Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Strategic responses to the risks and opportunities associated with pollinators and pollination range in ambition and timescale, from immediate, relatively straightforward responses that reduce or avoid risks, to larger scale and longer-term responses that aim to transform agriculture, or society's relationship with nature. There are seven broad strategies, linked to actions, for responding to risks and opportunities, including a range of solutions that draw on indigenous and local knowledge. These strategies can be adopted in parallel, and would be expected to reduce risks associated with pollinator decline in any region of the world, regardless of the extent of available knowledge about the status of pollinators or the effectiveness of interventions. 16. A number of features of current intensive agricultural practices threaten pollinators and pollination. Moving towards more sustainable agriculture and reversing the simplification of agricultural landscapes offer key strategic responses to risks associated with pollinator decline. Three complementary approaches to maintaining healthy pollinator communities and productive agriculture are: (a) ecological intensification (i. e. , managing nature's ecological functions to improve agricultural production and livelihoods while minimizing environmental damage); (b) strengthening existing diversified farming systems (including forest gardens, home gardens, agroforestry and mixed cropping and livestock systems) to foster pollinators and pollination through practices validated by science or indigenous and local knowledge (e. g. , crop rotation); and (c) investing in ecological infrastructure by protecting, restoring and connecting patches of natural and semi-natural habitats throughout productive agricultural landscapes. These strategies can concurrently mitigate the impacts of land-use change, land management intensity, pesticide use and climate change on pollinators. 17. Practices based on indigenous and local knowledge, in supporting an abundance and diversity of pollinators can, in co-production with science, be a source of solutions to current challenges. Practices include diverse farming systems; favouring heterogeneity in landscapes and gardens; kinship relationships that protect many specific pollinators; using seasonal indicators (e. g. , flowering) to trigger actions (e. g. , planting); distinguishing a wide range of pollinators; and tending to nest trees, and floral and other pollinator resources. Knowledge co-production has led to improvements in hive design; new understanding of parasite impacts; and the identification of stingless bees new to science. 18.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: There was a correlation between annual budget and number of constructs, as well as budget and publications produced. However, the number of employees did not appear to significantly alter publications. While providing initial insights into the developing infrastructure and resources of hospital-based 3D printing facilities, our work is based on a small dataset from largely US participants based on recruitment strategy. In this study, we attempted to identify and contact 3D printing hospital-based facilities through widely subscribed 3D printing special interest group message boards, given no pre-existing central databases for such facilities. However, such message boards target largely a North American, English-speaking audience precluding participation by much of the international community and facilities unaffiliated with the message boards. Message board recruitment also prevented survey response rate determination, so it is unclear how many facilities exposed to our recruitment opportunity opted not to participate. Therefore, we suspect, and consider it highly likely, that there are other hospital-based 3D printing facilities not captured in our dataset. Moreover, there are likely smaller 3D printing groups in non-hospital, but medically-based settings (e. g. rehabilitation facilities, outpatient offices, surgi-centers) that were not captured. Using a specialty-specific (i. e. radiology) message board, as expected, our data showed the majority of facilities responding were administered through radiology. However, given approximately one third of facilities responding were not administered through radiology, there was noted be be at least some diversity of affiliated specialties among respondent message board users. While the recruitment strategy is an identified limitation, it highlights the critical gap in organization for hospital-based and healthcare-associated 3D printing practices. Despite foundational work being done by RSNA, technology/engineering associations, and informal user-led groups, we were not able to identify an organization through which to recruit participants that represents the diversity of focus, personnel, and practice of hospital-based and healthcare-associated 3D printing practices limiting our scope. The dataset was collected over a short period, which may have excluded infrequent message board viewers and contributed to overall reduced participation. It is also important to acknowledge that the study data collection period occurred during the covid-19 pandemic, during which many hospital systems were temporarily suspending operations of non-essential facilities and redirecting resources to support increased clinical demands.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Although the result was promising, the method was not recommended due to difficulties to access to breeding sites in densely vegetated areas, the high cost of the treatment and the risk of environmental pollution and contamination of food and water [2]. A 60% solution of dimethylphtalate has also proven to be a good repellent of Chrysops in Kumba. Another promising method attempted was the creation of anthropic savanna hostile for Chrysops development around habitations [33]. Nowadays, it is well established that adults fly dwell in the canopy where they locate their host, that the fly range and density are limited (less than 6000 m and 785–3682 flies/km2) and that the smoke of wood is attractive to Chrysops. So, based on these current knowledge on the biology and ecology of Chrysops, control measures against these pests may encompass: the clearance of large area of bush around habitations in order to destroy the habitats (canopy) of the adult flies, use of repellents for crop or forest workers and livestock, trapping with attractant to reduce the fly density. In this respect, Morlais [30] showed that smoke of wood increased the Loapi trap performance to 14 fold. Also, the Harris trap has been reported to be efficient on wooded savanna–dwelling Chrysops and need to be tested on forest‐dwelling Chrysops [2]. If traps have been developed and largely used for other disease vectors in Africa (tsetse flies, mosquitoes), little has been done as regards African Chrysops. Yet, traps have the advantages of being cheap, harmless to the environment and can be used by a common man. For a rapid and large scale control of Chrysops, modern chemicals without a permanent effect on the environment need to be developed. 12. gap in the knowledge of is huge. fauna in Africa still needs to be elucidated, as well as the role of each species, subspecies or genotype in the transmission of diseases to human and livestock. But before this is done, molecular tools need to be developed for epidemiological studies to clarify whether currently known species vary genetically across geographic areas. Research works are also to be focused on repellents, attractants, traps and environment‐friendly insecticides that can be used for an efficient control of Chrysops.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: in through your institution of Economic EntomologyThis issuesearch term Advance 10. 1093/jee/toy125 Published: 09 May 2018 10. 1093/jee/toy125 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation of Economic EntomologyThis issuesearch term of Economic EntomologyThis issuesearch term canola seed production is an important pollination market in Canada; typically both honey bees (Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)) and bees (Megachile rotundata Fab. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)) are concurrently managed to ensure pollination in this high-value crop. Beekeepers are paid to provide pollination services, and the colonies also produce a honey crop from the canola. Pollen availability from male-fertile plants is carefully managed in this crop to provide an abundance of pollen to fertilize male-sterile (‘female’) plants. This abundance of pollen represents an underutilized resource for beekeepers, and an opportunity to diversify the hive-products produced for market in this management system. We used a commercial-style pollen trap to collect pollen from colonies twice weekly for the duration of canola pollination, and compared the honey production and amount of sealed brood in colonies with pollen traps to those without pollen traps. We found that while pollen trapping reduced honey production, there was no negative impact on brood production, and at current market prices, the per-hive revenue was higher in colonies from which pollen was trapped. Pollen trapping honey bee colonies in the context of hybrid canola pollination, therefore, offers beekeepers an opportunity to diversify their products and increase their revenue. pollen trapping, pollen collection, honey production, honey bee management, pollinationIn addition to water, honey bees gather two foods; nectar is converted to honey and acts as a source of carbohydrates, while pollen satisfies the need of the colony for protein, minerals, and fats (Winston 1987).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines generate power by converting kinetic energy from wind into electricity. [SEP] Text: However, this stands in contrast to most of the European market, where the average specific power is found to be high, although it is difficult to generalize. Table 1 shows the wind turbines considered in the comparison study against the LSP wind turbine model. The respective power curves (normalized) are shown in Figure 1. It is clearly evident from Figure 1 that the power curve moves toward the left and is able to generate more energy at lower wind speeds, while the specific power is decreasing. To eliminate the influence of hub height variation in the comparison study, all wind turbines in the study are considered with the same hub height of 120 m. Turbine name (units)Rated power (kW)Rotor diameter (m)Specific power (W/m2)SP-379200082379SP-345210088345SP-295200093295SP-271200097271SP-2453000125245SP-2103465145210SP-2002000113200SP-1802100122180SP-1733300156173Table 1. Wind turbine models considered in this study. Figure 1. Power curves considered for the study. 2. 2 Power curve of LSP wind turbineThe power curve of the LSP wind turbine is derived/synthesized in a unique way from one of the latest wind turbine models (SP-173) in the Indian market, not by increasing the blade length, but by reducing the generator capacity and keeping the blade length constant. Considering the logistical and transportation-related constraints imposed by the longer blades [10], especially in complex terrain conditions, such a reverse approach seems to be justifiable. Figure 2 shows the normalized power curves of SP-173 and LSP-105 (derived from SP-173 by reducing the rated capacity to 2000 kW from 3300 kW). Figure 2. Comparison of SP-173 and LSP-105. (derived from SP-173 by reducing the rated capacity to 2000 kW instead of 3300 kW). 2. 