Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The selection criterion in the purebred population was either the rank of the individual’s genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) for purebred performance (GEBVP), or its GEBV for crossbred performance (GEBVC). SNP effects for the prediction of GEBV for each breed were estimated only once, using the purebred reference population of generation 8 of step 3 (these are the parents of generations A0 and B0). These estimates of SNP effects were then repeatedly applied to predict either GEBVP or GEBVC in the following five generations of selection of the pure breeds. In generation 1 through 5, 300 animals (the top 100 males and top 200 females) were selected from the 1000 available candidates in each parental breed, based on their GEBV. Thus, the selected proportions were 20% (100 out of 500) in males and 40% in females (200 out of 500). The selected animals were randomly mated within each breed to produce 1000 purebred replacement animals for the next generation. Meanwhile, the 100 selected males of breed A were randomly mated to the 200 selected females of breed B to produce 1000 crossbred progeny (step 5). The phenotypic mean of crossbred animals was computed for each generation of selection (AB1 to AB5) to evaluate the cumulative response to selection. Genome and trait phenotypesA genome consisting of one chromosome of 1 Morgan with 100 segregating QTL and 1000 markers was simulated (Table 1). Both QTL and markers were randomly distributed over the chromosome. To reach the required number of segregating loci after 2000 generations, about two to three times as many bi-allelic loci were simulated with starting allele frequencies sampled from a uniform distribution and a recurrent mutation rate of 2. 5 × 10−4. To build the SNP panel, 1000 SNPs were randomly drawn from segregating SNPs that had a minor allele frequency (MAF) of at least 0. 05, in the last historical generation. The additive effect (a) of a QTL was defined as half the difference in genotypic value between alternate homozygotes and the dominance effect (d) as the deviation of the value of the heterozygote from the mean of the two homozygotes [7]. A gamma distribution with shape and scale parameters of 0. 4 and 1. 66, respectively, was used to generate the unsigned value of the additive effect for each QTL.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 1136/bmjgh-2019-002042 PubMed14. Li Z, Kim R, Vollmer S, Subramanian SV. Factors associated with child stunting, wasting, and underweight in 35 low- and middle-income countries. . 2020;3(4):e203386. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2020. 3386 PubMed15. Kim R, Rajpal S, Joe W, et al. Assessing associational strength of 23 correlates of child anthropometric failure: an econometric analysis of the 2015-2016 Health Survey, India.  Med. 2019;238:112374. doi:10. 1016/j. socscimed. 2019. 112374 PubMed16. Masibo PK, Makoka D. Trends and determinants of undernutrition among young Kenyan children: 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008-2009.  Nutr. 2012;15(9):1715-1727. doi:10. 1017/S1368980012002856 PubMed17. Katoch OR. Determinants of malnutrition among children: a systematic review.  Nutrition. 2022;96:111565. doi:10. 1016/j. nut. 2021. 111565 PubMed18. Corsi DJ, Neuman M, Finlay JE, Subramanian SV. Demographic and health surveys: a profile.  Epidemiol. 2012;41(6):1602-1613. doi:10. 1093/ije/dys184 PubMed19. Feenstra RC, Inklaar R, Timmer MP. The next generation of the Table.  Rev. 2015;105(10):3150-3182. doi:10. 1257/aer. 20130954 20. . : Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length and Index-for-Age: Methods and Development.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: 2 Analysis of Affecting the Number of for Non-Organic SeedsA significant increase and cyclical behaviour can be observed for winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, triticale, spelt, maize and the compound of all cereal crops. The regression lines for winter barley, spring barley and oat do not show any statistical significance. No deviations from the normal distribution were found, but the residuals did not follow random patterns, indicating that a better fit should be obtained by using a non-linear model. Thus, the yields (per hectare) were set in accordance with the number of derogations for cereal seeds of conventional quality and plotted over time (Figure 19). No individual yield statistics were available for organic farming between 2003 and 2016. Thus, the cumulative data for conventional and organic farming was used for this analysis. The bottom part of Figure 19 denotes the number of derogations in the period between 2005 and 2017. In 2008, the highest number of derogation requests and, in 2015, the lowest number of derogation requests were reported. The upper part of Figure 19 denotes the yield per hectare, ranging between 51 and 68 dt/ha in the period between 2004 and 2016. The lowest yield per hectare and the highest yield per hectare were recorded in 2007 and 2014, respectively. To measure the strength of the association between the yields per hectare and the number of derogations in the following year, a correlation analysis was carried out. A scatter plot with a regression line can be observed in subgraph (a) of Figure 11, with the p-value of the correlation below the x-axis. The scatter plot indicates a linear relationship between the two variables. A strong linear relationship between the yields per hectare and the number of derogations in the subsequent year can be observed (R2=-0. 71, p = 0. 018). Therefore, a negative correlation can be described as follows: the higher the yield per hectare, the lower the number of derogations for cereal seeds of conventional quality in the following year, and vice versa (Figure 11). According to Groot et al.  (2005), organic farming methods offer very few or no direct measures to control pests and disease pressure in cereal fields; thus, yields might depend on annual weather conditions as well as pests and diseases.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: GEBV due to additive and dominance effects were calculated in the same way as in Equations 3 and 4, but using SNP genotypes rather than QTL genotypes, and estimated effects rather than true effects. After partitioning the breeding value of each individual, the accuracy of estimated additive effects was calculated as the correlation between the TBV due to additive effects (TBV Add ) and the GEBV due to additive effects (GEBV Add ). Similarly, the accuracy of estimated dominance effects was calculated as the correlation between the TBV due to dominance effects (TBV Dom ) and the GEBV due to dominance effects (GEBV Dom ). ScenariosResponse to selection in CP was examined in five scenarios (Table 2). Simulated scenarios differed in structure of the training population and also in the criterion of selection. In all scenarios, breed A acted as the sire breed and breed B acted as the dam breed. In the reference scenario, both pure lines were selected for purebred performance, and both pure lines had their own reference population. In all other scenarios, breed A was selected for CP. Selection in breed B was for purebred performance in scenarios 1 and 3, and for CP in scenarios 2 and 4. In scenarios 1 and 2, both populations had their own reference population, while the reference population was combined in scenarios 3 and 4. In order to increase resolution between scenarios, we used the same population simulated from step 1 to step 3 (Figure 1) for a given replicate of each scenario. Each scenario was replicated 30 times. Table 2 Simulated scenarios Full size table We compared our scenarios under two conditions, i. e. low and high correlation of LD phase between the two breeds. In order to increase the correlation of LD phase between the two breeds, we increased LD in the common ancestral population by decreasing effective population size. Sved et al. [18] showed that, if two populations diverge from a common ancestral population, their correlation of LD phase is approximately equal to r 0 2(1 − c)2T, where r 0 2 is LD in the common ancestral population, c is the recombination rate between markers, and T is the time since breed divergence in generations. LD and correlation of LD phaseTo evaluate the extent and magnitude of LD in the training populations and its impact on accuracy, LD was measured by r 2 [19]. Only markers with a MAF greater than 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: ña Revistas Último número Números Enviar artículo Comité first Nutrición Hospitalaria 04847 Resumen| PDF () Revisión Relationship between food insecurity and malnutrition in schoolchildren from low- and middle-income countries - A systematic review Valenzuela-Guzmán, Julián Esparza-Romero Prepublicado: 2024-04-23 Publicado: 2024-07-26 41, NÚM. 4, julio-agosto (2024), PAG. 897-905 Número de descargas: 2340 Número de visitas: 1432 Citas: 0 Compártelo: The objective of this review is to study the relationship between food insecurity (FI) and malnutrition in schoolchildren from low-and middle-income countries (LMIC). The review was conducted using the databases and SCiELO during the months of March to April 2022 without language or publication date restrictions. The search strategy consisted of combinations of text words and controlled vocabulary (MeSH terms and DeCS) related to "schoolchildren", "low- and middle-income countries" and "food insecurity". Fifteen studies were included in this review. Studies assessing FI and undernutrition in LMIC schoolchildren have indicated that FI is associated with lower height-for-age and higher prevalence of undernutrition overall. Only two studies identified a positive risk association between FI and overweight and obesity, the remaining studies suggested that schoolchildren with FI have a lower risk of overweight and obesity than those without FI. The review suggests a link between FI and undernutrition in schoolchildren from LMIC, with controversial results on overweight and obesity. Comprehensive public health policies should consider contextual and population-specific factors in addressing FI's impact on nutritional status. Palabras Clave: Food insecurity. Children. Malnutrition. Vulnerable populations. Low- and middle-income countries. Descargar PDF () Bibliografía Artículos Relacionados OMS. Malnutrición [Internet]. OMS. 2021 [cited 24 January 2022]. Available from:. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2022.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: To test if organic farming is strongly influenced by crop disease pressure, the deviation in 2015/16 was examined in more detail. Figure 19 shows a slight harvest decline in 2015. However, the number of derogations in the following year was recorded as above average. Subsequently, based on harvest reports for the vegetation period 2015/16, it was investigated whether the high number of derogations could be linked to crop disease. For this purpose, the report "2016 Harvest: Quantities and Prices" by the of Food and Agriculture was examined (AMI GmbH, 2017). The report stated that a mild winter in 2015 favoured the spread of cereal viruses. Furthermore, in May 2016, storms, heavy rainfall, flooding, and hail caused severe damage. In addition to the direct weather-related damage, the harmful effects of fungal diseases and pests were expected to intensify (AMI GmbH, 2017). Figure 20 shows a strong negative relationship between the yield per hectare and the number of derogations in the following year. Figure 19. Association between yields per hectare and the number of derogations for cereals in the subsequent year from 2004 to 2017Figure 20. Correlation between yields per hectare and the number of derogations in the subsequent year4. DiscussionGiven the limited availability of data and the lack of information on the quantities of organic seeds, this study's assessment may have limitations. Changes in the supply of cultivars from organic multiplication indicate that, for the cereal crops, i. e. , winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, and triticale (all category II, single derogations), the assortment of organic seed cultivars increased and, simultaneously, requests on cultivars from non-organic multiplication decreased significantly. This suggests that, despite the need for derogations on non-organic seed use in the upcoming years, it is possible to achieve no derogations by 2036. For spelt, it remains unclear whether the 2036 target can be reached as no significant reduction in requests for seeds from conventional multiplication can be observed (subgraph (b) of Figure 4). Thus, for spelt, there is a need to upscaling the assortment of cultivars available through organic multiplication.