depression (cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), interpersonal psychotherapy and non-directive counselling) and examined the number of patients included in the trials directly comparing other psychotherapies. The largest trial comparing CBT with another therapy included 178 patients, and had enough power to detect a differential effect size of only d=0. 42. None of the trials in the 3 meta-analyses had enough power to detect effect sizes smaller than d=0. 34, but some came close to the threshold for detecting a clinically relevant effect size of d=0. 24. Meta-analyses may be able to solve the problem of the low power of individual trials. However, many of these studies have considerable risk of bias, and if we only focused on trials with low risk of bias, there would no longer be enough studies to detect clinically relevant effects. We conclude that individual trials are heavily underpowered and do not even come close to having sufficient power for detecting clinically relevant effect sizes. Despite this large number of trials, it is still not clear whether there are clinically relevant differences between these therapies. Statistics from Altmetric. com If you wish to reuse any or all of this 34. Unfortunately, these comparative trials pose a big problem with statistical power bringing about the conclusion that all therapies are equally effective very uncertain. Because the differential effects between psychological treatments are small or non-existent, large sample sizes are needed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: subtilis [27], they have not been used for enhancing l-lactic acid production from glucose and xylose, nor have they been studied in B. licheniformis previously. Using our new combinatorial “dual-channel” process, the engineered strain, RH15, was capable of producing 121. 9 or 99. 3 g/L l-lactic acid after 40 h fermentation from a mixture of glucose and xylose or from lignocellulosic hydrolysate, indicating that the strategy was functional and effective. As is commonly known, CCR can severely impair the co-utilization of glucose and xylose and can result in a low mixed-sugar fermentation yield. To address the problem of inefficient utilization, various metabolic engineering strategies have been implemented in recent years. These strategies mainly include substituting PTS with inositol permeases (iolT1) and glucokinase (glk), overexpressing ATP-forming phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase to increase ATP supply, and incorporating heterologous xylose catabolism genes, such as the d-xylose-proton symporter (xylT), xylA and xlyB, and the pentose transport gene araE [3, 30,31,32]. These methods can greatly reduce the CCR and enhance the titers and yields of the products. Herein, we showed that the integration of galP and replacement with the strong promoter P als could effectively enhance the glucose consumption rate by 54. 6 and 10. 2%, respectively, after eliminating CCR. Both results were in accordance with previous reports [1, 31], indicating that GalP and P als were also functional in B. licheniformis for glucose utilization. The inactivation of xylR also played a weak role in promoting the xylose consumption rate, possibly because the relieved repression from XylR was unable to significantly improve the expression of d-xylose pathway genes. Furthermore, XylA derived from GP strain were more efficient in optimizing the rate-limiting step compared with those from GN strains, suggesting the different sensitivities to gene expression in GP and GN strains [33, 34].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 89, 95% CI 0. 57 to 1. 39; 15,471 participants, 10 trials; Analysis 2. 18). 2. 3. Immunogenicity RV5 immunogenicity was measured by rotavirus vaccine virus shedding (5 trials, Analysis 2. 19) and seroconversion (10 trials, Analysis 2. 20) after the third vaccine dose. We decided not to pool the data, however, because of significant heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 80% and 87%, respectively). 2. 4. Dropouts before the end of trial Similar numbers of children taking RV5 and placebo dropped out from trials before they ended (RR 0. 98, 95% CI 0. 90 to 1. 08; 85,855 participants, 13 trials; Analysis 2. 21). 2. 5. Subgroup analyses 2. 5. 1. G type Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity When the analyses were stratified by the G type (Analysis 2. 22), there were fewer episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the RV5 group compared to the placebo group for the G1 type (RR 0. 26, 95% CI 0. 21 to 0. 32; 11,022 participants, 4 trials), the G2 type (RR 0. 35, 95% CI 0. 16 to 0. 78; 9907 participants, 3 trials), and the G9 type (RR 0. 33, 95% CI 0. 20 to 0. 54; 9537 participants, 2 trials). The results were not statistically significant for G3 (RR 0. 40, 95% CI 0. 08 to 2. 02; 11,022 participants, 4 trials) or for G4 (RR 0. 41, 95% CI 0. 13 to 1. 33; 9907 participants, 3 trials). Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe There were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the RV5 groups for G4 (RR 0. 12, 95% CI 0. 03 to 0. 46; 76,606 participants, 3 trials) and G9 (RR 0. 13, 95% CI 0. 05 to 0. 34; 76,606 participants, 3 trials). Pooled results were not significant for G1 (RR 0. 23, 95% CI 0. 03 to 1. 74; 76,606 participants, 3 trials), G2 (RR 0. 41, 95% CI 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: The smallest trial with 13 patients had only sufficient power to detect an effect size of d=1. 71. It is also evident that none of the trials even came close to the number needed to find a clinically relevant differential effect size of d=0. 24 (N=548). The largest comparative trial had only 32% of the patients needed to find such a differential effect size. Comparative outcome trials for non-directive counselling and IPTWe did the same calculations for non-directive counselling for depression based on another meta-analysis with 32 trials comparing counselling to other psychotherapies. 9 The mean effect size was d=−0. 20 in favour of the other psychotherapies, the mean number of patients per study was 59 (range 16–221). As can be seen from figure 1, the number of patients per study did not come close to the numbers needed to find such a differential effect size (which is N=788). The largest study has sufficient power to detect a differential effect size of d=0. 34. 10Finally, we ran these calculations for IPT,11 using 13 comparisons with other therapies, a differential effect size of d=0. 06 and 70 patients on average per trial (range 26–177). The largest trial had sufficient power to find an effect size of d=0. 38. 12These calculations show that the trials comparing different types of psychotherapy are heavily underpowered. The largest comparative trial we found in three comprehensive meta-analyses of major types of psychotherapy included 221 patients, which is about 40% of the 548 patients needed to detect a clinically relevant effect size of d=0. 24. This largest trial had enough power to detect an effect size of d=0. 34. As comparison, the effect size for antidepressants versus pill placebo is d=0. 31. 13 That means that none of the comparative trials even had sufficient statistical power to detect an effect similar to that of antidepressants. The second step: can meta-analyses solve the problem of statistical power? In the second step, we examined whether meta-analyses of comparative outcome studies can solve the problem of low statistical power to detect differential effects. We conducted power calculations for meta-analyses according to the procedures described by Borenstein et al,14 (conservatively assuming a medium level of between-study variance (τ2) and a significance level (α) of 0. 