Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Exp Res. 2009;33:1836-1846. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 35. . Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia. Diabetologia. 2007;50:2374-2383. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 36. Lata J, Novotný I, Príbramská V, Juránková ůrek O. The effect of probiotics on gut flora, level of endotoxin and Child-Pugh score in cirrhotic patients: results of a double-blind randomized study. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19:1111-1113. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 37. Guerrero Hernández. Intestinal flora, probiotics, and cirrhosis. Ann Hepatol. 2008;7:120-124. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 38. . Intestinal microflora in patients with liver cirrhosis. Dig Dis. 2004;5:64-67. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 39. Adawi D, Ahrné S, Molin G. Effects of different probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on bacterial translocation and liver injury in an acute liver injury model. Food Microbiol. 2001;70:213-220. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 40. Osman N, Adawi D, Ahrné S, Jeppsson B, Molin G. Endotoxin- and D-galactosamine-induced liver injury improved by the administration of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and blueberry. Dis. 2007;39:849-856. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 41. -änen H, Turner PC. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG reduces aflatoxin B1 transport, metabolism, and toxicity in Caco-2 Cells. Microbiol. 2007;73:3958-3964.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: These data show that regularity in meal intake can lead to a significant loss of body weight and suggest that this effect is especially pronounced in individuals with a higher BMI. 2. 6. Relation between weight change and self-reported food quantity and compositionBy restricting meals to specific times and shortening the time window in which food is eaten, it is feasible that EG participants ate less or changed food composition during the intervention phase and therefore lost weight. However, on average, the reported food energy ingested by CG and EG participants did not substantially change during the study (Fig. 2A, S2K, L, Tab. S3, 6), apart from a minor average reduction of ∼350 kJ (95% CI [-627. 6, - 67. 67]) per day in the EG (Fig. S2K, Tab. S3, 6), and did not differ between CG and the EG. As they are rather small, these differences do not add up to a significant reduction in the total average energy consumed over the course of the study. Accordingly, the determined cumulative average energy intake during the intervention phase did not differ on any day from the estimated energy intake based on an extrapolation of the cumulative food consumption during the exploration phase, neither in the CG nor in the EC group (Fig. 2B). Nevertheless, there were some participants who reported having consumed fewer calories during the intervention phase, while some also reported having ingested more calories. However, consistent with our hypothesis that high regularity of mealtimes optimizes metabolism of similar amounts of food, there is no relationship between reported changes in average daily and cumulative energy intake and change in body weight/BMI of either CG or EG participants (Fig. 2C, D, Tab. S6). Likewise, the composition of the ingested foods did not change considerably in either group, and participants reported a normal distribution of the macronutrients of fat, carbohydrate, and protein in both phases of the study (Fig. 2E, S2M). Also, there was no correlation between weight change and change in reported average daily and cumulative macronutrient intake (Fig. 2D, S2N, Tab. S6). Fig. 2:Changes in body weight/BMI are not related to changes in reported caloric intake and composition of macronutrients.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Apparently, there is a developmental reduction in Calbindin-D28k expression parallel to RHT formation and a developmental increase in calretinin expression which is independent of RHT connections to SCN neurons [250]. Galanin (Gal) Galanin is yet another peptide associated with the SCN. It is a 29/30 amino acid neuropeptide seen in many parts of the nervous system [251], including the SCN [9,252,253]. In fact, neurons containing both galanin and AVP have been reported in human SCN [253]. In rat SCN, galanin receptor subtype R2 (Gal-R2) expression has been identified [254]. Angiotensin II (ANG II) Angiotensin II (ANG II) is an octapeptide found in the SCN [15,255] and is likely to be involved in circadian function. The presence of ANG II in the SCN has been demonstrated both at light microscopic [15] and electron microscopic level [256] in normotensive rats. Of late there has been much interest in the physiological, pharmacological, and immunohistological studies of angiotensins of the SCN. At present the available information on the role of angiotensin II at the level of the SCN is much less than that on the role of known transmitters of the SCN. It has been proposed that SCN-derived angiotensin II acts as a neuromodulator as well as neurotransmitter with the effects being mediated through angiotensin1(AT1) receptors located on the endothelial plasma membrane of SCN parenchyma [257]. Met-Enkephalin (mENK) These neurons are located primarily dorsomedially in the shell of the SCN and overlap with the distribution of AVP neurons. mENK cells are large to medium sized. Enkephalin has been found in the neurons of the IGL [116,117,122,258] projecting to the ventrolateral aspect of the SCN. The role of enkephalin as a putative neurotransmitter has been demonstrated in hamster SCN. Injection of retrograde tracer fluoro-gold into the SCN showed the existence of a population of labelled neurons in the intergeniculate leaflet which are immunoreactive for enkephalin [117].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 42. änen H, El-Nezami H. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG restores alkaline phosphatase activity in differentiating Caco-2 cells dosed with the potent mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Toxicol. 2008;46:2118-2123. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 43. üller S. Prevention of heterocyclic amine-induced DNA damage in colon and liver of rats by different lactobacillus strains. Carcinogenesis. 2003;24:1913-1918. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 44. . Effects of lactic acid bacteria on binding and absorption of mutagenic heterocyclic amines. Biochem. 1998;62:197-200. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 45. Gratz S, Täubel änen H, El-Nezami H. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG modulates intestinal absorption, fecal excretion, and toxicity of aflatoxin B(1) in rats. Microbiol. 2006;72:7398-7400. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 46. El-änen HM. Probiotic supplementation reduces a biomarker for increased risk of liver cancer in young men from Southern China. Clin Nutr. 2006;83:1199-1203. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 47. Liong MT. Safety of probiotics: translocation and infection. Nutr Rev. 2008;66:192-202. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 48. ärvinen A. Lactobacillus bacteremia during a rapid increase in probiotic use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Finland. Dis. 2002;35:1155-1160. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 49. . Probiotic safety in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces spp. J Can.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: CG: 21:31 (95% CI [21:05, 21:57])) (Fig. 3C, D, Tab. S3). However, weight changes of participants were not related to one of these changes in eating characteristics (Fig. 3B-D, Tab. S6). Fig. 3:Influence of other changes in eating times and of personalization of meal schedules on weight loss. (A) 95th percentile of the time period during which food was ingested by 15 example participants during the exploration phase (yellow) and the intervention phase (purple). (B) Change in length of this period and its relation to weight/BMI changes. (C, D) Change in time of first (C) and last (D) caloric intake and their association with weight/BMI changes. (B-D) 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test comparing CG and EG during the exploration or intervention phase and T0-T1 and T1-T2 within groups, *** p ≤ 0. 001, **** p ≤ 0. 0001. Linear regression. EG: n=67, varying n-numbers result from incomplete entries in the diaries. Detailed statistics in Tables S3 and S6. (E) The relation between mid-Sleep phase and mid-Eat phase (brown) on the weekends of the exploration phase. The goodness of fit of this association improves during through EG intervention and affects both workdays and weekend days (purple). Linear regression, n=65, **** p ≤ 0. 0001. Detailed statistics in Table S6. (F) Relation of the mid-Sleep phase (mSP) and mid-Eat phase (mEP) during exploration and intervention phase. The circles represent 24 h, the gray area represents the estimated sleep time, and the black arrow represents the mid-sleep phase, which is normalized for all subjects. The colored triangles represent the mid-Eat phase of each subject in relation to their mid-Sleep phase. The red arrow shows the average mid-Eat phase across all subjects. n=65. Detailed statistics in Table S10. (G) The smaller the residuals, i. e. , the vertical distances of observation points from the regression line, became, the more BMI the EG subjects lost. Linear regression, n=65, ** p ≤ 0. 01. Detailed statistics in Table S6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Among the three main classes of opioid receptors, little δ or μ opioid receptor expression has been identified through autoradiographic techniques in hamster SCN in vitro [259,260]. No direct effect on basal or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked firing rates of SCN neurons in hamster has been observed on short -term application of opioid receptor agonists [261]. However, the observation of SCN neurons exhibiting withdrawal responses after the influence of enkephalins had been removed indicates that endogenous opioids may play a role in modulation of SCN function. On the other hand, naloxone injection into the SCN is reported to produce disruption of the circadian pattern of food [262] and water [263] intake. Prokineticin 2 (PK2) Prokineticin 2 (PK2) has been identified as an output molecule from the SCN circadian clock [236]. PK2 is a cystein-rich secreted protein. It is reported to be involved in the transmission of behavioural circadian rhythm as well as in local function within the SCN to synchronize the out put [236]. PK2, named for its ability to stimulate intestinal smooth muscle contractility, is proposed to have a major role in inhibiting locomotor activity during the day in nocturnal species [236]. Receptors for PK2, PKR2, are found abundantly in the target nuclei of the SCN output pathway, indicating again that it is an output molecule. A recent study [264] demonstrated that the molecular rhythm of PK2 in the SCN is regulated by both circadian clock and light, with the clock having a predominant role and light having a modulatory role. PK2 expression induced by light independent of the circadian oscillator may also indicate participation of PK2 in the photic entrainment of circadian rhythms. Evidence suggesting diurnality in behavioural patterns based on alterations in PK2 receptors in regions receiving SCN efferents does not seems to provide a complete answer at least in rodents[265]. The action may be downstream of the SCN or may be in parallel to the PK2/PKR2 receptor systems[265]. Relationship between the biological clock of humans and those of other mammals The majority of studies of SCN function has been conducted on laboratory animals, particularly the rat.