Input: Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: Figure 5 presents the outcomes of the survey question, "increase the number of well-managed patients"? Out of the 47 participants, 22 provided positive responses. These affirmative responses were distributed as follows: 10 from the 0–10 years of experience group (76. 9% of this group), 8 from the 10–20 years of experience group (56. 1% of this group), and 4 from the 20+ years of experience group (20% of this group). The chi-square value was 11. 11, and the associated p-value was 0. 0039.  5. Distribution of positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences to the question: "increase the number of well-managed patients"? For the sixth question, "What technical means are required to undertake telemedical practice"? (Fig. 6), 42 out of 47 survey participants responded positively. This affirmative response was further broken down into 12 responses from the 0–10 years of experience group (92. 3% response rate), 12 from the 10–20 years of experience group (85. 7% response rate), and 18 from the 20–plus years of experience group (90% response rate). The statistical analysis produced a p-value of 0. 4196 and a chi-square value of 1. 737.  6. Distribution of positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences to the question: "What technical means are required to undertake telemedical practice"? Regarding the seventh question, "Are you willing to use Telemedicine in the future"? (Fig. 7), 40 out of the 47 respondents expressed a positive inclination. These responses were distributed among the experience groups as follows: 13 from the 0-10 years of experience bracket (100%), 12 from the 10-20 years of experience bracket (85. 7%), and 15 from the 20+ years of experience bracket (75%). The chi-square value was 3. 891, and the p-value was calculated as 0. 1429  7. Distribution of positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences to the question: "Are you willing to use Telemedicine in the future"? Finally, in response to an open-ended question, participants were asked to identify the primary impediment to adopting Telemedicine (Fig. 8). Out of 47 participants, 13 (28%) cited the non-effectiveness of Telemedicine as a primary obstacle to implementation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Practice of computation is fairly old (well before al’Khawarizmi algorithms, Erastothenes’ sieve is a familiar example) but we had to wait for Pascal’s computing machine, and for Lovelace and Engine to reach today’s situation, with the basic concepts proposed by Turing, von Neumann and others, coupling the machine and the program, via an OS managing the “housekeeping” functions of the machine. The functions coded by the genetic program are the result of a very long evolution. And if we keep the algorithmic metaphor, because DNA comes from DNA comes from DNA… in an endless replication process, the nucleotides in the sequence have considerable logical depth. As with computer OSs, the housekeeping program is abstract and general, yet its concrete implementation, resulting from billions of years of evolution, makes that several OSs may coexist, revealing again two kinds of information, information of the program and information of the context in which the program is expressed. This has considerable consequences for synthetic biology: cellular functions can be general and ubiquitous, whereas there is no reason why they should always be performed by structurally related objects. Overall, living cells display similar abstract features, and the genetic code argues for universality. Yet, Woese uncovered a significant discrepancy between two unicellular classes, the Archaea and the Bacteria (Woese et al. 1978). To identify ubiquitous functions operated by non-ubiquitous structures one had to devise an operational strategy, based on the concept of gene persistence (tendency of a given gene to be present in a quorum of species) (Fang et al. 2005). Different structural entities with common functions in different bacterial clades were indeed characterised (Danchin 2009b; Woese 2002). A structure is therefore recruited for a particular function, dependent on the context in which it operates. The context creates the function. A way forward: the information of the machine/chassisEmphasis on the idea of information as meaningless strings of symbols (Shannon and Weaver 1949), restricted our thought to that very limited feature of reality. In the Turing Machine, there is a machine. While its actions are explicit, nothing is said about its innards, at least when mathematicians analyse its behaviour. This is no longer so when engineers build up computers. The same is true for the chassis in synthetic biology.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: 본 연구에서는 최근 우리 학교교육에서 강조되고 있는 리더십교육과 봉사 활동 같은 비교과 영역의 활동이 사회적 선호 형성에 기여를 하고 있는지를 분석하였다. 구체적으로 학생들의 비교과 활동 경험과 사회적 선호, 두 변수 간의 상관관계를 도출하기 위해 본 연구에서는 서울시 소재 여자 고등학교 370명을 대상으로 공공재 게임을 진행하여 사회적 딜레마 상황에서의 사회적 선호를 측정하였다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: Of those, 2/13 were from the 0-10 bracket, 3/13 from the 10-20 bracket, and 8/13 were from the 20+ bracket.  8. The positive and negative answers of doctors with different experiences were distributed to the question: "What is the main obstacle in implementing telemedicine in Georgia? "utilization of Telemedicine in developed nations, such as the United States, and developing nations, like Georgia, presents a striking contrast shaped by many factors. In developed nations, Telemedicine has seen more extensive integration into healthcare systems, driven by advanced technological infrastructure, more significant financial resources, and a well-established regulatory framework. This has enabled a more comprehensive range of medical specialties and services to be delivered remotely, leading to increased patient access, reduced healthcare costs, and improved healthcare outcomes. In contrast, developing nations often need more access to digital infrastructure, including broadband internet and smartphones, which can hinder the widespread adoption of Telemedicine. Additionally, economic disparities may limit the affordability of telehealth services for a significant portion of the population. However, developing nations stand to benefit significantly from Telemedicine by overcoming geographical barriers and providing healthcare services to remote or underserved regions. Thus, the difference in telemedicine utilization between developed and developing nations underscores the immense potential of telehealth to bridge healthcare disparities and the pressing need for investments in digital infrastructure and healthcare policy reforms in developing nations to realize these benefits fully. The findings of this study shed light on the attitudes and perceptions of mental health care professionals regarding the adoption of Telemedicine, emphasizing differences in acceptance and perceived barriers between practitioners in the (USA) and Georgia, a developing nation. These results have several implications and raise essential considerations for the future of Telemedicine in mental health care.  One notable trend that emerges from the survey results is the variation in acceptance of Telemedicine across different experience groups. Younger practitioners with 0–10 years of experience generally display a higher level of openness to the utility and integration of Telemedicine into their practice. In contrast, those with more extensive experience, particularly those with 20 or more years in the field, exhibit lower acceptance levels.  This divergence in acceptance may be attributed to differences in educational backgrounds and exposure to technology during training.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Not only does one need to make a machine that performs the actions of the cell/but this machine needs to be implemented in the real world (Tanaka 1984). It must be made of explicit matter, its actions need to be energised and there must be an Environment/Machine interaction with sensors, transporters, adhesins, safety valves (Danchin 2009c)…The information of the chassis provides the relevant context which allows it to read the program and interpret it into actions (including modifying the program). Even systems which “self-organise” do not organise by themselves, but do so only when placed in proper context, which drives organisation (the DNA double helix does not form in dimethylformamide) (Grandy 1992). This type of information has a huge variety of properties: shapes, dynamics and fluxes. It displays relationships between components of the machine, and between the machine and the environment. It expresses a situation. It has characteristics which are somewhat similar to those of a field but also of a graph. Typically, what we name epigenetics carries over chassis-type information. A great many works dealing with the study of the brain (Edelman 1987), or of cognition (Clark 1998; Ryle 1949) has taken into account this type of information. It is also at the root of much work on artificial life, learning and memory where reproduction, rather than replication is the explicit goal (see e. g. Bullock et al. 2008). But there is not yet, despite many advances, explicit consistent theories of the corresponding information (Tanaka 1984). That we might code this information after digitisation does not place it automatically within the realm of understandable or valuable sequence information, as the very process of digitisation is only efficient knowing which type of would read out the corresponding sequence. This can be shown as follows. Algorithmic complexity was meant to define what chance is, because chance is the reference that permits definition of physical information: a random sequence displays the highest complexity (Cover and Thomas 1991; Zurek 1989). However this definition does not hold, as it is context-dependent (Grandy 1992). Here is an open conjecture (a preliminary version has been proposed in a different context by Wolfram (1985) and it is interesting to follow the analysis of π by Simon Plouffe: Take once again a transcendent number like π.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities can enhance social and cognitive skills. [SEP] Text: 분석결과 학생들의 사회적 선호와 학급 임원 경험의 유무 및 횟수, 사회봉사활동 경험의 유무 및 횟수는 강한 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 즉 사회적 선호는 교과 교육뿐만 아니라 교내외의 봉사활동 경험을 통해 형성될 수 있음을 알 수 있다. KW - 비교과 활동, 사회적 선호, 공공재 게임 DO - 10. 24231/rici. 2013. 17. 2. 569 UR - ER - 윤혜원 최민식 (2013). 사회적 선호와 비교과 활동. 교과교육학연구, 17(2), 569 - 593. 윤혜원 최민식. 2013, “사회적 선호와 비교과 활동”, vol.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare providers accept and support telemedicine services. [SEP] Text: Younger practitioners often receive more comprehensive education and training in digital tools and telehealth platforms, which can contribute to a more favorable view of Telemedicine. In contrast, older practitioners may have received training in a different era when Telemedicine was not as prominent, leading to skepticism or discomfort with new technologies.  The survey results indicate a positive perception among respondents regarding the potential of Telemedicine to increase patients' access to mental health care services and improve patient management. A substantial number of participants, irrespective of their experience, recognize Telemedicine's benefits in expanding mental health care reach and enhancing patient outcomes. This aligns with previous research highlighting Telemedicine's ability to bridge geographical and logistical barriers, making care more accessible to underserved populations.  