05).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: l-Lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid in a mixed-acid fermentation process involving several byproducts, such as formic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and succinic acid [9]. The increased byproducts not only lower the yield of the target product but also impede the process of product recovery and purification. Therefore, elimination of byproduct formation to increase l-lactic acid yield is crucial. In our study, further disruption of the adhB and ackA genes based on strain RH08 resulted in a higher concentration, productivity, and yield of l-lactic acid, indicating that the carbon flux was channeled from ethanol and acetic acid production to l-lactic acid in strain RH15. The growth defect in the pflA-deleted strain RH12 has been observed in many other strains, such as E. coli [35], Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius [36], and Klebsiella oxytoca [37], and can be accounted for due to the high intracellular redox level rather than the reduced acetyl-CoA level, as PflA can catalyze the conversion of pyruvate to formic acid and acetyl-CoA simultaneously [38]. It has been emphasized that green processes using renewable biomass such as lignocellulosic hydrolysate are the trend in technological research and development; therefore, promoting these processes has become increasingly important. Thus far, the production of l-lactic acid has been investigated extensively in term of lignocellulosic biomass to decrease the use of edible biomass and to reduce the production cost [39, 40]. Table 4 lists the recent studies on l-lactic acid fermentation from mixed-sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass. In batch fermentation, a relatively high l-lactic acid concentration (101. 9 g/L) was acquired by Pediococcus acidilactici DQ2, though low lactic acid productivity (1. 06 g/[L h]) was observed [41]. The highest productivity (3. 28 g/[L h]) was observed in B. coagulans NBRC 12714, with an appreciable simultaneous concentration of l-lactic acid [10]. In fed-batch fermentation, the highest l-lactic acid titer (180 g/L) was achieved by B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavac 3. 1. Primary outcomes 3. 1. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) One trial conducted in India provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children. Rotavac reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 57% at one year (RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 30 to 0. 60; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 1) and by 54% by two years (RR 0. 46, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 60; 6541 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 2). 3. 1. 2. All‐cause diarrhoea: severe High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) One trial conducted in India provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent severe all‐cause diarrhoea in children. The trial showed a reduction in the number of severe cases of diarrhoea with Rotavac compared to placebo at one year by 16% (RR 0. 84, 95% CI 0. 71 to 0. 98; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 3). 3. 1. 3. All‐cause death High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) Two trials conducted in India reported on all‐cause death. There was no statistically significant difference in all‐cause death between Rotavac and placebo (RR 0. 92, 95% CI 0. 52 to 1. 62; 8155 participants Analysis 3. 4). We present details of causes of death for each trial in 9. 3. 1. 4. All serious adverse events High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) Serious adverse events were reported in three trials conducted in India. Pooled results showed no statistically significant difference in the number of serious adverse events in the Rotavac group compared with the placebo group (RR 0. 93, 95% CI 0. 85 to 1. 02; 8210 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 3. 5). 3. 1. 5. Serious adverse events: intussusception High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) Four trials conducted in India reported on cases of intussusception.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: We calculated the number of studies needed for a statistical power of 0. 8 and 0. 9. The studies in the three meta-analyses included on average 58 patients (29 patients per arm). In figure 2, we described how many studies would be needed (with 58 patients per study) to be able to detect a specific effect size, assuming a power of 0. 8 and 0. 9. Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 2 Number of studies needed in meta-analyses to detect differential effect sizes between therapies. IPT, interpersonal psychotherapy. For CBT (52 patients per study), we would need 18 trials to detect a significant effect of d=0. 24 with a power of 0. 8, or 24 trials with a power of 0. 9. The actual number of trials was 46, so this was enough to detect a clinically relevant effect. However, out of these 46 trials, only 13 had low risk of bias (defined as 3 or more positive scores on 4 items of the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool). 15 So if we were to focus only on studies with low risk of bias, there would not be enough studies to detect a clinically relevant effect. The actual difference between CBT and other psychotherapies was d=0. 1, which was not significant. In order to detect a significant effect of d=0. 1, a total of 100 trials would be needed for a power of 0. 8 and 133 trials for a power of 0. 9. For non-directive supportive counselling (59 patients per trial), 16 trials would be needed to detect an effect of d=0. 24 with a power of 0. 8 or 21 trials with a power of 0. 9. The 32 trials comparing counselling with other therapies do, therefore, have enough power to detect a clinically relevant effect. However, only 14 trials had low risk of bias, so these would not be enough to detect such an effect. For IPT (70 patients per trial), 13 trials are needed for detecting an effect size of d=0. 24 for a power of 0. 8 or 18 trials for a power of 0. 9. The actual number of trials was 13, but only 8 had low risk of bias. DiscussionTrials comparing different types of psychotherapy for adult depression do not have sufficient power to detect clinically relevant effect sizes. In order to demonstrate a clinically significant effect size of d=0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: coagulans strain P38, which also achieved an acceptable productivity of 2. 40 g/[L h] [42]. There is no doubt that these studies have facilitated the commercialization of l-lactic acid production. However, the overall concentration and productivity of most systems for l-lactic acid production remain low, which cannot satisfy the requirements for large-scale industrial production. In the present study, our engineered strain RH15 was found to be an efficient producer for l-lactic acid production, and both the concentration and the productivity were competitive with most reported cases. Therefore, the efficient glucose and xylose utilization of the engineered B. licheniformis RH15 indicates its potential as a platform for producing other value chemicals or biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. Table 4 Overview of l-lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugarsFull size table ConclusionIn this study, for the first time, B. licheniformis was engineered to produce l-lactic acid from lignocellulose-derived sugars. The glucose metabolic pathway was reconstructed to eliminate the CCR via abolishing the PTS system and activating the galactose transport route (GalP). The xyl operon was optimized to increase the xylose uptake rate by screening for the rate-limiting enzyme, xylose isomerase, in thermophilic bacteria. This “dual-channel” process enabled the engineered strain RH15 to produce l-lactic acid from glucose and xylose simultaneously. When the lignocellulosic hydrolysate was used as the substrate, 99. 