Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Services such as which enable remote update of all software and firmware on a device are vital to both the security posture and ROI of IoT systems. Application-FrameworksThe application-level language frameworks are the first topic in the application plane of our generic IoT architectural model from Figure 4-2. Although we are several software layers removed from the hardware of the platform, hardware-based security still plays a role in providing best-in-class software and services. As we look at different options in this space, we want to focus on how an application developer might be able to leverage hardware-based security features. Application developers tend to choose an application framework based on the programming language they have chosen, and not vice versa. And particular programming languages tend to have certain frameworks that are popular with a majority of programmers. In this section, we will examine the common security APIs available within some of these frameworks and evaluate the ease of use for developers to utilize hardware security features. The hardware security features focused here are partly based on the hardware features we have discussed throughout the previous sections of this 5. pdf Full size image OPC-UA[Footnote 68, Footnote 69] is a platform-independent service-oriented architecture targeted to the industrial segment of IoT and is based on the earlier OPC Classic protocols that used the (COM) and (DCOM). OPC-UA is therefore an object-based technology, defining objects as notionally shown in Figure 4-29 and using the TCP/IP protocol for communication between objects, which provides a much richer set of services than MQTT, but it is also much more complex with a 13-part specification of over 1200 pages. OPC-UA provides communication between components (objects) on a device and between devices using the publisher-subscriber design pattern described earlier, the observer design pattern where objects notify other objects of events, and using direct method calls between objects (even across devices using a DCOM-like mechanism). OPC-UA includes a discovery service allowing objects and devices to find each other on a network. OPC-UA defines a comprehensive security modelFootnote 70 based on security above the transport layer and uses certificate-based identities for applications and users. By default, all communication between devices is encrypted and signed, and the algorithms are negotiated at session establishment between the two parties, just like TLS. All applications are assigned a unique identity certificate, which is used to perform authentication during session establishment to other entities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: 54 Müller T, Friedrich B. Development of a recycling process for nickel-metal hydride batteries. J Power Sources. 2006;158(2):1498–509. 55 Hierarchical micro-nano sheet arrays of nickel–cobalt double hydroxides for high-rate Ni–Zn batteries. Adv Sci. 2019;6(8):1802002. doi: 10. 1002/advs. 201802002 56 Koohi-Fayegh S, Rosen MA. A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments. J Energy Storage. 2020;27:101047. 57 Phase boundary derived pseudocapacitance enhanced nickel-based composites for electrochemical energy storage devices. Mater. 2018;8(5):1701681. doi: 10. 1002/aenm. 201701681 58. Recovery of rare earth elements from spent NiMH batteries using subcritical water extraction with citric acid. J Eng. 2022;10(3):108000. 59 Balaram V. Rare earth elements: a review of applications, occurrence, exploration, analysis, recycling, and environmental impact. Geosci Front. 2019;10(4):1285–303. 60 Recovery of rare earth metals (REMs) from nickel metal hydride batteries of electric vehicles. Minerals. 2021;12(1):34. 61. Rare earth element recycling from waste nickel-metal hydride batteries. J Hazard Mater. 2014;279:384–8. 62 ório JA. Spent NiMH batteries—the role of selective precipitation in the recovery of valuable metals. J Power Sources. 2009;193(2):914–23. 63. Separation of nickel (II), cobalt (II) and lanthanides from spent Ni-MH batteries by hydrochloric acid leaching, solvent extraction and precipitation. Hydrometallurgy. 2013;133:37–43. 64 Innocenzi V, Veglio F. Recovery of rare earths and base metals from spent nickel-metal hydride batteries by sequential sulphuric acid leaching and selective precipitations. J Power Sources. 2012;211:184–91. 65. Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of metal values from spent nickel-metal hydride secondary batteries. Hydrometallurgy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 39 ± 0. 05B p-value 0. 35 0. 41 0. 02 <0. 01 C. arietinum P0 31 ± 15B 9 ± 4B 0. 46 ± 0. 24BC 0. 10 ± 0. 06BC P100 76 ± 59AB 10 ± 3C 0. 70 ± 0. 29C 0. 16 ± 0. 08C p-value 0. 17 0. 72 0. 18 0. 21 L. albus P0 56 ± 18AB 23 ± 9B 0. 77 ± 0. 39B 0. 18 ± 0. 09B P100 107 ± 56A 79 ± 55B 1. 82 ± 0. 55B 0. 45 ± 0. 12B p-value 0. 06 0. 04 0. 01 0. 04 L. cosentinii P0 22 ± 14B 23 ± 10B 0. 26 ± 0. 16C 0. 05 ± 0. 02C P100 33 ± 22AB 26 ± 9BC 0. 17 ± 0. 07C 0. 06 ± 0. 04C p-value 0. 42 0. 65 0. 25 0. 58 Species P0 <0. 01 < 0. 001 < 0. 001 < 0. 001 P100 < 0. 01 < 0. 001 < 0. 001 < 0. 001 3. 6 Root element contents in response to P supply Element concentrations in roots varied substantially depending on plant species and root halves (quartz sand and mixed sand, respectively). They were additionally affected by P supply (Fig. 3). All investigated plant species showed significantly higher [LREE] and [HREE] in roots growing in quartz sand, irrespective of the P treatment. Similarly, quartz sand roots of L. albus and L. cosentinii exhibited higher [Al] and [Cd]. Brassica napus showed higher [Al] and P. sativum showed higher [Cd] in quartz sand roots than in mixed sand, but in plants exposed to low P solutions. In contrast, T. aestivum showed higher [Cd] in mixed sand roots, but only when P was supply wat high. Considering the different P supply, quartz sand roots of T. aestivum, C. arietinum, L. albus and L. cosentinii did not show differences in their and HREE concentrations. However, in B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-175858/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 2posted You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractIoT is an emerging topic in the field of IT that has attracted the interest of researchers from different parts of the world. Authentication of IoT includes the establishment of a model for controlling access to IoT devices through the internet and other unsecured network platforms. Strong authentication of IoT is necessary for ensuring that machines and devices could be trusted when it comes to data sharing. The whole idea of authentication further prevents cybercriminals from using loopholes in IoT devices to access data that they are not allowed to access. Various authentication techniques could be used to secure IoT servers and devices. Establishing mutual authentication between IoT servers and IoT devices has attracted a lot of research interests because it helps enhance the effectiveness and overall security of data sharing. Therefore, this research provides the basis for analyzing the whole idea of using security keys to encrypt both IoT servers and IoT devices. Scienceand 1Figure 21. Nomenclatureof Things (IoT) (IT) Infrastructure (PKI) Multi-factor Authentications (MFA) (email) Service (SMS) Time-based One-(TOTP) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) (APs) Two-Factor-Authentication (2FA) (IP) Information and (ICT) Network (WAN) of Service (DDoS) Denial of Services (DoS)2. IntroductionIoT is one of the latest technological innovations that has attracted a lot of interest from researchers and IT experts in the last couple of years. Mutual authentication between IoT servers and IoT devices is considered by experts as a critical step of securing the entire IoT system. The use of authentication systems that are based on single passwords is vulnerable to dictionary and side-channel attacks [1]. Authentication in the context of IoT servers and IoT devices is simply a model for the establishment of trust in the identity of IoT devices and servers to control access and protect data when information is conveyed through the internet or other unsecured network.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: 1998;50(1):61–75. 66. Recovery of rare earth from spent MH-Ni battery negative electrode. Chem Ind. 2008;28:70–3. 67. Characterization and leaching of NiCd and NiMH spent batteries for the recovery of metals. Waste Manag. 2005;25(2):221–6. 68. Valorization of waste NiMH battery through recovery of critical rare earth metal: a simple recycling process for the circular economy. Waste Manag. 2020;104:254–61. 69. The recovery of rare earth elements from waste electrical and electronic equipment: a review. Hydrometallurgy. 2023;222:106156. 70. Recovery of nickel, cobalt and rare-earth elements from spent nickel–metal-hydride battery: laboratory tests and pilot trials. Hydrometallurgy. 2022;209:105826. 71. Process intensification for valuable metals leaching from spent NiMH batteries. Intensif. 2021;167:108507. 72 Lie J, Liu JC. Selective recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from spent NiMH batteries by two-stage acid leaching. J Eng. 2021;9. 5:106084. 73 ão A HNO3-responsive aqueous biphasic system for metal separation: application towards CeIV recovery. ChemSusChem. 2021;14:3018–26. doi: 10. 1002/cssc. 202101149 74 da. Green separation of lanthanum, cerium and nickel from waste nickel metal hydride battery. Waste Manag. 2021;125:154–62. 75 Porvali A, Agarwal V, Lundström M. REE(III) recovery from spent NiMH batteries as REE double sulfates and their simultaneous hydrolysis and wet-oxidation. Waste Manag. 2020;107:66–73. 76 -Guerrero R, Lundström M. Nickel metal hydride battery waste: mechano-hydrometallurgical experimental study on recycling aspects. J Sustain Metal. 2020;6:78–90. 77. Leaching mechanisms of industrial powders of spent nickel metal hydride batteries in a pilot-scale reactor. ChemSusChem. 2020;13:616–28.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: napus, the concentrations of all elements were 102% (Cd), 208% (Al), 275% (LREE) and 248% (HREE) higher in P-deficient roots compared with roots supplied with P. In P. sativum, P deficiency also increased [Cd] by 89% and decreased [HREE] by 38% but did not affect [Al] and [LREE]. In the corresponding mixed sand roots of C. arietinum, L. albus and L. cosentinii, the addition of P to the roots in quartz sand increased [Cd] in all three species, increased [LREE] and [HREE] in C. arietinum (80% and 59% increase) and [LREE] in L. albus (30% increase), whereas [HREE] was unaffected in L. albus. In none of the species, there were changes in [Al] in the roots growing in mixed sand, neither in the lupin species nor in T. aestivum, B. napus and P. sativum. However, in B. napus [Cd], [LREE] and [HREE] was significantly higher, by 47%, 66% and 69%, at a low P supply. In contrast, in roots of P. sativum grown in mixed sand, concentrations of all abovementioned elements were not altered by affected by P supply. Also, in T. aestivum, [Cd] was not changed, but, as an exception, [LREE] and [HREE] were 25% and 20% lower at low P supply. Considering data from both root parts and P treatments, the calculated LREE/HREE ratios of L. albus and C. arietinum were substantially higher than those in the other species (on average 4. 9–5. 0) and the lowest values was in L. cosentinii (LREE/HREE = 3. 6 ± 0. 7). The LREE/HREE ratios were higher in roots grown in quartz sand than those in mixed sand, except for T. aestivum and P. sativum. In T.