Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, glutamate, neuropeptide Y (NPY), serotonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), and arginine vasopressin (AVP) have been implicated in the functioning of the SCN. Glutamate and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are indicated as principal neurotransmitters of the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), although excitatory amino acids like L-aspartate and N-acetyl-aspartylglutamate may also function as neurotransmitters in RHT. also might be a candidate as a neurotransmitter in RHT. Functional studies over the years have given evidence that PACAP alone or in concert with glutamate may be responsible for the light signalling to the clock. The role of AVP in circadian time keeping has been well established. Its role in the control of circadian rhythm of food and water intake has been reported and well documented. Another intrinsic neuropeptide, VIP, acting through VPAC2 receptor (a type of receptor for VIP), participates in both resetting to light and maintenance of ongoing rhythmicity of the SCN. NPY and GABA seem to be the neurotransmitters in the projection from the intergeniculate leaflet to the SCN. Raphe nuclei projections to the SCN contain serotonin. AVP and prokineticin 2 are seen in the outputs from the SCN. The neurotransmitter-dependent molecular basis of the working of the clock is yet to be understood completely. The specific roles of the various neurotransmitters may be based on the response of the neurons of the SCN on application of a neurotransmitter, capacity to phase shift a particular rhythm on application of neurotransmitter, effect of lesions on the entrained and free running rhythms, and disruptions seen in the rhythms after blockade by the antagonist/inhibitors. Possible targets for some of the neurotransmitters are the clock genes per1 and per2, which are induced in the SCN by light or by neurotransmitters, at night. Evidence indicating co-localization of some of the neurotransmitters in the SCN has further complicated the investigations into the role of neurotransmitters in the working of the clock.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Interest rates can influence borrowing costs and economic growth. [SEP] Text: As the baby boomers have aged, they have increased their savings in anticipation of retirement. These savings have provided more funds for investment, pushing down interest rates. Gagnon et al. (2016) suggest that these baby boom effects have been especially important over the past decade. also provides guidance for future research about the natural rate of interest, or r*, which is the level of the real interest rate that produces stable inflation. While the natural rate of interest can be different than the long-run interest rate studied here, economic theory suggests both rates should be positively correlated with long-run productivity growth. This tenet of basic macroeconomic theory is embedded in r* models such as that of Laubach and Williams (2003). However, the results of this Commentary indicate that this theory is not directly evident in historical movements in real rates and productivity growth. More work is needed to develop theoretical models that can explain movements in r* with other determinants. this Commentary, I study ex post real interest rates, which subtract realized consumer price inflation from nominal interest rates. Another measure of real interest rates is ex ante rates, which subtract expected consumer price inflation from nominal interest rates. and West (2017) for a study of ex ante rates. example, see Rachel and Smith (2015), Fischer (2016, 2017), and Yi and Zhang (2017). data are from the FRED database: The series number is TB3MS for the 3-month Treasury bill, M1329AUSM193NNBR for the short-term Treasury securities, M13009USM156NNBR for the Bank of discount rate, and M13001USM156NNBR for the call money rates. To combine the call money rates and discount rates for 1914 to 1919, I use the smaller of the two rates. This reflects the importance of call loans in the early twentieth century as a “convenient form of secondary bank reserve. ” (Homer and Sylla, 2005). However, because of the newly formed System, call loans fell in importance into the 1920s. consumer price index is from the FRED data base, and the series number is. labor productivity yields quantitatively similar results. data are at and Bergeaud et al. (2016) give a description of the database.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Хотя влияние самых популярных видов криптоактивов - криптовалют на глобальные платежные системы в настоящее время невелико [2], с учетом постоянного совершенствования данных активов, появления новых видов, в частности, стабильных монет (стейблкойнов), не подверженных такой высокой волатильности как ничем не обеспеченные криптовалюты, некоторые эксперты полагают, что у криптовалют есть потенциал для глобального изменения системы платежей и даже роли центральных б

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: This is based on retinal innervation patterns as well as the observation that these regions are defined by phenotypically distinct cell types [24]. Each nucleus contains about 10,000 neurons, thereby making 20,000 neurons in total. These neurons are characterized by small size and high density [25]. Isolated individual neurons are reported to produce circadian oscillations with periods ranging from 20–28 h [26,27]. Circadian oscillations are generated in the individual neurons of the SCN by a molecular regulatory network. Though individual cells oscillate with periods ranging from 20–28 h, at the tissue level SCN neurons display synchrony indicative of a robust inter-cellular coupling, and neurotransmitters appear to have an important role in the inter-cellular coupling. Gondze and co-workers [28] have introduced a molecular model for the regulatory network underlying the circadian oscillators in the SCN and stated that effective synchronization is achieved when the average neurotransmitter concentration damps the individual oscillators. Cells are effectively synchronized due to global neurotransmitter oscillation. Neither spiking in the neurons of the SCN nor chemically mediated transmission is needed for the pacemaking activity seen in individual cells. However, synchronization of circadian rhythmicity across neurons in the SCN does require neurotransmitters [25,29] and development of action potentials [30]. Before attempting a discussion of the neurotransmitters, it is necessary to identify the afferent projections to the SCN, and neurotransmitters present in it, neurotransmitters intrinsic to the SCN, and efferent projection with its neurotransmitters. The SCN is composed of different neuronal elements, each having its own specific function. Intensive interconnection and interaction among the heterogeneous neuronal elements is responsible for the functional output of the SCN. Different neurons of the SCN contain different neuropeptides, with several neurons having co-localization of neurotransmitters. Thus, we have, for example, gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, GABA and and corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), AVP and its carrier protein neurophysin, VIP and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), and VIP and somatostatin (SS). Co-localization of different neuropeptides is seen not only in rat SCN but also in human SCN [31 - 33].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: > Vol. 6 No. 3, March 2015 Bono’s to Thinking and for Success in the 21st () School of Education, of New England, Armidale, Australia. DOI: 10. 4236/ce. 2015. 63037 39,226 Downloads 54,222 Views 391. doi: 10. 4236/ce. 2015. 63037. 1. Pohl (1997) clearly points out, if students are to learn critical thinking skills, they must be explicitly taught these skills. Likewise, one of the world’s leading experts on teaching critical thinking skills says that his “experience suggests that thinking skills are most effectively taught if they are taught directly and deliberately” (De Bono, 1992c: p. 7). Unfortunately this is often not the case as can be seen in many curriculum documents of many educational institutions. For example, even in the highly developed educational systems such as the USA, studies by Trilling and Fadel (2009) found that students graduating at all levels, including schools and universities, lacked critical thinking and problem solving skills. It is therefore helpful to pedagogical practice to discuss how critical thinking and problem solving skills can be taught effectively. When it comes to consideration of direct teaching of thinking as an effective pedagogical strategy, Dr. Edward de Bono (1956; 1985; 1992a; 1992b; 1992c; 1992d; 1995) is in a league of his own as a leader in this field. This is perhaps best illustrated by the fact that he won the prestigious award as key pioneer in the explicit teaching of thinking at the Meeting in Boston in 1992. Having developed the concept of lateral thinking, Dr. de Bono’s work on how people think has been published in numerous books which have been translated into many languages. His programs for the teaching of thinking have proven very popular for use in many countries across the globe including Argentina, Venezuela, the and New Zealand. Furthermore, having held professorial positions at top universities in the world including Oxford, London, Cambridge and Harvard University, Dr. de Bono clearly deserves the kudos of being a leading scholar in critical thinking and problem solving and is recognized and highly regarded by his peers in the profession at an international level. That’s why utilizing De Bono’s is well justified. So it is helpful to explore his and to discuss how it can be used to teach critical thinking and problem solving.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Не случайно одними из первых на уровне государственных регуляторов на проблемы, связанные с ростом криптоактивов и в частности криптовалют, обратили внимание центральные банки разных стран [4]. В настоящее время высказываются опасения, что стейблкойны, в том числе криптовалюты, выпущенные корпорациями, контролирующими социальные сети (Facebook, Telegram) могут угрожать стабильности мировой экономики, поэтому регуляторы препятствуют их выпуску [5].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The combination of a variety of peptides with or without amino acid neurotransmitters within a single nucleus gives the SCN a variety of signalling properties as well. A set of SCN neurons and their neurotransmitters has the function of conveying the daily light-dark signal to hypothalamic target structures [34 - 36]. Three major incoming pathways have been identified for the SCN. These have been defined as the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT), and the projection from the raphe nuclei (Figure 1). Photic information is relayed directly from the retina to the SCN by way of the monosynaptic retinohypothalamic tract [37,38]. It is seen that transection of all visual pathways leaving the optic chiasm makes animals blind with no visual reflexes but with perfect normal entrainment of circadian rhythms. This has indicated that RHT is sufficient for entrainment. Also it has been demonstrated that sectioning of RHT abolishes entrainment without affecting visual functions [39]. Although the exact mechanism by which a monophasic stimulus, light, produces either no response or a biphasic response in SCN neurons is unclear at present, Myers and co-workers [40] provided a potential molecular explanation for the phenomenon. Using electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry, they identified the excitatory amino acid glutamate and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) as the main neurotransmitters of the RHT [41 - 43]. Although substance P (SP) was thought of as a neurotransmitter of the RHT, there is now substantial evidence against this possibility [44 - 46]. Figure 1 Afferent inputs and efferent pathways of the SCN. RHT: Retinohypothalamic tract, GHT: Geniculohypothalamic tract, OC: Optic chiasm, 3V: Third ventricle, IGL: Intergeniculate leaflet, DM: : : : Gamma amino butyric acid, PACAP: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide. Retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) and its neurotransmitters The principal neurotransmitters involved in conveying photic information to the SCN have been identified as glutamate and PACAP.