Input: Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: The PPCR is a target program of the multi-donor Funds (CIF) aimed at supporting highly vulnerable countries to integrate climate risk and resilience into development planning and implementation (CIF 2009). 2. and Stadelmann (2013) or the CIF website ( for details on the Nepalese SPCR. 3. Terai contributes about 56 % of the country’s annual cereal production according to Regmi (2007). 4. The project also envisaged the involvement of an Indian irrigation technology provider with the aim of promoting access to, and adoption of, water-efficient irrigation technologies in the Nepalese agricultural sector. However, we did not analyze its role in detail, as at the time of writing its involvement was not yet secured. 5. The project adopts a so called ‘trainers of trainers’ approach i. e. 15 experts will strengthen companies’ technical teams as well as dealers and vets skills, and/or embed new expertise in these companies. In turn, trained staff will then provide training to lead farmers (from individuals to farmers’ cooperatives), who are then expected to train other farmers through demonstration and replication of practices. The set-up of demonstration plots within these companies will serve as learning-by-doing grounds for the farmers trained under the project, but also for others in surrounding areas. 6. The project developer and implementer IFC has already applied this approach in the context of ‘business-as-usual’ agricultural development (see e. g. IFC 2012a, b, 2013a). 7. These calculation are based on the following assumptions: sugarcane crushing capacity of 3,000 tonnes per day, plant used at about 75–80 % of their capacity (Golchha 2013), and running 150 days a year (Sugaronline 2013); sugarcane purchases being responsible for 75 % of overall sugar production costs; a net profit margin of 6 % (see 54. 4 per tonne of sugarcane (Ekantipur 2013, exchange rate from Oanda 2013). 8. The sugar processing company was chosen for the financial model because of two main reasons: it reaches most farmers out of the selected companies, and it has direct relationships to farmers, so there is less uncertainty in the calculations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 3–12% mannose, and 11. 9–29. 4% lignin as reported in literature [10]. Therefore, hydrolysis of lignocellulosic polysaccharides yields a mixture of C5 and C6 sugars, which can be fermented to butanol typically by bacteria of the genus Clostridium. Current methodologies still mainly focus the fermentation of glucose while discarding the rest of the feedstock or using it as a source of process energy. However, the complete exploitation of all the sugars, particularly the major C5 sugar xylose bound in lignocellulosic biomass can contribute to solving the low yield challenge that is one of the main issues related to fermentative butanol production. The cells’ efficiency at metabolizing different sugars in mixed form tends to be limited by a phenomenon called Repression (CCR). CCR reduces or prevents the utilization of C5 sugars in the presence of a preferred carbon source such as the C6 sugar glucose [11]. In our previous work, we investigated the effects of CCR on the utilization of lignocellulosic sugars in mixed form [12], modeled the cell growth on mixed sugars in a follow-up study [13] and in a later study, extended the model with sugar consumption and butanol production [14]. In the present study, we performed lignocellulosic sugar fermentations in microbioreactors and compared them to similar cultures in serum flasks for validating our previous findings, as an important step in paving the way for a more efficient, systematic bioprocess development in second generation butanol production. Systematic bioprocess development involving strain cultivation, optimization, and testing is often needed to increase yield and productivity. These efforts require screening of strains, medium compositions, and operating conditions, which are traditionally carried out in shake flasks or microtiter plates. However, these methods have some downsides, such as the lack of online monitoring and control [15] as well as automation requirement for easy handling of increased number of experiments [16]. Microbioreactor technology can eliminate some of these drawbacks by offering easy handling, online monitoring of key parameters and control capability, in addition to the possibility to run multiple cultures in parallel. Disposable and miniaturized versions of bench-scale bioreactors are today available for performing fermentation experiments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Moderate certainty: further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low certainty: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. aDowngraded by one level for risk of selective reporting bias. Only one of the four studies reporting on severe rotavirus diarrhoea provided data for this outcome. bDowngraded by one level for risk of selective reporting bias. Only three of the six studies reporting on severe rotavirus diarrhoea provided data for this outcome. cDowngraded by two levels for serious imprecision. These trials were not powered to detect an effect on mortality. dDowngraded by two levels for serious imprecision: very few events with wide 95% CIs that included no effect. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings 1. Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Navigate to table in of findings 2. Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in medium‐mortality countries Patient or population: childrenSetting: medium‐mortality countriesIntervention: Rotarix, 2 dosesComparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) Number of participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 13 per 1000 3 per 1000(2 to 4) RR 0. 21(0. 16 to 0. 29) 31,671(4 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 25 per 1000 6 per 1000(4 to 7) RR 0. 23(0. 17 to 0. 29) 23,834 (3 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: The results for other agribusiness companies (rice, maize) may be different, there are both theoretical arguments for lower performance (less direct channel for training) and or higher performance (higher motivation to improve relationship), see Box 3 Trabacchi and Stadelmann (2013) for details. 9. These benefits also accrued to a sugar company (DSCL) who was involved in a similar IFC project in India (but not this project in Nepal), as highlighted during an interview with the company’s management (DSCL 2013). 2012. Manila: Bank. 260. Biagini, B. , & Miller, A. (2013). Engaging the private sector in adaptation to climate change in developing countries: Importance, status, and challenges. Review 252. 2009. At: (CIF). (2011). for Nepal. PPCR/SC. 8/7, Cape Town, South Africa, June 2011. At: (CIF). (2012a). Nepal: Building climate resilient communities through private sector participation. At: (CIF). (2012b). Proposal for additional tools and instruments to enhance private sector investments in the CIF, April 2012. At: SCF_8_Proposal_for_Additional_Tools_and_instruments_for_private_sector. pdf. . (2013). [Cited as DSCL. 2013]. Discussion with Sunil Radhakrishna, Director, conducted 12th June 2013. 2013. Accessed in May 2013. At: (2011). Annual report 2011. Multan:. At: June2011. pdf. Food and of the (FAO). (2013). FAOstat database. Data retrieved in 9th May, 2013, at: Group. (2013). [Cited as Golcha 2013]. Interview with Dunakar Golchha, Executive Director, conducted on 4th July 2013. 2013. Venice, Italy. At: of the Group (IEG). (2009). 1990–2007. Evaluation. Washington, DC. 1. nsf/ProjectDisplay/SPI_DP29228. Corporation (IFC). (2012a). Strengthening critical segments of the poultry supply chain sustainable business advisory – IFC advisory services in South Asia: (IFC). (2012b).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: a 5-G100:X0, b 5-G80:X20, c 5-G60:X40, d 5-G40:X60, e 5-G20:X80, f 5-G0:X100, and g 10-G100:X0, h 10-G80:X20, i 10-G60:X40, j 10-G40:X60, k 10-G20:X80, and l 10-G0:X100. Mean values of the 4 replicas are shown together with error bars representing standard deviation, and the magnified parts of each subplot are placed on top left cornerFull size imageFig. 2pH versus time plots of fermentations done in BioLector® using 5 and 10 g/l total sugar and varied glucose (G)-to-xylose (X) ratios. a 5-G100:X0, b 5-G80:X20, c 5-G60:X40, d 5-G40:X60, e 5-G20:X80, f 5-G0:X100, and g 10-G100:X0, h 10-G80:X20, i 10-G60:X40, j 10-G40:X60, k 10-G20:X80, and l 10-G0:X100. Mean values of the 4 replicas are shown together with error bars representing standard deviationFull size imageFig. 3Dissolved oxygen (%) versus time plots of fermentations done in BioLector® using 5 and 10 g/l total sugar and varied glucose (G)-to-xylose (X) ratios. a 5-G100:X0, b 5-G80:X20, c 5-G60:X40, d 5-G40:X60, e 5-G20:X80, f 5-G0:X100, and g 10-G100:X0, h 10-G80:X20, i 10-G60:X40, j 10-G40:X60, k 10-G20:X80, and l 10-G0:X100.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 38 per 1000 25 per 1000 (20 to 30) RR 0. 64 (0. 52 to 0. 79) 26,479(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high Rotarix reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 78 per 1000 58 per 1000 (39 to 85) RR 0. 74(0. 50 to 1. 09) 23,317(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊝⊝lowa,b due to serious inconsistency Rotarix may reduce severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Serious inconsistency (I2 = 92%) in the pooled data: RIX Li 2014‐CHN: RR 0. 91 (0. 75 to 1. 09), n = 3148; RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU: RR 0. 61 (0. 55 to 0. 69), n = 20,169. All‐cause deathFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 2 per 1000(1 to 3) RR 1. 27(0. 89 to 1. 81) 77,043(9 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatec due to imprecision Rotarix probably results in little to no difference in all‐cause death compared with placebo. All serious adverse eventsFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 45 per 1000 38 per 1000(34 to 43) RR 0. 85(0. 76 to 0. 95) 77,069(9 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces serious adverse events compared with placebo. Serious adverse events: intussusceptionFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 0 per 1000(0 to 1) RR 0. 72 (0. 39 to 1. 32) 75,540(6 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊝⊝lowd due to imprecision Rotarix may result in little to no difference in intussusception compared with placebo.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: 5 t sugarcane per ha, average over the two targeted districts (Sarlahi, Morang) close to planned sugar mills, from years 2006/2007 to 2011/2012MoAD (2012), (2013)Average farm size0. 