Input: Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: And, it then analyzes the detailed vehicle profile for both public and privately owned automobiles, buses, trucks, and motorcycles to predict the total number of EVs by 2052. Thus, determining the annual energy production required to meet the increased EV demand load. Effects of reduced traffic congestion and improvement in EV energy consumption from improving technology or other factors were factored into the modified model to obtain energy demand. This 13. 5 K miles yearly; energy demand was calculated based on typical energy consumed by an EV per mile. To develop a holistic model, as presented in Fig. 1, to power the EV car from solar PV, capacity of required solar PV system was calculated using (SAM). For homeowners, roof-top mounted solar panels let them go off-grid to meet EV charging demands. To power an EV in Randallstown, Maryland, an average energy of 3373 kWh per year is required. Using the the required size of the roof-top PV system is 2. 8 kW for individual house owners. A total of 7 × 400W panels occupying a 159 sq feet rooftop will generate nearly 3838 kWh yearly (Fig. 2). Fig. 2Home energy management systemFull size imageSince solar irradiance values vary depending on location, similar calculations can be performed to obtain PV system size in kW at any given location. For residential applications, (120/240)V Solar PV Feeders may be tied to service entrance point directly from AC side of the Inverter. However, a battery storage system added to store the energy allows prolonged usage time periods. For commercial (277/480)V systems, a similar methodology becomes viable. The design criterion is governed by local buildings, and electrical codes and standards. For example, the Code and Code are examples of some of the applicable codes and standards; whereas means, methods, and workmanship are defined per the standard technical specifications per owners’ requirements such as Division 26 (Electrical). For commercial applications similar modeling would significantly reduce the dependence on grid power for meeting EV charging demand. Many applications for solar PV systems include integrating with microgrids to facilitate captive power generation and thus provide the ability to go on or off the grid. Deployment of energy management systems as depicted in Fig. 2-3 allows microgrids to stay cost-effective, resilient, and sustainable (Lan et al. , 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Bitcoin is a chimera, in that regard, since it is both digital, that is, intangible, and scarce. In fact, the essence of the blockchain technology is the creation of scarce digital assets. That is, the blockchain creates artificial scarcity. Therefore, despite the complex philosophical issue, I believe there is a consensus that Bitcoins can be owned, and property rights can and should be applied to it. There is a claim, however, that Bitcoin advocates ignore traditional property rights, contracts, and traditional legal systems, which were developed and refined for millennia [12]. It is true that currently, it is easier to evade law enforcement using cryptocurrencies than using most bank transactions. The facts that there is nothing tangible in the Bitcoin network and that digital transactions can take place without the regulated banking system complicate law enforcement. However, on the one hand, it can be regarded as a technical difficulty, which may be solved using artificial intelligence technologies, and on the other hand, one may argue that these properties of the Bitcoin network only strengthen property rights, because they prevent government confiscation of private property (private money). Not only aren’t crypto networks against contracts, but also smart contracts are an integral part of these networks. The most well-known is the Ethereum network, but there are many more cryptocurrencies with this property (like Neo, EOS, Cardano, etc. ), and even the Bitcoin network can support smart contracts (Mastercoin, Rootstock, Particl, etc. ). Therefore, the blockchain technology eliminates the need for (external) law enforcement in some cases, because the contracts are enforced within the blockchain itself. In general, cryptocurrencies strengthen private property and property rights. They do not weaken them. 17. Bitcoin and crime Some politicians and economists believe that Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have no value to society since most of their users are outlaws and criminals [28]. For one thing, one has to make a distinction between the different cryptocurrencies. Most of the criminal activity was transferred from the Bitcoin network to the more private cryptos (such as Monero, Zcash, Verge, etc. ) since transactions in the Bitcoin network can be traced. Moreover, most of the illegal trade that takes place on the Internet belongs to the category of victimless crimes (like drugs, gambling, and tax evasion), whose prohibition is disputed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 02 Committee D19 $ 76. 00 In stock and Use 5. 1 This test method covers the determination of the dissolved gases methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane in drinking, waste, and ground waters, including domestic wells; whether naturally occurring or resulting from commercial activities, dissolved gases can be hazardous both to the environment and humans. Due to increased scrutiny of dissolved gases, developing a valid method for the testing of dissolved gases in water has become more imperative. Static headspace sampling is generally applicable for sampling these compounds. However, as these compounds are extremely volatile, a closed sampling system is recommended. This test method can be used for quantitatively determining dissolved gases in ground, waste, and drinking waters. 5. 2 This test method is suitable for analysis of domestic drinking water samples from residential and commercial water supply wells prior to oil and gas exploration activities to form a baseline for monitoring potential impacts during exploration; development, including hydraulic fracturing; operation; closure; and reclamation of nearby oil and gas production and injection wells. Scope 1. 1 This test method covers the determination of the dissolved gases methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane in drinking, waste, and ground waters, including domestic wells whether naturally occurring or resulting from commercial activities, or both. This test method has an analytical range from 10 µg/L to 11 000 µg/L for methane, and 10 µg/L to 5000 µg/L for ethane, ethylene, and propane. If a sample has a dissolved gas concentration above the calibration range, the sample would require dilution. Other analytical ranges may be used as long as the instrument calibration encompasses the desired range and demonstrates adequate linearity. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: $$ (3) 3 offers up to 29 kWh per 100 miles, and BMW 3 Series up to 36 miles per gallon. Using GGE, the EV 3 performed 3. 2 times better than 3 Series. Even after comparing with other commercially available passenger ICE engine cars with EV cars, EV cars offered better fuel economy or lower energy consumption. Safety and costPer the US Department of Defense, EVs are considered safer than ICE based on their ability to catch fire (Office of the of Defense for Acquisition & Sustainment, 2023). Additionally, most light-duty EVs were cheaper when comparing the total cost of ownership (Office of the of Defense for Acquisition & Sustainment, 2023). GHG emissionsThe life cycle analysis indicates EVs emit significantly lower carbon emissions than ICE (Kelly et al. , 2020). Shortcomings of EVsMany concerns with EVs include limited battery size, greater charging time, battery life, and charging infrastructure issues. To improve the charging infrastructure, one of the simple solutions is for house owners to install level 1 chargers at their home. However, for buses and trucks, a plan is required to install a mixture of level 2 and 3 chargers that can offer charging while they park overnight or within a few hours with fast chargers. Based on the frequency of charging required for a trip, it is advisable to have fast chargers readily available, at least at all existing gasoline stations. A roadmap on the size of EV charging infrastructure required for charging automobiles, buses, trucks, and motorcycles is shown in Fig. 16. Given EV drivers must return to charging stations frequently for charging due to limited battery size, and thus spend three to four times as much they spend for refueling ICE, many retail gasoline stations must plan for adding DC fast chargers (level 3) at least three to four times the existing number of gasoline or diesel dispensers. This is based on an average time spent by a driver as 10 min for ICE refueling and 30–40 min spent for EV charging. Electric vehicles act as a huge source of stored energy, and with evolving technologies in smart charging with bi-directional power flow options, it is possible to harness this potential and improve grid resilience to power outages. With EV ownership, there will be increased power consumption; thus, power generation companies must prepare for increasing their power generation by renewable energy resources. There are several studies published that document diminishing fossil fuels and present the need for transitioning to renewable energy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: In any case, the illegal activities that take place on the network only emphasize the fact that the crypto networks are valuable for at least some of the people, and in a market economy, when a commodity is valuable for some of the people, then it is valuable to the entire economy. 18. Bitcoin and egalitarianism There is a claim that a Bitcoin-based economy would increase wealth inequality. This argument is based on the fact that most of the Bitcoin wealth is concentrated in a minuscule amount of Bitcoin addresses [29]. But clearly, wallets and addresses are not persons. Almost every user holds several wallets, and a wallet can and does generate multiple addresses mainly for privacy reasons. This argument suffers from an additional fallacy: the distribution of money in a population does not determine the distribution of wealth. Quite the contrary, the distribution of wealth determines the distribution of money. In a free economy, people are paid for creating wealth. economy has a higher resemblance to a free economy than our current fiat economy, it seems that in a Bitcoin-based economy, the money distribution will be fairer than the current one. 19. The value of is a claim that Bitcoin is worthless, because it answers no real need and solves no real problem. This claim can easily be refuted. Bitcoin is a global, decentralized, highly liquid, and pseudo-anonymous asset. Therefore, in any transaction, which requires all these properties, the benefits of using Bitcoin over other currencies are clear. Moreover, that is exactly the reason that most people do not appreciate these properties. First, most people are unaware of the damage caused by centralized monetary systems. Second, only rarely do they perform international financial transactions in large volumes. Third, most people are against anonymous transactions. However, the benefits of Bitcoin are widely recognized in the following cases: (1) Where the centralized monetary system completely collapses (e. g. , Venezuela and Zimbabwe). (2) Where the government confiscates its own citizen’s assets (e. g. , Cyprus and Saudi Arabia). (3) Among populations, which are excluded from the financial and banking systems (e. g. , bankrupted citizens and minors). (4) Among outcasted populations (e. g. , drug users and gamblers). (5) Among people who are keener on their privacy (e. g. , tax evaders and porn users). (6) Among frequent travelers/flyers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: 2 This test method is applicable to samples collected at a nominal ambient pressure. Samples collected under high pressures, that is, above ambient pressure, may not be accurately analyzed using this method. 