3 Wind sitesIn order to understand the impact of Power wind turbines on varying wind climate, four different wind sites have been chosen for the study. The sites have been chosen to represent high (High W), medium (Med W), low (Low W), and low-coastal wind (Low coast W) regimes, considering the future wind farm development possibilities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: With the present knowledge on the biology, ecology and behavior of Chrysops, different control measures could be combined at small and large scale level. At small scale level, insecticide‐treated traps or Harris‐type traps could significantly reduce the fly density in rural areas if they are set next to firewood smoke (attractant). At large scale level, aerial spraying of insecticides at the resting sites (canopy) could be done but the most efficient technique would involve limiting or preventing female from breeding by using its natural enemies or the “sterile male” technique. This technique consists of introducing barren males in the population to compete with wild males for mating, as is the case in tsetse fly control. In sum, there is still a lot to know on and a long way to go before their successful control or eradication. 1. Chippaux, J. P. , Boussinesq, M. , Gardon, J. , Gardon‐Wendel, N. , Ernould, J. C. 1996. Severe adverse reaction risks during mass treatment with ivermectin in loiasis‐endemic areas. Parasitol. Today. 12, 448–450. 2. Fain, A. 1978. Loaiasis: The present situation. Bull. O. M. S. 56, 155–167. 3. Crew, W. 1956. The bionomic of Chrysops silacea. Its life history and its role in the transmission of filariasis. PhD thesis, University of Liverpool. 4. Sinshaw, A. , Abebe, G. , Desquesnes, M. , Yoni, W. 2006. Biting flies and Trypanosoma vivax infection in three highland districts bordering Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Vet. Parasitol. 142, 35–46. 5. Kassa, T. , Eguale, T. , Chaka, H. 2011. Prevalence of camel trypanosomiasis and its vectors in Fentale district, Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. Vet. Arhiv. 81, 611–621 6. Gordon, R. M. , Crewe, W. 1953. The deposition of the infective stage of Loa loa by Chrysops silacea, and the early stages of its migration to the deeper tissues of the mammalian host.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Nutritionally, pollen is important not only for the production of brood food, but is also critical for newly emerged workers to fully develop tissues such as the hypopharyngeal gland and fat body (Haydak 1970, Fluri and Bogdanov 1987, Hrassnigg and Crailsheim 1998, Keller 2005a) required for brood-rearing and overwintering. In adult workers, pollen consumption is dependent on the age and behavioral tasks performed by workers, with nurse bees that are actively engaged in brood-rearing and feeding the queen consuming relatively large amounts of pollen (Hrassnigg and Crailsheim 1998). Honey bee colonies do not maintain a large amount of stored pollen, rather they actively regulate the amount of pollen in the colony according to their current need. Fewell and Winston (1992, 1996) demonstrated that in contrast to nectar foraging, which is largely controlled by availability, pollen foraging behavior in honey bees is very sensitive to colony state, in particular, the amount of uncapped brood (eggs and larvae) relative to pollen stores. The presence of eggs and larvae stimulate pollen foraging (Free 1967), in particular, the presence of older larvae is highly stimulatory to pollen collection (Hellmich and Rothenbuhler 1986). Colonies manipulated by experimenters or beekeepers to have low pollen stores respond primarily by increasing the foraging effort of individual workers (intensity and load size) (see also Eckert et al. 1994), but also secondarily by changing the choices made by foraging bees (pollen vs. nectar or water, see also Free 1967, Camazine 1993, Dreller et al. 1999, Pernal and Currie 2001) and the recruitment of previously inactive foragers (Fewell and Bertram 1999, Anderson 2001). Fewell and Winston (1992) suggest that there is a ‘set point’ around which honey bee colonies regulate pollen levels; too little incoming pollen would limit the colony’s ability to rear brood, too much is unnecessary expenditure of foraging energy. Ultimately, the ability of the colony to rear adequate amounts of brood determines the population of adult bees and probability of colony survival; therefore, any restriction to the amount of pollen brought into a colony can have dramatic consequences on colony survival, particularly overwintering success in temperate climates.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind turbines generate power by converting kinetic energy from wind into electricity. [SEP] Text: , 20 m/s, 18 m/s, 15 m/s, and 13 m/s), the LCOE seems to be on an increasing trend in high and medium wind sites, mainly because of the anticipated energy loss at the higher wind speeds. Figure 8. LCOE sensitivity analysis for the reduction in cut-off wind speed of the low SP wind turbine – (a) shows 2% reduction in capital cost and (b), (c) and (d) shows 3%, 4% and 5% reduction respectively. The results suggest that though reducing the cut-off wind speed will lead to significant energy loss in high wind sites and may impact the revenue and energy generation balance, in low wind sites it is economical to reduce cut-off wind speeds, as the expected reduction in blade mass and related savings will definitely outweigh the drop in energy generation. This is an encouraging takeaway in the present scenario and may lead to a conducive environment for more wind penetration into low wind sites. Advertisement 5. ConclusionThe design of modern wind turbines has seen major changes over the course of history. For example, one of the most noticeable manifestations is the steady decline in the specific power of wind turbines over time. With an eye toward analyzing the prospects of further specific power reduction in the future, this 24. EA. 1. 1CUF is a metric often used to evaluate the technical performance of a wind turbine/wind farm. It is a measure of “how well the plant is utilized”. Advertisement A. 2 of Energy (LCOE)of Energy (LCOE) is the cost of generating electricity over its lifetime. It is an economic assessment and defines the minimum price at which energy must be sold for a project to break even. Advertisement A. 3 Specific Power(SP) is defined as the ratio between the rated power of the turbine and its swept area [19], and is expressed in units of Watts per square meter (W/m2) as shown below:Specific PowerSP=. 3. 1The specific power is required to be lower in order to extract more output from lower wind speeds. The following equation can explain the reason behind it by showing that power is proportional to the rotor area and wind speed [20]. P=12ρAV3EA. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 47, 74–85. 7. Gouteux, J. P. , Noireau, F. 1989. The host p172. 8. Fain, A. 1969. Notes on the geographical distribution of the filarial worm Loa loa and of the horse flies of the genus Chrysops in Congo and Rwanda. Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop 49, 499–530. 9. Kouam, M. K. , Tchatchueng‐Mbougua, J. B. , Demanou, M. , Boussinesq, M. , Pion, S. D. S. , Kamgno, J. 2013. Impact of repeated ivermectin treatments against onchocerciasis on the transmission of loiasis: an entomologic evaluation in central Cameroon. Parasit. Vectors. 6, 283 10. Iboh, C. 2012. Occurrence and distribution of Chrysops species in Akamkpa community of State, Nigeria. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 15, 1139–1143 11. Cheke, R. A, Mas, J. , Chainey, J. E. 2003. Potential vectors of loiasis and other tabanids on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. Med. Vet. Entomol. 17, 221–223. 12. Müller,. , Kline, D. , Kravchenko, V. D. , Schlein, Y. 2012. An annotated checklist of the horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of the Egypt with remarks on ecology and zoogeography. Acta Trop. 122, 205–211. 13. Inaoka, T. , Hori, E. , Yamaguchi, K. , Watanabe, M. , Yoneyama, Y. , Ogunba, E. O. 1988. Morphology and identification of Chrysops larvae from Nigeria. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2, 141–152. 14. Zouré, H. G. M. , Wanji, S. , Noma, M. , Amazigo, U. V. , Peter, J. ,. 2011.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Even short-term pollen dearth, when severe, can lead to cannibalism of young larvae and a shortening of larval development time (Schmickl and Crailsheim 2001), and the effects of pollen limitation on brood development can be measured for multiple generations (Dustmann and Ohe 1988). However, these effects are not always observed, particularly when traps are placed for a short period of time, or used intermittently (Rybhakov 1961, Lavie and Fresnaye 1963, Lavie 1967, Barker 1971, van Laere and Martens 1971, Goodman 1974, Katsanov and Petkova 1975, Duff and Furgala 1986a, Nelson et al 1987). Provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan are the largest honey producers in Canada. Production far exceeds consumption, and beekeepers in the region primarily sell their honey in bulk, to packers in Alberta and other regions of Canada as well as to export markets, notably the and Japan. Beekeepers in Alberta sell an estimated 94% of their honey through bulk sales (Laate 2017) as opposed to direct to consumer sales or retail packages. The price of bulk honey fluctuates with international production, and from 2007 to 2017 ranged between $0. 98 and 2. 25 CDN per lb ($2. 16–4. 95 per kg; Laate 2017). Alberta accounts for 42–45% of honey production in Canada and 43% of national production is exported rather than being consumed domestically (2016). Annually, 55,000–75,000 honey bee colonies are rented to pollinate hybrid canola seed production fields in southern Alberta (Figs. 1 and 2). These fields are carefully managed to produce an abundance of pollen to ensure adequate seed set of this high-value crop. As seed canola pollination takes place primarily in mid-summer (end of June to the beginning of August), these colonies are typically very large, double brood chamber colonies that produce a honey crop while in pollination, despite a high stocking rate (1–1. 5 hives per acre). In addition to quantity, the quality of pollen in this crop is also high. Canola pollen is high in fat, has sufficient protein and the required amino acids for successful brood rearing, and is highly attractive to honey bees (Somerville 2002). As a result, the abundance of quality pollen is a boon to the colonies, which typically grow their populations while on this crop.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth’s surface for power generation. [SEP] Text: geothermics. 1019155. Technology roadmap. Geothermal heat and power. Technical report, 2011. Agency. Paris, France6. . Assessment of geothermal resources of the – 1975. U. S. Circular 727, U. S. Office. 1975. 155 p7. : A Volume in the Encyclopedia of Ed. 20188. . Technologies. In: M. A. Abraham (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies. Elsevier. 2017. p. 51-619. DiPippo R. Plants: Principles, Applications, : Fourth Edition. 2016. 762 p10. Almaktar M, Shaaban M. Prospects of renewable energy as a non-rivalry energy alternative in Libya. Renewable and Reviews. 2021;143:110852. DOI: 10. 1016/j. rser. 2021. 11085211. . Understanding the Springs, Alaska, geothermal system using temperature and pressure data from exploration boreholes. Geothermics. 2008; 37(6):565-585. DOI: 10. 1016/j. geothermics. 2008. 09. 00112. Zhao Y, Wang J. Exergoeconomic analysis and optimization of a flash-binary geothermal power system. Appl. Energy. 2016;179:159-170. DOI: 10. 1016/j. apenergy. 2016. 06. 10813. Zarrouk SJ, Moon H. Efficiency of geothermal power plants: A worldwide review. Geothermics. 2014;51:142-153. DOI: 10. 1016/j. geothermics. 2013. 11. 00114. . Lifetime design strategy for binary geothermal plants considering degradation of geothermal resource productivity. Energy Convers. Manag. 2017;132:1-13. DOI: 10. 1016/j. enconman. 2016. 10. 02715. Moya D, Aldás C, Kaparaju P. Geothermal energy: Power plant technology and direct heat applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018; 94:889-901. DOI: 10. 