83 ha per farmerNPC-WFP-NDRI (2010)Future production changes in the baselineNo change. This assumes that future productivity increases are approximately balanced out by losses due to climate change, which are projected to be 4–8 % in case of sugarcane in Nepal by 2030(2013a), PwC (2012) for changes in crops productivity% of additional production sup- plied to training sugar company100 %. This is likely because there is only one mill per district, and transporting sugarcane is very expensive, given the substantial weight of sugarcane (sugar only weighs around 10 % of the raw material, see Fatima 2011; Mirpurkhas 2012; Mehran 2012) and the low quality of roads in rural Nepal (2009). No sugarcane has been exported from Nepal to India in the last 10 years (FAO 2013), even when the border to India is very close for most sugarcane production areasBased on, Fatima (2011), Mirpurkhas (2012), Mehran (2012), (2009), FAO (2013)IFC (2013a), PwC (2012), Nimbus (2013a)In-kind and cash contribution of/costs for agribusiness companiesLower estimate: USD 32,000, assuming, two additional employees over 2 years with a wage of USD 8000 per year. Does not include costs related to facilities and demonstration plots. Trainers employed are assumed to be paid by IFC. Higher estimate: USD 95,000, recent IFC (2013b) estimation for 2-year pilot periodWage and number of employees: Nimbus (2013b); Duration of the project: IFC (2012a, 2013c)Annual inflation (USD)All calculations were conducted with constant 2013 USD. For transformation to 2013 USD, annual inflation of 2. 3 % assumed (average of years 2003–2012), using data from OECD (2013)OECD (2013) 1. 2 10. 1007/978-3-319-40773-9_12Download citation. RIS. ENW.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Mean values of the 4 replicas are shown together with error bars representing standard deviationFull size imageRight after inoculation, we observed a lag phase of approximately 1. 5 h and 1 h for cultures containing 5 and 10 g/l total sugar, respectively (Fig. 1), likely due to the adaptation of the cells to their new environment [19]. After the lag phase, exponential growth was observed for several hours, after which a phase of continuously decreasing growth rate occurred until stationary phase was reached. The pH of the fermentation broth (Fig. 2) decreased due to the production of acetic acid and butyric acid during the exponential growth phase [20]. pH subsequently increased again during the phase of decreasing growth rate as the produced acids were re-assimilated to form solvents. The experiments under anaerobic conditions were repeated under same conditions and they all exhibited increasing DO levels as the growth proceeded. The start of the experiments was successful in terms of achieving anaerobic conditions in all runs; however, an increase of DO was observed during the experiments (Fig. 3). Standard deviations were considerably smaller during lag and exponential growth phases compared to the rest of the fermentation for both cell mass and pH values while there was no apparent correlation with time for DO. Correlation of cell mass and dissolved oxygen in BioLector® microbioreactor fermentationsKendall’s tau correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlations between cell mass (scattering light) and DO (%) because it is able predict nonlinear relationships [21] and robust in presence of outliers in data [22]. The correlations are shown in Fig. 4 for all experiments. Fig. 4Correlations between cell mass and dissolved oxygen for fermentations done in BioLector®Full size imageThe coefficient has a value between + 1 and − 1, where 1 is total positive correlation, 0 is no correlation, and − 1 is total negative correlation. When the absolute value of the correlation coefficient is smaller than 0. 35, the correlation is considered to be weak; for values between 0. 36 and 0. 67, the correlation can be regarded as moderate; a correlation is strong for coefficient values greater than 0. 68 [23]. As can be seen in Fig. 4, correlations between cell mass and DO were positive and strong for all 12 experiments with no apparent relation with the glucose-to-xylose ratio or total sugar concentration.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Sensitivity analysis excluding the cluster‐RCT (RIX Zaman 2017‐BGD) that contributed data to this outcome showed no important change in the effect estimate or 95% CI (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 60, n = 6114, 3 RCTs with 4 comparisons). Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 43 per 1000 28 per 1000(22 to 35) RR 0. 65 (0. 51 to 0. 83) 13,768**(3 comparisons from 2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatec due to risk of bias Rotarix probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo or no intervention at up to two years follow‐up. Sensitivity analysis excluding the cluster‐RCT (RIX Zaman 2017‐BGD) that contributed data to this outcome showed no important change in the effect estimate or 95% CI (RR 0. 58, 95% CI 0. 42 to 0. 79, n = 2764, 1 RCT with 2 comparisons). Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 176 per 1000 129 per 1000(99 to 167) RR 0. 73 (0. 56 to 0. 95) 5639(3 comparisons from 2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕highd Rotarix reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo or no intervention at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 233 per 1000 194 per 1000(168 to 224) RR 0. 83(0. 72 to 0. 96) 2764(2 comparisons from 1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. All‐cause deathFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 20 per 1000 18 per 1000(13 to 25) RR 0. 88 (0. 63 to 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: EnglishFrançaisEspañol02. BooksSeries (other)Directions in DevelopmentWeather and : through Publication: Weather and : through and. . . Files in PDF (5. 15 MB) 9,214 downloads (489. 57 KB) 393 downloads Date2013-09ISSNPublished2013-09Author(s) Rogers, David P. Tsirkunov, Vladimir V. TweetLikeShareAbstractThe importance of weather, climate, and water1 information is rising because of the need to serve more elaborate societal needs, minimize growing economic losses, and help countries adapt to climate change. Weather, climate, and water affect societies and economies through extreme events, such as tropical cyclones, floods, high winds, storm surges, and prolonged droughts, and through high-impact weather and climate events that affect demand for electricity and production capacity, planting and harvesting dates, management of construction, transportation networks and inventories, and human health. The key players are the (NMHSs), which are the backbone of the global weather and climate enterprise. By international agreement under the auspices of the Organization (WMO), they are the government's authoritative source of weather, climate, and water information, providing timely input to emergency managers, national and local administrations, the public, and critical economic sectors. The report underscores the urgent need to strengthen NMHSs, especially those in developing countries, and provides cost-benefit estimates of the return that countries can hope to achieve. It also offers a recommended approach that has been tested and implemented in Europe, in Central and South Asia, and countries in other regions. The NMHSs make a significant contribution to safety, security, and economic well-being by observing, forecasting, and warning of pending weather, climate, and water threats. Link to Data SetCitation“Rogers, David P. ; Tsirkunov, Vladimir V. . 2013. Weather and : through. Directions in Development--Environment and Sustainable Development;. © Washington, DC: World Bank. License: CC BY 3. 0 IGO. ”URI SeriesReport SeriesDirections in DevelopmentShow moreOther publications in this report seriesPublicationGetting to Work (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2020-03-02) Sethi, Jayati; Solotaroff, Jennifer L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Figure 5 shows that growth rate (h−1) values were higher for cultures with 10 g/l total sugar. Average growth rate values for cultures containing 5 and 10 g/l were 0. 240 and 0. 302 h−1, respectively. However, the change in growth rate with respect to glucose-to-xylose ratio exhibited the opposite trend for ratios of G100:X0, G80:X20 and G60:X40. Highest and lowest growth rates were 0. 376 and 0. 190 h−1 observed for 10-G100:X0 and 5-G40:X60 cultures. Fig. 5Growth rate (h−1) values during exponential growth for all 12 experiments done in the BioLector® setup were determined from the BioLector® online dataFull size imageComparison of BioLector® microbioreactor and serum flask fermentationsA comparative overview of the results for serum flask and microbioreactor setups is provided in this section. Both glucose and xylose contained in the fermentation medium were utilized entirely in all 12 conditions in serum flasks, while there was some residual xylose in microbioreactor experiments as given in the results above. Butanol concentration (g/l) and butanol yield (g butanol/g sugar) values for all are summarized in Fig. 6. Fig. 6Butanol concentration a and c, and butanol yield b and d values of fermentations done in BioLector® and serum flasks with 5 and 10 g/l total sugar, respectively. Mean values of the 4 replicas are shown together with error bars representing standard deviation for BioLector® resultsFull size imageFigure 6 shows that butanol concentrations and yields were higher for cultures containing 10 g/l total sugar for all 6 different glucose-to-xylose ratios in both setups. For the BioLector®, the average butanol concentration and butanol yield values of 6 experiments with 5 and 10 g/l were 0. 192 and 0. 664 g/l, 0. 043 and 0. 084 g/g, respectively. Both butanol concentrations and yields increased with increasing xylose ratios from 0 to 40, decreased when xylose ratio increased from 40 to 80, and increased again when the ratio was G0:100X for cultures with 5 and 10 g/l total sugar.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 11) 5442(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RotaTeq reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting. Severe all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting. All‐cause deathFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 1 per 1000(0 to 1) RR 1. 24(0. 69 to 2. 22) 72,654(6 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊝⊝lowa due to serious imprecision RotaTeq may result in little to no difference in all‐cause death compared with placebo. All serious adverse eventsFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 26 per 1000 24 per 1000(22 to 26) RR 0. 92(0. 84 to 1. 01) 70,690(5 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high RotaTeq results in little to no difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo. Serious adverse events: intussusceptionFollow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 0 per 1000(0 to 1) RR 0. 69(0. 35 to 1. 