1. 3 This test method is applicable to a variety of dissolved gases; however, for the present standard, only methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane were validated. In order to validate for a gas not listed in this method, the analyst would need to establish the saturation concentration of the new gas, and establish a valid curve, method detection limits, and demonstration of capability following the procedures outlined in this method. 1. 4 It is the analyst’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for dissolved gases other than methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane and other sample matrices. 1. 5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1. 6 A single laboratory study was done in order to establish precision and bias for the surrogate (see Section 16). 1. 7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1. 8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Version D8028-17R24 Active D8028-17 is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! Redlines save you time and ensure you see what the changes are to the standard. you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the by itself. Soon! Price: Add to & and Handling × Domestic orders are delivered via Service (UPS) or (USPS).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: However, this research is based on a past number of vehicle data available from FHWA and energy usage of EVs per DOE. Thus, analyzing these data and the results presented were intended to prepare generation companies to start planning for rising demands from EV transition, as EV transition is pressing in the transportation sector. With projected figures for generation required, each state can prepare to start developing guidelines and plans for both EV purchases and Solar PV systems installation. Additionally, generation companies are required to use the untapped potential of renewable energy to meet the rising energy demand. Optimization of the performance of EVs by 2052Alter modern roadway transportation patternTransportation is focused on the reduction of costs, improving safety, and ensuring surplus supply. For most passengers, commute is mainly governed by cost and safety factors. The occurrence of accidents is mainly attributed to vehicle speed, weather conditions, congestion, and a number of vehicles on the road (Retallack & Ostendorf, 2019). Drivers’ safety is proven to improve when vehicle speed and number of vehicles are controlled. The majority of trucks are purposed for the transportation of goods. Buses are mainly for public transportation and often fall into factors that make them safe and cost-effective. For instance, in a large metro city such as City, the majority of public transportation is by subway trains and many other cities have bus services. With the presence of buses for public transportation consumers tend to refrain from using personal cars. This effect of how consumers behave with the presence of large-scale public transportation systems is a topic of research as it may result in decreased customers for automobiles. Implementing park-and-ride options, improving traffic light management, diversion of traffic by alternate routes, and public transportation systems are known methods in improving smoother traffic movement. Some methods, such as engaging a coordinated drive among all semi-autonomous EVs on the road, ensure driver safety and reduce travel times. For instance, entire road transportation systems become one integrated system where all vehicles know their relative position, and so does the traffic light management system. Modeling a transportation system wherein the majority of consumers rely on public transportation systems promises reduced consumption of EVs, thereby reducing energy consumption and, thus, demand. So, a modern transportation system must goal towards energy efficiency by growing means of sharing the resources. Studies have shown that buses and trains can reduce GHG emissions by two-thirds times per capita (Welle et al. , 2023).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: In general, it is clear that the Bitcoin technology has a clear value wherever censorship-resistance is required. Money is one example, social media is another (e. g. , ). As was mentioned above, in a market economy, when an asset is valuable to some people, then it is valuable to the entire economy. Consequently, people who do not belong to any of these populations can still regard Bitcoin as a safe haven for their money. However, the fact that Bitcoin is valuable only increases the mystery as for the origin of its value. In the previous sections, we have presented the problems in arguments, which claim that Bitcoin should be worthless. Before we present the last argument, which will lead us to the origin of the Bitcoin’s value, it is instructive to discuss incorrect explanations, from which we will learn what cannot explain the origin of the value of Bitcoin. 20. Backed by energy It is repeatedly mentioned by crypto advocates that Bitcoin is backed by proof-of-work, or, that it is backed by energy or by the mining’s electricity. In particular, such an explanation was used by John McAfee to justify his prediction of the Bitcoin price at the end of 2020 [30]. The argument goes like that: currently, it costs several million dollars to mine 1800 BTC (the current daily yield). Within few decades, the mining rate will decrease substantially, while there is no reason to assume that the cost will decline (more plausible that it will rise). Therefore, one may conclude that because Bitcoin’s mining cost will rise, its price must rise as well. This is a very common error that is based on the classical economists’ theory of value—the labor theory of value. This theory, which was developed by Smith, Ricardo and their followers (including Marx), was based on the premises that the labor is the source of value. This theory helped them to explain the water-diamond paradox, namely, why the value of diamonds is higher than the value of water, while clearly water is much more useful than diamonds. The classical economists would reply that it costs more to mine and to shape diamonds than to pump water from a nearby well. The subjectivist schools of economics, in general, and the Austrian school, in particular, would strongly disagree.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Boxes. . orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. is untraceable. Please allow 4-7 weeks for delivery. . Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Boxes. Because of the variability of customs processes and procedures in different countries, ASTM International cannot guarantee transit times to international destinations. Customs duty and taxes are the responsibility of the consignee. Shipping & Handling charges follow the rate schedule, below: Shipping & Up to $50. 00 $18. 00 $50. 01 to $100. 00 $20. 00 $100. 01 to $150. 00 $28. 38 $150. 01 to $250. 00 $37. 59 $250. 01 to $500. 00 $54. 09 $500. 01 to $750. 00 $73. 48 $750. 01 to $1000. 00 $89. 57 $1000. 01 to $1500. 00 $116. 61 $1500. 01 to $2500. 00 $152. 29 $2500. 01 to $4999. 00 $201. 00 $5000. 00 to $higher $225. 00 Shipping and Handling charges are approximate. Additional charges may be incurred if your order requires multiple shipments. This does not apply to complete sets and sections. × -. By purchasing a subscription and clicking through this agreement, you are entering into a contract, and acknowledge that you have read this License Agreement, that you understand it and agree to be bound by its terms. If you do not agree to the terms of this License Agreement, promptly exit this page without entering the ASTM Product. 1. Ownership:is copyrighted, both as a compilation and as individual standards, 2. Definitions. A. Types of Licensees: (i) Individual User:a single unique computer, with an individual IP address; (ii) Single-Site:one geographic location or to multiple sites within one city that are part of a single organization unit administered centrally; for example, different campuses of the same university within the same city administered centrally. (iii) Multi-Site:an organization or company with independently administered multiple locations within one city; or an organization or company located in more than one city, state or country, with central administration for all locations. B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: Ensuring smooth traffic flow by solving traffic congestion problems further improves fuel economy (Fig. 17). Fig. 17Improved traffic managementFull size imageImprovement of efficiency by traffic pattern improvementWith current infrastructure in place between FY2009 to FY2019 per FHWA, a reduction of average of 0. 57 h was observed for urban areas (US Department of Highway Administration, 2024). So, from 2022 to 2052, with existing strategies in place, a drop to 1. 81 h is possible. Total urban area in the US comprises of 3% of land area and 80. 7% population (Staff, 2017). So, the energy demand may be adjusted to account for this; whereas with a modified model for obtaining energy demand for EVs, the mentioned congestion hours would approach zero as there is the likelihood of least traffic congestion. However, the modified model accounted for EV improving energy consumption (kWh/mile) based on EPA data published data on fuel economy for EVs. Effects of fuel economy based on improved traffic congestion were not considered in the modified model. Evolving EV technologyThe battery EVs are evolving every year, and the efficiency of both power train and lithium-ion batteries has improved over the last decade. The overall conversion of available battery power in an EV to rotational motion is 90%. And with the missing piston movement of a traditional ICE vehicle, EVs promise improved dynamics on the road. Li-ion battery efficiency depends on charge current, state of charge, and temperature. From 2022 to 2052, with improved vehicles launched by several manufacturers, an energy consumption efficiency of 39% is possible. So, the energy demand was adjusted to account for this in the modified model. Obtaining improvement in energy consumption by EVPer the US Department of Economy (Fuel Economy, 2024), the electric cars available in US market from 2000 to 2024 are depicted in Fig. 18 for amount of their energy consumption (in kWh/mile). Figure 19 shows energy consumption (in kWh/mile) profile for EVs available in the year 2024. Figure 20 provides with average kWh/mile each year. Fig. 18Vehicle energy consumption (kWh/mile) profile 2000 to 2024 (Fuel Economy, 2024)Full size imageFig. 19Vehicle energy consumption (kWh/mile) profile 2024 (Fuel Economy, 2024)Full size imageFig. 