Another crucial aspect of the study is the willingness to incorporate Telemedicine into practice. While many respondents express their readiness to embrace Telemedicine, there is an apparent discrepancy based on experience levels. Younger practitioners are more enthusiastic about integrating Telemedicine into their clinical work, whereas older practitioners are more cautious. This willingness to adopt Telemedicine is a key factor in the successful implementation of telehealth services, as it suggests that the workforce may be receptive to change and adaptation.  The open-ended questions in the survey allowed participants to identify the primary impediments to adopting Telemedicine. The majority cited a "lack of interest/desire" as the main barrier. This finding suggests that addressing attitudinal and motivational factors among practitioners, particularly those with more experience, may be critical in promoting Telemedicine adoption. Additionally, fewer respondents mentioned ethical concerns, indicating the need for ethical guidelines and discussions to address these apprehensions.  His study offers valuable insights into the potential and challenges of Telemedicine adoption in mental health care. To build on these findings, future research could delve deeper into the specific concerns and reservations of practitioners with more experience, addressing their apprehensions and offering tailored training and support.  Furthermore, efforts should be made to bridge the education gap by incorporating Telemedicine training into the continuing education programs for mental health care professionals. This could reduce the technology-related barriers and enhance the willingness of older practitioners to embrace positive attitudes of younger professionals towards Telemedicine signify its potential to enhance mental healthcare accessibility in Georgia. This work contributes significantly to the broader issue of healthcare accessibility.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Its digits are pseudo-random: for any sequence, there is a place in its digital development where one can find the sequence, whatever it is (this conjecture holds for infinite many real numbers and we would need to have a short algorithm to chose the one where the position of the sequence can be readily identified). Now, the digits can be generated by an algorithm of length N. Let us choose a putative algorithmically random sequence of length N plus an appropriate constant. The sequence can be generated by an algorithm shorter than the sequence, giving the algorithm generating the number and the position of the supposedly random sequence. Hence the sequence is not random (QED). Note that the value of the information (logical depth) is not fixed. It depends on the algorithm, as it differs in π and in any other transcendent algorithmically generated real number. Said otherwise, the complexity and depth of the sequence depends on the algorithm i. e. on the context. Provided that we can prove the conjecture, this fits exactly the objection raised against the cell-as-a-computer model: beside information in the program, there must be information in the machine (providing the context). Hence, the information of the machine is not described by our present theory of information. In the definition of logical depth, we have implicitly used a property of algorithms, recursivity. In 1931 Gödel constructed a recursive algorithm, which, when decoded, translated into a particular proposition, which, briefly, stated: “I am impossible to prove”. Moving form one context to another one, recursivity created a novel information, the statement of a fact of which the world was previously unaware. The genetic code, which enables nucleic acids to be translated into proteins, which in turn manipulate nucleic acids, behaves exactly as Gödel’s procedure does (Danchin 2003, 2009a). The consequence of this demonstration is that a purely deterministic system, with known initial conditions, may have an entirely unpredictable outcome. By contrast with the mechanistic philosophy, even with its more modern appendices such as feedback and feedforward loops, recursivity brings about novelty not because we fail to grasp all initial conditions of a particular phenomenon, but because it can be only understood a posteriori, after it has unfolded in space an time.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Learning a new language can improve cognitive flexibility and memory. [SEP] Text: A large body of research has focused on the WMC of individuals, and recent research in this vein suggests that individuals with high WMC are more accurate in cognitive tasks [3], and it is related with fluid intelligence [4], information compression [5], attention [6, 7], cognitive flexibility [8, 9] all of which are executive functions of human cognition. The WMC and to McRae and Gross [10], emotion regulation is required when people feel the need for using strategies against discrepancies between their emotional state and realities. Managed unconsciously, cognitive emotion regulation is an ability to balance emotions of the limbic system at the cognitive level which is enacted by the prefrontal cortex. Studies indicate that people who are high in WMC tend to use more emotion regulation strategies [11], and WM training improves emotion regulation ability [12-14]. The relationship between these two components must be a subject to more studies as these studies indicated. The WMC and Cognitive flexibility, the ability to engage in two or more cognitive processes simultaneously, is an important executive function of human cognition [15]. This ability can be associated with complex cognitive functions which are possible to decrease with aging and is highly associated with the use of strategies from the cognitive perspective [16]. WMC and cognitive flexibility were found to predict creative thinking processes [17], and studies comparing these two components of executive functions can be conducted more in order to understand the relation between them in the cognitive level. Considering that someone who is assumed to have a high level of cognitive flexibility uses the transition between information or the cognitive control of information effectively, it can be concluded that these individuals may have the capacity to use the information in their WMC effectively. The current study aimed to find out the relationship among various executive functions necessary for cognitive tasks that are WMC, cognitive emotion regulation, cognitive flexibility, and the relation of those components with learning styles of individuals which are another basic strategy that individuals develop for the learning environment. To that end, the participants were determined as individuals with high or low WMC after taking three complex span tasks in order to assess their WM abilities. Materials and The participants were 39 young undergraduates from University. All participants received a detailed information about the process and gave a written consent before participation. Students completed one questionnaire, one scale, two inventories, and three memory tasks details of which are shared in the relevant subtitle. All measurements were provided in their native language, Turkish.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: common and ubiquitous use of information technology impacts life of humans in all dimensions. One of them is health care, which changes the way both patients and health professionals cooperate. This materializes with the fast development of telemedicine and e-health applications, which have become standard medical practice and are in daily use across dozens of countries. Telemedicine relates to the practice of health care professionals to evaluate, diagnose and treat patients in remote locations using telecommunications technology. This provides also the possibility for the patients in remote locations to access medical expertise quickly, efficiently and without travel. In developed and developing countries telemedicine offers a reduced cost solution to delivering remote care when and where it is needed without the building and staffing additional facilities. Local practitioners can also consult with their peers and with clinical experts when needed. The advantages of telemedicine applications in daily medical practice has been valued highly by the medical practitioners. However realization of telemedicine applications relates strictly to the necessity of processing of patients sensitive personal data, usually stored in electronic medical records (EMR’s), which now can be accessed from the Internet. Patients personal data, including health and diagnostic reports must be properly protected from unauthorized access. Information technology which is the enabler of telemedicine applications comes with all standard threats known from Internet that apply to the systems, hardware and software. Unfortunately, most healthcare providers treat application security and infrastructure security independently. The 2013. This trend continues. The latest annual report from 2016 [3] emphasizes that data breaches in healthcare are increasingly costly and frequent, and continue to put patient data at risk. Based on the results of this study, there has been estimated that data breaches could be costing the healthcare industry $6. 2 billion in 2016. Nearly 90 percent of healthcare organizations represented in this study had a data breach in 2014-2015, and nearly half, or 45 percent had more than five data breaches in the same time period. The majority of these breaches were small, containing fewer than 500 records. The report emphases that no healthcare organizations, regardless of size, are immune from data breach and are even more vulnerable than other industries. Despite this, about half of all organizations have little or no confidence that they can detect all patient data loss or theft. For the second year in a row, in 2016 criminal attacks are the leading cause of data breaches in healthcare.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: This implies that synthetic biology, when it takes recursivity into account, develops in a world that is totally irreducible to the world of systems biology, which remains an elaborate episode of the study of mechanistic automata. An important consequence is that what we commonly term the “genetic program” because it unfolds through time in a consistent manner is not a programme with an aim (we would not be able to predict any aim) - it is merely there, and functions because it cannot do otherwise. We only perceive a design because the end result is familiar to us, and thus seems more “right” than any other possible result (Danchin 2009a). If creation of information depends heavily on the context, we must identify in living organisms functions which permit it to accumulate, and relate it to the material world. How are particular structures or processes recruited to this aim? A reflection on the coupling between accumulation of information and energy based on work developed by Landauer and Bennett, showed that the relationship between energy and information is that there exists degradative processes which “make room” using energy to prevent degradation of what is functional ((Bennett 1988a; Landauer 1961), detailed analysis in (Danchin 2009a, d), see also a very recent development (Sagawa and Ueda 2009)). In such a situation it is the context that determines which gene product is functional and which is not. The consequence is that, if the context does not vary too rapidly, then the functions which will be selectively retained are sculpting an image of the environment within, creating adaptation. This is exactly how an information can get a meaning. In terms of synthetic biology, this orients research towards learning and memory, rather than towards fixed mechanical engineering. In guise of conclusion: the brain is not a computer, yet it manipulates informationTrying to put vitalism to an end, placed biology within the realm of physics and chemistry (Bernard 1865). This led his followers to ask the question: what are the relevant entities (material objects and processes) which make a cell alive? The biochemical inventory stage started well, with the discovery of the ribosomes, of the structure of the DNA double helix, of the sequence of the polypeptide chain of insulin, and, rapidly of messenger RNA (Judson 1979). Yet, many features of biological entities resisted the classical analysis of chemistry and physics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: AbstractThis paper examines the influence of student-teacher communication on students’ academic achievement for effective teaching and learning. Three objectives of the study, three research questions and three research hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study comprises of all 100 level and 200 level undergraduate students from the Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Rivers State. The total population of the undergraduates from the Departments is four hundred and thirty (430) students. Purposive sampling technique was used in selecting one hundred and fifty (150) students from the entire population as the sample for the study. A structured questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection tagged Students-Questionnaire (STCQ). Validity of the instrument was done by experts in the field of Educational Psychology, and the reliability was established using Cronbach’s and the reliability coefficient of 0. 