Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: In anticipation of long-term shifts towards digitalised living and learning, our study was conceived to explore the potential of a brief, online mindfulness intervention to support university students’ mental well-being. Prior to the commencement of the trial, it was posited that such an intervention, if found effective, would have substantial implications for post-pandemic mental health strategies, offering a scalable and accessible solution well-suited to the evolving educational and social dynamics. This objective is aligned with the importance of integrating mindfulness in the public health system comprehensively outlined by Oman (2023) and represent a novel aspect not covered by this work. The intention was to contribute to the limited yet growing evidence on the efficacy of digital MBIs and to propose a proactive approach to integrating mental health support in post-pandemic university settings. This rationale set the stage for a study that, through its innovative design and contemporary relevance, aimed to inform future public health policies and educational practices in a world adapting to the lasting changes brought about by the pandemic. Based on previous literature, we predicted that our brief online MBI would be associated in the experimental group (with the mindfulness intervention), but not in the control group (without the mindfulness intervention) with a decrease of students’ (1) depressive symptoms, (2) anxiety, and (3) rumination. Moreover, we predicted that the initial trait mindfulness would be related to the decrease of students’ (1) depressive symptoms, (2) anxiety, and (3) rumination. MethodParticipantsParticipants were students attending (GP) class. The assignment to either the control or the experimental program was done using a cluster randomisation procedure. The sample consisted of 486 students (97% female), 205 (42%) in the experimental group (class 1) who participated in the online MBI and 281 (58%) to the control group (class 2). Participants’ mean age was 22. 88 (range 19–60; SD = 6. 39). ProcedureThe lectures of GP occurred in the two classes twice a week for 12 consecutive weeks in analogous virtual classrooms and shared the same course plan. In both the experimental and the control groups, students were requested at the beginning of class to switch off their mobile devices. Only the experimental group (class 1) took part in the mindfulness intervention, which was delivered by the first author of this paper.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: 91 Mp1600 716 10,114 297 118 7. 86 8. 9 7. 12 4. 06 Tea-garden 697 10,348 354 225 7. 03 8. 45 7. 51 5. 7 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 13504/table-3 The distributions of exclusive and common species of the different soil microbial groups showed obviously different profiles (Fig. 2). Common species of Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses accounted for 58. 6%, 75. 1%, 50. 4%, and 7. 5% of the soil microbial groups, respectively, whereas exclusive species of Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses accounted for 12. 3%, 6. 6%, 15. 6%, and 54. 5%, respectively. The spatial distribution patterns of the different soil microbial groups also differed across the altitudinal gradient. The ratio of exclusive and common species for Archaea and Fungi were similar, but with obvious differences of the ratio for Bacteria or Viruses. Figure 2: Venn diagram of exclusive, shared species, and total species associated with (A) archaea, (B) bacteria, (C) fungi and (D) viruses in soil microbial communities at different elevations in a Pinus massoniana forest. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 13504/fig-2 Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota were the predominant groups of soil Archaea in the P. massoniana forest surveyed across the selected altitudinal gradient. The order of relative abundance of these two groups at the five sites was: Tea-garden (84. 1%) > Mp1000 (80. 3%) > Mp1200 (75. 8%) > Mp1400 (75. 6%) > Mp1600 (75. 5%), thus showing a decreasing trend from 1,000 to 1,200 m altitude. Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota were followed in relative abundance by and Nanoarchaeota (Fig. 3A). Figure 3: The relative abundance of (A) Archaea, (B) Bacteria, (C) Fungi, (D) Viruses in soil microbial communities across an altitudinal gradient in a Pinus massoniana forest. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: Szabo | Marshak – : Monitoring Earth’s Climate and the Threat of the Sun’s WeatherFeb 8, 2023 | Astronomy and Planetary Science, Earth & – – is a satellite orbiting between the Sun and Earth at the first Sun-point. The primary mission of is to measure the incoming solar wind conditions and provide these measurements in near-real-time, to enable space weather forecasting. also has instruments that can monitor Earth’s climate, by measuring energy reflected and radiated from Earth, and can track levels of ozone, aerosols, clouds, vegetation and ocean properties, and more. Led by scientists Szabo and Marshak, the project is a joint mission between (NOAA), the US Air Force, and NASA. – – was launched atop a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket in early 2015. Its primary mission is to monitor the Sun’s weather near Earth. Its secondary objective is to provide novel Earth observations from a unique vantage point. To achieve these goals, the project is a collaboration between three major agencies. Force provided the launch vehicle, NOAA operates the spacecraft and its solar weather forecasting instrumentation, and NASA built the spacecraft itself, as well as operating the two Earth-facing science instruments. Monitoring Earth’s climate requires a good view of Earth, of course. On the other hand, tracking solar weather is most useful when the satellite is closer to the Sun than the Earth is, so that it can act as an early warning system. However, if the satellite is closer to the Sun than Earth is, its orbit will be faster and it will not remain in the vicinity of Earth. To resolve this conflict, travelled 1. 5 million kilometres to a special point between the Earth and the Sun, called the first Sun-point, or L1. Here, the gravity from Earth and the Sun balance each other, and so the satellite can remain near the Sun-Earth line with few course corrections. The L1 Lagrange point is perfect for space weather monitoring, as a satellite near this location can sample the incoming solar wind around 40 minutes before it reaches Earth. Thus, space weather forecasting on a 30-minute timescale is possible. The L1 point also provides a unique vantage point for Earth science. From there, almost all of the sunlit face of Earth is visible, unlike from typical low-Earth orbits.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: The mindfulness instructor, a licensed clinical psychologist with formal MBSR training and a 10-year experience in teaching mindfulness meditation, was not involved in the teaching of the GP course. A recent meta-analysis showed that in school-settings only, MBIs delivered by outside instructors (not involved in the teaching) with previous training and experience of mindfulness have beneficial effects (Mettler et al. , 2023). This study was part of a larger project about the effects of a MBI for university students (Fagioli et al. , 2023). All participants, before taking part in the study, gave informed consent and completed a series of questionnaires online twice: 1 week before the start of the MBI and 1 week after its completion. InterventionThe intervention was based on the pillars of Mindfulness-based (MBSR; Kabat-Zinn, 2013). Participants in the experimental group engaged in guided mindfulness meditation during class once a week and also practised a daily breathing exercise over a period of 28 days. The in-class intervention consisted in a guided sitting meditation preceded by a brief introduction. Participants were asked to sit on a chair and instructions were provided on the physical posture (Kabat Zinn, 2013): (1) be seated on a chair, upright, with one’s eyes closed (or open, with a low gaze, if keeping them open was uncomfortable); (2) bring full attention to the present moment, notice what thoughts, emotions, urges, and feelings arise, allow every one of them to come and go; (3) go back to the physical sensations related to the breathing as an anchor for attention. Students were asked to put themselves in contact with their inner experiences with curiosity, openness, and acceptance. The mindfulness trainer, for 4 consecutive weeks, led a 10-min breathing meditation at the beginning of each class. Students were invited to share their experiences and received feedback from the instructor, who, on the basis of the students’ sharing, took the opportunity to illustrate the basics of mindfulness (Kabat-Zinn, 2013). The whole intervention, including meditation, sharing, and mini-lecture, lasted about 30 min. For the daily practice, participants were provided with an audio file of the breathing meditation and were asked to complete each day a brief survey to evaluate their compliance to the mindfulness practice.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: 13504/fig-3 Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were the predominant groups of Bacteria. The order of relative abundance of these two bacterial groups at the five sites was: Mp1000 (73. 1%) < Tea-garden (74. 0%) < Mp1200 (74. 3%) < Mp1600 (76. 0%) < Mp1400 (76. 2%), thus showing an increasing trend with increasing altitude. The bacterial groups following in relative abundance were and other bacteria (Fig. 3B). Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the predominant groups of Fungi. The order of relative abundance of these two fungal groups at the five sites was: Tea-garden (89. 4%) < Mp1000 (92. 2%) < Mp1200 (93. 3%) < Mp1400 (94. 2%) < Mp1600 (94. 4%), thus showing an increasing trend with increasing altitude. Moreover, ascomycetes increased with elevation and their relative abundance decreased significantly whereas basidiomycetes showed an obvious increase with elevation. The relative abundances of the two groups showed increasing trends with increasing altitude. The fungal groups following in relative abundance were Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, other Fungi, and unclassified Fungi (Fig. 3C). Myoviridae, Podoviridae, and Siphoviridae were the predominant virus groups. The order of relative abundance of these groups at the five sites was: Mp1600 (42. 1%) < Tea-garden (48. 7%) < Mp1000 (49. 6%) < Mp1200 (50. 8%) < Mp1400 (54. 5%). The groups following in relative abundance were Phycodnaviridae, Tectiviridae, Mimiviridae, unclassified virus, Caudovirales, and other viruses (Fig. 3D). Clustering of the different soil microbial groups (Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses) at the genus level showed significant differences with altitude.