38) 73,925(9 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊝⊝lowb due to serious imprecision RotaTeq may result in little to no difference in intussusception compared with placebo. *The basis for the assumed risk is the control group risk across studies included in the meta‐analysis. The corresponding risk (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio grades of evidenceHigh certainty: further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate certainty: further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: Yet in postconflict settings, short-term pressures often conflict with this longer-term objective. To ensure peace and stabilize fragile coalitions, the imperative for political elites to hand out public jobs and better pay to constituents dominates merit. Donor-financed projects that rely on technical assistants and parallel structures, rather than on government systems, are often the primary vehicle for meeting pressing service delivery needs. What, then, is a workable approach to rebuilding public services postconflict? Paths between Peace and seeks to answer this question by comparing public service reform trajectories in five countries—and Timor-Leste—in the aftermath of conflict. The study seeks to explain these countries’ different trajectories through process tracing and structured, focused methods of comparative analysis. To reconstruct reform trajectories, the report draws on more than 200 interviews conducted with government officials and other stakeholders, as well as administrative data. The study analyzes how reform trajectories are influenced by elite bargains and highlights their path dependency, shaped by preconflict legacies and the specifics of the conflict period. As the first systematic study on postconflict public service reforms, it identifies lessons for the future engagement of development partners in building public services. Show morePublicationOptions for in China (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2018-11-20) Glinskaya, Elena; Feng, Zhanlian; Glinskaya, Elena; Feng, ZhanlianShow moreChina is aging at an unprecedented rate. Improvements in life expectancy and the consequences of the decades-old family planning policy have led to a rapid increase in the elderly population. According to the Prospects, the proportion of older people age 65 and over will increase by about one-fourth by 2030, and the elderly will account for about one quarter of the total population by 2050. Population aging will not only pose challenges for elder care but also have an impact on the economy and all aspects of society (World Bank, 2016a). The government is aware of the need to develop an efficient and sustainable approach to aged care. To this end, the of the issued the 12th Five-for the Development of Services in China and the for a System of for the Aged (2011-2015). It is now in the process of formulating the 13th Five-Plan on Aging, which will further elaborate and finalize the reform roadmap for 2016 to 2020. is expected to be finalized and launched by June 2016.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 00025, respectively. On the other hand, significance of effects for total sugar concentration and sugar ratio was very similar for specific growth rate with p values of 3. 71E−05 and 2. 88E−05, respectively. Therefore, the specific growth rate was equally sensitive to both factors. Table 2 shows that the effects of total sugar concentration on butanol concentration and butanol yield were significant with p values smaller than 0. 05, while the sugar ratio did not have a significant effect. The effect of total sugar concentration was less pronounced in serum flasks than what was observed in the BioLector® setup. DiscussionFor the best understanding of carbon turnover and product formation, fermentation progress in standard bioreactors is followed continuously by online measurements of pH, DO, and off-gas CO2, while cell mass, sugar and product concentrations are usually determined intermittently by offline spectrophotometry and HPLC, respectively. Such experiments are, however, laborious and costly, and the first phase of process optimization, involving, e. g. , different parameters and strains, is therefore often performed in serum flasks. We used, to our knowledge for the first time, the BioLector® technology to perform 48 anaerobic fermentations with real-time monitoring of cell mass and pH to establish it as a potential alternative to serum flask cultivations. The cell mass monitoring allowed the direct calculation of growth rates during cultivations, whereas the pH measurements provided online information about sugar consumption and switching of clostridial metabolism from acetogenic to solventogenic phase. This represents an improvement over standard offline measurement methods in the evaluation of clostridial fermentations, even though off-gas CO2, sugars and product concentrations are still not measured online. The fermentation experiments under anaerobic conditions were repeated under same conditions and they all exhibited increasing DO levels as the growth proceeded. The start of the experiments was successful in terms of achieving anaerobic conditions in all runs; however, an increase was observed during the experiments. This observation can be explained by (i) a problem with the measurement and/or sensor and (ii) diffusion/leakage of O2 from the outside environment to the BioLector® chamber. The latter is prevented by use of a protective layer on the well plate as well as a sealing of the well plate in the anaerobic chamber screwed tightly where only openings are the gas (N2) inlet and outlet (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: eDowngraded by two levels for serious imprecision: very few events with wide 95% CIs that included no effect. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings 5. RotaTeq compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in medium‐mortality countries Navigate to table in of findings 6. RotaTeq compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: childrenSettings: high‐mortality countriesIntervention: RotaTeq, 3 dosesComparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) Number of participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo Rotacases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 28 per 1000 12 per 1000(8 to 18) RR 0. 43(0. 29 to 0. 64) 6775(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high RotaTeq reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 59 per 1000 33 per 1000(27 to 51) RR 0. 56(0. 41 to 0. 77) 6744(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high RotaTeq reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 77 per 1000 62 per 1000(45 to 85) RR 0. 80(0. 58 to 1. 11) 4085(1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatea due to imprecision RotaTeq probably results in little to no difference in severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 130 per 1000 110 per 1000(96 to 128) RR 0. 85 (0. 74 to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: It does so under various scenarios for the development of East Dhaka, but always assessing the implications for the entire city. The simulations suggest that pursuing a strategic approach to the development of would make a much more productive and livable city than continuing with business as usual. Based on current trends, would have a population of 25 million in 2035 and an income per capita of US$8,000 at 2015 prices. However, embracing a strategic approach would add 5 million people to the city. And, it would be a more productive city, with nearly 1. 8 million more jobs and an income per capita of more than US$9,200 at 2015 prices, enough to put Dhaka on the map of global cities. Show morePublicationReforming Non-(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2018-06-13) Cadot, Olivier; Ferrantino, Michael J. ; Gourdon, Julien; Reyes, José-DanielShow moreHigh levels of trade costs persist in the world trading system, despite recent progress in tariff reduction, trade facilitation, and logistics. At least some of these costs can be attributed to non-tariff measures (NTMs), policies imposed by governments other than ordinary customs duties which have an impact on the price at which exports and imports are traded, the quantities traded, or both. Such costs are particularly worrisome if they have a discriminatory or protectionist effect, or violate countries’ international commitments. However, even NTMs designed to carry out domestic regulatory objectives – for example, protection of human, animal or plant health, consumer or workplace safety, or the environment – can have substantial effects on international trade, which should be considered when such policies are developed. This book discusses some of the analytical methods that can be used to accompany the process of policy development for NTMs. It discusses the broad economic rationale for improving the design of NTMs;, illustrates the main forms of quantification of NTMs and their effects, including inventory approaches, price-based approaches, and quantity-based approaches; proposes a new analytical and measurable concept of “regulatory distance” to help guide deep integration efforts at the regional level; provides a discussion of the effects of NTMs on household expenditures, poverty, and firm competitiveness; and shows how empirical analysis of NTMs can be used to inform policy advice. As such, it should provide a valuable addition to the arsenal of tools available for applied analysis of international trade policy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 7). Moreover, C. beijerinckii are strict anaerobes which cannot grow in presence of oxygen, and they produce CO2 and H2 as they grow that also helps to maintain anaerobic conditions in the growth medium [24]. Therefore, it is more likely to be the first reason as evident also from the correlation analysis results; strong and positive correlations between cell mass and DO were found for all experiments, which is in line with the previous observations obtained from the study of online monitoring for high-throughput screening of microbial systems in the BioLector® system [25]. It is also important to note that CO2 is not possible to be measured in BioLector® even though it gives a good indication for the growth status. Therefore, interference of CO2 with DO measurement should be investigated in future studies. Fig. 7BioLector® anaerobic chamber (left), round-well plate, and a single well showing the sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH, and the area for detecting cell mass by means of light scattering and fluorescence (right)Full size imageUnderstanding the effect of the glucose-to-xylose ratio in substrate mixtures is necessary for successful design of efficient lignocellulosic biomass fermentations. For that reason, we first studied the effect of sugar ratio on cell mass growth rate. For experiments done in BioLector®, all cultures containing xylose had a slower growth rate than the cultures with glucose as the sole sugar, essentially due to glucose being the preferred carbon source over xylose and the effect of CCR [11]. Therefore, our observation confirms that cell mass growth was affected by CCR during the fermentation by C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052. The growth rate decreased with decreasing glucose ratio in the medium. However, when xylose was the sole sugar (G0:X100), the growth rate was similar to that of G20:X80 cultures. This trend can be assigned to noncompetitive interaction between sugars and is consistent with the results in our earlier study [13]. The standard deviation values of cell mass data increased significantly in stationary phase compared to exponential growth phase as shown in Fig. 1. Different glucose-to-xylose ratios resulted in different standard deviations as well.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: The 95% CI included both no effect and appreciable harm. cDowngraded by two levels for serious imprecision: very few events with wide 95% CIs that included no effect. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings 6. RotaTeq compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Navigate to table in of findings 7. Rotasiil compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: high‐mortality countries (Niger, India) Intervention: Rotasiil, 3 doses Comparison: placebo comparative risks*(95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) No of Participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 1 year 45 per 1000 23 per 1000(15 to 36) RR 0. 52(0. 33 to 0. 