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: But first, let’s briefly have a look at what critical thinking is, what it involves and why it is essential for success in the 21st century, and then discuss how we can teach it using De Bono’s Model. 2. Critical Thinking, Is an for Success in the 21st 2. 1. of Several scholars including Carmichael (1997) Dobozy, Bryer and Smith (2012) and Mulnix (2010) have defined critical thinking in different ways but one that appears to capture its meaning very well is provided by Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking, based in California, which states it as: “the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action” (NCECT, 2014: p. 2). (2015a) says “critical thinking is the cognitive process that creates the ability to interpret, analyze and evaluate information, arguments or experiences with a set of reflective attitudes, skills and abilities to guide our thoughts, beliefs and actions” (p. 431). These definitions serve to underline that critical thinking is a skill that is essential in putting across a point, or proving a point, evaluating and interpreting the meaning of views or ideas expressed, and applying what has been learnt to solve new problems. Critical thinking and problem solving are mutually interdependent because, as explained by Reynolds (2012) the practical value of critical thinking skills is the application of those skills to solve problems that enable rational decisions to be made to enhance successful human activities. Thus, these two sets of skills are essential for daily living and productive citizenship. 2. 2. Attributes of Arguing that critical thinking and problem solving are essential for humans to live as civil society, and utilizing the example of courtroom procedures to illustrate what it involves Facione (2011) says it involves the use of reasons to convince others about an issue, such as a lawyer trying to convince the judge and the jury of the client’s claim, identifying relevant evidence and evaluating its significance, interpreting what is said, analyzing and evaluating the arguments presented by others. From Facione’s (2011) example drawn from a typical courtroom procedure we can infer many attributes that critical thinking and problem solving involve.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Не менее критично настроен Центральный Банк России, рассматривающий криптовалюты в целом как угрозу финансовой стабильности страны вследствие создаваемых рисков подрыва суверенитета национальной валюты при использовании криптовалют в качестве платежных средств [6].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: From a developmental point of view, NT-expressing neurons developed earlier than the other 3 types of peptidergic neurons, and AVP [94]. It remains to be seen whether NT-expressing neurons contribute significantly to the generation of circadian rhythms in early human life. (NMS) A recent addition to the ever increasing list of neurotransmitters of the SCN is neuromedin S (NMS), a 36 amino acid neuropeptide. It is a potent brain-gut neuropeptide whose presence in the SCN was reported by Nakahara and co-workers [95] as a neurotransmitter of the circadian oscillator system. NMS expression is found to be restricted to the core part of the SCN and has a diurnal peak under light-dark cycle [96]. Intracerebroventricular administration of neuromedin S in rats activates SCN neurons and has the capability to induce non-photic type of phase shifts in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. It is also possible that NMS along with VIP may have a role in maintenance of circadian rhythmicity. Recently, it has been shown that neuromedin M (NMU) is regulated in a circadian manner with peak expression in the light phase of LD cycle [97]. Further studies are required to understand the specific role of NMS in the SCN. At present, it is implicated in the regulation of circadian rhythms through autocrine andor paracrine actions through its receptors [96]. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) has also been identified as a neurotransmitter in the SCN. Although GRP and its receptor BB2 are found to be synthesized by rodent SCN neurons [98 - 100], the role of GRP in circadian rhythm regulation is not well known. Evidence points towards a role for GRP in photic entrainment [101,102], in spite of a number of studies favouring glutamate as the main neurotransmitter [36,37,103]. McArthur and co-workers [104] studied the role of GRP in photic entrainment by using the resetting actions of GRP application on electrical activity rhythms during subjective day, early subjective night, and late subjective night in vitro in rats and hamsters.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: They include keeping an open-mind as one listens to points put forward, keenly observing what is said and noting any gaps in it, thinking deeply and consciously raising questions, distinguishing between observation and inference, and between fact and conjecture (Esterle & Cluman, 1993). Furthermore, it involves drawing inferences from what is said, probing for underlying assumptions, and developing hypotheses which can be investigated to clarify issues. It involves engaging in inductive or deductive reasoning, to gain an understanding of what data really mean as well as identification and avoidance of prejudice (Miller, 1990). Comprehensive critical thinking and problem solving help in the determination of what is valid or not, fact or fiction, real or hype, relevant or nonsense and testing one’s own line of reasoning, decision making, and problem solving against those of others (Le Cornu, 2009). Thus these skills provide for objectivity, honesty, empathy, exploring, explaining, elaborating, applying, analyzing, sequencing, comparing, evaluating, appraising, creating and self-regulation, all of which are essential for harmonious cohabitation by humans. 3. Exploring the Tenets of De Bono’s Using the metaphor of wearing different coloured hats, has designed a very simple model but one which when applied correctly can immensely augment critical thinking and create opportunities for solving any problems that might be confronted. The model reflects De Bono’s belief that “simple methods used effectively are more valuable than complicated methods that are difficult to understand and confusing to use” (De Bono, 1992c: p. 6). In explaining the philosophical underpinnings of his six coloured hats thinking model (1992d) says that “when we attempt practical thinking, there are three fundamental difficulties” (p. 8) that we encounter. He identifies those difficulties and explains them as follows: 1) Emotions. We often have a tendency not to think at all but to rely on instant gut feeling, emotion and prejudice as a basis for action. 2) Helplessness. We may react with feelings of inadequacy: “I don’t know how to think about this. I don’t know what to do next”. 3) Confusion. We try to keep everything in mind at once, with a mess as a result (De Bono, 1992d: p. 8).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Тем не менее, в условиях общей цифровизации такие возможности криптовалют как доступность для широких масс населения без необходимости открытия банковских счетов, дешевизна и скорость транзакций, невозможность фальсификации платежей из-за функционирования на блокчейне могут быть полезны и взяты за основу для трансформации традиционных форм платежных средств.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Though the various mechanisms used to regulate the activity of other systems of the body is unclear at present, a number of hormones with direct actions on different parts of the body are produced by the SCN. These include and SS. A review by and co-workers [9] describes not only the transmitters of RHT but also the output of the SCN. A long neural signalling pathway from the SCN regulates the pineal gland secretion of melatonin. SCN neurons also stimulate gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) synthesizing neurons of the preoptic area and thereby affect sex hormone cycles [232]. It is generally seen that outputs of the circadian system are rhythmic but not temperature compensated. In spite of the difficulties to understand the mechanisms by which the SCN regulates a wide range of physiological outputs, it has been agreed that there are two types of signals originating from the SCN. These are hormonal and neural outputs. Transplantation experiments [233] in particular have provided highly useful evidences for the suggestion that hormonaldiffusible factors produced by the SCN act as an important output signal for the circadian system [234]. Quick recovery of behavioural rhythms within 4 days of transplantation of the SCN [184], successful placement of transplants at locations distant from the SCN [184], and transplanted dissociated SCN cells capable of restoring rhythmicity [235] are all in favour of hormonaldiffusible factors as the output signal. It is possible that different physiological systems are controlled by either neural or hormonal output from the SCN. For example, rhythmic secretion of melatonin could be under neural control while locomotor activity might be under hormonal control. Also, a specific physiological function may receive both neural and hormonal signals. As regards to the communication of information from the circadian clock to the centres controlling activity in brain areas, more than one mode is indicated [222,236]. Analysis of the chemoarchitecture of the SCN have shown that, in addition to the above neurotransmitters, the SCN also contain neurons capable of synthesizing a number of other neurochemicals, with the distribution of immunoreactive neurons differing slightly for each neurochemical. A few of these neurochemicals are described here. Somatostatin (SS) SS producing neurons of the SCN are located in both the core and shell portions [237] and form a distinct peptidergic neuronal group.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: So, how does De Bono’s metaphor of wearing the six different thinking hats enable us to overcome these three difficulties? The mighty power of De Bono’s coloured hats metaphor in addressing these difficulties lies in the ability of the hat wearer to take off one coloured hat once they have finished with it and wear another one. The wearing of a different coloured hat enables the wearer to bring a different perspective to thinking critically about an issue and to trying to find alternative solutions to any problem confronted. Arguing that “Emotions at the right place in thinking are essential [but] emotions at the wrong place can be disastrous, [De Bono, 1992 says that] the six hats method allows us to use emotions and feelings at the right place” (p. 8). Arguing that helplessness arises when we don’t have a clear plan of action to take when confronted with a problem, (1992c) suggests that the wearing of different coloured hats “provides us with a basic framework for thinking actions, [in the form of] definite next steps that can be taken” (p. 8) to solve the problem. And as for the third problem, (1992c) says that “confusion arises when we try to do too much at once [but] the six hats method allows us to take one direction at a time” (p. 8). The six thinking hats metaphor represents six different cognitive approaches to critical thinking and analysis to understand an issue or problem and trying to come up with an appropriate resolution. In the metaphor, the six hats are coloured Black, Blue, Green Red, White, and Yellow, and each coloured hat represents a different logical and philosophical approach to critical thinking about a problem and trying to solve it. Figure 1, uses hat images sourced from: to summarize the conceptual thinking associated with each hat. (1992d) says that “the six hats method allows students to think more richly and more comprehensively” (p. 15). As already said and now illustrated in Figure 1, De Bono’s model comprises six different coloured hats. Each hat represents a different way of dealing with critical thinking about how to approach and solve a problem. As summarized in Figure 1, the black hat is for caution in critical thinking. chose the colour black for the cautious critical thinking perspective because the word critical has its origin in Greek where it means judge.