20Average energy consumption (kWh/mile) 2000 to 2024Full size imageAnnual energy generation of 38.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Bohm-Bawerk, the well-known economist, would argue that it may be very costly to prepare a mud pie, nevertheless, the mud pie is still worthless. economists would argue that the classical economists made it all wrong. It is the price of the product that determines its cost and not the vice-versa. That is, if a producer evaluates that he can sell a product for 1000$, he will be willing to pay production costs, which are lower than 1000$. Clearly, the competition enforces the producer to lower the product’s price until it is close to the product’s cost. However, had he not known that he could sell the product at a price higher than the cost he would not have produced it. The same thing applies to any product, and mining is not an exception. As long as the market price of gold is higher than the cost of mining, then mining will continue, otherwise, the miners would stop the mining process. That is, the market cost of gold (approximately 1200$/ounce today) determines the maximum cost of mining. In the case of Bitcoin, the mining process cannot stop. In fact, since every 10 min a new block is added to the blockchain, then the algorithm keeps adjusting the mining difficulty to maintain a constant rate of block production. Therefore, the algorithm makes sure that the mining cost would remain below the market price so that mining would never stop. 21. Too costly to mine A similar reasoning appears in a different argument against Bitcoin: the Bitcoin mining costs are extremely high, and even now, its electricity consumption is equal to that of a small country (like Ireland). Within several years, the costs would be gigantic, and it would be unprofitable to mine additional coins. Again, this is a complete misunderstanding of the mining process. As was explained above, unlike gold mining, there is no given external cost for mining Bitcoin. The causality between cost and prices works in the opposite direction—Bitcoin prices determine the cost of mining. Therefore, at any given time, the users of the Bitcoin network are the ones who determine the amount of money they are willing to invest in the network security. That is, first, the mining cost cannot increase beyond the amount the users are willing to pay, and second, the electricity cost is not a wasted investment; it is a measure of the network security. The more people trust the Bitcoin network, the more they are willing to invest in it.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Authorized Users:any individual who has subscribed to this Product; if a Site License, also includes registered students, faculty or staff member, or employee of the Licensee, at the Single or Multiple Site. 3. Limited License. ASTM grants Licensee a limited, revocable, nonexclusive, non-transferable license to access, by means of one or more authorized IP addresses, and according to the terms of this Agreement, to make the uses permitted and described below, each ASTM Product to which Licensee has subscribed. A. Specific Licenses: (i) Individual User: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents, solely for Licensee's own use. That is, Licensee may access and download an electronic file of a Document (or portion of a Document) for temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of a Document for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the single hard copy print may be reproduced in anyway. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. That is, the electronic file cannot be emailed, downloaded to disk, copied to another hard drive or otherwise shared. The single hard copy print may only be distributed to others for their internal use within your organization; it may not be copied. The individual Document downloaded may not otherwise be sold or resold, rented, leased, lent or sub-licensed. (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: 15 M GWh by each state converts to 4355 GW of generation capacity, and 15. 06 M GWh to 1719 GW. Each state’s required capacity charging infrastructure was calculated by assuming a 90% efficiency through either Level 1/2/3 type charger at rated power in kW. Figure 14 shows when energy consumption is 38. 15 M GWh and Fig. 24 shows when energy consumption is 15. 06 M GWh. The existing installed capacity of electric charging infrastructure was accounted per EVAdoption (EVAdoption, 2021). Considering the 2014 to 2024 period, the average energy consumption per mile for cars will increase up to 0. 53 kWh/mile in 2052 as per Fig. 21 projections. However, when EVs from one manufacturer (Tesla Motors) were considered, it was observed that kWh/mile reduced from 0. 298 kWh/mile to 0. 061 kWh/mile during the same duration from 2014 to 2024, as seen in Fig. 22. Hence, the forecast from Fig. 21 was discarded. Whether the technology has the potential to reduce the energy consumption per mile to the extent seen in Fig. 22 is questionable, given there will be operational challenges with the optimization of electric motors and batteries. However, an educated judgment allows the author to utilize the year 2038 values (0. 18 kWh/mile) until the end of 2052 for the modified model. When this 0. 18 kWh/mile in 2052 compares with the average of 0. 298 kWh/mile in 2024, a 39. 47% improvement is observed. With this 39. 47% improvement between 2024 and 2052 in EV fuel efficiency, an educated judgment is to apply this to the entire automobile industry, given they have similar EV principles of operation. Additionally, the vehicles were assumed to operate at the same energy consumption per mile during any trip, irrespective of city or highway. Fig. 21Average energy consumption (kWh/mile) projection by 2052Full size imageFig. 22Average energy consumption (kWh/mile) projection by 2052Full size imageModified model and resultsFactoring improvements because of improved EV technology and thus improved energy consumption (kWh/mile) and improved transportation pattern, Fig. 23 shows a modified model for obtaining energy required and hence required generation. Improvements because of modified transportation patterns were not accounted for in the modified model. Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Consequently, the Bitcoin price increases, and so does, as a byproduct, the mining cost, which measures the network computation power. That is, the more secure the network is, the more trustworthy it becomes in practice via the price mechanism. This is a positive feedback, which strengthens the network. However, there is a limit to the cost of security, which people are willing to pay in any financial transaction. This limit determines the mining cost. It is interesting that a similar argument was put against the gold standard. Followers of the monetary school of economics argued that unlike fiat money, gold mining is a waste of useful resources, which can be directed to other useful industrial sectors. The answer of the Austrian school was that it is a small price to pay to prevent the government from inflating the amount of money [31]. economists have a nice analogy: why so many resources are invested in steel locks? Wouldn’t it be smarter had we replaced them with paper locks and allocate the steel to better uses? This is clearly a rhetorical question. Security is a costly business. We pay for security and safety. This is an important point. In a stationary economy, or, in the Austrian school terminology, the Economy (ERE), the future is already known, and there are neither surprises nor risks. Consequently, there is no need for money. In the ERE, money has no function. People need money only in states of uncertainty. Money helps relieve the sense of uncertainty. However, counterfeiting is a source of concern. Fiat money is susceptible to the whims of the government. Governments can (and do) inflate the money supply indefinitely. The supply of gold, on the other hand, is regulated by the market, since gold counterfeiting is extremely difficult. Only when the market price exceeds the mining cost, new gold is generated by mining. The same reasoning applies to Bitcoin. However, there are some very important differences: as was explained above, it is more difficult to counterfeit Bitcoin than gold, let alone fiat currency. Moreover, the ability to counterfeit fiat currency and gold is independent of their value. Therefore, as their value rises, additional counterfeiting attempts are made. The opposite is true for Bitcoin. The difficulty to attack the Bitcoin network is proportional to the Hash power of the Bitcoin mining; however, the cost of this power is proportional to the price of Bitcoin (since most of the Bitcoins have already been mined).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A. Licensee is responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent prohibited uses, and promptly notify ASTM of any infringements of copyright or prohibited use of which Licensee becomes aware. Licensee will cooperate with ASTM in investigating any such prohibited uses and will take reasonable steps to ensure the cessation of such activity and to prevent any reoccurrence. B. Licensee shall use all reasonable efforts to protect the Product from any use that is not permitted under this Agreement, and shall notify ASTM of any use of which it learns or is notified. 5. to Product. ASTM reserves the right to terminate this License, upon written notice, if Licensee materially breaches the terms of this Agreement. fails to pay ASTM any license or subscription fees when due, ASTM will provide the Licensee with a 30-day period within which to cure such breach. No cure period will be provided for material breaches relating to violations of Section 3 or any other breach likely to cause ASTM irreparable harm. If Licensee's subscription to an ASTM Product terminates, further access to the online database will be denied. or materially breach this License or make prohibited uses of material in any reserves the right to deny Licensee any access to the ASTM Product, in ASTM's sole discretion. 6. and Service. A. use standard Internet HTML format.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: 23Modified modelFull size imageProjected energy demand reduces to a cumulative of 15,059,496 GWh in Fig. 24. This marks a 60% reduction from projected in the previous model. Figures 25 and 26 show modified energy generation and charging infrastructure capacity required by each state, respectively. Fig. 24Modified energy consumptionFull size imageFig. 25Modified annual energy consumption by state (PWh)Full size imageFig. 