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: This enables, for example, studies of how characteristics of the Earth system changes from morning through noon to evening. All of the images of Earth are uploaded online daily. : NASA/ Monitoring the Health of Earth’s has two Earth-facing instruments – one that looks at broad-spectrum radiation, and one that is tuned to particular frequencies of radiation from ultraviolet to near-infrared spectral ranges. The former is which measures how much energy is radiated and reflected from Earth towards the critical near-sunward direction. If more energy leaves the Earth system than the amount the Sun provides, the Earth will cool over time. However, if more energy is absorbed, the Earth will warm. This is called the planet’s radiation budget, and is key to tracking the progression of climate change, in both the short and long-term. The deeper understanding of Earth’s radiation budget provided by will help scientists and decision makers to devise the most effective strategies to mitigate global climate change. The second instrument is EPIC: the Imaging Camera. This is a Cassegrain telescope with a 30-centimetre aperture. An aperture is the circular hole that lets light in: the larger the aperture, the more light that can enter, allowing more detail to be achieved. Cassegrain is a telescope design where light is first reflected by a concave mirror, which aims the light at a smaller convex mirror, which focuses the final image to a point. So, how does EPIC help us monitor the climate? The air on Earth is transparent to many wavelengths – or ‘colours’ – of light. However, clouds, smoke, aerosols and certain molecules such as ozone can reflect certain wavelengths of light back into space, allowing them to be detected by EPIC. EPIC is built to detect ten specific wavelength ranges of light. To do so, the telescope houses a wheel of filters. By rotating the wheel, the filter covering the sensing equipment can be switched – with each filter blocking all but a narrow range of wavelengths. Each wavelength range is chosen to detect certain molecules in the atmosphere. 4th, 2021, EPIC imaged a rare total solar eclipse in Antarctica from 1 million miles away For example, one filter only lets through light with a wavelength of 317. 5 nanometres.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: 25 with 95% confidence under p = 0. 05 requires a minimum sample size of 210 participants. Our sample size exceeds this estimation. ResultsThe data were complete and distributed nearly normally (skewness and kurtosis values within ± 2), with equal variances across groups and time points as evidenced by non-significant Levene’s test and there were no significant outliers. Figure 1 illustrates marginal means of depression for intervention and control groups measured pre- and post-intervention while controlling for baseline levels of mindfulness. A stronger decrease in depression levels was observed in the intervention group after the intervention, compared to the control group while pre-intervention levels of depression were comparable between groups. This observation is statistically supported by indicating a significant moderate interaction effect between group and time (F(1, 483) = 17. 55, p < 0. 001, η2 = 0. 04). Mindfulness at baseline significantly predicted depression scores with a large effect size (F(1, 483) = 177. 50, p < 0. 001, η2 = 0. 27). There was also a statistically significant modest effect of time (F(1, 483) = 12. 28, p < 0. 001, η2 = 0. 03). There was no significant interaction between mindfulness covariate and group for depression suggesting that the covariate’s effect is independent of the treatment effect (F(1,483) = 2. 36, p = 0. 88). Fig. 1Estimated marginal means of depression for intervention and control groups pre- and post-intervention after controlling for pre-intervention mindfulness levels. Depression scores on the Inventory (BDI)Full size imageAs shown in Fig. 2, rumination also decreased after intervention but only in the intervention group and this decrease was statistically significant as evidenced by and post hoc tests (F(1, 483) = 12. 05, p < 0. 001, η2 = 0. 02). There was also a significant effect of pre-intervention mindfulness levels on rumination scores (F(1, 483) = 152. 85, p < 0. 001, η2 = 0. 24). No significant interaction was observed for rumination outcome between mindfulness covariate and group suggesting that covariate is independent from the treatment effect (F(1,483) = 0. 02, p = 0. 90). Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Overall, Candidatus_Nitrosotalea, unclassified_p_Candidatus_Bathyarchaeota (from phylum to genus), Methanosarcina, Nitrososphaera, and unclassified_d_Archaea (from domain to genus) were the predominant archaeal genera (Fig. 4A), while unclassified_f_Acidobacteriaceae (from family to genus), Candidatus_Solibacter, Candidatus_Koribacter, and Bradyrhizobium were the predominant bacterial genera (Fig. 4B). Moniliophthora, Penicillium, Oidiodendron, Colletotrichum, Aspergillus, and Cladophialophora were the predominant fungal genera (Fig. 4C). Unclassified_d_Viruses (from domain to genus), unclassified_f_Myoviridae (from family to genus), unclassified_f_Siphoviridae (from family to genus), and unclassified_f_Podoviridae (from family to genus) were the predominant virus genera (Fig. 4D). Figure 4: Relationship between (A) Archaea, (B) Bacteria, (C) Fungi, (D) Viruses genera present across an altitudinal gradient in a Pinus massoniana forest. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 13504/fig-4 Functional gene composition and structure of soil microbial communities Based on the eggNOG database, the soil microbial community functional annotation was determined for the P. massoniana forest at different altitudes (Fig. 5). The main groups of functional genes were related to amino acid transport and metabolism (7. 51–7. 98%), energy production and transformation (6. 62–7. 46%), signal transduction mechanisms (6. 76–7. 24%), and DNA replication, recombination, and repair (6. 46–7. 16%). These dominant functional gene categories are important for energy production and cell metabolism. Genes with unknown functions accounted for 30% (28. 58–31. 16%) with the most abundant of all functional genes classified. Figure 5: NOG functional gene composition of soil microbial communities at different elevations in a Pinus massoniana forest. Download full-size image DOI: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: This lets EPIC detect ozone, an unstable molecule containing three oxygen atoms that forms when ordinary oxygen molecules are hit by ultraviolet light or, more excitingly, by lightning. Ozone rises to the upper atmosphere and protects life on the surface by absorbing 98% of the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet light. The ozone layer can become depleted by the release of chemicals such as CFCs, used in refrigerators and propellants. As such, to monitor the ‘health’ of the atmosphere, EPIC keeps track of ozone levels and distributions in the atmosphere. The good news is that worldwide control and bans on the use of CFCs has slowed ozone depletion, allowing it to slowly recover. Wavelengths of light detected through the other filters onboard EPIC allow scientists to examine aerosols in the atmosphere, study clouds, and even measure the density of vegetation. The near-infrared radiation scattered by vegetation is very strong, allowing EPIC to see green leaves even through optically thin clouds. Since EPIC sees the radiation reflected by the brightest portion of the canopy, it allows scientists to directly measure the sunlit leaf area, while also estimating how individual leaves reflect solar radiation, which offers unique diagnostic information about the biochemistry of leaves. Glints are caused by the reflection of sunlight from highly reflective objects. Such objects include the ocean or other water surfaces, and cloud ice crystals that reflect sunlight like a mirror consisting of numerous tiny pieces. EPIC offers excellent opportunities to learn about ice clouds that cause glints. EPIC’s camera generates images of 2,048 x 2,048 pixels. To reduce the transmission time to Earth, these images (except those recording blue light) are compressed to 1,024 x 1,024 pixels – roughly the size of a standard Instagram photo. The resolution is around 10 x 10 kilometres at the centre of Earth’s image, meaning that each pixel of the final image covers around 100 square kilometres of Earth’s surface, which the team verified by looking at the width of the Nile and Amazon rivers. : for also watches the Sun, using the Plasma-Magnetometer – or PlasMag. This suite is composed of an instrument measuring the solar wind p1859. This was before the widespread use of electricity, though telegram operators were electrocuted as their cables became energised, and some even caught fire. Intense auroral displays were seen not just near the poles, but all around the world.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: 2Estimated marginal means of rumination for intervention and control groups pre- and post-intervention after controlling for pre-intervention mindfulness levels. Scale (RRS)Full size imageSimilarly, there was a stronger reduction of trait anxiety in the intervention group compared to the control group at post-intervention that can be observed in Fig. 3, and statistically supported by significant group-time interaction (F(1, 483) = 12. 43, p < 0. 001, η2 = 0. 03). Baseline mindfulness levels also significantly predicted lower anxiety with a large effect size (F(1, 483) = 249. 47, p < 0. 001, η2 = 0. 34). The interaction between mindfulness covariate and group was not significant for trait anxiety suggesting that the covariate is independent from treatment effect (F(1,483) = 0. 47, p = 0. 49). Fig. 3Estimated marginal means of anxiety for intervention and control groups pre- and post-intervention after controlling for pre-intervention mindfulness levels. of the State and Inventory (STAI)Full size imageDescriptive statistics including means and SD for all study variables at pre (T1) and post (T2) intervention are included in Table 1. Note that these descriptive values were not adjusted for baseline mindfulness levels, and hence different from values displayed on Figs. 1, 2, and 3. This adjustment is crucial because individuals’ initial mindfulness can significantly influence their response to the intervention, potentially affecting outcomes such as depression, rumination, and trait anxiety. Therefore, to accurately assess the intervention’s effectiveness, Figs. 1, 2, and 3 present data that have been adjusted for these baseline levels. This adjustment ensures a more precise evaluation of the intervention’s impact by accounting for individual differences in mindfulness at the start of the study. Consequently, while Table 1 offers a straightforward comparison of pre- and post-intervention scores, Figs. 1, 2, and 3 provide a deeper insight into the intervention’s effects, controlling for initial mindfulness variations among participants. Understanding this distinction is vital for interpreting the results accurately, as it highlights the intervention’s true effectiveness by considering the starting point of each participant’s mindfulness level.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj. 13504/fig-5 A high representation of carbohydrate metabolism (12. 22–13. 00%), global and overview map (11. 51–11. 62%), amino acid metabolism (10. 23–10. 67%), and energy metabolism (7. 51–7. 80%) was observed when the KEGG database was applied to the functional annotation into putative pathways (Fig. 6A). Glycosyl transferase (GT, 34. 59–38. 58%) and glycoside hydrolase (GH, 28. 98–33. 59%) were most represented carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZy), followed by carbohydrate esterase (CE, 15. 91–16. 28%), coenzyme activity (AA, 10. 43–10. 92%), and polysaccharide lyase (PL, 3. 00–3. 64%), combined with the carbohydrate Module (CBM, 1. 98–2. 14%) (Fig. 6B). Figure 6: KEGG pathway (A) and CAZy (B) functional gene classification for soil microbial communities at different elevations in a Pinus massoniana forest. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 13504/fig-6 Saprophytic and parasitic trophic mode made up the two largest proportions in soil fungal communities in the P. massoniana forest; while Ectomycorrhizal fungi and Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi were dominant groups in the symbiotic trophic mode. The relative abundances of different functional groups in soil fungal communities in the P. massoniana forest showed varying trends with increasing altitudes (Fig. 7), such as undefined saprotroph, plant pathogen, animal pathogen-undefined saprotroph, and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi showed a decreasing trend with increasing altitudes, while wood saprotroph, plant pathogen-undefined saprotroph, and Ectomycorrhizal fungi showed an increasing trend with increasing altitudes (Fig. 7). These results suggest that specific functional group in soil fungal communities may be better indicators of forests in terms of elevation changes. Figure 7: FUNGuild function prediction for soil fungal communities at different elevations in a Pinus massoniana forest. Download full-size image DOI: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, overall had temperature records, but China in June presented severe flooding. Nevertheless, overall had temperature records, and China in June had severe flooding. July—worldwide showed the sixth warmer July since global records started. The global behavior of warmer temperatures and dry weather remained in August, with a strong monsoon fall in Pakistan. September had warmer global temperatures and two locations with strong rainfalls. Italy, Portugal (Europe), and Nigeria reported a rain belt. October pointed out anomalies in temperature in America and Oceania. Stormy rainfalls in Australia, warmer in North America, Europe, and Asia, with record low water levels in parts of the Mississippi river. November—Most of NH’s warmest temperatures on records and and Oceania. December—the conditions of climate anomalies returned to normal levels. However, the eruptions on November 27 caused other disruptions in the system. Although the volcanoes most disturb the weather in the same hemisphere after their occurrence in a short period. Submarine volcanoes must be studied carefully, as in Tonga. Tonga emissions were different since they reached the mesosphere. Once the eruption reaches such altitude, the weather system will be disrupted worldwide. Tonga event and their consequences on the weather were abrangent in several regions and different locations from the Northern Hemisphere, affecting any season the planet is going through. In the Southern Hemisphere, it happened several times after the eruption, with intense rainfalls in southern locations, floods, and other natural disasters. Months later and a year later, weather disturbances still happen in the Southern. The water released to the Mesosphere will come lower only when the weather is warming from the season. Hemisphere during the Summer will be warmer, and the Sun will melt the ice drops to the lower layers even some eruptions discharges in the stratosphere will melt once the Earth is warmer in such regions. The phenomena will turn into heavy rainfalls following the jet streams, mainly during warmer seasons. At the end of 2022 and the beginning of 2023, it affected Brazil and Argentina with heavy rains and floods during December and March. 8. Manoa Loa, Kilauea on the eruption of the volcano injects large amounts of water vapor into the stratosphere and mesosphere. Horizontal winds dragged water vapor over in April 2022 [19]. With the low temperature in the stratosphere, the water was frozen and relatively held in the mesosphere.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Descriptive statistics including means and SDs for all study variables at two time pointsFull size tableDiscussionThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief online mindfulness intervention on depression, rumination, and trait anxiety in university students while controlling for their baseline mindfulness levels. The results of the study demonstrated its effectiveness, as evidenced by the significant reduction in levels of depression, rumination, and trait anxiety in university students after the intervention compared to the control group. These findings have wide-ranging implications for public health, as they suggest that online mindfulness interventions may be an effective means of addressing common mental health challenges in this population. Moreover, the study highlights the role of baseline mindfulness levels in determining the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions (Roemer et al. , 2021). The finding that initial trait mindfulness is inversely linked to depression, anxiety, and stress further supports the importance of considering baseline mindfulness levels when evaluating the impact of mindfulness interventions. Overall, these findings contribute to the growing body of evidence on the benefits of MBIs for mental health and can inform the development of more effective and personalised approaches to mental health treatment. Additionally, the results of this study may also encourage more widespread adoption of online mindfulness interventions as a convenient and accessible means of improving mental health, particularly among university students. Our study’s findings reveal that a brief online mindfulness intervention effectively reduces depression, rumination, and trait anxiety among university students, which is consistent with previous research (Dawson et al. , 2020; Galante et al. , 2018, 2021; Vorontsova-Wenger et al. , 2022). By utilising a randomised controlled trial, our study contributes to the existing literature and underscores the positive impact of such interventions for university students. Our findings are also in line with studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic that reported positive effects of brief online MBIs on depression, anxiety, stress, and rumination (González-García et al. , 2021; & İl, 2022; Mirabito & Verhaeghen, 2022; Simonsson et al. , 2021). These studies support the idea that online mindfulness interventions can be an effective and easily accessible means of enhancing mental health, especially during challenging times when traditional face-to-face interventions may not be feasible. Our findings offer valuable insights into how mindfulness interventions can be integrated into academic environments to enhance student outcomes and well-being.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj. 13504/fig-7 Similarity of species and functions among soil microbial communities The similarity and dissimilarity of species as per and CAZy functional genes among all sample sites were compared to results obtained from similarity clustering analysis and RDA (Fig. 8). The similarity of species and functions of soil microbial communities along the altitudinal gradient in the P. massoniana forest was as described above, i. e. , the RDA ordination of soil microbial communities at different altitudes based on functional gene composition showed a good level of consistency with the ordination based on species identification. The distribution of identified species, NOG, KO, and CAZy functional genes of soil microbial community at MP1000, MP1400, and MP1600 were clearly separated from those observed at MP1200 (Fig. 8B). Furthermore, a significant difference was observed between the P. massoniana forest and the tea garden surveyed. Figure 8: NR species, NOG, KO, and CAZy classification of functional genes of soil microbial communities by clustering tree (A, C, E, G) and RDA analyses (B, D, F, H) at different elevations in a Pinus massoniana forest. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 13504/fig-8 Co-occurrence patterns of the different soil microbial groups In order to understand the correlation between species of the different soil microbial communities, we detected significant differences among different soil microbial groups (Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses) and their corresponding random networks (Fig. 9) in terms of average degree, modularity, number of communities, and degree centrality were found (Table 4). Modularity ranked as follows: Archaea (0. 866) > Bacteria (0. 794) > Fungi (0. 698) > Viruses (0. 539), while degree centrality showed the following ranking: Bacteria (0. 181) > Viruses (0. 155) > Fungi (0. 087) > Archaea (0. 048) (Table 4). Overall, the co-occurrence networks of archaeal and fungal species showed a relatively high similarity, while the co-occurrence network of bacterial and viral species showed a relatively high similarity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: The eruption of allowed warmer emissions into the atmosphere. It made water liquid, helping to form atmospheric rivers over the Ocean during the winter. These elements slowly moved to California’s coast, eventually encountering the pushed down to the USA; the shock between the two fronts caused the blizzard name Elliot storm in December (Figure 4). The combination of those two events disrupts the entire weather system and changes the winter system. After this event, another one happened, the Kilauea eruption. The same Figure 4. Islands are at the southeast end of a chain of volcanoes that began to form more than 70 million years ago. Each island is made of one or more volcanoes, which first erupted on the sea floor and emerged above the ocean’s surface. weather pattern happened now with lower intensity since it is the middle of the winter and the polar vortex is weaker. However, it precipitates the late snowstorm in the country’s Northeast. The weather environment from these two volcanic events moved from west to east and eventually will affect and Asia [20]. 9. Volcano’s Interactions with Earth’s atmospheric layers are five: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The troposphere is the lowest, extending about 12 km in height. The height is lower at the poles and highest at the Equator. Most of the Earth’s weather happens here, and almost all clouds are found in this layer except for cumulus nimbus thunderclouds, whose tops can rise into the lowest part of the stratosphere. The troposphere is the lowest layer in the atmosphere; all the weather changes are here. The troposphere depth varies from 8 km to nearly 20 km. It is the deepest above the equator and gets thicker above both poles. Above this layer is the stratosphere, 11 - 20 km thick and very dry. vortex is responsible for all the dynamics in the stratosphere. vortex is a tri-dimensional ring with stout winds. Earth has two, one surrounds the North, and another is above the South pole; during the winter, they become stronger (Figure 5). It gets more robust with the proximity of the winter season. When poles are getting cooler, the atmosphere further south remains quite warm. The southern layers receive more sunlight and energy from the Sun than the polar regions. The temperature difference North pole and to equatorial region increases.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: For instance, the notable decrease in rumination aligns with the potential for improved academic performance. Rumination, often linked to depression, can significantly impact cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and problem-solving (Kievit & Peng, 2020). Therefore, addressing rumination can contribute to more effective learning and higher academic achievements. Educational institutions can incorporate mindfulness training into their academic curricula or offer it as an extracurricular activity to help students manage their ruminative thoughts and enhancing their capacity to focus on their studies. It is essential to highlight how our findings could revolutionise the way mindfulness is integrated into the public health system, especially in the context of university settings grappling with the mental health challenges exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. -19 pandemic has necessitated a shift towards more digitalised living and learning, and our study shows that mindfulness interventions can be adapted to these changes effectively. The significance of our findings resonates with the comprehensive outline for integrating mindfulness in the public health system as discussed by Oman (2023). Our work builds upon and extends the ideas presented by Oman, offering fresh insights into the practical application and scalability of digital mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). By providing evidence of the efficacy of a brief, online mindfulness program, our study not only supports the notion that mental health interventions can be both effective and accessible but also underscores the importance of considering individual differences in trait mindfulness. This points towards a more tailored approach in mental health strategies, where interventions can be adapted based on initial mindfulness levels to enhance their effectiveness. Additionally, the reported decrease in depression and trait anxiety suggests a pathway to improved mental health among students. As mental health directly influences students’ motivation, performance, and overall success in their academic journey, providing mindfulness intervention resources can be a proactive and low-cost approach to support students’ mental well-being. For instance, student support services can use our study’s model to design online mindfulness programs that are accessible to all students, aiding in alleviating the symptoms of depression and anxiety. Limitations and Directions of Future StudiesDespite the promising findings of this study, there are several limitations that should be considered. First, our study employed cluster randomisation rather than individual randomisation. Hence, the possibility of some confounding variables such as cluster-specific dynamics cannot be excluded.