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: В настоящее время центральными банками различных государств проводится исследовательская работа по изучению необходимости добавления к уже существующим двум формам национальных валют (наличная и безналичная) цифровой формы, которая сочетала бы в себе лучшие свойства криптоактивов, при этом оставаясь подконтрольной государству.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Apparently, there is a developmental reduction in Calbindin-D28k expression parallel to RHT formation and a developmental increase in calretinin expression which is independent of RHT connections to SCN neurons [250]. Galanin (Gal) Galanin is yet another peptide associated with the SCN. It is a 29/30 amino acid neuropeptide seen in many parts of the nervous system [251], including the SCN [9,252,253]. In fact, neurons containing both galanin and AVP have been reported in human SCN [253]. In rat SCN, galanin receptor subtype R2 (Gal-R2) expression has been identified [254]. Angiotensin II (ANG II) Angiotensin II (ANG II) is an octapeptide found in the SCN [15,255] and is likely to be involved in circadian function. The presence of ANG II in the SCN has been demonstrated both at light microscopic [15] and electron microscopic level [256] in normotensive rats. Of late there has been much interest in the physiological, pharmacological, and immunohistological studies of angiotensins of the SCN. At present the available information on the role of angiotensin II at the level of the SCN is much less than that on the role of known transmitters of the SCN. It has been proposed that SCN-derived angiotensin II acts as a neuromodulator as well as neurotransmitter with the effects being mediated through angiotensin1(AT1) receptors located on the endothelial plasma membrane of SCN parenchyma [257]. Met-Enkephalin (mENK) These neurons are located primarily dorsomedially in the shell of the SCN and overlap with the distribution of AVP neurons. mENK cells are large to medium sized. Enkephalin has been found in the neurons of the IGL [116,117,122,258] projecting to the ventrolateral aspect of the SCN. The role of enkephalin as a putative neurotransmitter has been demonstrated in hamster SCN. Injection of retrograde tracer fluoro-gold into the SCN showed the existence of a population of labelled neurons in the intergeniculate leaflet which are immunoreactive for enkephalin [117].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: (1992c) explains that in many countries judges wear black and so the colour black is appropriate for this way of thinking because it represents a serious consideration of issues or problems to solve. The issues involve questioning the feasibility of alternative approaches to problem solving, assessment of issues at hand, identifying what’s wrong, looking for weaknesses in an argument or proposal and evaluating issues so as to be able to pass judgment. Although the black hat is associated with thinking that questions and checks the feasibility and validity of proposals and seeks to evaluate and pass judgment, it does not represent adversarial or undesirable thinking. It is not a bad hat. (1992b) says, “With the black hat, the words checking and checking out are very important to explaining its uses. These words convey the essence of critical thinking―and do not carry a negative image” (p. 31). It informs critical thinking by providing for caution so that well thought out strategies can be designed to solve the problem. Critical thinking and problem solving while wearing the black hat creates opportunity for assessing the possible consequences of our decisions and can save us the costs of implementing unworkable strategies or embarking upon disastrous courses of action. Figure 1. A synthesis of De Bono’s six thinking hats model. As illustrated in Figure 1, wearing the blue hat brings the perspective of organizational critical thinking and metacognition. This makes blue hat thinking different from all the other hats because while the other hats are concerned with thinking about how to solve a particular problem, blue hat thinking is focused on thinking about thinking that will lead to a solution. Thus, blue hat thinking brings to the critical thinking and problem solving process, higher order thinking which involves active control over the cognitive processes engaged in seeking for a reasonable solution to a problem. It helps to identify strategies and to plan activities that can be implemented to solve a given problem. Because the blue hat thinking is a higher order thinking hat, justifies its colour as follows: We can associate the blue hat with the blue sky which is above everything. If we were up in the sky, we could look down and see what was happening on the ground below. With the blue hat, we try to rise above the thinking that is taking place and to get an overview of this thinking. With the blue hat we try to take charge of our thinking in order to organize what is going on. (De Bono, 1992b: p.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: По состоянию на 2021 год уже более 80 государств с долей общемирового ВВП более 90% находились на тех или иных стадиях изучения или внедрения цифровых валют центральных банков в своей юрисдикции [7]. При этом по данным аналитического интернет-ресурса “CBDC Tracker” по состоянию на апрель 2023 года вопросами ЦВЦБ занималось уже более 130 государств [8]. Основные статистические факты о ЦВЦБ по состоянию на 2023 г. приведены на рисунке 2. Рис.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Among the three main classes of opioid receptors, little δ or μ opioid receptor expression has been identified through autoradiographic techniques in hamster SCN in vitro [259,260]. No direct effect on basal or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked firing rates of SCN neurons in hamster has been observed on short -term application of opioid receptor agonists [261]. However, the observation of SCN neurons exhibiting withdrawal responses after the influence of enkephalins had been removed indicates that endogenous opioids may play a role in modulation of SCN function. On the other hand, naloxone injection into the SCN is reported to produce disruption of the circadian pattern of food [262] and water [263] intake. Prokineticin 2 (PK2) Prokineticin 2 (PK2) has been identified as an output molecule from the SCN circadian clock [236]. PK2 is a cystein-rich secreted protein. It is reported to be involved in the transmission of behavioural circadian rhythm as well as in local function within the SCN to synchronize the out put [236]. PK2, named for its ability to stimulate intestinal smooth muscle contractility, is proposed to have a major role in inhibiting locomotor activity during the day in nocturnal species [236]. Receptors for PK2, PKR2, are found abundantly in the target nuclei of the SCN output pathway, indicating again that it is an output molecule. A recent study [264] demonstrated that the molecular rhythm of PK2 in the SCN is regulated by both circadian clock and light, with the clock having a predominant role and light having a modulatory role. PK2 expression induced by light independent of the circadian oscillator may also indicate participation of PK2 in the photic entrainment of circadian rhythms. Evidence suggesting diurnality in behavioural patterns based on alterations in PK2 receptors in regions receiving SCN efferents does not seems to provide a complete answer at least in rodents[265]. The action may be downstream of the SCN or may be in parallel to the PK2/PKR2 receptor systems[265]. Relationship between the biological clock of humans and those of other mammals The majority of studies of SCN function has been conducted on laboratory animals, particularly the rat.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: 102) Thus, blue hat think brings a special perspective to critical thinking and problem solving which helps to define and articulate the nature of the problem, set clear objectives or targets to be pursued in solving that problem, identify alternative steps to be taken in the pursuit of the solution, assess and re-assess progress being made, and continually decide on the next steps as movement takes place towards the planned outcome. With reference to Figure 1, we can see that the green hat is for creative critical thinking and problem solving. (1992d) explains the essence of the green hat perspective when he says: We can look at the word creative in two ways. The first way means “generating, producing, creating something which was not there”. The second way means “having new ideas, fresh ideas and ideas that have not been used before”. (p. 72) In justifying the colour green for this hat, (1992) says that the colour green conjures up images of nature and vegetation and so green can easily symbolize the productive capacity and energy bound in the natural resources. It brings to the critical thinking and problem solving process new ideas, new possibilities, suggestions and proposals not offered before. So it represents thinking creatively and innovatively. “This means moving forward to possibilities and new ideas” (De Bono, 1992b: p. 72). 1 we can see that the red hat brings to the critical thinking and problem solving process opportunities to express personal emotions. These are expressed without fear of being judged and with no need for justification. Emotions, feelings, hunches and intuitive ideas are shared in a context of freedom of expression. Participants are free to say how they feel about an approach being taken in attempts to solve a problem, at a particular moment in time, without having to provide an explanation, or giving reasons for their feelings. As there is freedom of expression and no need for justification, participants are free to express their feelings without having to look for logic and rationalization for those feelings. Thus, this hat creates opportunities for participants to be humanly real, not always having to be objective and free to hold on to what they value and think, without fear that they will be challenged. justifies the use of the colour red for this hat saying, “Think of the redness of fire. Think of anger and joy but also of warmth and contentment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: 3 Мотивы для запуска цифровых валют центральных банков со стороны регуляторов Источник: составлено автором Последние несколько причин, приведенных на рисунке 3, тесно связаны с усиливающимся распространением криптовалют, операции с которыми в силу их особых характеристик трудно поддаются контролю со стороны государственных органов.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the golden hamster: Immunohistochemical analysis of cell and fiber distribution Neuroscience 13: 415–431. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN (1986). Gamma-aminobutyrate, gastrin releasing peptide, serotonin, somatostatin, and vasopressin: ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization in presynaptic axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 17: 643–659. [PubMed] Rusak, B and Bina, KG (1990). Neurotransmitters in the mammalian circadian system Neurosci 13: 387–401. [PubMed] Reghunandanan, V, Reghunandanan, R and Marya, RK (1991). Vasopressin: its possible role in circadian time keeping Chronobiologia 18: 39–47. [PubMed] Abrahamson, EE and Moore, RY (2001). Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mouse: retinal innervation, intrinsic organization and efferent projections 916: 172–191. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN and Tsujimoto, KL (1985). Neurotransmitters of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus: Immunocytochemical analysis of 25 neuronal antigens Neuroscience 15: 1049–1086. [PubMed] Moore, RY (1983). Organization and function of a central nervous system oscillator: the suprachiasmatic nucleus 42: 2783–2789. [PubMed] and Sofroniew, MV (1991). Evidence for subdivisions in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus J 305: 508–525. [PubMed] Reghunandanan, V, Reghunandanan, R and Singh, PI (1993). Neurotransmitters of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: role in the regulation of circadian rhythms 41: 647–655. [PubMed] Hannibal, J (2002). Neurotransmitters of the retino-hypothalamic tract Res 309: 73–88. [PubMed] Harmar, AJ (2003). An essential role for peptidergic signalling in the control of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nuclei J Neuroendocrinol 15: 335–338.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: The red hat includes both intense and more gentle feelings” (De Bono, 1992c: p. 87). As illustrated in Figure 1, under the red hat lie emotions, feelings, hunches, and intuitions. The emotions brought to the thinking process with this hat include joy, fear, anger, jealousy and sorrow. Feelings are broader than emotions and they include likes, dislikes, anxiety, uncertainty, interest, exciting, aesthetics, respect and camaraderie. Intuitions are even broader than feelings and they surface when one acts instinctively without subjecting their actions to rationalization. They might be logical but they involve no deliberate cognitive processing and their probabilities are unknown. Essentially, red hat thinking helps to answer the question “What do I feel about this? ” (De Bono, 1992c: p. 90). As illustrated in Figure 1, white hat thinking brings to the critical thinking and problem solving process requests for information that is needed to help solve the problem at hand. Its focus is on three questions, “what information do we have? and to increase the information base, what information do we need? [and] how do we get the information we need” (De Bono, 1992b: 4. How to Bono’s to Thinking and that we have an understanding of the approach to critical thinking and problem solving associated with each of De Bono’s Hats Model, let’s have a look at how this model can be used to explicitly teach critical thinking and problem solving. 4. 1. consideration of the thinking perspective that wearing the black hat means as explained above and illustrated in Figure 1, students can be taught critical thinking and problem solving under this hat by giving them activities which require them to provide evidence that substantiates what they say. The following ten questions are a good way to design and implement activities that teach students black hat critical thinking and problem solving. 1) What is the evidence? 2) Is what we are proposing fair? 3) What is the logic behind what is being proposed? 4) Is it feasible? 5) Why might this plan not work? 6) Is this proposal or approach reasonable in terms of the learning outcomes we are seeking to achieve? 7) What might go wrong if we proceed that way? 8) What are the weaknesses in this strategy? 9) What threats shall we face? 10) What consequences will flow from these actions?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Зачастую цифровые валюты центральных банков сравнивают с криптовалютами, цифровой рубль называют “крипторубль”, однако несмотря на кажущееся сходство между данными цифровыми активами, различия между ними имеют фундаментальный характер. Цифровые валюты центральных банков - это прежде всего новая цифровая форма денег, которая должна обращаться наряду с денежными средствами в наличной и безналичной формах.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] and Ferreyra, GA (2004). Signaling in the mammalian circadian clock: the NO/cGMP pathway 45: 929–936. [PubMed] Aton, SJ and Herzog, ED (2005). Come together, right. . . now: synchronization of rhythms in a mammalian circadian clock Neuron 48: 531–534. [PubMed] Moore, RY (1966). ed. Entrainment pathways and functional organization of the circadian system Hypothalamic integration of circadian rhythms Progress in Brain Research. 111Amsterdam Elsevier, 119. Shirakawa, T, Honma, S and Honma, K (2001). Multiple oscillators in the suprachiasmatic nucleus 18: 371–387. [PubMed] and Reppert, SM (1995). Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms Neuron 14: 697–706. [PubMed] and Honma, K (2004). Diversity in the circadian periods of single neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus depends on nuclear structure and intrinsic period 358: 173–176. [PubMed] and Herzel, H (2005). Spontaneous synchronization of coupled circadian oscillators 89: 120–129. [PubMed] Hastings, MH and Herzog, ED (2004). Clock genes, oscillators, and cellular networks in the suprachiasmatic nuclei J 19: 400–413. [PubMed] and Okamura, H (2003). Synchronization of cellular clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus Science 302: 1408–1412. [PubMed] Mai, JK, Tripel, J and Metz, J (1987). Neurotensin in the human brain Neuroscience 22: 499–524. [PubMed] Moore, RY (1992). ed. The organization of the human circadian timing system The human hypothalamus in health and disease. Amsterdam, Progress in Brain research Elsevier, 118. Romijn, HJ, van and Buijs, RM (1999). Colocalization of VIP with AVP in neurons of the human paraventricular, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nucleus 832: 47–53.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: suggests that in teaching critical thinking and problem solving with the black hat, we should ask students to check for evidence that supports what they say. They should check for truth or validity of logical arguments raised within their study groups. They should examine suggestions made to see if they are feasible, given the prevailing circumstances. They should think deeply about the possible consequences of their actions before making related decisions, and in particular “The most important part of checking the impact of an idea is the effect it may have on values. [So students should ask] how does the idea affect others’ values? ” (De Bono, 1992b: p. 31). 4. 2. consideration of the thinking perspectives associated with the blue hat as shown in Figure 1 and explained above, (1992c) suggests that blue hat thinking, “is most often used at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a thinking session” (p. 102). Thus, in a normal lesson plan, blue hat thinking can be used in the introduction, body of the lesson and in the conclusion to the lesson. So, it gives students opportunities to apply it across all parts of a lesson. Kivunja (2015a: p. 34) recommends the following ten strategies to help students develop critical thinking and problem solving skills applying the blue hat: 1) Before you start, define the purpose of what you are planning to do. 2) Here are some alternative views to start exploring this idea. Start with them and develop your thinking further. 3) Can you explain how you reached that conclusion? 4) What are we trying to achieve and how shall we get there? 5) What learning outcomes should we aim for and how shall we achieve them? 6) How about examining each of these steps and considering its implications? 7) What have we got so far? 8) What plan or strategy would enable us to complete this activity successfully? 9) In organizing a menu for a party that will include vegetarians, what thinking steps would you use to complete this task? 10) Clearly define your learning expectations of this lesson or activity. recommends that to teach students critical thinking and problem solving while wearing the blue hat, they should be told that “If we are going somewhere, it is useful to know where we are trying to go. The blue hat defines the problem or task and the purpose of the thinking.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Необходимо отметить, что вне зависимости от выбранного варианта модели ЦВЦБ, данные валюты, существующие в цифровой форме, будут, с одной стороны, существенно отличаться от криптовалют, но, с другой стороны, способны составить им конкуренцию или как минимум снизить интерес участников сделок к расчетным операциям с использованием криптовалют, вобрав в себя лучшие черты криптоактивов. По мнению Н. К.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Kalsbeek, A, van Heerikhuize, JJ, Wortel, J and Buijs, RM (1996). A diurnal rhythm of stimulatory input to the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system as revealed by timed intrahypothalamic administration of the vasopressin V1 antagonist J Neurosci 16: 5555–5565. [PubMed] and Buijs, RM (2000). Melatonin sees the light: blocking GABA-ergic transmission in the paraventricular nucleus induces daytime secretion of melatonin Neurosci 12: 3146–3154. [PubMed] Buijs, RM and Kalsbeek, A (2001). Hypothalamic integration of central and peripheral clocks Neurosci 2: 521–526. [PubMed] Colwell, CS and Menaker, M (1996). ed. Regulation of circadian rhythms by excitatory amino acids Excitatory amino acids: Their role in neuroendocrine function. New York: CRC Press, 252. Ebling, FJP (1996). The role of glutamate in the photic regulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus 50: 109–132. [PubMed] and Morin, LP (1988). Loss of entrainment and anatomical plasticity after lesions of the hamster retinohypothalamic tract 460: 297–313. [PubMed] Myers, MP, Wagner-Smith, K, Rothenfluh-Hilfiker, A and Young, MW (1996). Light induced degradation of and entrainment of the Drosophila circadian clock Science 271: 1736–1740. [PubMed] and Storm-Mathisen, J (1993). Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in retinal terminals of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus Neurosci 5: 368–381. [PubMed] and Fahrenkrug, J (2000). PACAP and glutamate are co-stored in the retinohypothalamic tract J 418: 147–155. [PubMed] Hannibal, J and Fahrenkrug, J (2002). Immunoreactive substance P is not part of the retinohypothalamic tract in the rat Res 309: 293–299. [PubMed] and Cutler, DJ (2001).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: The blue hat lays out the situation” (De Bono, 1992d: p. 102). Emphasizing that critical thinking using the blue hat should be constructive, suggests that learners being taught to use this hat should be asked to restate their original thinking so that they keep focused, redefine the task if they see that changes need to be made and set up a structure of thinking steps that they should follow as they try to solve a problem or complete the assigned task. From time to time, students should be asked “to stand back from thinking in order to comment upon their own thinking” (De Bono, 1992b: p. 103). 4. 