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Although, a U-shaped distribution is typically observed with sequence data [22], allele frequencies on SNP chips tend to be uniform [23]. Figure 2 Distribution of allele frequencies in the last generation of the historical population for a low (a) and a high correlation of LD phase (b). The bounds are 0. 01 and 0. 99. The plots are the result of one replicate. Full size image Linkage disequilibriumTo estimate LD, we used SNP genotypes of animals in the training set of both breeds. An average r 2 of 0. 43 and 0. 42 for adjacent SNPs was found for breeds A and B, respectively. These average r 2 between adjacent SNPs are similar to those reported by Badke et al. [21] for four US pig breeds that ranged from 0. 36 to 0. 46 for animals genotyped using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 (number of markers M = 62 163). Another study by Du et al. [24] that investigated the range and extent of LD in six commercial pig lines (two terminal sire lines and four maternal lines) for 4500 autosomal SNPs, reported an average r 2 of 0. 2 and 0. 07 for all pairs of SNPs that were approximately 1 and 5 cM apart, respectively, whereas we found average r 2 of 0. 29 and 0. 08 at those distances. Figure 3 displays an overview of the decline of r 2 over distance in both breeds. As expected, in both breeds the most tightly linked SNP pairs had the highest average r 2, and the observed average r 2 decreased rapidly as the map distance increased. Figure 3 Decay of average r 2 over distance for a low (a) and a high correlation of LD phase (b). Average r 2 between SNPs in breed A and breed B at various distances in base pairs ranging from 1 to 100 cM. The plots are the result of one replicate. Full size image Persistence of LD phasePersistence of LD phase among breeds can be used to infer on the history of a species and relatedness of breeds within that species, as well as on the reliability of across-population prediction of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and GEVB [25]. Figure 4 shows the persistence of LD phase between adjacent SNPs, measured by the correlation of r between the two breeds.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Shamah-Levy T, Mundo-Rosas V, Morales-Ruan C, Cuevas-Nasu L, Méndez-Gónez-Humarán I, Pérez-Escamilla R. Food insecurity and maternal-child nutricional status in Mexico: cross-sectional analysis of the 2012. BMJ Open 2017;7:e014371. DOI: 10. 1136/bmjopen-2016-014371. Determinants of underweight, stunting and wasting among schoolchildren. BMC 2015;15(1):1-9. DOI: 10. 1186/s12889-014-1337-2 Food insecurity and overweight in first grade students in the municipal school system in São Leopoldo, do Sul State, Brazil. Publica 2015;31(5):1084-94. DOI: 10. 1590/0102-311X00055914 -Tokuda F, Girard M, Gordon-Strachan G, et al. Household food insecurity and childhood overweight in Jamaica and Québec: a gender-based analysis. BMC 2011;11:199. DOI: 10. 1186/1471-2458-11-199 Ortiz-Hernández L, Acosta-Gutiérrez MN, Núñez-Pérez AE, Peralta-Fonseca N, Ruiz-Gómez Y. En escolares de la Ciudad de México la inseguridad alimentaria se asoció positivamente con el sobrepeso. Clin 2007;59(1):32-41. Isanaka S, Mora-Plazas M, Lopez-. Food insecurity is highly prevalent and predicts underweight but not overweight in adults and school children from Bogotá, Colombia. J Nutr 2007;137(12):2747-55. DOI: 10. 1093/jn/137. 12. 2747 Castell GS, Ngo de la Cruz J, Pérez C, Aranceta J. Escalas de evaluación de la inseguridad alimentaria en el hogar. Rev Española 2015;Supl. 1:270-6. Escobar-Alegría érez-.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: A separate study should target spelt cultivars used by organic farmers to investigate whether relevant cultivars are not multiplied under organic conditions or whether there is a lack of suitable cultivars available that suit the needs of the organic sector. Incentives to scale up organic spelt seed production and breeding for organic sector activities could help increase the assortment of spelt cultivars in the future. Currently, numerous organic breeding initiatives are striving to register new organically bred spelt cultivars, which could potentially join the market and enhance the existing spelt cultivar assortment (Yussefi-Menzler, 2020). It can be observed that the decisions of the national authorities regarding category I crops (with maize as an example) have an impact on the use of conventionally produced seeds in organic farming and can lead to a sudden drop in the number of derogations. Figure 5 demonstrates that the classification of maize as a category I crop and the concomitant decrease in derogations are not linked to the reduced cultivation of maize crops, as the organic acreage of maize grew steadily between 2012 and 2017. In the case of cabbage and red beet, the selection of organic multiplied cultivars decreases. The limited choice of cabbage cultivars of organic quality could hamper the aim of using 100% organic seeds by 2036. Incentives to increase the choice of cabbage cultivars could be implemented by expanding organic seed multiplication or by strengthening organic breeding that is suitable for organic cabbage production. Considering that there are two cultivars from organic multiplication for carrot and up to six cultivars for onion, the choice of cultivars for these two important crops is still limited and would benefit from further policy measures, such as a subsidy or a price premium, as discussed by Winter et al.  (2023), to upscale the organic seed production and breeding efforts. The seed multiplication of carrot and onion is associated with higher risks and yield losses, as both crops have a biannual seed multiplication cycle.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: A greater correlation implies that the SNP-SNP (and most probably the SNP-QTL) LD is more consistent between the two breeds. As distance in time between subpopulations increases, there is a greater chance for recombination to break down the LD that was present in the ancestral population and for drift to create new LD within each subpopulation. Both mechanisms decrease the correlation of LD phase between the two breeds [26,27]. For SNPs with a pairwise distance of 1 cM, persistence of LD phase between breeds A and B was estimated 0. 2 and 0. 7 for cases with a low and high correlation of LD phase, respectively. Persistence of LD phase has been reported for Duroc, Landrace, Yorkshire pig breeds. For SNPs with a pairwise distance less than 50 kb, Badke et al. [21] reported a correlation of LD of 0. 85 between Landrace and Yorkshire breeds and of 0. 82 between Duroc and Landrace and between Duroc and Yorkshire breeds. Assuming 1 cM is approximately 1 Mb, we found correlations of LD phase equal to 0. 38 and 0. 87 for SNPs with a pairwise distance less than 50 kb for cases with low and high correlations of LD phase between two breeds, respectively. The correlation of LD phase between pig breeds in different studies ranged from 0. 80 to 0. 92 for SNPs with a pairwise distance less than 10 kb. In a study on the extent and persistence of LD phase in Holstein-Friesian, Jersey, and Angus cattle, de Roos et al. [25] reported a correlation of LD phase that ranged from 0. 7 to 0. 97 between two breeds for SNPs with a pairwise distance less than 10 kb and a decline of this correlation as the distance between SNPs or divergence between breeds increased. In our study, as distance between SNPs increased, the correlation of LD phase between the two breeds decreased (0. 5 at an average pairwise SNP distance of 1 cM). It has been reported that, while correlation of LD phase is similar for pig breeds and dairy cattle at short distance ranges (<10 kb), pig breeds generally show greater correlations of LD phase than dairy cattle at larger SNP distances [21]. Figure 4 Correlation of gametic phase compared across two breeds over distance for a low (a) and a high correlation of LD phase (b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Morán López Luengo Pérez Belén Beneítez Moralejo María Piedra León Rocío González Aguado Fidel Jesús José Señaris Publicado: 2016-02-17 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Impacto de una adecuada codificación de la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad en los índices hospitalarios María Pomar Alfonso Suárez Gutiérrez Fernández Begoña Pintor de la -Casariego Rocío Concepción íguez Burón Llamazares Publicado: 2016-02-17 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Condición física y sensibilidad insulínica en un grupo de escolares obesos de 8 a 13 años según estado puberal Fabián Vásquez : 2016-04-20 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Prevalencia de desnutrición en sujetos mayores de 65 años en la comunidad de madrid. estudio dream + 65 Julia Álvarez Hernández Abánades Abelardo García-de-lorenzo Juan José De-la-cruz Publicado: 2016-05-17 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Relación entre condición física, actividad física y diferentes parámetros antropométricos en escolares de santiago (chile) José Joaquín Muros Cristian Cofre-bolados Félix Zurita-ortega Manuel Castro-sánchez Marta Linares-manrique Ramón Chacón-cuberos Publicado: 2016-05-17 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Doble carga de malnutrición en escolares urbanos y rurales de guatemala José Joaquín íguez Paula R. Bouzas Rafael Giménez Carmen Cabrera-vique Publicado: 2016-05-17 Resumen | PDF Artículo Especial: Leroy el invisible Jesús M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: Thus, pests and diseases are the most challenging aspects of organic carrot and onion production (Lammerts van Bueren et al. , 2003; Winter et al. , 2023). Overall, the data analysis of vegetables reveals annual variations in the supply of seeds from organic multiplication. Multiple factors might impact the organic vegetable seed supply. It was reported that within the EU, due to shortages in organic vegetable seed production, not all organic seed demand requests could be fulfilled. Suppliers of organic vegetable seeds tend to focus on the countries with the best marketing strategies. Thus, strategic distribution among EU countries might cause fluctuations in organic vegetable seed supply (Vitalis/Enza Zaden, personal communication). Figure 12 and subgraph (b) of Figure 13 show no decrease in the number of derogations and the request for conventional multiplied potato cultivars. This indicates that, even if the supply of organically multiplied seed potatoes increases over time, there is a need to upscale further organic seed potato production, accompanied by policy measures, thereby ensuring, to a certain extent, production and marketing reliability for organic seed suppliers. The data analysis of lupine indicates that further policy measures or incentives are needed to upscale organic seed production and breeding, thereby meeting the growing organic lupine seed demand. There are strong links between the growth of the organic cereal seed cultivar choice and the market analysis in Section 3. 