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Remarkably, these effects were largely reversed following fecal transplantation and treatment with SCFA (Lahiri et al. , 2019). Studies in animal models consistently reveal that alterations in gut microbiome composition can regulate the metabolic functions of skeletal muscle. Thus, understanding the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and host physiology is crucial for developing lifestyle, nutritional, and pharmaceutical interventions to preserve and enhance skeletal muscle health. Studies in humans have also identified a link between the composition of the gut microbiome in the elderly and skeletal muscle function. Alterations in the gut microbiome, often observed when older adults move to long-term care facilities, can impact bone and body composition. This transition seems largely attributable to dietary modifications, shifting from a fiber-rich, predominantly plant-based diet at home to one with lower fiber, increased fat, and greater sucrose levels in the facilities. Furthermore, elderly adults in these institutions frequently undergo prolonged antibiotic therapy and have coexisting medical conditions. They also live alongside other seniors, factors which collectively impact gut microbiota. Such changes can potentially contribute to conditions such as sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and obesity, consequently heightening fracture risks (Inglis and Ilich, 2015). Correlation between gut microbiota and age-related sarcopenia via gut-muscle axis Currently, the role of the gut-muscle axis in maintaining muscle health during aging is supported by evidence from animal studies and human research. Nonetheless, the precise mechanisms at play are not fully elucidated. This study intends to thoroughly investigate the possible underlying mechanisms. These encompass factors such as protein metabolism, systemic chronic inflammation, metabolic resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and their impact on the expression of host genes. In older adults, the gut microbiota may impact their health by affecting aging-related sarcopenia. The reduction in muscle mass and strength observed in the elderly could be linked to changes in their gut microbiota. Studies have shown that individuals with sarcopenia, or those at risk of sarcopenia, exhibit notably lower microbial diversity compared to healthy controls. These individuals tend to have higher levels of Lactobacillus and lower levels of Lachnospira, Fusicantenibacter, Roseburia, Eubacterium, and Lachnoclostridium (Kang et al. , 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: (H) Representative example of a meal diary showing a shift from meals on weekends. The purple arrows represent the calculated times, based on the events of the more frequent workdays, for the meal schedule of the intervention phase. (I) Shifts from weekend meals caused by the EG intervention. Paired t-test, n=65, *** p ≤ 0. 001, **** p ≤ 0. 0001. Data are normalized so that all baseline data at T0-T1 equal 0 to represent the change in hours. Detailed statistics in Table S11. (J) Large phase shifts of breakfast and dinner, equivalent to a correction of the social jetlag of meals on weekends, are related to greater weight loss. Linear regression, breakfast: n=55, lunch: n=64, dinner: n=63, ** p ≤ 0. 01. Missing n-numbers are due to incomplete diary entries on weekends during the exploratory phase or because participants usually did not have a particular meal. Detailed statistics in Table S6. (K) Results of a multiple regression to investigate the influence of individual variables while holding the others constant on the BMI of EG participants. The Quantile-Quantile (QQ) plot shows the data are normally distributed (left). The multiple regression plot and R2 value shows that the multiple regression model explains the data well (middle). Additionally, the assignment of each regression beta coefficient to the independent variables is shown along with the p-values showing the influence on BMI. The data used are the same as those used in the individual regressions shown previously. Detailed statistics in Tab. S9. (L) Covariance matrix with normalized covariances for each pair of parameters. Values close to 1 (blue) or -1 (red) indicate high intertwining of the data, values close to 0 (white) indicate independence or orthogonality of the data. The assignment of the coefficients to the independent variables is the same as in (K). 2. 8. Effect of meal schedule personalization on weight lossA key part of our hypothesis involves the personalization of meal schedules. Consistent with the concept of social jet lag, our data show that during the exploration phase, eating times on workdays differ from those on work-free days, and we expect eating times on non-workdays to correspond more closely to individual circadian characteristics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide produces a phase shift associated with induction of mPer expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 113: 37–45. [PubMed] Bos, NP and Mirmiran, M (1993). Effects of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids on neuronal discharges in the cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus Bull 31: 67–72. [PubMed] Scott, G and Rusak, B (1996). Activation of hamster suprachiasmatic neurons in vitro via metabotropic glutamate receptors Neuroscience 71: 533–541. [PubMed] Abe, H, Rusak, B and Robertson, HA (1992). NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists inhibit photic induction of Fos protein in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus Bull 28: 831–835. [PubMed] Colwell, CS and Menaker, M (1992). NMDA as well as non-NMDA receptor antagonists can prevent the phase shifting effects of light on the circadian system of the golden hamster J 7: 125–136. [PubMed] Decker, K and Reuss, S (1994). Nitric oxide -synthesizing neurons in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus: a combined NOS -and NADPH-staining and retinohypothalamic tract tracing study 666: 284–288. [PubMed] -mayer, A and Sppessert, R (1995). Nitric oxide synthase in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of rat: evidence from histochemistry, immunochemistry and western blot and colocalization with VIP 695: 257–262. [PubMed] le, Mayer, B and Gillette, MU (1997). Localization and characterization of nitric oxide synthase in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: evidence for a nitergic plexus in the biological clock J Neurochem 68: 855–861. [PubMed] and Schirar, A (2000). Endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthases are present in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of Syrian hamsters and rats Neurosci 12: 649–661. [PubMed] and Gillette, MU (1989).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Additionally, recent investigations have shown that metabolites produced by the commensal gut microbiota, such as SCFAs and secondary bile acids, can impact mitochondrial activities related to energy generation, mitochondrial formation, redox equilibrium, and inflammatory pathways, suggesting their potential role in enhancing endurance (Circu and Aw, 2012; et al. , 2013; Mottawea et al. , 2016). For instance, gut commensal microbiota reduce ROS production via SCFA such as N-butyrate (Mottawea et al. , 2016). Therefore, a disruption of the relationship leads to dysfunctional mitochondria. It is worth noting that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a vital role to link the relation between chronic inflammation and age-related sarcopenia, and the gut microbiota dysbiosis may be a key role in the gut–muscle crosstalk (Picca et al. , 2018). Consequently, any disruption of this intricate relationship can precipitate mitochondrial dysfunction. (et al. , 2018). Systemic chronic inflammation and metabolic resistance Sarcopenia’s progression is intimately linked to age-related systemic chronic inflammation (Grosicki et al. , 2018; et al. , 2018). Disruptions in gut microbiota can compromise the integrity of the host’s intestinal barrier and disturb the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which in turn can lead to the development of sarcopenia (et al. , 2018; Picca et al. , 2018). Beyond changes in microbial composition, microbial by-products like LPS can also contribute to sarcopenia by inducing systemic chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Therefore, inflammaging – the chronic, low-grade inflammation associated with aging – plays a crucial role in both the development and persistence of sarcopenia (Livshits and Kalinkovich, 2019). SCFA production SCFAs, key by-products of the gut microbiota, play a significant role in altering muscle biology (Lahiri et al. , 2019). SCFAs are known to aid in increasing muscle mass and enhancing physical function by boosting muscle glycogen levels (Fushimi and Sato, 2005; Lahiri et al. , 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: Indeed, our data show that the later the chronotype of participants (measured by the MCTQ mid-sleep phase, mSP [24]), the later their mid-eat phase (mEP) on weekends (Fig. 3E, Tab. S6), with the mSP and mEP being almost antiphasic on average (Fig. 3F, Tab. S10). The EG intervention maintains most of this relationship. However, the residuals of the regression become smaller, resulting in a model fitting the data better (Fig. 3E, Tab. S6). Interestingly, the closer the intervention brought participants’ observed values to their individual fitted values, i. e. , the smaller the residuals became, the more weight they lost (Fig. 3G, Tab. S6). From a clinical point of view, this indicates that a personalized adjustment of eating times to the individual chronotype, i. e. , the establishment of a highly accurate phase relation between mEP and mSP, leads to a particularly effective reduction of excess weight. The calculation of individual eating times was based on the frequency of hours at which meals were eaten during the exploration phase, which typically included more workdays than non-workdays (Fig. 3H). Consequently, for some subjects, the EG intervention created a discrepancy between what may have been physiologically optimal eating times, reflected by weekend data, and the calculated eating times (Fig. 3I, Tab. S11). However, the magnitude of this discrepancy has no effect on weight changes (Fig. S2O, Tab. S6). On the contrary, if the calculated eating times resulted in large shifts of the weekend meals, this also means that previously particularly large “meal jet lags” between working and non-working days were eliminated. Indeed, the more the calculated eating times led to an advance of the first meal and a delay of the last meal, thus the greater the effect of the “meal jet lag” elimination was, the more the participants lost weight (Fig. 3J, Tab. S6). Interestingly, this also includes the elimination of too early dinners on work days. Our data show that a later dinner on all days of the week can lead to weight loss if this time corresponds to the calculated individual optimal time. The independent variables used above for simple regressions may influence each other and therefore their influence on BMI may be confounded.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: cGMP induces phase shifts of mammalian circadian pacemaker at night in antiphase to cAMP effect 86: 6812–6815. [PubMed] Amir, S (1992). Blocking NMDA receptors or nitric oxide production disrupts light transmission to the suprachiasmatic nucleus 586: 336–339. [PubMed] and Watanabe, S (1994). Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced phase delay of circadian rhythm of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro 646: 161–164. [PubMed] and Rea, MA (1995). Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor blocks light-induced phase shifts of the circadian activity rhythm, but not c-fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster 692: 137–142. [PubMed] and Gillette, MU (1997). Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal CREB phosphorylation via light, glutamate and nitric oxide J Neurosci 17: 667–675. [PubMed] and Yannielli, PC (2000). Neurochemistry of mammalian entrainment: Signal transduction pathways in the suprachiasmatic nuclei Res 31: 56–70. and Hagan, RM (2001). A rapid and transient synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) by a constitutively expressed type II NO synthase in the guinea -pig suprachiasmatic nucleus Pharmacol 34: 1084–1092. [PubMed] and Nelson, RJ (1999). Circadian locomotor analysis of male mice lacking the gene for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS-/-) J 14: 20–27. [PubMed] and Nelson, RJ (2001). Circadian organization in male mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS-/-) J 16: 142–148. [PubMed] Bellingham, J and Foster, RG (2002). Opsins and mammalian photoentrainment Res 309: 57–71. [PubMed] and Rollag, MD (2000). A novel human opsin in the inner retina J Neurosci 20: 600–605. [PubMed] and Yau, KW (2002).