3 g/L l-lactic acid was produced, with a productivity of 2. 48 g/[L h] and an optical purity of 99. 7%. Thus, the engineered strain can serve as an efficient platform for chemical production from lignocellulosic biomass. This strategy might also be used to engineer other important strains to use inexpensive lignocellulose-derived sugars. Change history06 April 2018The authors are retracting this 27. 71. 8. 120. 6. 54. 27. 4580. Microbiol. 2014;80(20):6458–64. 4. 22. 9. 70. 4. Springerplus. 2012;1:43. 80. 9. J Biotechnol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Eight cases of intussusception were reported in a total of 5764 children in the Rotavac arm compared with three cases of intussusception in 2818 children in the placebo arm. Pooled results showed no increased risk of intussusception in children receiving Rotavac when compared to placebo (RR 1. 33, 95% CI 0. 35 to 5. 02; 8582 participants, 4 trials; Analysis 3. 6). 3. 2. Secondary outcomes 3. 2. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity One trial provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in children. Rotavac reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity by 34% at both one‐year (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 78; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 7) and two‐year follow‐up (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 57 to 0. 76; 6541 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 8). 3. 2. 2. Rotavirus diarrhoea: requiring medical attention Rotavac reduced the number of children requiring medical attention due to rotavirus diarrhoea at one year of follow‐up by 31% compared to placebo (RR 0. 69, 95% CI 0. 58 to 0. 81; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 9). 3. 2. 3. incidences of fever (Analysis 3. 10), diarrhoea (Analysis 3. 11), and vomiting (Analysis 3. 12) were evaluated after the first dose in two trials, second dose in one trial, and third dose in one trial. We found no statistically significant differences between the Rotavac and placebo groups for most of the reactogenicity outcomes and time points, except for diarrhoea, which demonstrated an increase with Rotavac compared to placebo after the second dose (RR 1. 55, 95% CI 1. 00 to 2. 41; 356 participants) and third dose (RR 4. 09, 95% CI 2. 11 to 7. 92; 358 participants). 3. 2. 4. was more immunogenic than placebo when measured by vaccine virus shedding at the end of follow‐up (RR 9. 86, 95% CI 2. 58 to 37.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: 24, a trial would need to include 548 patients, but the largest comparative trial we found in three major meta-analyses included only 221 patients. This largest trial had only enough power to detect an effect size of d=0. 34, and even this trial did not have enough statistical power to detect the mean difference between antidepressant medication and placebo. The implication is that individual trials are heavily underpowered and do not even come close to having sufficient power for detecting clinically relevant effect sizes—let alone smaller effect sizes that may not be clinically significant—but are nevertheless interesting from a scientific point of view. Meta-analyses may be able to solve this problem. By pooling the effects of multiple studies, clinically relevant effect sizes can be identified. We found that sufficient studies were available for and non-directive supportive counselling. However, many of these studies have considerable risk of bias and, if we were to focus exclusively on trials with low risk of bias, there would no longer be enough studies to detect clinically relevant effects. Thus, were we to really take the evidence seriously, we would have to conclude that it is not clear whether and counselling are as effective as other therapies. Even though more than 100 comparative trials have been conducted, it still remains unclear whether one therapy is more effective than another. The evidence seems to point to no clinically relevant differences, but because of the considerable risk of bias in the majority of trials, the effectiveness of any particular therapy is still uncertain. Smaller differential effect sizes, below the threshold of clinical relevance, cannot be detected at all because many more trials are needed. Claims that all therapies (or at least all bona fide psychotherapies) are equally effective, including therapies for adult depression, should, therefore, be considered with caution. 16–18 Individual trials do not have enough power, and meta-analyses do not include enough trials with low risk of bias. Smaller differential effect sizes of about d=0. 1 or d=0. 15 anyway cannot be detected with the current number of trials included in meta-analyses. Conducting studies without sufficient statistical power to detect a realistic differential effect between treatments is not ethical. Resources as well as time and energy of patients, therapists and researchers go wasted because the trial is not suited to find the expected differences in outcome. Comparative trials of different types of psychotherapy should be expected to result in small differential effect sizes and need to include, therefore, large numbers of patients.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 97580 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechBiotechnology for by the Sugarcane - Biotechnology for by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionEngineered sugarcane provides superior genotypes with a regulated expression of endogenous and exogenous genes, improved enzymatic reactions and sugar production, resulting in increased bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass, recovery of sugars, and lipids for ethanol and diesel production. The genus Saccharum belongs to the family Poaceae with five major species; officinarum, sinense, barberi, robustum, and spontanuem, developed through complex hybridization. officinarum is mainly grown for sugar in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Where this crop meets up to 80% of world sugar requirement [1] is facing several problems including biotic and abiotic that affect its production. Conventional approaches lagged in solving the problems due to the complex genome and narrow genetic pool of sugarcane, however, advanced tools are employed to address biotic and abiotic problems, and to increase agronomic traits including yield, juice, and sugar. Further, improved sugarcane is being grown for bioethanol production in countries like the and China.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 63; 427 participants, 2 trials, Analysis 3. 13). It was also more immunogenic when measured by seroconversion at all time points (Analysis 3. 14): after the first dose (RR 3. 58, 95% CI 2. 03 to 6. 29; 121 participants, 1 trial), after the second dose (RR 2. 97, 95% CI 1. 78 to 4. 98; 117 participants, 1 trial), and after the third dose (RR 2. 82, 95% CI 2. 26 to 3. 51; 1699 participants, 3 trials). 3. 2. 5. Dropouts before the end of trial Similar numbers of children taking Rotavac or placebo dropped out from trials before they ended (RR 0. 