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 1997. and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Research 25(17):3389-3402. 2011. Is the genetic landscape of the deep subsurface biosphere affected by viruses? Frontiers in Microbiology 2:219. 2020. Metagenomics for taxonomy profiling: tools and approaches. Bioengineered 11(1):356-374 --. 2018. Structure and function of the global topsoil microbiome. Nature 560(7717):233. 2012. Using network analysis to explore co-occurrence patterns in soil microbial communities. 6(2):343-351 Bardgett RD, van der Putten WH. 2014. Belowground biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Nature 515(7528):505-511. 2007. Acidobacteria phylum sequences in uranium-contaminated subsurface sediments greatly expand the known diversity within the phylum. Applied and 73(9):3113-3116. 2014. Effect of different long-term fertilization regimes on the viral community in an agricultural soil of Southern China. of 62:121-126. 2012. Life history and spatial distribution of a Taiwania flousiana population in Leigong Mountain, Guizhou Province, China. Sinica 32(7):2158-2165 Delgado--González. 2018. A global atlas of the dominant bacteria found in soil. Science 359(6373):320-325. 2014. KEGG-PATH: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes-based pathway analysis using a path analysis model. 10(9):2441-2447. 2013. Reconstructing the microbial diversity and function of pre-agricultural tallgrass prairie soils in the United States. Science 342(6158):621-624. 2012. CD-HIT: accelerated for clustering the next-generation sequencing data. Bioinformatics 28(23):3150-3152 -Nelsen TA, Schilthuizen M. 2017. Changes in richness and community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi among altitudinal vegetation types on in Borneo. 215(1):454-468. 2020.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: A historical extratropical cyclone created winter storm conditions, including blizzards, high winds, snowfall, and record-cold temperatures across most of the and parts of Canada. Areas that experienced blizzard conditions included parts of and Ontario. area of and the and Kingston areas of Ontario experienced almost two full days of blizzard/zero-visibility conditions on December 23 and 24. The cold wave affected all U. S. states from Colorado to the eastern seaboard and as far south as Miami, Florida. Scientific research yields essential data that helps NOAA’s Service forecasters issue warnings for potential heavy rain and flooding in areas prone to the impacts of atmospheric rivers as many as five to seven days in advance. Atmospheric rivers are large, narrow sections of the Earth’s atmosphere that carry moisture from the Earth’s tropics near the Equator to the poles. On average, the Earth has four to five active atmospheric rivers at any time. They carry massive amounts of moisture. Each moves the equivalent of the liquid water that flows through the mouth of the Amazon River. When they reach land, atmospheric rivers release this moisture, producing heavy snow and rain. Atmospheric rivers usually begin over tropical regions. Warm temperatures there cause ocean water to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere. Strong winds help to carry the water vapor through the atmosphere. As atmospheric rivers move over land, the water vapor increases farther into the atmosphere. It then cools into water droplets, which fall as precipitation. In 2022, after the eruption, lots of water and gases were released immediately into the atmosphere, enhancing the atmospheric rivers above the west coast of the USA. It joined with the and made a catastrophic change in the winter storms on the continent, creating bomb cyclones and blizzards. As occurred in 2022, the polar vortex breakdown is an extreme event known as sudden stratospheric warming; here, the vortex completely breaks down, and a blizzard was observed. Atmospheric rivers and polar vortexes are both low-pressure systems. The eruption of on November 27 released a lot of water vapor that rose into the atmosphere. It enhanced the atmospheric rivers; the meteorologist reported an extra number of atmospheric rivers in 2023. It meant that the Tonga eruption could send HO2 in large amounts to the to during 2022. It probably also increased the water vapor even though the stratosphere’s temperatures were lower than in the troposphere.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: In this type of study, only a randomised controlled trial (RCT) could demonstrate that the observed effects are due to the employed intervention, and not to other variables. Second, we only used self-report measures. Third, the study was conducted over a relatively short period of time, and without a follow-up assessment. Thus, the long-term effects of the mindfulness intervention remain unclear. Fourth, the study only assessed the impact of mindfulness on depression, rumination, and trait anxiety, and it would be valuable to assess the impact on other mental health outcomes in future studies. Fifth, the current study relied on a sample comprised solely of psychology students at one urban university. This limits the generalisability of the findings to other populations and contexts. Further research should investigate the intervention used here among more diverse groups outside of academia, such as in workplace or community settings. Applying this brief intervention among professionals at various stages of their careers could provide insight into its potential benefits for improving psychological functioning in high-stress environments. The results of our study, along with its limits, suggest several directions for future research. Firstly, additional studies could be conducted to determine the generalisability of these findings to other populations, including different age groups and individuals with mental health conditions. Secondly, longer-term follow-up studies would be valuable in determining the durability of the effects of mindfulness on depression, rumination, and trait anxiety. Finally, future studies should aim to assess the impact of mindfulness on a wider range of mental health outcomes and to identify the specific mechanisms through which mindfulness may be impacting mental health. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the impact of brief online mindfulness interventions on university students and suggest that these interventions may be an effective means of reducing depression, rumination, and trait anxiety. Despite its limitations, this study contributes to the development of more effective and personalised approaches to mental health treatment. In conclusion, the incorporation of mindfulness interventions in university settings, informed by our findings, could contribute to an educational environment that promotes not only academic success but also the mental health and overall well-being of students.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Net primary productivity of Pinus massoniana dependence on climate, soil and forest characteristics. Forests 11(4):404. 2015. Strong altitudinal partitioning in the distributions of ectomycorrhizal fungi along a short (300 m) elevation gradient. 206(3):1145-1155 von. 2008. eggNOG: automated construction and annotation of orthologous groups of genes. Research 36(Database):D250-D254. 2020. Microbial community analysis using high-throughput sequencing technology: a beginner’s guide for microbiologists. Journal of Microbiology 58(3):176-192 Körner C. 2007. The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22(11):569-574 -H. 2018. Thinning but not understory removal increased heterotrophic respiration and total soil respiration in Pinus massoniana stands. of the 621(5):1360-1369. 2006. Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils. Nature 442(7104):806-809. 2015. : an ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph. Bioinformatics 31(10):1674-1676. 2018. Soil pH determines fungal diversity along an elevation gradient in Southwestern China. 61(6):718-726 Lladó S, López-Mondéjar R, Baldrian P. 2018. Drivers of microbial community structure in forest soils. and Biotechnology 102(10):4331-4338. 2014. The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013. Research 42(D1):D490-D495 ’. 2018. Function and functional redundancy in microbial systems. & Evolution 2(6):936-943 --W, Wang J. 2012. SOAPdenovo2: an empirically improved memory-efficient short-read de novo assembler. Gigascience 1(1):18. 2019. Taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of fungi along primary successional and elevational gradients near Mount Robson, British Columbia. 21(6):165-171 da. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: Therefore the eruption of increased the Polar Vortex, and the cyclone bomb Eliot was observed. Also, it increases the rainfall in the Southern states of the USA. Loa enhances the weather system with snow and rainfalls, it is mainly kept in the with much connection with the systems. 10. Discussion of this research, we are showing the importance of volcanic eruptions on the weather. Volcano emissions caused seasonal disruptions, enhancing the power of the hazard events that occurred in 2022-2023. eruption increased hazardous natural events such as rainfalls, floods, and the appearance of brighter noctilucent clouds in the since the water’s vapor, ashes releases, and gases reach the highest altitudes in the atmospheric layers as the mesosphere. Shockwaves from the propagating volcano create several natural phenomena, such as thunderstorms and lightning. The most important was the amount of water from Tonga, which immediately influenced the troposphere, causing floods and heavy rainfalls during some months in the Southern. In the stratosphere, the emissions became ice or ice drops, and the release of it was slower, depending much more on the amount of sunlight. The heavier precipitation happened later in Spring and early Summer in the Southern Hemisphere. Some emissions went higher to the mesosphere than possible; the transportation of those ice droplets created the noctilucent clouds in the European summer. It also enhances the atmospheric rivers in the Northern. eruption on November 27 also emitted water vapor to the troposphere; therefore, it was the source of other atmospheric rivers, as reported by some observations. Although the had much lower emissions than the Tonga eruption in the atmospheric layers then, the snowfalls, blizzards, and other catastrophes happened earlier. The bad weather in the Northern was an unhappy combination of several different events simultaneously in the wrong season (Winter). Volcano eruptions modify the temperature according to location (on land or submarine), intensity, and altitude the emissions reach. The height of the emission target is one of the most critical parameters. Suppose the emission is in the system troposphere/stratosphere. In that case, the effects are likely to keep in the Hemisphere the event happened. The entire environment will suffer disturbances if the emissions reach higher altitudes than the mesosphere. Submarine volcanos are rare and heavily impact the weather, increasing rainfalls, floods, and droughts regardless of the season. 