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: These interactions, whether direct or indirect, establish a connection with sarcopenia via the gut-muscle axis, thereby significantly impacting the physiological functions of the host. Therapeutic interventions targeting gut-muscle axis for sarcopenia Based on the understanding of the gut-muscle axis, numerous studies have proposed that modifying gut microbiota could be a potential therapeutic approach for managing age-related sarcopenia. There is a growing body of preclinical and human research that either directly or indirectly establishes a connection between gut microbiota and muscle mass/function. Several interventions targeting gut microbiota have been suggested, including the use of probiotics and/or prebiotics, SCFAs, dietary supplementation, and exercise, all of which have shown effectiveness in improving muscle mass and overall host function. The composition of the gut microbiota is influenced by dietary habits, which can lead to microbiota changes critical for organism function (Singh et al. , 2017). Supplementing with prebiotics and/or probiotics has shown to be beneficial in improving intestinal homeostasis and enhancing skeletal muscle metabolism and synthesis (Salazar et al. , 2017). Furthermore, exercise or physical activity also contributes to regulating the gut microbiota, showcasing its role in gut health and overall physiological function (Franko et al. , 2016). High-protein diets Protein supplementation is a commonly utilized approach for preventing and managing sarcopenia. It is well-established that increasing dietary protein intake can have a positive impact on both skeletal muscle mass and function. Furthermore, there is empirical evidence to suggest that adhering to a high-protein diet in accordance with recommended macronutrient distribution guidelines can be effective in alleviating the consequences of sarcopenia. (Ford et al. , 2018). A study has demonstrated a positive correlation between protein intake and the diversity of gut microbiota (Singh et al. , 2017). It appears that the source of protein may also play a role in this relationship. Additionally, research indicates that the supplementation of whey protein and leucine has the potential to enhance muscle mass and function (Bechshøft et al. , 2016; Kobayashi, 2018). However, further investigation is required to establish a connection between the improvement in muscle mass and function achieved through high-protein diets and the modulation of gut microbiota. Prebiotics and probiotics An increasing number of both animal and human studies suggest that the use of prebiotics and/or probiotics can have beneficial effects on skeletal muscle.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: (A) Significant improvements are observed in various aspects of physical and mental health (SF-36), sleep quality (PSQI), depressed mood (IDS-SR), and self-efficacy (SWE) in participants of the EG (colored columns), but hardly among CG participants (gray columns). Scales are either upward or downward, depending on whether low or high scores on the questionnaires mean subjectively good or poor well-being. (B) The chronotype of EG and CG participants did not change during the study. 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test comparing CG and EG during the exploration or intervention phase and T0-T1 and T1-T2 within groups, * p ≤ 0. 05, ** p ≤ 0. 01, *** p ≤ 0. 001, **** p ≤ 0. 0001. CG: n=33; EG: n=67. Detailed statistics in Tab. S3. 3. DiscussionIn our study, we show that increased regularity of the Zeitgeber food can lead to a significant reduction in body weight. Although the diary entries of some participants show that they changed their energy intake and also the food composition of fat, carbohydrates and proteins during the study, the observed weight loss is not related to these changes. Related results have already been shown in mice, although here with a restriction to the entire active phase rather than specific eating times. Not surprisingly, mice gain weight and develop diabetes-like states under a high-fat diet [17]. It is surprising, however, that the negative physiological consequences of the high-fat diet can be almost completely prevented if the mice consume the equivalent amounts of high-fat food exclusively during their activity phase and do not receive any food during their sleep phase [17, 25]. In our study, an increase in the regularity of lunch, and somewhat more strongly that of dinner, is related to weight loss, which to some extent contrasts with previously published data in which increased regularity of breakfast in particular, and not so much that of dinner, was identified as a predictor of weight loss [26]. Besides increased regularity, our intervention has additional effects on eating behavior, such as shortening the hours in which food is eaten, which in our study is not related to weight loss.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity Science 295: 1065–70. [PubMed] and Saper, CB (2001). Melanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tract 4: 1165. [PubMed] Takatsuji, K, Miguel-Hidalgo, JJ and Tohyama, M (1991). Substance P-immunoreactive innervation from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat 568: 223–229. [PubMed] and Hong, SK (1999). Electrophysiological evidence for the role of substance P in retinohypothalamic transmission in the rat 274: 99–102. [PubMed] and Kim, YI (2001). Substance p plays a critical role in photic resetting of the circadian pacemaker in the rat hypothalamus J Neurosci 21: 4026–4031. [PubMed] Tuomisto, L (1991). Watanabe T, ed. Involvement of histamine in circadian and other rhythms Histaminergic neurons: Mophology and function. 295. and Moss, RL (1981). Efferent connections of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 6: 2625–2641. [PubMed] Jacobs, EH, Yamatodani, A and Timmerman, H (2000). Is histamine the final neurotransmitter in the entrainment of circadian rhythms in mammals? Sci 21: 293–298. [PubMed] and Wada, H (1991). Effects of intracerebroventricular histamine injection on circadian activity phase entrainment during rapid illumination changes 123: 53–56. [PubMed] and Ueki, S (1983). Inhibitory and excitatory effects of histamine on suprachiasmatic neurons in rat hypothalamic slice preparation 41: 109–113. [PubMed] Stehle, J (1991). Effects of histamine on spontaneous electrical activity of neurons in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 130: 217–220. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1995). Histamine synthesis inhibition reduces light-induced phase shifts of circadian rhythms 695: 227–230. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1996).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Prebiotics, which are non-digestible carbohydrates fermented in the lower part of the gut and selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of specific bacteria, have been shown to have positive effects on the host (Delzenne and Cani, 2011). Some studies have explored the impact of prebiotics on skeletal muscle mass and strength by altering gut microbiota (Bindels and Delzenne, 2013). In one study involving elderly human subjects, a prebiotic supplement containing inulin and fructooligosaccharide, expected to promote a healthy microbiome, was administered. The subjects who consumed the prebiotic supplement exhibited greater hand strength and endurance compared to control subjects, although the effects on the microbiome were not reported (Y. Liu et al. , 2016; et al. , 2021). Additionally, research by Cani et al. demonstrated the beneficial effects of prebiotic supplementation on the skeletal muscle of mice (Cani et al. , 2009). Prebiotic intake modulated bacteria that produce SCFAs, which in turn altered skeletal muscle mass and function. SCFAs promoted the release of insulin-like growth factor-1 from the host, acting as an anabolic hormone to enhance skeletal muscle and reduce inflammation (Schroeder and Bäckhed, 2016; Ticinesi et al. , 2017). Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts (Delzenne and Cani, 2011). In a mouse model of acute leukemia, sarcopenia was attenuated through oral supplementation with specific Lactobacillus species as one of representative probiotics (Bindels et al. , 2012). Furthermore, supplementation with Lactobacillusplantarum resulted in increased muscle mass and function In young adults, the consumption of TWK10 for a duration of six weeks resulted in improved endurance performance in a maximal treadmill running test (Huang et al. , 2018). Furthermore, the intake of heat-killed Bifidobacterium breve B-3 had a significant positive impact on skeletal muscle mass and function. This effect was accompanied by enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, indicated by increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, and elevated cytochrome c oxidase activity in the rat soleus muscle (Toda et al. , 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: This is similar to the principle of 16:8 intermitted fasting or time-restricted eating (TRE), in which meals are taken only specific time window, yet at unspecified times during that period. The effects of these protocols is mixed and often less pronounced, as less [21, 23, 27] weight loss or a longer period is required to achieve similar results [22] than in our study - with the caveat that more overweight and older participants participated in these studies than in ours. However, other studies have also explored the effect of restricting individual meals to specific times. In mice, restricting the same amount of high-fat chow to two times per day reduces the development of obesity [28]. And in humans, restricting meals to three fixed, uniform times leads to similar weight loss like we observed in our study - but in combination with calorie reduction and standardized food [29]. The fact that our participants lost weight to a similar extent despite free choice of meals could be due to the individual tailoring of meal schedules. It is true that our data show that scheduling single meals to supposedly circadian optimal eating times of the participants is not essential for successful weight loss. Circadian clocks can flexibly adjust to Zeitgebers and it is apparently more important to choose a time when individuals (have to) eat particularly frequently than the exact genetically determined eating time. However, our data still show that personalization of meal schedules is nevertheless useful. First, depending on the individual chronotype of the participants, their mealtime windows were earlier or later in the day. And those for whom the intervention optimized this relationship were particularly effective at losing excess weight. Second, if the schedule is designed to prevent large jumps between meals, especially dinner, on workdays and work-free days, weight loss is more successful. Since food serves as a Zeitgeber for a large number of tissues, including several brain regions, it can be hypothesized that regular eating not only has a positive effect on body weight, but also on other aspects of well-being. A previous study by Panda et al. [18] has already shown that shortening the eating interval to 10-12 hours per day has a positive effect on the general well-being of the participants. Similarly, in our study, we also found significant improvements in different aspects of subjective well-being over the course of the study, specifically in physical and mental health, sleep quality, and self-efficacy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Circadian rhythm photic phase shifts are not altered by histamine receptor antagonists. Bull 41: 227–229. [PubMed] Alexander, MJ and Leeman, SE (1998). Widespread expression in adult rat forebrain of mRNA encoding high-affinity neurotensin receptor J 402: 475–500. [PubMed] and Beaudet, A (1996). Cellular distribution of neurotensin receptors in rat brain: immunohistochemical study using an antipeptide antibody against the cloned high affinity receptor J 373: 76–89. [PubMed] Francois-and Beaudet, A (1992). Association of neurotensin receptors with VIP-containing neurons and serotonin-containing axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat Synapse 10: 282–290. [PubMed] Meyer-Spasche, A, Reed, HE and Piggins, HD (2002). Neurotensin phase-shifts the firing rate rhythm of neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei in vitro Neurosci 16: 339–44. [PubMed] and Piggins, HD (2001). Effects of neurotensin on discharge rates of rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons in vitro Neuroscience 103: 663–672. [PubMed] Schmahl, C and Bohmer, G (1997). Effects of excitatory amino acids and neuropeptide Y on the discharge activity of suprachiasmatic neurons in rat brain slices 746: 151–163. [PubMed] and Mason, R (1998). Responses to neuropeptide Y in adult hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro Pharmacol 345: 155–162. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN and Yocca, FD (1998). Phase shifting of circadian rhythms and depression of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus by neuropeptide Y: mediation by different receptor subtypes J Neurosci 18: 3014–3022. [PubMed] and Zhou, JN (2003). Neurotensin expressing neurons developed earlier than vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and vasopressin expressing neurons in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus 335: 175–178. [PubMed] and Kojima, M (2004).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: and (2017) Epidemiology of sarcopenia: Determinants throughout the lifecourse. Calcif. Tissue Int. 101(3), 229–247. 71. -and Parkinson SJ (2017) Aging and sarcopenia associate with specific interactions between gut microbes, serum biomarkers and host physiology in rats. Aging (Albany NY), 9(7), 1698. 72. Singh RK, Chang H-and Zhu TH (2017) Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J. Transl. Med. 15(1), 1–17. 73. ‐Saberi B, (2020) Dysbacteriosis‐induced LPS elevation disturbs the development of muscle progenitor cells by interfering with retinoic acid signaling. . 34(5), 6837–6853. 74. St‐Jean‐‐Gaudet J, Sgarioto N, Zovilé I, Barbat‐and (2017) The impact of ageing, physical activity, and pre‐frailty on skeletal muscle phenotype, mitochondrial content, and intramyocellular lipids in men. J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle, 8(2), 213–228. 75. and (2017) Aging gut microbiota at the cross-road between nutrition, physical frailty, and sarcopenia: is there a gut–muscle axis? Nutrients, 9(12), 1303. 76. and (2019) Exercise and immune system as modulators of intestinal microbiome: Implications for the gut-muscle axis hypothesis. Exerc. Immunol. Rev. 25. 77. and (2020) The gut-muscle axis in older subjects with low muscle mass and performance: A proof of concept study exploring fecal microbiota composition and function with shotgun metagenomics sequencing. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21(23), 8946. 78. and (2019) Gut microbiota, muscle mass and function in aging: A focus on physical frailty and sarcopenia. Nutrients, 11(7), 1633. 79. and (2020) Heat-killed Bifidobacterium breve B-3 enhances muscle functions: Possible involvement of increases in muscle mass and mitochondrial biogenesis. Nutrients, 12(1), 219. 80.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: This shows that adhering to daily structured mealtimes can improve not only metabolic but also other physical and also psychological levels of health. There are several explanatory approaches for why increased meal regularity can lead to weight loss despite equal caloric intake. For example, circadian clocks influence the composition of the microbiome, which regulates metabolic balance and body weight [30–34]. Additionally, circadian clocks help to anticipate mealtimes and provide the necessary digestive components in advance of food intake in advance [35–38]. Accordingly, the number of rhythmic genes in the liver of mice increases from ∼350 to ∼3,000 when the animals can follow their natural feeding rhythm and even to ∼5,000 when the feeding time is restricted to a certain period of time [39]. 3. 1. LimitationsHowever, in our study, we did not collect metabolic parameters that could provide mechanistic explanations for the observed weight loss. Therefore, the assumption of an optimized metabolism remains speculation. Another limitation of the study is the self-assessment of key data on body weight, eating times, and food composition. Body weight could not be collected in our clinic under supervision because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Regarding food intake, some participants underreported during the study, as indicated by unrealistically low kJ intakes. However, the individual reporting behavior of each participant remained largely the same during the exploration and intervention phases, so underreporting is not indicative of a change in eating behavior and, conversely, the observed kJ differences are likely due to actual changes in eating behavior. In addition, in the remaining evaluable 100 study participants, there was a significant difference in baseline body weight and BMI between CG and EG. However, even if CG participants had been heavier from the start, it cannot be assumed that the applied sham treatment with an eating window of 18 hours during wake time would have had a stronger effect. Second, those subjects in the EG group whose baseline BMI was similar to those of the CG subjects lost significant weight during the intervention, while CG participants did not. Taking these two arguments into account, it cannot be assumed that a floor effect, in which the CG participants cannot lose any more weight due to a lower baseline weight, is the reason for the lack of weight loss in the CG. Lasty, studies show that even much larger baseline BMI differences do hardly affect the success of weight loss programs [40, 41], so we assume that this also applies to our study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: he gut-brain peptide neuromedin U is involved in the mammalian circadian oscillator system 318: 156–161. [PubMed] and Kangawa, K (2005). Identification of neuromedin S and its possible role in the mammalian circadian oscillator system EMBO J 24: 325–335. [PubMed] and Barrett, P (2005). Neuromedin -U is regulated by circadian clock in the SCN of the mouse Neurosci 21: 814–819. [PubMed] Battey, J and Wada, E (1991). Two distinct receptor subtypes for mammalian bombesin-like peptides 14: 524–528. [PubMed] and Moran, TH (1990). Receptor heterogeneity for bombesin-like peptides in the rat central nervous system 537: 233–240. [PubMed] and Moran, TH (1992). Distinct distributions of two bombesin receptor subtypes in the rat central nervous system 593: 168–178. [PubMed] and Ibata, Y (1997). Direct retinal projections to GRP neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat NeuroReport 8: 2187–2191. [PubMed] Aïoun, J, Chambille, I, Peytevin, J and Martinet, L (1988). Neurons containing gastrin-releasing peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are involved in the reception of the photic signal in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster: an immunocytochemical ultrastructural study Res 291: 239–253. Piggins, HD and Rusak, B (1999). Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA ed. Intercellular interactions and the physiology of circadian rhythms in mammals Handbook of behavioral state control: cellular and molecular mechanisms. 44. and Piggins, HD (2000). Gastrin-releasing peptide phase-shifts suprachiasmatic nuclei neuronal rhythms in vitro J Neurosci 20: 5496–5502. [PubMed] and Silver, R (2005). Signaling within the master clock of the brain: localized activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gastrin-releasing peptide J Neurosci 25: 2447–2454.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe recent advent of high throughput sequencing technologies has provided new insights into the composition and metabolic activities of the intestinal biome. Today it is recognized that this complex ecosystem is an assemblage of more than 1000 species of microorganisms that exist in harmony (symbiosis) with the host and exert metabolic activities that virtually parallels an organ within an organ. While most of these activities are beneficial for the host some may be deleterious, the nature of effect, being determined by the composition of the flora. Thus a mutualistic relationship between the beneficial symbionts and commensals is paramount for the maintenance of health and wellbeing with dysbiosis resulting in clinical disease. It follows that the gut flora can be manipulated to enhance the beneficial components which represent a promising strategy for the prevention and management of various infective and non - infective disorders. The symposium started with the welcome address by Prof. N. K. of Biotechnology, of Immunology, New Delhi. He gave a broad introduction to the topic, emphasizing the central role of the gut flora in the improvement of health. He stated that of the many proposed interventions, probiotics offer immense potential for the prevention of a variety of diseases. It is therefore not surprising that the past decade has witnessed tremendous progress in the area of probiotic research with scientific evidence quickly accumulating to validate their possible role as important therapeutic and preventive strategy for gastrointestinal diseases, treatment and prevention of allergic disorders, chronic inflammatory diseases, prevention of cancers and reduction of respiratory diseases. Dr. R. A. the reemphasized the significant role of the gut flora in maintaining health and stated that although most of the claims and benefits associated with probiotic usage are being established, they mainly represent the findings from the West and therefore probiotics have found greater acceptance in that part of the world. The potential for their use in the developing world has not been adequately investigated. With the realization that infectious and non-infectious diseases account for a large majority of deaths annually in resource limited settings there is optimism about the ability of interventions such as probiotics to prevent health disparities. However, since colonization with a probiotic is dependent on the interplay of multiple factors in the intestinal mileu, inherent differences in gut microbial ecology may significantly impact the functioning of the probiotic strain and therefore requires a thorough understanding and much more evidence needs to be generated in these settings. Microbiota and FoundationRecognizing this need, a group of eminent scientists formed the Microbiota and Foundation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: During the course of the study, there were some drop-outs in both groups. Importantly, these did not differ in baseline weight from the completers, which is why it can be ruled out that the intervention was not effective in a particular BMI group. Rather, the subjects who dropped out were those who either could not continue due to illness or did not adhere to the meal plan. However, the inclusion of drop-outs in the analysis of weight progression does not fundamentally change the results. 3. 2. ConclusionIn summary, our data show that the increase of regularity of meals to a period of 90 min for each meal promotes a significant reduction of body weight and a significant increase of well-being within short time. Importantly, the successes achieved do not seem to be related to a reduction in calories, a change in food composition, or other eating behaviors. Additionally, we believe that this intervention poses hardly any health risks since it is most likely solely based on the optimization of metabolic processes. On the contrary, the strong increase in general well-being during the study rather indicates an improvement in health on many different levels. 4. Methods4. 