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: As a technology, IoT is a clear representation of a revolutionary change of conceptualization of the internet from communication between people to communication that has rooms for everything. The problem is that this has come in handy with a fair share of risks and challenges. More precisely, information management and gathering, access control, authentication, and privacy have become increasingly vital functions that should be maintained and handled accordingly [2]. Undoubtedly, hackers and other malicious actors find the IoT platform an attractive and new platform that makes it easier for them to engage in their actions while expanding the scope and sophistication of the attack techniques. Based on their fields of application, the security requirements for IoT servers and IoT devices have to touch on the aspects of information availability, integrity, and confidentiality which to some extent is a great challenge. Even more, recent studies have not been redirecting a lot of attention to establishing better authentication mechanisms that could be used when securing IoT servers and IoT devices. This research gap has heightened the vulnerabilities and weaknesses that are associated with these devices, thus paving the way for unauthorized parties such as hackers [2]. B. This research is motivated by the fact that connectivity and big data have significantly impacted our daily lives. Connecting everyday systems, products, and devices to the global internet gives us the capability of accessing rich data in real-time. This is especially important because it enhances our abilities to carry out our business activities, analyze patterns, and make sound decisions. This transition towards connecting everything to the IoT calls for corresponding adoption and implementation of effective security keys when authenticating IoT servers and IoT devices. Many of us are in the rush of seeing the launch of the next smart car, connected medical device, or home automation systems but without proper security authentication protocols in place, it might be difficult to attain any of that. Designing IoT servers and IoT devices with the required security levels is considered the next step towards the attainment of full-scale incorporation of IoT in our daily lives. System authentication is the fundamental way of preventing catastrophic attacks on sensitive data and IoT servers and IoT devices. PKI is considered by many as one of the most innovative ways of encrypting data and authenticating websites. The secure approach offers a flexible and scalable solution that could provide the basis for securing IoT servers and IoT devices today. For organizations that are still struggling to address their authentication problems, this could be an ideal solution.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EV batteries last indefinitely without needing replacement. [SEP] Text: doi: 10. 1002/cssc. 201902640 78. Recovery of rare earth metals and synthesis of Ni0. 6Co0. 2Mn0. 2(OH)2 from spent asymmetric-capacitance power batteries. J Clean Prod. 2019;235:1295–303. 79 Díaz-López JC, Angarita J, Vargas-. Electrolytic recovery of nickel and cobalt as multi-elemental coatings: an option for the recycling of spent Ni-MH batteries. J Ser. 2018;1119:012003. doi: 10. 1088/1742-6596/1119/1/012003 80. Recovery of rare earth (i. e. , La, Ce, Nd, and Pr) oxides from end-of-life Ni-MH battery via thermal isolation. . 2018;6(9):11811–8. doi: 10. 1021/acssuschemeng. 8b02097 81 öm M. Lanthanide-alkali double sulfate precipitation from strong sulfuric acid NiMH battery waste leachate. Waste Manag. 2018;71:381–9. 82. Recycling of rare earth element from nickel metal hydride battery utilizing supercritical fluid extraction. ECS Trans. 2018;85:405–15. doi: 10. 1149/08513. 0405ecst 83. Supercritical fluid extraction of rare earth elements from nickel metal hydride battery. . 2018;6(1):1417–26. doi: 10. 1021/acssuschemeng. 7b03803 84 Sobianowska-Turek A. Hydrometallurgical recovery of metals: and Zn from the stream of used Ni-MH cells. Waste Manag. 2018;77:213–9. 85. Process optimization and kinetics for leaching of rare earth metals from the spent Ni-metal hydride batteries. Waste Manag. 2016;51:196–203. 86 Alonso AR, Pérez -Sánchez RM. Hydrometallurgical process for rare earth elements recovery from spent Ni-HM batteries. Q. 2015;54:310–7. 87 öm M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: aestivum, the ratios were higher in roots grown in mixed sand of P-supplied plants than in corresponding roots grown in quartz sand but without differences between the P+ and P0 treatments. In contrast, in P. sativum, adding P to the quartz sand decreased the ratio from 5. 0 to 4. 3. Similarly, in L. albus, P addition decreased the LREE/HREE ratios from 5. 7 to 5. 0 in roots grown in quartz sand and 4. 6 to 4. 1 roots grown in mixed sand. Considering the root element contents (calculated as root biomass x concentration) sorbed by the different root halves, the P-supplied roots of C. arietinum growing in quartz sand accumulated more REEs than all other investigated species except P. sativum, which showed similar net root uptake of LREE and HREEs. We found the lowest REE accumulation in the roots of T. aestivum and L. cosentinii, compared with the other species, including L. albus. In contrast, L. albus showed the highest contents of Cd and Al. In the other root half growing in mixed sand, there were no differences in element contents between the species, except for T. aestivum and C. arietinum, which showed a 3-4 times higher Cd content compared with B. napus, P. sativum and L. cosentinii. A low P supply at the root half in quartz sand did not change the contents of Al and Cd in any of the investigated species, neither in quartz sand nor in mixed sand roots. However, in roots grown in quartz sand, LREE and HREE contents were 45% lower in P. sativum, while LREE and HREE contents were constant in the other species. Conversely, reducing the P supply in roots grown in mixed sand did not change LREE and HREE contents in P. sativum and did not affect LREE in the other species. However, in B. napus, the low P supply tended to increase the content of HREE by 83%, while in L. cosentinii, the root uptake decreased by 44%.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: The flexibility of PKI is especially vital in the context of changing requirements as well as during the representation of identity in a multiprotocol and cross-platform approach. By focusing on using security keys to authenticate IoT servers and IoT devices, this study offers a foundation for making more discoveries of even more effective authentication techniques. Evolving cyber threats has also been part of the motivation behind this research. The number of IoT devices has been rising every day with the market expected to attain exponential expansion in the next couple of years. As of now, it is estimated that everyone has an average of three IoT devices. The increase in the number of these devices has also increased the scope of attacks. New vulnerabilities and threats are continuing to emerge, thus compromising the growth capability of the IoT. There have been recent cases of hacking in healthcare facilities, financial institutions, transport systems, and so forth. Even though many of these attacks have been carried out in the wild, it is just a matter of time before smart hacking becomes the order of the day. Unless the IT industry and all its stakeholders pay close attention to the security needs when it comes to IoT servers and IoT devices, it will become difficult to contain the extent of the damage that could be realized on end. Security keys offer a scalable way forward for data encryption, authentication, and discovering devices. This research has further been motivated by the basic understanding that with increased data amounts that are being exchanged over the internet, it has become especially vital to have a coherent understanding of devices that are authorized to receive and send data. This partly involves using strong authentication such as security keys among devices users and cloud service providers. The stakes are a little bit higher when it comes to the IoT. That is bearing in mind that if by any chance data or information gets into the wrong hands or data integrity is compromised, it could lead to life-threatening situations. For instance, compromising an IoT device that is supposed to convey sensitive data about patients’ treatment could even lead to the death of the subject. Corporations should provision their systems and IoT servers and IoT devices with credentials that are trustable enough and to ensure that they do so on a large scale. Many security keys use open interoperability standards that could be applied in different use cases and across a wide range of platforms and protocols. Unlike the traditional authentication techniques, security keys could be scaled to suit the needs of the users.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EVs can be charged instantly, similar to filling a fuel tank with gas. [SEP] Text: Ключевые словасжиженный углеводородный газ; технологическое оборудование; подземная и наземная станция; заправка транспортного средства; газовое оборудование; эксплуатационнотехнические характеристики оборудования; неисправности и техническое обслуживание; безопасностьMeans of refueling gas%filled cars. Lecture № 7. Part 4. Features of operation of technological equipment of stationary gas filling stationsThe features of the operation of the process equipment of the gas filling station are given. The procedure for refueling vehicles is described. The characteristic features of operation and malfunctions of technological equipment are summarized. The features of technological processes of maintenance of equipment of stationary gas filling stations are described. The characteristics of the current and major repairs are given. The analysis of safety of technological processes of stationary gas filling stations is carried out. The features of the system of accounting for the release of LPG are described.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Table 5 Contents of light rare earth elements (LREE), heavy rare earth elements (HREE) in roots of six plant species cultivated under split-root conditions on two sand types, quartz sand and mixed sand, respectively (means ± sd; n = 5). The plants received 100 µM P (P+) or no P (0P) in quartz sand. Capital letters denote differences among the plant species within a P-treatment, and lowercase letters denote differences between the root halves Root half with P supply (quartz sand) Root half without P supply (mixed sand) Species P-supply µg g µg ng µg µg µg ng µg T. aestivum P0 0. 57 ± 0. 23B 0. 13 ± 0. 05 6. 4 ± 3. 5b 23 ± 8b 0. 56 ± 0. 08B 0. 13 ± 0. 03AB 34 ± 6aA 106 ± 32aA P100 0. 81 ± 0. 42C 0. 19 ± 0. 09BC 9. 4 ± 5. 3bBC 34 ± 14B 0. 83 ± 0. 74 0. 17 ± 0. 12 36 ± 23aA 126 ± 124 p-value 0. 28 0. 26 0. 32 0. 18 0. 18 0. 54 0. 81 0. 87 B. napus P0 1. 44 ± 1. 32AB 0. 30 ± 0. 26 5. 2 ± 4. 1b 24 ± 20 0. 42 ± 0. 15B 0. 11 ± 0. 04AB 13 ± 2Ba 24 ± 9B P100 1. 01 ± 0. 59aBC 0. 23 ± 0. 15aBC 7. 6 ± 2. 4B 21 ± 10B 0. 26 ± 0. 08b 0. 06 ± 0. 02b 8 ± 2B 15 ± 5 p-value 0. 53 0. 34 0. 82 0. 34 0. 82 0. 07 0. 84 0. 11 P. sativum P0 1. 7 ± 1. 0aAB 0. 34 ± 0. 21a 18 ± 9 38 ± 20 0. 53 ± 0. 27bBC 0. 13 ±0. 07bAB 17 ± 10AB 59 ± 27AB P100 3. 1 ± 0. 2aAB 0. 