81, 95% CI 0. 62 to 1. 06; 8215 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 3. 15). 3. 3. Subgroup analyses 3. 3. 1. G type Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe One trial reported severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by G and P type (VAC Bhandari 2014‐IND). At one‐year follow‐up (Analysis 3. 16) there were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotavac groups for G2P[4] (RR 0. 39, 95% CI 0. 22 to 0. 69; 6541 participants) and G12P[6] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0. 74; 6541 participants); results were not significantly different between Rotavac and placebo for G1P[8] (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 36 to 1. 20; 6541 participants) and G12P[8] (RR 0. 30, 95% CI 0. 07 to 1. 26; 6541 participants). At two‐year follow‐up (Analysis 3. 17) there were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotavac groups for G1P[8] (RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 38 to 0. 93; 6541 participants), G2P[4] (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 62; 6541 participants), G12P[6] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe simple answer to both questions in the title of this paper: No. We concentrate on three key aspects of the banking system's difficulties during the 2001–02 crisis. Two are related to bank behavior (increasing dollarization of the balance sheet and expanding exposure to the government), and the other is related to the degree by which banks were hurt by depositor p2001. We find that there was substantial cross-bank variation, that is, not all banks behaved equally nor were hurt equally by the macroeconomic shocks they faced during the run-up to the crisis. Furthermore, using panel data estimation, we find that depositors were able to distinguish high-risk from low-risk banks, and that individual bank's exposure to currency and government default risk depended on fundamentals and other bank-specific characteristics. Finally, our results have implications for the existence of market discipline in periods of stress, and for banking regulation, which may have led banks to underestimate some of the risks they incurred. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 6. 7 percent. Argentina is less open than most countries. During 1990–95, total trade represented 16 percent of GDP, whereas it was 37 percent in Mexico and 46 percent in Chile. Moreover, as pointed out by the Office of the IMF (2004), the differences in Argentina's degree of openness in relation to other hard peg economies are even more pronounced; for a sample of eight hard peg economies throughout the world, total trade averaged 96 percent of GDP. Analysts as well as the government agreed that the exchange rate was overvalued, although there was no consensus on the degree of overvaluation. As the study by the Office (2004) reports, by spring of 2000 overvaluation was estimated at 7 percent by Goldman Sachs, 13 percent by JP Morgan, and 17 percent by Deutsche Bank. Ex post, Perry and Servén (2002) estimated the Argentine peso to be overvalued by 55 percent by 2001. In particular, de la Torre, Levy-Yeyati, and Schmukler (2003); della Paolera and Taylor (2003); and Levy-Yeyati, Martínez Pería, and Schmukler (2004).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Recently, sugarcane is engineered not only for bioethanol also for oil, hence it opens a window to develop purpose-grown sugarcane in the world. The 2. Sugarcane genetic improvementSugarcane has several unique characteristics compared to other cereals. Sugarcane is highly polyploid at its genome level, carries photosynthesis through C4 mechanism, chloroplast distribution in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells are few unique traits of this monocotyledonous plant. These traits of sugarcane make this plant one of the valuable specimens to explore its genetic potential. Despite considerable varietal improvement using conventional interventions, a serious effort to develop elite genotypes is required. Major hurdles in the genetic improvement of sugarcane are due to its genetic complexity, low fertility, long cycle, and climate-specific flowering nature of the crop. Under this scenario, biotechnology can play a leading role to improve and introduce commercially important traits into elite genotypes. Starting from the somaclonal selection under in vitro conditions to genetically engineering the genome of the crop each of the approaches has made it possible to develop new traits in sugarcane; including insect resistance, herbicide- and abiotic stresses-tolerance. Interestingly, with the introduction of synthetic elements, the pathways have been engineered in the sugarcane, resulting in various industrial and non-industrial products. Briefly describing the technology, each cell carries three major organelles; namely, nucleus, chloroplast, and mitochondria. Each of these organelles has its genome where the nuclear genome is routinely manipulated to develop new traits by exploiting two major approaches of gene transfer; Agrobacterium-mediated and biolistic-mediated gene gun methods. Of these two methods, p2. 1 Genetic improvement for insect resistanceInsects are serious threats to the sugarcane industry, worldwide, though exact assessment of economic losses is difficult to record. However, fragmented information is available on individual pests. Major pests of the crop are chewing, sucking insects, and canegrubs, and termites. Amongst borers, the most common are top, stem, and root borers. Engineering the genome for enhanced resistance to insects is one of the success stories of transgenic technology.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 74; 6541 participants), and G12P[8] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 10 to 0. 96; 6541 participants). The included Rotavac trials did not report separate data on immunocompromised or malnourished subgroups. 3. 4 Sensitivity analyses 3. 4. 1 Primary outcomes with high heterogeneity according to allocation concealment There were no primary outcomes with high heterogeneity (I2 statistic > 75%). ‘Summary of findings' Summary of findings of primary outcomes are presented in summary of findings Table 5 (Rotavac, high‐mortality countries), Discussion available in English Español Rotavirus vaccines have been under development since the 1980s, and to date three have been prequalified by the WHO (RV1, RV5 and Rotavac). Three additional rotavirus vaccines are licensed for use in individual countries (LLR, Rotasiil, and Rotavin, see 1999. The three vaccines prequalified by the WHO (RV1, RV5, Rotavac), and currently in use, are the focus of this review. Summary of main results We included 55 trials with a total of 216,480 participants, that evaluated RV1 (36 trials), RV5 (15 trials), and Rotavac (4 trials). Our analysis stratified the primary outcomes by WHO mortality strata (high‐mortality countries, with high child mortality; and low‐mortality, with low or very low child mortality; WHO 1999). The trials were not designed or powered to detect an effect on preventing death or on the occurrence of possible rare serious adverse events, such as intussusception. 1. RV1 in countries with low child mortality (WHO strata A and B) Fourteen trials were conducted in Asia, six in Europe, four in Latin America, four in North America, and one in Europe and Latin America. In infants under one year RV1 prevents 84% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 16, 95% CI 0. 09 to 0. 