81) 11,008(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕higha Rotasiil reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 2 years 76 per 1000 43 per 1000(32 to 56) RR 0. 56 (0. 42 to 0. 74) 11,008(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕higha Rotasiil reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 1 year 145 per 1000 133 per 1000(121 to 146) RR 0. 92 (0. 84 to 1. 01) 11,008(2 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotasiil results in little to no difference in severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 2 years 239 per 1000 225 per 1000(211 to 242) RR 0. 94 (0. 88 to 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -04. 12 Committee E06 $ 83. 00 In stock Significance and Use 5. 1 Investments in projects supporting community resilience are characterized by uncertainties regarding the frequency and magnitude of natural, technological, and human-caused disruptions. Accounting for these low-probability, high-consequence events challenge traditional economic evaluation methods. 5. 2 The traditional approach to evaluating the benefit-cost of investment decisions routinely focus on measures directly tied to loss avoidance. 5. 3 Following this guide when performing an economic evaluation assures the user that relevant economic information, including information regarding uncertainties and indirect inputs, is considered for capital project facing possible disruptions from natural, technological, and human-caused hazards. 5. 4 Use this guide in the planning phases of community resilience plan development process. Consideration of risk mitigation choices early in the planning process allows both greater flexibility in addressing specific hazards and lower costs associated with their implementation. 5. 5 Use this guide to integrate community resilience plans with economic development, zoning, hazard mitigation, and other community planning activities that affect buildings, public works, and infrastructure systems. 5. 6 Use this guide to identify all relevant inputs—that is, costs and benefits (savings)—associated with construction, implementation, and use of the capital asset, over the lifetime of the asset. Relevant inputs include direct, indirect and externalities, and non-market values. 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The reason may be accounted to changes in the morphology of cells affecting the online cell mass monitoring in the BioLector® unit [25], since Clostridia are known to go through morphological changes during fermentation [26], and variation of standard deviation might indicate that the sugar composition affects the morphology of the cells. The same trend was observed for online logged pH data; standard deviations were greater when the cultures reached stationary phase. We investigated if any particular replicas deviated from the mean value due to its location on the well plate; however, no obvious correlation was obtained, and further systematic examination is required to rule out potential position effects. The sugar ratio also had impact on butanol concentration and yield, which were inversely proportional with the growth rate. Our results are in accordance with a previous study, which showed that a higher growth rate results in a lower butanol concentration, since sugars were used for cell mass growth and not for butanol production [27]. Comparison of fermentations performed in microbioreactors and serum flasks can provide important insight for use of different bioreactors and monitoring methods. Growth rates estimated using online logged cell mass data of BioLector® were in the range of 0. 190–0. 312 h−1 for the cultures with 5 g/l total sugar, which is significantly lower than the range of 0. 681–1. 076 h−1 obtained in our previous study done in serum flasks using the same sugar concentration and strain [12]. Similarly, the average growth rate of 0. 240 h−1 in microbioreactors was 70. 7% lower than the value of 0. 819 h−1 acquired in serum flasks. Different growth rate values obtained in microbioreactors and serum flasks may be explained by the difference in cell mass measurement methods. A study comparing shake flasks and BioLector® microbioreactors showed that cell mass measurements in BioLector® (scattered light intensity) and measurements with photometer (optical density) were in good agreement for the growths of E. coli and K. lactic. Contrarily, cell mass values for growth of G. oxydans differed greatly, which was explained by morphological changes [28]. Recent work of Petra et al. showed the changing morphology throughout the life cycle of Clostridium beijerinckii [29].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Low certainty: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low certainty: We are very uncertain about the estimate. aThere was unexplained statistical heterogeneity in this analysis (I2 > 50%), however, we did not downgrade for inconsistency since all estimates were in the same direction showing appreciable benefit. bDowngraded by one level for imprecision: wide 95% CIs that included no effect as well as appreciable harm. cDowngraded by two levels for serious imprecision: very few events with wide 95% CIs that included no effect. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings 7. Rotasiil compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Navigate to table in of findings 8. Rotavac compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: one high‐mortality country (India) Intervention: Rotavac, 3 doses Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) No of Participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 1 year 31 per 1000 13 per 1000(9 to 19) RR 0. 43(0. 30 to 0. 60) 6799(1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatea due to indirectness Rotavac probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 2 years 47 per 1000 21 per 1000(16 to 28) RR 0. 46(0. 35 to 0. 60) 6541(1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatea due to indirectness Rotavac probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 1 year 93 per 1000 78 per 1000(66 to 91) RR 0. 84(0. 71 to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: 7 Use this guide for economic evaluations based on Practices E917 (life-cycle costs), E964 (benefit-to-cost and savings-to-investment ratios), E1057 (internal rate of return and adjusted internal rate of return), E1074 (net benefits and net savings), E1121 (payback), E1699 (value engineering), and E1765 (analytical hierarchy process for multi-attribute decision analysis), and Guide E1369 (treatment of uncertainty). 5. 8 Use this guide in conjunction with Guide E2204 to summarize the results of economic evaluations involving natural, technological, and human-caused hazards. 5. 9 This guide generalizes Guide E2506 (cost-effective risk mitigation plan for new and existing constructed facilities) by evaluating investments into capital assets for a community. Scope 1. 1 This guide describes a generic economic methodology for evaluating investment decisions aimed to improve the ability of communities to adapt to, withstand, and quickly recover from, disruptive events. The methodology describes a framework for developing cost-effective community resilience strategies for new and existing constructed facilities—buildings, industrial facilities, and other critical infrastructure. This guide provides owners and managers of constructed facilities, architects, engineers, constructors, other providers of professional services for constructed facilities, and researchers and analysts with an approach for planning and comparing resilience strategies. 1. 2 This guide frames the economic decision process by identifying and comparing the relevant present and future streams of costs and benefits to a community—the latter realized through cost savings and damage loss avoidance—associated with new capital investment into resilience to those generated by the status-quo. 1. 3 This guide provides a means to increase the capacity of communities to objectively and effectively compare and contrast capital investment projects through consideration of benefits and costs while maintaining an awareness of system resilience. Topics related to non-market values and uncertainty are also explored. 1. 4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1. 5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is important to have good knowledge about the physiology of the strain used when comparing different experimental setups with different monitoring technologies. The effect of sugar ratio on butanol concentration and yield was not as distinguishable for fermentations done in serum flasks as for the microbioreactor fermentations. However, highest butanol productions and yields were observed in the 10-G60:X40 and 10-G40:X60 cultures, while lowest values were observed in the 5-G20:X80 cultures in both experimental setups. Average butanol concentration and butanol yield values for all 12 experiments done in microbioreactors were 0. 428 g/l and 0. 063 g/g being 54. 9 and 56. 6% lower than in serum flask fermentations with average values of 0. 948 g/l and 0. 145 g/g. Even though butanol concentrations were low due to low sugar concentrations used in the fermentations of this study, the average value of butanol yield obtained in serum flasks is comparable with the butanol yield found as 0. 198 g/g in our exploratory data analysis performed by using data of 79 fermentations with lignocellulosic sugars [9]. The agreement in butanol yield values is noteworthy, since it is a measure of the cells’ efficiency to convert substrate into the desired product. Even though same inoculated media were used in microbioreactors and serum flasks to have identical starting conditions, there were significant deviations in butanol concentration and butanol yield values, which can be related to the differences in experimental setups. Microbial culture wells in the microbioreactor setup were continuously shaken and flushed with nitrogen to ensure and anaerobic conditions. This might have caused a stripping effect for the volatile components present in fermentation broth, since gas stripping is a commonly applied method for butanol removal [30]. Although an evaporation-limiting layer was used, it might still be permeable to butanol fume. The serum flask fermentations were performed under static conditions without any gas flow through the flasks. Moreover, flasks were sealed with rubber stoppers to sustain anaerobic conditions. Therefore, the gas stripping effect was not as pronounced as in microbioreactors, which could explain the determined higher average butanol concentration, thus average butanol yield.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: evaluate rotavirus vaccines prequalified by the WHO (RV1, RV5, and Rotavac) for their efficacy and safety in children. Search methods On 4 April 2018 we searched (via PubMed), the (published in the Cochrane Library), and. We also searched the. gov, clinical trial reports from manufacturers' websites, and reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews. Selection criteria We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in children comparing rotavirus vaccines prequalified for use by the WHO versus placebo or no intervention. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently assessed trial eligibility and assessed risks of bias. One review author extracted data and a second author cross‐checked them. We combined dichotomous data using the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We stratified the analysis by country mortality rate and used GRADE to evaluate evidence certainty. Main results Fifty‐five trials met the inclusion criteria and enrolled a total of 216,480 participants. Thirty‐six trials (119,114 participants) assessed RV1, 15 trials (88,934 participants) RV5, and four trials (8432 participants) Rotavac. RV1 Children vaccinated and followed up the first year of life In low‐mortality countries, RV1 prevents 84% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 16, 95% CI 0. 09 to 0. 26; 43,779 participants, 7 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and probably prevents 41% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 74; 28,051 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). In high‐mortality countries, RV1 prevents 63% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 60; 6114 participants, 3 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 27% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 95; 5639 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In low‐mortality countries, RV1 prevents 82% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 14 to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 6°C) and identify the causes in certain locations. The organisation for economic cooperation and development (OECD) and (R5ASIA) were the top two contributors with 39. 3 and 36. 8 per cent, respectively. The next two largest contributors were the and Caribbean (R5LAM) and and African (R5MAF) areas, with 11. 5 and 8. 9%, respectively. 5 (R5REF) is the remaining 3. 5%. The extent to which a region pitches in to help cut carbon emissions is a major factor. Short-lived aerosols’ influence on lowering SO2 levels in R5ASIA was modest but significant [2]. In the study by Koven C. et al. [3], CO2 concentrations fall below pre-industrial values when cumulative CO2 emissions approach zero through negative CO2 emissions, yet long-term climate change persists, guided by multi-century dynamical processes. Even if commitment to maintaining a consistent atmospheric composition and a steady stream of emissions, the global mean temperature and sea level would continue to increase [4]. A study by Grigoroudis et al. [5] explored the best emissions policies using the emission plans of only China and the USA that are compatible with temperature limitations. The findings indicate that negative emissions and severe cuts can maintain temperature stability of 2. 5°C. However, relying on future technical advancements to make negative emissions feasible might lead to ongoing carbon releases and irreversible climatic implications. Jung et al. [6] examined the financial cost, risk and feasibility of lowering greenhouse gas emissions using a general equilibrium model and many burden-sharing schemes. Evaluations include one extended NDC scenario and three 2050 scenarios. The modelling results suggest that a GHG reduction in the Korean economy might cost between USD 100 and USD 350 in 2050, compared to the NDC extended scenario. Without a major economic and energy infrastructure overhaul, reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Korea would be costly. Using a shared socio-economic pathway (SSP) of 1–2. 6°C, the study by Vakilifard et al. [7] evaluated the advantages of introducing negative emission technologies in the global warming response to cumulative carbon emissions beyond 2050. The effective zero emissions commitment (eZEC) and the global warming response were evaluated over 86 unique model realisations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, the information obtained in this study will support further research in bioreactor and bioprocess design, which are very important aspects of industrial fermentations of lignocellulosic biomass. In future studies, fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates can be performed in BioLector® to advance the knowledge in the field and to exploit the fast and efficient screening advantages of the setup. Materials and methodsMicroorganism and mediumClostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 was used in this study, since it is known to utilize different lignocellulosic sugars for growth and butanol production [31]. First, a frozen work ampoule was pre-grown for 14 h on 50 ml of reinforced clostridial medium (CM0149, Oxoid) in an incubator at 37 °C under anaerobic and static conditions. This pre-grown culture was used as inoculum for all experiments (both microbioreactors and serum flasks). The fermentation medium composition was 5 or 10 g/l sugar (different ratios of xylose and glucose as explained later in this section), 2. 5 g/l Na-acetate, 5 g/l yeast extract, 2 g/l (NH4)2SO4, 0. 01 g/l NaCl, 0. 75 g/l KH2PO4, 1. 5 g/l K2HPO4, 0. 2 g/l MgSO4. 7H2O, 0. 01 g/l MnSO4. H2O, 0. 01 g/l FeSO4. 7H2O, 0. 01 g/l P-aminobenzoic acid, 0. 01 g/l biotin and 0. 1 g/l thiamine. Six different mixed sugar solutions of glucose and xylose were prepared at 6 different ratios with a total sugar concentration of 5 and 10 g/l. Consequently, in total 12 different sugar compositions using 2 different total sugar concentrations and 6 different glucose-to-xylose ratios were studied in parallel.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 23; 36,002 participants, 9 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and probably prevents 37% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea episodes (rate ratio 0. 63, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 71; 39,091 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). In high‐mortality countries RV1 probably prevents 35% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 65, 95% CI 0. 51 to 0. 83; 13,768 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 17% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 83, 95% CI 0. 72 to 0. 96; 2764 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence). No increased risk of serious adverse events (SAE) was detected (RR 0. 88 95% CI 0. 83 to 0. 93; high‐certainty evidence). There were 30 cases of intussusception reported in 53,032 children after RV1 vaccination and 28 cases in 44,214 children after placebo or no intervention (RR 0. 70, 95% CI 0. 46 to 1. 05; low‐certainty evidence). RV5 Children vaccinated and followed up the first year of life In low‐mortality countries, RV5 probably prevents 92% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 08, 95% CI 0. 03 to 0. 22; 4132 participants, 5 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). We did not identify studies reporting on severe all‐cause diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries. In high‐mortality countries, RV5 prevents 57% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 29 to 0. 62; 5916 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence), but there is probably little or no difference between vaccine and placebo for severe all‐cause diarrhoea (RR 0. 80, 95% CI 0. 58 to 1. 11; 1 trial, 4085 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In low‐mortality countries, RV5 prevents 82% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 08 to 0. 39; 7318 participants, 4 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: After net-zero emissions are achieved, the capacity to fulfil climate objectives and avoid further warming is improved by including negative emissions. The findings from these studies highlighted above and many others, such as the ones in [8, 9, 10, 11, 12], have shown that reducing emissions should not be a delayed option in energy and climate policies or the effort to only selected countries. For instance, the effect of the USA’s withdrawal attempt from the in 2017 was evaluated to increase strain on the global average of emissions reduction as well because of high costs on other countries [8]. The urgent need to combat climate change has led to the development and implementation of various policies and commitments worldwide. Among these, the national determined contributions (NDCs) under the stand as a crucial framework where countries pledge their efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions [13]. This study uses a system dynamic approach to examine the updated NDCs and classify all the countries under China, the USA, India, the EU, the rest of advanced countries and rest of the developing countries to study the effect of the current NDC on global temperature levels, and what best reduction would result in the 1. 5°C scenario. 2. Study rationaleThe ongoing discourse on climate legislation underscores the importance of enhancing and executing NDCs to achieve the objectives outlined in the Paris Agreement. It emphasises the need for meticulously tailored policies and strategies for individual sectors to successfully attain the ambitious objectives of carbon mitigation, as delineated in global accords, particularly the Paris Agreement. Examining the effectiveness of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) in reducing global temperatures to below 2°C as stipulated by the goals is imperative. Using fractional integration and cointegration methods, the research by Gil-Alana [14] examines the connection between CO2 emissions and global temperatures. The results for the short-term panel dataset contradict the hypothesis of cointegration since the orders of integration are different for the two variables. However, long-term time series data indicates a lasting positive correlation between emissions and temperatures [14]. It is also important to note that the emissions accumulation in the atmosphere within the short-term outlives into a long period, enabling the noticeable effects on global temperatures. A dynamic simulation framework is useful in predicting variations in global temperatures under various policy scenarios of emissions reduction, which is the aim of this study with the use of a just and fair transition approach.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The cultures containing 5 g/l total sugar, and glucose (G)-to-xylose (X) ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100 are referred to as 5-G100:X0, 5-G80:X20, 5-G60:X40, 5-G40:X60, 5-G20:X80 and 5-G0:X100, respectively, throughout the study. Similarly, the cultures containing 10 g/l total sugar and glucose-to-xylose ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100 are referred to as 10-G100:X0, 10-G80:X20, 10-G60:X40, 10-G40:X60, 10-G20:X80 and 10-G0:X100, respectively. FermentationsFermentations were performed in in batch mode in round-well plates with 48 × 3 ml microbioreactor wells with 1. 5 ml working volume for 79 h. Anaerobic conditions were sustained by flushing with nitrogen gas (Aga grade 6. 0) at 37 °C and shaking at 400 rpm in a BioLector® instrument (m2p-labs GmbH, Baesweiler, Germany) that was kept constant throughout the whole fermentation. Figure 7 shows the BioLector® anaerobic chamber together with a round-well plate and a single well with embedded sensors. Cultures in the wells were started by adding 4% (v/v) inoculum prepared as described above. The BioLector® measures cell mass density by scattered light, applied in the present study in 20 min intervals. A gain of 20 (EX: 620 nm, EM: 620 nm) was used for the experiments to avoid saturation at high cell mass. pH was measured every 20 min with a gain of 19 (EX: 470 nm, EM: 525 nm). To benchmark the microbioreactor fermentations, fermentations in 120-ml serum flasks were performed with 50 ml working volume in an incubator at 37 °C under static and anaerobic conditions, with 12 different sugar compositions as explained above.