3. the green hat thinking brings the creativity and innovation perspective to critical thinking and problem solving, suggests that four types of activities that can be used to teach students how to use this hat are: 1) Generating reactive ideas 2) Generating starting ideas 3) Generating further and better ideas, [and], 4) Generating new ideas (De Bono, 1992b: p. 74). In applying De Bono’s suggestion of getting students to engage in generating reactive ideas to teach them critical thinking, I ask them to design another very simple model also designed by (1982) which is called the PMI model. It is called the PMI model because it asks students to think critically about an issue or idea and identify what they regard as “plus points in it, minus points and interesting points” (De Bono, 1982: p. 5). As students try to think of what is a plus or minus or interesting (PMI) idea, they engage in creative thinking as they explore different dimensions of the topic or idea being discussed. Asking students to use the green thinking hat reactively also gives them training in creative thinking as they are challenged to come up with new ideas to modify or improve upon what is said. A strategy that is very effective in teaching students critical thinking through generating starting ideas is what is often referred to in pedagogy as the brain-storming strategy (Killen, 2013; Petty, 2009). Using this strategy, students are given only a hint as a starting idea which they then use to develop their thinking and volunteer their own ideas to be added to the pool of ideas contributed by the whole class. A strategy that is quite helpful in generating further and better ideas is getting students to develop what is called a (Pohl, 1997).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Норец, проводившей исследование цифрового рубля и криптовалют, поскольку у данных активов разная правовая природа, сравнение данных двух активов является не совсем уместным [11]. Цифровые валюты центральных банков, в т. ч. цифровой рубль, действительно являются полноценными платежными средствами, одной из форм фиатных денег, в то время как криптовалюты всеми свойствами денег не обладают. Д. А.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Distribution of substance P and neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and intergeniculate leaflet of hamster, mouse, and rat J 438: 50–65. [PubMed] and Fahrenkrug, J (2002). The photopigment melanopsin is exclusively present in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-containing retinal ganglion cells of the retinohypothalamic tract J Neurosci 22: RC191. [PubMed] Piggins, HD and Rusak, B (1997). Effects of microinjections of substance P into the suprachiasmatic nucleus region on hamster wheel-running rhythms Bull 42: 451–455. [PubMed] and Moller, M (1992). Gating of retinal inputs through the suprachiasmatic nucleus: role of excitatory neurotransmission 27: 263–272. [PubMed] and Gillette, MU (1994). Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal circadian shifts by glutamate and NO Science 266: 1713–1717. [PubMed] and Meijer, JH (1994). The effects of electrical stimulation of the optic nerves and anterior optic chiasm on the circadian activity rhythm of the Syrian hamster: involvement of excitatory amino acids 642: 206–212. [PubMed] van der Want, J, de Wolf, A and Meijer, JH (1993). Glutamate immunoreactivity in terminals of the retinohypothalamic tract of the brown Norwegian rat 612: 231–237. [PubMed] Gannon, RL and Rea, MA (1994). In situ hybridization of antisense mRNA oligonucleotides for and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus at different phases of the circadian cycle Res 23: 338–344. [PubMed] and Biello, S (1999). Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide phase shifts circadian rhythms in a manner similar to light J Neurosci 19: 6637–6642. [PubMed] and Shibata, S (2002).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Map is a kind of graphic organizer which students can use to generate further and better ideas relating to what has already been given. Using this structure students are encouraged to extend creative thinking to come up with something new or better ideas that they can add to the Concept Map. Thus this strategy can also be a very effective way of engaging learners in critical thinking through De Bono’s fourth type of activities for “generating new ideas” (De Bono, 1992b: p. 74). 4. 4. explained and illustrated above, wearing the red hat brings to critical thinking and problem solving the opportunity for the wearers to formally express their emotions, feelings, hunches and intuition. To train students in how to use this hat, they can, for instance, be asked to say what they like or dislike about an idea. The following ten questions give students the opportunity to practice critical thinking and problem solving under this hat: 1) What are your feelings about this issue? 2) Can you tell the class what you don’t like about this character? 3) How certain are you that this is an accurate account of what happened? 4) What do you find interesting about this? 5) What do you regard as the exciting aspects of this story? 6) Which parts of this activity did you find boring? 7) Why do you have preference of A over B? 8) What choices would you like to make? 9) What is your assessment of this act? 10) Which course of action would you like to take? Questions such as these can be used to help students realize the main value of red hat thinking which (1992b) says, “is at the beginning of a discussion (to make feelings known) and at the end (assessment and choice)” (p. 90). 4. 5. emphasis in trying to teach students how to use white hat thinking in critical thinking and problem solving is on information that is needed to problem solve. If the information is available then it is mined, analyzed and used to inform critical thinking and to solve the problem being tackled. If it is not available, then critical thinking is undertaken to identify relevant sources for the needed information. Training students in the use of this hat asks them to explain why the information they have found is relevant to the solution of the problem. It asks them to chunk the information into categories such as, of low value, important, very important.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Сахаров занимает аналогичную позицию, указывая, что криптовалюты не могут считаться деньгами, поскольку не выполняется функция меры стоимости и средства накопления, предлагая называть криптовалюты более точно криптоактивами. При этом последние призваны не противодействовать, а дополнять криптовалюты [12], с чем однако не соглашается А. А.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide produces a phase shift associated with induction of mPer expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 113: 37–45. [PubMed] Bos, NP and Mirmiran, M (1993). Effects of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids on neuronal discharges in the cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus Bull 31: 67–72. [PubMed] Scott, G and Rusak, B (1996). Activation of hamster suprachiasmatic neurons in vitro via metabotropic glutamate receptors Neuroscience 71: 533–541. [PubMed] Abe, H, Rusak, B and Robertson, HA (1992). NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists inhibit photic induction of Fos protein in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus Bull 28: 831–835. [PubMed] Colwell, CS and Menaker, M (1992). NMDA as well as non-NMDA receptor antagonists can prevent the phase shifting effects of light on the circadian system of the golden hamster J 7: 125–136. [PubMed] Decker, K and Reuss, S (1994). Nitric oxide -synthesizing neurons in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus: a combined NOS -and NADPH-staining and retinohypothalamic tract tracing study 666: 284–288. [PubMed] -mayer, A and Sppessert, R (1995). Nitric oxide synthase in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of rat: evidence from histochemistry, immunochemistry and western blot and colocalization with VIP 695: 257–262. [PubMed] le, Mayer, B and Gillette, MU (1997). Localization and characterization of nitric oxide synthase in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: evidence for a nitergic plexus in the biological clock J Neurochem 68: 855–861. [PubMed] and Schirar, A (2000). Endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthases are present in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of Syrian hamsters and rats Neurosci 12: 649–661. [PubMed] and Gillette, MU (1989).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: They are taught about validity of information (Hill, 1981) and how to assess whether the information they have is reliable (Cunningham, 1998) or not. So in teaching students how to engage in critical thinking it is helpful to also teach them some basic research methods techniques (Burns, 2000) such as the need not only to ensure that the information is valid and reliable but also that all data gathered need to be kept for some time so that it is available if further assessments of observations or results are called for. White hat wearers are taught how to identify and define gaps in data sets so they know what is missing and can therefore spend their time efficiently on gathering relevant data that are missing rather any data they come across. They have therefore to be trained in data gathering techniques such as different data sources, e. g. documents or internet or interviews; and if the data are to be gathered through interviews, which type of questions they should ask, how to interpret the answers and how to analyze the data and make sense of them. Seeking for answers to the following ten questions could help in the design of strategies that get white hat thinkers to engage in critical thinking and problem solving under this hat metaphor (Kivunja, 2015a) : 1) What information do we have about this issue? 2) What information do we need? 3) Which questions should we ask to get relevant information? 4) Where does the information come from? 5) How shall we analyze and make sense of the data? 6) How reliable is the information? 7) How valid is the information? 8) Is the information relevant to our efforts to understand this concept or to solve this problem? 9) What other information might be helpful? 10) Do we have enough information? 4. 6. students to think critically and problem solve under the metaphor of the yellow hat is to get them to make a “deliberate effort to find benefits, …to be able to pick out the good points even when there are very few or there are many more bad or dangerous points… [or when] the benefits may not be obvious” (De Bono, 1992c: p. 44). So students need to learn to be alert so they can detect circumstances which create opportunities for good outcomes to be experienced. They have to learn to recognize their strengths which they can utilize or exploit to achieve better results and to improve their performance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Таблица 2 Сравнение цифровых валют центральных банков и криптовалют Цифровые валюты центральных банков Криптовалюты Контролируются эмитентом (центральный банк) децентрализованы, не подконтрольны единому центру Эмиссия по решению эмитента не лимитирована/лимитирована в случае биткойна Обеспечение государство отсутствует/присутствует частично по стейблкойнам Является ли деньгами да, одна из форм нет Стоимость обслуживания низкая низкая Уровень доверия высок