1. Experimental approachThe study was a randomized controlled intervention trial with repeated measures investigating the effect of regularity of mealtimes on body weight and parameters related to overall well-being. Participants were blinded to the group assignment in that both control and experimental subjects were equally informed to participate in an intervention. The study was carried out at the Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University (LMU), Munich, Germany. The study is registered at the with the trial number DRKS00021419 and was approved by the of the LMU. 4. 2. ParticipantsThe participants were recruited across Germany via flyers at universities, fitness studios, adult education centers, pharmacies, grocery stores, and via Facebook® between September 2020 and August 2021. Those interested were able to contact the study staff by phone, email, or by making an entry in an online calendar tool. Participants had to be between 18-65 years old and have a BMI ≥ 22 kg/m². A requirement for participation in the study was that no other diet was concurrently followed, and that no medication was being taken regularly that could influence appetite or weight. No participants were included who knowingly suffer from a metabolic, mental, or addictive disorder. Further exclusion criteria were pregnancy, blindness, bedriddenness, and dependence on assistance with eating.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Bina, KG, Rusak, B and Semba, K (1993). Localization of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and brainstem that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats J 335: 295–307. [PubMed] Nishino, H and Koizumi, K (1977). Responses of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus to putative transmitters 120: 167–172. [PubMed] Zatz, M and Brownstein, MJ (1981). Injection of alpha-bungarotoxin near the suprachiasmatic nucleus blocks the effects of light on nocturnal pineal enzyme activity 213: 438–442. [PubMed] Earnest, DJ and Turek, FW (1985). Neurochemical basis for the photic control of circadian rhythms and seasonal reproductive cycles: role for acetylcholine 82: 4277–4281. [PubMed] Liu, C and Gillette, MU (1996). Cholinergic regulation of the SCN circadian rhythm via a muscarinic mechanism at night J Neurosci 16: 744–752. [PubMed] and Menaker, M (1993). Phase shifting mechanisms in the mammalian circadian system: new light on the carbachol paradox J Neurosci 13: 1454–1459. [PubMed] Janik, D and Mrosovsky, N (1994). Intergeniculate leaflet lesions and behaviorally-induced shifts of circadian rhythms 651: 174–182. [PubMed] Rusak, B, Meijer, JH and Harrington, ME (1989). Hamster circadian rhythms are phase-shifted by electrical stimulation of the geniculo-hypothalamic tract 493: 283–291. [PubMed] and Pevet, P (2001). Intergeniculate leaflets lesion delays but does not prevent the integration of photoperiodic change by the suprachiasmatic nuclei 906: 176–179. [PubMed] Harrington, ME (1997). The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet: interrelated structures in the visual and circadian systems Rev 21: 705–727. [PubMed] Moore, RY and Speh, JC (1993).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: This foundation was registered as a society on 9th November 2011 under the of 1860. will aim at providing a common scientific platform for basic scientists and clinicians to share and exchange knowledge and views and to expand into newer areas of probiotic research. While the foundation will channelize International knowledge and expertise in the field of probiotics it will also promote collaborative research in the development of probiotics as well as foster and maintain research links with scientists of similar interest. The foundation endeavors to do this through an Symposium, which will blend fundamental and applied research related to the use of probiotics for the enhancement of human health. With this in mind, the first symposium of the Foundation with the theme "of Probiotics - Vision and Opportunities" was convened on December 10 and 11, 2011 in Mumbai. This report summarizes the discussions and deliberations that ensued over the two days of the symposium. We hope this will prompt basic scientists, microbiologists and nutritionists to bring new perspectives to the science of probiotics and clarify some of the major issues such as efficacy and acceptable outcomes that surrounds implementation of probiotic usage in the country. The challenge of designing randomized controlled trials for understanding and targeting particular biomarkers and end points for the disease and identifying strain specific health benefits to mark a road map that may be followed to allow for probiotic usage in the country needs to be addressed. Unraveling the effects of probiotics in Gastrointestinal (GI) disordersEvidence for the utility of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of GI disorders in the pediatric population and in adults was presented by Prof. Philip Sherman, Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Dentistry, Research Institute, University for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada and Dr. Philip Abraham, Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist at P. D. Hospital, Mumbai. Presenting global evidence for their utility in children, Prof. Sherman illustrated that evidence through randomized controlled trails have demonstrated that certain probiotic strains are more effective than placebo in a variety of conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Multiple meta-analyses indicate effectiveness in reducing the duration of acute enteritis in pre-schoolers and in reducing the frequency of necrotizing enterocolitis in pre-term babies [1, 2]. There is some evidence supporting the use of selected probiotic agents to either prevent or treat antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infection. In Prof.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Eating carbohydrates always leads to weight gain. [SEP] Text: Mixed-effects model with Bonferroni post hoc test comparing determined and estimated cumulative energy intake. The estimated macronutrient intake is formed as an assumed continuation of the average daily intake during the exploration phase. post hoc test showed no significant differences on any study day. (N) No significant correlation between body weight/BMI and changes of cumulative macronutrient intake. Linear regression, CG: n=30; EG: n=67, (detailed statistics in Tab. S6). (K, L, M, N) Some participants were excluded from this analysis because of several erroneous diary entries about unrealistic amounts of food. (O) The absolute deviation between the times of weekend meals and the times of food intake calculated for the EG intervention did not affect the subjects’ BMI change. Linear regression, n=67 (detailed statistics in Tab. S6). Table S1:Baseline characteristics of final 100 participants. Table S2:Statistical data on the difference between completers and study drop-outs. The data in the table refers to the data shown in Fig. S2A. Table S3:Statistical data from all Two-way-analyzing time, group, as well as interaction effects between time x group. In data for Figure 1, missing p-values in the and EG are due to the different number of meals for each participant. In the data for Figure 2, some participants were excluded from this analysis because of several probably erroneous diary entries about unrealistic amounts of food. In data for Figure 3, varying n-numbers result from incomplete entries in the diaries. In data for Figure 4, missing data are due to incomplete questionnaires. Table S4:Statistical data from the development of normalized body weight and BMI of participants during the exploration and the intervention phase, and of follow-up data of continuing and discontinuing participants. At T3, three participants could no longer be reached, which is why the n-number deviates here. The data in the table refers to the data shown in Figures 1E and S2A. Table S5:Statistical data from the development of normalized body weight and BMI of participants at the different phases of the study. At T3 only continuing participants were included, which is why the n-number deviates here from the other time points.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: GABA is the principal neurotransmitter of the circadian system 150: 112–116. [PubMed] Morin, LP and Blanchard, J (1995). Organization of the hamster intergeniculate leaflet: NPY and ENK projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and posterior limitans nucleus 12: 57–67. [PubMed] Byku, M, Legutko, R and Gannon, RL (2000). Distribution of delta opioid receptor immunoreactivity in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus and intergeniculate leaflet 857: 1–7. [PubMed] Byku, M and Gannon, RL (2000). SNC 80, a delta-opioid agonist, elicits phase advances in hamster circadian activity rhythms Neuroreport 11: 1449–1452. [PubMed] and Card, JP (1984). Identical immunoreactivity of afferents to the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus with antisera against avian pancreatic polypeptide, molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide and neuropeptide Y Res 236: 41–46. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1997). Circadian phase shifts to neuropeptide Y In vitro: cellular communication and signal transduction. J Neurosci 17: 8468–8475. [PubMed] Moore, RY and Card, JP (1994). Intergeniculate leaflet: an anatomically and functionally distinct subdivision of the lateral geniculate complex J 344: 403–430. [PubMed] Mrosovsky, N (1995). Chadwick DJ, ed. A non -photic gateway to the circadian clcok of hamsters Circadian clocks and their adjustment. New York, John Wiley, 174. and Takahashi, JS (1995). Pharmacological and genetic approaches for the study of circadian rhythms in mammals 16: 191–223. [PubMed] and Albers, HE (1995). Bicuculline blocks neuropeptide Y-induced phase advances when microinjected in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Syrian hamsters 675: 333–336. [PubMed] Chen, G and van den Pol, AN (1996).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Sherman's opinion, more data is, however, necessary to confirm the efficacy of probiotic agents, either solely or in combination, in the management of various chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and in allergic enterocolitis. According to him, in future, probiotic strains are likely to be chosen for use in specific clinical settings based on their underlying mechanism(s) of action. There is also the possibility of developing specific disease targeted designer probiotics, he added. Elaborating further, he opined that issues related to optimal dosages, time of ingestion, single versus combination formulations, maintenance of viability, and the merits of employing probiotic-derived products would only be answered by undertaking additional research in the field. Presenting the evidence for their use in adults, Dr. Philip Abraham, Consultant Gastroenterologist, P. D. Hospital, Mumbai, India, stated that probiotics may be useful in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, including those caused by Clostridium difficile. They are also efficacious in reducing the severity and duration of other adult and pediatric diarrhoeas especially those caused by rotavirus. However, their role in prevention of traveler's diarrhoea is equivocal and hence limits their use in this condition. Dr. Abraham further elaborated on the evidence for their use in chronic and acute conditions specifying that there is increasing evidence indicating that probiotics are an effective adjunct to triple therapy in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, exhibiting enhanced eradication rates and reductions in adverse events. He added that although probiotics have shown benefit in improving symptoms of Syndrome, current clinical practice guidelines do not recommend their use in treatment regimens. Bowel Diseases, results are variable although positive benefit has been shown, in preventing relapses in and Crohn's disease, the most consistent and favourable result being in the prevention and treatment of the pouchitis. Data for the prevention of colon cancer in high-risk individuals however, requires long-term intervention and is therefore hard to come by. There is favourable evidence in animal studies and some evidence in humans, that probiotics can reduce cell proliferation in patients with colonic adenoma [1]. Previous studies suggest that clinical improvement may occur in patients with hepatic encephalopathy due to reduction of fecal urease activity and blood ammonia concentration. Why probiotics in diarrhoea in low and middle income countries?