1016/j. rser. 2018. 06. 04716. . CO2 emissions from geothermal power plants: evaluation of technical solutions for CO2 reinjection.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large‐scale implementation of the rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (). Plos Negl. Trop. Dis. 5, e1210. 15. Noireau, F. , Nzoulani, A. , Sinda, D. , Itoua, A. 1990. Chrysops silacea and C. dimidiata: fly densities and infection rates with Loa loa in the Chaillu mountains, Congo Republic. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 84, 153–155. 16. Demanou, M. , Pion, S. D. S. , Boussinesq, M. 2001. Entomological study of the transmission of Loa loa in the (Cameroon). Soc. Pathol. Exot. 94, 347–352. 17. Wanji, S. , Tendongfor, N. , Esum, M. E. , Enyong, P. 2002. Chrysops silacea biting densities and transmission potential in an endemic area of human loiasis in south‐west Cameroon. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 7, 371–377. 18. Davey, J. T. , O'Rourke, F. J. 1951. Observations on Chrysops silacea and C. dilllidiata at Benin, Southern Nigeria. Part 1. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 45, 30–37. 19. Davey, J. T. , O'Rourke, F. J. 1951. Observations on Chrysops silacea and C. dimidiata at Benin, Southern Nigeria. Part III. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 45, 101–109. 20. Duke, B. O. L. 1955. Studies on the biting habits of Chrysops. 1 – The biting‐cycle of Chrysops silacea at various heights above the ground in the rain‐forest at Kumba, British Cameroons. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 49, 193–202. 21. Williams, P. , Crewe, W. 1963. Studies of control of the vectors of loasis in West Africa. V.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, they also found that colonies fitted with a trap that was not engaged (and therefore did not remove pollen) also had a reduction in honey production, suggesting that in part, the traps themselves act as a physical barrier to foraging. Pollen can either be fed back to bee colonies during periods of pollen dearth, such as early spring or late fall, used to rear other bee species, or sold for human consumption. Locally collected pollen is more expensive than either imported pollen or pollen substitutes for bee feed; however, the risks of introducing new pathogens or pesticides to a beekeeping operation is minimized with the use of locally collected pollen. Pollen for human consumption sells for a greater price; however, the market may become saturated more easily than the market for honey and bumble bee feed. Regardless of the intended use, pollen must be cleaned before use and dried or frozen for storage. The costs of collecting pollen, as well as those of cleaning and storing it must also be considered. Targeting collection to colonies that are high producers, using deep collection trays to minimize the frequency of collection visits (McDonald 1980), and targeting times and areas with a pollen flow are critical to the profitability of pollen collection. In addition, colony size must be optimized, with large (25,000–40,000 adult worker bees) colonies with ample open brood yielding the most pollen (Moeller 1977) and honey. Beekeepers who are being paid to provide pollination services must also consider any effects of pollen trapping on the level of service provided. Pollination effectiveness, the percentage of flowers setting fruit, as well as the number of pollen grains deposited, is linked to the foraging behavior of visiting bees, which could potentially be affected by pollen trapping. In general, bees that are collecting pollen are more effective pollinators than bees foraging only for nectar (e. g. , Bosch and Blas 1994, Javorek et al. 2002, Monzón et al. 2004). For ‘Comice’ pears, e. g. , Monzón et al. (2004) found that the rate of honey bee contact with flower stigmas (the part of the female reproductive organ where pollen germinates) was 51. 8% for pollen nectar foragers, and only 19. 0% for nectar only foragers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: plant-based diets have been developed (plant-based diet index (PDI), unhealthful PDI (uPDI), and healthful PDI (hPDI)), to evaluate consumption of both animal and plant-based foods, while also considering the quality of plant-based options [14]. While limited research has investigated the association between these indices and CRC risk [14, 15], to our knowledge, no studies has explored this correlation within populations. Notably, the dietary habits of population differ significantly, with large portion sizes and a preference for refined grains like bread and white rice, leading to a higher carbohydrates intake compared to other regions [16]. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between PDI, uPDI, hPDI, and the risk of CRC in Iranian adults, contribution to a deeper understanding of the link between diet and CRC risk. Materials and methodsStudy populationThis hospital-based case-control study was conducted in three general hospitals and their associated CRC surgery departments of Tehran, Iran. The sample size was calculated considering a β = 0. 2, α = 0. 05, and anticipated odds ratio (OR) of 0. 45 based on a previous study investigating the association between a similar dietary factor and CRC risk [17]. Cases were individuals aged 40 to 75 years who were diagnosed with CRC, and had no prior history of cancer by convenient sampling method. The control group was randomly selected from the same hospitals, and free of chronic diseases or acute illness that could influence dietary pattern. The diseases of the patients in the control group include 14. 1% osteoarticular disorders, 38% sprains and fractures, 11. 3% disk disorders, 9. 8% acute surgical conditions, 7. 0% trauma, 7. 0% skin diseases, and 12. 0% other diseases. Each CRC patient was paired with two control patients. A total of 267 patients were selected (89 cases and 178 controls). Twenty-four patients did not participate, and 30 were excluded due to dietary reporting error (total energy intake outside the defined range of ± 3 standard deviations from the mean or incomplete food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)). Statistical analysis was performed on the remaining 71 cases and 142 controls. This study received approval from the of of (IR. SUMS. . REC. 1401. 011). Some details of this study have been published previously [18,19,20].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The effects of DDT, Dieldrin and Gamma‐BHC in the mud of natural tabanid breeding sites in the rain forest of the Cameroons. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 57, 300–306. 22. Kershaw, W. E. , Crewe, W. , Beesley, W. N. 1954. Studies on the intake of microfilariae by their insect vectors, their survival and their effect on the survival of their vectors. II – The intake of the microfilariae of Loa loa and Acanthocheilonema perstans by Chrysops. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 48, 102–109. 23. . 1983. Mechanical transmission of equine infectious anemia virus by deer flies (Chrysops flavidus) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans). Am. J. Vet. Res. 44, 155–156. 24. 2007. Veterinary parasitology. 3rd ed, Oxford: Blackwell publishing Ltd 25. Chippaux, J‐P, Bouchité, B. , Demanou, M. , Morlais, I. , Le Goff, G. 2000. Density and dispersal of the loaiasis vector Chrysops dimidiata in southern Cameroon. Med. Vet. Entomol. 14, 339–344. 26. Duke, B. O. L. 1954. The transmission of loiasis in the forest‐fringe area of the British Cameroons. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 48, 349–355. 27. Duke, B. O. L. 1955. Studies on the biting habits of Chrysops. II. The effect of wood fires on the biting density of Chrysops silacea in the rain‐forest at Kumba, British Cameroons. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 49, 260–272. 28. Duke, B. O. L. 1955. Symposium on loiasis. IV‐ The development of Loa in flies of the genus Chrysops and the probable significance of the different species in the transmission of loiasis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 49, 115–121. 29. Caubère, P. , Noireau, F. 1991.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: In almonds, one visit from a pollen (or pollen and nectar) foraging honey bee produced fruit set 17–26% of the time, whereas only 0–9% of nectar forager visits produced fruit set (Bosch and Blas 1994). The increased pollination effectiveness of pollen over nectar foragers likely results both from increased body pollen, as well as increased contact with flower reproductive organs. However, the pollination of hybrid seed crops is complicated by the need to transfer pollen from male-fertile plants to male-sterile plants. The male-sterile (or ‘female’) plants are harvested, whereas the male-fertile (‘male’) plants are only pollen donors. These distinct plant morphs are planted in rows or bays of rows, and pollinators travelling directly from male flowers deposit much higher canola pollen loads (32. 19 grains) on female stigmas than pollinators travelling from female to female flowers (1. 73 grains) (Waytes 2017). However, honey bees have been known to orient themselves to the rows and forage up and down rather than crossing between rows or bays (Free 1966, Thorp 1979), and the relative contribution of nectar and pollen foragers to hybrid seed pollination is unclear. As early as 1967, it was suggested that colonies selectively bred to collect large amounts of pollen could be beneficial for commercial pollination (Free 1967). However, this practice was never widely adopted due to the logistical difficulties of selecting and maintaining pollen-hoarding lines of bees. Pollen hoarding is a genetic trait in honey bees, as is a preference for particular types of pollen (Mackensen and Nye 1966, 1969), and can be increased through selective breeding (Free 1967, Hellmich et al. 1985). Strains for bees selected for canola pollen hoarding could both increase the pollen collection (and therefore per hive revenue in this system, as well as increase the efficacy of pollination by increasing the preference for canola pollen). As pollen-trapping increases the number of pollen foragers (Webster et al. 1985), pollen-trapping could similarly be used to increase the pollination efficiency of colonies rented to provide pollination services to crops, without intensive breeding programs. In addition to honey, pollen is a valuable hive product.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 001), animal fat (p˂0. 001), eggs (p = 0. 024), fish and seafoods (p˂0. 001), meats (p˂0. 001) and animal based foods (p˂0. 001) were significantly lower, but vegetables (p = 0. 002), intake was more in the last tertile of hPDI. The participants’ food group intakes based on uPDI tertiles are reported in Fig. 3. The mean intake of In the last tertile of uPDI, the mean intake of whole grains (p˂0. 001), fruits (p˂0. 001), vegetables (p˂0. 001), nuts (p = 0. 006), legumes (p = 0. 004), vegetables oils (p = 0. 002), animal fat (p = 0. 003), dairy products (p˂0. 001), eggs (p = 0. 012), fish and sea foods (p˂0. 001) and meats (p˂0. 001) were significantly lower in the last tertile of uPDI. Table 2 presents the crude and multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CRC risk according to tertiles of PDI, hPDI, and uPDI scores. No significant association was observed between PDI and CRC (Ptrend=0. 609). In contrast, higher adherence to the hPDI was associated with a significantly lower risk of CRC in the highest tertile (79% reduction) compared to the lowest tertile. There was also a non-significant trend towards a lower risk in the second tertile (43% reduction). For the uPDI, participants in the second and highest tertiles had a higher risk of CRC compared to those in the first tertile (tertile (T)2: OR = 2. 99; 95% CI: 1. 12–7. 96 - and T3: OR = 6. 76; 95% CI: 2. 41–18. 