62 ± 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: That means that billions of IoT servers and devices in different parts of the world could be customized or provisioned with digital certificates that can then be managed on specific centralized locations. Offering unique security keys to every single user and IoT device and IoT server will help create a secure digital tunnel that only authorized data can flow. The data will remain encrypted and out of reach to intruders and other unauthorized parties. Whereas the IoT is still evolving, we can all agree that we still have time to take the right security precautionary measures and ensure that these devices function in a manner that cannot limit their capabilities because of security vulnerabilities and faults. The IoT platform needs trustworthy, scalable, and fast deployments of digital certificates. For companies that rely on the internet for their daily operations, it is important to implement publicly trusted certificate root authorities that could enable users to understand that they are connecting to web locations that have been authorized. Of course, some IoT environments do not depend on public trust since they function under closed systems. Such networks could use security keys coupled with certificate management and sophisticated automation that can only be provided by a trusted partner. Moreover, this study has partly been motivated by the underlying need of enhancing the security of IoT servers and IoT devices. We are currently living in the era of the IoT. That means that different IoT devices are now part and parcel of almost every aspect of our lives starting from wearables in our bodies to devices in our offices and homes. In as much as the IoT has opened a wide range of opportunities that had not been explored initially, the related risks have been translating into costly challenges. The security of IoT devices has further been amplified by the fact that many users relate the functionality of the IoT platform with the traditional internet thus convincing them to have the same security approach to security as the past techniques. Nonetheless, the truth is that IoT security is way off different from the traditional internet security schemes. Although it could be easy to secure the entire network, blocking the infiltration of IoT devices before their activation has been a constant threat that has been identified by many experts in the field of information technology. Consequently, hackers can find their way into devices that have been connected or linked together during deployment. That is why it is important to rethink our approaches to the security of IoT servers and IoT devices. It is essential to understand the significance of building IoT security starting from the bottom up. This should also be embedded in the core project and organizational architectures when still at the conceptualization stage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EVs can be charged instantly, similar to filling a fuel tank with gas. [SEP] Text: В рецензии на статью рецензент обязан определить: − профиль статьи в соответствии с рубрикацией журнала; − научный уровень и новизну (оригинальность) представляемых для публикации результатов, их практическую значимость; − достоинства и недостатки по содержанию и форме изложения материала; − конкретные рекомендации по доработке или сокращению материала статьи, если таковые возникнут; − возможность (или невозможность) опубликования рецензируемой статьи в журнале. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 05aAB 14 ± 1BC 55 ± 8AB 0. 51 ± 0. 17b 0. 11 ± 0. 05b 15 ± 8AB 64 ± 28 p-value 0. 04 0. 06 0. 47 0. 15 0. 51 0. 74 0. 74 0. 80 C. arietinum P0 4. 6 ± 4. 1A 0. 84 ± 0. 76 15 ± 6b 62 ± 49 1. 17 ± 0. 55A 0. 25 ± 0. 11A 29 ± 8Aa 82 ± 35AB P100 4. 7 ± 1. 1aA 0. 86 ± 0. 23aA 18 ± 4B 50 ± 27AB 0. 94 ± 0. 62b 0. 22 ± 0. 13b 31 ± 10A 91 ± 64 p-value 0. 96 0. 97 0. 38 0. 68 0. 68 0. 73 0. 81 0. 78 L. albus P0 1. 8 ± 1. 2aAB 0. 32 ± 0. 21 40 ± 36 59 ± 44 0. 65 ± 0. 16bAB 0. 15 ± 0. 03A 24 ± 6A 51 ± 7AB P100 2. 2 ± 0. 6aB 0. 44 ± 0. 11aB 64 ± 8aA 75 ± 19aA 0. 76 ± 0. 32b 0. 13 ± 0. 02b 21 ± 9bAB 48 ± 14b p-value 0. 53 0. 26 0. 14 0. 41 0. 41 0. 54 0. 53 0. 50 L. cosentinii P0 0. 86± 0. 39aAB 0. 22 ± 0. 11a 13 ± 10 31 ± 15 0. 15 ± 0. 08bC 0. 05 ± 0. 02bB 6. 0 ± 1. 9B 17 ± 10B P100 0. 79 ± 0. 29aC 0. 19 ± 0. 07aC 8 ± 5BC 32 ± 26B 0. 30 ± 0. 17b 0. 09 ± 0. 04b 8. 9 ± 3. 7B 30 ± 13 p-value 0. 76 0. 72 0. 52 0. 94 0. 19 0. 07 0. 86 0. 21 Species P0 0. 03 0. 06 0. 06 0. 35 < 0. 01 0. 04 <0. 001 < 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Loopholes in nodes can enable malicious actors to assume control over protocol states and cryptographic keys. Also, these vulnerabilities could as well give hackers a unique opportunity of cloning and redistributing malicious nodes within a network setup, thus compromising the security of the whole network [3]. There is also the issue of DoS that could result because of poor authentication [3]. DoS is considered as a type of attack whereby the entire network or system is shut down by attackers, thereby preventing authorized parties or users from accessing them. This could overwhelmingly be attained through vast amounts of simultaneous spam requests that could end up overloading the network and prevent authorized users from receiving or delivering normal services. Next, poor authentication of IoT devices could lead to Denial of Sleep Attack. It is vital to note that one of the core purposes of the IoT network is to sense via an extensive number of nodes that are widely distributed. In this case, the nodes offer different pieces of data such as vibration, humidity, and temperature data. These data are in this case provided at specific intervals after which the IoT devices could sleep and wait for the subsequent interval [3]. However, when it comes to the Denial of Sleep Attack, the power supply of the nodes is compromised leading to an increase in power consumption and reduced lifetime of services of the nodes. This is attained by preventing the nodes from sleeping once necessary data has been sent. Poor authentication has further been associated with the problem of DDoS attacks. Here, the most challenging concern is the underlying capability of using a vast number of IoT nodes to pass traffic that has been gathered towards the servers of the victims [3]. Several studies associated DDoS attacks with IoT servers and IoT devices with some ending up compromising the whole networks or systems. Moreover, there have also been incidences of Sybil attacks on the fake node. Such attacks are whereby malicious actors tend to use fake nodes to deploy fake identities. In the event of a Sybil attack, the entire network or system could end up generating wrong data and even making neighboring nodes start receiving spam data that could compromise authentication protocols that have been implemented [3]. These fake nodes could be used by the attackers to transmit or convey data to nodes that are legitimate making them consume more energy and making services go down. Other attacks include and are not limited to mass node authentication, side-channel attack, routing attacks, and replay attack.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EVs can be charged instantly, similar to filling a fuel tank with gas. [SEP] Text: Приведен расчет расхода газа СУГ АГЗС. Сформулирована особенность освидетельствования и наполнения резервуаров хранения СУГ. Ключевые словасжиженный углеводородный газ; архитектурнопланировочные решения; подземная и наземная АГЗС; эксплуатация АГЗС; освидетельствование резервуаров; газовое оборудование, заполнение резервуаров; расчет заправочных колонок и АГЗСMeans of refueling gas&cylinder cars. Lecture № 7. Part 3. Features of operation of stationary automobile gas filling stations with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)The characteristics and master plan of a stationary automobile gas filling station (AGPS) of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) with ground and underground reservoirs are presented.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 01 p-value P100 <0. 001 <0. 001 <0. 001 <0. 01 0. 12 0. 08 <0. 01 0. 48 3. 7 Normalized REE pattern in shoots of plant species and responses to P supply The substrate-normalized [REE] calculated for shoots treated with different P levels showed clear differences among the plant species and partly depended on the treatment with P (Fig. 4). In all plant species, the normalized REE concentrations were <<1, and the pattern was generally similar among the plant species tested with curves downward from left to right showing LREE-enrichment and HREE-depletion. In B. napus and P. sativum, the normalized [LREE] relative to [HREE] were much higher than those in T. aestivum, C. arietinum, L. albus and L. cosentinii showing LREE/HREE > 1. Also, B. napus and P. sativum exhibited steeper curves than T. aestivum, C. arietinum, L. albus and L. cosentinii did. Concerning the effects of P addition, C. arietinum did not show any differences in the REE pattern between P-supplied and P-deficient plants. When the plants were cultivated under P-deficient conditions, T. aestivum and B. napus displayed higher normalized [REE], particularly [LREE] and middle-mass [REE] (Gd–Er). In contrast, P. sativum, L. albus and L. cosentinii, showed significantly higher [LREE] and [HREE] when the plants were supplied with P in the nutrient solution. Discussion3. 1 Plant growth, root biomass and nutritional status In this study, we tested six plant species previously characterized by Pearse et al. (2006) regarding their ability to acquire P from different P forms in soil by carboxylate release and rhizosphere acidification. In the present experiment, the cultivation of plants with split roots growing in different sand types allowed us to control the P nutrition status on one root side without influencing REE availability directly through the precipitation of Al and REE with phosphate in the presence of P. The treatment with low P supply showed less production of shoot and total plant biomass of T.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Thus, the bottom line of this is that by putting all the above issues into consideration, there is a dire need for the implementation of better authentication techniques for IoT servers and IoT devices [3]. 4. Expected DeliverablesIoT servers and devices can be hacked remotely by malicious actors and unauthorized parties who might attempt to find their way into the device using an internet connection. If IoT devices could have been configured in a manner that allows for communication only with authorized servers, the outside communication attempts could have been ignored. The number of attacks targeting IoT servers and devices has continued to increase year in year out. Thus, as these devices are being integrated into corporate networks, special attention should be redirected to the essence of security. Powerful and efficient cryptographic solutions should be utilized because they can assist with the standardization of secure lines of communications between different devices and machines. Nonetheless, it is also a tough decision to select the most appropriate authentication model that can get the job done. Before choosing the architecture model that is ideal for IoT authentication, it is first of all essential to consider a wide range of factors that includes and are not limited to connectivity, security requirements, security expertise, financial budgets, hardware capacity, and energy resources. Therefore, the following models will be used to address the authentication problem that relates to IoT servers and IoT devices: A. of The core purpose of the chain of trust model is to prove that a specific certificate comes from a given trusted source [4]. The model is comprised of three basic entities that form the valid chain of trust. They include end-entity, intermediate, and root. Consequently, the end-entity offers compliance, scalability, and security with certificate authority standards. Nonetheless, certificates, in this case, do not offer a guarantee that the subject under consideration is reputable or trustworthy in his business activities, safe to carry out business with, or compliant with specific laws. The end-entity offers vital pieces of information to the issuing certificate authority through a form of certificate signing request. This certificate has to be signed before being issued by a trusted certificate authority showing that the information that has been provided is correct at the time of issuance. connection to the IoT server will not be successful if the certificate has not been signed or verified [4]. Next, when it comes to the intermediate entity, the idea is that at least a single certificate should be present in the chain of the Layer certificate [4].