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegetarian diet is automatically healthier than an omnivorous diet. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2005120/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground: The relationships between environmental variables, diet-type, and nutritional parameters are incompletely known. Objective: To estimate the environmental footprint and selected nutritional parameters of in silico-designed vegan (VEG), lacto-ovo-vegetarian (LOV) and omnivorous (OMN) weekly menus (n=7 for each type) complying with Mediterranean-Diet (MD) standards and satisfying Essential-Amino- Acids (EAA) requirements. Methods: Land-Use (LU), Water-Footprint (WF), Green-House-Gas-Emission (GHGE), sodium, saturated-fat, calorie, protein contents, and food weight, were calculated. A global EAA-based Nutritional and (EAA-NES) was developed. Key findings: calories, protein and food weight, and EAA-NES scores, were similar among menu-types. In LOV menus, sodium and saturated fat were greater (by ≈140%, p<0. 006, and by ≈60%, p<0. 006), than in VEG or in VEG and OMN menus, respectively. However, the and WF allocation of VEG menus fell predominantly into the first two quartiles (with lower environmental impact), whereas that of LOV and OMN menus was more scattered. No difference was found in the EAA-NES distribution among menu-types, by combining the two lower or the two higher quartiles. Conclusions: In silico-designed VEG diets might not exhibit a lower environmental impact, nor a better EAA-NES score, than LOV or OMN diets at safe EAAs requirements. EnergyEnvironmental footprintFood productionNutritionEnvironmentGreen-House-Gas-EmissionMediterranean DietLand useSaturated fatSodiumWater FootprintFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5IntroductionThe steadily-growing global population requiring appropriate nutrition, the increase of global warming and the shifts in land use and water consumption, constitute serious risks to the planet’s environmental sustainability [1, 2].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Multiple NPY receptors coexist in pre- and postsynaptic sites: inhibition of GABA release in isolated self-innervating SCN neurons J Neurosci 16: 7711–7724. [PubMed] and Jones, BE (1978). Serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe: ascending projections J 180: 417–438. [PubMed] and Assenmacher, I (1983). Efferences dextrahypothalamiques de noyau suprachiasmatique chez le rat C R 297: 347–350. Medanic, M and Gillette, MU (1992). Serotonin regulates the phase of the rat suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker in vitro during the subjective day J Physiol 450: 629–642. [PubMed] and Dement, WC (1993). Serotonin and the mammalian circadian system: phase shifting rat behavioral rhythms with serotonergic agonists J 8: 17–31. [PubMed] Block, M and Zucker, I (1976). Circadian rhythms of rat locomotor activity after lesions of the midbrain raphe nuclei J 109: 235–247. and Ibata, Y (1987). VIP-like immunoreactive neurons and retinal projections in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 8: 253–262. and Bengston, L (1999). Retinal afferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats and Mongolian gerbils J 414: 469–484. [PubMed] Prosser, RA (2000). Serotonergic actions and interactions on the SCN circadian pacemaker: In vitro investigations Res 31: 315–339. and Allen, CN (2000). Pre- and postsynaptic actions of serotonin on rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons 866: 247–256. [PubMed] and Colwell, CS (1994). Serotonin modulates photic responses in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei J Neurosci 14: 3635–3642. [PubMed] Ying, SW and Rusak, B (1994). Effects of serotonergic agonists on firing rates of photically responsive cells in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus 651: 37–46. [PubMed] and Gannon, RL (1995). Serotonergic potentiation of photic phase shifts of the circadian activity rhythm Neuroreport 6: 1289–1292.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: India continues to face disproportionate morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoeal diseases. The 2008 statistics indicate that 18% of the global child diarrhoeal deaths and 77% of diarrhoeal deaths of children in were from India [3]. Using both culture dependent and culture independent methods for 26 different enteric pathogens, Dr. G. Balakrish Nair, of the Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana, provided evidence that more than two thirds of the patients with diarrhoea admitted to the Hospital in Kolkata excreted more than one enteric pathogen and, some of them excreted as many as six pathogens. Several community-based diarrhoeal surveillance studies conducted in the urban slums of Kolkata, have also shown that enteric pathogens found amongst cases with varied age and socio economic status, matched healthy children sampled as controls thereby substantiating that the extent of exposure to fecal bacteria and enteric pathogens in impoverished settings is huge. This results in tropical enteropathy, increased permeability and modest malabsorption [4]. The consequence of these conditions include impaired nutrient utilization because of altered microbiota, poor oral vaccine uptake, diminished protective efficacy of these vaccines as compared to that in developed countries and requirement of higher oral vaccine dose in the impoverished settings [5]. Available data from developed countries suggest that probiotics are effective against diarrhoea of diverse causes and furnish the evidence for the use of probiotics in prevention and treatment of diarrhoea. In stark contrast, in developing countries, probiotics need to be effective against a complex backdrop of child undernutrition, ingestion of high concentration of fecal bacteria because of poor sanitary conditions, tropical enteropathy, hyperpermeable gut, reduced nutrient absorption and growth faltering. Using this as the background, Dr. Nair opined that probiotics may serve as an ideal intervention strategy to improve gut microbiota and counter enteric pathogens present in such disease endemic areas. Appropriately conducted randomized trials would decide the future significance of probiotics in impoverished settings and would also help to furnish information on the mechanism of action of probiotics in settings quite different from the sanitized West. Dr. Nair shared the findings of a recent study on 3758 children aged 1-5 years in an urban slum in Kolkata which evaluated the occurrence of first episodes of diarrhoea as primary outcome and composition of fecal microbiota as the secondary outcome.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegetarian diet is automatically healthier than an omnivorous diet. [SEP] Text: An optimal balance between peoples’ healthy nutritional requirements [for health maintenance and chronic disease prevention], and the food-associated global environmental footprint, is strongly felt to be pursued nowadays. There are growing ethical implications about food choice & quality and the associated environmental footprint [3-7]. Common indexes of the environmental footprint linked to food production are land use (LU), the water footprint (WF) and the (GHGE) [8-11]. Many studies have investigated these indexes of environmental footprint in respect to the food industry [7-14], also by comparing animal and vegetal foods, type of meat, common menus etc. [11, 13, 14]. Generally speaking, crop-based diets are usually associated to a lower environmental footprint than that of animal or mixed ones [12-14], and many have hypothesized that producing (and eating) more vegetables and fruit than animal-derived foods, could result in a better environmental impact. Some key methodological issues should however be considered in these investigations. The comparisons among foods or diets have been usually based on either food raw weight [11], energy density [7], average daily menu(s) [11], or nutritional quality [13], but normally they did not consider the quality of the protein consumed based on their amino acid profile. As a matter of fact, a healthy diet should provide all the essential nutrients as well as the energy required daily [15, 16]. The essential amino acids (EAAs) are key, indispensable substrates that need to be introduced in sufficient amounts, i. e. at the recommended daily allowances (RDAs) to guarantee optimal growth, health, recovery from disease, etc. , along with other essential nutritional elements [16, 17]. Therefore, in the light of the growing interest in the complex and important relationships between food consumption and the environmental footprint [18-27], also the nutritional availability of all the EAAs should be taken into consideration. From an investigational standpoint, both “bottom-up” and “top-down” methods can be employed. The former are based on data collection on existing eating habits, that need to be associated to estimates of the environmental footprint of the eaten foods. Conversely, the latter could examine the theoretical footprint of either single foods or in silico-designed diets, on the environmental parameters.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Non-synaptic and dendritic exocytosis from dense-cored vesicles in the suprachiasmatic nucleus NeuroReport 7: 543–547. [PubMed] Isobe, Y and Nishino, H (1998). AVP rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in relation to locomotor activity under constant light Peptides 9: 827–832. [PubMed] Van der and Gerkema, MP (2002). Vasopressin immunoreactivity and release in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of wild-type and tau mutant Syrian hamsters 936: 38–46. [PubMed] and Stopa, EG (1988). Putative melatonin receptors in a human biological clock Science 242: 78–83. [PubMed] Van den and Hermes, ML (2001). Melatonin generates an outward potassium current in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro independent of their circadian rhythm Neuroscience 107: 99–108. [PubMed] Watanabe, K, Yamaoka, S and Vanecek, J (1998). Melatonin inhibits spontaneous and VIP-induced vasopressin release from suprachiasmatic neurons 801: 216–219. [PubMed] and Deng, MH (1994). Effect of inducing nocturnal serum melatonin concentrations in daytime on sleep, mood, body temperature, and performance 91: 1824–1828. [PubMed] and Arendt, J (2000). Melatonin administration can entrain the free-running circadian system of blind subjects J Endocrinol 164: R1–R6. [PubMed] and Lewy, AJ (2000). Entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people N Med 343: 1070–1077. [PubMed] and Hishikawa, Y (2000). Supplementary administration of artificial bright light and melatonin as potent treatment for disorganized circadian rest-activity and dysfunctional autonomic and neuroendocrine systems in institutionalized demented elderly persons 17: 419–432. [PubMed] Sack, RL and Lewy, AJ (1997). Melatonin as a chronobiotic, treatment of circadian desynchrony in night workers and the blind J 12: 595–603. [PubMed] and Eastman, CL ().