75 was obtained. Mean, standard deviation and were used as statistical tool for the study. Findings from the study reveals that that students have a strong positive relationship between their level of communication and their academic achievement in schools, student have a very weak positive relationship between their attitude and their academic achievement in school, the findings also revealed a very strong positive relationship between students’ benefits on student-teacher communication and their academic achievement in the department. Based on these findings conclusion and recommendations were made. Keywords: teaching learning communication 1. IntroductionTeaching involves a sequential and systematic presentation of facts, ideas, experiences, knowledge, skills and information by the teacher to students. This process is not as simple as it is often perceived. Why do some teachers, despite their perceived knowledge of the subject matter and probably the methods of instruction, fail to achieve their set objectives or satisfy the learners? The fact remains that a good socio-emotional atmosphere must be created in the classroom for actual learning to thrive. It is against this background that this paper emphasizes the importance of effective communication in class room instructions especially in this 21st century system of teaching and learning. Some important ideas of what teachers need to do to have the best social and emotional classroom climate are highlighted. 2. Concept of Communicationdefinition of communication puts it thus: as an exchange of information between people by means of speaking, writing or using a common system of signs, or behaviors. The process of communication requires the creation of rapport between the sender and the receiver.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: In fact, 50 percent of healthcare organizations say the nature of the breach was a criminal attack and 13 percent say it was due to a malicious insider. Indeed, cyber attacks remain a primary concern for healthcare organizations. In 2016, ransomware, malware, and denial of-service (DOS) attacks are the top cyber threats facing healthcare organizations. They were also significantly concerned about employee negligence, mobile device insecurity, use of public cloud services, and employee-owned mobile devices or BYOD (Own Device) - all threats to sensitive and confidential information. Polish regulations Patient data confidentiality continues to grow as a leading concern for healthcare organizations. this has been regulated by the (from 29th August 1997 with subsequent changes) [4] in which health records fall into broad category of sensitive data the access to which in general is prohibited. One of the special situations when data processing is allowed is during realization of medical services (also telemedicine), however such data must be specially protected from unauthorized access. Processing of data is defined as all operations regarding personal data like gathering, saving, storing, modification, releasing, and deleting. Regulation of the Minister of Health in terms of (from 6th June 2013) [5] indicate the necessity of implementation of the security management system that should meet requirements of the and specifically – follow ISO/IEC 27002 Information technology – Security techniques – Code of practice for information security management standard. ISO/IEC 27002 provides best practice recommendations on information security management for people responsible for initiating, implementing or maintaining information security management systems. It covers 14 security controls describing their objectives and implementation guidance. In the remainder of this paper, 5 of them will be presented in more detail: access control, cryptography, protection from malware, technical vulnerability management and communications security. Protection of sensitive data in telemedicine services According to the Protection Act, protection of sensitive electronic medical records must be performed during the whole cycle of data processing. of the Minister of Health in terms of indicates that the control over this process must rely on the process of information security management, performed according to ISO/IEC 27002 standard. That is why the problem of protecting sensitive data has been described in two dimensions, taking as example 3 data processing steps: release of information, their storage and modification, as well as 5 suggested security controls: access control, cryptography, protection from malware, technical vulnerability management and communications security.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: This was apparent in the laws of genetics, where linear arrangements of the elusive genes was central (Gayon 2007). Even in biochemistry the shape of molecules posed an enigma: La dissymétrie, c’est la vie, insisted Pasteur. But the involvement of shape was deeper than usual: the very process of replication placed the concept of form in a world quite different from the simple arrangement of a particular setup in 3D as shape would suggest. Replication shifted the idea of a chemical as the substrate of a recognition process to that, abstract, of a template, in this case for a duplication process doubling the number of the initial molecule. Subsequently, the discovery of transcription, translation, and associated control and coding processes, continued to shift emphasis from shape to form in an abstract way, commonplace in mathematics. Information—creating and manipulating form—was essential to account for life processes. From the world of Plato’s archetypes, those who explored the basic concepts of life resorted to discussions which began with Aristotle and placed form as a central category of reality. For some time, and this is still quite visible in systems biology as well as in synthetic biology, living organisms were seen as mechanistic automata, with feedback and feedforward loops as paradigmatic entities. The purpose of the present reflection was to try and show that investigating the concept of information shifts eighteenth century’s automata to modern algorithmic machines, capable of authentic creation. This implied replacing feedback by recursivity, a much deeper process. Recursivity, associated to appropriate management of energy (Bennett 1988a; Landauer 1961; Sagawa and Ueda 2009), creates information (Danchin 2009a). It does so by identifying two domains where information must be taken into account: information of a program and information of a machine. However, while the information of the program is fairly deeply explored by a vast community of investigators, this is not so of the information of the machine/chassis, which involves some kind of measurement of the context (in terms of implementation within the four categories, matter, energy, space and time) (Tanaka 1984; Sagawa and Ueda 2009). It is perhaps in the functioning of the brain that we can make the latter type of information most prominent.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: Rapport is the interconnectivity that enables the purpose of the information to be adequately decoded by the receiver. When someone passes an information, communication cannot be said to have taken place until it is understood by the receiver. By implication therefore, if a teacher fails to attract the interest and understanding of the learners to what he presents, no communication has occurred. This process of communication is however not the mere talking and hearing that happens in every normal classroom, but we are considering the psychological and emotional communication that predisposes the learners to effectual learning. Below are some proactive ways teachers can ensure effective communication in the classroom. 2. 1. How to Communication in the 21st-Century ClassroomJohnson 1 in a study highlighted ten ways a teacher ensure effective communication in classroom; they include: Show a sincere enthusiasm or humuour: The first lesson content the teacher communicates to learners is his level of interest or passion to have them before him. Learners are very sensitive to a teacher’s emotional state and feel more at home with teachers who show enthusiasm and humuour. Therefore teachers should not let their personal challenges accompany them to the classroom so as to make every learning an interesting experience. Build Friendship: Learners gain better comportment when the instructor provides an atmosphere of friendliness. To build friendship involves the instructor accepting learners as partners in progress and people worthy of respect. When teachers accept learners as friends the process of teaching and learning is facilitated. A facilitative teacher places high premium on the learner, he or she sees them as the purpose of his professional calling and students become more emotionally involve in learning when teacher-learners friendship is assured. Make learners the focus: This has to do with the teacher making the class work learners-centered instead of teacher-centered. This can be done by allowing learners to take control of their learning, beginning from sharing of the lesson objectives. Other practical ways of placing learners at the center of the lesson include by listening to them with a sense of empathy, understanding their concerns, showing unconditional positive regard and patiently attending to their individual needs. The most appreciated teacher is one who acknowledges learners’ respective weaknesses and makes frantic effort to build up their areas of strength. Ensure that there is trust: The first time of meeting a set of students is very important in the life of the teacher. At first contact, there is usually some element of doubt and suspicion.