26; 43,779 participants, 7 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV1 prevents 41% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 74; 28,053 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: We showed in the descriptive section that over the entire study period the share of foreign currency deposits increased and overall deposits contracted. However, a distinction should be made between an earlier stage, in which there was a pure composition switch toward foreign currency deposits, and a later stage—the deposit run—during which all deposits declined, but the domestic currency component did so more rapidly. In fact, when we estimated this equation using an alternative measure for nonperforming loans, the “broad nonperforming loan ratio,” this effect disappeared. 6—as well as in Tables 7 and 9—we report the OLS coefficients for only the three nonfundamental bank characteristics, although all fundamental and macro variables were also included. The OLS results on these variables did not differ substantially from those obtained in the FE estimations shown in the upper panel. Similarly, as imperfectly hedged borrowers perceived an increase in the risk of a devaluation, their demand for foreign currency loans may have declined as well. The dependent variable NGOVB is defined as the broad measure of financing to the government, as in Table 2. It includes government bonds plus lending to the government. Also it is possible that safer banks had higher costs of compliance with prudential regulations; thus, lending to the government would have helped those banks to level the playing field vis-à-vis the banks with weaker fundamentals and therefore lower costs of compliance. For this comparison we used the simplest specification, which includes the fundamentals not related to currency exposure (and NGOVB) and the three macroeconomic controls (and ). Some of the results of robustness checks are not fully reported in this paper. However, they are available upon request from the authors. 9 shows, we found the effect of currency risk () on deposit growth to be negative. Thus, a positive coefficient on the interaction terms SIZE*and *implies that larger and more time deposit–oriented banks were less likely to suffer deposit withdrawals from an increase in currency risk. Perhaps depositors perceived that these banks were managing their currency risk more effectively; at the same time, depositors may have felt that there was little these banks could do in the face of other deteriorating macroeconomic conditions. One possible interpretation is that, as fiscal performance faltered, the exposure of banks to the private sector became less relevant to depositors. Of course, this argument would be stronger if one observed simultaneously that depositors became more responsive to banks' levels of government financing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Several molecules including proteinase inhibitors (PI), secondary metabolites, ribosome-inactivating proteins, lectins, and δ-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis [6, 7, 8], have been identified for effectively controlling the insects. Therefore, developing insect-resistant sugarcane through a transgenic approach is required. Several transgenic sugarcane plats have been developed in different regions of the world keeping in view the type of insects invading the crop and resulting in economic losses. Successful examples are the development of transgenic plants addressing the problems of top borers using δ-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis in Indian subcontinent, American and African countries. The larvae invade the sugarcane crop two times, at early and at a later stage, during the growing season. Early infestation causes serious damage to the crop by developing a ‘dead heart’, young shoot died as larvae chew the base of the shoot while later benefits to increase population and feed, triggering yield loss from 15 to 30 percent. How the process of ‘dead heart’ starts, the young larvae tunnels into the nucleus of the spindle and damage the growing point, causing the shoot to wilt and die. This requires the development of resistance against several factors including biotic and abiotic in sugarcane [9], but traditional improvement strategies are hampered by high polyploidy, genetic complexity, environment-specificity, and low fertility [10]. Thus biotechnological approaches have the potential to address such stresses by engineering resistance. Since the first genetic manipulation of sugarcane [11, 12], the development of transgenic clones is a routine [13, 14]. Several traits including effective control of stem borers have been introduced into the sugarcane [15, 16]. In these studies, a synthetic cry1Ab gene was selected to introduce and express under a tissue-specific promoter, PEPC. After bombardment the transformed cells, subsequently shoots were recovered on phosphinothricin-containing regeneration medium. Expectedly, the primary clones accumulated varied amounts of expressed CRY protein, ranging from 20 to 40 ng/mg. The variation in expressed protein levels is perhaps due to the random insertion of the transgene, varied copy number of the transgene in transgenic clones.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In children up to two years RV1 prevents 82% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 14 to 0. 23; 36,002 participants, 9 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV1 prevents 37% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea episodes: Rate ratio 0. 63, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 71; 39,091 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence. For all‐cause death, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 1. 22, 95% CI 0. 87 to 1. 71; 97,597 participants, 22 trials; low‐certainty evidence. For serious adverse events, children receiving RV1 had 12% fewer events than those receiving placebo: RR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 83 to 0. 93; 96,233 participants, 24 trials; high‐certainty evidence. For intussusception, RV1 was not associated with a higher risk: RR 0. 69, 95% CI 0. 45 to 1. 04; 96,513 participants, 17 trials; low‐certainty evidence. See summary of findings Table for the main comparison. 2. RV1 in countries with high child mortality (WHO strata D and E) Two trials were conducted in Bangladesh, one in India, one in Peru, three in South Africa, and one in and Malawi. In infants under one year RV1 prevents 63% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 60; 6114 participants, 3 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV1 prevents 27% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 95; 5639 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. In children up to two years RV1 prevents 35% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 65, 95% CI 0. 51 to 0. 83; 13,768 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV1 prevents 17% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 83, 95% CI 0. 72 to 0. 96; 2764 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: He has received fees from and Pfizer for carrying out commissioned clinical trials related to the topic of this editorial. Translated from the original German by Kersti Wagstaff, MA. Corresponding author:Prof. Dr. med. Hannover (MHH), Klinik für Pneumologie Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germanywelte. tobias@mh-hannover. de Cite this as:Welte T: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine—equally effective for everyone? Int 2016; 113: 137–8. DOI: 10. 3238/arztebl. 2016. 