2. This means that the organic seed sector has grown at about the same rate for all cereal crops. The number of requested cultivars from conventional multiplication decreases at a similar level for the different cereal crops. Maize was excluded from the correlation matrix because this crop was classified as a category I crop in 2014. The data analysis demonstrates that farmers respond to the organic seed supply as per the German national seed database. The greater the choice of organic seed cultivar, the lower the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplication. The results might indicate that the farmers’ uptake of organic cereal seeds could be directly linked to the seed supply from organic multiplication; however, this relationship is not considered causal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Correlation of LD phase between the two breeds for SNP pairs grouped by distance in intervals of 1 cM and covering 0 to 50 cM across the genome. The plots are the result of one replicate. Full size image Response to selection in crossbred animalsThe purebred-crossbred genetic correlation, i. e. the correlation between TBVP and TBVC (r tbvp,tbvc ), was equal to 0. 66 and 0. 70 on average for low and high correlations of LD phase, respectively. Figure 5 shows the mean values of phenotypes for crossbred animals in five generations under the five simulated scenarios with either a low (r = 0. 2 in 1 cM) or a high correlation of LD phase (r = 0. 7 in 1 cM) between the two breeds. When the correlation of LD phase was low between the two breeds, the ranking of scenarios in terms of mean phenotype of crossbred animals shows that breeding for CP led to higher gains in crossbred animals. By generation 5, scenario 2, in which both breeds were selected for CP, had a higher mean phenotype in the crossbred offspring than other scenarios. Scenario 1 also resulted in higher gain than the reference scenario since, in this scenario, one of the breeds was selected for CP. In the reference scenario, in which both breeds were selected for purebred performance, response to selection was lower than the other scenarios. Graph a in Figure 5 shows that, when each breed had a separate training set to estimate marker effects (scenarios 1 and 2), the performance of their crossbred offspring improved compared to that with the alternative scenarios for which a common reference was used to estimate marker effects (scenarios 3 and 4). For example, although in scenarios 1 and 3 one of the breeds (breed A) was selected for CP and because in scenario 1 each breed had its own training set, the response for scenario 1 was greater than for scenario 3. Figure 5 Mean phenotype of crossbred individuals. (a) Results for a low correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 2 for markers 1 cM apart). (b) Results for a high correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 7 for markers 1 cM apart). The plotted responses are means from 30 replicates.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: ica nutricional activa en la implementación del soporte nutricional hospitalario; resultados de un estudio observacional Publicado: 2021-11-04 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Assessment of body composition in cystic fibrosis: agreement between skinfold measurement and densitometry Victoria Contreras-Bolívar ía-Olivares María Victoria Girón Francisco José Sánchez-Torralvo Ignacio Ruiz-García Alonso-Gallardo Fuster Publicado: 2021-08-15 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Determinantes socioeconómicos y sociodemográficos asociados al consumo de frutas y verduras de las madres de familia y los hogares de escolares de Mora Antonio López-Espinoza Alma G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: The increase in organic seed demand may also foster investments in the organic seed sector (Osman et al. , 2008), which further supports the development of the organic seed sector. Furthermore, this research shows that farmers use the German national seed database as a source of information to see whether organic seeds are available. Solfanelli et al.  (2022b) highlighted the importance of a functioning national organic seed database. The analysis in this research supports the results of Solfanelli et al.  (2022b) and demonstrates that farmers are open to using available organic-quality cultivars instead of solely relying on their experience and habits regarding cultivar selection. Furthermore, all derogations on the use of non-organic seeds were requested online via the national organic seed database. The advantage of combining information on organic seed supply with the tool used to request derogations is that the database is frequently used as a source of information, increasing the transparency of the organic seed sector. Nevertheless, the number of derogation requests appears to be directly linked with fluctuations in the organic seed supply. 3. 2, the effect of agronomical factors was tested by comparing the yield per hectare with the number of derogation requests in the subsequent year for the cereal crops winter wheat, rye, winter barley, spring barley, triticale, and oat. A strong negative relationship was identified (Figure 20), supporting the hypothesis that years with high yields per hectare are followed by a significantly lower number of derogation requests for non-organic seeds. It can be speculated that during high-yielding years, organic seed multiplication as well as field and seed certification are more successful than in years with lower yields. Furthermore, the organic seed supply shows an increase alongside successful organic seed multiplication, and an increase in organic seed supply is likely to result in fewer cultivars of conventional production being requested (Figure 18).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Sc. Ref: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for purebred performance (P) and both breeds had Separate training sets. Sc. 1: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance (C) and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 2: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 3: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had a Common training sets. Sc. 4: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had a common training set. Standard error of phenotypic means for simulated scenarios in generation 5 ranged from 0. 03 to 0. 04. Full size image In addition, when the correlation of LD phase was high between the two breeds, selection for CP improved the response in crossbred animals and the use of a combined reference population of the two breeds improved response even more. For scenarios 3 and 4, response in crossbred animals was greater than for the other scenarios, since these scenarios used a common training set to estimate marker effects. Heterosis in crossbred animalsBased on the definition of heterosis, expected CP can be written as CP = BA + H, where BA denotes the breed average of pure lines and H the heterosis present in the crossbred animals. Thus, the observed advantage of selection for CP in some scenarios may be due to greater response in BA or in H, or in both. Heterosis was calculated at each generation of the crossbred population (Figure 6) and Table 3 shows BA values for each scenario. Since heterosis was simulated due to dominance, total heterosis was simply the sum of heterosis at each locus, H = ∑ d l (p A,l − p B,l )2, where d l is the dominance effect at QTL l, p A,l is the allele frequency at QTL l in breed A, and p B,l is the allele frequency at QTL l in breed B [7].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: ajo Original: Patient-and classic anthropometry: comparison between the methods in detection of malnutrition among elderly with cancer Publicado: 2021-11-18 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Nivel de condición física y su relación con el estatus de peso corporal en escolares Publicado: 2021-11-18 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Estado de los cuidados alimentarios y nutricionales en los hospitales públicos del Ecuador Publicado: 2021-11-18 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Macronutrients and energy content of oral hospital diet prescribed to chronic kidney disease patients on conservative treatment Publicado: 2021-11-18 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Inseguridad alimentaria y vulnerabilidad social en Chiapas: el rostro de la pobreza Publicado: 2021-11-18 Resumen | PDF Revisión: Review of complementary feeding practices in Mexican children Publicado: 2021-11-18 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Validez e invarianza factorial de un modelo socioecológico para explicar el consumo de fruta en niños escolares mexicanos Publicado: 2021-11-18 Resumen | PDF Trabajo Original: Is the physical fitness of schoolchildren dependent on their physical activity levels and nutritional status?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: Alternatively, in poor-yielding years, farmers who normally maintain their own seeds might be forced to purchase certified seeds in the following year due to losses of their own seeds. This might lead to an overall higher demand for certified seeds, compensated by higher requests for seeds from conventional certification. In contrast, during strong harvest years, farmers might use their own seeds for reseeding and not be dependent on the seed market or cultivar offers. In summary, farmers respond to organic seed shortages resulting from lower yields per hectare. These might be due to a poor harvest leading to a lower availability of seeds or an insufficient supply of certified organic seeds. Additionally, a high number of derogations in 2016 could be explained by the fact that, in the absence of pesticides, organic farming is affected by crop disease pressures. However, other variables could have an impact on the annual organic seed supply in Germany. Future analysis could involve more robust analytical approaches. Furthermore, additional parameters, such as a comparison of cereal market prices for organic seed supply and a longer time span for the regression analysis, could improve this study. 5. ConclusionsTesting of the central hypotheses reveals that Germany has an emerging organic seed market to supply organic farmers with a range of suitable cultivars from organic multiplication for the majority of crops. However, for some crops, particularly the vegetable sector, there are significant gaps in the supply of cultivars from organic multiplication. Thus, in the future, the use of derogations might still be necessary to ensure a suitable cultivar assortment for organic crop production in Germany. For the cereal sector, it can be observed that farmers respond to the supply of cultivars through organic multiplication made available via the national database. Furthermore, certain external (e. g. , weather-related) agronomic factors are associated with fluctuating requests for conventional seeds in organic farming. In addition, changing climatic conditions for each crop interfere with the production of organic seeds. As a result, several factors influence the use and supply of organic or conventional seeds in organic farming. It can be concluded that the statistical analysis of national organic seed database reports provides interesting insights into the organic seed sector. There are different possibilities regarding policy measures which can affect the organic seed market. For instance, the list of category I crops has a high impact on the number of derogations. By supporting organic seed production or breeding efforts, the organic seed supply can be enhanced.