26Modified charging infrastructure required by state (GW)Full size imageConclusionPreparedness for EV transitionEVs are the future of transportation and being prepared for associated challenges drives this research work. The global energy reserves for petroleum resources are supposed to last long enough to support demands until 2052. Vehicles in the US will continue to grow every year per the forecast model. However, a drop in the automobile category is visible between 2012 to 2022, indicating similar trends for upcoming decades. Buses, trucks, and motorcycles were seen to grow during the same time, indicating similar trends for upcoming decades. Thus, the total number of projected figures for vehicles by each category was 374,820,943. Since the current share of EVs is significantly low, a quantification of energy required to support 100% EVs by 2052 was obtained. Thus, the quantified vehicles and energy required to support them prepare us for planning the future. Solar PV system installationSolar PV systems offer ease in meeting rising power demand from an EV. A residential owner can easily install at least 7 × 400W modules requiring 159 sq. of roof space to support one EV at home located in Randallstown, Maryland. Since the power generation from solar varies throughout the year, the ability of bi-directional flow of power between homeowners and power grids becomes a viable solution. Teeing the utility interconnection point at the service entrance is the most economical, whereas smart integration of home battery energy storage systems requires energy management by HEMS. However, local codes and standards define the detailed electrical distribution system designs. The HEMS, with monitoring, controlling, managing, logging, and detection of faults capabilities, offers smart grid applications. Both these concepts of roof-top solar can materialize for residential and commercial buildings, and their energy management system. Energy demand calculation and EV charging infrastructureWith the forecasted vehicle profile in hand, both average miles driven and EV mileage or energy consumption per mile were accounted for in obtaining the total annual energy consumption.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Therefore, unlike fiat money and unlike gold, as the price of Bitcoin rises, it becomes more difficult to attack the network (Bitcoin’s equivalent of counterfeiting). To summarize this point, the high mining cost is not a waste—it is a security investment. 22. Scarcity and value Another misconception about the origin of the value of Bitcoin is that unlike fiat money, which is created “out of thin air,” the number of Bitcoins is fixed and cannot be changed, and this inherent scarcity is the source of its value. First, as was explained above, Bitcoin is also inflationary. In fact, the important characteristic of the decentralized crypto coins is not that coins cannot be created “out of thin air,” but that their creation is fully determined by the well-known protocol and cannot be manipulated by a central entity (i. e. , governments). Therefore, the users can take account of the inflation parameters into their future financial contracts. This property of cryptocurrencies is a clear advantage they have over fiat currencies. In fact, this is a major advantage even over commodities backed currencies, such as gold, since the future mining rate of gold is unknown, while cryptocurrencies are created in a predetermined manner. Second, scarcity, by itself, cannot be the source of value. Using Bohm-Bawerk example, the fact that a certain mud pie cannot be reproduced is, in itself, an insufficient demand to make it valuable. Scarcity is a necessary but insufficient condition for value creation. 23. The regression theorem and the origin of value It was who formulated in 1903 the vicious circle of money [32]. The marginal value theory of Menger, the forefather of the Austrians school, can explain why a handful of diamond worth considerably more than the buckets of water, despite the fact that water is clearly more essential to human existence than diamonds are [33]; however, it could not explain why a seemingly worthless object like pieces of papers can have a high value. In other words, it cannot explain why people would be willing to exchange them with commodities, which have a clear intrinsic value. It was clear that if people, for some reason, attribute value to money, then it would be a logical behavior for the individual to attribute value for money, even if he does not find it useful to himself.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: ASTM reserves the right to change such format upon three [3] months' notice to Licensee, although ASTM will make reasonable efforts to use commonly available formats. and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification. ASTM has the right to verify compliance with this Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. To do so, ASTM will engage an independent consultant, subject to a confidentiality agreement, to review Licensee's use of ASTM Product and/or Documents. Licensee agrees to permit access to its information and computer systems for this purpose. Verification will take place upon no less than 15 days notice, during normal business hours and in a manner that does not interfere unreasonably with Licensee's operations. If verification reveals unlicensed or prohibited use of the ASTM Products or Documents, Licensee agrees to reimburse ASTM for the costs incurred in verification and reimburse ASTM for any unlicensed/prohibited uses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: The annual energy consumption was 38,154,284 GWh and with the modified model, 15,059,496 GWh. The modified model factored in the improved mileage obtained from current trends. With the majority of power generation relying on fossil fuels there is a need to increase the usage of renewable energy. Large-scale solar PV systems for residential, commercial, and industrial use improve the power generation profile. Based on the energy demand for EVs by 2052 by each state, the capacity of EV charging infrastructure required is presented in Figs. 25 and 26 for both base and modified models. ImprovementsImproved transportation management with reduction of congestion and intelligently controlling the traffic movement ensures safety and reduction in travel times, thereby reducing the consumption of energy. Additionally, the increasing conversion efficiency of chemical energy to electricity from Li-ion batteries and improvements in vehicle dynamics in EVs result in reduced energy consumption. The modified model based on such efficiency improvements resulted in a 60% reduction to 15,059,496 GWh. The modified model was based on forecasted improved energy efficiency of the EV. IssuesThe forecasting was based on time series methodology, whereas some authors may prefer other statistical techniques such as moving square and linear regression. Additionally, some software in data analysis offers readily available tools and techniques to accurately predict future value based on past statistics. The selection of suitable tools and techniques is dependent on user p2052. For researchers and graduate students, the methodology laid becomes a foundation for future studies in electrification. Although the EV transition depends on the government and other stakeholders' interests, a simple evaluation of higher fuel economy and reduced carbon emissions from EVs against their ICE counterparts makes EV transition, a positive move. Three pillars of sustainability try to maintain a best fit within social, economic, and environmental impacts; thus, returns on investment for such a large-scale electrification need a fit with social and environmental returns. For example, reduced emission from EVs contributes towards safer and healthier premises. Discussion and future scopeThe losses due to transmission and distribution of power were ignored. However, a typical industry-wide transmission and distribution loss of 5 to 7% may increase similar burden on the generation companies when supplying the increased energy demand from EVs. The concept of charging while in motion on the roadways is a futuristic concept, and the widespread use of ultra-fast chargers may improve the user experience and comfort levels.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: However, how did money gain its value in the first place, or, in others word, it is a vicious circle to say that people want money simply because people want money [32]. Mises, apparently, solved this conundrum. He said that people want money today because they anticipate that other people would want it tomorrow since they wanted it yesterday, that is, money has value today because it has value yesterday. By introducing time schedule into the description of the process, Mises circumvented the vicious circle. But he did it with a cost. This logic leads to the unavoidable conclusion that any money had, prior to its use as a medium of exchange, an intrinsic value [34]. Thus, there is an argument that Bitcoin cannot be money since it never had an intrinsic value, that is, while the US fiat dollar is valuable today since it was based on the original value of the gold dollar, which was based for millennia on the currency value of gold, which was based somewhere in the past on the commodity value of gold, they claim that Bitcoin does not have such a chain of events. One cannot find any intrinsic value in the Bitcoin genesis. While gold has an extensive commodity use in its premonetary era, Bitcoin, according to them, had no nonmonetary history and therefore cannot evolve into money. This claim has several flaws. First, they turn Mises’ argument on its head—Mises used his argument to explain how apparently worthless object can be used as a medium of exchange. Bitcoin is already a medium of exchange, which means that there are only two options, either Mises argument is erroneous or that they are missing something about Bitcoin. In fact, Mises was not entirely accurate and Bitcoin does have a nonmonetary value. I would like to harness a physical analogy to explain this point—the laser. When a laser is connected to a power supply, it emits coherent light almost instantaneously. Nowadays, lasers are very common and there is nothing special about this; however, a laser is not a light bulb, the origin of light in a laser can be regarded as a similar mystery. A laser consists of two basic elements: a light amplifier and a resonator, which is actually a feedback mechanism. Hence, a laser is a giant amplifying machine. Using the feedback, the laser keeps on amplifying the light. But wait! Where did the light originally come from?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: By invoking this procedure, ASTM does not waive any of its rights to enforce this Agreement or to protect its intellectual property by any other means permitted by law. Licensee acknowledges and agrees that ASTM may imbed certain identifying or tracking information in the ASTM Products available on the Portal. 9. Passwords:Licensee must immediately notify ASTM of any known or suspected unauthorized use(s) of its password(s), or any known or suspected breach of security, including the loss, theft unauthorized disclosure of such password or any unauthorized access to or use of the ASTM Product. Licensee is solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of its password(s) and for ensuring the authorized access and use of the ASTM Product. Personal accounts/passwords may not be shared. 10. Disclaimer of Warranty: Unless specified in this Agreement, all express or implied conditions, representations and warranties, including any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement are disclaimed, except to the extent that these disclaimers are held to be legally invalid. 11. Limitation of Liability: To the extent not prohibited by law, in no event will ASTM be liable for any loss, damage, lost data or for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages, however caused regardless of the theory of liability, arising out of or related to the use of the ASTM Product or downloading of the ASTM Documents. In no event will ASTM's liability exceed the amount paid by Licensee under this License Agreement. 