94). No significant association was found between the highest tertile of PDI and CRC risk compared to the lowest tertile.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Effect of attraction factors on the sampling of Chrysops silaceu and C. dimidiata (Diptera: Tabanidae), vectors of Loa loa (Filaroidea: Onchocercidae) filariasis. J. Med. Entomol. 28, 263–265. 30. Morlais, I. Essais de pièges dans la lutte antivectorielle contre la loase en zone Intertropicale[thesis]. Université des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc. Montpellier II, 1994. 31. Duke, B. O. L. 1959. Studies on the biting habits of Chrysops. VI. A comparison of the biting densities and infection rates of C. silacea and C. dimidiata (Bombe form) in the rain‐forest at Kumba, Southern Cameroons, U. U. K. A. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 53, 203–214. 32. Maity, A. , Naskar, A. , Mukhopadhyay, E. , Hazra, S. , Sengupta, J. , Ghosh, S. , Banerjee, D. 2015. Taxonomic studies on Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) from Himachal Pradesh, India. Int. J. Fauna Biol. Stud. 2, 43–52 33. . , Oldroyd, H. 1950. The problem of loasis in with special reference to recent investigation at Kumba in the Nigeria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Hyg. 44, 11–47. information 1. Introduction2. Importance of 3. Hosts and species4. Classification5. Geographic distribution and ecological zones6. Morphology7. Life cycle8. Pathology9. Epidemiology10. Laboratory diagnosis11. Control12. Conclusion 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation © 2017 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This 3. 0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: In crops with ample pollen, focusing on periods of high pollen availability and high producing colonies, substantial increases in revenue can be gained by collecting pollen, even with concomitant decreases in honey production. Our results suggest that colonies with adequate pre-pollination nutrition may be trapped for a short period (3–4 wk) with no negative consequences on colony health. Pollen collection likely has no negative impact on pollination services, and may, in fact, enhance pollination as the number of pollen foragers increases. Pollen collection can, therefore, fit into a management paradigm focused on pollination service delivery and honey production, increasing the per hive revenue without negative effects on pollination services or colony health. 2001. The adaptive value of inactive foragers and the scout-recruit system in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Behav. Ecol. 12:111–1191971. The influence of food inside the hive on pollen collection by a honeybee colony. J. Apic. Res. 10: 23–26. 1994. Foraging behaviour and pollinating efficiency of Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera on almond (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae and Apidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 29: 1–9. 2006. Beehive Construction. (ed. ). (accessed 27 April 2018). Brodschneider, R. , and K. Crailsheim. 2010. Nutrition and health in honey bees. Apidologie41: 278–294. 2009. Flight performance of artificially reared honeybees (Apis mellifera). Apidologie40: 441–449. 1993. The regulation of pollen foraging by honey bees: how foragers assess the colony’s need for pollen. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 32: 265–272. 1995. Honey bee morphometrics: linearity of variables with respect to body size and classification tested with European worker bees reared by varying ratios of nurse bees. J. Apic. Res. 34: 129–145. 1999. Regulation of pollen foraging in honeybee colonies: effects of young brood, stored pollen, and empty space. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 45: 227–233. 689. 758. 1988.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Association between PDI, hPDI, and uPDI with CRCFull size tableDiscussionOur study suggests that following a healthy plant-based diet (higher hPDI scores) may be associated with a lower risk of CRC, while a diet high in unhealthy plant-based diet (higher uPDI scores) might be linked to an increased risk. No significant association was found with overall plant-based diet index (PDI). The current study’s findings demonstrated an inverse relationship between higher hPDI tertiles and CRC risk. The aligns with previous research by Kim et al. [14] who reported a 20% reduction in CRC risk. Additionally, a study by Wang et al. [15] indicated that higher hPDI scores were associated with a reduced risk of CRC. These findings collectively support the potential protective role of healthy plant-based dietary patterns against CRC. The inverse association between high hPDI scores and CRC risk observed in the present study and previous research can be explained by several potential mechanisms. Notably, hPDI emphasizes consuming a greater quantity of nutrient-dense plant-based foods, rich in fiber and antioxidants [25]. In contract, red meat consumption has been linked to an increased risk of CRC [26]. A meta-analysis study suggests that a daily increase of 150 g of red meat could increase elevate CRC risk by 20% [27]. The potential mechanisms for red meats carcinogenicity include the generation of N-nitroso compounds, heme iron, sulfur-containing amino acids, and saturated fatty acids [28]. Furthermore, fermentation of fiber in the colon by gut microbiota products short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, which can induce apoptosis and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, dietary antioxidants neutralize free radicals that cause DNA damage and impede cancer cell formation [29,30,31]. A healthy gut microbiome, compared to a disrupted one, is associated with various health benefits, and a strong link has been established between its composition and cancer risk, particularly CRC [32, 33]. Certain plant foods rich in fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto–oligosaccharides (e. g. , onions, garlic, artichokes) promote the growth of beneficial bacteria that can reduce CRC risk through multiple mechanism, including preventing chronic inflammation, protecting intestinal cells, improving insulin sensitivity, and promoting healthy cell division [34].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/66251 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechControl of Pest and Edited by Vonnie D. C. the of Pest and Edited by Vonnie D. C. purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. the mid-1930s, following Williams’ [1] experiments, known now as classical experiments, light trapping developed into the most general method of collecting nocturnal insects throughout the world. In Hungary, this was followed from 1952, by the introduction of an internationally unique network of traps established on an initiative by academician Jermy [2]. national network is uniformly outfitted with Jermy-type light-traps. The traps of the research and plant protection institutions work from 1 April to 31 October, while those of the forestry establishments are operational from 7 p. m. to 5 a. m. every night of the year, regardless of weather, or the time of sunrise and sunset. After the beginning of the regular light-trap collections the researchers experienced that the fluctuations of the daily catch results do not follow exactly the swarming of species. These fluctuations are obviously caused by environmental impacts. First, the influences of meteorological elements were studied. These research studies continued soon with the examination of the influence of the moonlight as well.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Epinephrine decreased the IL-1α concentrations (p = 0. 034, ANOVA) (Fig. 2, bottom), but this decrease was not reversed by either the α- or β-blocker. Norepinephrine did not affect the IL-1α concentrations (p =. 480, ANOVA). Figure 2: Effects of an α- or β-blocker on the epinephrine- (open bars) or norepinephrine- (shaded bars) stimulated production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1α in normal abdominal skin of mice. Preparations of normal abdominal skin were incubated without epinephrine or norepinephrine (NONE), or with 10 μM epinephrine or 10 μM norepinephrine in the absence (CATE) or presence of the α-blocker, 10 μM phentolamine (CATE+Alpha), or the β-blocker, 10 μM propranolol (CATE+Beta). Each subgroup represents five skin specimens. Top, both epinephrine and norepinephrine increased the IL-6 concentrations [p =. 041 and p =. 092, respectively, analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. The epinephrine- and norepinephrine-induced increases were suppressed by the β-blocker but not the α-blocker. Bottom, epinephrine significantly decreased the IL-1α concentrations (p =. 034, ANOVA), but neither an α- nor β-blocker reversed the decrease. Norepinephrine did not alter the IL-1α concentrations (p =. 480, ANOVA). of Catecholamines after a Burn Injury. The plasma epinephrine concentrations in the burn group were significantly higher than the concentrations in the sham group (p =. 040, Mann-test) (Fig. 3). The plasma norepinephrine concentrations in the burn group tended to be slightly higher than the concentrations in the sham group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p =. 307, Mann-test). The dopamine was under the detectable concentration in all the samples from both groups. These data demonstrated that a 20% burn injury significantly increased the plasma concentrations of epinephrine 30 mins after the burn injury, but not those of norepinephrine or dopamine.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 4Pan et al46114 participants with no comorbidities:Buddhist vegetarians (23 men, 32 women)omnivores (20 men, 39 women); age, 20–30 y; Chinese participantsVegetarian (no fish or meat)Omnivore>2 years on the dietFibrinogen (Clauss)No significant difference in fibrinogen between the vegetarians and omnivores5Suwannuruks et al4780 participants:vegans (15 men, 15 women)lacto-vegetarianslacto-ovo-vegetariansomnivores (not matched; 15 men, 15 women); no comorbidities; age, 18–50 y; ThailandVegetarian (vegan, lacto-vegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian)Omnivore>4 years on dietFibrinogen (the Ellis and Stransky method, 1961)No significant difference in fibrinogen concentration between the vegetarians and omnivores6Mia and Vorster48321 Indian adolescents:lacto-ovo-vegetarian (11 men, 20 women)290 omnivores (148 men, 142 women); age, 16–18 y; South AfricaLacto-ovo-vegetarianOmnivorevegetarian diet was not lower in fat (>40% TE in both groups) or higher in fiber than the omnivore diet. Fibrinogen (Clauss)Fibrinogen concentration did not differ between the lacto-ovo-vegetarians and the omnivores. Fibrinogen showed significantly negative correlations with intakes of plant protein and dietary fiber. The number of vegetarians in this study was small (10%) and the results therefore cannot be extrapolated to the general vegetarian population. 7THUSA441854 apparently healthy African men and women; age, >15 y; South AfricaThe paper investigated the association between nutrient intakes, nutritional status, and fibrinogen concentration. Dietary intakes ranged from traditional low-fat African diet to more Westernized diets. Fibrinogen (Clauss)Participants with the highest intake of dietary fiber and plant protein and with the lowest intake of trans fatty acids and animal protein had the lowest plasma fibrinogen concentration.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The essence of light trapping comes from the fact that the moonlight reduces the efficiency of the light source. There was a light-trap network in operation in Hungary since the last six decades. This network gave an inestimable substance with a scientific value to the entomology researches. Nowinszky and his colleagues examined the influence of the environmental factors onto the light trap catch since the last four decades. This enormous amount data made it possible to study the influence of more environmental factors that were not examined by researchers or only some of them made such examinations. The results of this work are discussed in this 2. activity and its influence on the Earth 2. 