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity Science 295: 1065–70. [PubMed] and Saper, CB (2001). Melanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tract 4: 1165. [PubMed] Takatsuji, K, Miguel-Hidalgo, JJ and Tohyama, M (1991). Substance P-immunoreactive innervation from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat 568: 223–229. [PubMed] and Hong, SK (1999). Electrophysiological evidence for the role of substance P in retinohypothalamic transmission in the rat 274: 99–102. [PubMed] and Kim, YI (2001). Substance p plays a critical role in photic resetting of the circadian pacemaker in the rat hypothalamus J Neurosci 21: 4026–4031. [PubMed] Tuomisto, L (1991). Watanabe T, ed. Involvement of histamine in circadian and other rhythms Histaminergic neurons: Mophology and function. 295. and Moss, RL (1981). Efferent connections of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 6: 2625–2641. [PubMed] Jacobs, EH, Yamatodani, A and Timmerman, H (2000). Is histamine the final neurotransmitter in the entrainment of circadian rhythms in mammals? Sci 21: 293–298. [PubMed] and Wada, H (1991). Effects of intracerebroventricular histamine injection on circadian activity phase entrainment during rapid illumination changes 123: 53–56. [PubMed] and Ueki, S (1983). Inhibitory and excitatory effects of histamine on suprachiasmatic neurons in rat hypothalamic slice preparation 41: 109–113. [PubMed] Stehle, J (1991). Effects of histamine on spontaneous electrical activity of neurons in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 130: 217–220. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1995). Histamine synthesis inhibition reduces light-induced phase shifts of circadian rhythms 695: 227–230. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1996).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: They need to recognize the factors within their context that they can control or influence so as to achieve a better result. To engage in critical thinking and problem solving under the yellow hat, students should search for optimism which could come from simplifying the tasks they are given to complete. They should practice setting SMART objectives (Drucker, 1954). uses the acronym SMART to refer to goals that are Simple, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-able. goals enhances optimism as it can lead to greater efficiency, as students don’t spend a lot of time to achieve results and greater effectiveness when the students achieve the desired learning outcomes. Students should be taught that if they can come up with ideas that their peers accept as correct or as adding value to what they are doing or learning, this contributes to optimism in whatever they are learning or doing. They should look for new opportunities to accomplish what they are learning and try to employ personal learning strategies that facilitate their mastery of content and the skills being taught (Martinez & Martinez, 1999). Students learning to apply yellow hat thinking will benefit from activities that give them opportunities to assess the value of their activities, to identify the variety of benefits that could flow from what they are doing and through using their skills to make something work or to illuminate understanding. They may be helped along this trajectory by asking the following ten questions: 1) What good points can I summarize from this text? 2) What are the benefits to the group, class, school or wider community of that policy measure? 3) Why do you think that idea will help solve this problem? 4) What value do you see in this alternative course of action? 5) What is the likelihood that the resources or materials we have will suffice to complete the task satisfactorily? 6) What is the likelihood that this will be accomplished within the time allowed? 7) What contribution can I make to make this work? 8) What is the likelihood that we shall achieve these learning goals? 9) In what alternative ways can we improve our performance on this task? 10) If we could change the situation, what could we do to make the situation better? 5. Conclusions and of Bono’s Model to Critical thinking and problem solving are not just important skills. They lie at the heart of Kivunja’s (2014) “Paradigm” (p.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: ий может быстро меняться Уровень анонимности транзакций низкий высокий Уровень волатильности низкий высокий Источник: составлено автором на основе [11].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Circadian rhythm photic phase shifts are not altered by histamine receptor antagonists. Bull 41: 227–229. [PubMed] Alexander, MJ and Leeman, SE (1998). Widespread expression in adult rat forebrain of mRNA encoding high-affinity neurotensin receptor J 402: 475–500. [PubMed] and Beaudet, A (1996). Cellular distribution of neurotensin receptors in rat brain: immunohistochemical study using an antipeptide antibody against the cloned high affinity receptor J 373: 76–89. [PubMed] Francois-and Beaudet, A (1992). Association of neurotensin receptors with VIP-containing neurons and serotonin-containing axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat Synapse 10: 282–290. [PubMed] Meyer-Spasche, A, Reed, HE and Piggins, HD (2002). Neurotensin phase-shifts the firing rate rhythm of neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei in vitro Neurosci 16: 339–44. [PubMed] and Piggins, HD (2001). Effects of neurotensin on discharge rates of rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons in vitro Neuroscience 103: 663–672. [PubMed] Schmahl, C and Bohmer, G (1997). Effects of excitatory amino acids and neuropeptide Y on the discharge activity of suprachiasmatic neurons in rat brain slices 746: 151–163. [PubMed] and Mason, R (1998). Responses to neuropeptide Y in adult hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro Pharmacol 345: 155–162. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN and Yocca, FD (1998). Phase shifting of circadian rhythms and depression of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus by neuropeptide Y: mediation by different receptor subtypes J Neurosci 18: 3014–3022. [PubMed] and Zhou, JN (2003). Neurotensin expressing neurons developed earlier than vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and vasopressin expressing neurons in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus 335: 175–178. [PubMed] and Kojima, M (2004).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: 86), and they should be taught in every curriculum that seeks to prepare students for the challenges of the Digital Economy. They are “super skills” (Kivunja, 2015b: p. 4) essential for successful studies, work and living in the 21st century Knowledge Economy. It is vital that these skills be explicitly included in pedagogy otherwise students will finish school and graduate without them. This would be a tragedy because as pointed out by leaders in the field such as Dewey (1910; 1933) Facione (2011) and Larrivee (2008) they are essential for success in all walks of life. so cogently asserts: There is hardly a time or a place where it would not seem to be of potential value. As long as people have purposes in mind and wish to judge how to accomplish them, as long as people wonder what is true and what is not, what to believe and what to reject, strong critical thinking is going to be necessary. (Facione, 2011: p. 10) Tapscott (2009) and Trilling and Fadel (2009) also agree that these skills are essential for success not only at school, college and university, but also in life after studies. (2015a) admonishes “It is critical thinking skills that enable meaning to be made in all modes of thinking whether they are legal, commercial, political, psychological, philosophical or sociological” (p. 464). Thus critical thinking and problem solving are essential for life. Given the convergence of expert opinion that critical thinking and problem solving are essential skills in all walks of life, it is regrettable that they do not occupy more dominant positions in the curriculum documents of many educational institutions. Whether this is due to some fallacious misconstruction that because all people think there is no need to teach thinking skills, or due to the realization that these skills are not easy to teach, the fact of the matter is that there is a pedagogical gap that needs to be filled. This is why it is important, and plausible, to employ a well-proven model, designed by a world-renown expert on critical thinking and problem solving (Maltese Dr. Edward de Bono) whose “critical thinking models are used worldwide” (De Bono, 1982: p. 5) to teach students how to think critically and how to solve problems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Соответственно, недобросовестные хозяйствующие субъекты при возможности выбора между криптовалютой и наличными или цифровой валютой центрального банка, в частности, цифровым рублем, сделают его не в пользу последнего. С другой стороны, возможности для злоупотреблений при введении ЦВЦБ будут снижены.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: he gut-brain peptide neuromedin U is involved in the mammalian circadian oscillator system 318: 156–161. [PubMed] and Kangawa, K (2005). Identification of neuromedin S and its possible role in the mammalian circadian oscillator system EMBO J 24: 325–335. [PubMed] and Barrett, P (2005). Neuromedin -U is regulated by circadian clock in the SCN of the mouse Neurosci 21: 814–819. [PubMed] Battey, J and Wada, E (1991). Two distinct receptor subtypes for mammalian bombesin-like peptides 14: 524–528. [PubMed] and Moran, TH (1990). Receptor heterogeneity for bombesin-like peptides in the rat central nervous system 537: 233–240. [PubMed] and Moran, TH (1992). Distinct distributions of two bombesin receptor subtypes in the rat central nervous system 593: 168–178. [PubMed] and Ibata, Y (1997). Direct retinal projections to GRP neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat NeuroReport 8: 2187–2191. [PubMed] Aïoun, J, Chambille, I, Peytevin, J and Martinet, L (1988). Neurons containing gastrin-releasing peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are involved in the reception of the photic signal in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster: an immunocytochemical ultrastructural study Res 291: 239–253. Piggins, HD and Rusak, B (1999). Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA ed. Intercellular interactions and the physiology of circadian rhythms in mammals Handbook of behavioral state control: cellular and molecular mechanisms. 44. and Piggins, HD (2000). Gastrin-releasing peptide phase-shifts suprachiasmatic nuclei neuronal rhythms in vitro J Neurosci 20: 5496–5502. [PubMed] and Silver, R (2005). Signaling within the master clock of the brain: localized activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gastrin-releasing peptide J Neurosci 25: 2447–2454.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: As explored and demonstrated in this paper, De Bono’s Hats model equips pedagogues with the opportunity to teach their students how to develop their critical thinking and problem solving skills by using a certain type of thinking and to stop using it when they have exhausted its utility and switch on to another type of thinking. The metaphor of “wearing a different coloured hat” serves to effectively dramatize the ease with which students can move from thinking critically about an issue from one perspective to another. For example, by wearing their black hat thinking students can assess the feasibility of alternative approaches to problem solving. They can then take it off and switch to the blue hat thinking to analyze how far they have advanced in trying to solve the problem. They can take the blue hat thinking off and wear the green hat thinking to come up with new and better ways of solving the problem. They can take off the green hat and switch to the red hat so that they express their likes and dislikes about the progress made so far. They can switch to the white hat to go search for additional data that will help them shed new light on the problem and facilitate its solution. They can switch to the yellow hat thinking to encourage their peers as they see a lot of good that could flow from completing the project satisfactorily, in spite of the difficulties that their black hat revealed. Having the hats coloured differently helps students to understand that in critical thinking and problem solving, there usually is no one-way to solve a problem. And that if one approach does not appear to derive a solution, they should be prepared to try other approaches that help to advance their thinking and problem solving. The variety of coloured hats is a simple and convenient way to teach students that they should be prepared to try alternative approaches to problem solving but it is important to also point out that in the normal course of thinking, it is quite common to utilize several coloured hats simultaneously. Besides, even though the hats have been described and discussed alphabetically in this paper for convenience, it is worth pointing out to students that there is no set sequence in which the hats are always to be worn. It depends on the nature of the problem that is being solved. For example, one problem might require a basic explanation (white hat thinking) before any steps to its solution can be attempted. Another search for a solution might be started by a motivational speaker who convinces shareholders of a very promising investment alternative (yellow hat thinking).