0137 1. : Epidemiology of CAP in Europe. Monogr 2014; 63: 1–12 CrossRef 2. AQUA-Instituts GmbH: Qualitätsreport 2014, Göttingen 2015: 26–30. 3. -: Ten-after Community-acquired Pneumonia. A prospective cohort. 2015; 192: 597–604 4. : Nursing-home-acquired pneumonia in Germany: an 8-year prospective multicentre study. Thorax 2012; 67: 132–8 5. Welte T: New antibiotic development: the need versus the costs. Dis 2016 pii: S1473–3099(16)00068–2. [Epub ahead of print] 6. : Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe. Thorax 2012; 67: 71–9 7. Pletz MW, Welte T: Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. Monogr 2012; 63: 266–84. 8. : Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults. 2013; 1: CD000422 CrossRef 9. : Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 2009;180: 48–58 10. : 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults: double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 2106–11 CrossRef 11. : The clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines —a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int 2016; 113: 139–46 12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Once, homozygous clones were recovered, the varied expression was documented as developmental and photosynthetic control of expression of the transgene. However, the expression levels were regarded as the highest levels of toxin reported so far in the literature. These levels were 13- and 35-fold higher than the highest levels of modified cry1Ac and cry1Ab gene, respectively [16, 17, 18]. The maize ubiquitin promoter was used to drive the synthetically developed cry1Ac gene in sugarcane for stem borers [16, 17], which is five to six times higher compared to the levels obtained by a constitutive promoter, CaMV 35S, in sugarcane getting high expression under PEP-C promoter were perhaps of using a C4 plant-specific promoter. Interestingly, the detectable endotoxins levels varied from base to tip and from first to the outermost leaf of the whorl, depending on the developmental stage of the leaf. Measurements of the toxin levels in leaves showed that the accumulation of transprotein was low in young emerging leaves and increased with the leaf development. The maximum amount was recorded in the fully developed leaf on the same plant [18]. In another investigation, the cry1Ac gene has been introduced using a vector-dependent method for borer-resistance in sugarcane. The transgene was successfully introduced and transformed plants showed a high level of toxicity to Sesamia cretica giving 100% mortality of the larvae. These two reports are success stories of developing borer-resistant transgenic sugarcane [19]. Other success stories of developing transgenic sugarcane with different genes used for effective control of diverse insects are not included intentionally due to the word limit of the 2. 2 Genetic improvement for disease resistanceSugarcane is vulnerable to several diseases caused by different organisms including; bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes. The diseases damage the crop throughout the growing season and multiple epidemics by 64 diseases are reported that have damaged the sugarcane crop, worldwide. Of these diseases, five are caused by bacterial and 40 by fungal pathogens. However, the most common are rust, wilt, red rot, and smut that have seriously affected the sugarcane, demanding the development of disease-resistant varieties. In this section, only two diseases; one of fungal and the other of bacterial origin, are discussed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV5 in countries with high child mortality (WHO strata D and E) Two trials were conducted in Asia and two in Africa. In infants under one year RV5 prevents 57% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 29 to 0. 62; 5916 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. Data on severe all‐cause diarrhoea was reported in one trial. This suggested a protective effect, but the results were not statistically significant: RR 0. 80, 95% CI 0. 58 to 1. 11; 4085 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence. In children up to two years RV5 prevents 41% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 43 to 0. 82; 5885 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV5 prevents 15% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 85, 95% CI 0. 75 to 0. 98; 5977 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. For all‐cause death, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 0. 92, 95% CI 0. 68 to 1. 24; 6806 participants, 3 trials; low‐certainty evidence. For serious adverse events, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 0. 92, 95% CI 0. 66 to 1. 28; 6830 participants, 4 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence. For intussusception, RV5 was not associated with a higher risk: no cases were reported, 6588 participants, 2 trials; low‐certainty evidence. See summary of findings Table 4. 5. Rotavac in countries with high child mortality (WHO stratum D) Four trials were conducted in India. In infants under one year Rotavac prevents 57% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 30 to 0. 60; 6799 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence. In children up to two years Rotavac prevents 54% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 46, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 60; 6541 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: 6% of them receiving ≤ 80% of treatment; 8/17 (47%) LT cirrhotics withdrew the treatment, 35. 2% of them receiving ≤ 80% of treatment. If compared with LT-ones (P = 0. 015), an higher risk of treatment discontinuation could affect LT cirrhotics, who undergo more frequently ≤ 80% of treatment (P = 0. 05). None of the non-LT cirrhotics died after the end of the treatment. With no regards to the achievement of SVR, LT cirrhotic patients showed a reduced survival in respect to non-LT ones (87% at 1 year, 76% at 3 and 5 years after the end of treatment). : HCV antiviral treatment is equally effective in compensated cirrhotics both before and after LT, which patients show a higher risk of premature treatment withdrawal and a reduced survival, independently of the achievement of SVR. Key Words: virus; virus antiviral treatment; Liver cirrhosis; Liver transplantation; Sustained virological response, Efficacy; tip: In patients with hepatitis C virus compensated liver cirrhosis antiviral treatment should be considered in order to prevent short to mid-term complications. However, the results of treatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin are worse than in non-cirrhotic patients. Furthermore, in non-liver transplanted (LT) cirrhotics, a sustained virological response to antiviral treatment is associated to improved survival, while, at present, no data regarding LT cirrhotic is available in literature. The present study highlights that cirrhotic patients who undergo antiviral treatment after liver transplantation have a worse prognosis, compared to non-LT ones, independently of the achievement of sustained virological response. Citation: ’. Treatment of hepatitis C in compensated cirrhotic patients is equally effective before and after liver transplantation. Gastroenterol 2013; 19(21): 3255-3262 URL: DOI: virus (HCV)-related hepatitis is one of the leading cause of end-stage liver disease worldwide, accounting for half of transplantations in many centers[1].