12. General. A. Termination:is effective until terminated. Licensee may terminate this Agreement at any time by destroying all copies (hard, digital or in any media)of the ASTM Documents and terminating all access to the ASTM Product. B. Governing Law, Venue, and Jurisdiction:shall be interpreted and construed in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Licensee agrees to submit to jurisdiction and venue in the state and federal courts of Pennsylvania for any dispute which may arise under this Agreement. Licensee also agrees to waive any claim of immunity it may possess. C. Integration:is the entire agreement between Licensee and ASTM relating to its subject matter.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eating a balanced diet is essential for long-term health. [SEP] Text: MENU eISSN 2508-7576 pISSN 2508-6235 E-alert the and and 10. 7570/jomes. 2018. 27. 1. 39Copyright © for the Study of Obesity. Eating a Balanced Diet: A through a in the Age of of of Medicine, Seongnam, KoreaCorrespondence to:Soo Lim, Department of of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea,Tel: +82-31-787-7035,Fax: +82-31-787-4051,E-mail: limsoo@snu. ac. krThis is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. to ::55:20:25-2017. The purpose of these guidelines is to encourage people to eat a balanced diet that meets the recommended caloric intake, thereby reducing the risk of obesity and obesity-related diseases. First, eat a carbohydrate:protein:fat ratio of 55:20:25. Middle-aged and elderly Koreans consume a high proportion of carbohydrates as part of their total caloric intake, and those ≥65 years consume a low proportion of fat as part of the total caloric intake. Second, reduce consumption of soda and sugar-sweetened beverages. The recent Organization recommendation for added sugar is less than 10% of a person’s total daily energy intake (<50 g/day). Koreans currently consume 72. 1 g of added sugar per day. Koreans between the ages of 6 and 29 years consume sugar mostly through sodas, and those ≥30 years consume sugar mostly through coffee. Third, maintain the recommended caloric intake for a healthy diet. Rapid weight gain increases blood sugar levels and blood pressure, which can lead to diabetes and hypertension, as well as increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and colorectal cancer. To help prevent these conditions, people should maintain a healthy weight by avoiding overeating and being physically active starting at a young age. Keywords: Beverage, Obesity, Metabolic syndrome, Body weight to ::55:20:25-2017. It has been modified for the format of Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: The laser has no element that generates the “original” light (i. e. , the primordial photons), it only amplifies it. So where did the light originally come from? Well, actually, this is quite a mystery that nobody really knows. The source can be thermal noise, scattered light, or maybe the zero point energy. While academically it may be an interesting question, it is practically irrelevant to the laser operation. Moreover, it teaches us an important lesson—in the presence of a highly efficient amplifying process, the increase is exponential, and therefore the initial trigger is practically irrelevant. It doesn’t matter whether the process started from a single photon, ten photons or a hundred, the changes in the time till it reaches equilibrium (the time, in which it grows exponentially) is negligible. The same goes for Bitcoin. It was proven to be a rapidly accelerating phenomenon. In fact, just like the laser intensity or any other phenomenon with an approximately constant rate increase, the value of Bitcoin grew exponentially: within about 4 years it increased by a factor of a million! The technology was proven so successful that the initial value, people attributed to Bitcoin, is unimportant. The legendary pizza transaction, which allegedly determined its initial market value (in which a couple of pizzas were sold for 10,000 BTC), could be totally different. It could have been sold for 1000 or 100,000 BTCs, and the final outcome would be almost the same and it would be determined by the equilibrium value. In fact, the entire process can start from a whim of a handful of strange geeks (see, for example [35]). That is totally sufficient, exactly like the amplifying process in a laser, which can start, for all we know, from a single photon, which accidentally was present in the laser’s cavity. In the previous paragraphs, it was explained why one does not have to prove that Bitcoin currently has an intrinsic use value in order to show that its exchange value, that is, its value as a medium of exchange, does not contradict Mises’ regression theorem; nevertheless, Bitcoin had and still has an intrinsic use value. Clearly, even prior to the Pizza transaction, the initial miner group attributed value to Bitcoin since they spent their time and the energy consumption of their computers to generate these Bitcoins.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Conferences 0 in with login/password Your subscription volumesFor authors About A&A Aims and scopeHistoryEditors of A&ABoard of DirectorsIndexed inCopyrightA&A leaflet (PDF)A&A S2O leaflet (PDF)MastheadBrowse 1. Introduction2. Main guidelines for A&A style3. General structure4. UK versus US spelling and grammar5. Punctuation and style concerns regarding equations, figures, tables, and footnotes6. Verb tenses7. General hyphenation guide8. Common editing issues9. Measurements and their descriptions10. Suggested resources for more tips on language editing in the sciences(PDF file)LaTeX issues TeXnical background information The preamble of your TEX fileThe manuscript headerIncluding author names using non-Roman alphabetsThe main textFiguresTablesMultimedia 1. Introduction2. Main guidelines for A&A style3. General structure4. UK versus US spelling and grammar5. Punctuation and style concerns regarding equations, figures, tables, and footnotes6. Verb tenses7. General hyphenation guide8. Common editing issues9. Measurements and their descriptions10. Suggested resources for more tips on language editing in the sciences(PDF file)LaTeX issues TeXnical background information The preamble of your TEX fileThe manuscript headerIncluding author names using non-Roman alphabetsThe main textFiguresTablesMultimedia 10. 1051/0004-6361/201014139 Published online 24 February 2010 TopAbstract1 Introduction2 Planet detection testbed3 Conclusions and discussion360. C: Planet template signal of unity amplitude produced by phase chopping. This signal was used as the matched filter to test the noise suppression. Open with exoplanet signal detection process is illustrated in Fig. 2. Approximating the intensities in terms of orders of magnitude, top left, the star's intensity is normalized to unity and the local Zodiacal background light has an intensity of 10-4. The starlight would be nulled to the 10-5 level and then rotation of the interferometer array, averaging, matched filtering, and finally spectral fitting (Lay 2006) reduce the starlight to 10-8 of the original intensity. The planet detection testbed (Booth et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eating a balanced diet is essential for long-term health. [SEP] Text: The TFT Committee of the for a Healthy Life: Association statement (2017) and for the Study of Obesity approved this publication to advocate public awareness and education. ::55:20:25 Go to ::55:20:25-2. 2 times higher than the recommended daily allowance (2,000 mg) in men and 1. 6 times higher in women. It is estimated that four out of five people consume more sodium than recommended. An additional investigation of the intake of various food groups revealed that, until 2014, individuals’ daily intake of grains gradually decreased, while daily meat consumption rose steadily. Vegetable and fruit intake, in comparison, was still inadequate, with only 38. 3% of people eating more than 500 g of vegetables and fruits daily (based on data in 2014). This percentage was even lower in people with lower socioeconomic status, meaning that a systematic investigation is needed. 1,4Regarding the excessive or insufficient intake of various nutrients and food groups in Korea, consumption practices on the individual level should be changed first; in addition, strategies for improving nutrition management are needed and can be developed using dietary policies that support the centralized management of nutrients and food groups. Plan 2020 (2016–2020) set the nutrition-specific objective of increasing the percentage of the population with healthy dietary habits, including the consumption of appropriate amounts of dietary fat and sodium, fruits and vegetables, calcium, and vitamin A, and the outcomes of this strategy are eagerly anticipated. 5 -to ::55:20:25-72. 1 g (less than 20% of the recommended daily caloric intake for a 2,000 kcal diet), which is currently not a level of huge concern; however, there was a 3. 5% yearly average increase between 2007 to 2013, and the amount of sugar intake from processed foods is currently 44. 7 g (2013), reflecting a yearly average increase of 5. 8% compared to 2007. 1 Accordingly, the Ministry of Food and has proposed sugar-related recommendations, such as “Eat less sugar” and “Drink plenty of water instead of sweetened drinks” (Fig. 4). 1 Considering the increase in sugar intake, along with the rapid increase in beverage consumption, it is time to take preemptive and systematic actions to encourage appropriate levels of sugar intake by encouraging Koreans to change their dietary habits.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Bitcoin is not the only thing that can be sent via the blockchain, in fact, almost any kind of information can be sent via the transactions, and this is an irreversible process, since any such information will remain in the blockchain for eternity, and everyone in the network will have an access to this information. Bitcoins are the cost of perpetuating the information. In other words, Bitcoins can be regarded as the “real estate” of the blockchain. The more Bitcoins a person has, the more information he can send on the blockchain. There are all kinds of data encapsulated on the blockchain: poems, prays, political statements, commercials, and even photos [36]. In fact, it is amazing how many kinds of information can be found there. It is not difficult to find many applications for this kind of information retention. One of the special applications is the announcement of contracts. Such contracts will be confirmed by the blockchain. Or another important application is a decentralized registrar of real estate (or any other type of property). With the Bitcoin network, one can announce ownership of objects, the information will be available instantaneously, and since it is not centralized, then there is no fear of losing this information. The important thing is to realize that there is no direct connection between this information and the value of Bitcoin. The relation is indirect. The value of these announcements is directly related to the number of nodes in the network. The more people are connected to the Bitcoin network, the more valuable this information is. Therefore, if the network is large enough, then people will like to use it by sending and announcing information. However, it is clear that when the network grows, sending information becomes more valuable, and therefore the value of the network’s coin, which controls it, increases as well. The more coins a person owns, the more he controls the network. Again we see that owning Bitcoin is like owning real estate on the blockchain. Clearly, at its inception, when the Bitcoin network was small, the value of publishing data over it was low, but then the Bitcoin’s value was accordingly small. In fact, in its genesis, the Bitcoin’s value could have been only the subjective value of the first few geeks, who mined it (including Satoshi himself). When the network grows, the Bitcoin value increases exponentially, just like the laser power.