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: Information release In general – all telemedicine services rely on information release. Patients’ electronic records are made accessible remotely through the network to the patient himself or to his physician for monitoring purposes, additional diagnosis or statistics. Since the whole process involves several devices (i. e. end - user device; server – with telemedicine service running) and networks (usually – Internet, and possibly some internal inter-hospital network), the process of secure information release relates to two sub processes: access control and communications control. First of all, sensitive medical records can be released only to the authorised parties. In general this would be the patient himself and his physician, taking care of the patient. It is necessary therefore to provide identity management in the system that would allow to define user identity together with his role in the system. Based on this information it is possible to design and implement authentication service – for verification of WHO is trying to access particular electronic record. This mechanism can rely on a simple tuple: username and password used to log into the system. The simplicity of this solution is its big advantage (does not require much effort from the user), however this can also be a drawback: easy password can be guessed people tend to write passwords down where they can be easily accessible it is possible to perform brute force attack on the system to find out the password of the user. That is why in the public domain it is more and more common practice to use qualified X. 509 certificates to identify the user, confirmed by a trusted third party (certification authority – in Poland e. g. ). Additionally, on the basis of the confirmed user identity and his role (e. g. patient, clinicist, researcher, management) – authorization service is able to decide whether a user is actually allowed to access particular record. This mechanism must be tailored to the logic of the service taking into account necessity of data anonymization when it is to be used for the purpose of statistics (usually also for researches). Communications control Information, while transferred over the network can be subject to e. g. eavesdropping and modification. Information release imposes therefore the necessity to provide: Integrity of released information – making sure the information released has not been changed on its way to the requestor, and Confidentiality – making sure the information has not been available to any other parties than the authorised during its transfer to the requestor.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Indeed, while von Neumann and others invented computers with mimicking the brain in mind (von Neumann 1958), the brain does not appear to behave as a (Edelman 1987). There is no “gost in the machine” (Ryle 1949). However, nobody would doubt that brain manages information, and in a very efficient way (Clark 1998; Bullock et al. 2008). To my view this is a strong indication that the information we describe when considering messages is a tiny part of what information is. Because we use language, built on the exchange of sequences of symbols, exactly as programs are exchanged in computers, linguists often saw the brain as a Turing Machine. But language is deeply associated to meaning: I had in 1974 at a meeting of the pour une Science de l’Homme at the MIT, a heated argument with about other features of human languages, such as rhythm (in the west african language möré, a speaker may begin a rythmic sentence, which is answered preserving rythmic rules by somebody in the audience, triggering another ejaculation of the speaker, with related rules, etc) suggesting that beside grammatical syntactic structures, there may exist a variety of superimposed contexts which transmit information mediated by channels that are not those usually considered (Danchin 1987, Danchin and Marshall 1987; Marshall et al. 1987). As in Dyson’s scenario of the origin of life, the basic functioning of the brain would base on reproduction, while invention of language with its linear sequences of phonemes, when spoken, and letters when written, would be, in Man, the transition moment when it would begin to discover recursivity in linear strings of symbols (phonemes) which can be propagated from brain to brain, as programs in a Turing Machine. In any event, in the few cases where it might do so, it would be an extremely slow one (Sackur and Dehaene 2009). With this view, Nature would have discovered twice the importance of coding and recursivity, in the emergence of life first, and in the emergence of language, quite recently.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: If this is not tactfully handled, relationship will be built on anxiety and uncertainty. Teacher must prove to the learners that he trusts them by incorporating himself to their affairs. Sincere smiles and handshake from the teacher communicate trust to the students. Making effort to identify each learner by his or her name and believing in them can make them enjoy and attend a high level of freedom of thought in the process of learning which will equally grant them the opportunity to make contributions over issues of common interest in the classroom. Create an atmosphere of interdependence: This involves teachers building in learners the consciousness of interdependence by making them know that they need each other’s support so as to achieve their set goals. When this is achieve they relate harmoniously and exchange compliments for good gestures among themselves. The teacher on the other hand should be apt to encourage and support student in need as well as appreciate those who contribute to the success of the class work. Probe into learners’ intellectual aptitude at the onset of a class: It is pertinent for a teacher to ascertain the intellectual capacity of his learners especially when they are meeting for the first time. This exploration will guide the teacher on how to ascertain their levels of operation as well as projecting learners in a ready mood to learn. It can be done by asking questions on what they had previously done and on the new learning. This brain storming experience will usher them into a facilitative intellectual scenario. Make learners feel challenged: Learners’ interest is better aroused when they are challenged by the task before them. Solving a problem is usually a motivation to individual learners. It accords them a sense of belonging in the teaching-learning interaction process. The teacher can achieve this by adopting appropriate teaching method that involve learners such as discussion, role playing methods etc. Be a master of the subject matter: This is concern with teachers proving their high level of proficiency in their subject area. After the formal teacher training, the personnel is expected to continue reading and engaging in trainings for professional development. However, there may be a situations where a teacher is not very conversant with a given topic, it is advised that such teacher should not fail admit lack of knowledge. He should research and return to students with the information. It is unethical to share a wrong information when one is not sure of what he or she is saying make learners to know that everybody is learning and that no one knows it all.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: Integrity can be realised with the use of digital signature based on the aforementioned qualified X. 509 certificates. The digital signature is attached to the requested information. It is calculated with the use of asymmetric cryptography and the keys generated from the X. 509 certificate (so called public key – available publicly, and private key – that must be stored securely by the owner – usually on a smart card protected with a secret PIN number). The algorithm allows the sender X to create a hash from the message, and then encrypt it with its private key (known only to the sender). Then if the remote site is able to decrypt the signature, it believes that it is a valid digital signature from sender X. A valid digital signature gives a recipient reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender, that the sender cannot deny having sent the message (authentication and non-repudiation), and that the message was not altered in transit (integrity). The information, while being sent through the network, can be eavesdropped. This is especially important when the devices are using wireless connections with shared wireless medium (often unprotected WiFi) and when the traffic can be easily captured and read. Confidentiality of information can be provided with encrypting the information itself or encrypting the communications channel. This also can be done with the use of digital certificates. Public key of the requestor can be used to encrypt the information. After that only the requestor will be able to decrypt the message (with its private key). X. 509 certificates can be also used to encrypt the communications channel (using e. g. TLS or SSL connections with one side or mutual authentication). Another important subject that must be emphasised when discussing information release is non-repudiation. All actions on sensitive information data stores (who accessed which information, with timestamp) must be properly logged for further audit. Information storage Sensitive health records are usually stored in databases the protection of which is crucial. It is highly recommended to enforce encryption of data at storage which provides both confidentiality and integrity as well as makes the attempts to read stolen database unsuccessful. Of course sensitive data, after being received from the service, are also stored at user devices. These can be both office computers that are used in hospitals and other medical facilities, but also smartphones, more and more often – private devices used also for official matters.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Open source approaches to establishing Roseobacter clade bacteria as synthetic biology chassis for biogeoengineering All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2016. The first revision was submitted on March 23rd, 2016 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2016. Version 0. 2 (accepted) · Apr 20, 2016 · you for taking the time to address the concerns expressed by the reviewers. 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Mar 23, 2016 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Jan 3, 2016 · The reviewers bring up a number of significant questions/concerns, both with regard to experimental methods and validity of results. In addition, questions as to the broader context of this work have also been raised. Please address these concerns in your revisions. · Dec 21, 2015 Basic reporting The 96. Line 217: It would be good to be more specific about the exact culture medium used. Is there a BD number? Line 347: It is surprising that you found growth at 37 when it is not reported elsewhere. I would be concerned about culture contamination. Does colony morphology match with other examples? Does E. coli grow on your MB plate? A 16S PCR and sequence would verify this but I understand you are working with limited resources. Line 377: Why did you choose pSB3C5 as your plasmid to transform? Is p15 ori the correct one? Is there evidence it will propagate? Line 384: With transformation with these other plasmids, was culturing done with ampicillin plates? There is not mention of this, and the plasmids don’t carry chloramphenicol resistance genes, to my knowledge. Would this explain why no transformants were present? Line 391: Another possible explanation for colonies would be integration of the cat gene into the chromosome, so no plasmid was found. Alternatively, a failure of mini prep. What made you conclude that the colonies were false positive? Line 442: details are missing here, and are likely important.