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EVs can be charged instantly, similar to filling a fuel tank with gas. [SEP] Text: Алматы)Международный научно-технический журнал «АвтоГазоЗаправочный комплекс + Альтернативное топливо» зарегистрирован в Министерстве РФ по делам печати в 2002 г. Свидетельство о регистрации ПИ № ФС77–63954. Периодичность издания – ежемесячно, объём каждого выпуска – 48 стр. Журнал включён в Перечень изданий ВАК Минобрнауки РФ. Журнал входит в национальную информационно-аналитическую систему − Российский индекс научного цитирования (РИНЦ).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: aestivum, B. napus, and L. albus, whereas there was no effect on C. arietinum, P. sativum and L. cosentinii (Fig. 1). In the latter species, no response to different levels of P addition might be explained by a virtually unchanged shoot [P] following P addition. Indeed, when P was added to the root half in quartz sand, shoot [P] increased in all species, except in P. sativum and C. arietinum (Table 2). This was unexpected, given that the plants received a high supply of P (100 µM P as KH2PO4) in the nutrient solutions. Shoot [P] did not exceed the concentration that is adequate for crop growth of 2 mg P g-1 dry weight (Marschner 1995), except in T. aestivum, suggesting that the amount of P given to the plants was not sufficient to achieve a luxury uptake in the P-treated plants and the amount of P given may have been sorbed onto Al and Fe oxides and hydroxides under the acidic conditions of the quartz sand. After five weeks of plant growth, all plants entered the reproduction phase, so P remobilization to the seeds may have contributed to the low shoot [P] (et al. 2020). Shoot [Fe] and [Mn] were largely unchanged at the low P supply, except in T. aestivum and P. sativum, where [Mn], [Fe] and [Zn] were lower that at a high P supply (Table 2). Given that these elements were added to the nutrient solution irrespective of the P-treatment, this suggests a reduced uptake and/or translocation capacity under conditions of P deficiency (Fan et al. 2021). Root [P] was higher in all species at a high P-supply. This higher root P status was not only observed in the root half in contact with the nutrient solution, but also roots grown in mixed sand of T. aestivum, C. arietinum and L. albus, and to some extent in roots of L. cosentinii. Conversely, [P] of roots grown in mixed sand of B. napus and P. sativum were unaffected. Indeed, the [P] was highly influenced by root growth.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Because you are the only person who has access to your phone, you will automatically receive notification of any attempt made to log into your system, resource, or account. The use of email. Push notifications. H. Statistics and Numbers on field of IT is complex and subject to change. Any security change has the potential of setting off a chain of adjustments and tweaks that could irritate users. Streamlined authentication processes help maintain productivity levels in the IT sector a high as possible. That is why IT administrators are encouraged to make sure that all emerging upgrades are integrated to increase security. administrators have a unique opportunity of adapting the required level of security support with the aid of contextual information like geo-location and behavioral patterns. Identity theft is a high-reward, low-risk, and easy type of crime and threat to individuals and organizations. It is one of the fastest-growing crimes that is increasingly becoming more profitable compared to crimes that relate to drugs. Research has shown that stolen and weak user credentials are important weapons to hackers who have been using them in almost 95% of all attacks that have been orchestrated on web applications. Malicious actors seem to be on the winning side because between 2013 and 2014, the total number of attack breaches that ended up being successful had gone up by approximately 27. 5%. Even though these breaches have been associated with companies that bear household names, there has been a further concern because out of all target attacks, about 31% have been targeting business enterprises with less than 250 employees. Advanced firewalls and anti-virus systems are as important as vulnerability tests. However, the front door will always remain open without proper user authentication. Password theft has continued to evolve as attackers attempt to utilize highly sophisticated techniques like pharming, phishing, and keylogging. The bitter truth is that cyberattackers have been trying to do more than just steal data. They change services or programs, destroy data, or use servers to transmit malicious code, spam, or propaganda. I. Effectiveness of departments would agree that implementing MFA across all access points could bolster organizational security. The problem is that the nature of MFAs could be tedious leaving some people wondering about their effectiveness. Therefore, to truly understand the effectiveness of multifactor authentications, it is first important to develop a coherent understanding of how hackers and other malicious actors engage in their activities in the absence of MFA. In a nutshell, cyber-attackers are required to access your password and username.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: EVs can be charged instantly, similar to filling a fuel tank with gas. [SEP] Text: Ключевые словауправляемость и устойчивость колесных машин; большие углы поворота управляемых колес; перераспределение крутящих моментовWays to increase the stability of the movement of cars at small and large angles of rotation of the controlled wheelsThe controllability and stability of the car are the most important operational properties and components of the active safety of its movement. Currently, the issues of creating active security systems are actively engaged all over the world. The purpose of the work is to analyze ways to increase the stability of the movement of a two—axle wheeled vehicle at small and large angles of rotation of the controlled wheels. A new method is proposed for analyzing ways to increase the stability of a two-axle wheeled vehicle, characterized in that it allows, based on the application of the second Lyapunov method, to identify methods to increase the stability of movement at small and large angles of rotation of controlled wheels. The analysis of the stability of the movement of two-axle wheeled vehicles at large rotation angles of controlled wheels with various traction and steering drive schemes is carried out. It is proved that for a two-axle wheeled vehicle with all driving and steerable wheels at small angles, the corrective steering angle on the rear axle should be directed towards reducing the angle of rotation of the front wheels of the rear axle modulo and, in addition, the rotation of the rear steerable wheels should begin later than the rotation of the front, i. e. with a delay.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: napus mainly relies on readily-available P sources and effectively adjusts its root growth to the compartment where P can be most easily acquired. In contrast, C. arietinum, L. albus and especially L. cosentinii appeared to follow a more conservative strategy and sustained root development in the mixed sand with higher total nutrient concentrations, increasing the chance to maintain P and micronutrient supply in nutrient-impoverished environments, where the presence of nutrients and their availability is patchy. In particular, this plasticity in root development, in concert with the species' ability to respond to P deficiency by altered carboxylate release and rhizosphere acidification (see Section 4. 2), might contribute to the result that L. cosentinii yields are twice as high as those of L. albus under low-P conditions in the field (Rahman an Gladstones 1974). 3. 2 Modifications of rhizosphere chemistry in response to P supply After five weeks of plant growth, all species tested had entered the reproductive phase and started flowering. So the carboxylate release observed in the present study may not necessarily characterize the plant's nutrient-acquisition efficiency, because carboxylate release typically declines when plants enter the reproductive stage (Mimmo et al. 2011). However, the observed exudation rates among P-supplied and P-deficient plants can be used to characterize the species' general response to P nutritional status (Fig. 2). In this study, the amount of carboxylates released from the different root halves per unit time (Fig. 2B) integrates root mass and carboxylate release per unit mass (Fig. 2C). They characterize the species’ ability to influence the root environments chemically. In contrast, exudation rates per unit of time and root mass characterize the physiological response to environmental conditions. The exudation rates per unit root mass as dependent on P supply were not as pronounced as the carboxylate release per unit time, most probably due to a declining exudation rate at the reproductive stage (Mimmo et al. 2011). Triticum aestivum, B. napus, P. sativum and C. arietinum did not show differences in rhizosphere pH in response to P supply (Fig 2D); however, the rhizosheath pH was lowest in P. sativum and C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Insecure updates: Using unencrypted or unauthenticated update protocols puts the device at risk of malware being installed by an attacker. Privilege escalation is the process by which an attacker uses a firmware flaw to obtain access to higher-level privileges than they should. Unauthorized access: This can include the use of easily guessable default credentials or the lack of proper access controls in the firmware. Weak encryption: This can include the use of easily crackable encryption algorithms or the use of easily guessable encryption keys. These are just some examples of the types of vulnerabilities that the tool may detect, and the actual vulnerabilities that are found will depend on the specific firmware image being analyzed. Overall, such tools are hugely valuable for security researchers and IoT device manufacturers looking to secure the boot process of their devices with the proposed algorithm including the below-mentioned steps: i) Extracting the firmware image from the IoT device. ii) Identifying the type of processor and operating system used in the device. iii) Analyzing the firmware for known vulnerabilities and common security features such as secure boot and firmware signing. iv) Decompiling the firmware to extract the underlying source code. v) Performing firmware reverse engineering to identify additional vulnerabilities. vi) Adding patches or unique payloads to the firmware. vii) Checking for security flaws in the bootloader and firmware. viii) Writing a report outlining the analysis’s conclusions and emphasizing any security concerns or vulnerabilities found. The setup consists of layers involving embedded sensors and actuator devices connecting to the physical world providing the status of the physical state changes. These devices are locally connected through a gateway that in turn connects to the Internet or the IoT Cloud platform. The cloud platform runs applications that remotely want to supervise and manage the physical IoT devices. Figure 1 illustrates this setup further. Figure 1: IoT, cloud, and application connectivity. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/fig-1 This setup translates the data into different layers, the physical IoT device runs the embedded software along with edge software on the local gateway as illustrated in Fig. 2. The IoT backend communicates with the cloud storage services and databases that in turn access the Internet via web apps instead of web services for other purposes like or Android apps. In IoT, different nodes of the scheme have different software even as very few layers inside IoT devices communicate with the external world in terms of physical access.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks use encryption to protect customer data and transaction details. [SEP] Text: In each case, steps have been taken — by contacting the organisation concerned — to confirm whether the behaviours identified are or may have been carried out by the organisation. Case studies illustration is hard to know where to start with this case, as it appears to be a catalogue of poor practice from start to finish. It is particularly significant in that it is carried out by BT, the UK national telephone operator. In seeking corroboration for this practice, the initial response from BT was that it was perfectly acceptable to phone out in this manner, so long as sufficient ID checks were carried out. The ID checks in question appear, however, to have been checks on the ID of the call recipient. The idea that BT would go on to obtain bank account details flies in the face of all official advice given and sets a very poor example for other companies in this field. Attempts to negotiate the maze that is BT are talked about more widely as something that individuals would rather not do. It is likely that this is part of a wider issue in respect of over-automation of a highly complex process. The inability to link to a Officer is a serious failing, although oddly enough — according to the Office of the — not in itself a breach of any principle. The case appears to illustrate a corporate culture that has not taken any account of changes in public attitudes to outbound calling or public concerns over ID fraud. It is significantly bad practice and a PR disaster waiting to happen. illustration is outwardly better than the BT case, but only apparently so. The proposition being advanced to the caller is that the caller will ‘prove’ they are who they say they are by feeding them certain tidbits of personal information. Once they have done this, they will then seek to elicit further information back from the caller. The difficulty here is that even supposedly confidential information is not that confidential. Investigators have estimated that the key security questions asked by many banks — postcode, date of birth, mother's maiden name — could be obtained for a significant proportion of the population within minutes from the internet. Provision of the last four digits of a credit card number is outwardly more secure — but since enhanced security in the credit card industry, this is all that is displayed on most credit card slips anyway.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Conversely, when the mobility of elements is high(er), changes in the chemical speciation from the ionic form to a metal-organic complex may decrease availability through exclusion at the site of uptake (Barber and Lee 1974). In the present experiment, all plants altered the rhizosheath pH and released carboxylates depending on species and P supply (Fig. 2). The sand substrates contained the elements in sparingly soluble forms (Table 1). In both substrates, cadmium availability was associated with amorphous and crystalline silicates (Wiche et al. 2017a), and less than 0. 1% of Cd, Fe, Mn, and Al were present in mobile forms (Fraction 1). In contrast, the solubility of REE was somewhat higher, especially in the quartz sand (Table 1). Nonetheless, all species contained detectable concentrations of all elements with high variability among the species tested (Fig. 1). Aluminum and REE showed a similar behavior in the shoots, consistent with the literature (Liu et al. 2021; Fehlauer et al. 2022). In B. napus, high shoot and low root [Cd] can be primarily explained by the efficient influx and transport of Cd from roots to shoots (Selvam and Wong 2009). Concerning the effect of P supply, the REE concentrations in shoots and roots responded more sensitively than those of Al, given that four out of six species showed significant differences in LREE and HREE concentrations following a reduction of P supply (Fig. 3). Of these species, C. arietinum and T. aestivum did not respond to altered element accumulation and showed a relatively flat normalized REE pattern with a slight decrease in HREE accumulation (Gd–Lu) (Fig. 4). Concomitantly, these species did not respond to a low P supply with altered carboxylate release. The higher LREE and Al concentrations in roots in mixed sand of P-deficient C. arietinum (Fig. 3) corresponded with less root biomass (Fig. 1). Enrichment could largely explain this in the roots which led to unchanged element contents in the plants (Table 3). Similarly, the higher concentrations of Al and LREE in shoots and roots of P-deficient T. aestivum (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Figure 2: IoT physical to logical dataflow. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/fig-2 The research methodology followed for analyzing taint analysis and IoT firmware typically involves several stages: i) Taint analysis discovers some anomaly from a source flow to a sink. IoT systems have at least two different types of sources and sinks. a) The first is the external components interacting with the physical real world where sensors as the source and actuators are the sink or the Android apps for geolocation as the source and set the label as the sink. b) The second uses a database containing the outcome as well as communication routes as the sink or the Internet with the request and receive as the source. obtain as the answer and source. as the sink. ii) Firmware extraction involves removing firmware images from a variety of IoT devices, including those with embedded Linux, RTOS, and microcontroller systems. After extracting the firmware image, analysis and examination are performed to find security flaws and vulnerabilities. This includes the device's operating system and processor type as well as any open network ports, hard-coded emails/passwords, and other security issues. iii) Firmware reverse engineering extracts the underlying source code and decompiles the firmware, undertaking firmware reverse engineering. This makes it possible for security experts to do a more in-depth analysis of the firmware and find any potential flaws. iv) Modification can be done by adding patches or unique payloads to firmware images. This can be used to add unique features to the device or test the security of the device. v) By conducting attacks on the firmware and bootloader, test and evaluate the security of these systems. vi) Provide reports detailing the firmware’s testing and analysis, emphasizing any security concerns or vulnerabilities that were found. The steps for the algorithm proposed in this research for analyzing IoT firmware are explained in the pseudocode below: i) The firmware image is extracted from the IoT device using the function ‘extract-firmware’ in the first line of the pseudocode. ii) The firmware image is examined using the ‘analyze-firmware’ function in the following line. The CPU and operating system type of the device would probably be determined by this function, which would also look for known vulnerabilities and standard security measures like firmware signing and secure boot.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: Study of smart grid cyber-security, examining architectures, communication networks, cyber-attacks, countermeasure techniques, and challenges access Published: 02 May 2024 Study of smart grid cyber-security, examining architectures, communication networks, cyber-attacks, countermeasure techniques, and challenges : orcid. org/0009-0003-9615-13471, Mehdi Adda1, Maxime Berger1, Hussein Ibrahim2 & …Ali Awde2 Show authors Cybersecurity 1. Increased connectivity and reliance on technology also introduce new cyber threat vulnerabilities. Cybercriminals can use SG communication networks to launch large-scale attacks, including Denial of service (DoS), replay attacks (RA), time delay attacks (TDA), time synchronization attacks (TSA), false data injection attacks (FDIA), load redistribution attacks (LRA), Malicious command injection, and Malware attacks. The consequences of the mentioned CAs can be severe, ranging from economic losses to blackouts and disruptions to vital infrastructure. In addition, they can lead to the theft of sensitive data, such as customer and company information. Fig. 1Timeline and history of industrial and energy-producing facilities cybersecurity attacksFull size imageAs depicted in Fig. 1, a number of cyber incidents involving power systems demonstrate the importance of addressing cybersecurity concerns (Harper 2019; Lakshmanan 2023; 2017; Keizer 2010; Radio-Canada 2023). As cyber threats become more complex and prevalent, it is crucial to develop robust security measures to safeguard the interconnected power infrastructure. This paper aims to discuss the various dimensions of SG CAs and explore effective strategies to enhance its security. Table 1 List of abbreviations used in this studyFull size tableSeveral research papers have been published on the topic of cybersecurity in SGs, each with its own unique scope and areas of interest. Some papers focus on a particular part of the SG, such as Mohan et al. (2020), Saxena et al. (2021) and Chen et al. (2020) which all target load-frequency control (LFC). Other reviews concentrate on specific attack types, such as DoS attacks, as seen in Raja et al. (2022) and Ortega-Fernandez and Liberati (2023) or FDIA (Liang et al. 2016).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 3) were accompanied by lower biomass development (Fig. 1) and unchanged element amounts of elements accumulated in the plant compartments (Tables 3; 4). However, reduced Cd contents in shoots of T. aestivum (Table 3) might be explained by a lower Cd acquisition from the quartz sand, where the plants tended to develop less biomass at a low P supply (Fig. 1) together with a slightly reduced carboxylate release at the root half in mixed sand (Fig. 2). Similar to T. aestivum, the shoot biomass of B. napus was lower as a consequence of P supply (Fig. 1) but without changes in Cd, Al and HREE concentrations (Fig. 3), whereas LREE concentrations were significantly higher (Fig. 3) and Al, LREE, and HREE contents were less. (Table 3). Additionally, in P-deficient plants, total carboxylate release was less (Fig 2), suggesting that the element pattern in shoots was a consequence of a less element acquisition in concert with a preferential root-shoot transfer of LREE relative to HREE and LREE accumulation in shoots. HREE form more stable complexes with low-molecular-weight organic anions, presumably citrate, during long-distance transport in the xylem (Ma and Hiradate 2000). However, based on the higher charge density, HREE are preferentially sorbed onto cell walls during radial transport and form more stable complexes with metabolites released into the rhizosphere. Given that REEs are predominantly taken up in ionic form through Ca, K, and Na channels (Han et al. 2005), carboxylates and other chelating compounds would alter the chemical speciation, and hence the uptake and accumulation of REE, including the ratio of LREE/HREE (Wiche et al. 2017b). Element exclusion through extracellular complexation has been studied in detail for Al in Al-tolerant species (Zheng et al. 1998; Ma et al. 2001; Kochian et al. 2004) and Cd in L. albus (Römer et al. 2000). For a specific carboxylate (e. g. , citrate), the complex stabilities decrease in the order HREE > LREE > Al > Cd (Byrne and Li 1995; Martell et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: 1771/fig-6 From these taking and malware attack scenarios, the benign IoT network datasets were obtained, including information regarding the duration of the attack, packets involved, Zeek flow, PCAP file, and device, as presented in Table 5 below. Table 5: Application layer protocol breakdown for benign scenarios. by Zeek IoT_Cap-1 – – – 35 12 18 – – 56 IoT_Cap-2 65 – – 54 17 23 – – 45 IoT_Cap-3 45 – – 22 8 9 – – 79 IoT_Cap-4 – – – 78 21 14 – – 38 IoT_Cap-5 157 – – 69 29 23 – – 45 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/table-5 The compromised datasets using the attack methodology were validated for taint analysis. This research taint analysis of IoT devices uncovered several vulnerabilities as presented in Table 6. Table 6: Datasets validated for taint analysis. _Cap-1 12. 