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: For both low and high correlations of LD phase, the amount of heterosis in the reference scenario was constant over generations but in other scenarios in which at least one breed was selected for CP, the amount of heterosis increased in each generation, which indicates that selection for CP resulted in greater heterosis and finally in improved performance of crossbred animals. Since heterosis depends on the difference in allele frequencies between the two breeds, these results suggest that selection for CP moves allele frequencies in the two breeds in opposite directions and causes divergence in allele frequencies between both breeds. Figure 6 Heterosis in crossbred individuals. (a) Results for a low correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 2 for markers 1 cM apart). (b) Results for a high correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 7 for markers 1 cM apart). The plotted heterosis values are means from 30 replicates. Sc. Ref: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for purebred performance (P) and both breeds had Separate training sets. Sc. 1: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance (C) and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 2: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 3: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had a Common training set. Sc. 4: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had a common training set. Full size image Table 3 Mean phenotypic average of breeds A and B in simulated scenarios Full size table Accuracy of selectionPrediction accuracy, i. e. correlation between the breeding values predicted by GS and the TBV obtained from simulation, ranged from 0. 69 to 0. 86 in the validation population (generation 1) across the different scenarios analysed (Figure 7). It should be noted that accuracies in Figure 7 always refer to the selection criterion. In other words, when selection is for purebred performance, accuracy is the correlation between TBVP and GEBVP, i. e. (r tbvp,gebvp ). Conversely, when selection is for CP, accuracy is the correlation between TBVC and GEBVC, i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: We also searched the reference lists of relevant papers and contacted nutrition‐related organisations and researchers in this field. Selection criteria We planned to included any relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs), controlled before‐and‐after studies (CBAs), and interrupted time series (ITS) that evaluated specially formulated foods for the treatment of moderate acute malnutrition in children aged between six months and five years in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Data collection and analysis Two authors assessed trial eligibility and risk of bias, and extracted and analysed the data. We summarised dichotomous outcomes using risk ratios (RR) and continuous outcomes using mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Where appropriate, we combined data in meta‐analyses using the random‐effects model and assessed heterogeneity. The quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE methods. Main results Eight randomised controlled trials, enrolling 10,037 children, met our inclusion criteria. Seven of the trials were conducted in Africa. In general, the included studies were at a low risk of bias. There may have been a risk of performance bias as trial participants were aware which intervention group they were in, but we did not consider this likely to have biased the outcome measurement. We were unable to assess the risk of reporting bias in half of the trials and two trials were at high risk of attrition bias. Any specially formulated food versus standard care ‐ the provision of food increased the recovery rate by 29% (RR 1. 29, 95% CI 1. 20 to 1. 38; 2152 children, two trials; moderate quality evidence), decreased the number dropping out by 70% (RR 0. 30, 95% CI 0. 22 to 0. 39; 1974 children, one trial; moderate quality evidence), and improved weight‐for‐height (MD 0. 20 z‐score, 95% CI 0. 03 to 0. 37; 1546 children, two trials; moderate quality evidence). The reduction in mortality did not reach statistical significance (RR 0. 44; 95% CI 0. 14 to 1. 36; 1974 children, one trial; low quality evidence). Lipid‐based nutrient supplements versus any blended foods (dry food mixtures, without high lipid content), at full doses ‐ there was no significant difference in mortality (RR 0. 93, 95% CI 0. 54 to 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: If organic seed supply for a certain crop is sufficient, as assessed by the national seed expert group, a category I classification can be considered. A category I classification provides, to some extent, production and marketing reliability for organic seed suppliers and stimulates investment in the organic seed sector. However, for many crop species, especially those not analysed in this study due to a lack of data, the choice of organic-quality cultivars remains limited, making it imperative to scale up organic seed production and breeding for organic farming. The lack of seeds from organic production is also associated with financial and bureaucratic burdens, as organic seed production is at higher risk and needs to comply with the organic certification in addition to the seed certification (Döring et al. , 2012; Winter et al. , 2023). Additional parameters, such as a comparison of grain market prices for organic seed supply and a longer period for the regression analysis, should be considered in future studies. Author ContributionsConceptualization, F. S. ; methodology, F. S. and B. R. ; software, B. R. and F. S. ; data curation, B. R. ; writing—original draft preparation, F. S. and B. R. ; writing—review and editing, F. S. and B. R. ; supervision, A. G. ; project administration, F. S. ; funding acquisition, F. S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. FundingThis research was funded by the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program through the project under grant agreement No. 727230, and by the Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation under contract number 17. 00090. Data AvailabilityThe data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. 2011. Bilanz Ökolandbau. [2013. Bilanz Ökolandbau. [2014.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: (r tbvc,gebvc ). Hence, this comparison shows whether selection for CP is, or is not, more difficult than selection for purebred performance. Figure 7 Accuracy of selection in breeds A and B in five scenarios. (a) and (b) Results for a low correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 2 for markers 1 cM apart) (c) and (d) Results for a high correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 7 for markers 1 cM apart). The plotted accuracies are means from 30 replicates. Sc. Ref: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for purebred performance (P) and both breeds had Separate training sets. Sc. 1: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance (C) and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 2: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 3: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had a Common training set. Sc. 4: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had a common training set. It should be noted that accuracies in this Figure are correlations between the selection criterion and the EBV of interest. Thus, when selection is for purebred performance, accuracy is the correlation between GEBVP and TBVP, while when selection is for crossbred performance, accuracy is the correlation between GEBVC and TBVC. Full size image For a low correlation of LD phase, Figures 7a and 7b show that accuracy of selection for breed A was greater in the reference scenario (in which breed A was selected for purebred performance) than in the other scenarios (in which breed A was selected for CP. Accuracy of selection in breed B (Figure 7b) was also greater when selection in this breed was for purebred performance (reference scenario and scenarios 1 and 3) than when selection was for CP (scenarios 2 and 4). Thus, predicting GEBVC based on purebred data is more difficult than predicting GEBVP on such data. For a high correlation of LD phase (Figure 7c and 7d), accuracies ranged from 0. 78 to 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 62; 6367 children, five trials; moderate quality evidence), progression to severe malnutrition (RR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 72 to 1. 07; 4537 children, three trials; high quality evidence), or the number of dropouts from the nutritional programme (RR 1. 14, 95% CI 0. 62 to 2. 11; 5107 children, four trials; moderate quality evidence). However, lipid‐based nutrient supplements significantly increased the number of children recovered (RR 1. 10, 95% CI 1. 04 to 1. 16; 6367 children, five trials; moderate quality evidence), and decreased the number of non‐recovering children (RR 0. 53, 95% CI 0. 40 to 0. 69; 4537 children, three trials; high quality evidence). LNS also improved weight gain, weight‐for‐height, and mid‐upper arm circumference, although for these outcomes, the improvement was modest (moderate quality evidence). One trial observed more children with vomiting in the lipid‐based nutrient supplements group compared to those receiving blended food (RR 1. 43, 95% CI 1. 11 to 1. 85; 2712 children, one trial; low quality evidence). Foods at complementary doses ‐ no firm conclusion could be drawn on the comparisons between LNS at complementary dose and blended foods at complementary or full dose (low quality evidence). Lipid‐based nutrient supplements versus specific types of blended foods ‐ a recently developed enriched blended food (CSB++) resulted in similar outcomes to LNS (4758 children, three trials; moderate to high quality evidence). Different types of blended foods ‐ in one trial, CSB++ did not show any significant benefit over locally made blended food, for example, Misola, in number who recovered, number who died, or weight gain (moderate to high quality evidence). Improved adequacy of home diet ‐ no study evaluated the impact of improving adequacy of local diet, such as local foods prepared at home according to a given recipe or of home processing of local foods (soaking, germination, malting, fermentation) in order to increase their nutritional content. Authors' conclusions In conclusion, there is moderate to high quality evidence that both lipid‐based nutrient supplements and blended foods are effective in treating children with MAM.