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Amongst fungal diseases, red rot is the most common disease of sugarcane and is caused by Colletotrichum falcatum Went that attacks the sucrose accumulating parenchyma cells [20] of culmus stalk of sugarcane, causing severe losses; up to 29% in the cane yield and 25 to 75% in the sugar recovery [21, 22]. Since sugarcane is a vegetatively propagated plant hence the pathogens spread through diseased-culmus-setts, stressing the availability of healthy canes for propagation. Instead of chemical, biological control of the red rot in sugarcane using Trichoderma (Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride) is reported [23, 24]. Of these two species, Trichoderma harzianum is more effective in controlling the Colletotrichum falcatum. It is interesting to know how Trichoderma which is a fungus controls another fungus Colletotrichum? Such invading fungi control others through the mechanisms of mycoparasitism and antibiosis. Mycoparasitism is one of the most important mechanisms for biocontrol of pathogen fungi that work through three steps: chemotrophic growth and recognition; coiling and interaction of hyphae and secretion of specific lytic enzymes [25]. Whereas, antibiosis is a shift to the concept of mycoparasitism that is based on lethal principle. Trichoderma produces low molecular weight and diffusible substances that penetrate the host cell thereby inhibit the uptake of nutrients, sporulation, production of metabolites, and the synthesis of the cell wall of the target fungus [26, 27]. Nevertheless, antibiosis is a species-specific mechanism. Transgenically, the red rot was controlled by expressing genes from Trichoderma into the genome of sugarcane. Encouraged from the inhibitory effects of β1,3-glucanase, isolated from Trichoderma, against pathogenic fungi, Nayyar et al. , [28] expressed the gene in sugarcane and analyzed the regenerating plants for transgene integration and expression. The transgene was expressed up to 4. 4-fold higher than the non-transformed wild-type plants, and resistance to two pathotypes of Colletotrichum falcatum.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavac prevents 16% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 84, 95% CI 0. 71 to 0. 98; 6799 participants, one trial; moderate‐certainty evidence. For all‐cause death, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 0. 92, 95% CI 0. 52 to 1. 62; 8155 participants, 2 trials; very low‐certainty evidence. For serious adverse events, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 0. 93, 95% CI 0. 85 to 1. 02; 8210 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence. For intussusception, Rotavac was not associated with a higher risk: RR 1. 33, 95% CI 0. 35 to 5. 02; 8582 participants, 4 trials; very low‐certainty evidence. See summary of findings Table 5. Overall completeness and applicability of evidence We carried out this systematic review using RCTs. All the included trials were placebo‐controlled, except for two RV1 trials that compared vaccine to no intervention (RV1 Colgate 2016‐BGD; RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD). We could not evaluate potential herd protection afforded by vaccination. The trials provided only limited data for special groups of children, such as malnourished or immunocompromised children. Efficacy by setting RV1 and RV5 were highly efficacious in reducing severe rotavirus diarrhoea episodes in low‐mortality countries; widespread roll‐out of rotavirus vaccines has led to major reductions in rotavirus hospitalizations in such settings (Hungerford 2015; Jonesteller 2017). In contrast, trials of RV1 and RV5 in high‐mortality countries in Africa and Asia demonstrated a relatively lower vaccine efficacy. However, because of the higher burden of rotavirus disease in such countries, the absolute number of events prevented by vaccination is greater than in low‐mortality countries (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF). Efficacy by age Results from RV1 and RV5 found higher vaccine efficacy against severe rotavirus diarrhoea in the first year compared to the cumulative efficacy for the first and second years.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: 6% rate of treatment discontinuation due to adverse events was reported, while in 19. 2% and 17. 4% of them, respectively, a PEG-IFN or RBV dose reduction was necessary. The overall reported drop-out rate was 66%. In decompensated cirrhotic patients, rates of treatment withdrawal or dose reduction due to adverse events seems almost comparable: 59% by Iacobellis et al[7], 65% by Everson et al[22], 87% by Crippin et al[11], 30% by Forns et al[10]. With regards to LT cirrhotics undergoing combined antiviral treatment, Berenguer et al[16] reported respectively a 37% rate of discontinuation, and a 45% and a 36% rates of PEG-IFN or RBV dose reduction. In the study by Carrión et al[14], treatment discontinuation rate was of 39% while 67% and 24% of patients experienced RBV or PEG-IFN dose reduction. Angelico et al[17] reported a 33% drop-out rate, and a 45% rate of RBV and a 38% rate of PEG-IFN dose reduction. In non-cirrhotic LT patients, the most frequently reported causes of treatment withdrawal are cytopenia, in particular anemia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, thyroid dysfunction, intolerance and rejection[12,14,16]. However, these studies included LT patients with HCV hepatitis recurrence after liver transplant but without liver cirrhosis; data about LT cirrhotic patients are scarce, but it is likely to expect a higher incidence of adverse events and a consequent higher rate of treatment dose reduction or discontinuation. In our study, we did not observe the occurrence of any severe or fatal adverse event (grade 4 or 5). Thirteen patients have received supportive therapy with growth factors due to hematological adverse events, such as anemia and leucopenia, and 3 LT cirrhotics withdrew the treatment. None among LT cirrhotics experienced fatigue, flue-like symptoms and depression, while one grade 2 and three grade 3 adverse events (requiring treatment discontinuation) occurred among non-LT ones.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The expression levels of the transgene were up-regulated after infection compared to the levels recorded before infection in engineered resistant sugarcane plants. However, pathogenicity tests on transgenic sugarcane against the virulent strains of Colletotrichum falcatum will demonstrate the resistance level. To demonstrate the pathogenicity, the transgenic sugarcane plants were challenged with two virulent strains (CF08 and Cf09) of Colletotrichum falcatum, and plants exhibited moderate to high-level resistance against Cf09 and Cf08, respectively. The structural model of the β-1,3-glucanase encoded protein demonstrated that two active sites namely; Glutamate 628 and Aspartate 569 of the catalytic domain of the protein are the main sites that have catalyzed the cleavage of β-1,3-glycosidic bonds and lysis of pathogen hyphae [29]. Further, another disease caused by a bacterial pathogen in sugarcane, the leaf scald, is also a serious threat to the sugarcane industry as it severely affects the yield. The disease is mainly distributed in the and USA [30, 31] but now it is the most important quarantine disease in and Hainan in China [32]. The leaf scald, also called leaf burning disease which is caused by Xanthomonas albilineans infects the xylem vessels of the sugarcane plant. Recently, it is reported that it also invades tissues of leaves and culmus stalks, predominantly sucrose accumulating cells. Unlike other phytopathogenic bacteria, Xanthomonas albilineans lacks a type 3 HRP secretion system, a system that enables most bacteria to overcome the defense mechanism of their host plants [32]. Yet, it is capable of invading other tissues, and developing symptoms in three stages namely; latent, chronic, and acute phases. It is observed that the bacterium remains dormant for more than 12 months without any symptoms. The bacterium infection develops symptoms of chlorotic stripes and patches on leaves, side shooting starts at the base of culmus stalks and burning of the leaf tips, and well-defined white pencil-lines along the veins during the chronic phase. Sometimes, the sudden death of whole stools. Biotechnological interventions to address diseases are primarily focused on engineering the sugarcane genome and molecular breeding.