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: 2008) (PDT) has been developed for NASA's terrestrial planet finder interferometer (TPF-I) program to test this method of exoplanet detection using mid-infrared nulling. In our laboratory experiment, performed on the PDT, the light from a bright monochromatic source (forming the star) is split into four identical beams and may be combined with four beams of light from a faint source (forming the planet). For the test outlined here, we did not use the planet source. The four beams are then combined in a four-beam nulling interferometer, which eliminates most of the starlight by nulling the beams in pairs. The outputs of the two nullers are then combined and a phase modulation is also applied, enabling homodyne detection of the signal via a lock-in amplifier. The testbed embodies the main systems required for a large infrared telescope array (Martin 2005) such as fringe tracking for phase-locking on the star and laser metrology for internal pathlength and alignment control. Since the testbed's beam combination scheme is the same as that of TPF-Emma, it produces realistic signals which can be used to test starlight suppression and noise rejection. The output data can then be processed to test for the presence of planetary companions to the artificial star. Since, in this case, there are no companions, the test measures the noise level at the chosen radius, which was at the peak of the first constructive fringe on the nulling baseline. On the right of Fig. 2, the test described here is illustrated, reproducing all but one of the exoplanet detection steps. The starlight will be nulled to the 10-5 level and then averaging and matched filtering (testing for specific planet signatures, which would be created by the rotation of the interferometer array) will reduce the starlight to at most 10-7 of the original intensity. This level therefore forms the baseline noise level. Since the testbed currently uses a monochromatic source for the star, the spectral fitting step shown on the left, which requires a broadband source and is used to reduce the instability noise (Lay 2004), cannot yet be executed. Figure 2: Exoplanet detection process using a nulling interferometer. Open with 3: A: Data from the detector. The periodic full scale excursions are the resets.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eating a balanced diet is essential for long-term health. [SEP] Text: Additionally, according to an investigation conducted by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, people between the ages of 3 and 29 years old exceeded the recommended amount of sugar intake through processed foods in 2013, and the number of people from other age groups who exceeded this amount was on the rise. Presumably, added sugar intake through beverages or processed food was the cause for this increase. Those aged 6 years and older mostly consumed sugar from processed foods through beverages. The investigation reported that 1- to 5-year-olds mostly consumed sugar through fruit and vegetable juices, 6- to 29-year-olds through soda, and those 30 years old and over through coffee, especially coffee with added sugar, such as coffee mixes and canned coffee. 1Sugar-sweetened beverages are quite diverse, including drinks such as soda, vitamin drinks, energy drinks, and coffee, and these drinks account for a large part of the daily sugar intake of teenagers. Teenagers have a particularly high sugar intake compared to other age groups; therefore, continuous monitoring and management of their sugar consumption are necessary. We need to provide consumer education to raise awareness of the significant amounts of added sugar present in children’s food, such as juice, processed milk such as chocolate milk, yogurt, and snacks. to ::55:20:25-10. 5%) and increases in triglyceride levels (6. 2%) and abdominal obesity (2. 9%), which indicates that the lack of physical activity and excessive nutrient intake can be considered the main causes of the increase in metabolic syndrome among children and teenagers. 12 In fact, it is important to note that over the past 10 years, Korean teenagers have been engaging in less exercise and consuming more fat. 1A comparative analysis of Survey data from the and Korea in the past 10 years showed a decrease in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among teenagers in the United States, while the rate doubled for Korean teenagers. 12 If the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Korean teenagers continues to rise, it is predicted that metabolic syndrome will increase by 0. 4% every year, resulting in 22,000 new cases annually among teenagers. To prevent this, schools and households should provide balanced meals, increase the number of physical education classes, and provide after-school programs that allow teenagers to voluntarily engage in more physical activity, all of which require parents to change their perceptions of their children’s health and for a different governmental policy approach to be implemented.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Nowadays, the fees of sending information over the blockchain are quite high, and therefore people seldom use the blockchain for broadcasting information. As a consequence, they tend to forget that the Bitcoin network has a clear nonmonetary use, and therefore it has a subjective use value. In any case, the fact that Bitcoin has a nonzero value does not and cannot contradict Mises’ regression theorem. 24. has many enemies, and, as a consequence, there are many arguments, which allegedly explains, why Bitcoin should be worthless or should be banned. The truth is that Bitcoin is extremely valuable and is here to stay because it cannot be banned. On the other hand, Bitcoin has many advocates, which use inaccurate arguments to justify the origin of its value. The fact that these arguments were presented by renowned economists shows us that our understanding about the origin of money did not change much during the last century. The mysterious gave us the opportunity to revive these century-old conundrums. The main conclusions are:Bitcoin is not a scheme; it is a great monetary invention, which has a clear economic value. It cannot and should not be banned by governments. In fact, any government’s manipulation and regulation emphasize and increase the need for cryptocurrencies. Criminals are not the only ones who see the benefits in using cryptocurrencies. In the third world (e. g. , Venezuela and Zimbabwe), cryptos are lifesavers. In general, cryptos are extremely valuable wherever censorship resistance is required, and in a global market economy, that fact creates value for everyone. Bitcoin does suffer from infancy problems (high volatility and high transaction costs); however, these issues are not fundamental and will be resolved eventually (we already see many signs for that). The fact that the crypto market exceeded 800B$, despite these issues, only emphasizes the need of the markets in them. The energy which is spent in crypto mining is not a wasted energy. It is the source of the network’s security which increases the trust in the system, and in a market economy trust is a very valuable commodity. The easiness in the creation of new coins is not equivalent to fiat money inflation. Fiat inflation is a counterfeiting process, while the creation of new cryptos is equivalent to the creation of a new invention, which may be better, but it has to surmount the former coins’ network effect. Bitcoin does not contradict any economical law.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: B: Data with processing steps applied: phase chopping, averaging over five rotations and filtering. The vertical axis shows volts measured at the detector: the full flux from the star would produce 254 V on this scale. C: Central part of interferometer field of view with a 0. 2 radian region around the star excluded. The map shows the measured noise amplitude () in space for trace B. D: For comparison with C, at identical scales, a model of the signal from a planet at location ( 0), to the right of center. The planet intensity is of the star. Open with report here the result of an experiment made with the PDT showing strong suppression of the starlight so that the characteristic signal of a planet three million times fainter than the star would be detectable at a signal to noise ratio of 10. At this suppression level, the ultimate goal of earth-sized exoplanet detection is not quite reached, but Neptune-sized planets (that are approximately three to four times larger) would be readily detectable in the habitable zone. Two planets in this size range (Kepler-4b and GJ1214b) were recently detected by transit methods (Borucki et al. 2010; Charbonneau et al. 2009). The expected star-to-planet contrast ratio would vary by a factor of 25 across the spectral band (et al. 2002), so a single number cannot cover all cases and a number of other factors would affect performance, for example, stellar diameter, zodiacal light and distance to the target system (Defrere et al. 2008). The figures used here therefore should be considered illustrative of an observation made in a portion of that wavelength range. True earth-sized planet detection requires the addition of the spectral fitting technique to the methods outlined here: this is planned as the next phase for PDT. Since the testbed operates in a normal laboratory environment rather than under a vacuum at cryogenic temperatures, some steps were taken to allow traceability of the testbed performance to flight. First, for the test discussed here, the null depth (the suppression of the starlight due to nulling) was limited to approximately 10-5 in order to emulate the suppression that would be used in space. Near the earth, the local zodiacal light and the exo-zodiacal light would total around 10-4 of the flux from the target star.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Eating a balanced diet is essential for long-term health. [SEP] Text: 12Slow down weight gain when overweight or obeseAccording to a recent study, the larger and faster the weight gain compared to one’s weight at the age of 20, the higher the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (Fig. 5). Thus, attention should also be paid to obesity early in life and to the rate and speed of weight gain. 13 Rapid weight gain causes insulin resistance, increases inflammatory responses, and raises blood sugar and blood pressure, fundamentally damaging intravascular endothelial cells, which could cause coronary artery disease. In other words, the snowball effect of rapid and significant weight gain increases the risks of cardiovascular disease; therefore, it is important for people in their 20s and 30s to control their weight. Currently, the prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease is continuously increasing in Korea. This could lead to major issues on the individual and social levels. It is important to implement preventive strategies, such as reducing westernized, high-fat, and high-calorie dietary habits, increasing physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight early in life. Unless behavioral changes are made regarding westernized dietary habits and decreased physical activity, medical costs will rise. to ::55:20:25-2017. (1) Eat a carbohydrate:protein:fat ratio of 55:20:25. (2) Reduce consumption of soda and sugar-sweetened beverages. (3) Maintain the recommended caloric intake for a healthy diet. The purpose of these guidelines is to encourage people to eat a balanced diet that meets the recommended caloric intake, thereby reducing the risk of obesity and obesity-related diseases. 