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: Summary of German organic farming acreage and number of derogations on the use of non-organic seeds of winter and spring barley and spelt(ha)Number ofderogationsOrganicarea (ha)Number ofderogationsOrganicarea (ha)Number ofderogations20088500177135006671800011120091100050125009621000402010950044135008022000332011850079140001392050077201285006714500106180007720139000611450068175004720148500451250064170001152015110007016000822500015720161300053170001002900056201718000108190002912700037Table A3. Summary of German organic farming acreage and number of derogations on the use of non-organic seeds of oat, triticale and maizeYearOatTriticaleMaizeOrganicarea (ha)Number ofderogationsOrganicarea (ha)Number ofderogationsOrganicarea (ha)Number ofderogations200823500571210003114500152200921000101240001425000284201021500802500012344004302011230001772400018940003342012235003202250024345002742013255009024000116870013820142450058250001849300162015300005427000511100025201628000129260003861200022201733000399310001161300021Table A4. Summary of German organic farming acreage and number of derogations on the use of non-organic seeds of field bean and pea and lupine(ha)Number ofderogationsOrganicarea (ha)Number ofderogationsOrganicarea (ha)Number ofderogations20085800266910037386001632009600090550018578006620108600865800236950056201186001046000186900012320127800874800108700014420137900207410014265001092014990017247007169001152015125007551004589001352016120001416100123950018920171500056700012111000163Table A5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 88 in the first generation, which suggests that when the correlation of LD phase between breeds is high, there is a smaller difference in accuracy between purebred and crossbred selection (r tbvp,gebvp ~ r tbvc,gebvc ). Finally, for both low and high correlations of LD phase, prediction accuracy declined over generations in all scenarios. Accuracies of additive and dominance effectsThe accuracies reported above are correlations between TBV and GEBV and include both additive and dominance components of the breeding values per se. In order to compare the accuracy of estimates of additive and dominance effects separately, both true and estimated breeding values of an individual were partitioned into components due to additive and dominance effects. Table 4 includes accuracies of estimated breeding values, as well as accuracies of the additive and dominance components of estimated breeding values for low and high correlations of LD phase between the two breeds. It should be noted that accuracies of estimated breeding values in Table 4 always refer to the selection criterion. In other words, when selection in a breed is for purebred performance, accuracy is the correlation between TBVP and GEBVP. Conversely, when selection in a breed is for CP, accuracy is the correlation between TBVC and GEBVC. Generally, in all scenarios, accuracies of estimated breeding values due to additive effects were greater than accuracies of estimated breeding values due to dominance effects. These differences in accuracies were clearer for scenarios in which selection within a breed was for CP (e. g. breed B in scenarios 2 and 4 in Table 4). However, when selection in a breed was for purebred performance, accuracies of estimated breeding values due to additive and dominance effects were not very different (e. g. breed B in the reference scenario and scenarios 1 and 3). In summary, for both selection criteria, accuracies of estimated breeding values were as high as accuracies due to additive effects. However, when selection within a breed was for purebred performance, accuracies due to dominance effects were higher than accuracies due to dominance effects for selection on CP. The same trend was observed with a high correlation of LD phase between the two breeds [See Additional file 1].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Although lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) led to a clinically significant benefit in the number of children recovered in comparison with blended foods, LNS did not reduce mortality, the risk of default or progression to SAM. It also induced more vomiting. Blended foods such as CSB++ may be equally effective and cheaper than LNS. Most of the research so far has focused on industrialised foods, and on short‐term outcomes of MAM. There are no studies evaluating interventions to improve the quality of the home diet, an approach that should be evaluated in settings where food is available, and nutritional education and habits are the main determinants of malnutrition. There are no studies from Asia, where moderate acute malnutrition is most prevalent. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in English Español Specially formulated foods for treating children with moderate acute malnutrition in low‐ and middle‐income countries Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) affects around 10% of children under five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Different food strategies have been used for the nutritional recovery of children with MAM, such as lipid‐based nutrient supplements or blended foods, which can be provided in full dose or in a low dose as a complement to the usual diet. However, there is no definitive consensus on the most effective way to treat children with MAM. We searched eight electronic databases and three trials registers (in October 2012 for all except Embase, which was searched in August 2012). We also searched the reference lists of relevant papers and contacted nutrition‐related organisations and researchers in this field. We found eight relevant randomised controlled trials, enrolling 10,037 children under five years of age. All but one study was conducted in Africa. The risk of bias in the studies was generally low, though two studies had a high dropout rate. The participants were aware which intervention group they were in and this may have influenced their behaviour but we thought it unlikely it would have influenced the results since the outcomes measured were objective ones.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: Brief communicationMarch 20, 2024Sciences and Sustainability; Issue 1addShow moreremoveShow lessReceivedDecember 21, 2023AcceptedMarch 08, 2024PublishedMarch 20, 2024Academic editorsDr. 935Views2,536Sciences and Sustainability; Issue 1 21, 2023AcceptedMarch 08, 2024PublishedMarch 20, 2024Academic editorsDr. this 2024. H. , & Rappleye, J. (2024). Exploring inconsistencies in environmental impact assessments of organic farming, 1(1). Hikaru, and Jeremy Rappleye. “in Assessments of Organic Farming” 1, no. 1 (2024). doi:10. 20935/AcadEnvSci6192. VancouverKomatsu H, Rappleye J. Exploring inconsistencies in environmental impact assessments of organic farming. 2024;1(1). H. and Rappleye, J. (2024) “Exploring inconsistencies in environmental impact assessments of organic farming. ” Sciences and Sustainability, 1(1). doi: 10. 20935/AcadEnvSci6192. Publication dates & DOIReceivedDecember 21, 2023AcceptedMarch 08, 2024PublishedMarch 20, 2024DOI Related 4. 0/ the growing popularity of organic farming, persistent questions surround its environmental effects. A 2017 meta-analysis suggested elevated acidification and eutrophication potentials per unit of agricultural production for organic farming relative to conventional farming. However, a recent 2023 meta-analysis contradicted these findings. This brief communication 1. global expansion of organic farming over the past two decades has been remarkable, with organic farmland areas increasing by approximately 500% [1, 2]. This growth trend remains steadfast, as many countries, both high-income nations like the [3] and middle-income countries such as Argentina, India, and Mexico, have implemented policies to encourage organic farming [2]. This policy shift reflects a prevailing academic and public perception that organic farming aligns with pro-environmental values and contributes to sustainability [4–6]. However, the pro-environmental stance of organic farming is a subject of scientific scrutiny. Although organic farming generally exhibits lower environmental impacts per unit of land area, it requires more land to produce equivalent quantities of agricultural products compared to conventional farming [7–9].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Table 4 Partitioning accuracies of breeding values due to additive and dominance effects for a low correlation of LD phase Full size table Response to selection in purebred animalsFigure 8 shows the response to selection in both purebred populations of breeds A and B over five generations. For a low correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (Figures 8a and 8b), response to selection in both breeds in the reference scenario was higher than in the other scenarios, since selection in this scenario was for purebred performance. In the other scenarios, response to selection was lower for breed A than in the reference scenario, since in these scenarios the selection criterion was CP (Figure 8a). Figure 8b shows that response to selection for breed B in scenarios 3 and 4, which used a common reference population, was lower than in the other scenarios. Figure 8 Mean phenotype of purebred individuals. (a) and (b) Results for a low correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 2 for markers 1 cM apart). (c) and (d) Results for a high correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B (r = 0. 7 for markers 1 cM apart). The plotted responses are means from 30 replicates. Sc. Ref: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for purebred performance (P) and both breeds had Separate training sets. Sc. 1: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance (C) and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 2: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had separate training sets. Sc. 3: Selection criteria in breed A was for crossbred performance and selection criteria in breed B was for purebred performance and both breeds had a Common training set. Sc. 4: Selection criteria in both breed A and B was for crossbred performance and both breeds had a common training set. Full size image For a high correlation of LD phase between breeds A and B, response to selection for breed A was lower in scenario 2 than in the other scenarios (Figure 8c). Figure 8c also shows that for a high correlation of LD phase between breeds, the use of a common reference population to estimate marker effects improved the performance of purebred animals, i. e. scenario 3 performed better than scenario 1, and scenario 4 performed better than scenario 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: For four of the studies, we were unable to assess if the study authors reported all the outcomes they intended to measure. When any type of specially formulated food was compared to standard care (medical care and counselling without foods), the children treated with foods had a higher chance of recovering from moderate malnutrition (two studies), greater improvement in nutritional status (two studies), and a lower number of dropouts (one study). A reduction in mortality was not shown. When lipid‐based nutrient supplements (which are food with high energy density and high lipid content) at full dose were compared to blended foods at full dose (which are dry food mixtures without high lipid content), there was no difference between these two types of foods in terms of number of deaths (five studies), children progressing to severe acute malnutrition (three studies), and children dropping out (four studies). However, lipid‐based nutrient supplements increased the number recovered by 10% (five studies), decreased the number of children non‐recovering (three studies), and slightly improved the nutritional status among the recovered. One study observed more children vomiting when given lipid‐based nutrient supplements compared to blended foods, but this was not reported by the other studies. No other side effects were reported. Few studies evaluated foods at complementary dosage (i. e. foods given in low quantity, just to complement the diet and not to fully substitute it), and no conclusion could be drawn from these studies. When specific foods were compared to each other, a type of corn‐soy blended food called CSB++ compared to lipid‐based nutrient supplements resulted in similar outcomes, while results of another blended food (CSB pre‐mix) versus lipid‐based nutrient supplements were unclear. In one study, CSB++ did not show any significant benefit over locally‐made blended foods, for example, Misola. No study evaluated the impact of improving adequacy of local diet, such as local foods prepared at home according to a given recipe or of home processing of local foods (soaking, germination, malting, fermentation) in order to increase their nutritional content. In conclusion, there is moderate to high quality evidence that both lipid‐based nutrient supplements and blended foods are effective in treating children with moderate acute malnutrition. Although lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) led to a clinically significant benefit in the number of children recovered in comparison with blended foods, LNS did not reduce mortality, the risk of default or progression to SAM.