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Ряд исследователей, при рассмотрении сценария полной замены ЦВЦБ иных форм фиатных денег, делают предположения о возникновении “антиутопии” вследствие того, что ЦВЦБ являются идеальным инструментом для тотального контроля со стороны государства, поскольку интеграция ЦВЦБ в экономику позволит государству не только контролировать, но и ограничивать траты и перемещения их пользователей [16].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Bina, KG, Rusak, B and Semba, K (1993). Localization of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and brainstem that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats J 335: 295–307. [PubMed] Nishino, H and Koizumi, K (1977). Responses of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus to putative transmitters 120: 167–172. [PubMed] Zatz, M and Brownstein, MJ (1981). Injection of alpha-bungarotoxin near the suprachiasmatic nucleus blocks the effects of light on nocturnal pineal enzyme activity 213: 438–442. [PubMed] Earnest, DJ and Turek, FW (1985). Neurochemical basis for the photic control of circadian rhythms and seasonal reproductive cycles: role for acetylcholine 82: 4277–4281. [PubMed] Liu, C and Gillette, MU (1996). Cholinergic regulation of the SCN circadian rhythm via a muscarinic mechanism at night J Neurosci 16: 744–752. [PubMed] and Menaker, M (1993). Phase shifting mechanisms in the mammalian circadian system: new light on the carbachol paradox J Neurosci 13: 1454–1459. [PubMed] Janik, D and Mrosovsky, N (1994). Intergeniculate leaflet lesions and behaviorally-induced shifts of circadian rhythms 651: 174–182. [PubMed] Rusak, B, Meijer, JH and Harrington, ME (1989). Hamster circadian rhythms are phase-shifted by electrical stimulation of the geniculo-hypothalamic tract 493: 283–291. [PubMed] and Pevet, P (2001). Intergeniculate leaflets lesion delays but does not prevent the integration of photoperiodic change by the suprachiasmatic nuclei 906: 176–179. [PubMed] Harrington, ME (1997). The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet: interrelated structures in the visual and circadian systems Rev 21: 705–727. [PubMed] Moore, RY and Speh, JC (1993).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Yet another one might start with what is called a SWOT analysis showing the Strengths (blue hat), Weaknesses (black hat) Opportunities (yellow hat), and Threats (black hat). Bono’s Hats are used one at a time, in unison or in a sequence of steps they represent a pedagogical model that can be used to effectively teach students how to think critically and engage in serious problem solving in a colourful and entertaining way. The model is not only good fun in the classroom or lecture theatre, it is also versatile so that it can be applied at every feasible level of critical thinking and problem solving ranging from very simple to highly complicated problems. The level of sophistication depends on the learning stage of students or the individuals involved in trying to solve a nominated problem. Bono (1992b) himself reports, “It has already been in use with six-year-olds and with senior executives in the world’s largest businesses” (p. 161). Noting that it is not easy to explicitly teach critical thinking and problem solving skills, here is a model that is simple and practical enough to be made a good tool for teaching these skills in a fun-filled way and making them, as Costa and Kallick (2000) say habits of mind for our students, so they can learn them, live by them, and pass them on to other people. In the Hats model, no coloured hat is prettier than another. None is more important than the other. They are all of greatly equal value. And each has potential to contribute to the understanding of a problem and to identifying how the problem can best be solved. Applying them helps students to learn that critical thinking and problem solving are indeed skills that anyone can learn. They are not the preserve of a few gifted individuals or those endowed with exceptional capacity for argumentation. Just as anyone can wear different coloured hats, so can anyone bring different perspectives to critical thinking and problem solving. To end this discussion with De Bono’s (1992d) words of wisdom, if properly taught: The hats allow full attention to be paid to the critical aspects of thinking, the constructive aspects of thinking, and the creative aspects of thinking. The hats provide a framework for learning about the different aspects of thinking and for understanding thinking. Without them, it can be difficult to teach thinking. (p. 165) Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 05.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Полагаем, что данный сценарий является маловероятным как минимум потому, что ни один из центральных банков, исследующих ЦВЦБ, не заявил о необходимости полной замены уже существующих форм денег новой цифровой формой. Более вероятным является сценарий введения ЦВЦБ как дополнения к уже существующим формам фиатных валют, позволяя владельцам пользоваться преимуществами цифровых технологий, обеспеченных государством.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: GABA is the principal neurotransmitter of the circadian system 150: 112–116. [PubMed] Morin, LP and Blanchard, J (1995). Organization of the hamster intergeniculate leaflet: NPY and ENK projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and posterior limitans nucleus 12: 57–67. [PubMed] Byku, M, Legutko, R and Gannon, RL (2000). Distribution of delta opioid receptor immunoreactivity in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus and intergeniculate leaflet 857: 1–7. [PubMed] Byku, M and Gannon, RL (2000). SNC 80, a delta-opioid agonist, elicits phase advances in hamster circadian activity rhythms Neuroreport 11: 1449–1452. [PubMed] and Card, JP (1984). Identical immunoreactivity of afferents to the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus with antisera against avian pancreatic polypeptide, molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide and neuropeptide Y Res 236: 41–46. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1997). Circadian phase shifts to neuropeptide Y In vitro: cellular communication and signal transduction. J Neurosci 17: 8468–8475. [PubMed] Moore, RY and Card, JP (1994). Intergeniculate leaflet: an anatomically and functionally distinct subdivision of the lateral geniculate complex J 344: 403–430. [PubMed] Mrosovsky, N (1995). Chadwick DJ, ed. A non -photic gateway to the circadian clcok of hamsters Circadian clocks and their adjustment. New York, John Wiley, 174. and Takahashi, JS (1995). Pharmacological and genetic approaches for the study of circadian rhythms in mammals 16: 191–223. [PubMed] and Albers, HE (1995). Bicuculline blocks neuropeptide Y-induced phase advances when microinjected in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Syrian hamsters 675: 333–336. [PubMed] Chen, G and van den Pol, AN (1996).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: AbstractBackground: hats is a time-tested, proven, and practical thinking tool that acts as a role-playing model. It is as a team-based problem solving and brain storming technique that can be used to explore problems and solutions and uncover ideas and options that overlooked by a homogeneously thinking group. On the same line, it separates the components of thinking in order to do them properly as there is no one brain ideal for all types of thinking. Also, it provides a framework to help people think clearly and thoroughly and directs thinking attention in one direction at a time. Edward de Bono identified 6 types of one-dimensional personalities or Thinking Hats, while the average person will often imbue qualities from several of these 6 types. Participants put on hats in turn to indicate directions of thinking, possibly more than once but not necessarily all of them, the color of each is related to a function. Method: exploratory descriptive design was used with two tools used in data collection” Inventory” and “problem solving Application questionnaire”. Results: There were statistical significant differences between both groups of students in relation to critical thinking disposition and problem solving skills in post assessment phase in the favor of study group (p <. 001). Conclusion: In the current study, the six hats technique was used in training of nurse students to improve their critical thinking disposition and the skills of problem solving, which facilitates productive critical thinking, collaboration, communication, creativity and enables each person's unique point of view to be considered in problem solving Keywords: six hats critical thinking disposition problem solving skills 1. IntroductionNumerous individuals think from perceptive, basic, consistent viewpoints, and once in a while see the world from enthusiastic, instinctive, innovative, or even intentionally negative perspectives. Hence, they're contentions don't take jumps of creative minds, they disparage protection from change, or they neglect to draw emergency courses of action. Critical thinking is a reasoning that offers better approaches for seeing issues coming at the side instead of from the front to cultivate change, imagination, and development. One tool of this lateral thinking is the Hats method, was conceived by in 1985 to give bunches intends to reflect together more successfully by six hats with six tones. It is recommended that synthetic settings in the cerebrum might be distinctive when individuals are being imaginative, being positive, and being negative 1, 2, 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All cryptocurrencies maintain stable values like traditional currencies. [SEP] Text: Для государств введение цифровых валют центральных банков позволит сохранить стабильность финансовой системы в период роста использования криптоактивов и снизить интерес к криптовалютам, улучшить государственный контроль за совершением транзакций, поскольку каждая транзакция будет регистрироваться в базе данных, доступной при необходимости различным государственным органам.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Multiple NPY receptors coexist in pre- and postsynaptic sites: inhibition of GABA release in isolated self-innervating SCN neurons J Neurosci 16: 7711–7724. [PubMed] and Jones, BE (1978). Serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe: ascending projections J 180: 417–438. [PubMed] and Assenmacher, I (1983). Efferences dextrahypothalamiques de noyau suprachiasmatique chez le rat C R 297: 347–350. Medanic, M and Gillette, MU (1992). Serotonin regulates the phase of the rat suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker in vitro during the subjective day J Physiol 450: 629–642. [PubMed] and Dement, WC (1993). Serotonin and the mammalian circadian system: phase shifting rat behavioral rhythms with serotonergic agonists J 8: 17–31. [PubMed] Block, M and Zucker, I (1976). Circadian rhythms of rat locomotor activity after lesions of the midbrain raphe nuclei J 109: 235–247. and Ibata, Y (1987). VIP-like immunoreactive neurons and retinal projections in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 8: 253–262. and Bengston, L (1999). Retinal afferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats and Mongolian gerbils J 414: 469–484. [PubMed] Prosser, RA (2000). Serotonergic actions and interactions on the SCN circadian pacemaker: In vitro investigations Res 31: 315–339. and Allen, CN (2000). Pre- and postsynaptic actions of serotonin on rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons 866: 247–256. [PubMed] and Colwell, CS (1994). Serotonin modulates photic responses in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei J Neurosci 14: 3635–3642. [PubMed] Ying, SW and Rusak, B (1994). Effects of serotonergic agonists on firing rates of photically responsive cells in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus 651: 37–46. [PubMed] and Gannon, RL (1995). Serotonergic potentiation of photic phase shifts of the circadian activity rhythm Neuroreport 6: 1289–1292.