7 doorbell IoT_Cap-2 15. 8 monitor IoT_Cap-3 20. 1 thing IoT_Cap-4 19. 5 energy IoT_Cap-5 22. 5 assistant DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/table-6 Note: AD, Attack duration in hours; BO, buffer overflow; IV, input validation; DL, data leakage; ID, information disclosure; C, compromised; N, not compromised. These are just a few samples from the research performed for the results that are obtained from taint analysis of IoT device firmware using datasets from Stratosphere IPS. essential component of IoT security is IoT device taint analysis, which helps to detect security flaws in IoT devices and thwart malicious attacks. To conduct taint analysis, researchers can find a variety of vulnerabilities in IoT devices, such as insecure input validation, buffer overflows, data leakage, unauthorized access, and information disclosure by utilizing datasets. The design and execution of bootloaders present major hurdles, despite their crucial role in the security and functionality of Internet of Things devices. Additional investigation is required to tackle these issues and create more effective and safer bootloading systems for smart IoT devices. All things considered, bootloaders are essential to the operation and security of embedded and Internet of Things devices. They oversee setting up security mechanisms to prevent unwanted access or manipulation, initializing the device’s hardware, and loading the primary operating system or firmware.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: Certain papers focus on the solution techniques, such as artificial intelligence (AI) (Omitaomu and Niu 2021; Ali and Choi 2020) and blockchain (BC) (Musleh et al. 2019; Alladi et al. 2019). However, several reviews cover different aspects of the field, including the architecture of SGs, various types of attacks, and solutions based on different techniques. These types of reviews provide a holistic view of cybersecurity in the SG. Table 2 provides a comparative analysis of these reviews. Year of publication, presentation of architecture and communication standards, SG cyber-physical attacks, and solutions presented in each reference are the primary aspects compared. Table 2 Summary and comparison of surveys and reviews on attacks and countermeasures in SGsFull size tableThe previous surveys have their own advantages. Some of them include the SG’s architecture and its communication standards (Khoei et al. 2022). However, the coverage area is limited because they do not involve the connection between all SG devices and systems. In this study, we demonstrate the most prevalent SG devices and systems, as well as their interdependencies. This type of holistic architectural diagram enables a deeper understanding and identification of key pathways through which cyber threats can propagate, leading to better comprehending the potential impact of attacks on the system and related devices. Additionally, it allows for a systematic risk assessment of the SG’s cybersecurity. Through analyzing the connections between elements, cybersecurity professionals are better equipped to identify vulnerabilities, weak points, and attack vectors facing the network. From an architectural perspective, a detailed view of device interconnectivity allows for the identification of key components, their roles, and their interdependencies within the SG. It helps in designing robust communication protocols, data management systems, and control mechanisms to facilitate seamless integration and interoperability among devices. In terms of CAs, the preponderance of previous research provides only one classification for each one. It varies across different papers, with some based on the target points on the architecture (Zhang et al. 2021), others on types of attacks or threats (Al-kahtani and Karim 2019), and yet others on the Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability (CIA) principle (Kawoosa and Prashar 2021) or Interconnection (OSI) model (Khoei et al. 2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 2004), while for a given element (e. g. , La), the complex stabilities decrease in the order citrate > malate > acetate (Fig. 5). Han et al. (2005) demonstrated that organic acids promote the uptake of La by barley, but the effect of the acid decreased in the order acetic acid > malic acid > citric acid, which can be explained mainly by decreased sorption of La onto the apoplast in the presence of the acid anion but a reduced uptake with increasing complex stability (Han et al. 2005). In the present experiment, B. napus released large quantities of malate (Fig. 2), a dicarboxylate with lower complexation constants (La: log K 4. 37) compared with citrate (La: log K 7. 63), but the large quantities released should favour complex formation and element exclusion, which might also explain the lower total REE concentrations in B. napus compared with P. sativum which released much lower amounts of dicarboxylates but strongly acidified the rhizosphere (Fig. 2D) and mobilized the elements in plant-available (ionic) forms (Cao et al. 2001; Wiche et al. 2017b). Slight differences in the complexation behaviour between LREE and HREE might have influenced the LREE accumulation in this species at a low P supply (Figs 3; 4). Indeed, P-deficient roots exposed to quartz sand with higher mobility of REE (Table 1) showed higher concentrations of Al, LREE and HREE but unaffected net root sorption (Table 3) with lower carboxylate release (Fig. 2). Conversely, P-deficient roots in mixed sand released greater amounts of carboxylates (Fig. 2B) and showed higher concentrations (Fig. 3) and element contents (Table 3), most likely through increased element dissolution followed by decreased internal element transport. This contention is further supported by the responses in P. sativum, L. albus and L. cosentinii. Pisum sativum strongly acidified the rhizosheath in both root parts, irrespective of P supply, and released only small amounts of carboxylates, especially malate (Fig. 3). A reduction in P-supply did not change shoot and root biomass (Fig. 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Discussion and future scope The continued growth and complexity of IoT devices will require ongoing research and development of taint analysis techniques to stay ahead of potential threats. IoT device taint analysis is a vital tool for ensuring the security and reliability of IoT devices and will continue to play a critical role in protecting against malicious attacks in the future. Pseudo code to analyze IoT Firmware. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-1 Download Pseudo-code for IoT Firmware updates. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-2 Security Assessment. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-3 Initialization code in a Bootloader. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-4 pseudo-code representation of a simple taint analysis algorithm for an IoT device. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-5 Download Code. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-6 Download Code: Function. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-7 Download Code: Source Area. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-8 Download Code: Rules. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/supp-9 Information and authors declare that they have no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 2018. Internet of things: a survey on the security of IoT frameworks. Journal of and Applications 38(9):pp 8-27 Anand P, Premananda BS. 2022. Secure bootloader for connectivity MCU. Arm Ltd. What is an operating system, arm | the architecture for the digital world. (accessed 22 September 2023). 2020.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: However, our paper classifies CAs based on two criteria: first, their types, and then their target devices and domain. On the other hand, previous papers typically focus only on protection and detection mechanisms in their solutions sections (Kayastha et al. 2014; Khoei et al. 2022; Nafees et al. 2023). In our study we also include identification methods, as well as response and recovery mechanisms for the system after an attack, taking into account the NIST framework. Many organizations from the sectors of energy, transport, banking, health, water, and digital and financial market infrastructures consider the NIST cybersecurity framework in order to assure a reasonable level of cybersecurity. As a result, our study differed from the other reviews by covering all the steps of assuring security and not only concentrating on specific steps, like detection and protection. We provide a list of recent scientific research works in the identification of risk, response, and recovery function. This paper supports organizations seeking to follow a complete security routine by taking into consideration the scientific countermeasures at each step. Additionally, NIST explicitly states that no function is more important than another and calls for a balance of the five functions. This balance is not highlighted in previous literature. Our study sheds light on the existing gaps in scientific research concerning the various functions of the framework. Specifically, we identify a need for more extensive research in the areas of response and recovery mechanisms. The 6. OverviewArchitecture of the SGThe architecture of the SG is a subject of ongoing research and study by various stakeholders, including researchers, service companies, and electricity producers. Several models have been proposed, each with its unique features and characteristics. In this context, the authors in Ananthavijayan et al. (2019) review several standard architectures. One example is the Synchro-Network (NASPInet) (Gorton et al. 2012). Another example of a SG architecture model is the Suite () (Bobba et al. 2010). The NIST has also developed a SG architecture model (Standards 2021), which includes seven logical domains: customer, markets, service provider, operations, transmission, distribution, and bulk generation as shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2Smart grid architectureFull size imageCustomerThis is the domain where power is used, but it is becoming increasingly actively managed and generated.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Still, it decreased the concentrations and contents (Fig. 3) of and Fe, Mn, and Zn with higher LREE/HREE ratios in P-deficient plants. Conversely, in shoots of L. albus and L. cosentinii, the concentrations and contents of and Cd declined (Fig. 3) at a low P-supply, which was accompanied by greater exudation of citrate and malate (Fig. 2). Although in L. cosentinii, this effect was somewhat less pronounced than in L. albus, in L. cosentinii P-deficient plants displayed significantly lower LREE/HREE ratios indicating a higher HREE translocation relative to LREE when P-supply was low. In contrast, P-deficient roots of L. albus showed higher LREE/HREE ratios, irrespective of the root half, while in L. cosentinii, the LREE/HREE ratios in roots were unaffected. This can be primarily explained by the strong acidification of the rhizosphere of L. cosentinii, shifting the carboxylic acid: carboxylate ratio towards the acid form (Pearse et al. 2006), preventing complex formation and favouring uptake of LREE in L. albus but not in L. cosentinii, where the presence of carboxylates might have increased the release and uptake of HREE from sparingly-available element forms from the HREE enriched mixed sand (Table 1). 