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: However, teachers are required to be up to date with current knowledge and to read wider than the scope of the learners. Understand different learning styles and be generic: In every learning environment, there are different kinds of learners who maintain different learning styles. A teacher is expected to be resourceful to accommodate the diverse characteristics of learners. Some prefer to just listen to the teacher’s instructions, some learn better when instructions are supported with visual aids while many others learn better when they learn and act or do what they have learned. A facilitative teacher must be able to attend to all form of learners simultaneously. Be accommodative and tolerate students’ mistakes: Every human is subject to making mistakes. When learners make mistakes, it is the duty of the teacher to encourage the person by correcting with interest. Learners should not be mocked, criticized negatively or condemned for mere mistake. Mistake should rather be exploited as a learning experience. 2. 2. in this 21st-century educational system of teaching and learning communication plays an important role in conveying information from one person to the other. Here communication can be from teacher-student or from peer to peer depending on the context. However, Ntuk 2 highlighted certain factors that can hinder this communication in classroom to be; First anxiety which is a strong factor that barriers student-teacher communication in classroom and it happened when students are anxious to contribute in the classroom interaction. It is mostly controlled by emotions especially when students are being stop or being afraid of the colleagues’ opinion to supersede their own opinion. Secondly, expression is another factor that comes to play when there is a gab in communication which prompt the sender to put his ideas into words expecting the receiver to decode those words so as to understand the rationale behind it. Thirdly is imperceptions which has to do with a situation in which the learner fails to understand the instructor’s lesson content and thereby making an extra effort to gather information outside the content in order to communicate well with the instructor. Fourthly, physical discomfort is another factor that occurs when students’ experiences discomfort due to external or internal factors in the learning environment that distract their attention from their learning. When this happens it disconnects the communication link between the teacher and the students in the process of learning. 3. Concept of Academic AchievementBacon, et al 3 defined academic achievement as the extent to which a learner, teacher or institution has achieved their educational set goals.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: This attitude is usually called “Own Device” (BYOD) and is perceived by security specialists as particularly risky due to a very fast growth of threats targeting mobile devices and very careless use of smartphones, which should be treated as personal computers. Each mobile device must have at least antivirus software running. It is also highly recommended to apply for using telemedicine services so called protected profile which allows to encrypt data processed while it is activated. Information protection Protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of patient information is a complex task. A foolproof solution must secure both the clinical applications and the underlying IT infrastructure. Dozens of healthcare personnel—registration, accounting, nursing, physicians, technicians, and associates—have access to clinical applications. To safeguard patient privacy, healthcare providers must monitor access to applications and protect against inappropriate data disclosure without impeding legitimate use or obstructing patient care. The security specialists [6,7] emphasize that implementation of access control, encryption, audit mechanisms are not enough. The overwhelming inflow of security threats, new attack paths and malware types cause that application-layer surveillance alone is not sufficient. Providers must also monitor underlying IT systems (implementing security management system) employee communications, and endpoints for policy violations. A rogue administrator can avoid an application-centric privacy monitoring solution by accessing raw patient records from databases or network storage devices. However sensitive data can also be leaked via email, chat, removable media, or something as simple as printing patient records in a public area. Many healthcare providers treat protection of sensitive data in compliance with government regulations and infrastructure security independently. The functions are performed by separate teams using separate tools. However in order to safeguard the data in the whole cycle of processing these two approaches must be combined. Both privacy officers and security officers need to meet the same regulations and both have a stake in ensuring patient privacy and the integrity of the healthcare systems. Yet what has been lacking is a common set of tools to identify and isolate threats and a way to correlate clinical application events with IT infrastructure events. Such tools are called security information and event management (SIEM) solutions. They identify, collect and analyze important events observed in the network and systems itself and protect against both internal and external threats. According to MacAfee [7] (see Figure 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The primers listed on line 190-191 to amplify the pSB3C5 plasmid have the order of restriction sites appropriate for amplifying the insert, but not the vector. If used to amplify the vector, then cut with an enzyme to ligate the anf1 gene fragment, the result will be an incorrect set of restriction sites in the final vector. This won’t matter until further assemblies with that part are attempted. This issue will likely be caught by resequencing at in the spring. Line 725: I would identify the source and literature reference for each of the other plasmids in the table. Figure 4: not clear what the agar plates are doing in the 4C. They don’t need to be shaken? Fig 5: A) I doubt the restriction order in the bottom section is correct (likely an extra XbaI site ahead of EcoRI site, and an extra SpeI site after the PstI site). hope I’m wrong. The short band in lane C of B) is almost invisible in my print out. (I think it’s there). Validity of the findings The cryro results look solid. It would be interesting to quantify what happens with multiple freeze/thaw cycles and longer periods. The transformation results are disappointing, but it is a start, and someone has to start. I would be trying to exactly replicate the previous successful work at this point, and then go from there. Growing strains is an important first step, and they managed to do this. It would help to experiment more with viable temperature ranges, salt concentrations and media components. A little bit of sequencing would go a long way here, both to verify the constructs they have made, and to verify the purity and identity of the strains they were working with. Additional comments Line 116: order of restriction sites is incorrect. Should be EcoRI; NotI; XbaI and SpeI; NotI; PstI. I would reference Shetty et al. Methods in Enzymology paper. Line 129: A ref to the cold gene would help. Line 185 - 191: underlining the restriction sites in sequence, and lowercasing the primer binding region will help readers. On line 191 there appears to be an extra lower case t int he middle of the sequence.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 4. Purpose of the StudyThe aim of this study is to ascertain the influence of students-teacher communication on students’ academic achievement as a path way for effective teaching and learning. Specifically, the study intends to; 1. Find out the level of student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. 2. Ascertain the attitude of students on student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. 3. Benefits of student-teacher communication and the academic achievement. 4. 1. Research QuestionsThe following research questions were drawn to guide the study. 1. To what extent do students communicate with their teachers for improved academic achievement? 2. What are the students’ attitude towards students-teacher communication and their academic achievement? 3. What are the benefits of student-teacher communication and their academic achievement? 4. 2. HypothesesThe following null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. 1. There is no significant relationship between students’ level of communication with teachers and their academic achievement. 2. There is no significant relationship between students’ attitude on student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. 3. There is no significant relationship between benefit of student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. 4. 3. MethodologyThe study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population of this study comprises of 100 level and 200 level undergraduate students from the Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Rivers State. The total population of the undergraduates from the departments is four hundred and thirty (430) students (Office of the Head of Department, 2017). The distribution of (students) population was selected through purposive sampling technique while the sample for the study was one hundred and fifty (150) students. A structured questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection tagged Students-Questionnaire (STCQ). Validity of the instrument was done by experts in the field of Educational Psychology, and the reliability was established using Cronbach’s and the reliability coefficient of 0. 75 was obtained. The data obtained were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and while the formulated hypotheses were tested at. 05 level of significance. 5. Findings5. 1. OneTo what extent do students communicate with their teachers for improved academic achievement? Table 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: ) collective defence based on SIEM is able to identify eavesdropping, external identity thefts and hidden activity of different malicious attacks (caused by viruses, worms or Trojan horses) whereas privacy monitoring alone can only recognize e. g. medical record snooping or internal identity thefts. Figure 1. SIEM vs by MacAfee [6] of sensitive data in telemedicine services must follow the best practice of IT security based on standards. Increasing value of patients records on the black market and growing number of threats to computer systems make it necessary to use advanced solutions known from IT systems for cyber defence. It is necessary to implement security management system following ISO/IEC 27002 standard targeting all security dimensions. One of them is also a security culture of the personnel that should be aware of the risks that are related to their behaviour and use of computer devices. There is no single technology solution or best practices guideline that will achieve success without a security culture apparent to all medical practitioners in the organization. It is necessary to carry out periodic trainings presenting both security threats as well as required behaviour of personnel in relation to medical records.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Line 247: from not form I’d prefer to see spaces between numbers and units such as 10 ml not 10ml; 10 minutes not 10minutes. Line 741: Should be 3. 4 ug/mL (missing) also in following places. Line 748: kilovolts (no space) Cite this review as (2016) #1 of "Open source approaches to establishing Roseobacter clade bacteria as synthetic biology chassis for biogeoengineering (v0. 