1. Food balance wheels. Adapted from Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Society. 2 Fig. 2. Daily intake recommendations for adults. 2,6. Fig. 3. (A) Amount of sugar intake through processed foods by age group. (B) Distribution of main sources of sugar in beverages. 7 Fig. 4. Drink plenty of water instead of sweetened drinks. Fig. 5. Conditions of weight gain and risks of cardiovascular disease: the snowball effect. 2015. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2015. Society; Association; for the Study of Obesity; Nutrition Society; Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis. Joint statement on the low-carb high-fat diet trend from 5 professional organizations [Internet]. Seoul: for the Study of Obesity; 2016 [cited 2018 Feb 27]. Available from: for and Prevention.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: In particular, it does not contradict Mises’ regression theorem for two grounds: first, Bitcoin was valuable for the first miners even before it was used as a medium of exchange, and the regression process can be kindled by any subjective whim; second, even now Bitcoin has a nonmonetary value (just like gold) as a “real-estate” on the Bitcoin network. 1. Kharpal A. Wikihe Made 50,000% Return on to the US Government. CNBC. October 16, 2017. Available from: 2. Lujan S. Bitcoin was Built to Anarchy. Bitcoin. com. January 9, 2016. Available from: 3. del Castillo M. Guns & Crypto: is Cody Wilson's Alive. October 1, 2017. Available from: 4. Kim T. a ‘Trading Sardine,’ ‘Speculative Mania’—They are Right. CNBC. December 15, 2017. Available from: 5. Torres C. a ‘Asset’. Bloomberg Technology. December 13, 2017. Available from: Gil-Pulgar J. of the U. S. argues: Bitcoin is not rational. Bitcoin News. December 8, 2017. Available from: 7. Pollock D. is Pyramid Scheme. Cointelegraph. July 27, 2017. Available from: 8. Jr. Warning on Bitcoin: We're Probably near the Top of a bubble. CNBC. January 11, 2018. Available from: 9. Nullen C. Bitcoin is. Bloomberg Businesweek. March 14, 2018. Available from: North G. Bitcoins: Scheme in History. November 29, 2013. Available from: 11. Bennington A. : Even at $4,000 it's Still a ‘Bubble’. Coindesk. August 17, 2017. Available from: 12. North GI. Broken Pencil: Analysis of Bitcoins. December 6, 2013. Available from: 13. LeRoux C. of Bitcoin to Serve for Calculation. June 11, 2014. Available from: 14. Shostak F. Money Myth. Mises Institute. April 17, 2013. Available from: 15. Graf KS. Bitcoin as Medium of and Unit of Account Later: of Koning’s Medieval Coins. September 14, 2013.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Therefore there is little to be gained by suppressing the starlight by more than about five orders of magnitude. Secondly, the test was run over approximately three hours rather than the ten hours typically needed in space. To compensate for the resulting increased noise level, five array rotations were allowed in the analysis phase, rather than a single one. Thirdly, the testbed has nulling stability similar to that required in space, so that it produces a similar level of instability noise. Separate algebraic and numerical models were used to verify that this setup is a good analogue of the performance in space. After nulling the two pairs of input beams, the nulled output beams were combined at a beamsplitter known as the cross-combiner and then sent to the detector. The cross-combiner executes a step-like motion (known as phase chopping), which causes the phase between the nuller outputs to alternate by one half wavelength, modulating the constructive areas of the fixed nulling fringe pattern. This modulated signal was then processed to test the starlight suppression. Figure 3A shows the detector output measured in Volt. The total input starlight would measure 254 V on this scale. The horizontal axis of the figure represents time and extends over a nominal five rotations of the array, lasting a total of approximately three hours. Periodically, the testbed was automatically reset to counteract any drifting of the alignment; this results in the full scale deflections of the trace. These data, with the reset periods excluded, were then sampled as the mean difference between the detector outputs in each cycle of the alternate phase states, producing chopped data. This new dataset was then averaged by angle over the five rotations. Then we removed artifacts; a dc offset, the fundamental of the rotation frequency and the fundamental of the reset frequency. The result is shown in Fig. 3B. We then applied matched filtering to test for the presence of a planet. For an array with the dimensions 60 m and 10 m for the long and short axes respectively, nulling across the short baselines, we predict for a planet at 1 AU from its star 10 pc distant, at a wavelength of 10. 6 m, the ``chopped'' planet signal shown in Fig. 1C. To measure this putative planet signal we formed a correlation function where S is the detected signal and T is the theoretical planet signal, a template produced as discussed by Mennesson & Mariotti (1997).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Dietary fiber is important for digestive health. [SEP] Text: Mark L. Dreher4 Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH)) AbstractDuring the last several decades, there has been an increased exposure to higher energy-dense and lower fiber-containing foods and increasingly sedentary lifestyles, which have led to net habitual positive energy balances and weight gain in Western populations. For overweight or obese individuals who successfully lose weight, as many as 80% typically drift back to their original weight or more because after weight loss there are an array of metabolic regulatory processes at work to promote weight regain, so it is difficult to maintain weight loss. Consequently, maintaining a healthy weight is a daily effort but healthy fiber-rich dietary patterns can help to promote satiety and reduce overall dietary energy density to assist in weight control. Dietary fiber intake is inversely associated with obesity risk, and populations with higher fiber diets tend to be leaner than those with low fiber diets. The human gastrointestinal and energy metabolism regulatory systems evolved on pre-agriculture high fiber diets. Prospective cohort studies suggest that increased total fiber intake by >12 g/day to >25 g fiber/day, especially as a replacement for refined low fiber food, can prevent weight gain by 3. 5–5. 5 kg each decade. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) show that adequate fiber intake >28 g fiber/day from fiber-rich diets can significantly reduce body weight and waist circumference (WC) compared to low fiber Western diets (<20 g fiber/day). Fiber-rich diets are usually more effective at promoting weight loss than are fiber supplements. RCTs show that healthy fiber-rich dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean (MedDiet), to (DASH), New Nordic, and vegetarian diets do not result in weight gain and high adherence to these diets can support weight loss and lower WC compared to control diets such as low fat or Western diets in overweight or obese individuals. Biological mechanisms associated with adequate fiber intake and healthy dietary patterns, in body weight regulation include effects on lowering diet energy density directly or by displacing higher energy-dense processed foods, promoting postprandial satiety, reducing metabolizable energy, and triggering other colonic microbiota or metabolic factors. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 84.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency will soon replace all fiat currencies worldwide. [SEP] Text: Books and journals Case studies Publish with us Advanced search The eternal coin - made from real money: risks in fiat currencies Journal of : 1526-5943 1. Publisher: Copyright © 2010, The eternal coin - made from real money: risks in fiat currencies 13. 6 trillion and off-balance-sheet commitments of $5. 8 trillion - an aggregate leverage ratio of 23 to 1. They also had underwritten derivatives with a gross notional value of $216 trillion - more than a third of the total (The) Telegraph, 2009). of Toronto economics professor (1894-1952) was influential in developing modern theories of communication. He dwelt on the interaction of empires and communication. His theory was that the media people choose affect the shape and durability of their society. He divided media into two types, "space-binding" and "time-binding. " His most famous example is the distinction between space-binding papyrus and time-binding stone: • The concepts of time and space reflect the significance of media to civilization. Media which emphasize time are those which are durable in character such as parchment, clay and stone. The heavy materials are suited to the development of architecture and sculpture. Media which emphasize space are apt to be less durable and light in character such as papyrus and paper. The latter are suited to wide areas in administration and trade. The conquest of Egypt by Rome gave access to supplies of papyrus which became the basis of a large administrative empire. Materials which emphasize time favor decentralization and hierarchical types of institutions, while those which emphasize space favor centralization and systems of government less hierarchical in character (Innis, 1950, p. 7). Given Innis' theories we should expect our extremely light information age to emphasize centralization and less hierarchical government. So is money just communication? Interestingly, Innis influenced his vastly more famous Canadian colleague at the University of Toronto, Marshall McLuhan. In the same book that McLuhan points out that "the medium is the message" and spots local culture being overwhelmed by globalization, Understanding Media, he too touches on money as a medium of communication: • [. . . ] money is a language for translating the work of the farmer into the work of the barber, doctor, engineer, or plumber. As a vast social metaphor, bridge, or translator, money - like writing - speeds up exchange and tightens the bonds of interdependence in any community.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: The templates are calculated for a 6:1 X-array formation (Lay et al. 2007) of telescope apertures. At a given test radius R, all values of were tried, where these variables respectively are the angular radius from the star and the orbital phase of the planet. The rms of the function is the noise level in the signal for a planet at this radius. Figure 3C shows a plot of for all values of and for values of R ranging between 0. 