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: The results of the study revealed that daily intake of a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota played an important role in prevention of acute diarrhoea in young children in a community setting. These results show a significant protective effect (14%, 95% CI: 4-23%) of the probiotic on acute diarrhea in children during the 24 week period with only 608 children in the Probiotic group (0. 88 no. of cases/child/year) developing diarrhoea as compared to 674 children in the Nutrient group (1. 029 no. of cases/child/year) during the 24 week study period [6]. Elaborating on the same study Dr. for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, presented details of the variation in the composition of the gut flora in the diarrhoeal samples from the children in the probiotic and nutrient groups. Analysis of the composition was done using Flora - SCAN (YIF- SCAN®) which is based on reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT- qPCR) using specific primers that target bacterialr RNA molecules [7–9]. Dr. Nomoto shared results which revealed that the gut flora was disrupted in the diarrhoeal samples in comparison to the non diarrhoeal samples and how these aberrations in the gut flora could be restored by including a probiotic intervention. According to Dr. at the at present, there is a lack of sufficient evidence for the use of probiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhoea in the developing world and large randomized controlled studies using specific probiotic regimes in defined groups of children with uniform definitions for clinical outcomes would definitely pave the way forward. She stated that this would help to advance the understanding of specific probiotics in Indian settings where breast feeding rates are higher and microbial colonization of the gut is different. In her opinion, these studies should focus on evaluating possible interactions when probiotics are used as combinations or with other antimicrobials/drugs/zinc. Probiotics in mucosal immunology by which mechanisms can probiotics be clinically effective? As a key physical interface to the external environment, the gut epithelium is a highly dynamic and multi functional barrier. In health, a delicate homeostasis is maintained at intestinal surfaces between the micro organisms present and the host tissues to finely tune responses appropriate to native commensals versus potential pathogens.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegetarian diet is automatically healthier than an omnivorous diet. [SEP] Text: Using the latter approach, we recently reported that the environmental footprint of selected, staple vegetal and animal-origin foods, at an edible food weight guaranteeing the RDA of all EAAs, does not show any consistent, clear-cut advantage of vegetal over animal foods [28]. Such a somehow-unexpected conclusion was apparently due, besides their specific footprint values, also to the greater edible fraction, the higher protein concentration, and the richer and more balanced EAA content, of animal than vegetal foods. In other words, a smaller quantity of animal than vegetal food was required to satisfy human EAA requirements. Therefore, from our as well as from other reports, it may be suggested that the choice between vegetal and animal foods should be based on a more-in-depth consideration of nutritional and environmental variables, under an integrated perspective [28-31]. Our initial investigation was however limited almost exclusively to single foods, i. e. it did not consider complex diets, nor it compared different diet-types [28]. In addition, the water footprint and the energy content of the foods were not considered [28]. Generally speaking, no food guarantees the ideal proportion and/or quantity of amino acids to meet their requirements in humans, although some are closer than others. Such a target could rather be better achieved with mixed diets, where the deficiency in some EAA(s) and the excess in some other EAAs of a given food, could be compensated by different, complementary proportions of EAAs from other foods. In other words, the statements formulated from the analysis of single foods [28] couldn’t be applied directly to complex diets. Moreover, the nutritional adequacy of the diets should include other nutritional elements besides the EAAs. Given these premises, the current study was designed to analyze, under the driving perspective of EAA requirement(s), the effects of food combinations in sample, in-silico designed, applicable diets, on the environmental footprint. The diets were divided into vegan, lacto-ovo vegetarian and omnivorous ones. A variety of daily meal choices were assembled, to end up into seven different one-week menus for each diet-type, all complying with Mediterranean-Diet (MD) standards [32, 33]. The environmental footprint data (LU, WF and GHGE) of foods were retrieved from the literature and re-calculated.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Aging selectively suppresses vasoactive intestinal peptide messenger RNA expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster Res 87: 196–203. [PubMed] and Inouye, SI (1994). Phase advances of circadian rhythms in somatostatin depleted rats: effects of cysteamine on rhythms of locomotor activity and electrical discharge of the suprachiasmatic nucleus J [A] 175: 677–685. [PubMed] and Watanabe, S (1992). Effect of substance P on circadian rhythms of firing activity and the 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro 597: 257–263. [PubMed] and Inouye, ST (1994). Emergence of VIP rhythmicity following somatostatin depletion in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 645: 343–346. [PubMed] and Nunez, JM (1996). Calbindin-D28K cells in the hamster SCN express light-induced 7: 1224–1228. [PubMed] and Romero, MT (2000). Retinal innervation of calbindin-D28K cells in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus: ultrastructural characterization J 15: 103–111. [PubMed] and Moore, RY (1999). Hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus: chemoarchitecture and topography of projections Abst 25: s552. and Silver, R (2002). Calbindin-D(28 K) cells selectively contact intra-SCN neurons Neuroscience 111: 575–585. [PubMed] and Silver, R (2003). Calbindin influences response to photic input in suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurosci 23: 8820–8826. [PubMed] Ikeda, M and Allen, CN (2003). Developmental changes in calbindin-D28k and calretinin expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus Neurosci 17: 1111–1118. [PubMed] and Mutt, V (1983). Galanin – a novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine FEBS Lett 164: 124–128. [PubMed] Skofitsch, G and Jacobowitz, DM (1985).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: The protective mucus layer in the intestine controls unchecked bacterial proliferation and also serves as a feedback system to regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses [10]. Dr. S. V. discussed the various in vitro and in vivo studies which have shown that specific strains of probiotics are able to modulate the immune system to protect against infectious diseases and cancer. She stated that probiotic supplementation leads to a significant increase in phagocytic activity of blood monocytes, granulocytes and augments NK cell activity though a variety of mechanisms. Major gaps, she said, exist in our knowledge about the mechanisms by which probiotics modulate antitumor immunity. Further, different probiotic strains vary in their ability to modulate the immune system and therefore efficacy of each strain needs to be carefully demonstrated through rigorously designed randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. In conclusion, she emphasized that probiotics play an important role in potentiating innate and acquired immune responsiveness which can be further exploited for modulating anti-cancer immunity [11]. Extending these deliberations further Dr. Masanobu Nanno, at the Institute for Microbiological research, Tokyo presented the significant role of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) as an important immune modulator that has the ability to prevent recurrence of cancers. This strain of bacteria, he shared, has more than 75 years of research to back its scientific efficacy and has demonstrated a beneficial role in the prevention of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer following transurethral resection [12]. The same strain of bacteria according to him was also effective in preventing the recurrence of colorectal cancer with moderate or severe atypia in subjects who had undergone surgical resection of colon polyps [13]. He elaborated that for understanding the mechanism of action of LcS especially in the prevention of colon cancer, the effect of LcS on colitis associated cancer models was examined where it was observed that administration of LcS prevented the reccurrence of colon cancer by down-regulating IL - 6 production in the colonic mucosa [14]. NK cell activity was also restored in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy patients and the cytotoxic activity increased significantly in healthy subjects who consumed LcS for a period of three weeks.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegetarian diet is automatically healthier than an omnivorous diet. [SEP] Text: Some relevant nutritional parameters (sodium, saturated fat, energy and protein, in addition to food weight) were determined too. A global “EAA-Nutritional and Environmental Score” (EAA-NES) was proposed, to enable a simple comparisons among the menu types. ResultsThe calculated MD Index score [33] was (9/11) in all menus, but (10/11) in the two fish-containing OMN menus, showing a good/excellent overall compliance with the MD (See Methods). As reported above, despite the addition of extra foods, the average total caloric content of the menus resulted to be between ≈8% and ≈25% lower (Table 1) than that recommended in sedentary middle-age female and male subjects] [34]. The total content of starch-rich foods (excluding legumes) in OMN menus (283 ± 29 g) was greater than that in VEG menus (183 ± 25 g, p<0. 04 by ANOVA followed by the Tukey’s post-hoc test), whereas that of LOV menus (214 ± 29 g) menus was intermediated (p >0. 17). The content of legumes of OMN menus (36 ± 4 g) was >3-fold lower than that of both VEG (101 ± 16 g) and LOV menus (105 ± 16 g) (p<0. 007 and p<0. 005 respectively, by ANOVA followed by the Tukey’s post-hoc test). The data of the environmental footprint, i. e. the LU, total WF and GHGE, associated to the different menus calculated to comply with the RDA of all the EAAs, are visually reported on Figures 1-3, ranking the diets from the lowest (i. e. with a more favorable impact) to the highest value (=less favorable impact). In regard of LU (Figure 1), the different diets of the three menu-types are not clearly clustered, although all VEG menus fell within middle-to-low positions of the ranking, indicating a tendency for a lower land requirement. In the case of the total WF, an overlap in the ranking of the three menu-types was more evident, the VEG menus occupying both the first and the last position (Figure 2).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Immunohistochemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous system Peptides 6: 509–546. [PubMed] and Blessing, WW (1990). Galanin immunoreactive neurons in the human hypothalamus: colocalization with vasopressin-containing neurons J 298: 265–280. [PubMed] and Beauvillain, JC (1999). Expression of the galanin receptor subtype Gal-R2 mRNA in the rat hypothalamus J 16: 265–277. [PubMed] and Ganten, D (1985). Organization of angiotensin II immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat central nervous system. An immunohistochemical study Neuroendocrinology 40: 2–24. [PubMed] and Lemmer, B (2004). Localization of components of the renin-angiotensin system in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats: part A. angiotensin I/II, a light and electron microscopic study 1008: 212–223. [PubMed] and Lemmer, B (2004). Localization of components of the renin-angiotensin system in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats: part B. angiotensin II (AT1)-receptors, a light and electron microscopic study 1008: 224–235. [PubMed] Takatsuji, K and Tohyama, M (1989). Geniculo-geniculate projection of enkephalin and neuropeptide Y containing neurons in the intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus in the rat J 2: 19–27. [PubMed] and Pert, A (1987). Autoradiographic visualization of sex differences in the pattern and density of opiate receptors in hamster hypothalamus 421: 1–13. [PubMed] Tubbiola, ML, Nock, B and Bittman, EL (1989). Photoperiodic changes in opiate binding and their functional implications in golden hamsters 503: 91–99. [PubMed] and Mason, R (1999). Electrophysiological effects of opioid receptor activation on Syrian hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro Bull 50: 119–125.