1. Solar activity featured by Q-index Kleczek [14] was the first researcher, who introduced the concept of Q-index (Q = i × t), to use the daily flare activity through quantification of the 24 h of the day. The daily activity of the flares is characterized by the so-called Q-index that, used by several researchers, considers both the intensity and period of prevalence of the flares [15, 16]. Solar flares are most powerful and explosive of all forms of solar activity and the most important in terrestrial effects. This idea led solar physicists to assess the daily flare index [17]. Most authors have used Q-index to characterise daily flare activities, which also expresses the significance of flares by their duration. It is calculated by the following formula: Q = ( i × t ) E1 where i = flare intensity, t = the time length of its existence. 2. 2. Solar activity featured by 2800 MHz radio flux Solar flux from the entire solar disk at a frequency of 2800 MHz has been recorded routinely by radio telescope near Ottawa since February 1947. 2. 3. Solar activity featured by ionospheric storms and atmospheric radio noises The ionospheric disturbances caused by corpuscular radiation appear during the solar flares when the Sun emits a large amount of electrically charged and uncharged p2. 4. Interplanetary magnetic field sector boundaries Besides studies of the longer cycles, emphasis has more recently shifted to research on the short-term atmospheric phenomena that also result from changes in the solar activity. These include the passing of the Earth through interplanetary magnetic field boundaries roughly once in every 8 days [18]. 2. 5. UV-B radiation of UV-B range is especially detrimental in large quantities to living organisms.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: manuscript Login RU Русский Русский manuscript Submit manuscript cite 1. FNC zernobobovyh i krupyanyh kul'tur Type: 10. 33814/AFP-2222-5366-2020-3-12-24 Pages: from 12 to 24 Status: Published Received: 30. 10. 2020 Accepted: 30. 10. 2020 Published: 30. 10. 2020 Subject area: UDK 63 Сельское хозяйство. Лесное хозяйство. Охота. Рыбное хозяйство Language: Russian Keywords: red clover, seeds, yield, attractant, bees, pollination, seed set, semination of inflorescences Abstract and keywords Abstract (English): The development of animal husbandry and the transfer of agriculture to a biological basis requires an in-crease in the area of crops of perennial leguminous grasses. For the conditions of the Northern part of the Earth region of the Russian Federation, meadow clover is one of the most popular crops. In the Orel region over the past 10 years, meadow clover in its pure form and in grass mixtures occupied an average of 41. 8% in the structure of perennial grasses. For more efficient economic use of clover, it is ne-cessary to improve the provision of farms with its seeds, which requires the development and implemen-tation of new environmentally friendly methods of cultivation technology. Red clover is a strictly cross-pollinated, entomophilous plant. Natural self-pollination does not exceed 1–3%. The main pollinators of meadow clover are currently honeybees, which perform up to 90% of the pollination work on the produc-tion sowings of this crop. To increase seed gathering, the effectiveness of the drug Pollinus use, which increases the attractiveness of meadow clover as a honey plant, was established. The treatment of seed herbage with the Pollinus attractant allowed to increase the seed yield by 20. 1 kg/ha (+21. 2% to the con-trol).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Although the ability of fish oil to modulate platelet function by attenuating thromboxane A2 production is well known, supplementation studies did not consistently find inhibited platelet aggregation. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials concluded that the supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was associated with a reduced platelet aggregation in individuals in poor health, but not in healthy individuals. 70 This is in agreement with a recent review by Siniarski and Gajos75 that a degree of uncertainty still remains regarding the use of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of CVD since the initial promising findings from intervention studies were not supported by recent meta-analyses and differences in the approach of seminal clinical trials resulted in divergent results. Furthermore, plant-based n-3 fatty acids were found to be less effective inhibitors of platelet aggregation than fish oils. 76Lastly, plant-based diets are a source of dietary salicylic acid. It has previously been reported that vegetarians can have serum salicylic acid levels as high as patients taking 75 mg of aspirin a day. 77 In fact, Janossy et al78 reported that a variety of plant foods can exert effects on platelet function comparable to those of prescription medicine and as such, dietary intake may need to be considered when prescribing antithrombotic (aspirin) treatment. This is in agreement with the recommendation by Aimo and De Caterina79 that aspirin treatment for primary prevention of CVD should be based on a tailored approach that considers the combined assessment of thromboembolic and bleeding risk, the patient’s general health, general preventive measures (that can include a plant-based diet), and the patient’s 10-year CVD risk. Plant-based diets and factor VIIAlthough there is some evidence for the effect of plant-based diets on FVII, less information is available than for fibrinogen and platelets. We found 5 cross-sectional studies of which 3 report decreased FVII (measured as FVII coagulant activity [FVIIc], FVII activity, and percentage) in vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians compared with omnivores43,49,50 and 2 report no differences (FVIIc)46,48 (Table 3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Our studies could not be related with the studies of other authors, dealing with the effect of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation and light and pheromone trapping of insects. Therefore we studied light-trap catch of insect species and pheromone trap catch of moth (Lepidoptera) species on the nights following days with a different solar activity. Low sunspot activity leads to a thinner ozone layer and thus higher surface ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation [19]. The light-trap success of European Corn-borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. ) was examined by Puskás et al. [20] at those nights when during the previous day the UV-B radiation had a different intensity. 2. 6. Geomagnetic indices Becker [21] has found that certain species of Isotermes, Coleoptera, Diptera, Orthoptera and Hymenoptera are guided in their orientation by the natural magnetic field. Mletzko [22] carried out his experiments with specimens of ground beetles in the Moscow botanical garden. The insects flew in a given direction with an accuracy of +5° at daylight and +60° at night. The author assumes that orientation is guided by geomagnetism. Iso-Ivari and Koponen [23] studied the impact of geomagnetism on light trapping in the northernmost part of Finland. A weak but significant correlation was found between the geomagnetic parameters and the number of specimens of the various orders of insects caught. Studying the few (Yponomeuta rorrella Hbn. ), Pristavko and Karasov [24] revealed a correlation between the C and ΣK values and the number of individuals caught. In a later study [25], they also established that at the time of magnetic storms ΣK has a greater influence on the flying activity of the above species. Tshernyshev [26] found a high positive correlation between the horizontal component and the number of trapped insects. Later, however, he reported that while light-trap catches of some Coleoptera and Lepidoptera species increased, that of other Lepidoptera and Diptera species fell back during magnetic perturbations [27]. Examinations over the past few decades have also confirmed that in the case of some Lepidoptera species, such as Underwing (Noctua pronuba L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Due to the intensification of the flight-pollination activity of bees, the seed set in treated area was 65. 1%, the semination of heads inflorescences – 58. 9%, which exceeded the control (untreated area) by 16. 9 and 15. 9%, respectively. The use of attractant was economically profitable, since the price of seed crop increase is higher than additional costs by 2500–3500 rubles/ha. Keywords: red clover, seeds, yield, attractant, bees, pollination, seed set, semination of inflorescences text (PDF): Введение. В связи с интенсивным развитием животноводства и необходимостью биологизации земледелия с целью сохранения плодородия почв насущной задачей в областях Центрально-Черноземного региона РФ является оптимизация структуры пашни за счет увеличения посевов многолетних трав, в первую очередь бобовых видов.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 5Haines et al50; controls were from the Heart Study332 non-smokers, not using oral contraception; age, 18–65 y:282 omnivores (211 men, 71 women)vegetarians (27 vegan, 23 lacto-ovo-vegetarian; 25 men, 25 women)Vegetarian (vegan and lacto-ovo-vegetarian)OmnivoreFVII (%)FVII was significantly lower in the vegetarians compared to the omnivores. Intervention6Marckmann et al56; a randomized cross-over study with intervention duration of 2 weeks and a 2-to-6-week washout period20 healthy women; age, 21–52 y; BMI, 20–25 kg/m23 ad libitum experimental diets:A diet rich in starchy foods (), composed according to the Recommendations: <30 %E total fat;<10 %E saturated fatty acids; and >3 g/MJ fiberA sucrose-rich diet (), resembling the diet except for the inclusion of additional sucrose (approximately +20 E%, or 120 g sucrose per 10 MJ) in the place of starchy foods (primarily bread, rice, pasta, and cereals). And a high-fat diet (FAT) that had a fat content of 45 to 50 E% and a dominance of saturated fatty acids. The experimental diets were identical with respect to fish and marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content. was significantly lower following the starch (Nordic) diet compared to the sucrose or fat diets, with nonfasting FVIIc levels also lower in the starch group; however, not significantly so. 7Marckmann et al57; a randomized, crossover, 2-week study21 healthy middle-aged individuals:women (5 postmenopausal; mean age, 52 y)men (mean age, 53 y)5 light smokers; DenmarkNordic nutrition recommendations: low-fat (28% of energy), high fiber (3. 3 g/MJ). Larger amounts of fish, bread and cereals, vegetables and fruit. Energy, 10. 4 MJdiet (Dane diet): high-fat diet (39% energy), low-fiber. Energy, 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: ) [15], both the Moon and geomagnetism guide their orientation and they can even integrate these two different types of information [28]. We have investigated the light trapping of (Agrotis segetum Den. et Schiff. ) Heart and Dart (Agrotis exclamationis L. ) and (Hyphantria cunea Drury) in relation with the H-index of the geomagnetic field strength using hourly data from the Kecskemét fractionating light trap [29]. 2. 