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: As a result, researchers have increasingly turned their attention to measuring environmental impacts per unit of agricultural production. This shift in focus has unearthed conflicting findings across various cases. Organic farming had lower environmental impacts for some cases, whereas the opposite was true for other cases [10]. These findings have cast doubt on the efficacy of policies aimed at promoting organic farming. Meta-analysis provides a valuable means to distill general conclusions from the diverse results of individual case studies. One pivotal contribution to this ongoing discourse is Clark and Tilman’s meta-analysis [7]. This meta-analysis was far more comprehensive than previous ones [11, 12], scrutinizing 164 publications to examine multiple environmental impacts of organic farming. Their findings, including a 13% higher acidification and a 37% higher eutrophication potential compared to conventional farming, have been widely disseminated in academia. Just after the publication of Clark and Tilman’s paper [7], prominent academic journals such as the Health [13] introduced Clark and Tilman’s findings [7], highlighting the limitations of organic farming in reducing environmental impacts. Subsequent academic review papers often relied on Clark and Tilman’s findings [7] regarding the effectiveness and limitations of organic farming in reducing environmental impacts [14, 15]. However, a recent meta-analysis by Boschiero et al. [16] has presented findings that contradict those of Clark and Tilman [7]. Analyzing 77 previous publications, Boschiero et al. [16] report comparable or reduced environmental impacts for organic farming compared to conventional farming for acidification and eutrophication. The same was the case for most environmental other impact indicators except land use and ionizing radiation. et al. [16] acknowledge the disparities between their results and those of Clark and Tilman [7], they refrain from delving into the origins of these distinctions. Boschiero et al. [16] merely suggest that the discrepancy might be partly explained by the difference in the considered agricultural products. Boschiero et al. [16] considered only plant-based agricultural products, whereas Clark and Tilman [7] considered both plant-based and animal agricultural products. These discrepant findings have generated a pressing need for a comprehensive understanding of the underlying causes and implications. This study seeks to unravel the source of these disparities and eventually suggests that researchers should incorporate Boschiero et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, for both low and high correlations of LD phase, selection for CP generated a loss in response to selection in purebred animals. DiscussionThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential benefit of GS within purebred lines, when the objective is to improve performance of crossbred populations at the commercial level and phenotypic information is collected only on purebred animals. We compared response to selection in crossbred animals in five scenarios, where individuals were selected either on GEBVP or GEBVC, and marker effects were estimated either from two separate purebred reference populations or a combined purebred reference population. In a two-way crossbreeding system, we found that selection for GEBVC increased response in crossbred animals compared to selection for GEBVP. We also investigated the effect of the correlation of LD phase between the two pure breeds on the consequences of combining both reference populations. The results revealed that, for a high correlation of LD phase, combining both populations into a single reference population increased response to selection in crossbred animals. Persistence of LD phaseThe value of SNPs effect estimated for populations other than the reference population depends on the persistence of LD phase between the reference population and the other population [28]. For example, a SNP that was identified as being in LD with the QTL in one breed may not be in LD with the QTL in another breed. The level of LD is more likely to be different between two populations when these populations have diverged for many generations and the effective population size becomes small, and when distance between the SNP and the QTL is large, since these factors will either break down LD in the ancestral population or create new LD within the subpopulation [3,26]. For a low correlation of LD phase, combining data from both breeds to estimate marker effects (scenarios 3 and 4) had no effect on the accuracy of GS. It has been reported that using multiple breeds to predict GEBV can be effective to increase the size of the reference population and in turn increase accuracy of selection [29]. However, the benefit of combining reference populations depends on the size of the reference population, since there is a diminishing return relationship between size and accuracy of reference populations. Hence, if the reference population is small, combining populations may help when the correlation of LD phase is sufficiently high but will have a limited benefit or may even be detrimental when the reference population is large.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Summary of findings: Specially formulated foods vs Standard care Specially formulated foods compared with standard care for treating children with MAM Patients or population: children with MAM Setting: low‐ and middle‐income countries Intervention: specially formulated foods (± counselling and medical care) Control: counselling and standard medical care without food provision comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of Participants (studies) Quality of the evidence (GRADE) Assumed risk Corresponding risk Standard care 554 per 1000 715 per 1000 (664 to 765) RR 1. 29 (1. 20 to 1. 38) 2152 (2 studies) Moderate1 ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Not recovered 111 per 1000 107 per 1000 (82 to 141) RR 0. 97 (0. 74 to 1. 27) 1974 (1 study) Low2 ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Defaulted 185 per 1000 55 per 1000 (41 to 72) RR 0. 30 (0. 22 to 0. 39) 1974 (1 study) Moderate3 ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Weight gain, total Mean weight gain ranged from 0. 69 to 0. 83 total kg Foods increased mean weight gain of 0. 18 kg (0. 04 to 0. 33) 178 (1 study) Low4 ⊕⊕⊝⊝ WHZ final Mean final WHZ ranged from ‐1. 6 to ‐1. 98 z‐scores Foods increased mean final WHZ of 0. 20 z‐scores (0. 03 to 0. 37) 1546 (2 studies) Moderate1 ⊕⊕⊕⊝ MUAC gain Mean MUAC gain ranged from 9 to 11 total mm Foods increased mean MUAC gain of 0. 62 mm (‐1. 38 to 2. 61) 178 (1 study) Very low4 ⊕⊝⊝⊝ HAZ final Mean final HAZ ranged from ‐2. 9 to ‐3. 6 z‐scores Foods increased mean final HAZ of 0. 23 z‐scores (‐0. 07 to 0. 54) 1546 (2 studies) Low5 ⊕⊕⊝⊝ *The basis for the assumed risk (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: ’s [16] findings into their investigations, potentially necessitating a reconsideration of agricultural policies and dietary choices to align with updated environmental impact assessments. 2. Materials and methods 2. 1. Considered agricultural products In this study, our initial focus was to investigate whether the disparities in findings between Clark and Tilman [7] and Boschiero et al. [16] could be attributed to differences in the selected agricultural products for analysis. and Tilman [7] considered both plant-based and animal products, Boschiero et al. [16] exclusively examined plant-based products. To address this, we isolated data for plant-based products from Clark and Tilman’s [7] database and conducted a comparative analysis to determine if the disparities in the findings could be resolved by this treatment. The data for our analysis were acquired from the respective website of each paper. Our analysis focused on five environmental impact variables, consistently examined in both Clark and Tilman [7] and Boschiero et al. [16] using the Assessment. These variables included acidification, eutrophication, climate change, energy use, and land use. The primary variable of interest was the percentage denoting additional environmental impacts of organic farming in comparison to conventional farming. A positive percentage indicated a greater environmental impact for organic farming, while a negative percentage signified a reduced impact. 2. 2. Averaging methods Subsequently, we delved into an investigation of whether differences in the findings could be attributed to varying averaging methods employed by the two studies. and Tilman [7] and Boschiero et al. [16] utilized averaging methods to derive representative values for their datasets, acknowledging the asymmetrical distribution of the data. Clark and Tilman [7] calculated the logarithm of the ratio of environmental impacts for organic farming relative to conventional farming, using a base of 2. They then computed the arithmetic mean of these logarithmic values, which were then transformed back into the original scale. In contrast, Boschiero et al. [16] determined the median instead of the mean of the original values. Our analysis commenced by demonstrating the asymmetric distribution of the logarithmic values derived by Clark and Tilman [7], suggesting that Boschiero et al. ’s [16] choice of employing a median value might be a more appropriate approach.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: For a high correlation of LD phase, combining animals from the two breeds in the training set improved the accuracy of selection in scenarios 3 and 4. These results are consistent with those of de Roos et al. [30], who concluded that across-population evaluations were preferred to within-population evaluations when the populations were closely related, marker density was high, or the number of animals with phenotypic records was small. Non-additive effects and response to selectionIt has been argued that dominance is the likely genetic basis of heterosis [7], therefore explicitly including dominance in the GS model may be an advantage when selecting purebred animals for CP, i. e. it may increase heterosis. In this study, we assumed dominance variance to be one third of the additive genetic variance. This ratio resulted in 10 to 15% of loci showing overdominance. When overdominance is present, crossbred performance is maximized if alternate alleles are fixed in the two purebred populations. In fact with overdominance, allele substitution effects may have opposite signs in the parental breeds, depending on allele frequencies in the two breeds. In this case, the two parental breeds are expected to be fixed for alternate alleles of overdominant QTL, which increases the frequency of favourable heterozygotes in crossbred progeny and can explain the benefit of selection based on GEBVC. However, it should be noted that existence of overdominance is not the only driver of divergence in allele frequencies in parental breeds. It has been shown that partial dominance can play a role in influencing changes in allele frequencies and have favourable effects on heterosis, especially when the number of QTL that affect the trait is large [31]. Genotype-by-environment and genotype-by-genetic interactionsIn our simulation, we assumed that the additive and dominance effects of the QTL alleles were similar in both breeds. For some QTL, which have been traced to known mutations, the alleles do act reasonably similarly in different breeds and populations [32]. However, this assumption is violated when there are QTL-by-environment interactions or QTL-by-genetic background interactions (epistasis). With substantial QTL-by-environment interactions or epistasis, it will be less advantageous to combine populations in a training set, because marker effects will differ between populations [30].