11.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: But, Michael says, mindfulness practices can also take place during everyday activities, like going for a walk. I spoke with Michael about the use of mindfulness in an SLP’s practice, and I asked him what mindfulness offers people who stutter. BOYLE: Stuttering very often comes with a history of struggle, of embarrassment, of frustration, of negative speaking experiences, because it starts in early childhood—ordinarily between the ages of 2 and 3. For a lot of people who stutter, that can become chronic. They may have a lot of negative experiences with speaking that get stacked up over time. Eventually, as somebody who stutters gets older, any speaking situation can be charged with this negative history of dread or anxiety. Or even if it’s less than that—just this sense of, this isn’t going to be good—and that physiological fight or flight reaction. Mindfulness can help in a lot of ways in stuttering, just like it can for many other conditions. think a big application is to keep touch with your center, to be centered on the present moment here and now. That even if somebody has had negative experiences with speaking in the past, let’s say in childhood or something like that, to have a separation between, “OK, this happened then, but this is now, and it’s not the same thing. I can sort of have some mental and emotional separation from that. ” It can help people to feel a lot more balanced and centered and present-focused, which can help them to become engaged in communication and feel more comfortable communicating. That, I think, is the foundation. It’s also possible that if somebody who stutters is in therapy, or they’re working on a certain strategy, mindfulness could help them tune into whatever it is that they’re trying to do, whether that’s a modification technique for speech production, or whether it’s increased eye contact or disclosure of stuttering, or just remaining present as one is communicating. Anything could be done with more mindfulness. The idea is that if it’s done in a present-focused, here-and-now way, you’ll be in the cognitive problem-solving mode of your brain, rather than the more fight-or-flight, reactive mode. It really helps people to be grounded and centered.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Nature 403(6772):853-858. 2017. Soil viral communities vary temporally and along a land use transect as revealed by virus-like p2016. FUNGuild: an open annotation tool for parsing fungal community datasets by ecological guild. 20:241-248. 2006. MetaGene: prokaryotic gene finding from environmental genome shotgun sequences. Research 34(19):5623-5630 -. 2019. Fungal elevational rapoport pattern from a high mountain in Japan. 9(1):6570. 2014. A survey of tools for variant analysis of next-generation genome sequencing data. Briefings in Bioinformatics 15(2):256-278 Paez-Espino D, Eloe-. 2016. Uncovering Earth’s virome. Nature 536(7617):425-430. 2012. Effect of topography and accessibility on vegetation dynamic pattern in Mountain-hill Region. Journal of 9(6):879-890 ’. 2015. Insight into biases and sequencing errors for amplicon sequencing with the Illumina MiSeq platform. Research 43(6):e37 van Elsas JD. 2018. Microbial indicators for soil quality. Biology and Fertility of Soils 54(1):1-10. 2018. Belowground fungal community diversity and composition associated with Norway spruce along an altitudinal gradient. 13(12):e0208493. 2020. Contrasting patterns and drivers of soil bacterial and fungal diversity across a mountain gradient. 22(8):3287-3301 Siles JA, Margesin R. 2016. Abundance and diversity of bacterial, archaeal, and fungal communities along an altitudinal gradient in alpine forest soils: what are the driving factors? 72(1):207-220. 2012. Elevational patterns in archaeal diversity on Mt. Fuji. 7(9):e44494. 2009. Abundance, composition, diversity and novelty of soil Proteobacteria. 3(8):992-1000. 2020. Soil microbial communities affected by vegetation, topography and soil properties in a forest ecosystem. Ecology 149(306):103514 Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Põlme S, Kõljalg -. 2014. Fungal biogeography.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: for the Bulletin of the of of Atmospheric and Journal of of of Journal of the and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and in Sign up Sign in Sign up for the Bulletin of the of of Atmospheric and Journal of of of Journal of the and Forecasting Weather, Climate, and and Abstract1. Introduction2. Past evolution of satellite capabilities and their utilizationa. Technology evolution: It started by keeping it simpleb. Evolution of utilization: Developing applications and a user community over time3. Development of recent satellite programsa. Establishing user requirements: Finding the common ground between research capabilities and user requirementsb. Moving from user requirements to system requirements: Working the trade space to design affordable achievable systemsc. Developing and implementing the product algorithms: Collaborations between the science community and industryd. Realizing the program through partnership: Combining the strengths of the private and public sectorse. Fostering international cooperation and coordination: Establishing and maintaining space agency dialogue4. Synthesis and an outlook5. Summary 10. 1175/BAMS-D-13-00043. 1. de Waard, J. , Schmetz J. , and Menzel W. P. , 1992: Atlantic data coverage by -3. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 73, 977–983, doi:10. 1175/1520-0477(1992)073<0977:ADCB>2. 0. CO;2. de Waard, J. , SchmetzJ. , and MenzelW. P. , 1992: Atlantic data coverage by -3. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 73, 977–983, doi:10. 1175/1520-0477(1992)073<0977:ADCB>2. 0. CO;2. )| falseSearch 338. Eyre, J. R. , 1997: Variational assimilation of remotely-sensed observations of the atmosphere. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 75 (1B), 331–338. )| falseSearch 570. Hollingsworth, A. , and Coauthors, 2005: The transformation of earth-system observations into information of socio-economic value in GEOSS. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 131, 3493–3512, doi:10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: And if you think about what communication is, it’s here and now. It’s me and you talking, or whoever it is that you’re talking to. It’s a process. If you’re constantly being interrupted by feelings of anxiety or panic or dread, then that connection is going to be less than it could be. Mindfulness, to me—in terms of stuttering—is a way to remain anchored in the present moment, and to be present with somebody when you’re communicating with them. GRAY: At the core, it sounds like what you’re saying is that this is about awareness and acceptance, and acceptance of something that can be stigmatized and difficult for some people to confront. BOYLE: It’s absolutely increased awareness. Acceptance, I think, is very, very relevant with mindfulness. It’s an acceptance of what’s actually happening without the reactivity to it. This is an idea in stuttering that goes way, way back, like a century ago or so. The idea [is] that a lot of the challenges with stuttering come with people’s reactions to stuttering. There’s that moment of getting stuck. But then, normally, people who stutter have some coping mechanisms that they put on top of that, which might be to avoid the word, to switch words, to talk around it, to push through very hard and force the word out, or to just avoid talking, and not talk, and not participate. They don’t want to deal with that. It’s not even so much the stuttering—although that’s an issue too—[but] the actual moment of stuttering. But very often for a lot of people, what can become more problematic and harder to change are the coping reactions, which may have served somebody well at a certain point in time. It may have gotten them out of pain and trouble. And, we shouldn’t think of them as completely maladaptive, but the problem is over time, it becomes very self-limiting. It can limit people’s lives to have that kind of fight-flight coping response, whether it’s literally fight-flight to push through and struggle, or to avoid and to run away.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Global diversity and geography of soil fungi. Science 346(6213):1256688 Thakur MP, Geisen S. 2019. Trophic regulations of the soil microbiome. Trends in Microbiology 27(9):771-780 van der. 2013. Soil microbial diversity and agro-ecosystem functioning. Plant and Soil 363(1–2):1-5. 2015. Altitudinal distribution patterns of soil bacterial and archaeal communities along Mt. Shegyla on the Tibetan Plateau. 69(1):135-145. 2014. Soil properties in natural grassland, Caragana korshinskii planted shrubland, and Robinia pseudoacacia planted forest in gullies on the hilly Loess Plateau, China. Catena 119:116-124. 2020. Population structure and quantitative characteristics of Tetracentron sinense (Trochodendraceae) in Leigong mountain nature reserve, China. 98(1):86-100. 2012. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea have more important role than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in ammonia oxidation of strongly acidic soils. 6(5):1032-1045. 2019. Vertical variation characteristics of soil genetic characteristics in Leigong Mountain, Guizhou Province. of 50:757-764. 2013. Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of Quercus liaotungensis along local slopes in the temperate oak forests on the Loess Plateau, China. 28(2):297-305. 2022. Soil characteristics and microbial community structure on along elevation gradient in a Pinus armandii forest of the Qinling Mountains, China. and Management 503(6):119793. 2021. Fungal community diversity in soils along an elevation gradient in a Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata forest in Qinling Mountains, China. Ecology 167:104104 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. . . Just enter your email Tools & info information See citing 13. 4MB) Save to in download will start in a moment. . . Cancel × Report a problem Common use cases Typos, corrections needed, missing information, abuse, etc Our promise PeerJ promises to address all issues as quickly and professionally as possible. We thank you in advance for your patience and understanding.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: 1256/qj. 05. 181. Hollingsworth, A. , and Coauthors, 2005: The transformation of earth-system observations into information of socio-economic value in GEOSS. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 131, 3493–3512, doi:10. 1256/qj. 05. 181. )| falseSearch 1708. Johnson, D. S. , 1994: Evolution of the US meteorological satellite program: 1994 Verner E. Suomi Lecture. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 75, 1705–1708. )| falseSearch 7. Key, J. , Santek D. , Velden C. S. , Bormann N. , Thépaut J. -N. , Riishojgaard L. P. , Zhu Y. , and Menzel W. P. , 2003: Cloud-drift and water vapor winds in the polar regions from MODIS. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 41, 482–492, doi:10. 1109/TGRS. 2002. 808238. Key, J. , SantekD. , VeldenC. S. , BormannN. , ThépautJ. -N. , RiishojgaardL. P. , ZhuY. , and MenzelW. P. , 2003: Cloud-drift and water vapor winds in the polar regions from MODIS. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 41, 482–492, doi:10. 1109/TGRS. 2002. 808238. )| falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-88-7-1085. Klaes, K. D. , and Coauthors, 2007: An introduction to the. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 88, 1085–1096, doi:10. 1175/BAMS-88-7-1085. )| falseSearch 10. 1364/AO. 20. 000011. Kriebel, K. T. , 1981: Calibration of the -VIS-channel by airborne measurements. Appl. Opt. , 20, 11–12, doi:10. 1364/AO. 20. 000011. )| falseSearch 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: How can we get people to be in the moment with it, where they’re neither fighting against it or running from it, but just being present with it? It’s very hard to do. It’s very, very challenging, but it can be done. It can be worked on over time, and that can help somebody who stutters, in my view, to be more spontaneous, more natural, and frankly just more enjoyable in communicating. GRAY (Narration): Michael was clear in our conversation that mindfulness practices were in no way meant to replace other services an SLP provides. Instead, he calls mindfulness a “pretty useful supplement,” and “something to lay the groundwork. ” He highlights how it may aid someone who is implementing new strategies they’re learning from an SLP. I mentioned earlier that Michael is a person who stutters, and I asked him how he incorporates these mindfulness tools into his own life, and where he was introduced to them. BOYLE: I was interested in this topic—in Buddhist meditation and things like that—way back when I was in high school. I can remember reading books about it. My father was into it, and I remember looking at some of the books that he had in his library room, and it just always kind of resonated with me. I can’t really explain why. remember using it back then and finding it helpful, just in terms of maybe stress reduction or feeling better. I’m a bit older now, obviously, but throughout the years, it’s been cyclical. I’d say it hasn’t been necessarily consistent across those years of my life. There have been some phases where I’ve gotten a bit away from it. Then, I’ve come back to it, and I’ve read different things that make me think about it differently. It’s been an evolving process, not a static one. I feel like I’m always sort of learning more about it as I go. definitely think it’s been important to me in my life to have that sense of stability that I can practice, just to get me centered. As we all know, there’s a lot coming at us in our day-to-day lives, a lot of external needs that are always kind of grabbing at you.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2017. The first revision was submitted on March 23rd, 2017 and was reviewed by 3 reviewers and the Academic Editor. The 2017. Version 0. 2 (accepted) · May 4, 2017 · shared your response with the reviewer and they were happy to accept the manuscript in this form. Congrats on a really nice manuscript and thank you for your patience during this process. Regards - Ball · Apr 13, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript continues to be well-written and succinct. Clarity has been further improved due to revisions based on reviewer comments, particularly regarding the PAM measurements. Experimental design The experimental design seems appropriate for the interpretation of the results. Validity of the findings The results are supported by the data available. Dr. Lee brought up a good point about the PAM measurements essentially integrating photosynthetic capacity vs. resource limitation in this case, and in addressing this the authors improve the results & discussion. The way I read it, the authors are interpreting the PAM results as an ecosystem processes, essentially regardless of whether it's capacity or water resources that limit it, rather than claiming to measure the capacity for GPP. (think the added text in the discussion is an interesting little tidbit about short vs long-term processes. ) So given the scope of the interpretation, I think the results are supported by the experimental design. Additional comments I have no further comments. Cite this review as (2017) #1 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 2)". PeerJ · Apr 19, 2017 Basic reporting No comment Experimental design Just because kill controls have not been included in the standard protocol does not mean they are not necessary. The concern is not with magical abiotic breakdown of organic materials, but with the stability of the substrates used in the assays. For example, L-DOPA used for the phenol oxidase assay is known to be unstable at high pH (which soils typically are).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: , 1993: Operational cloud motion winds from Meteosat infrared images. J. Appl. Meteor. , 32, 1206–1224, doi:10. 1175/1520-0450(1993)032<1206:>2. 0. CO;2. )| falseSearch 10. 1002/qj. 49711749802. Smith, W. L. , 1991: Atmospheric soundings from satellites—False expectation or the key to improved weather prediction? Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 117, 267–297, doi:10. 1002/qj. 49711749802. )| falseSearch 190. Szejwach, G. , 1982: Determination of semi-transparent cirrus cloud temperature from infrared radiances: Application to Meteosat. J. Appl. Meteor. , 21, 384–393, doi:10. 1175/1520-0450(1982)021<0384:>2. 0. CO;2. Szejwach, G. , 1982: Determination of semi-transparent cirrus cloud temperature from infrared radiances: Application to Meteosat. J. Appl. Meteor. , 21, 384–393, doi:10. 1175/1520-0450(1982)021<0384:>2. 0. CO;2. )| falseSearch 228. Winokur, R. S. , 1997: NOAA satellite programs—New advances for the 21st century. WMO Bull. , 46 (3), 223–228. )| falseSearch 1. The first global mosaic assembled from TIROS images in 1960. View in gallery Fig. 2. An early water vapor image from Meteosat-1. View in gallery Fig. 3. (top) Satellite 3 (ATS-3) image of from 2 Aug 1970 before landfall in the Gulf of Mexico. These images in time sequence animation provided a powerful message to the public. (bottom) This picture based on Meteosat-8 images shows a composite of the positions and evolution of over the from 3 to 15 Sep 2003. View in gallery Fig. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: There can be a lack of sensory stimulation, a lack of variation in stimulation, or an overstimulation of a sensory modality. While the abnormal regulation and integration of sensory, perceptual, and attentional processes is well-known to be actively involved in the adaptive response of subjects whose cognitive functioning is affected by physical environmental constraints (Levit-Binnun & Golland, 2012), these processes remain little-explored in healthy individuals. On the one hand, the adaptive ability to respond appropriately in a constantly changing environment involves a fine-tuned interplay between inside and outside, the brain and the body (Craig, 2009). Through the body, the brain receives information about the state of the external world (exteroception) and the body’s physiological state (interoception). On the other hand, health benefits are associated with a natural environment (Sarris et al. , 2019). In particular, naturalistic stimuli have been found to have restorative effects, compared to artificial stimuli (Gould van Praag et al. , 2017). Overall, the literature suggests that the operational constraints of the SSBN challenge the adaptability of submariners, who are immersed in an artificial, stressful environment. Meeting this challenge requires efficient interoception, which is the individual’s ability to pay attention to information from the body and to notice subtle changes that are consistent with the available environmental information (Mehling et al. , 2009). Interoception is a complex concept that includes objective processes of neural coding, transduction, and the central representation of internal stimuli (Salvato et al. , 2020). It engages both afferent and efferent mechanisms via three steps: perception, attention, and awareness (Schulz & Vogele, 2015). Although the first two steps are considered to be preconscious (Mehling et al. , 2009), research has found that perceptions do not need to reach conscious awareness to influence the psychological state of an individual (Craig, 2009). In this context, Mehling et al. (2012) have developed a multidimensional model of the interoceptive construct, which consists of four key dimensions. Firstly, perceptions note subtle changes in body processes indicative of variation in the person’s emotional/physiological state. Secondly, the quality of attention focuses on the emotional reaction and attentional responses to sensations, without being distracted or worried, and includes the subdimension of attentional control.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Without data from kill/inhibitor controls, it is imprudent to interpret enzyme activity data quantitatively. Validity of the findings Following my reasoning above, it is not clear to me that calculating diversity indices for enzyme activities and assigning ecological relevance to them is a good idea since the enzyme activity data cannot be assumed to be quantitative. Additional comments No comment Cite this review as Lee CK (2017) #2 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 2)". PeerJ · Apr 11, 2017 Basic reporting No comment Experimental design No comment Validity of the findings No comment Additional comments The authors have made adequate minor revisions for publication Cite this review as (2017) #3 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Mar 23, 2017 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Feb 28, 2017 · first of all I apologize for the delay, we had trouble getting reviewers familiar with PAM. All 3 reviewers and I thought that the manuscript was an important contribution to the field and highlights a potentially innovative approach to linking terrestrial productivity to patterns of microbial diversity. As you will see the only really substantive issue is with benchmarking of the PAM results (particularly the influence of water on instantaneous PAM measurements), plus a response is needed about enzyme assay controls. Most comments were minor but I have selected 'Major Revisions' as it was not clear to me whether your response requires additional work to determine the validity of the PAM measurements or whether you have the data in hand already to support that. I hope this is straightforward to resolve. · Jan 27, 2017 Basic reporting No comment Experimental design No comment Validity of the findings No comment Additional comments The authors present a series of measurements estimating photosynthetic (and therefore C-fixing) activity in the McValleys along a moisture gradient from streams. Such measurements are very important for understanding the C cycle and basal food resources for this ecosystem where it has traditionally been very difficult to measure productivity. They introduce the use of PAM for tackling this difficulty. The manuscript is straightforward, clearly-written, and succinct. I provide only a minor comment: Lines 211-213/Table 4: Can you be explicit in how you defined these three zones?