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: This review did not detect a difference in the number of deaths for children receiving any of the vaccines or placebo. Two post‐vaccine implementation national surveillance studies from Mexico and Brazil reported that the introduction of RV1 into the national immunization programme was associated with a decline in the number of diarrhoea‐related deaths (2011; Richardson 2010) in comparison with historical controls. A study from rural Malawi showed that diarrhoea deaths reduced by a third following RV1 introduction (Bar‐Zeev 2018). Safety data There was no detectable difference in the number of cases of intussusception for children receiving vaccine or placebo. While both RV1 and RV5 have been associated with a low risk of intussusception in post‐marketing studies in Europe, Americas and Australia, the benefits of vaccination are considered to outweigh the risk of vaccine‐associated intussusception (Yen 2016). However, the risk of intussusception after administration of RV1 was not higher than the background risk of intussusception in seven lower‐income sub‐countries (Tate 2018). Subgroup analyses Rotavirus G‐types All three rotavirus vaccines showed efficacy against most of the specific rotavirus G‐types that were assessed (G1, G2, G3, G4, G8, G9, and G12), although results were often inconsistent between different countries and imprecise due to few events. Immunocompromised children One RV1 trial and two RV5 trials reported on immunocompromised children, all exposed to or infected with HIV. We found no differences for efficacy or safety, but samples were not sufficiently powered. It is now strongly recommended that all HIV‐infected or HIV‐exposed infants be vaccinated with oral rotavirus vaccine, unless severely immunocompromised (Calles 2010). While we lack specific information on many immunodeficiencies, infants with known severe combined immunodeficiency should not receive live rotavirus vaccine (Pinto 2016; Vesikari 2015). Children with malnutrition One RV1 trial (RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA) found that RV1 was significantly better than placebo in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in a subgroup of malnourished children.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine is equally effective for all types of medical treatment. [SEP] Text: As previously shown [136], HL was able to colonize the spleen, liver and bone marrow in higher extent than ST parasites 6 weeks after infection (Figure 1, Infection bars). We hypothesized that these differences in infectivity could lead to distinct levels of protection. Thus, we re-infected the mice with homologous or heterologous strains. In our model, mice that were previously imprinted with HL strain and then challenged with the same highly infective strain (Figure 1, Re-inf HL bars) were able to sustain the splenic parasite load and to decrease in about 1 logarithm the number of parasites colonizing the liver and bone marrow. On the contrary, HL re-infection after ST imprinting led to a significant increase of about 1000 times in all the target tissues. Concomitant immunity was more pronounced when the animals were infected with the highly infective HL strain and then challenged with ST due to its lower infectivity (Figure 1, Re-inf ST bars). As such, the infections in the spleen and liver of HL imprinted mice suffered a significant reduction of ~1000-fold in the parasite loads to levels close to the quantification limit, and in the bone marrow parasitic presence was detected but not quantifiable. Accordingly, ST imprinting and consecutive challenge resulted in a ~10-fold increase in the splenic and hepatic parasite burden compared to the primary infection numbers, though no changes were noticed in the parasite load of the bone marrow. Figure 1. Parasite load after infection and challenge with L. infantum strains presenting different infectivitiesBased on the data exposed above, in terms of parasitological analysis we established that the onset of pathology (set as hepatosplenomegaly (data not shown; see [136]) and high parasite loads) by an infective L. infantum strain confers a degree of protection over a re-infection episode which correlates with the infectivity of both the imprinting and the challenging strains that are inoculated in the host. Similar findings were reported previously, when a high-dose of L. chagasi promastigotes was required for the development of protection against re-infection, whereas a low-dose immunization either had no effect or slightly exacerbated disease [49]. 3. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The complete genome has been sequenced despite the complexities of ploidy levels, individual genes are transferred to engineer resistance traits. The coding region of an albicidin detoxifying gene (albD) from Pantoea dispersa has been expressed under ubi promoter from the maize and the nos terminator using Agrobacterium into the nuclear genome of the sugarcane plants found susceptible to leaf scald [33]. However, the transgenic plants were resistant to the disease since no chlorotic disease symptoms appeared in inoculated leaves, whereas non-transgenic plants developed severe symptoms. Further, a high concentration of accumulated transprotein has protected young stems against the multiplication of the pathogen. Thus, transgenic sugarcane clones conferred resistance to the disease as the plants showed no symptoms and multiplication of the bacterium [34, 35]. Introducing transgenes into sugarcane represents an important step forward, however, the growing investment in genomics and identification of resistance gene analogs (RGA), present in a majority of indigenous genotypes, might become an attractive alternative in disease resistance management through transgenic technology, and the development of screening tools of resistant genotypes. 2. 3 Genetic improvement for sugar production and recoverySugarcane leaves contain both the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of both cells. Sugarcane unlike other organisms accumulates photosynthetic assimilates in the form of sucrose in the culmus stalk, thereby directly providing sugar for human consumption. Sucrose produced in the leaves is translocated from the source (leaves) to sink (parenchyma cells of the culmus stalk) through the phloem. The sucrose-loving parenchyma cells of the stalk accumulate the sucrose to an exceptionally high concentration i. e. up to 25–27% of the fresh weight [36, 37]. However, there is a correlation between photosynthetic activity and the sucrose contents in sugarcane. Toward maturity of the cane, the sucrose contents in the stem are increased whereas photosynthesis in leaves is reduced [38], indicating the regulatory mechanism of sucrose accumulation in the stalk cells [39]. Sucrose synthesis, transport, and accumulation in sugarcane are continuous processes.

Output: pass