1)". PeerJ Irene Wagner-Döbler · Dec 28, 2015 Basic reporting The paper seeks to demonstrate the applicability of open source approaches to synthetic biology and bioengineering. This is not the classical aim of a scientific paper. It raises many questions: Why should science be “democratized” in the first place? Which aspect of science can safely be “democratized” and still yield scientifically sound results? How is reproducibility achieved? What is the rational of using the equipment described in the paper, and not something perhaps more functional and still “open source”. Is “open source” a quality in itself, or should it have a serious reason? Part of the “open source” concept was to have work done by “citizen scientists”. This, again, raises a number of questions. Has this concept any advantage for the reported scientific goal? If not, then what was the goal and might it have been achieved by other means as well? How were “citizen scientists” recruited, how were they trained, how was the quality of their work assessed, how was their level of understanding assessed? Did they just perform the work like technicians? Who exactly were the “team of students” and “DIY scientists”? How was the success of “democratizing science” finally evaluated? If the “open source” aspect is an important part of this publication, then it should be described just as extensively as the purely technical part and should be reviewed. However, none of these points are described or discussed. Experimental design When we exclude the aspect of “democratizing science” and focus exclusively on the “classical” science in the paper, then it comes down to the following: 1. Cryopreservation works as expected for three Roseobacter species. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: Extent of student-teacher communicationDownload as PowerTables indexView option Next TableEntries in Table 1 shows that respondents agreed that they exchange ideas with teachers only in classroom communication. (Mean=3. 52; SD=0. 53), also engagement in dialog with teachers upgrade my knowledge (mean3. 75; SD=0. 54). Respondent agreed that student-teacher communication enhances their communication skills (mean=3. 64; 0. 48), Communication in classroom has improved with my teachers through student-teacher communication (mean=3. 65; SD=0. 47). Respondents disagreed that student-teacher communication is a distraction to effective learning (mean=2. 43; SD=0. 40), also respondents agreed that student-teacher communication provides enough information to complete classroom assignment. (Mean=3. 74; SD=0. 43), involvement in student-teacher communication improves my level of motivation for learning (mean=3. 25; SD=0. 42), student-teacher communication has help me connect with colleague outside class. (Mean=3. 60; SD=0. 59). Respondents also agreed that student-teacher communication improves their level of understanding of courses (mean=3. 53; SD=0. 54), Student-teacher communication create meaningful dialogue among learners. Also that student-teacher communication create meaningful dialogue among learners (mean=3. 00; SD=0. 20). 5. 2. TwoWhat are the students’ attitude towards students-teacher communication and their academic achievement? Table 2. Attitudes of students on student-teacher communicationDownload as PowerTables indexView option in Table 2 shows that respondents agreed that Student-teacher communication is always interesting (mean=3. 69; SD=3. 33), also that they don’t have passion for student-teacher communication (mean=3. 34; SD=039), respondent agreed that they have positive attitude towards communication with teachers (mean=3. 54; SD=0. 58), they also disagree that Student-teacher communication distract their attention during learning (mean=2. 42; SD=0. 14). Respondents agreed that communication is made easy with student-teacher communication system (mean=3. 84; SD=0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: Download book PDF Download book 5 5596 Accesses AbstractSecure payment is an essential element of digital commerce in a world where cash is becoming redundant, credit cards are becoming less and less critical, and mobile devices are becoming means of payment. Therefore, it must be considered through the lens of various payment methods: Credit cards have been around since the 1950s, but the introduction of chip technology and contactless payment raises new challenges for the security of payments. Commercial payment service providers, such as credit card issuers or infrastructure operators, typically implement secure payment. Additionally, there are open-source payment gateways that facilitate the transfer of payment information. The providers of these open-source solutions claim that their products facilitate integration with existing systems on the client side and provide better customization due to their modularity and adaptability. You have full access to this open access 2. 1 DefinitionSecure payment refers to a variety of payment methods - typically in relation to electronic payments. Therefore, it must be considered through the lens of a variety of payment methods: Credit cards have been around since the 1950s, but the introduction of chip technology and contactless payment raises new challenges for the security of payments [2]. Online payments were reported to have been conducted for the first time in the 1990s [3]. There has been an increase in the crime of online fraud since then [4]. Since the advent of smartphones in the 2000s, mobile (contactless) payment systems have become increasingly popular [5, 6]. Additionally, voice payments using voice assistants are becoming increasingly popular [7]. As a means of combating online fraud, banks and fintech companies have implemented techniques such as fraud monitoring (e. g. , through the use of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence [8]), employee training, and active management of compliance with standards and regulations [9]. The following are among them [10]: for Payment Systems: Payment card standard based on chip technology [11] (): All major credit card companies support a set of rules relating to the processing of credit card transactions [12] (PSD 2, Directive (EU) 2015/2366): This directive regulates the payment services and providers in the (EU) and the Area (EEA) [13] These standards require various security measures which include: Data encryption: (SSL) and Security (TLS) are cryptographic protocols that enable the establishment of a secure channel between systems and preserve the confidentiality and integrity of data.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: If it has been developed in the course of this project, then it should be validated and compared to established methods. 4. Line 220. Why were these bacteria, which are marine strains and not human commensals like E. oli, grown at 37°C? 5. Line 296. Which sea salt solutions are meant? 6. Line 393. “Roseobacter” refers to a large number of genera, including Ruegeria and Silicibacter. 7. Line 401. What exactly could be improved with the TECAN device? High throughput automated cultivation will achieve nothing if there is an un-identified biological problem. 8. Line 427. “Incubation in this manner achieved an observable increase in medium turbidity. ” This is a very vague statement to demonstrate the quality of the device. Which OD was reached? Was it reproducibly reached? Did it only work for O. indolifex, or for all three strains? At which point during the 12 – 16 h was it reached? Was the turbidity perhaps caused by medium components? “Normally” one would record OD values over a period of 24 h in the inoculated flask compared to the control and repeat the experiment two or three times. And compare it to growth in a traditional, not “open source” device. If it is enough to vaguely see turbidity, then that means that “democratic science” is neither precise nor reliable nor reproducible. 9. General comment: The framework of the story is about cleaning the ocean from plastic waste using engineered bacteria that have been constructed using “democratic science”. There is a reason why the release of recombinant bacteria into the environment is currently under very stringent control. To me, the open source approach is really frightening in this context. However, it might not be too dangerous because the likelihood of it being effective is extremely small. Cloning a gene from a Roseobacter into E. coli as the first step of constructing a bug to clean the ocean to me sounds like “know how to bike. How about going to the moon? ” But, who knows. Cite this review as Wagner-Döbler I (2016) #2 of "Open source approaches to establishing Roseobacter clade bacteria as synthetic biology chassis for biogeoengineering (v0. 1)".

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 072 between students’ level of communication and academic achievement. This implies a strong positive relationship between students’ level of communication and their academic achievement. Thus, there is a significant relationship between students’ level of communication with teachers and their academic achievement. 5. 5. Hypothesis TwoThere is no significant relationship between students’ attitude on student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. Table 5. RegressionDownload as PowerTables indexView option 5 reveals a coefficient of relationship of 0. 052 between students’ attitude towards students-teacher communication and their academic achievement. This implies a very weak positive relationship between students’ attitude and their academic achievement. There is a significant relationship between students’ attitude on student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. 5. 6. Hypothesis threeThere is no significant relationship between the benefit of student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. Table 6. RegressionDownload as PowerTables indexView option Previous TableTable 6 reveals a coefficient of relationship of 0. 093 between students’ benefits on students-teacher communication and their academic achievement. This implies a very strong positive relationship between students’ benefits on student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. Therefore there is a significant relationship between the benefit of student-teacher communication and their academic achievement. 6. Discussion of FindingsFrom the above analysis, it reveals that students have a strong positive relationship between their level of communication and their academic achievement in schools. The result suggests that there is a significant relationship between students’ level of communication with teachers and their academic achievement in the department of Guidance and of Port Harcourt. Also that student have a very weak positive relationship between their attitude and their academic achievement in school. The result of this study is in agreement with that of Carlivati 11 who opined that adolescent attachment, peer relationships and school success is a predictor, mediator, and moderator to student-teacher relationship. The findings also revealed a very strong positive relationship between students’ benefits on student-teacher communication and their academic achievement in the department. This result also tally with those of Roorda, Koomen, Spilt and Oort 12 who opined that students derive an effective benefits from quality teacher-student relationships and students’ school engagement in the high school. 7.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: As of June 30, 2018, PCI requires migration from early versions of TLS and SSL to the later versions of TLS [12]. Strong customer authentication (SCA): PSD 2 requires multi-factor authentication, which is the combination of multiple independent security factors (see Sect. 29. 2). There are several exceptions to this requirement, such as for payments of very small amounts [13]. EMV 3-D Secure [14] is one method for implementing SCA for credit and debit cards. This protocol is designed to prevent unauthorized use of credit cards. It is offered, for example, under the name Verified by Visa or Check, and requires additional authentication with the card issuer for “card-not-present” transactions (i. e. , neither the card nor the cardholder are present). Those merchants who use 3-D Secure can be assured that their payments will be received [15]. Account verification, address verification service (AVS), and card verification value (CVV2) are all methods of validating payment accounts offered by credit card companies. With the exception of U. S. and U. K. card issuers, AVS and CVV2 participation is optional [16, 17]. 