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: We did not identify studies reporting on severe all‐cause diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries. In high‐mortality countries, RV5 prevents 41% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 43 to 0. 82; 5885 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 15% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 85, 95% CI 0. 75 to 0. 98; 5977 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). No increased risk of serious adverse events (SAE) was detected (RR 0. 93 95% CI 0. 86 to 1. 01; moderate to high‐certainty evidence). There were 16 cases of intussusception in 43,629 children after RV5 vaccination and 20 cases in 41,866 children after placebo (RR 0. 77, 95% CI 0. 41 to 1. 45; low‐certainty evidence). vaccinated and followed up the first year of life Rotavac has not been assessed in any RCT in countries with low child mortality. In India, a high‐mortality country, Rotavac probably prevents 57% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 30 to 0. 60; 6799 participants, moderate‐certainty evidence); the trial did not report on severe all‐cause diarrhoea at one‐year follow‐up. Children vaccinated and followed up for two years Rotavac probably prevents 54% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases in India (RR 0. 46, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 60; 6541 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence), and 16% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 84, 95% CI 0. 71 to 0. 98; 6799 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence). No increased risk of serious adverse events (SAE) was detected (RR 0. 93 95% CI 0. 85 to 1. 02; moderate‐certainty evidence). There were eight cases of intussusception in 5764 children after Rotavac vaccination and three cases in 2818 children after placebo (RR 1. 33, 95% CI 0. 35 to 5. 02; very low‐certainty evidence).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: The just transition concept is a philosophical paradigm that promotes social and economic justice in the transition to a low-carbon economy [15, 16, 17]. It prioritises equity, inclusivity, job creation, environmental justice, worker support and sustainable development by employing strategies for reducing emissions. These strategies include investing in green jobs, transitioning to renewable energy, carbon pricing, regulatory policies, infrastructure investment, community engagement, education and training. These strategies aim to create sustainable employment opportunities, reduce pollution and protect vulnerable communities. By embracing these principles, policymakers, businesses and communities can work together to transition to a low-carbon economy that promotes environmental sustainability and social justice, making the journey towards a more sustainable future fair and inclusive. 3. Progresses in global emissions, average temperature rise, renewable energies and commitment to emissions reduction3. 1 Historical emissions versus average temperature rise levelThe continuous increase in the emissions level is shown in Figure 1(a), with experience in increasing average temperature as well, beyond the pre-industrial level, as indicated in Figure 1(b). Consequently, there has been resulting global warming and adverse effects that distort the natural ecosystem. Figure 1. Historical emissions versus average temperature rise level. (a). Emissions growth, according to Ritchie H. et al. [18] and Jones M. et al. [19]. (b). Global average changes in surface temperature 1880–2022, according to NAOO [20]. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) can be categorically divided mainly into emissions from CO2 and other gases such as CH4, NOx, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) based on the [21]. The first constitutes most of the emissions from energy production and consumption, often found in the power, industrial processes, transport and building sectors. Understanding the effects of the emissions in terms of global warming potential (GWP) is often made with reference to its equivalence with CO2. For instance, 1, 25, 298 are regarded as the equivalency factor for CO2, CH4 and N2O in terms of 100-year GWP.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: $$of variance (ANOVA) is a procedure to assign sample variance to different sources and to decide whether the variation arises within or among different population groups. A two-way, nonparametric ANOVA method, Friedman's test is used in this study [33]. The p value that the Friedman's test returns is used to determine significance. If the p value is near zero, this casts doubt on the null hypothesis. A sufficiently small p value suggests that at least one column-sample median is significantly different from the others. It is common to declare a result significant if the p value is less than 0. 05 or 0. 01, and we chose 0. 05 in this study. Matlab function, friedman is used with replicate number of 4 for fermentations done in BioLector® and 1 for fermentations done in serum flasks. Two different effects are considered: total sugar concentration values of 5 and 10 g/l, and glucose-to-xylose ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 0:100. Availability of data and materials All data and materials used in this study are available upon request. : Analysis of variance CCR: Carbon catabolite repression DO: Dissolved oxygen HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography 323. 2019. Analysis and forecast to 2024; 2019. Recent advances on biobutanol production. Process. 2014;2(1):15. 2014. p. 191–204. 75. 3524. 2012. 43. 167. 34. 54. 8052. Trans. 2018;65:61–6. 94. 7. 95. 179. 2006. p. 205–47. 3. 2002. 8. 513. 515. 9. 56. 53. 2011. 9. 21. 61. 8052. Microbiol. 2012;55(3):240–6. 2003. p. 163–72. 2013. 4. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: There was insufficient evidence of an effect on mortality from any rotavirus vaccine (198,381 participants, 44 trials; low‐ to very low‐certainty evidence), as the trials were not powered to detect an effect at this endpoint. Authors' conclusions RV1, RV5, and Rotavac prevent episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea. Whilst the relative effect estimate is smaller in high‐mortality than in low‐mortality countries, there is a greater number of episodes prevented in these settings as the baseline risk is much higher. We found no increased risk of serious adverse events. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in English Español فارسی Français Hrvatski 한국어 Polski Русский 简体中文 Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use What is the aim of this review? The aim of this was to find out if rotavirus vaccines are effective in preventing diarrhoea and deaths in infants and young children. We also aimed to find out if the rotavirus vaccines are safe. We collected and analyzed all relevant studies to answer these questions, and found 55 studies. Key messages RV1, RV5, and Rotavac prevent episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence). We found no increased risk of serious adverse events (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence) including intussusception (where the bowel telescopes on itself, and can cause obstruction) (very low to low‐certainty evidence). What was studied in the review? Rotavirus infection is a common cause of diarrhoea in infants and young children, and can cause mild illness, hospitalization, and death. Since 2009, the Organization (WHO) has recommended that a rotavirus vaccine be included in all national infant and child immunization programmes, and 95 countries have so far followed this recommendation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Similarly, HFCs (675 and 14,800 for CH2F2 and CHF3), PFCs: 7390, 12,200, 8830, 8860, 10,300, 13,300, 9300 for CF4, C2F6, C3F8, C4F10, c-C4F8, C5F12 and C6F14, respectively, SF6: 22,800. All the gases have significant impacts on global weather patterns, which last for years; hence, they are determined by adding the radiative forcing caused by a gas’s pulse emission over a certain amount of time. However, an evaluation of the final implications of climate change is not directly tied to these calculations. As a result, Kirschbaum M. [22] developed s new metric called the climate-change impact potential (CCIP), which evaluates the significance of pulse emissions of different gases, such as CO2, methane and nitrous oxide. Three categories of consequences are identified: warming rate, cumulative warming and temperature rise. According to the CCIP, long-lived nitrous oxide has a greater impact than short-lived methane over 100 years. In the next section of this study, the emissions from the two categories of GHG are presented within the last 5 years. 3. 2 Short-term level emissions trajectoryFigure 2 shows the emissions trends from energy (i. e. , CO2 emissions) during the last 5 years, while Figure 3 compares emissions of Figure 2 with those obtained from other gases. Figure 2. Global CO2 emissions by sector 2018–2022. Data from the IEA report and Ritchie, H. et al. in [9], and [23], respectively. Figure 3. Global GHG emissions from 2018 to 2022. Data from the IEA report and Ritchie, H. et al. in [9], and [23], respectively. Over half of all emissions (i. e. , 60. 5, 55. 6, 54. 1, 55. 64 and 56% between the years 2018 to 2022, respectively) come from the energy processes, where the burning of fossil fuels is the norm in the power sector with the highest value of CO2 emissions contributions for all the years presented in Figure 1. Followed by industrial operations, such as cement manufacturing and chemical manufacturing, also contribute significantly to methane emissions, as do agriculture and land use.