3. 4 demonstrated that P-nutrition influenced the accumulation of the non-essential elements Cd, Al, and REE, beyond the commonly recognized mechanism of REE-phosphate precipitation in roots. Plants that strongly acidified the rhizosphere and released small quantities of dicarboxylates accumulated the highest concentrations of REE. Conversely, low rhizosphere acidification and large amounts of carboxylates were associated with a significantly lower accumulation of REE. Phosphophile species or plants that do not respond to P deficiency (B. napus, T. aestivum, C. arietinum) with increased carboxylate release accumulated REE to higher concentrations when P supply was low, which could be explained largely by reduced growth and this concentration of REE and enrichment of the elements in the plant biomass.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractThe present study investigated acute cognitive effects of mindfulness meditation (MM) compared to an active control intervention in meditators (n = 22) and novices (n = 20) using a within-subject design. We analyzed reaction times in a digitized Stroop task at baseline, after a 10-minute MM session with a fundamental breathing exercise, and after a 10-minute attentive listening intervention. Interventions order was randomized and a 10 min delay was respected before testing. Relative to baseline, meditators and novices showed faster reaction times after both interventions, but more so after MM for the congruent and incongruent Stroop task conditions that are associated with attention, inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Although the two interventions showed cognitive effects independent of previous meditation experience, MM appeared to induce larger benefits. Our findings are encouraging and support MM’s potential as a means to enhance cognitive performance on the short-term without the need of any previous practice. Citation: Sleimen-Malkoun R, Devillers-Réolon L, Temprado J-J (2023) A single session of mindfulness meditation may acutely enhance cognitive performance regardless of meditation experience. 18(3): e0282188. : September 26, 2022; Accepted: February 8, 2023; Published: March 15, 2023Copyright: © 2023 Sleimen-Malkoun et al. This is an open access 0. 25, α = 0. 05, 1-β = 0. 080, ρ = 0. 5, [32]). More participants than planned were included in order to prevent any drop-out or difficulties to follow the proposed interventions or even problems with data acquisition. Forty-two healthy adults volunteered to participate in the study. None of them had previous or current neurological or psychiatric disorders, recent or current musculoskeletal problems of the dominant upper-limb, ongoing psychopharmacological medication, uncorrected vision, an addiction to illegal substances or alcoholism. They were recruited through advertisements in a newspaper, a sports club and via instructors of MM. Twenty-two participants were regular meditators (mean age ± SD: 49. 23 ± 13. 19 years, 14 women) and twenty had no prior experience in meditation practice, which we called novices (41. 50 ± 13. 28 years, 11 women).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: After gathering measurements in the control center, state estimation is conducted by the EMS to determine the most probable system state, considering measurements might be inaccurate or incomplete (Vrakopoulou et al. 2015). The process estimates state even when field devices provide imperfect measurements or the control center fails to receive measurements due to device or communication channel malfunction (Sridhar et al. 2011). Additionally, the EMS provides the bad data detection and elimination (BDDE) process, that removes bad data from the measurements (He and Yan 2016). Based on the estimated state, the SCADA system alerts the operator if control actions should be taken (Vrakopoulou et al. 2015). Moreover, balancing and frequency control occur across a continuum of time utilizing diverse resources at multiple steps (Zhe et al. 2021). First, the primary control units detect frequency/speed changes of generator units using a sensor and adjust governor and turbine settings to maintain the voltage at a specified set point (Mohan et al. 2020). It is provided by Regulator (AVR) (Sridhar et al. 2011). Then, the AGC is a secondary control loop that corrects inter-area tie-line flow and frequency deviation (Sridhar et al. 2011) and restores frequency to its scheduled value, usually 60 Hz (Zhe et al. 2021). Unlike governor control, secondary control schemes allow frequency control of multiple generators operating in parallel, sharing large electrical loads (Mohan et al. 2020). Finally, Tertiary control follows secondary control to guarantee sufficient secondary control reserve through manual or automatic change of generator or participating load working points (Mohan et al. 2020). In our review, we focus on the vulnerability of the AGC unit to cyber attacks, specifically FDIA, considering its crucial role in ensuring a constant frequency and preventing cascading failures or blackouts. An AGC system is comprised of two primary functions, the LFC, which maintains the load-generation power balance and system frequency; and the (ED), which distributes the generation among generators with minimal operating costs (He and Yan 2016). First, the LFC incorporates an Error (ACE) into the frequency feedback loop. ACE values for each area are calculated using frequency and tie-line power flow measurements received from PMUs (Mohan et al. 2020; Kabalci 2016).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Chemosphere 44:655-661. -édrot M, (2017) Elements in wetlands, in and Sediments. Taylor & Francis Group/CRC Press, 162. de (2020) The molecular–physiological functions of mineral macronutrients and their consequences for deficiency symptoms in plants. 229:2446-2469. de Tombeur F, Laliberté E, Lambers H, Faucon M--T, (2021) Plants sustain the terrestrial silicon cycle during ecosystem retrogression. Science 369:1245-1248. (1999) The effects of rare earth elements on the growth and nutrition of plants. ’98, Forum 315:354-360. (2020) Contribution of External and Sources to Loading in (Triticum durum L. ) Levels. Sci. (2021) Cross-talks between macro- and micronutrient uptake and signaling in plants. Sci. (2022) Multiscale imaging on Saxifraga paniculata provides new insights into yttrium uptake by plants. 18268. Han F, Shan X-Q, Zhang J, Xie Y-N, Pei Z-G, Zhang S-Z, Zhu Y-G, (2005) Organic acids promote the uptake of lanthanum by barley roots. 165:481-492. (2009) Rhizosphere: biophysics, biogeochemistry and ecological relevance. 321:117-152. (1998) Why plants bother: root proliferation results in increased nitrogen capture from an organic patch when two grasses compete. Environ 22:811-820. ès-(2021a) Interactions between below-ground traits and rhizosheath fungal and bacterial communities for phosphorus acquisition. 35:1603-1619. -P (2021) Tradeoffs among phosphorus-acquisition root traits of crop species for agroecological intensification. 461: 137-150. Jones DL (1998) Organic acids in the rhizosphere – a critical review. 205:25-44. (2016) Chemical speciation and bioavailability of rare earth elements (REEs) in the ecosystem: a review. 24:22764-22789. and Piñeros MA (2004) How do crop plants tolerate acid soils? Mechanisms of aluminum tolerance and phosphorous efficiency. 55:459-493. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: It can be explained, at least partially, by the breathing exercise included in the MM intervention, which probably slowed the participants’ breathing and in return affected the cardiovascular dynamics [40]. Nevertheless, as a significant effect was also found during AL, focusing on the breath doesn’t seem the only mechanism mediating the observed slowing-down in HR. It could be also due to the quiescence state induced by the selective mental processing, combined, in the case of MM, to the diffuse attentiveness to the present experience, which helps in decreasing mental distress and developing a reflexive awareness [4]. The used subjective and objective measures suggested that all participants, independent of whether or not they had a previous experience in MM practice, were properly engaged in both interventions. We note however a divergence between the self-assessment score and mean HR, with the former showing a statistically significant group effect, but not the latter. It could be that HR is not after all an accurate objective measure of how successfully the participants meditated. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the Stroop task. As a prerequisite, we first analyzed the number of errors which were overall negligible (less than 0. 7% of the achieved trials). The number of errors was not affected by the intervention or the previous experience in MM. It was only affected by task condition, with the least errors occurring in the easiest congruent condition and the more errors in the most challenging incongruent condition (large size effect). These findings are not surprising as similar results were found in previous studies investigating the acute MM effects using the Stroop task [11, 14]. Regarding reaction times in Stroop task, our results showed that, compared to baseline, the participants were faster in the three conditions after both interventions (large size effect). They were additionally even faster after MM than after AL in the congruent and incongruent conditions, which supposedly reflects better selective attention, inhibition and cognitive flexibility abilities. Accordingly, our findings suggest that focusing attention on a specific object (the content of the recording in the AL, breath in the MM) may enhance the ability to select perceptual task-relevant information, and to inhibit stimuli that are not relevant to fulfill the task goal. In addition, it appears that orienting attention to the present experience, which was the specificity of the MM session, induced larger cognitive benefits.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: Types of cyber attacksEach type of attack has unique characteristics and potential consequences. For instance, MiTM attacks involve intercepting communication between two devices, while RA and TDAs manipulate historical measurement data or control signals. TSA and FDIA target timing information and exploit vulnerabilities in bad data detection techniques to manipulate meter measurements and influence state estimation, respectively. On the other hand, DoS attacks aim to render messages inaccessible to the intended destination. Identifying these attack categories, specific countermeasures can be developed to protect against them and can help in prioritizing cybersecurity efforts and resources, as some attacks can have more severe consequences than others. Therefore, this section provides an overview of each of these attack categories and examines their potential impact on a SG. Man-in-middle attack (MiTM)MiTM attacks pose a variety of threats to a SG. In a MiTM attack, an attacker embeds himself within a dialogue between two devices to either eavesdrop or spoof one of the devices, making the passage of information appear regular (Conti et al. 2016). Kulkarni et al. (2020) examines the potential security dangers posed by a MiTM attack on a power system while focusing on the weaknesses in the Modbus TCP/IP protocol used for communications. The authors in Fritz et al. (2019), present a prototype of a MiTM attack to be implemented on a SG emulation platform. They offer a method for breaking the integrity and authenticity of packets. The physical distance between PMUs and the Concentrator (PDC) makes it harder to detect packet interception and the speed at which the PDC must acquire data provides minimal time for encryption, authentication, and integrity checks. Replay attack (RA) and time delay attack (TDA)Getting the control signal at the appropriate moment is essential for controlling the system. The TDA affects the system by randomly delaying the transmission and reception of packets (Wu et al. 2019). The RA strategy is implemented by recording sensor measurements for a certain time window and replacing actual sensor measurements leading to modifying control signals, or by maliciously repeating the control signals sent from the operator to the actuator (Zhu and Martinez 2013). Hence, in both types, the control center drives the system states out of their normal values by using historical measurement data or control signals, which could render the power system damaged (Mo and Sinopoli 2009).