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: In vitro analysis revealed that LcS-induced activation of NK cells is mediated by IL-12 produced by phagocytic cells. Therefore, establishing the fact that LcS plays a significant role in immune modulation which may be the mechanism for the prevention of recurrence of cancers. Yamashiro from the Laboratory of of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan elaborating two studies of LcS supplementation shared how the administration of LcS, decreased febrile episodes (> 37°C) and the duration of such episodes, reduced constipation frequency and decreased development of diarrhoea thereby bestowing health benefits to elderly people at a Institution. Data presented by him evidenced that investigation of faecal bacteria disclosed significant increment in numbers of faecal Bifidobacterium. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci were detected from 1 case and from 5 cases, respectively, out of 42 cases before the clinical study, were not isolated after the administration of LcS [15]. also illustrated that B. breve was very effective in the treatment of mucositis (also referred to as mucosal barrier injury), one of the most debilitating side effects of chemotherapy treatment and was also very effective in preventing NEC and infection in preterm infants [16]. Bacterial vaginosis and probioticsDr. P. Hemalatha of the of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad presented information on the use of probiotics in (BV), one of the most common vaginal syndrome afflicting premenopausal and pregnant women. Dr. Hemalatha indicated that since reduction of lactobacilli and increase in pH are the main pathogenesis of BV, probiotics are being explored for their role in restoring the vaginal flora. Meta-analysis of several trials with antibiotics have shown a cure rate of 60% but oral lactobacilli treatment followed by antibiotics for treatment of BV have shown more than 80% cure rate after one month. Further, a Cochrane meta-analysis on efficacy of lactobacilli for the treatment of BV showed beneficial outcome with oral probiotics combined with metronidazole or estriol preparation suggesting the need to combine antibiotics with lactobacilli while aiming to treat BV.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegetarian diet is automatically healthier than an omnivorous diet. [SEP] Text: Also GHGE ranking of the individual menus of the three menu types was quite scattered (Figure 3), showing no preferential menu-associated distribution. In respect to menus occupied both the first two and the last two positions. These visual impressions were confirmed by quartile analysis (Figure 4), although the and total WF allocation of VEG menus fell predominantly into the first two quartiles. The aggregated values (as Means ± SE) of the environmental footprint data, of sodium, saturated fat, calories, protein menu content, food weight, and of the global EAA-based, Nutritional and Environmental score (EAA-NES), are reported on Table 1. Despite the apparent trend(s) depicted on Figure 1, no statistical difference in any of the environmental parameters was observed among the mean values of the three menu-types, except for a borderline lower (by ≈15%) in VEG than LO menus (p=0. 052 by 1-way ANOVA and the Tukey’s post-hoc test). In contrast, in LOV menus, sodium content was ≈60% greater than in VEG menus (p<0. 006, by 1-way ANOVA and the Tukey’s post-hoc test), whereas saturated-fat content was greater by ≈70% (p<0. 006) and ≈60% (p<0. 025) than in VEG and OMN menus respectively. Total energy, protein and food weight were not significantly different among the three menu types. The EAA-NES was not different among the menu types too (Table 1), also when the mean differences from the median were calculated (VEG: -38 ± 28; LOV: 40 ± 18; OMN: -11 ± 26) (F: 2,54, p = 0. 106, by 1-way ANOVA). The menus’ distribution of the global EAA-NES score, (calculated as the sum of the percent values of each variable vs. the corresponding maximum) is reported in Figure 5. First, it can be observed that the maximum difference between the highest and the lowest value was by <50%, showing a relatively small variation among menus.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: CCR are driven by release of Ca2+ from ryanodine-sensitive internal Ca2+ stores, and are resistant to the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX; Ikeda et al. , 2003a). Brancaccio et al. (2013) recently used a GCaMP3 Ca2+ sensor together with a luciferase reporter for the Ca2+/cAMP-responsive element and Per1/2 gene transcription, and detected the most phase-advanced rhythms occurring in CCR. Therefore, determination of the molecular generator(s) of CCR is an important issue. Bmal1−/− mice show reduced expression of ryanodine receptors and caffeine-induced Ca2+ mobilization in SCN neurons (Pfeffer et al. , 2009). Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that Bmal1 is a regulator of CCR. To directly address the involvement of Bmal1 in CCR, we used a p3. 1 vector (Invitrogen). The mutant Bmal1 sequences were finally verified using a DNA Sequencer. The firefly reporter plasmid (E54-TK) was kindly provided by Dr M. Noshiro (Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima Japan). To investigate the intracellular distribution of BMAL1, wild-type, and mutant mBmal1 were individually inserted into the pcDNA3. 1/vector (Invitrogen), with an Xpress-tag epitope bound to the N-terminus of mBmal1. The psiRNA-hH1 neo shRNA expression vector was purchased from InvivoGen. An independent 21-bp sequence (5′--3′) within the coding region of the mBmal1 gene was selected as the insert for shRNA expression using siDirect ( cloned into the psiRNA-hH1neo G1 vector, and designated psiRNA-mBmal1-204. The psiRNA hH-neo G1-scr vector supplied by the manufacturer was used as a negative control for mBmal1 silencing. Monoclonal antibody production. In collaboration with Dr K.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Sharing findings of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study conducted by NIN on 67 healthy, non pregnant, married women aged 20 to 40 years from urban slum with BV (Nugents' score > 7) where a vaginal tablet containing at least 10 [9] viable Lactobacilli (L. brevis, L. salivarius subsp. Salicinius, L. plantarum) inserted into the vagina daily at bedtime for 8 days demonstrated a cure rate of nearly 80%. Cervico-vaginal lavage (CVL) was collected to measure the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α, interleukin (IL)-1 β and IL-6 by kit. It was interesting to note significant reduction in IL-1β and IL-6 proinflammatory cytokines with lactobacilli treatment, while an increase in IL-6 cytokine was observed with pH adjustment tablet. This is the first study demonstrating the effect of lactobacilli treatment on local proinflammatory cytokines [15]. Merits of this study include control on time of sampling and initiation of treatment, which was during the same phase of the menstrual cycle in all the subjects. Therefore, hormonal influence could be ruled out on the effectiveness of the lactobacilli treatment. Attrition rate was also minimum all through. The major drawbacks of the study include non-use of antibiotics for the treatment of BV and using a pH adjustment tablet instead of a placebo. The vaginal tablet containing three strains of lactobacilli used in the study discussed was well tolerated and no side effects were reported, which was similar to the earlier findings. The strains of lactobacilli used in the study were however, chosen not so much for their ability to adhere and colonize at high levels but primarily because, the preparation when used in Italy showed 100% efficacy. However, as suggested earlier, longer and repeated treatments could be suggested for better out come and must be treated with antibiotics prior to lactobacilli instillation. Which is the best carrier matrix for a probiotic? A question that often comes up in most deliberations is about the choice of the carrier matrix for the delivery of the probiotic strain. Dr. A. K.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegetarian diet is automatically healthier than an omnivorous diet. [SEP] Text: Although the five lowest positions (indicating a better combined Nutritional and Environmental score) are occupied by four VEG and one OMN menus, as opposed to three LOV and two OMN menus placed in the highest five ones, there is no apparent, consistent trend or pattern associated to any menu type. As a matter of fact, the menus are scattered anywhere in the panel, irrespective of their types. This impression is supported also by the quartile distribution analysis of the data (Figure 4). Although four out of the seven VEG menus are allocated within the first quartile vs. none in the fourth one (at variance with what observed for LOV and OMN menus), by combining the data of the two lowest (i. e. 1 and 2) and the two highest (3 and 4) quartiles, the distribution of the three menu types into the combined low and high quartiles was virtually the same. DiscussionWe report here estimates of the environmental footprint and of some key nutritional variables, of in-silico designed vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian and omnivorous menus, calculated on food amounts satisfying the daily requirements of all the essential amino acids, and complying with Mediterranean diet standards. This study represents a step-forward over our previous one [28] focused on the environmental footprint of selected, staple vegetal and animal-origin foods, here extended to a larger variety of popular foods included into complex meals and structured into vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian and omnivorous menus. The meal design intentionally was not based on epidemiologically-derived, statistically-calculated food frequencies, nor on schematic diets and/or menus proposed by official and public agencies (predominantly because of the enormous amount of choices). Rather, it was based on the unbiased assembly of some popular foods providing the RDAs of all the essential amino acids and complying with the “Mediterranean” diet and custom. Nevertheless, it represents a theoretical exercise both to calculate “in silico” the environmental footprint and some nutritional parameters of sampled diets/menus, and to show the technical feasibility of designing diets with a specific environmental impact. We also propose here a global EAA-based, environmental-nutritional (EAA-NES) score, to rank menus by combining their environmental footprint and few nutritional variables.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Yoshimura (of Medical Science, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan), a monoclonal antibody against BMAL1 was generated by immunization using peptides with common sequences between murine and human BMAL1. Hybridoma supernatants were screened using an ELISA-based assay and the resulting positive clone was named 2F11. For ascites production, clones were intraperitoneally injected (∼1 × 107 cells per injection) into BALB/c mice primed with Pristane (Chemical Industries) as described previously (Yoshimura et al. , 1996). Typing of the 2F11 monoclonal antibody was performed using a mouse monoclonal antibody isotyping kit (GE Healthcare). Transfection of mBmal1 mutants into NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were maintained in high-glucose DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Invitrogen). The cell cultures were maintained in a CO2 incubator at 37 ± 0. 5°C under 5% CO2. For dual luciferase assays, cells were grown in 24-well plates and transfected with 0. 06 μg of E54-TK luciferase reporter vector and 0. 01–0. 1 μg of Bmal1 expression vector using Lipofectamine (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. As a control, 6 ng of Renilla luciferase expression vector was transfected into cells in separate wells. The total amount of expression plasmids transfected per well was kept constant (0. 16 μg) by adding empty vector. The cells were lysed and monitored for their luciferase activity using a (Nippon Gene) at 24 h after transfection. The E54-TK luciferase activity was normalized by the Renilla luciferase activity in the neighboring well. For immunofluorescence assays, wild-type Bmal1 and DN-Bmal1 (mBMF1R5) were subcloned into an epitope-tagged vector (pcDNA3. 1/His A; Invitrogen).

Output: pass