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: Annual running mean of anomaly correlations (in %) of the 500-hPa height forecasts for 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-day forecasts for the extratropical Northern and Southern Hemispheres. (a) ECWMF operations from January 1980 to May 2013 and (b) the reanalyses from ERA-Interim from January 1979 to April 2013 and ERA-40 from January 1973 to December 2001. The shading shows differences in scores between the two hemispheres (from Dee et al. 2014). View in gallery Fig. 5. Diagram showing the utilization of satellite data as a function of satellite lifetime hoped for in an ideal world and according to actual experience. The message is that timely research and development work toward the full exploitation of the potential of the data will increase the return on the investment by producing more mature products and services during the lifetime of a satellite system. raw image Fig. 1. The first global mosaic assembled from TIROS images in 1960. View raw image Fig. 2. An early water vapor image from Meteosat-1. View raw image Fig. 3. (top) Satellite 3 (ATS-3) image of from 2 Aug 1970 before landfall in the Gulf of Mexico. These images in time sequence animation provided a powerful message to the public. (bottom) This picture based on Meteosat-8 images shows a composite of the positions and evolution of over the from 3 to 15 Sep 2003. View raw image Fig. 4. Annual running mean of anomaly correlations (in %) of the 500-hPa height forecasts for 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-day forecasts for the extratropical Northern and Southern Hemispheres. (a) ECWMF operations from January 1980 to May 2013 and (b) the reanalyses from ERA-Interim from January 1979 to April 2013 and ERA-40 from January 1973 to December 2001. The shading shows differences in scores between the two hemispheres (from Dee et al. 2014). View raw image Fig. 5. Diagram showing the utilization of satellite data as a function of satellite lifetime hoped for in an ideal world and according to actual experience. The message is that timely research and development work toward the full exploitation of the potential of the data will increase the return on the investment by producing more mature products and services during the lifetime of a satellite system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: The third includes trust, which reflects the extent to which the individual views awareness of bodily sensations as helpful for decision-making or health. Finally, mind–body integration includes emotional awareness, self-regulation, and body listening. Although further research is needed to better understand how interoception functions (Mehling et al. , 2018), it is well-known that the quality of internal sensations regulates stress adaptation (Schulz & Vogele, 2015) and emotional state (Price & Hooven, 2018). Furthermore, interoceptive efficiency has been described as a particular kind of mindful, nonjudgmental awareness and a sense of self, grounded in physical, external, and internal sensations in the present moment (Mehling et al. , 2012). One of the preventive challenges is to identify individual psychological resources that are efficient for dealing with the constraints due to containment. Literature suggests that a pertinent candidate for coping with extreme environments, such as a submarine patrol, could be dispositional mindfulness (Gibson, 2019). Dispositional mindfulness characterizes the awareness that emerges through paying nonjudgmental, focused attention, in the present moment to the unfolding experience (Kabat-Zinn, 1994). It has been conceptualized as the ability to be consistently mindful in everyday life, regardless of events (Kilpatrick et al. , 2011). It is thought to consist of at least two dimensions: acceptance and presence (Kabat-Zinn, 1994; Walach et al. , 2006). Here, acceptance does not mean resignation, but rather a perception of the experience that simply acknowledges it, rather than judging it as good or bad. Presence is the feeling of being there; it refers to the degree to which a subject is grounded in their own awareness. Dispositional mindfulness is associated with various positive physical and psychological health factors (Brown & Ryan, 2003), such as efficient emotional and stress regulation (Chiesa & Serretti, 2009). One potential mechanism for the health benefits associated with mindfulness is a high level of interoceptive sensibility, which can be measured by the of (MAIA) questionnaire (Bornemann et al. , 2015; Hanley et al. , 2017; Mehling et al. , 2012). However, evidence of an association between mindfulness and interoception accuracy (operationalized by the heartbeat tracking paradigm) is mixed (Khalsa et al. , 2020), and the relationship remains insufficiently characterized.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Obviously it’s by soil moisture, which are listed for each zone in the table, but how did you decide on the cutoff points? Cite this review as (2017) #1 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 1)". PeerJ · Feb 20, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript is written clearly and concisely, and the results were well contextualized. The title is very straightforward and accurately represents the work. The only comment I have regarding the presentation of the manuscript is that there should be sub-headings in and Methods to improve readability. Experimental design The research question is interesting and fills a well-articulated gap in knowledge for the ecosystem. Broadly speaking, the findings are logical and congruent with expectations based on existing knowledge. However, there are two issues with experimental design that lessen the robustness of the findings: 1. The lack of reliable points of comparison for the PAM measurements 2. The lack of kill/inhibitor controls for enzyme activity measurements As far as this reviewer is aware, there have been few reliable reported measurements of primary productivity using PAM on organics-poor soils. Although PAM measures a very specific phenomenon (drop in photochemical quenching of fluorescent signals), it cannot be assumed that readings obtained by PAM are entirely associated with photosynthesis when there is very low chlorophyll content in the substrate being characterized. Note that I'm not say that the readings are false, but it is difficult to quantify exact how much estimated photosynthetic activity is actually biological. It would have been highly useful to have control measurements of bedrocks and active cyanobacterial mats or mosses to contextualize the readings reported here. Another issue with PAM is that it is an instantaneous measurement, which means the readings are much more reflective of the limiting factor for photosynthesis (i. e. , water) than capacity for photosynthesis. This is why water augmentation is a standard procedure when PAM is used to characterize lichen physiology since the capacity for photosynthesis is what determines the primary production capability of a system, not moisture content at the time of sampling. This potentially explains why ETR and GPP values did not correlated with ChlA levels (lines 264-265). A similar issue exists for the enzyme assay data since they (i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: 30 Views 0 0 0 Views 1314 497 80 PDF Downloads 869 279 33 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Previous 10. 1175/WCAS-D-15-0017. 1 Page(s): 309–320 3706. E-mail: paul. menzel@ssec. wisc. edu AbstractIn this paper, the authors offer their observations from more than 30 years of involvement in the evolution of the space-based meteorological remote sensing systems. Successes and issues from the past are recalled that established meteorological satellites into their current pivotal role. Evolution of imaging and sounding satellite systems from user requirements to affordable realizations is noted; some examples from recent U. S. and European experiences in the area of operational meteorological satellites are presented. The authors discuss the importance of the balanced roles of the three partners in satellite development (government, research, and industry), the need to develop full utilization of new satellite programs quickly during their early life, and a vision for global cooperation early in the planning stages of meteorological satellite missions. The authors offer suggestions that could foster expanded international collaboration on science and applications as well as expedite more satellite observations being pursued in a sustained manner. Access content. Corresponding author address: W. Paul Menzel, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1225 St. , Madison, WI 53706. E-mail: paul. menzel@ssec. wisc. edu Keywords: Instrumentation/sensors; Satellite observations; History1. IntroductionIn today’s world, space-based remote sensing has been established as a means to provide key information on weather and climate of the earth’s system on a global scale.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, evidence of an association between mindfulness and health behaviors (e. g. , eating, sleep quality, and physical activity) is more robust (Gilbert & Waltz, 2010; Lentz & Brown, 2019; Roberts & Danoff-Burg, 2010). On the one hand, dispositional mindfulness appears to be related to decreased stress, which, in turn, contributes to increasingly positive health perceptions and behaviors (Roberts et al. , 2010). On the other hand, gender differences have been found with respect to the mindfulness processes that support health behaviors (Gilbert & Waltz, 2010). Exactly how dispositional mindfulness impacts health behaviors remains a subject of debate. Both emotional (Lentz & Brown, 2019; Shapiro et al. , 2006) and cognitive (Gilbert & Waltz, 2010) processes have been proposed. However, meta-cognitive processes may also play a part. Intention is one, well-known process that promotes the alignment of daily behavior with personal values and a long-term vision of health, especially in a context of daily stress (Lentz & Brown, 2019; Shapiro et al. , 2006). Concerning sleep, a previous study on SSBN suggested a relationship between subjective and objective sleep assessments without sleep degradation over the patrol (Trousselard et al. , 2015). But differences between submariners according to their adaptability were not studied. Referring to the relationship between quality of sleep and dispositional mindfulness in a civilian population (Howell et al. , 2008, 2010), it is relevant to evaluate how dispositional mindfulness and sleep are related between each other over the mission using a well-validated questionnaire for a follow-up evaluation of sleep changes as the (Parrot & Hindmarch, 1980). Furthermore, higher levels of dispositional mindfulness have been associated with greater awareness of healthy dietary practices and lower tendency to consume food in response to adverse emotional experiences (Lentz & Brown, 2019). These latter findings suggest that mindfulness may promote health behaviors via interoceptive processes (Hanley et al. , 2017). Adjusted assessments for evaluating food attitudes and physical activities, their changes over the patrol, and their relation to interoception functioning are needed for a better understanding of how a patrol impacts these health behaviors. There are many 2018. Although the precise duration is classified, in general, patrols last a minimum of 60 days and a maximum of 80 days.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: , AG and POX) appear to correlate with moisture content. Again, the data make sense and are likely to be (at least partially) derived from enzymatic activities, but there is not enough confidence without kill/inhibitor controls to conclude that all of the activities observed are in fact due to enzymes released by resident microorganisms. Validity of the findings As stated above, the findings are logical and in line with what can be reasonably expected from existing knowledge. However, I do not think the experimental design allows the PAM and enzyme activity data to be unequivocally attributed to resident microorganisms. Without knowing how much of the PAM readings is attributable to primary production, I would feel much more comfortable using the GPP and NPP as upper limits rather than estimates. The application of Shannon diversity index on enzyme activity data is unusual and likely violates the statistical assumption of the index (i. e. , each "species" or "character" being independent of each other) since it is likely some microorganisms possess multiple of the enzymes assayed. I would also suggest that the authors be much more explicit and careful when discussing parameters that likely auto-correlate (e. g. , MBC vs. TN and SOC). A few specific comments: • Lines 215-217: Is ETR related to PAR or not? These two sentences appear to contradict each other. • Lines 243-245: Please provide 0. 