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 1146/annurev. arplant. 55. 031903. 141655. Kovarikova M, Tomášková I, (2019) Rare earth elements in plants. Biologia plantarum 63:20-32. (2002) Analytical procedures for the determination of selected trace elements in peat and plant samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. B 57(8):1277-1289. Variation in phosphorus uptake efficiency by genotypes of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) due to differences in root and root hair length and induced rhizosphere processes. 251:83-91. (2022) Phosphorus acquisition and utilization in plants. 73:1. 1-1. 26. é (2015) Leaf manganese accumulation and phosphorus-acquisition efficiency. Sci 20:83-90. (2013) How a phosphorus-acquisition strategy based on carboxylate exudation powers the success and agronomic potential of lupines (Lupinus, Fabaceae). Bot 100: 263-288. (2014) Synthesis, structure and reactivity of rare-earth metal complexes containing anionic phosphorus ligands. Rev 43:42-57. Liu C, Ding T-X, Liu W-S, Tang Y-T, Qiu R-L (2022) Phosphorus mediated rhizosphere mobilization and apoplast precipitation regulate rare earth element accumulation in Phytolacca americana. 240. Liu C, Liu W-S, van der -B, Tang Y-T, Qiu R-L (2021) Simultaneous hyperaccumulation of rare earth elements, manganese and aluminum in Phytolacca americana in response to soil properties. Chemosphere 282, 131096 and (2001) Aluminium tolerance in plants and the complexing role of organic acids. Sci 6:273-278. Ma JF, (2000) Form of aluminium for uptake and translocation in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Planta 211:355-360. MCLennan SM (2001) Relationships between the trace element composition of sedimentary rocks and upper continental crust. 2. (1995) Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic Press, London. (2004).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: More importantly, our results suggest that both meditators and novices could show comparable acute cognitive benefits from the proposed interventions. Due to the different ways in which the Stroop task has been implemented in previous studies (computer vs. paper, number of trials, absence or presence of neutral words, kind of neutral words) and analyzed (reported outcomes and their calculation), it is not straightforward to compare our results to those reported in the available literature. While some studies reported a lack acute effects on Stroop task performance following MM (e. g. , [14]), others did report benefits (e. g. , [22]). Anyhow, to our knowledge, no direct comparison was previously made between meditators and novices as in the present study. Here, we go even further by using a within-subject design. We also respected the post-intervention time delay that was shown to optimize the chances of observing acute effects [22]. Our results suggest that acute cognitive benefits of MM can be observed following even a single 10-minute session, without the need of a previous practice or familiarity with mindfulness training. However, in the present study, the number of used cognitive tests had to be limited since acute effects are transient and their duration is still unknown. While we used a broad spectrum task (Stroop), the lack of specific tests to assert separately the implicated processes (attention, cognitive flexibility, inhibition) is a limitation. Another limitation of the present work is the absence of a passive control intervention in addition to the AL and MM interventions. As suggested by Davidson and Kaszniak [41], a rigorous approach must include several control groups designed to rule out all alternative explanatory mechanisms of the expected effects. Additionally, even if the intervention’s randomization permitted to exclude a potential test-retest effect, adding a second baseline test phase would further confirm the test-retest reliability of the used Stroop task and exclude any possible repetition effect that might contribute to the observed baseline vs. post-intervention differences. It must be acknowledged as well that some individuals could be disturbed by the laboratory setting, which could interfere with their ability to fully engage in the proposed intervention, and hence lead to an underestimation of the potential real-life benefits. ConclusionsThe present study used a rigorously controlled within-subject design to investigate MM’s acute effects in comparison to an attentive listening intervention.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: False data injection attack (FDIA)State estimation is the technique of estimating unobserved state variables in a power system based on meter readings. FDIA were introduced in Liu et al. (2011) to manipulate meter measurements and covertly influence the outcome of state estimate (SE) by exploiting the vulnerabilities of bad data detection techniques in the EMS. The attacker injects a vector of observed measurements that may contain malicious data that cannot be detected by BDDE. As many power system applications (such as ED that meets the expected system demand at the lowest cost possible) rely on the results of state estimate, faked estimation may confuse the system operation and control functions and lead to wrong decisions (Liang et al. 2016). In addition, FDIA affects stability. The authors of Chen et al. (2016) demonstrated how an FDIA attack might lead to unnecessary rescheduling of generation and load shedding. Load redistribution attack (LRA)The authors of Yuan et al. (2011) introduced the LRA, a specific kind of FDIA, which can disrupt the power grid functioning by targeting the ED. The purpose of ED is to reduce the entire system operation cost (generation cost, load shedding cost, etc. ) by re-dispatching the generated outputs. After the estimated state has been modified by an LRA, the false ED solution has the potential to force the system into an uneconomic operational state. There are two approaches for LRA: immediate and delayed attacking objectives. The immediate attacking objective is to maximize the cost of power system operations immediately following the attack, whereas the delayed attacking objective is to gradually overload the power lines, which can result in physical damage to the power system. Denial of service attack (DoS)A variety of measuring equipment, such as SMs, smart appliances, data aggregators, and PLCs, are present in SGs. On these devices, several DoS targeting vulnerabilities are exploitable. In a power system, a DoS is an action that renders measuring device data inaccessible to the intended user, or prevents control commands from reaching actuators, and eventually causes system instability. This interrupt the operation of the SG since it is unable to log any events occurring at that time. A DoS attack consists of either flooding to overload a device or channel with data, or the manipulation of protocol and system weaknesses and abnormalities (e. g. jamming and routing attacks, etc) (Jhaveri et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: of Metal 452 Complexes, Database 46, Version 8, NIST, Gaithersburg. (2011) Time and substrate dependent exudation of carboxylates by Lupinus albus L. and Brassica napus L. Biochem 49:1272-1278. (2022) Effect of substrate properties and P-supply on facilitating the uptake of rare earth elements (REE) in mixed-culture cropping systems of Hordeum vulgare, Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius. 29, 57172–57189. Neumann G, Römheld V (2001) The release of root exudates as affected by the plant’s physiological status. In: (eds) – Biochemistry and organic substances at the soil–plant interface. . ömheld V, (2000) Physiological aspects of cluster root function and development in phosphorus-deficient white lupin (Lupinus albus L. ). 85:909-919. (2006) Carboxylate composition of root exudates does not relate consistently to a crop species’ ability to use phosphorus from aluminium, iron or calcium phosphate sources. 173:181-190. Pourret O, van der (2022) The ‘europium anomaly’ in plants: facts and fiction. 476:721-728. (2007) Rare earth elements complexation with humic acid. 243:128-141. . 1974. Differences among Lupinus species in field response to superphosphate. 14:214-223 (2003) Agricultural soils in northern Europe. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart. (1996) Variation, co-ordination and compensation in root systems in relation to soil variability. 187:57-66. Römer W, Kang D-(2000) The acquisition of cadmium by Lupinus albus L. , Lupinus angustifolius L. , and Lolium multiflorum Lam. J 163:623-628. Saiz-(2021) Split-root systems: detailed methodology, alternative applications, and implications at leaf proteome level. 17.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: It extends existing literature by showing that a single 10-minutes MM session can acutely enhance attention, inhibition and cognitive flexibility processes that are implicated in the used Stroop task, regardless of previous experience in mindfulness meditation practice. The observed cognitive benefits were also present, but to a lesser extent, after a simple attentive listening intervention. Hence, the MM component of orienting attention to the present moment seems to be crucial to optimize the cognitive benefits. These findings are encouraging and support the potential of both intervention approaches to enhance cognitive performance on the short-term, and presumably to improve brain functioning and well-being on the longer run, but this remains to be specifically addressed in future studies. Supporting informationS1 Fig. Heart rate (HR) per group and intervention. Mean HR values ± normalized 95% confidence interval for meditators (A) and novices (B) at baseline and during the attentive listening (AL) and mindfulness meditation (MM) interventions. S2 Fig. Stroop task reaction times (RT) per group, condition and test. Mean RT values ± normalized 95% confidence interval in the three Stroop task conditions for meditators (A) and novices (B) at baseline and following the attentive listening (TAL) and the mindfulness meditation (TMM) interventions. S1 File. Instructions about the organization of the provided data files. S2 File. NN intervals data for the meditators group. S3 File. NN intervals data for the novices group. S4 File. Stroop task data for the meditators group. S5 File. Stroop task data for the novices group. 1. Baminiwatta A, Solangaarachchi I. Trends and Developments in over 55 Years: A of in Web of Science. Mindfulness (N Y). 2021;12: 2099–2116. pmid:34306245 View 2. Kabat-Zinn J. to Tell: Impact and Challenges—Ethical and Otherwise—Inherent in the Mainstreaming of Dharma in an World. Mindfulness (N Y). 2017;8: 1125–1135. pmid:28989546 View 3. Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Sci Pract. 2004;11: 230–241. View 4. . Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Sci.

Output: corroborate