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 08 z‐scores (‐0. 02 to 0. 17) 3048 (3 studies) Moderate1 ⊕⊕⊕⊝ MUAC gain Mean MUAC gain ranged from 0. 13 to 0. 24 mm/day LNS increased mean MUAC gain of 0. 04 mm/day (‐0. 00 to 0. 08) 3730 ( 2 studies) Moderate1 ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Height gain Mean height gain ranged from 0. 13 to 0. 21 mm/day LNS increased mean height gain of 0 mm/day (‐0. 03 to 0. 03) 3730 (2 studies) High ⊕⊕⊕⊕ *The basis for the assumed risk (e. g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk Ratio; MD: mean difference grades of evidence High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate. Downgraded by 1 for inconsistency (high heterogeneity of results among trials) of the condition Undernutrition encompasses chronic malnutrition (stunting), acute malnutrition (wasting), and deficiencies of micronutrients. Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), also called moderate wasting, affects around 10% of children under five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries (Black 2008). In absolute numbers, this means that between 40 to 55 million children in the world are suffering from MAM (Black 2008; Kerac 2011). There is variation in the prevalence of MAM in children under five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries, and on a regional basis within the same countries. However, South‐is estimated to have the highest point prevalence (19%) and the highest absolute number of affected children (30 million children).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: The level of asymmetry was assessed using Peason’s second skewness coefficient calculated from the mean, median, and standard deviation [17]. We subsequently examined whether the disparities in findings could be mitigated when applying Boschiero et al. ’s [16] averaging method. 2. 3. Sample size To address the possibility that disparities in findings were influenced by sample size, our next investigation examined the impact of sample size on the differences between Clark and Tilman [7] and Boschiero et al. [16]. Although both studies reviewed a substantial number of papers (164 and 77, respectively), it was evident that Clark and Tilman [7] frequently encountered constraints in sample size due to the scarcity of paired studies that directly compared environmental impacts between organic and conventional farming. To assess the potential errors associated with a smaller sample size, we performed a resampling procedure using Boschiero et al. ’s [16] data. This procedure involved 5,000 iterations through bootstrapping with replacement [18]. The resulting distribution of 5,000 medians and the subsequent calculation of a 95% interval for these medians provided insights into the potential errors linked to limited sample size. Importantly, we confirmed that doubling the number of resampling iterations to 10,000 did not significantly alter the results. 3. Results 3. 1. Considered agricultural products The additional environmental impact percentages calculated by Clark and Tilman [7] for organic farming, compared to conventional farming, were as follows: +13% for acidification, +37% for eutrophication, −4% for climate change, −15% for energy use, and +56% for land use (Table 1). Notably, the values for acidification and eutrophication deviated considerably from the results reported by Boschiero et al. [16]. and Tilman [7] reported positive values, Boschiero et al. [16] presented negative values for these categories. Even when restricting the analysis to plant-based products, the values for acidification and eutrophication remained positive (Table 1). This adjustment did lead to a reduction in the disparity between Clark and Tilman [7] and Boschiero et al. [16] for acidification but an increase for eutrophication.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: In addition, with genotype-by-environment (G × E) interaction and epistasis, the main complication is that the dominance model does not fully explain the incomplete genetic correlation between crossbred and purebred individuals (r pc ). In fact, an incomplete genetic correlation between purebred and crossbred performance can be due to both non-additive effects (dominance and epistasis), and G × E interaction. In our simulation, the correlation between TBVP and TBVC (r tbvp,tbvc ) was 0. 66 and 0. 7 on average for low and high correlations of LD phase between two breeds, respectively, which was purely due to dominance and differences in allele frequencies between the two purebred lines. In this study, we focused on using purebred data to improve CP. In fact, selection at the purebred level reduces the need for the crossbred testing that is required for CCPS, thereby saving important test resources and enabling the short generation intervals of purebred selection. However, Dekkers and Chakraborty [33] discussed the benefit of GS for improving CP and suggested that it may be limited if marker effects are estimated from purebred nucleus data since the resulting EBV are strictly relevant to the studied population and environment only and may not help much to improve selection for CP if substantial G × E and genotype-by-genetic (G × G) background interactions are present. In this study, we considered the G × G due to dominance and not that due to differences in the physical environment. In principle, one could use a dominance model and multitrait analysis to partition the purebred-crossbred genetic correlation into a component due to dominance and a remaining component due to G × E and epistasis. However, accurate partitioning would require a small standard error of the estimated purebred-crossbred genetic correlation, and thus very large datasets [34]. In this study, directional dominance was simulated since dominance coefficients (h i ) were normally distributed with a positive mean, N(0. 5, 0. 1). Consequently, dominance effects (d i ) were on average greater than 0 (d > 0). However, in the statistical model used to estimate the genetic effects associated with each marker, dominance effects were considered as random unknown effects with a mean of 0. The simulation of dominance effects that are on average greater than 0 has two consequences. First, the overall average trait value may increase.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: A prevalence rate above 15% has been recorded in several countries in East, Central, and West Africa, and rates of over 10% are reported in some countries in the (2013; WHO 2013). Time trends in the prevalence of MAM have shown important improvements in some regions of the world, notably (Fernandez 2002; Lima 2010; Stevens 2012), while in many other countries the prevalence still remains unacceptably high (2013; WHO 2013). The incidence of acute malnutrition in low‐ and middle‐income countries is usually more prominent in the first years of life when children have a high demand for nutrients and there are limitations in the quality and quantity of their diets, including inadequate breastfeeding practices (Shrimpton 2001; Black 2008; Paul 2011). Children in their first few years of life are also more susceptible to recurrent infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, which adversely affect metabolism, appetite, and nutritional status. Being exposed to inadequate food intake and recurrent infections, children in low‐ and middle‐income countries can easily enter a vicious circle of weight loss, increased susceptibility to infections, and ever‐worsening nutritional status (Guerrant 2008). Acute malnutrition is also strongly associated with HIV and tuberculosis (TB). Both diseases compromise the nutritional status leading to malnutrition, which in turn aggravates the severity and the clinical course of HIV and TB (Donald 2007; Papathakis 2008). Acute and chronic malnutrition can coexist in the same child. However, acute and chronic malnutrition are not necessarily associated on a geographical or ecological basis, that is, countries with a similar stunting prevalence can have a several‐fold difference in the prevalence of wasting (Black 2008; 2013; WHO 2013). Consequences of moderate acute malnutrition Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) has a strong impact on child mortality and morbidity in developing countries. Malnutrition impairs immune function (Leke 1996) and for this reason children with malnutrition are more vulnerable to infections, more prone to severe diseases, and present a higher mortality risk. Children with MAM have an estimated three‐ to four‐fold increased risk of overall mortality compared to well‐nourished children (Caulfield 2004; Black 2008). Cause‐specific mortality risk in low‐ and middle‐income countries for children with MAM is increased for common infections such as pneumonia (odds ratio (OR) 4. 2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3. 2 to 5. 5), measles (OR 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: Consequently, the difference in the considered agricultural products did not account for the disparities in findings between the two meta-analytical studies. 3. 2. Averaging methods Peason’s second skewness coefficients were 0. 65, 0. 11, 0. 27, −0. 21, and 1. 64 for acidification, eutrophication, climate change, energy use, and land use, indicating pronounced asymmetry for acidification and land use. The asymmetry for acidification and land use was also obvious in the frequency distributions for these variables (Figure 1), suggesting the use of medians instead of means would be more appropriate. Using medians instead of means resulted in a shift, with the value for acidification becoming negative, while eutrophication remained positive (Table 1). This adjustment in averaging methods partially elucidated the disparities in findings between Clark and Tilman [7] and Boschiero et al. [16]. Table 1 Additional environmental impact percentages for organic farming in comparison to conventional farming and Tilman [7] Boschiero et al. [16] Original (all products, mean) n Plant-based products Median n Median[25th, 75th percentiles] n Acidification +13% 26 +6% −4% 12 −9%[−49%, +39%] 75 Eutrophication +37% 20 +64% +48% 8 −3%[−43%, +32%] 122 Climate change −4% 44 −20% −5% 23 −20%[−59%, +14%] 121 Energy use −15% 33 −15% −19% 18 −15%[−42%, +23%] 67 Land use +56% 37 +38% +15% 24 +31%[−18%, +65%] 52 This table includes the original values reported by Clark and Tilman [7], alternative values calculated by the author using different methods, and the corresponding figures from Boschiero et al. [16]. Figure 1 Frequency distributions of samples for (a) acidification and (b) land use, based on the logarithmic ratio in organic farming compared to conventional farming, utilizing data derived from Clark and Tilman [7]. 3. 3. Sample size The distribution of median values for eutrophication, derived from Boschiero et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Determinants for the evolution rate of enhancer sequencesTo understand the source of the selective forces acting on heart enhancers, the factors potentially associated with the evolution rate of enhancer sequences, and the properties of heart enhancers, were investigated. Two types of enhancer characteristics were examined: enhancer pleiotropy and the properties of neighboring genes. As mentioned in Methods, enhancer regions that only functioned in a single tissue were defined as specific enhancer regions, while all others were defined as pleiotropic enhancer regions. Initially, specific enhancer regions were found to have a significantly higher D (P < e-300, Mann-test, Figure 3A) compared to pleiotropic enhancer regions. These results indicated that specific enhancer regions had a faster rate of sequence evolution. Furthermore, higher D/d4 (P = 6. 