7. The moon phases and the polarized moonlight We summarize the known facts from the literature about the relationship between the Moon and light-trap catch, without our own results. Williams [3] has published fundamental studies in this field. According to Williams [3] and El-Ziady [4], the smaller catch can be explained by the following reasons. The activity of the insects may be reduced by the light of the Moon; therefore, the active proportion of the population affected by the light trap can be smaller. It is possible that insects like to fly rather at shady places, than at clear areas, and probably in higher altitudes at a Full Moon. No scientist could give a provable answer to this question in recent decades, most have not even tried. Some authors find an explanation by accepting the theory of the impact of a collecting distance, others refer to decreased activity. 2. 8. Moonlight decreases the distance of collecting Luminous intensity of the artificial light source (candela) is theoretically constant. Theoretical collecting distance has been calculated by several authors, for different light trap types and lunar phases [5, 7, 9]. The authors cited above did not as yet have considered light pollution. The actual collection distance may differ significantly from the theoretical one, because much abiotic and biotic factors influence it. These are summarized in Nowinszky’s [8] work. 2. 9. Moonlight inhibits flight activity Bowden and Morris [7], discovered that the catch of most taxa changes in a 2:1 or 3:1 ratio between. However, for some taxa the trap catches more at a Full Moon. Thus, this study confirms both hypotheses, also the one asserting that insects are more active at a Full Moon, because the catch [30] is higher than what could be expected due to the decreased efficiency of the trap.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Для Орловской области среди бобовых трав клевер луговой является наиболее востребованной культурой. Здесь в последние 10 лет его посевы в чистом виде и в травосмесях занимали в среднем 41,8% в структуре многолетних трав [3]. Клевер луговой — строго перекрестноопыляемое энтомофильное растение. Без участия насекомых семена у него не образуются или их бывает очень мало (1–3% от количества бобов).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 5 (one-stage clotting assay)to FVIIag ratiodiet lowered plasma FVIIc significantly while FVIIag and the FVIIc to FVIIag ratio were virtually unaffected by the dietary change. A low-fat, high-fiber diet reduced the thrombogenic tendency compared to a diet corresponding to the average Danish diet. Abbreviations: FVIIact, factor VII activity; FVIIag, factor VII antigen; FVIIc, factor VII coagulant activity; SFA, saturated fatty acid; TE, total energy; others, see Table 1Plant-based diets and fibrinolysisThere were 11 studies that investigated the association between plant-based diets and fibrinolysis, measured either as concentration or activity of individual proteins in the lytic pathway (activators and inhibitors) or making use of global assays (Table 4). Four of the 7 cross-sectional studies found no difference in fibrinolytic markers between vegetarians (vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians) and omnivores. 43,46,49,88 One reported higher fibrinolytic activity,42 one decreased fibrinolytic activity,50 and another lower plasminogen levels. 43 One study reported a positive association between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and a dietary pattern containing red meat, low-fiber bread, and dairy. 45 Regarding intervention studies, a study comparing a 4-week DASH diet to a control diet higher in total and saturated fats and lower in fruit, vegetables, and low-fat dairy, found the DASH diet to have no effect on any of the fibrinolytic markers analyzed. 89 A 2-week Nordic diet, compared with a high-fat Danish diet, resulted in increased fibrinolytic activity (euglobulin lysis test) and increased tissue plasminogen activator activity but had no effect on PAI-1. 57 Two studies comparing an 8-week Association diet90 and a 4-week diet high in whole grains, nuts, legumes, and dairy91 with diets high in meat, both found PAI-1 antigen to be higher in meat-consumers. Kim et al91 additionally reported an inverse association between PAI-1 and whole grain intake. Table 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: From their studies [31–33], it is hypothesised that moonlight cannot have an influence on the collecting distance. 2. 10. Height of flight El-Ziady [34] believes in the likelihood of insects flying higher at the time of a Full Moon. Danthanarayana [30] came up with a theory that the three-peak lunar periodicity of the flight of insects might be related to migration. In these periods, insects fly in the higher layers of the atmosphere, reaching heights where they are further transferred by streams of air in a horizontal motion. In a Macrolepidoptera material caught at heights of 2 and 10 m, respectively, by light traps working with 125 W mercury lamps as the light source in a forest environment the authors determined the number of species and individuals in connection with migration and moon phases [35]. Advertisement 3. The weather 3. 1. Macrosynoptic weather situations We can mention our own studies only in this topic. We examined the effectiveness of the light trap catch in connection with Péczely- and Hess-Brezowsky macrosynoptic weather types in our previous studies [36]. 3. 2. Weather fronts and air masses We examined from these factors the influences of the weather fronts and air masses. 3. 3. Weather events The light-trap collecting results—showing its flight activity—of (Agrotis segetum Den. et Schiff. ) were examined in connection with the instability line, the convergence zone, the cyclogenesis, the country-wide rain, the cold and warm weather fronts, the maritime- and continental moderate, arctic and subtropical air masses [37]. 3. 4. Weather elements (47°14′01″N; 16°37′22″E), within the premises of the Kámon Botanic Garden, the Institute kept a Jermy-type light-trap in operation between 1962 and 1970, which has about 2 km in a straight line the local weather observatory, which operated in airport. As the insects are poikilotherm creatures, therefore it is understandable; their body temperature is always the same as the temperature of the environment. Advertisement 4. data of environmental factors were downloaded from yearbooks other publications and NASA's website. The collecting data of investigated Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Heteroptera species were copied off the light-trap diaries.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Установлено, что в общей структуре комплекса факторов формирования биологического урожая семян этой культуры доля опыления занимает около 60–80%. Остальная часть приходится на агротехнику и метеорологические условия [4]. Основными природными опылителями клевера лугового являются шмели (рис. 1). Незначительную долю опыления выполняют дикие пчелы и другие представители из отряда перепончатокрылых (рис. 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: 4Liese et al45; the Atherosclerosis Study880 middle-aged adults, 144 with diabetes mellitus; age, 45–74 y; African American, Hispanic, and non-participants; USAIdentification of food patterns associated with fibrinogen using reduced rank regressionPAI-1ag (2-site immunoassay sensitive to free active and latent PAI but not PAI-1 complexed with tPA)PAI-1 had a positive association with the food pattern containing high intake of red meat, low-fiber bread and cereal, dried beans, fried potatoes, tomato vegetables, eggs, cheese and cottage cheese and low intake of wine. 5Ho and Chwang8835 healthy participants:vegetarian (lacto-vegetarian and lacto-ovo-vegetarian; 3 men, 12 women; mean age, 46. 2 y)omnivores (6 men, 14 women; mean age; 38. 3 y)Vegetarian(12 consumed milk, 14 consumed eggs)-1actELTBefore and after venous occlusion testThere was no significant difference in tPAag, PAI-1act or ELT before or after the venous occlusion test between the vegetarians and omnivores. 6Li et al49139 healthy men; age, 20–50 y:veganlacto-ovo-vegetarianmoderate meat-eatershigh meat-eaters; nonsmokingHabitual intakes (at least 6 months prior to study)VeganLacto-ovo-vegetarianModerate meat-eater (<285 g/day)High meat-eater (>285 g/day)PlasminogenPlasminogen did not differ significantly between the 4 dietary groups.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: individuals were collected by Ottó Kiss and we processed them in our previous joint studies. 4. 1. Solar activity featured by Q-index Data used in this study were calculated by T. Ataç and A. Özgüç from. 4. 2. Solar activity featured by 2800 MHz radio flux Data used in this study were from the of (Zürich-Tokyo) and the Journal of Geophysical Research. 4. 3. Solar activity featured by ionospheric storms and atmospheric radio noises The data we needed for our calculations (border frequency of the F2 layer of the ionosphere (f0F2) and the atmospheric radio noise at 27 kHz (SEA)) were provided by publications released by the Panská of the Institute of the of Sciences. 4. 4. Interplanetary magnetic field sector boundaries Data for the transition of interplanetary magnetic field sector boundaries have been taken from the studies of Wilcox [18]. 4. 5. UV-B radiation of Sun UV-B data used for the study come from measurements in the Keszthely observatory of the Service [38]. Daily totals given in MED/day are calculated by totalling hourly values. 4. 6. Geomagnetic indices For our present work, we downloaded the earth’s magnetic x and y data from the Centre for geomagnetism, Kyoto’s website ( These values were calculated on the horizontal component of the formula, according to the advice of Mr. László Geophysical Observatory: H = x 2 + y 2 E2 We used the values of H-index over 2150 nT. Catch effectiveness was examined in connection with the H-index and Quarters of the Moon. 4. 7. The moon phases and the polarized moonlight Data on the illumination of the environment were calculated with our own software. This software for TI 59 computer had been produced by the late astronomer György Tóth specifically during our joint study [39]. The software was transcribed for modern computers by assistant professor Miklós Kiss. The illumination of the sky with stars, the moonlight and the Sun at dusk—all in lux—on any day and time, summarized or separately, for any given geographical location. Cloudiness is also calculated, anddata were provided by the Annals of the are recorded on every third hour in okta.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Естественными резервациями обитания популяций шмелей и диких перепончатокрылых насекомых-опылителей являются разнотравные не обрабатываемые угодья: полезащитные лесополосы, овражно-балочные системы, луга и другие первичные ландшафты, вдоль которых в посевах отмечается наиболее высокая плотность лёта и эффективность работы представителей природной энтомофауны. Рис. 1. Шмель на сборе нектара и пыльцы с цветков клевера лугового Рис. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets can reduce the risk of certain chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Plant-based diets and other hemostatic factors The relationship between plant-based diets and a number of other hemostatic variables have also been investigated and is summarized in Table 5, although the number of studies is small with varying results. Five cross-sectional studies43,46,47,49,50 found no difference in some, but not all of the hemostatic variables measured between vegetarians (vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians) and omnivores, and 343,46,50 reported both lower levels of some and higher levels of other hemostatic variables in vegetarians. There was one intervention study of 90 days that reported longer bleeding times following a Mediterranean diet but no difference in von Willebrand factor levels compared with a high-fat diet. 62 The addition of wine did not significantly affect either outcome. Mezzano et al43 concluded that these findings may be related to the origin of the hemostatic factors since plasma levels of coagulation or fibrinolytic factors and inhibitors synthesized in the liver were lower in vegetarians than in omnivorous controls while those of predominantly extrahepatic origin were not. Much more research, in particular large intervention trials, is required to corroborate findings regarding the effect of plant-based diets on these hemostatic variables, before firm conclusions can be drawn or recommendations to the public can be made. Table 5. Other hemostatic factors and plant-based dietsNo. AuthorStudy populationType of dietBiomarkerMain resultsCross-sectional1Pan et al46114 participants with no comorbidities:Buddhist vegetarians (23 men, 32 women)omnivores (20 men, 39 women);Age, 20–30 y; Chinese participantsVegetarian (no fish or meat)Omnivore>2 years on the dietwas no significant difference in PT between the vegetarian and omnivore groups. Vegetarian men had significantly higher concentrations of ATIII than omnivorous men. Vegetarian women had significantly higher FVIIIc and shorter APTT than omnivorous women.