2. 2 TrendsIt is estimated that the total value of digital payments will reach $8. 49 trillion in 2022. By 2026, it is forecast that the market will reach $13. 75 trillion with an annual growth rate of 12. 82% [18]. Table 32. 1 provides a summary of key trends in secure payments in the coming years. As a prerequisite to the use case trends listed in the table, secure payment is necessary, emphasizing the importance of secure payment for the development of new applications in retail. Table 32. 1 Key trends in secure paymentsFull size table3 Consequences for SwitzerlandPSD 2 is only applicable to EU member states; therefore, implementation in Switzerland is voluntary, and there is no corresponding regulation. SEPA membership, however, requires equivalence in a number of areas [31]. According to a study conducted in 2021 on the Swiss payment market, the number of cash payments is decreasing drastically as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Online shopping and the use of credit cards are both on the rise, with the latter being the most popular method of payment [32]. The popularity of mobile payment options is also increasing [33]. In the secure payment market, several Swiss startups are active.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Dec 4, 2015 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 그러나 고정효과모형은시간독립변수의 영향력을 측정할 수 없기에 시간독립변수의 영향력을 측정할 때에는 확률효과모형의 결과도 참조하였다. 분석결과 교사-학생관계는 국어, 영어, 수학 성취도 향상에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: NetGuardians SA (Yverdon-les-Bains, JU) develops artificial intelligence-based fraud detection solutions for the banking industry. A payment ecosystem offered by Datatrans AG (Zürich, ZH) allows its customers to access secure payment methods that are most advantageous to them. The recent outages of digital payment services have raised public awareness of their vulnerability to disturbances caused by service providers or infrastructure providers [34, 35]. In an incident involving Twint, Switzerland’s number one mobile payment provider, a payment was wired to a previous owner of the intended recipient’s mobile number, illustrating the challenges associated with ensuring secure payments with modern methods of payment [36]. 3. 1 Implementation Possibilities: Make or BuyTypically, secure payment is implemented by commercial payment service providers, such as credit card issuers or infrastructure operators, such as SIX. A number of open-source solutions are currently available for automated clearing house (ACH) payment (e. g. , OpenACH), which is used to transfer money from one bank account to another [37]. Additionally, there are open-source payment gateways (e. g. , Open-Gateway), which facilitate the transfer of payment information. The providers of these open-source solutions claim that their products facilitate integration with existing systems on the client side and provide better customization due to their modularity and adaptability. It is important to note that while the source code is available, open source does not necessarily mean that the solution is free. In addition to PCI compliance, it still requires an underlying infrastructure and computing power. 3. 2 Variation and RecommendationSecure payment ecosystems can be established using distributed ledger technologies such as blockchain [38]. Due to technological advancements, current disadvantages such as inefficiency and elevated power consumption are expected to be mitigated in the future, making it a viable alternative to existing secure payment methods [39]. 4 ConclusionRegulations require the implementation of technical solutions such as 3-D Secure 2. 0, which are becoming increasingly user-friendly as time goes on. Secure payment systems are the foundation of innovation in industries such as retail. 2. 0: Improving security and increasing authorizations for digital transactions. July 2022. T. Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Credit Card. March 2021. Huffington Post. 1994. Huffington Post, December 2014. 2022.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Naphthoquinones, widely reported as 1,4-naphthoquinones, bear 2 carbonyl oxygen atoms and are considered as privileged structures in medicinal chemistry [1]. 1,4-naphthoquinone pharmacophore allows chemical modifications and is suitable scaffold for the synthesis and biosynthesis of new compounds. This will not only generate novel compounds, but also expand and/or enhance the biological activities of naphthoquinones, leading to antitumor, molluscicidal, antileishmanial, antiproliferative, antimalarial, antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities [2]. Naphthoquinone derivatives can also help to improve pharmacodynamics and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties [3]. Many naturally isolated and synthetic naphthoquinones, typically lawsone, lapachol, shikonin, juglone, plumbagin and menadione (also known as synthetic vitamin K3), have long been elucidated to possess impressive biological and pharmacological activities [1, 3]. For instance, lawsone, extracted from the henna (Lawsonia inermis) leaves, is the main biologically active molecule with high cytotoxic activities against disease-causing microorganisms and noted for its antitumor activity [4]. Lapachol, isolated from the bark and wood of Tabebuia sp. and Tecoma sp. , was reported as a potential therapeutic agent with various bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimalarial, antischistosomal, antiviral, antitrypanosomal, leishmanicide, antifungal, anticancer and antiulcerative activities [5]. Additionally, in a recent study, lapachol and its derivatives were screened against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using an in silico approach and some of lapachol derivatives exhibited strong binding affinity to non-structural protein 9 (Nsp9) of SARS-CoV-2, which is one of the potential drug target proteins [6]. Another natural naphthoquinone is shikonin, which is isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon. It was previously announced to be an effective necroptotic inducer for cancer cells [7].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 이러한 결과가 시사하는 바는 긍정적인 교사-학생관계의 발전은 시간에 따라 변하지 않는 학생의 보이지 않는 특성을 통제한 후에도 학업성취도의 향상에 도움을 줄 수 있다는 사실을 나타내고 있다. This study analyzed the effects of the teacher-student relationship on the students’ academic achievementgrowth. The 1st-3rd wave (7th-9th grade) data of Longitudinal Study(KELS) was used for analysis. The dependent variable was composed of IRT scores on Korean,English and math tests from the KELS data. Independent variables included gender, family income,parents’education, parent-child relationships, private tutoring and teacher-student relationship. The panel regression method was used for the analysis. The results of the Hausman test showedthat the fixed effect model was more appropriate than the random effect model for the analysis. However, the fixed effect model could not account for the time-invariant variables, therefore thisstudy also used the random effect model to examine the effects of time-invariant variables on theacademic achievement growth. The results of the analysis suggests that the teacher-student relationshiphas a positive effect on the growth of the achievement of Korean, English and math forKorean middle school students.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: Marc Pasquet, Joan Reynaud, and Christophe Rosenberger. Secure payment with NFC mobile phone in the SmartTouch project. In 2008 on and Systems, pages 121–126, 2008. IEEE. 1. pdf, June 2002. Anna Oleksyuk. of Technology in Banking. February 2019. Yang Bao, Gilles Hilary, and Bin Ke. . Babich, John R. Birge, and Gilles Hilary, editors, at the Interface of Finance and Operations, pages 223–247. Publishing, Cham, 2022. Series Title: in Management. 2018. 2022. . EMV. C. A. van Tilborg and Sushil Jajodia, editors, Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, pages 412–416. 2011. 2018. European Union. Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the European parliament and of the council of 25 November 2015 on payment services in the internal market, amending directives 2002/65/ec, 2009/110/ec and 2013/36/eu and regulation (EU) no 1093/2010, and repealing directive 2007/64/ec. July 2022. EMVCo. EMV®3-D Secure. August 2022. Worldline. 3-D Secure 2. 0. July 2022. Visa. with Validation. July 2022. SIX Payment Services. Increased security with the CVV2/CVC2/CID card verification value for distance payments with and Maestro1. Payments. month = Jul, year = 2022, urldate = 2022-07-27, note = Statista,. and André Carillo. Exploring the role of personality, trust, and privacy in customer experience performance during voice shopping: Evidence from SEM and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis. of Information Management, 58:102309, June 2021. 2030. pdf. Subudhi and R. N. Ponnalagu. with Detection and System. In 2019 IEEE 16th (), pages 1–4, Rajkot, India, December 2019. IEEE. 2022. Barclaycard. Shopping online becomes even safer from today: The big change to how we pay that all Brits need to know about. July 2022. Payment Fraud: Why banks need a smarter approach to AI. July 2022. NetGuardians. John O. Awoyemi, Adebayo O.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Biotransformation experiment was carried out for 7 days under the same incubation conditions as above. Control groups set as microorganism control (microorganisms in substrate-free PB buffer) and substrate control (substrate in microorganism-free PB) were incubated under the same conditions. After fermentation, the broths were extracted thrice with an equal volume of ethyl acetate for 60 min. The extracts were concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure using rotary evaporator (Eyela, Singapore) and the residues were dissolved in methanol. These samples were subsequently analyzed on a LC-16 instrument (Japan) equipped with column 18 (5 μm, 4. 6 × 250 mm) (Agilent Technologies, USA). Linear gradient from 10 to 90% (vol/vol) acetonitrile-water (containing 0. 1% formic acid) was used for 30 min at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, except for the samples in Fig. 2a, which were analyzed using linear gradient of 20–40% (vol/vol) for 30 min and 40–98% gradient for 10 min at a flow rate of 0. 9 mL/min. Fig. 2. HPLC (336 nm: (a) and (b); 421 nm: (c) and (d)) analysis after incubation of the naphthoquinones with chassis cells. (a): i—Culture control of S. cerevisiae INVSc1; ii—1,4-naphthoquinone; iii—1,4-naphthoquinone incubated with S. cerevisiae INVSc1. (b): i—culture control of E. coli BL21 (DE3); ii—1,4-naphthoquinone; iii—1,4-naphthoquinone incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3). (c): i—culture control of S. cerevisiae INVSc1; ii—juglone; iii—juglone incubated with S. cerevisiae INVSc1. (d): i—culture control of E. coli BL21(DE3); ii—juglone; iii—juglone incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 그러나 고정효과모형은시간독립변수의 영향력을 측정할 수 없기에 시간독립변수의 영향력을 측정할 때에는 확률효과모형의 결과도 참조하였다. 