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Although the separation of pretreated slurry into liquid and solid fraction is also an energy-consuming process, it could nevertheless be essential, mainly for three reasons: (1) to use the liquid fraction to cultivate and adapt the yeast prior to SSF; (2) to reduce the inhibitor concentration in the solid fraction, which can then be used as substrate for SSF, and (3) to increase the WIS content in the solid fraction, which gives flexibility to operate the process with more than 20% (w/w) WIS content, which is not possible with the whole slurry obtained with the pretreatment method used in the study unless evaporation is employed. Figure 2Evaluation of fermentation performance of Thermosacc in the liquid fraction of pretreated slurry. Glucose (diamonds), mannose (triangles), and galactose (squares) consumption, and ethanol (circles) production in anaerobic fermentation of liquid fraction diluted to 90% (v/v) (solid lines) and 60% (v/v) (dotted lines) with 3 g L-1 of yeast loading. The graph represents the mean of two biological replicates. Error bars are omitted for the sake of clarity. Full size imageTable 1 Composition of spruce slurry and non-washed solids used in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) Full size tableSSF with the solid fractionHigh WIS content in batch SSF causes inhomogeneityThe solid fraction obtained after centrifugation of pretreated slurry contained increased WIS content of 30% (w/w) and reduced concentration of inhibitors (Table 1) compared to the pretreated slurry with a WIS content of 20% (w/w). The fermentability of the solid fraction was assessed in batch SSF at 20% (w/w) WIS content. One of the major problems encountered during the batch SSF was difficulty in mixing, and as a result, local variations in temperature (35 ± 4°C) were encountered. Sampling was unconventionally done during the batch SSF by opening the fermenter lid and manually mixing the contents with a spatula, and a small portion was then withdrawn. There was a 40-h delayed onset of glucose consumption and after 96 h, only free glucose and mannose present in the solid fraction were consumed and the ethanol concentration reached 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In the years before infants and children started receiving rotavirus vaccine, rotavirus infection resulted in about half a million deaths a year in children aged under five years, mainly in low‐ and middle‐income countries. In this review we included randomized controlled trials in infants and young children that evaluated a monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1; Rotarix, GlaxoSmithKline) or a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5; RotaTeq, Merck). These vaccines have been evaluated in several large trials and are approved for use in many countries. We also included trials that evaluated another monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotavac; Bharat Biotech), which is used in India only. The rotavirus vaccines were compared with placebo or with no vaccine. The included studies did not allow comparisons between the vaccines. What are the main results of the review? We found 55 relevant studies with 216,480 participants. The trials took place in several locations worldwide. These studies compared a rotavirus vaccine versus placebo or versus no vaccine for infants and young children. The vaccines tested were RV1 (36 trials with 119,114 participants), RV5 (15 trials with 88,934 participants), and Rotavac (four trials with 8432 participants). Fifty‐one studies were funded or co‐funded by vaccine manufacturers, while four were independent of manufacturer funding. In the first two years of life, RV1: ●prevents more than 80% of severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with low death rates (high‐certainty evidence) ●prevents 35% to 63% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with high death rates (high‐certainty evidence) ●probably prevents 37% to 41% of severe cases of diarrhoea from all causes (such as any viral infection, bacterial infection, or parasitic infection) in countries with low death rates (moderate‐certainty evidence) ●probably prevents 18% to 27% of severe cases of diarrhoea from all causes in countries with high death rates (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels are a huge problem and transportation modes, including cars, planes, ships and trains, all contribute to this problem. Buildings contribute to emissions from heating, cooling and electrical use because of the energy used for these purposes (Figure 4). Figure 4. Top CO2 emitting countries with emission values from 2018 to 2022. Data from the IEA report and Ritchie, H. et al. in [9], and [23], respectively. 3. 3 Global renewable levels ProgressThe use of these renewable energy technologies not only helps the economy, society and the environment but also advances the cause of sustainable development. Renewables account for less than two-thirds of total energy consumption and 85% of total power output [24]. The amount of renewable energy that must be deployed must be increased at least six times over what is now planned to keep global warming to far below 2°C; hence, decarbonisation strategies, such as the ones highlighted by Akpan et al. in [25], for carbon emission, control is critical. If the global energy system is transformed, everyone should have access to less expensive and reliable energy at a higher level of security. Theory, ideologies, innovations, global needs and policy conceptions, as well as implementation, continue to influence the adoption of renewable energy technology in a wide range of applications and sectors. Countries striving to achieve a high level of reliance on renewable energy sources employ a diverse range of renewable energy technologies. Factors, such as geographical location, resource availability, technological capacity, governmental aims, policy frameworks, infrastructure development and economic situations, influence the variability of renewable energy sources. About 30 countries that have achieved nearly 100% renewable energy (RE) utilisation exhibit a predominant reliance on a specific RE source such as wind, solar or geothermal [26]. Notably, the most prevalent RE source among these countries is hydropower, accounting for a minimum of 70% of its RE generation. China, the United States, India and the European Union, which are the largest emitters of CO2, are yet to reach even a 40% RE in their national electricity mix, as shown in Figure 5. However, these countries exhibit a diverse range of renewable energy sources within their overall energy portfolio, including hydropower, wind power and solar energy. States and India contain a diverse range of renewable energy sources in their respective portfolios, including wind, solar, hydropower and biomass.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5 g L-1 (Figure 3) corresponding to 13% of the theoretical ethanol yield based on available hexose sugars. The solid fraction remained unhydrolyzed at the end of 96 h and no glucose was detected in the medium at this time point, which possibly indicates that the enzymes were no longer active. This can be explained by delayed stabilization of pH caused by difficulty in mixing, and therefore the high local pH possibly caused the inactivation of enzymes. Although this clearly indicates the existence of inhomogeneity in batch SSF at high WIS content, in the next step we evaluated the possibility to use different fed-batch strategies to improve the process outcome at high WIS content. Figure 3Comparison of ethanol production during batch and fed-batch simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using non-washed solids as substrate. Ethanol concentration (circles) during batch SSF (dashed-dotted lines), fed-batch SSF with substrate and enzyme feed (dashed lines), fed-batch SSF with yeast and substrate feed (dotted lines) and fed-batch SSF with yeast, enzymes and substrate feed (solid lines). The graph represents the mean of two biological replicates. Error bars are omitted for the sake of clarity. The total water insoluble solids (WIS), enzyme loading and yeast loading were 20% (w/w), 7. 5 filter paper units (FPU) g WIS-1 and 5 g L-1, respectively, in all the experiments. Full size imageYeast feed improves the overall ethanol yield in SSF at high WIS contentThe interplay between substrate, enzyme and yeast forms a basis for optimizing the SSF process. Several combinations to feed the substrate, enzyme preparation and yeast are possible in fed-batch SSF. Primarily, it is important to feed the substrate when working at high WIS content to improve the ethanol yield, as shown by previous studies [28, 29]. Therefore, substrate feed remained as a minimum requirement in the current study. Together with the substrate feed the combination of enzyme and/or cell feed was also investigated (Table 2). Irrespective of the combination of feeding, the fed-batch SSF significantly improved the mixing, even though the stirrer speed was set at 400 rpm compared to 700 rpm in the batch SSF.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In the first two years of life, RV5: ●probably prevents 82% to 92% of severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with low death rates (moderate‐certainty evidence) ●prevents 41% to 57% of severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with high death rates (high‐certainty evidence) ●probably prevents 15% of severe cases of diarrhoea from all causes in countries with high death rates (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence); we did not identify any studies that reported on diarrhoea from all causes in countries with low death rates. In the first two years of life, Rotavac: ●probably prevents more than 50% of severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in India, a country with high death rates (moderate‐certainty evidence) ●probably prevents 18% of severe cases of diarrhoea from all causes in India (moderate‐certainty evidence). Rotavac has not been evaluated in a randomized controlled trial in a country with low death rates. We found little or no difference in the number of serious adverse events (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence), or intussusception cases (low‐ to very low‐certainty evidence), between those receiving RV1, RV5, or Rotavac compared with placebo or no intervention. How up‐to‐date is this review? We searched for studies that had been published up to 4 April 2018. Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice RV1, RV5, and Rotavac are efficacious vaccines in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea. RV1 and RV5 have comparable safety and efficacy profiles and have been evaluated in different settings worldwide. The evidence on Rotavac is currently limited to studies from India. The systematic review data support the global WHO rotavirus vaccine recommendation (SAGE 2009; SAGE 2012). The data from the included RCTs exclude a risk of intussusception with RV1, RV5, and Rotavac of the magnitude observed with the first licensed vaccine (RRV‐TV, RotaShield). However, since the data cannot exclude a smaller risk of intussusception or other rare serious adverse events, routine vaccine introduction should be accompanied by safety surveillance (Buttery 2011; Patel 2011; Shui 2012; Weintraub 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: There is a variance in the proportion of renewable energy sources among member states of the European Union, with significant progress recorded in Germany and Denmark as they transition towards renewable energy. Unfortunately, geothermal energy has received relatively limited attention in many nations, potentially attributable to the significant upfront costs associated with infrastructure development and execution. Figure 5. Share of RE in electricity production 2018–2022. Data from Ritchie, H. et al. [27]. To keep this value well within the 1. 5–2°C range and mitigate the consequences of climate change, such as drought, flood and heat wave, existing and projected policies have been made by several countries. Meanwhile, the current finance set aside to facilitate clean energy projects to curb the emissions from the different contributing sectors and countries is not sufficient to achieve the of COP21 [28, 29]. 3. 4 determined contribution of top CO2-emitting countriesThe use of these renewable energy technologies not only helps the economy, society and the environment but also advances the cause of sustainable development [5]. And because of the urgent need to keep the global temperature within the 1. 5°C scenario, many countries, herein top emitting countries, have proposed and are working towards this goal by introducing national energy policies that could drive this change. Mostly the transition to the use of renewable energies. These policies are summarised in Table 1. CategoryCountry/RegionSummary of (Emissions Reduction)1. 