2 and 1. 75 radian (equivalent to distances between 0. 4 AU and 3. 5 AU). For comparison, Fig. 3D shows a model of at the same scale for a planet three million times fainter than the star, located at 1 AU from the star. We see qualitatively a strong signal compared to Fig. 3C. Summarizing the results: normalizing the total input starlight to 1, the mean starlight suppression due to nulling was. After chopping, averaging and matched filtering, the rms output is. Thus the combination of nulling, chopping, rotational averaging and matched filtering suppresses the starlight by a factor of 60 million, measured as rms noise divided by starlight input. For comparison, a planet three million times fainter than the star and at a distance of 1 AU, will have a signal rms of which is a factor of 10 above the noise. Putting these numbers into the terms of Fig. 2, with a null about 50 better than 10-5 the starlight suppression was about three times better than the test goal. Had the null been exactly at the intended 10-5 level, (difficult to achieve precisely), the starlight suppression would have been two times better than the test goal. 3 Conclusions and discussion The testbed demonstrated starlight suppression of more than seven orders of magnitude using interferometric nulling. The performance was equivalent to that required to detect a Neptune-sized object at a distance of 1 AU from a sun-like star at a distance of 10 pc, with a signal to noise ratio of 10. Such an observation would be achievable with a 6:1 X-array formation with baselines of 10 m and 60 m between apertures. The testbed is also capable of producing realistic faint exoplanet signals for detection by the same procedure. These measurements will be reported in a subsequent paper intended for this journal.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: Research-dense areas and evidence gapsThe most extensively evaluated outcomes were the incidence of CVD, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. However, we found less sufficient evidence for the associations between potato intake and biomarkers of cardio-metabolic risk (e. g. , inflammation, oxidative stress, and blood lipids). For example, we have identified only two studies that reported the assessment of inflammation with C-reactive protein (CRP). Regarding potato intake measured, we found a considerable heterogeneity in the way potato was prepared: boiled, fried, or both. However, the majority of the studies did not perform subgroup analyses, resulting in a lack of evidence assessing the influence of specific types of potato intake on cardio-metabolic risk. DiscussionsThis evidence map has identified a large body of epidemiological evidence that evaluated potato intake with cardio-metabolic disease outcomes and categorized outcome data according to the quantified methods of potato intake, as reported in individual studies. Among studies that quantified potato intake, there was an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, weight gain, and SBP, but not for clinical endpoints of CVD and CVD mortality. However, among studies that provided frequency information on potato intake, without specifying the quantity of potatoes consumed, the associations with overall CVD risk factors or outcomes were less conclusive. In studies of dietary pattern or score, dietary patterns that included French fries or potato chips were associated with an increased cardio-metabolic risk or CVD mortality. Notably, such associations were not observed for dietary patterns that contained non-fried types of potatoes (baked or boiled), which emphasizes that the fried types of potato preparations along with associated types of foods consumed with potatoes may increase the cardio-metabolic risk. The most consistent results from studies that quantified potato intake found that an increased consumption of potatoes was generally related to an increased risk of weight gain and type 2 diabetes. For body weight, two cohorts reported by subgroups of potatoes (such as baked/boiled, fries, or chips) showed unfavorable outcomes, irrespective of the type of potato preparations, and one cohort that reported results for any type of potato also found an unfavorable outcome. This may be attributed to the high content of starches or refined carbohydrates in potatoes as it has been reported that the amount of starches or refined carbohydrates contained in foods was most associated with weight gain rather than other dietary metrics that are currently believed such as fat content or energy density [12].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency will soon replace all fiat currencies worldwide. [SEP] Text: At the extreme, an Eternal Coin, a coin that will always be accepted at never lose its value, must simultaneously connect us with all the risks of geography and time, and all the uncertainties society holds about the future. Outsourcing enduring value Recently, the euro debate has raised its head - should some countries join the euro who are out and hurt by the financial crisis (e. g. Iceland, the UK), should some countries leave (e. g. Italy)? This debate highlights an interesting-related question for a currency - how much you do or do not trust politicians. At one extreme, if you do not trust politicians, then you would like their hands as far from the levers as you can. A gridlocked entity with strict rules and over 30 nations participating is almost ideal to ensure they cannot muck around with the currency. Yet, if you do trust politicians and they are very close to your community, why not give them more control of the levers of the economy and even bring out your own local currency? There are alternatives to fiat money, when people voluntarily agree to exchange in a medium rather than use the legally enforced medium. There are numerous proponents of local currencies such as Ithaca dollars, Brixton Bricks, or Manchester Bobbins. One popular approach is a local "time bank" where people can swap hours of each other's time. Borges said: "You can't measure time in days the way you can money in dollars because every day is different. " Despite Borges, for every hour you spend helping someone at Rushey Green, you are entitled to an hour's help in return. was one of the first of its type to be established in the UK, and since 1999 it has proven to be a radical, empowering and transformational form of volunteering that gives self-confidence and stewardship to people who had previously been passive recipients of care or marginalized. Local exchange trading systems (LETS) such as are trying to link up; there is a UN program, there is a shareware system, Ripple. While time banks are an excellent example of community exchange, they supplement rather than supplant traditional money. Still, in this age of Credit Crunches, an hour of labor stored in some of these time banks does not sound so stupid when we hear the wild fluctuations in the value of government-based currencies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: The next logical step in mid-infrared starlight suppression development would be to employ spectral fitting, which affords a further level of noise suppression by enabling thedetection and compensation of the instability noise. Since this noise is produced by a 1/f process, it is only weakly reduced by an averaging process. However, instability noise has a spectral signature, which allows it to be corrected for in each detection epoch. Conversion of the PDT to operation with a broadband light source, enabling tests of starlight suppression using spectral fitting, is now being carried out. In the longer term, mid-infrared nulling interferometry also needs to be tested at realistic fluxes, which will require operation at cryogenic temperatures. This work shows that starlight suppression methods proposed for mid-infrared space interferometers are feasible and effective, and one additional step, the demonstration of spectral fitting, will complete the starlight suppression developments required for spectrally characterizing earth-like planets orbiting nearby stars. Liewer assisted with testbed development and operation. developed the software control system and several electronics systems. assisted with data analysis techniques and traceability to flight. The research described in this letter was carried out at the Laboratory, of Technology, under a contract with the. 1001. 0604] [360. C: Planet template signal of unity amplitude produced by phase chopping. This signal was used as the matched filter to test the noise suppression. Open with the text Figure 2: Exoplanet detection process using a nulling interferometer. Open with the text Figure 3: A: Data from the detector. The periodic full scale excursions are the resets. B: Data with processing steps applied: phase chopping, averaging over five rotations and filtering. The vertical axis shows volts measured at the detector: the full flux from the star would produce 254 V on this scale. C: Central part of interferometer field of view with a 0. 2 radian region around the star excluded. The map shows the measured noise amplitude () in space for trace B. D: For comparison with C, at identical scales, a model of the signal from a planet at location ( 0), to the right of center. The planet intensity is of the star. Open with the text Copyright ESO 2010 Current usage metrics About 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption is linked to a higher risk of metabolic diseases. [SEP] Text: Abstract Background: The global prevalence of noncommunicable diseases has risen rapidly over the past decade. Research has focused on dietary management, particularly dietary sugar, to prevent and treat noncommunicable diseases. Objective: This study undertakes a scoping review of research on the impacts of dietary sugar on cardiometabolic related health outcomes. Methods: Ovid Medline, Scopus and Web of collection databases were used to identify papers published from January 1, 2010 onwards. The included studies had to be cross-sectional or cohort studies, peered review, published in English and in adults, aged 18 years old and above. 27. [PMID: 28604169] [2] Saklayen MG. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Rep 2018; 20(2): 12. [ [PMID: 29480368] [3]. The effects of dietary sugars on cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease–related mortality: Finding the sweet spot. Proc 2019; 94(12): 2375-7. [ [PMID: 31806092] [4] Erickson J, Slavin J. Total, added, and free sugars: Are restrictive guidelines science-based or achievable? Nutrients 2015; 7(4): 2866-78. [ [PMID: 25884659] [5] Clar C, Al-Khudairy L, Loveman E, et al. Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. 2017; 7(7): CD004467. [PMID: 28759107] [6] Equator. . Enhancing the quality and transparency of health research. Equator resource centre. 2020. Available from: www. equator-network. org Accessed on 2nd Feb 2021 [7] Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Mech 2009; 2(5-6): 231-7. [ [PMID: 19407331] [8] Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; National heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; World heart federation; International. Circulation 2009; 120(16): 1640-5. [ [PMID: 19805654] [9] Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and crosssectional studies. Bethesda, MD: National institutes of health, department of health and human services. 2014. Available from: www.

Output: corroborate