7e-16, U test, Figure 3D) ratios of specific enhancer regions suggests that the faster evolution rate observed is due to a fixation bias, rather than a mutation bias. To avoid redundancy, analyses based on D/di were not conducted. Previous studies reported that pleiotropic [41], or housekeeping protein coding genes [42], are subject to more stringent selective constraints. Similarly, the evolution of pleiotropic enhancer regions could be constrained by having a role in the development of a wide range of biological systems. As a result, mutations in these enhancer regions would have greater deleterious effects. These hypotheses are consistent with the patterns observed in Figure 3A and 3D. Figure 3Correlations between the evolutionary rates of mouse enhancers and enhancer properties: the tissue-specificity of the enhancers (A, D), essentiality of the adjacent gene (B, E), and the expression level of the adjacent gene (C, F). Evolutionary rates are represented by D (A-C) or D/d4 (D-F). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is (C) 0. 040 (P <10-3) and (F) 0. 046 (P <10-4) for the unbinned data. The values of upper quartile, median, and lower quartile are indicated in each box, whereas the bars outside the box indicate semi-quartile ranges. Pairwise comparisons showing significant differences in D or D/d4 are connected with gray lines (*0. 01<P≦0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 7; 95% CI 2. 5 to 5. 5), malaria (OR 3. 0; 95% CI 1. 0 to 8. 9), and diarrhoea (OR 2. 9; 95% CI 1. 8 to 4. 5) (Black 2008). Moreover, if not adequately supported, children with MAM can rapidly progress towards severe acute malnutrition (SAM), which is a life‐threatening condition (Garenne 2009). In absolute numbers, most malnutrition‐related deaths occur in mildly or moderately malnourished children, who represent the larger proportion of total children in comparison with those who are severely malnourished (Pelletier 1995; Black 2008). It is estimated that about one in six (14. 6%) child deaths per year in low‐ and middle‐income countries are attributable to acute malnutrition. Of these, 4. 4% are due to severe acute malnutrition, and 10. 2% to moderate acute malnutrition. In terms of disease‐adjusted life years (DALYs), moderate and severe acute malnutrition together account for 14. 8% of the total DALYs in children under five years of age. Investing in malnutrition is therefore essential to reduce child mortality, and achieve the Goal (MDG) 4 (Black 2008; Waage 2010). As acute malnutrition also increases the health risk associated with HIV and TB, interventions that aim to reduce malnutrition may have an impact on these specific diseases (MDG 6) (2006). Malnutrition can adversely affect cognitive and social aspects of child health. Hunger is associated with reduced attention and low interest levels and malnourished children have poor cognitive performance that can ultimately compromise their ability to learn, their education, and their overall development (2006). Reaching an acceptable nutritional status is recognised as a fundamental prerequisite in order to improve educational attainment (MDG 2) (2006; Stein 2008; Martorell 2010; Waage 2010). From an economic perspective, malnutrition leads to direct losses in terms of physical productivity, indirect losses due to poor cognitive development and schooling, and a loss in resources from increased healthcare costs (2006). Interventions that aim at reducing malnutrition have the potential to reduce poverty and to develop national economies (MDG1) (2006; Waage 2010). Malnutrition has a bidirectional relationship with social exclusion and poverty.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: It is thus crucial to the critical importance of reassessing the potential of organic farming for mitigating environmental impacts based on Boschiero et al. ’s [16] updated data and findings, although we acknowledge that organic farming is not always an effective solution. authors declare no financial support for the research, authorship, or publication of this 5221. doi: 10. 1038/nplants. 2015. 221 2 Willer H, Schlatter B, Tráníček J. The world of organic agriculture: statistics & emerging trends 2023. Frick and Bonn: FiBL & IFOAM; 2023. Available from: 3 European Commission. Organic farming in the EU: a decade of organic growth. European Union. 2023. Available from: 4 Eyhorn F, et al. Sustainability in global agriculture driven by organic farming. Nat Sustain. 2019;2:253–55. doi: 10. 1038/s41893-019-0266-6 5 Food and of the United Nations. Organic agriculture. Food and of the United Nations. 2023. Available from: 6 Gamage A, et al. Role of organic farming for achieving sustainability in agriculture. Farming Syst. 2023;1(1):100005. doi: 10. 1016/j. farsys. 2023. 100005 7 Clark M, Tilman D. Comparative analysis of environmental impacts of agricultural production systems, agricultural input efficiency, and food choice. Lett. 2017;12:064016. doi: 10. 1088/1748-9326/aa6cd5 8 Jouzi Z, et al. Organic farming and small-scale farmers: main opportunities and challenges. Ecol Econ. 2017;132:144–54. doi: 10. 1016/j. ecolecon. 2016. 10. 016 9 Seufert V, Ramakutty N. Many shades of gray—the context-dependent performance of organic agriculture. Sci Adv. 2017;3:e1602638. doi: 10. 1126/sciadv. 1602638 10 Meier MS, et al. Environmental impacts of organic and conventional agricultural products - are the differences captured by life cycle assessment? J Environ Manage. 2015;149:193–208. doi: 10. 1016/j. jenvman. 2014. 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 05 and ***P≦0. 001 by Mann-test). Full size imageEnhancers tend to regulate neighboring genes that are within several kilobases [9]. Therefore, we also investigated the association between the evolution rate of enhancer regions and the properties of adjacent genes (e. g. , the closest coding gene in the mouse genome). The median distance for adjacent genes was found to be 49. 7 kb. It is important to note that the adjacent gene of an enhancer may not be the same gene used to compute d4 or di, since the calculation of d4 and di require the presence of a one-to-one ortholog in another genome. For enhancer regions with an adjacent gene that is considered to be essential, a significantly smaller D (P = 3. 83e-6, U test) was observed compared to enhancer regions adjacent to a non-essential gene (Figure 3B). These results suggest that faster rates of evolution occurred in the latter case. It has previously been shown that genomic regions with high gene density have low mutation rates [43]. Moreover, highly expressed genes, which tend to be essential [24, 44], are located in gene-dense genomic regions [45]. Thus, we expected that genomic regions enriched with essential genes would have a lowered mutation rate which potentially explains Figure 3B. As expected, a smaller D for enhancer regions with an adjacent gene that is essential was observed, while no significant difference in D/d4 was observed for enhancers with an adjacent essential gene versus a non-essential gene (P = 0. 27, U test, Figure 3E). In addition, enhancer regions with a highly expressed adjacent gene tended to evolve faster than enhancer regions adjacent to a weakly expressed gene (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient σ of D vs. the expression level of the adjacent gene = 0. 040, P = 1. 9e-4; Figure 3C, for U test). A slightly more significant positive correlation was found between D/d4 and the expression level of an adjacent gene (Spearman's σ = 0. 044, P = 9. 8e-5; Figure 3F, for U test), suggesting that embryonic enhancers near weakly expressed genes are subject to a more biased selective force. The results remained unchanged when gene expression levels were defined by the maximum expression signal detected for the 61 mouse tissues analyzed (Additional file 5).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The prevalence of malnutrition is often two or three times higher, sometimes even many times higher, among those who are more socioeconomically deprived, even within the same geographical area (2006; 2013). The treatment of malnutrition is, therefore, also a matter of social justice and equity. Description of the intervention A framework developed by Children's Fund () recognises the basic and underlying causes of undernutrition, including environmental, economic, and sociopolitical contextual factors, with poverty playing a central role (Black 2008). Addressing general deprivation and inequity would result in substantial and long‐term reductions in undernutrition and should be a global priority. Food interventions aim to reverse inadequate food intake and also aim at improving knowledge, attitude, and practices related to a healthy diet. Two broad approaches are used. Where there is adequate access to foods needed for feeding children but lack of knowledge of how best to use them, nutritional counselling on how to improve domestic diet is given to families on the assumption that this will improve the diet of children. In emergency contexts, where food availability is inadequate to meet the nutritional needs of children, improving local diet may not be practicable and externally provided food rations are given (Briend 2009). Interventions to improve family foods include the use of special recipes made with locally available ingredients and home processing of foods, such as soaking, germination, malting and fermentation, to increase their nutritional content. However, a recent review of programmes implemented by a considerable number of agencies or donors, international non‐governmental agencies (NGOs), paediatric associations, and local governments has highlighted that in general, for the treatment of MAM, there is a greater emphasis on providing food supplements than on delivering adequate dietary counselling in order to improve local diet habits (Ashworth 2009). This may be due to a generally greater emphasis on treatment programmes utilising external resources (such as ready‐to‐use foods), rather than on prevention programmes focusing on behavioural change, and to greater attention given to short‐term outcomes instead of long‐term impacts of intervention (Ashworth 2009).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: 006 11. A meta-analysis of the differences in environmental impacts between organic and conventional farming. J. 2009;111:1098–119. doi: 10. 1108/00070700910992925 12. Does organic farming reduce environmental impacts? - a meta-analysis of European research. J Environ Manage. 2012;112:309–20. doi: 10. 1016/j. jenvman. 2012. 08. 018 13 Health. Sustainable food for a sustainable planet. 2017;1:E123. doi: 10. 1016/S2542-5196(17)30066-9 14 Meeken E, Qaim M. Organic agriculture, food security, and the environment. Resour Econ. 2018;10:4. 1–4. 25. doi: 10. 1146/annurev-resource-100517-023252 15 Giampieri F, et al. Organic vs conventional plant-based foods: a review. Food Chem. 2022;383:132352. doi: 10. 1016/j. foodchem. 2022. 132352 16. Comparison of organic and conventional cropping systems: a systematic review of life cycle assessment studies. Assess Rev. 2023;102:107187. doi: 10. 1016/j. eiar. 2023. 107187 17. Measuring skewness: a forgotten statistic? J Stat Edu. 2011;19:2. doi: 10. 1080/10691898. 2011. 11889611 18 Peck R, Devore JL. Statistics: the exploration and analysis of data. Boston (MA): Brooks/Cole; 2011. 19 Ritchie H. Is organic really better for the environment than conventional agriculture? in Data. 2017. Available from: 20 Lazzaris S. We are going organic. But it’s no silver bullet. Foodunfold. 2022. Available from: Available from: and ways forward for related research. Sustain Sci. 2021;16:2087–99. doi: 10. 1007/s11625-021-01018-6 23 -mat. 1. 5-Degree lifestyles: targets and options for reducing lifestyle carbon footprints. Hayama: Institute for Strategies; 2019.

Output: contrast