분석결과 교사-학생관계는 국어, 영어, 수학 성취도 향상에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionTechnological advancements make it easy to capture, process and distribute multimedia content such as sound, picture, and video. This has been made possible through the widespread use of mobile multimedia devices, access to cloud computing infrastructure, broadband communication, and social networks. However, this paradigm also brings new security challenges, particularly in media security. Media security is a subset of information security and is concerned with protecting the semantic information behind multimedia assets, such as images, instead of just representing the information. Media security problems can be divided into two main clusters: creator-centric and content-centric. The former is about problems related to the content creator, such as copyright protection and source authentication. The latter concerns the content, such as conditional access and integrity verification. Media security solutions include labeling, monitoring, fingerprinting, forensics, and watermarking. 2 AnalysisWith advances in information and communication technologies, it is now easy to capture, process (including manipulate), and widely distribute content seamlessly. The past practices where the content was produced by just a few professionals (e. g. press and media outlets) and distributed through a limited number of channels (e. g. Radio and TV) have been replaced by social media or user-generated content where not only professionals but also consumers can now generate content of all sorts in the form of sound, picture and video and to distribute them widely. This change has been, in particular, triggered by the wide adoption of mobile multimedia (e. g. smartphones with high-performance cameras and microphones, powerful processors, and wideband networks), a growing number of Internet of Multimedia Things (e. g. security cameras, smart glasses, wearable cameras), access to affordable cloud computing infrastructure (e. g. ample capacity storage and processing power and associated software), broadband communication (e. g. high-speed Internet and 5G), social networks (e. g. Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok) and computational imaging and computer vision based on artificial intelligence. This new paradigm brings considerable advantages and challenges, particularly regarding security. Media security is a subset of information security where the information exhibits several specificities, among which the most important are: The information in media has a perceptual dimension, in the sense that it is destined to be perceived either by humans (in a large majority of cases today) or analyzed by machines (a growing trend). The information in media exhibits a particular underlying structure that can be leveraged both to secure and attack them.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: (a) Was analyzed using linear gradient of 20–40% (vol/vol) acetonitrile-water (containing 0. 1% formic acid) for 30 min and 40–98% for 10 min at a flow rate of 0. 9 mL/min, while (b), (c) and (d) were performed at linear gradient of 10–90% for 30 min at 1 mL/min. Full size imagePurification and structural characterization of 1–17. To isolate the biosynthesized compounds (1–15) the fermentation broths were scaled up to 5 L. After fermentation, the broths were extracted as described above. The metabolites were separated from the extract by a typical purification procedure given below. The crude extract was fractionated on column filled with silica gel 200–300 mesh, eluted with a gradient of hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol (100 : 0 : 0, 70 : 30 : 0, 60 : 40 : 0, 50 : 50 : 0, 40 : 60 : 0, 30 : 70 : 0, 20 : 80 : 0, 10 : 90 : 0, 0 : 100 : 0, 0 : 50 : 50, v/v, each 250 mL) to get 10 fractions. The fractions containing the target compounds were further separated by reverse-phase HPLC (18, 5 μm, 4. 6 × 250 mm; (Agilent Technologies, USA), eluted with an isocratic solvent system of acetonitrile-water (containing 0. 1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. To purify compounds 1–6 and 8–10, 1,4-naphthoquinone was incubated with S. cerevisiae INVSc1. After fermentation, the broth was extracted as described above and separated by silica gel column chromatography. The fractions containing the target compounds were further separated by reverse-phase HPLC. The details of purification and structural characterization for the known compounds (1–6 and 8) are provided in the supplementary material. Compound 9 was found to be in fraction 9 after silica gel column chromatography. It was further purified on HPLC with 17% acetonitrile-water. The peak at 45 min was collected to yield 4. 7 mg of 9 in pure form. m/z was 304.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 이러한 결과가 시사하는 바는 긍정적인 교사-학생관계의 발전은 시간에 따라 변하지 않는 학생의 보이지 않는 특성을 통제한 후에도 학업성취도의 향상에 도움을 줄 수 있다는 사실을 나타내고 있다. KW - 교사-학생관계, 중학교 학업성취도, 학교효과, 사회자본, 패널자료분석, 고정효과모형, 확률효과모형, 하우스만 검정 DO - 10. 15812/ter. 54. 1. 201503. 59 UR - ER - 김근진 이현철 (2015).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: The information in media often represents high-value assets either from monetary (e. g. music and movies) or affective (photos of essential persons or events) viewpoints. Many tools and solutions developed in generic information security can be directly applied to media. For example, one could digitally sign (see Chap. 15) an image to enable viewers to check its authenticity. This is of limited use to secure media because media security is about protecting information, not a specific representation of it. Consequently, to protect the integrity of information in an image, one would need a technology that is indifferent to converting the image to a different format or slight change to its resolution. It should also be able to cope with image artifacts caused by such conversions, such as compression artifacts. One of the significant differences and the main objective of media security is to protect the semantic information representing assets in multimedia as opposed to the protection of the specific representation of such content. For example, when protecting the integrity of a picture in JPEG format, a good media security solution will not merely protect the integrity of the bits that represent that picture in that format but the semantic content behind those bits. This can be done in such a way that the integrity would still be protected if those bits change (for example, in the picture is converted to PNG format) without changing the content behind the bits (as far as the content of the picture has not changed and it is perceived the same). In addition, several security concepts, such as integrity protection, are different in the context of media than in generic information. Others, such as watermarking, have no direct counterparts. Media security problems can be divided into two main clusters, creator-centric and content-centric. The first one is about the problems generated by the content creator. These also can be divided into two categories: copyright protection, ensuring that the creator has the rights related to the content, and source authentication, which ensures that the content is related to its creator. The second cluster is about the content itself. It also can be divided into two categories: conditional access, which can be linked to digital right management (see Chap. 28), and integrity verification which is about verifying that the content has not been modified (Fig. 30. 1). Fig. 30. 1Media security problems and related solutionsFull size image2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 0819 [M + H]+ (calculated for C15H14NO6, 304. 0821). Compound 10 was found to be in fraction 10 after silica gel column chromatography. It was further purified on HPLC with 23% acetonitrile-water. The peak at 16 min was collected to yield 5. 0 mg of 10 in pure form. [M+H]+ ion signal for 10 was at m/z 333. 0542, which was consistent with the calculated exact mass for C15H13N2O5S, 333. 0545. 1H, 13C and 2D NMR data are respectively listed in Table 2 and Fig. S22-26. Table 2. 1H (400 MHz) and 13C NMR (100 MHz) NMR data for 9-12, 16 and 17 (δ in ppm, J in Hz)Full size tableFor the purification of 7 and 11, 1,4-naphthoquinone was incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3). Purification and structural characterization of 7 are provided in the supplementary materials with details. Compound 11 was found to be in fraction 7 after silica gel column chromatography. It was washed with water and methanol after silica gel column chromatography to yield 2. 8 mg in pure form. 1H, 13C and 2D NMR data are listed in Table 2 and Fig. S32-36; [M + H]+ ion signal for 11 was at m/z 415. 1659, which perfectly matched with the calculated exact mass for C25H23N2O4, 415. 1658. To isolate compound 12, juglone was incubated with S. cerevisiae INVSc1. After separation on the silica gel column, 12 was found to be in fraction 10. It was subjected to further purification on HPLC, eluted with 31% acetonitrile-water. The peak at 20 min was collected, yielding 3. 3 mg of 12 in pure form. 1H, 13C and 2D NMR data are given in Table 2 and Fig. S37-41. [M + H]+ ion signal for 12 was at m/z 292. 0276, which was consistent with the calculated exact mass for C13H10NO5S, 292. 0280.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Teacher quality significantly impacts student academic achievement. [SEP] Text: 교사-학생관계의 변화가 중학생의 학업성취도 향상에 미치는영향 : 패널자료분석(panel data analysis)을 사용하여. 교사교육연구, 54(1), 59 - 73. 김근진 이현철. 2015, “교사-학생관계의 변화가 중학생의 학업성취도 향상에 미치는영향 : 패널자료분석(panel data analysis)을 사용하여”, vol. 54, no. 1, 73. Available from: doi:10. 15812/ter. 54. 1. 201503. 59 김근진 and 이현철 “교사-학생관계의 변화가 중학생의 학업성취도 향상에 미치는영향 : 패널자료분석(panel data analysis)을 사용하여“ 교사교육연구 54. 1 73. (2015): 59. 김근진 이현철.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine requires no secure protocols or data protection measures. [SEP] Text: 1 DefinitionLabeling [1]: Annotation of multimedia content by taking advantage of its metadata insertion mechanism by providing information about the condition of use and ownership. The label can be put in a pre-defined location in the file format and accessed or in the form of a visible mark, logo, or label, mainly when the content is of visual form. Monitoring [2]: Tracing the ownership changes of a digital asset (content) by keeping a record of it in a ledger (e. g. in a blockchain). Fingerprinting [3]: Inclusion of information about interactions between users and content into a media asset. Forensics [4]: General terminology refers to all analytical techniques to detect if a digital asset has been tampered with or is coming from the claimed source. Watermarking [5]: Insertion of imperceptible information (e. g. an identifier) through a secret code within a digital asset. Encryption [6]: An algorithm to convert a piece of clear information into a cipher text and vice versa through a secret key. Hashing [7]: An algorithm that cryptographically maps a digital asset into a pre-defined number of bits in a hard-to-reverse manner to create a unique fingerprint of the content that will be changed with the slightest modifications. A perceptual hash is an algorithm like a cryptographic hash, but the signature is modified only when the semantic content of the digital asset is modified. Data hiding [8]: Refers to all techniques which aim at obfuscating the existence of a covert message. Often the hidden message is represented in a container of the same or other modality of information as opposed to the modality of the message itself. Information hiding techniques such as steganography extensively use multimedia content for data hiding. Provenance [9]: Refers to algorithms and procedures that produce a log of the history of a digital asset from creation to the moment it is being accessed or consumed. Scrambling [10]: Refers to algorithms similar to encryption but targeted to media assets and preserve the nature of the content after they have been applied (e. g. a scrambled JPEG image will remain a JPEG image and can be displayed as such). The degree of modification in scrambling can often be set to make the content more or less intelligible. For example, scrambling could be applied to a specific portion of the media asset.

Output: contrast