5 °C scenario issuesRef. in the National GridThe fourteenth five-year plan raises the target for renewable energy to 30 per cent of total electricity consumption by 2025 (18 per cent for non-hydro renewables). Energy Storage/Development50GW new added battery energy storage capacity by 20251. 3GW of annual hydrogen production per year by 202565%Partial[28, 30, 31]AUSAApproval of the ActPer unit-energy and investment tax credits for solar PV and wind energy systems are extended. Battery storage and zero-emission nuclear power can qualify for an investment tax credit. Investment in sustainable energy infrastructure and technology productionEnergy Storage/ Development20. 8GW of battery storage by 2025, in addition to the 7.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Therefore, adapting the cells in a fed-batch mode also to increase the cell concentration and switching the culture to a continuous mode for cell feeding in a fed-batch SSF can be advantageous from a cell viability point-of-view, especially when working at high solid loadings. Our parallel study on mathematical modeling of the process also strongly indicated increased yeast viability as an important indicator for the overall improved ethanol yield. In addition, the model also indicated increased xylose consumption when xylose-rich feedstock was employed in the multi-feed SSF process (and Franzén C-J. Modeling and experimental studies of multi-feed simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation of pretreated birch to ethanol. Manuscript). It has been shown that filling a 10 m3 reactor with substrate before beginning the batch SSF can be a time-consuming process [18]. However, this multi-feed SSF can be considered feasible since the process commences with the onset of substrate, enzymes and yeast feed, which can collectively reduce the overall process time. Therefore, from an industrial perspective fed-batch SSF could be an attractive feature. However, a techno-economic evaluation is needed to determine the impact of such a strategy on overall process economy, since fed-batch or a continuous mode of operation beckons good process control and associated costs. Table 2 Summary of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) experiments Full size tableFigure 4Comparison of colony forming units (CFU) during the batch and fed-batch SSF using non-washed solids as substrate. CFU (triangles) during batch SSF (dashed-dotted lines), fed-batch SSF with substrate and enzyme feed (dashed lines), fed-batch SSF with yeast and substrate feed (dotted lines) and fed-batch SSF with yeast, enzymes and substrate feed (solid lines). The graph represents the mean of two biological replicates and two technical replicates with error bars indicating standard deviation. The total WIS, enzyme loading and yeast loading were 20% (w/w), 7. 5 FPU gWIS-1 and 5 g L-1, respectively, in all the experiments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Implications for research Placebo‐controlled efficacy trials of RV1 and RV5 have been undertaken in representative populations of low‐ and high‐mortality countries and do not require repetition; efficacy or effectiveness trials of Rotavac outside of India should be considered if Rotavac is introduced globally. Further research would be valuable in the following areas: Continued post‐introduction studies to examine the impact and effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination, particularly in high‐mortality countries. A greater understanding of the lower vaccine efficacy observed in high‐mortality countries compared to low‐mortality countries in Africa and Asia in the first and second years of life. Studies to assess the potential benefit of alternative dosage schedules of rotavirus vaccine, especially in high‐mortality countries (e. g. neonatal dosing, additional dosing). Continued post‐introduction studies in representative countries should examine vaccine safety with particular respect to intussusception and should analyze the risk/benefit of rotavirus vaccination (Patel 2011). Post‐introduction safety studies of Rotavac are currently lacking (Dutta 2017). Given the rarity of the event, data from different countries may need to be pooled (Escolano 2011; Escolano 2015), or self‐controlled case series analyses may need to be carried out (Carlin 2013; Stowe 2016; Tate 2018; Yih 2014). Summary of findings Open in table viewerSummary of findings for the main comparison. RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Setting: low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) Intervention: RV1 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV1 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 13 per 1000 2 per 1000 (1 to 3) RR 0. 16 (0. 09 to 0. 26) 43,779 (7 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ higha RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. One study (RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU) reported higher efficacy compared to the pooled data.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 8GW capacity at present50–52%Partial[28, 32]DIndiaExpansion of the Production-(PLI) Scheme40 GWh of capacity to produce batteries50 GWh of capacity to produce solar photovoltaic cells is expected to be added in the next 3 years. Reduction of 50 MM Emissions of CO2 by 2030Development125GW Capacity of RE for green hydrogen by 203045%Partial[28, 33]AEuropeCommitment to member states have pledged that more than 120 GW of offshore wind capacity is expected to be installed by 2030 and more than 300 GW by 2050. Announcements by the European Commission--and other Potential ReformsUnion has proposed a few changes, including a faster permitting process. An increase in the EU’s 2030 renewables target to 45% by 2030 (total energy matrix, not just power). An increase of around EUR 225 billion in loans for gridsDevelopment40%Partial[28, 34]Table 1. Updated policies of selected top GHG emitters by energy in response to the 1. 5°C scenario issues (between 2020 to 2023). A-Advanced, D-Developing. 4. Methodology4. 1 OverviewThe process of simulating pathways towards limiting global warming to 1. 5 degrees celsius requires the use of complex climate models and scenario studies. These models are designed to incorporate various factors influencing the climate system such as greenhouse gas emissions, land use changes and aerosols. They help predict potential climatic impacts over time resulting from various emission reduction strategies and policies. The intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) frequently assesses diverse emission scenarios and their corresponding implications for global temperature increases. Climate models are sophisticated tools used to simulate the potential effects of various emission scenarios on the Earth’s climate system, considering complex interactions among the atmosphere, oceans, land and ice. Mitigation methods include renewable energy sources, energy efficiency enhancements, reforestation efforts, carbon capture and storage initiatives and modifications in agricultural practices. Simulations also consider potential adaptation actions required to address climate change consequences such as uncertainties related to human behaviour, technological improvements, natural variability and policy changes within the climate system. Policy assessments evaluate the viability and efficacy of various policies and measures designed to mitigate global warming impacts. 4. 2 Existing and related climate models and model selection for studyLong-term data (temperature and GHG concentrations) spanning thousands of years is required for studying climate change.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Full size imageAlthough the substrate feed improved the mixing and cell feed improved the cell viability, the highest observed ethanol yield was only 53% of the theoretical maximum despite the fact that a large fraction of cells remained viable even after 96 h of fed-batch SSF (Figure 4). The concentration levels of hexose sugars including glucose, mannose and galactose remained below 0. 3 g L-1 after 96 h, indicating that there were no fermentable monomeric sugars. This likely indicates that enzymatic hydrolysis could be a possible limiting factor affecting the overall ethanol yield. It has previously been shown that at increasing solids concentration, the proportion of adsorbed cellulase decreased because of adsorption inhibition, the mechanism of which remains elusive [31]. Also, there is previous evidence that xylose and xylooligomers with a concentration as low as 1. 67 g L-1 can decrease enzymatic hydrolysis rates and yields [32]. In our study xylose was not fermentable by Thermosacc and the existence of xylose at a significant concentration of 15 g L-1 in the SSF can hinder enzymatic hydrolysis. Besides, softwoods, such as spruce, contain relatively high lignin content [13], which can cause increased nonspecific adsorption of cellulases to lignin [32] especially at high WIS content. Evidence also suggests that the simple and oligomeric phenolics generated during pretreatment, cause inhibition and precipitation of enzymes, even at low concentrations [6, 33]. Furthermore, the operation of SSF at suboptimal temperature of enzymes combined with other aforementioned factors are some of the areas that need improvement to further increase the ethanol yields to make the process economically feasible. ConclusionWe here demonstrated that the cultivation of yeast in a continuous culture wherein the outflow of cell suspension was fed to the SSF reactor, can significantly enhance cell viability and contribute to overall increase in ethanol yield. We also show that it is possible to work at a high WIS content of 20% (w/w) in conventional bioreactors using a well-designed fed-batch SSF process. Furthermore, we demonstrated the production of high ethanol-concentration (40 g L-1), which is the minimal requirement for an economical distillation process.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: When we excluded this study from the analysis, there was no heterogeneity observed in the pooled data Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 24 per 1000 4 per 1000 (3 to 5) RR 0. 18 (0. 14 to 0. 23) 36,002 (9 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 41 per 1000 24 per 1000 (19 to 30) RR 0. 59 (0. 47 to 0. 74) 28,051 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderateb due to reporting bias RV1 probably reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe episodes of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 39 per 1000 24 per 1000 (22 to 28) 0. 63 (0. 56 to 0. 71) 39,091 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatec due to reporting bias RV1 probably reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Three additional studies reported on cases of children with severe all‐cause diarrhoea (RR 0. 60, 95% CI 0. 36 to 1. 02; 9417 participants); these data could not be pooled with the studies reporting on number of episodes All‐cause death Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 2 per 1000 (1 to 2) RR 1. 22 (0. 87 to 1. 71) 97,597 (22 studies) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ lowd due to imprecision RV1 may make little or no difference to all‐cause death compared to placebo. All serious adverse events Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 45 per 1000 40 per 1000 (37 to 42) RR 0. 88 (0. 83 to 0. 93) 96,233 (24 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 slightly reduces serious adverse events compared to placebo.

Output: corroborate