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: We used the value obtained in a given hour for the following 2 h. 4. 8. The weather 4. 8. 1. Macrosynoptic weather situations The Péczely-type macrosynoptic weather situations was worked out by Péczely [40] who identified and characterized 13 types of daily macrosynoptic weather situations for the taking into account the surface baric field. Since 1983, typifying has been continued and Károssy [41] has published the daily code numbers. The catalogue of Hess-Brezowsky [42] based on baric circumstances of Central Europe, distinguishes four zonal, 18 meridional and seven mixed types of weather situations, maintaining one type for unclassified baric areas. The codes which were necessary for these investigations are taken from publication of Hess and Brezowsky [42]. 4. 8. 2. Weather fronts and air masses We got the meteorological data measuring hourly in Budapest by Service. We categorized the weather fronts, discontinuity surfaces, the surface and upper air masses after Berkes [43]. We determined the upper air masses according to the measuring of radiosondes giving information about the cross-section in time. We used for our examinations the data of the Heart and Dart (Agrotis exclamationis L. ) adults getting from the light-trap network in Hungary. The different air masses were classified into 22 classes, the weather fronts in turn into 20 classes [44]. 4. 8. 3. Weather events We used the meteorological data that was published in ‘Calendar of weather phenomena’ between 1967 and 1990 by Service for the examination of weather events. 4. 8. 4. Weather elements The measurements of the weather elements made every 3 hours were collected from the ’Yearbook of the Institution of the Service’. We used the whole Macrolepidoptera data for the investigation of the number of species and individuals in connection with daily temperature range [45]. The caught individuals and species were investigated separately according to each aspect: spring, early- and late- summer and autumn [46]. Our study [47] deals with the effect of weather conditions on the light-trap catch of two Caddisfly (Trichoptera) species.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Использование на опылении семенных посевов клевера лугового медоносных пчел, количество которых хорошо поддается регулированию и хозяйственному разведению, является надежным фактором, гарантирующим высокую урожайность семян этой культуры [6]. При изучении роли медоносных пчел во ВНИИ кормов им. В. Р. Вильямса была установлена прямая зависимость урожайности семян клевера от интенсивности их лёта в период массового цветения.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are often high in fiber, which supports digestive health. [SEP] Text: Safe and affordable interventions, such as dietary changes and supplementation, are essential before resorting to vaccinations or new antiviral medications. The researchers implemented the intervention long before the availability of the COVID-19 vaccine, and over half of our participants were recruited before vaccinations were available. Our researchers are aware of the limitations of vaccine efficacy in specific populations, including elderly individuals with comorbidities [44,45]. Our findings indicate that the exceptional results of our studies are unlikely to be attributable to vaccinations, as many individuals in the general population still experienced severe COVID-19 symptoms and mortality despite being vaccinated. Achieving optimal health goals, such as maintaining a BMI of 20-21, normal blood pressure, an LDL level of less than 55 mg/dL, optimal Hb A1C, high reading salivary NO strip, and low hs-CRP can be challenging without making dietary modifications to control the risk factors. Both doctors and patients are responsible for ensuring their optimal health. -19 pandemic has highlighted the limitations of relying solely on medications to tackle pandemics. The more the researchers learn about the advantages of consuming PBD and a healthy diet, the more reasons were discovered to support it. On the other hand, as the negative consequences of an omnivorous diet become increasingly apparent, it becomes more difficult to justify this choice. While these diets may provide temporary satisfaction, the long-term health risks they entail are challenging to overlook. Therefore, it is essential to carefully consider the potential costs and benefits of one's dietary choices. Due to the substantial mortality rate connected to COVID-19, patients are frequently inclined to comply with PBD interventions. Furthermore, numerous individuals have observed an elevated number of fatalities among patients who were treated at top hospitals in Indonesia. Maintaining such healthy eating habits is of utmost importance. Regrettably, it is with great sorrow that we report the unfortunate occurrence of more than five of our previous study participants' fatalities (all had received complete vaccinations) as a result of subsequent COVID-19 infections outside the course of our study. Despite our last outstanding findings, these individuals appeared to disregard our intervention for their subsequent COVID-19 infection. It seems that they continued to follow an omnivorous diet and relied on various COVID-19 medications, which ultimately proved to be detrimental to their lives. This proves that the observed zero mortality rate in our elderly COVID-19 study was not due to vaccination protection.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The values of atmospheric electricity given in V/m are measured at the Sopron-of the Geodetic and Institute of the of Sciences and are published in the yearbooks of the Institute. 4. 9. The air pollutants We analysed the ozone data registered at K-puszta between 1997 and 2006 ( hzml/) for the examinations of light-trap catch in connection with the ozone pollution. We have downloaded the ozone content data (μg/m3) from the website of Norsk institutt for luftforskning (for (NILU) ( hzml/). For the recent study, the values of the chemical air pollutants: SO2, NO, NO2, 10 and O3 (in milligram per cubic meter) were measured in nearest automatic measurement station at Székesfehérvár (47°17'45"N and 18°19'59"E). Advertisement 5. number of individuals of a given species in different places and years is not the same. Therefore, we calculated relative catch (RC) values. This is for a given sampling time unit (one night) and the average number individuals per unit time of sampling, the number of generations divided by the influence of individuals. RC values were placed according to the features of the given day, and then were summed up and averaged. We arranged the catch and environmental data pairs of in classes, and then averaged them. Regression equations were calculated for RC of examined species and environmental factors data pairs. Data on the environmental factors were arranged into classes according to the Sturges’ method [48]. The relative catch values were assigned into the classes of the environmental factors belonging to the given day and then they were summarized and averaged. Advertisement 6. Results 6. 1. The solar activity and its influence on Earth 6. 1. 1. Solar activity featured by Q-index The paper of Nowinszky and Puskás [49] deals with connections between the solar flare activities and light-trap collection of (Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić 1986). It was confirmed from their data that the Q-index significantly modified the daily catches, thus expressing the different intensities and duration of the solar flares. It was noticed that some of the Caddisfly species (Trichoptera) collected by Nowinszky et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: В опыте было выявлено, что рост урожайности семян клевера при формировании травостоя с большим количеством развитых головок на 93% зависел от опыления и только на 7% от других факторов [11]. Известно, что клевер луговой образует значительное количество нектара на единице площади (до 200–300 кг/га). Содержание сахара в нектаре является приемлемым для пчел.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: In contrast, the review by McCartney et al. (2018) [37] found a beneficial effect of CHO (and CHO + water) for aerobic and endurance exercises (lasting from 45 min to 2 h). However, their analysis also included non-endurance athletes and several intervention groups instead of a comparison against a control group. A review by Cheung showed that massage did have an effect on DOMS, depending on the type of massage, time, and technique [80]. Also, in our results, massage only affected muscle soreness while other non-self-reported measures (La, VO2, and CK) were not affected. In terms of active recovery strategies, it was shown that active recovery had a positive effect on lactate (concentration) compared to seated rest in swimmers and climbers [62, 63]. Similar results were also found by Mota et al. (2017) in a 200 m freestyle swimming trial, where blood lactate was decreased [81]. However, these results were limited by the intensity of exercise over a very short period of time. In general, the review by Ortiz et al. (2019) recommends an active recovery period of 6 to 10 min after exercise, but they also state that the benefits might be psychological rather than physiological [41]. According to Kellman’s definition, proactive recovery was primarily a form of recovery from social activity as well as self-selection [13]. In terms of proactive recovery strategies, sleep was the most popular one. Unfortunately, no studies related to sleep were included based on the search criteria of this UR, as there was a lack of endurance athletes in these studies. However, several studies on sleep in team sports have been conducted [82, 83], and from these studies, it was observed that sleep was positively associated with recovery and later athletic performance. The only proactive recovery strategy included in this UR was alcohol, but the participants were non-endurance athletes, so further analysis for endurance athletes was not conducted [34]. A previous study of cyclists showed that acute small ethanol (EtOH) consumption during recovery (0. 5 ml EtOH/kg fat-free mass, combined with carbohydrate) did not affect recovery but decreased endurance performance [84]. Another review not included in our UR also supported this conclusion [85].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: [50] showed the increase of the high values of the Q-index, but in other species there was a decrease in the Q-index. In case, the value of the Q-index is high, there is an increase of the catch after a decrease, which can be observed in some cases. We found an increasing tendency in nine species, if the Q-index value was in an increasing period. A decrease could be seen in the case of 14 species and increases after decreasing in the case of seven species if Q-index was increasing. 6. 1. 