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: hats is a tried and true, demonstrated, and time-tested thinking that described as a pretending model. It is as a group based critical thinking and conceptualizing procedure that can be utilized to investigate issues and arrangements and reveal thoughts and choices that disregarded by a homogeneously thinking gathering. On a similar line, it isolates the segments of intuition to do them appropriately as there is nobody cerebrum idealistic for a wide range of reasoning. Even more than that, it gives a structure to help everyone think unmistakably and completely and coordinates thinking consideration toward each path in turn. Even more than this, it encourages gainful reasoning, coordinated effort, correspondence, and innovativeness and empowers every person's remarkable perspective to be thought of and allot every individual from the group an alternative, one-dimensional "Thinking Hat" for the term of the critical thinking or meeting to generate new ideas. 4, 5, 6 Edward de Bono recognized 6 kinds of one-dimensional characters or Thinking Hats, while the normal person will regularly saturate characteristics from a few of these 6 types. Learner put on hats thusly to show bearings of critical thinking, conceivably more than once yet not every one of them, the color of each is identified with a capacity; as the white hat is focused on logical and target thinking, with accentuation on realities and achievability, it emphasis on the information accessible, takes a gander at the accessible data at that point see what is required data lastly search for gaps in information and fill them. cap is concerned with enthusiastic thinking, abstract sentiments, discernment, and assessment; it sees issues utilizing instinct, gut response, feeling, and attempt to figure how others will respond sincerely and comprehend the reactions of them. While, blue hat pertains to organized thinking, significant level outlines of the circumstance, which is the higher perspective and see everything from a good way 5, 6, 7. Black hats is focused on basic, theoretical, distrustful speculation, zeroed in on dangers, recognizing issues in a doubter hoping to take a gander at it carefully and protectively and features the feeble focuses and tragic defects in an arrangement prior to leaving on a game-plan. Yellow hat is the hopeful perspective that assists with seeing all the advantages, estimations of the choice and gives the most ideal situation and inspirational attitude toward things and expecting the best result.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: We further speculate that the discrepancy between the genomic PCR and immunofluorescence could result from a more complete co-transfection using electroporation and a bias towards easier detection of larger PCR products (i. e. , the KI and WT fragments) using ethidium bromide integration for detection. We have now included these data in the manuscript as Figure 4—figure supplement 3 and discussed this in the context of the GluA2 KO seen with TKIT (Results). Also see the Discussion. We also added a description of this methodology to the Materials and methods section of the manuscript. 2) Recent reports suggest that AAV vector genomes can integrate at DSBs created by Cas9 (PMIDs: 33087932, 31570731), and Cas9 can often create an opportunity for unintended insertions. Although PCR of genomic DNA (shown in Figure 4—figure supplement 2) detected both WT and KI alleles, it is not clear how often insertion of other sequences (with variable length) occurs, and no data at the level of DNA sequence is provided following AAV delivery methods. The fidelity of clean donor insertion could be examined by Sanger sequencing of genomic DNA clones to more completely define the results of insertion and genomic sequence changes around cut sites. This would also help to identify potential issues that may affect non-coding sequences (which, at the locations targeted here, are likely to be important regulatory elements). We are grateful to the reviewers for raising this important point. We agree that this is a necessary consideration when coupling AAVs withCas9 methods for genome editing (which is being widely adopted in the field). In fact, we now also speculate that 5’UTR integration of fragments of AAV could explain the lower efficiency in vivo with AAVs compared to in vitro with transfections. We have updated the text in the Results section to account for this possibility and include the recommended 2. The hippocampus will then be dissected, and genomic DNA amplify using a high-fidelity polymerase and a very long extension time (to account for variable sized insertions) flanking the KI sites. The PCR products will be sent for deep sequencing (as in Hanlon et al. , 2019). This will enable us to calculate the percentage of reads that have AAV insertions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Castel, M and Morris, JF (2000). Morphological heterogeneity of the GABAergic network in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the brain's circadian pacemaker J Anat 196: 1–13. [PubMed] and Golombek, DA (2001). Rhythmic variation in gamma-aminobutyric acid(A)-receptor subunit composition in the circadian system and median eminence of Syrian hamsters 310: 178–182. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN (1993). Glutamate and GABA presence and action in the suprachiasmatic nucleus J 8: 11–15. Gao, B, Fritschy, JM and Moore, RY (1995). GABAA-receptor subunit composition in the circadian timing system 700: 142–156. [PubMed] O'and Kilduff, TS (1995). and NMDA receptor subunit expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and other brain regions Res 28: 239–250. [PubMed] deand Dudek, FE (1999). A re-examination of the role of GABA in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus J 14: 126–130. [PubMed] and Dudek, FE (2003). GABA receptor -mediated inhibition of neuronal activity in rat SCN in vitro: Pharmacology and influence of circadian phase J Neurophysiol 90: 1438–1448. [PubMed] Wagner, S, Sagiv, N and Yarom, Y (2001). GABA-induced current and circadian regulation of chloride in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J Physiol 537: 853–869. [PubMed] and Dudek, FE (1997). GABA A-mediated local synaptic pathways connect neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurophysiol 78: 2217–2220. [PubMed] and Yarom, Y (1997). GABA in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus and its role in diurnal rhythmicity Nature 387: 598–603. [PubMed] and Herbison, AE (2002). Effect of GABA on GnRH neurons switches from depolarization to hyperpolarization at puberty in the female mouse Endocrinology 143: 1459–1466. [PubMed] Obrietan, K and van den Pol, AN (1995).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: At last, green hat, which focused on imaginative, affiliated reasoning, groundbreaking thoughts, conceptualizing thoughts out of the crate without worry for plausibility; it is a unrestricted perspective, wherein there is miniature analysis of ideas 6, 7, 8. Critical thinking association defined critical thinking as "the method of pondering any subject, substance, or issue in which the mastermind improves the nature of their deduction by capably dissecting, evaluating, and recreating it. Critical thinking has numerous aptitudes incorporate intellectual and emotional abilities. Psychological aptitudes incorporate numerous abilities as; translation in which precisely deciphering issues from normal data sources while examination is analyzing thoughts in issues and emotional information. Additionally, there is induction that incorporates queering claims, evaluating contentions and arriving at resolutions, just as the clarification that incorporates; unmistakably clarifying and guarding the thinking in which an individual shows up at explicit choices. At long last, assessment which incorporates assessing data to learn it is likely reliability or not. 9, 10, 11 On a similar vein, there are emotional abilities which incorporate; receptiveness as having an enthusiasm for substitute viewpoints and readiness to with others perspective, curious incorporate; inquisitive and eager in needing to get information, needing to realize how things work. Additionally, there is truth seeking for which incorporate; fearless about proposing inquiries to acquire the best information regardless of whether information may neglect to help one's assumption, while foundational; incorporate esteeming connection and have centered way to deal with issues of all degrees of multifaceted nature, lastly self-assured which incorporates confiding in one's own thinking and tendency to use these aptitudes. 12, 13 On the other vein, there is the critical thinking attitude which is a characteristic or propensity for mind that is incorporated into one's convictions or activities to adequately tackle issues and settle on choices as a result of reasoning. Likewise, it impacts a choice or the capacity to control one to determine issues identified with proficient circumstances. Reasoning mien is the soul of criticality or the inclination to think chiefly that has the qualities of internal interest, the sharpness of the psyche, the constancy of creating reason, and the need for dependable data. In this way, it will urge somebody to apply the fitness of basic intuition in each part of life. 14, 15, 16 There are three basic parts of critical thinking disposition which are eagerness, affectability, and capacity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology allows precise editing of specific genes. [SEP] Text: However, in 2015, along with other researchers, ethicists and advocates commented that germline-engineering raises the risk of unanticipated consequences for future generation since there are limits to our current understanding of gene-environment interactions in human disease, genetics, and the pathways to other respective disease (Baltimore et al. 2015). He et al. (Unpublished) announced that his lab used the technique to create genetically modified babies. Despite the ambitions about the technology which allows researchers to take such risks to make precise modifications to human DNA, (Stein 2018; Li et al. 2019; Barton and Rochman 2017) and like any great scientific inventions and discoveries, approach has triggered ethical concerns among scientific communities that are not easy justifications. It is a fact that is an exciting yet challenging area in modern biology with the aim of making notable change in the genome of different species, and germline engineering could be done exclusively on faulty genes that lead to severe diseases while there are not may practical therapeutic options available. In parallel to the current developments, extensive evidence on risk factors, and health benefits, improvements during clinical trials are required. Despite all its promises, this technique still requires crucial steps toward maximizing the system until it is considered safe enough to be used on humans.

Output: contrast