1)". PeerJ · Feb 22, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript was clearly articulated and described the use of PAM fluorometry to examine primary productivity rates in Dry Valley, Antarctica soils of Taylor Valley. General comments: The use of PAM fluorometry in conjunction with enzyme assays is a useful addition to the literature on microbial activity in hyper-arid Antarctic permafrost soils, specifically primary productivity for which there is limited data. Specific comments: Photos of cryptograms sampled would be useful for this manuscript. ln 94. The assumption that biological activity in is limited to a 8 week period in austral summer is likely incorrect. Bakermans et al. 2014 (doi: 10. 1111/1574-6941. 12310) demonstrated that heterotrophy occurs in soil samples from at -5 C. Additionally, the high salt content described in these soils (ln 93) aid in the formation of liquid water at colder temperatures, the likely limiting factor for activity. Need more details on the sites collected along the environmental gradient.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: A prime example is found in numerical weather prediction (NWP), where the introduction of new satellite measurements has substantially improved forecasts over recent decades (e. g. , Kelly 1997; Pailleux 1997), and meteorological satellite measurements are today a cornerstone for NWP (WMO 2012). The fact that remote sensing measurements are a vital component in the observing system for global monitoring and prediction is being reflected in international partnering toward implementing and planning integrated and coordinated satellite programs. These programs use proven space and sensor technology to develop advanced engineering systems that gather, distribute, archive, and process data at every stage in the information processing chain. One constraint for operational satellite systems is that they need to maintain the continuity of established and necessary services together with affordable innovation. Research missions have a unique and complementary role in probing and demonstrating new capabilities in science and technology. While the usefulness of meteorological satellite measurements is generally accepted, there are difficulties arising that could hinder and slow down the evolution of the space-based remote sensing systems. A significant problem is the disparity between requirements from user communities and financial commitments from governments. On a positive note, the number of international entities is increasing that are embarking on multibillion dollar weather and meteorological satellite programs; each has the goal of reducing the potentially detrimental impact of weather on life and property as well as enhancing the benefits drawn from more accurate weather (and climate) services. Clearly, this is not only a science- and user-driven activity, because there is also a desire and necessity from industry to prove new capabilities and technologies. We think these elements make possible future scenarios for a space-based observing system that exhibits sustained growth in capability for global information regarding weather and climate. In fact, one could think of a future when the global space-based observing system would be planned and designed with international coordination from the outset, making contributions from individual space agencies truly complementary. This would go beyond the currently established coordination of meteorological satellite measurements. We freely admit that it would be a paradigm shift in many ways and therefore present significant challenges; however, it would make observations, especially the operational, to-be-sustained part of the satellite observing system, more affordable. We also emphasize that there should always be enough room for innovation and free thinking; this is currently well captured in the principal investigator (PI)-driven missions pursued by research space agencies in competitive ways. This needs to be maintained.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: We, then, examined the effects of time (Baseline, D25, D55, and Recovery) and mindfulness status using (group × time) ANOVAs for MAIA and SPANE scales, separately. Finally, we examined the effects of time (baseline and recovery) and mindfulness status using (group × time) ANOVAs for sleep and eating assessments. For physical activity, time (D1–D20, D21–D40, and D41–D60) and mindfulness status (group × time) effects were examined. When the ANOVA revealed a significant effect, post-hoc Tukey’s tests were run for all pairs. Statistical significance was set at p < 0. 05. p < 0. 10 was considered evidence of a trend. ResultsMindfulness StatusNo difference was observed between the MG and the NMG with respect to sociodemographic data at baseline. None of the subjects had any experience of meditation. The two groups differed at baseline on the overall FMI score (F = 56. 24; p < 0. 001), the presence sub-score (F = 21. 9; p < 0. 001), and the acceptance sub-score (F = 43. 96; p < 0. 001). of self-reported mindfulness is described Table 1. A significant group effect (F = 33. 9, p < 0. 001) was observed for FMI scores, with higher scores in the MG. A trend was identified for the interaction between group and time (F = 2. 6, p = 0. 06) at baseline (p < 0. 001), D25 (p < 0. 001), and D55 (p < 0. 001). In all three cases, mindfulness scores were lower for NMG, while no difference was found at recovery. Significant group (F = 22. 84, p < 0. 001) and time (F = 4. 18, p = 0. 01) effects were observed the presence sub-score (Fig. 1, left). Presence scores were higher for the MG. At recovery, presence scores were lower than baseline (p = 0. 01) and tended to be lower than D25 (p = 0. 08) and D55 (p = 0. 09). The interaction identified inter-group differences at baseline (p = 0. 01), D25 (p < 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: For example. How do these regions vary ( pH, moisture content etc). In a broader context - how do they compare to other sites for which microbial activity has been detected (ex- Taylor Valley) or not detected (ex- University Valley) ln. 124. In table 1 or in text, please specifically describe which samples correlate to the described env. conditions ( ex- which site were the hyperarid soils collected from). ln 126. Describe the locations in each region. ln 174. Missing word Amplitude. ln 215. Change to: ". . ETR were not significantly associated with soil moisture and chlorophyll a. . " ln 217. P-value? ln 243. Please justify why the assumption of 50% respiratory carbon loss. ln 244. Again, note that communities may very well be growing for longer than 60 days annually. Ln 264. Since GPP is calculated as 1/4th of ETR, please remove one of these terms from the sentence (ie- ETR is correlated, or GPP is correlated; not GPP and ETR is correlated). ln 288-291. Describe how the TRFLP data reflects this. Experimental design The choice for sites should be better described in the manuscript (more detail needed). How were PAM measurements taken (more detail needed). Were cryptograms targeted specifically? Where samples dark covered first? Validity of the findings no comment. Cite this review as (2017) #3 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Dec 19, 2016 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites help monitor Earth’s weather and climate changes. [SEP] Text: However, as the research missions are typically “one-off” missions, an immediate question is whether useful research missions need to be continued and, if so, what would be an adequate framework to do so? In this paper, we summarize our impressions from more than three decades of involvement in the evolution of the imaging and sounding space-based meteorological passive remote sensing systems. We recall some of the successes and issues from the past that established satellites into their current pivotal role. We note that our perspective is subjective and limited; however, it is from two scientists that transitioned into middle management. We started in a hands-on period contributing to the scientific development of satellite programs, transitioned to guiding the technical and scientific development of satellite systems, and finally became participants who interacted closely with top management that was making the decisions on satellite programs. We also note that we have been involved over the decades in international cooperation that has helped to foster increasing capability and mutual complementarity of satellite systems and helped to establish coherence in the scientific utilization of satellite measurements. 2. Past evolution of satellite capabilities and their utilizationa. Technology evolution: It started by keeping it simpleThe start of the satellite era is a landmark in the history of earth observation. Without a doubt, the first meteorological satellite more than 50 years ago (Suomi and Parent 1958; Menzel and Phillips 2009) was the beginning of a new exciting era that opened the eyes of mankind to many things that had been obscured before. However, it needs to be understood that the early design of the satellites was very simple and not up to the expectations that today’s users have. Several examples come to mind; for instance, data recording systems on the early Explorer satellites (Suomi and Parent 1958) were limited in storage capacity, and global coverage was limited by the number of ground sites receiving satellite data transmissions. Data processing was accomplished on paper tapes that experienced limited lifetimes. Researchers and their students processed the early data over several years; the concept of real-time processing did not exist. Satellite imagery with global coverage was realized only after laborious cutting and pasting [see Fig. 1 for an example from the early days of the Television and Satellite (TIROS)]. Size Fig. 1. The first global mosaic assembled from TIROS images in 1960. Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 7, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-15-0017.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every student benefits equally from mindfulness activities. [SEP] Text: Significant group and time effects differed according to the eight MAIA sub-scores. No effect was observed for noticing. Scores for not-distracting (F = 4. 3, p = 0. 008) were higher at baseline compared to D55 (p = 0. 027) and recovery (p = 0. 028). Scores for not-worrying (F = 6. 87, p < 0. 001) were higher at baseline compared to D25 (p < 0. 001), D55 (p = 0. 042), and recovery (p = 0. 005). Scores for attention regulation (F = 19. 9, p < 0. 001) were higher among the MG than the NMG. A time trend (F = 2. 4, p = 0. 08) suggests that attention regulation was higher at baseline than D55 (p = 0. 04). A group trend was identified for emotional awareness (F = 3. 3, p = 0. 09) with higher scores for the MG compared to the NMG. A group effect was identified for self-regulation (F = 17, p < 0. 001), body listening (F = 9. 22, p = 0. 008), and trusting (F = 5. 04, p = 0. 04), with the MG scoring higher than the NMG in all cases. Table 2 presents submariners’ scores for sleeping, eating, and physical activity assessments as a function of mindful status. The only notable result for sleep was a trend for waking at night (F = 0. 396; p = 0. 06). The MG tended to experience less waking at baseline and recovery compared to the NMG. For getting to sleep scales, a time effect was observed for sleep latency (F = 7. 46; p = 0. 014) and feeling sleepy (F = 7. 72; p = 0. 013). At recovery, latency returns to normal, while greater difficulty is reported in falling asleep (compared to usual) at baseline. The same result is observed for feeling sleepy. A time effect is observed for restless/restful sleep (F = 5. 24; p = 0. 035). Sleep is reported to be more restful at recovery than baseline. For waking during sleep, time effects were observed. Scores for waking up easily tended to be better at baseline than recovery (F = 3. 32; p = 0.

Output: contrast