2. Solar activity featured by 2800 MHz radio flux Tóth and Nowinszky [51] found that a moderate increase of solar radio flux measured at 2800 MHz in the preceding day coincided with an increase, however, a slight decrease or marked increase of the radio flux with a decrease in the light-trap catches of the (Agrotis segetum Den. Et Schiff. ) on nights following the solar H-alpha flares of importance (class) 2 and 3, the yield of light-trap catches also decreased. 6. 1. 3. Solar activity featured by ionospheric storms and atmospheric radio noises We found in one of our previous study [52] that at the time of negative ionospheric storms (ΔKf0F2) the light-trap catch of (Operophthera brumata Linnaeus) and (Agriopis aurantiaria Hübner) decrease. However, during positive ionospheric storms the catch of these two species was low. The catch of (Agrotis segetum Denis et Schiffermüller) increases in connection with the strengthening atmospheric radio noises (SEA). 6. 2. Interplanetary magnetic field sector boundaries Light-trap catches of all the six pestilent species decrease in the neighbourhood of the sector boundaries of the interplanetary magnetic field. The minimum catch of the four winter geometrid moth species ((Operophthera brumata L. ), (Erannis defoliaria Cl. ), (Agriopis aurantiaria Hbn. ) and (Colotois pennaria L. ) occur on or following the day of the event [53]. It is remarkable, however, that in contrast to the results reported by Wilcox et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Установлено, что одна семья пчел на клеверном поле может заготовить в период его цветения до 9 кг меда и значительное количество пыльцы (150–300 г) [4]. Эффективность опыления клевера лугового медоносными пчелами показывает их работа в условиях искусственного климата, когда при достаточном количестве опылителей завязываемость семян и обсемененность головок достигают 90–100% [12; 13]. Клевер луговой не является лучшим медоносным растением.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: Influence of relative blood flow restriction pressure on muscle activation and muscle adaptation. 53: 438–445, 2016. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 22. . Determinants of endurance in well-trained cyclists. J (1985) 64: 2622–2630, 1988. | 23. Physiological and biomechanical factors associated with elite endurance cycling performance. 23: 93–107, 1991. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 24. . Cycling efficiency is related to the percentage of type I muscle fibers. 24: 782–788, 1992. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 25. de. Short-term low-intensity blood flow restricted interval training improves both aerobic fitness and muscle strength. Sports 26: 1017–1025, 2016. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 26. . Physiological comparison between non-athletes, endurance, power and team athletes. 119: 1377–1386, 2019. | PubMed | CrossRef | 27. . The effects of training intensity on muscle buffer capacity in females. 96: 97–105, 2006. | PubMed | CrossRef | 28. Egginton S. Invited review: Activity-induced angiogenesis. 457: 963–977, 2009. | PubMed | CrossRef | 29. Egginton S. Physiological factors influencing capillary growth. (Oxf) 202: 225–239, 2011. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 30. Ekblom B, Astrand P-öm B. Effect of training on circulatory response to exercise. J 24: 518–528, 1968. | PubMed | CrossRef | 31. Ekblom B, Hermansen L. Cardiac output in athletes. J 25: 619–625, 1968. | PubMed | CrossRef | 32. Fitts RH. Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. 74: 49–94, 1994. | PubMed | CrossRef | 33. Fitts RH. The cross-bridge cycle and skeletal muscle fatigue. J (1985) 104: 551–558, 2008. | 34. -Taylor K, James LJ. Blinded and unblinded hypohydration similarly impair cycling time trial performance in the heat in trained cyclists. J (1985) 126: 870–879, 2019. | 35. -Burnett M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: [54] confirming a fallback of the vorticity area index 2 days prior to the event, in the case of winter moths collected by light-trap, there is a significant decrease in the number of individuals only on or 1 day after the event. This fact contradicts the findings of Wilcox et al. [54] who could not prove a modification of the cyclone activity in connection with the sector boundaries in the summer half-year. 6. 2. 1. UV-B radiation of the majority of examined swarming, the solar UV-B radiation increases the catch initially; at higher values of UV-B radiation the catch is lower. Ten of all swarming was obtained in this result, regardless of the trapping method and location of the taxonomic classification of species. Three times we experienced continuous elevation in swarming, though a decrease in one casedecrease when the value of UV-B radiation was increasing. In our recent study (in press), we show the catch increases earlier and afterwards a decrease can be found in two Caddisfly (Trichoptera) species at higher UV-B radiation values. There was an increase at the catch of the third species, but there was decrease in case of the fourth one at higher values of UV-B radiation [55]. 6. 2. 2. Geomagnetic indices The results of our calculations have shown that in the period of the New Moon, when there is no measurable moonlight, the higher values of the horizontal component are accompanied by an increase in relative catch. In the and the Last Quarter, growing values of the horizontal component (H-index) are accompanied by a decreasing catch [56]. Moon, when there is no measurable moonlight, decreasing relative catch can be found with higher values of vertical component. At the time of other moon phases, in surrounding of First Quarter, and last Quarter when there is no moonlight, the relative catch increases linearly with the increasing values of horizontal (H) component. The geomagnetic field intensity can increase the insects' flight activity, but the light stimulus is most important factor in orientation, so trapping is more successful. Moon when insects cannot get any light from the Moon for their orientation for the whole night, it can be supposed the increasing geomagnetic field intensity plays a bigger part in the orientation in contradiction to light stimulus, which increases the safety of orientation [15, 31, 57]. 6. 2. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Однако при нахождении ульев вблизи участка или даже внутри него в прокосах, пчелы предпочитают собирать нектар и пыльцу с близко расположенных цветков клевера лугового, чем летать на дальние расстояния на более привлекательные для них медоносные растения (рис. 3, 4). Результативность работы медоносных пчел на опылении обусловлена также тем, что они являются сборщиками пыльцы, в то время как большинство диких насекомых — ее поедателями [9; 10].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Many athletes successfully follow plant-based diets for endurance and recovery benefits. [SEP] Text: HF received cheese, cream, and butter for meal preparation and a high fat drink for training. Dietary assessment. Five-day food intake was recorded at baseline and every 4th week during the study. Subjects were provided with kitchen scales and standard kitchen measures (including spoons and cups) and instructed to weigh and accurately measure all foods and beverages consumed during the 5 d that included 3 week-days and 2 weekend days. Nutrient intake was calculated using the computer programs "& Storage" and "Diet Cruncher" (34) and data from the Database (14). Blood tests. Two fasting blood samples (after an overnight fast and at least 12 h without exercise) were taken for measurement of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, HDL2-C, HDL3-C, triglycerides, apolipoprotein A1, and Hct at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, and 12. Blood was taken twice during each blood sampling week to allow for day-to-day variation and enable a more reliable estimate of each parameter. Laboratory methods. Blood lipid and lipoproteins were measured on a (Systems, Basel, Switzerland). Cholesterol concentration in plasma and lipoprotein fractions was measured enzymatically using the Boehringer enzymatic colorimetric method (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) (45). Individual day-to-day variation in blood samples was 0. 06 mmol·L−1. Plasma triglycerides were measured enzymatically using a (Roche Diagnostics, Germany). The coefficient of variation (CV) for the study period was 2. 2% for cholesterol and 4% for triglycerides. Plasma LDL cholesterol was calculated using the Friedwald equation (15). HDL cholesterol was isolated through the precipitation of apolipoproteins-B-containing lipoproteins with phosphotungstate/magnesium chloride solution (1). HDL3 cholesterol measurements were made using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) method (10). HDL2 cholesterol was calculated from the difference of HDL3 cholesterol from total HDL cholesterol. Apolipoprotein A1 measurements were determined using an immunoturbidimetry Boehringer (Tina-Quant) test kit using Boehringer calibrators. Hct was measured using a Coulter STKS analyzer.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The moon phases and the polarized moonlight Based on our knowledge acquired from the research studies of other scientists and our own findings described above, we summarize the effect of the Moon and moonlight on light trap collection in the following way [8]: 6. 3. Lunar phases and the efficiency of light trapping Lunar phases affect catch result on the different days of lunation considering all light trap types and all species under examination. Deviations may vary between species; the behaviour of different species may be similar or different, The catch of certain species may be different or similar when the volume of catch at two distant periods of time is compared. The catch of the same species might be different in the same period of time and geographical locality, when different types of light traps are used. However, the collecting efficiency of some light traps is almost the same. In the case of light trap types and all the species under examination a minimum catch is recorded in the presence of a Full Moon. Maximum catches rarely occur exactly on a New Moon, rather in the First and/or the Last Quarter, or in the phase angle divisions between a and the Quarters. This might be explained by the joint effect of an already relatively large collecting distance and the high ratio of polarized moonlight characteristic for this period. Consequently, the effect of high polarization that intensifies activity is added to the effect of the collecting distance in increasing the catch. The influence of the lunar phases in modifying the catch may be detected not only during moonlit hours, but also in those without moonlight. This seems to prove a statement by Danthanarayana [30] claiming that lunar influence is independent of the visibility of the Moon. Thus, we have to distinguish lunar influence and the influence of moonlight. 6. 4. Collecting distance and the efficiency of light trapping We have to draw a line of distinction between the concept of theoretical and actual collecting distance. The actual collecting distance is, in most cases, much shorter than the theoretical one calculated on the basis of the level of illumination in the environment, The constant change of the theoretical and actual collecting distance used to play an important, but not exclusive role in the efficiency of collecting. Due to light pollution, the difference between the theoretical and actual collecting distance has become basically balanced out. Consequently, the catch of certain species is practically equal at a and at a New Moon.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Кроме того, для успешного оплодотворения цветков необходимо неоднократное их посещение насекомыми-опылителями и перенос достаточного количества пыльцы с разных растений, что может гарантированно обеспечиваться пчелами [10]. Рис. 3. Медоносная пчела на сборе нектара с цветков клевера лугового Рис. 4.

Output: corroborate