Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: In the case of OS, we have reframed nutrition as a critical component on the pathway to surgery for a large proportion of young patients with OFCs. Nutrition is now an integral pillar of our program strategy. During the past year, we have worked with a diverse group of stakeholders including ministries of health, in-country programmatic teams, and international medical providers to ensure that current and future investments prioritize sustainability, quality, and strategic implementation of nutrition programs in LMICs. As OS works in a diverse set of LMICs, the delivery of nutritional interventions is tailored to each country’s specific needs. However, the goal of each is the same: to support our patients and their families through improving patient health, nutrition, and enhancing the possibility of safe and timely surgery. After extensive input from internal and external collaborators, we have prioritized working with our in-country teams to implement nutrition programs consisting of six main components: Collaborating with other local, nutrition focused non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the communities we serveEmpowering local community health volunteers, midwives, and professional health care workers through education initiativesPromoting social behavior change for patient families and care givers through education including: breastfeeding techniques, water, sanitation and hygiene, and healthy habits to improve our patients’ home life and environmentConnecting with local sponsors and global donors to bring innovative feeding and nutrition products to our most vulnerable populationsProviding nutrition assessments to evaluate the nutritional status and determine the prescription of care for each patientPartnering with government entities to obtain strategic advocacy and sustain political commitment to nutrition as a national policy priorityWe have scaled our nutrition-based programing from operating in only six countries at the end of 2019, to now 28 countries as of January 2022. This programming includes a variety of context- appropriate solutions based on the six components above and has directly reached over 8,000 patients with OFC during the pandemic. A specific example of how the organization is working towards these goals is the development of a robust and comprehensive nutrition assessment to meet patient needs. This global tool helps to identify patients with OFC who are experiencing or are at risk of experiencing malnutrition. It also determines what nutrition education and/or therapies are needed to improve nutritional status in advance of surgery. Finally, this assessment helps to track if the nutrition therapies prescribed effectively promote growth and improved nutritional status via routine follow-up monitoring.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: CO2 sensitivity experiments are not sufficient to show an effect of ocean acidification. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 74:926–928. 73. McMahon, S. J. , J. M. Donelson & P. L. Munday. 2018. Food ration does not influence the effect of elevated CO2 on antipredator behaviour of a reef fish. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 586:155–165. 74. Mehrbach, C. , J. E. Culberson, J. E. Hawley & R. M. Pytkowicz. 1973. Measurements of apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure. Limnol. Oceanogr. 18:897–907. 75. & A. G. Keppel. 2016. Acidification increases sensitivity to hypoxia in important forage fishes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 549:1–8. 76. Mima, A. , S. Wada & S. Goshima. 2003. Antipredator defence of the hermit crab Pagurus filholi induced by predatory crabs. Oikos 102:104–110. 77. Moya, A. , E. L. Howes, T. Lacoue-Labarthem, S. Forêt, B. Hanna, M. é, G. . Bijma & J. -P. Gattuso. 2016. Near-future pH conditions severely impact calcification, metabolism and the nervous system in the pteropod Heliconoides inflatus. Glob. Chang. Biol. 22:3888–3900. 78. Munroe, D. , J. Kraeuter, B. Beal, K. Chew, M. Luckenbach & C. P. Peterson. 2015. Clam predator protection is effective and necessary for food production. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 100:47–52. 79. Nagelkerken, I. & P. L. Munday. 2016. Animal behaviour shapes the ecological effects of ocean acidification and warming: moving from individual to community-level responses. Glob. Chang. Biol. 22:974–989. 80. Nakagawa, S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: DL1 neurons innervate the vertical lobe and peduncle, while pPAM neurons project to the medial lobe. The single neuronal driver strains screened can be used to investigate the roles of individually identified DANs in larval olfactory learning. Dopamine release from DAN-c1 is both necessary and sufficient for larval aversive learningDopamine plays an important role during olfactory associative learning in both adults and larvae52,53. In adults, dopaminergic neurons in PPL1 regulate aversive learning54–57, while those in PAM mediate reward signals in appetitive learning58–60. In larvae, DL1 neurons innervating the vertical lobe and the peduncle are required for aversive learning18,41, while those in pPAM projecting to the medial lobe are involved in appetitive learning50. 1 and Table 1, three driver strains identifying single dopaminergic neurons in DL1 were discovered, which could be candidates to investigate their roles in larval aversive learning. The R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD strain identifies MB-MP1 in the adult brain61, which is a dopaminergic neuron involved in adult aversive learning62. This driver strain identifies one neuron per hemisphere in the third-instar larval brain (Figure 2a-c, Figure S1c). Using a UAS- DenMark;UAS-sytGFP strain, its dendrites were labeled with RFP and axonal terminals were marked by GFP. Its dendrites were localized in the dorsomedial protocerebrum (dml), and its axonal terminals located in the lower peduncle of the mushroom body (Figure 2a and d), with GRASP results supporting the existence of synapses in this compartment (Figure 2E). All these characteristics are consistent with the previously published nomenclature28, indicating that this neuron is DAN-c1 (Figure 2f), thus, this strain will now be referred to simply as DAN-c1. Figure 2. DAN-c1 is both necessary and sufficient for larval aversive learning. (a-f) R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD driver is used as it covers one dopaminergic neuron, DAN-c1, in each brain hemisphere.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: In addition to our investment in early identification and comprehensive nutrition assessments, we have focused our efforts on education to promote social behavior change. In several countries, OS provides educational workshops on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), highlighting the health benefits associated with a hygienic environment and practices. During the workshop, patients and their families receive instructions on hygiene best practices and wash kits with essential items, including two 2-liter buckets, toothbrush and toothpaste, masks, hand sanitizer, soap, and chlorine tablets or liquid for cleaning vegetables and fruit. The challenges in the transition to prioritizing nutrition programming over the last two years has provided valuable insight allowing room for iteration and improvement. Once initiatives were designed, it quickly became apparent that a lack of local staff and trained medical volunteers, made it challenging to rapidly scale our comprehensive programming. With this realization, OS has shifted an increased amount of funding allocation towards the employment and training of local staff to deploy programs. Secondly, navigating the wide array of cultural differences within the countries we serve forced us to take a step back and build a programmatic model that can be adapted to a variety of contexts. Ensuring that educational materials were accessible, appropriate, and relatable for each country’s context became a primary goal and deliverable. Finally, the acquisition of adequate nutrition supplies, cleft feeding bottles, and easy to use/ clean breast pumps created a complex challenge in the field; further magnified by the global supply chain issues and shortages the global economy is currently facing. Our in-country teams were able to identify bottlenecks and establish new vendor relationships with global distributors and local manufacturers to ensure each country had sufficient supplies for the patients they provide care. Patients with OFCs are a prime example of a patient population that continues to experience indirect adverse health effects because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Delayed surgery, increased malnutrition globally, and the inability of international NGOs to conduct short-term surgical programing has created a necessity for to be innovative in the expansion of comprehensive care for our patients. Through our global networks and driving program development through local leadership we are better prepared as we lift our heads from the COVID-19 pandemic. The global health community needs to stay alert and ensure that all patients – not just those directly affected by COVID – are being incorporated into “post” pandemic planning.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: Potential impacts of wind farms on migratory birds crossing online by Press: 01 June 2009 JOSÉ ÍA Show author details JOSÉ ÍA* Affiliation: Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. E-mail: telleria@bio. ucm. es 0. 17 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] recent years, Spain has undergone a huge expansion in the number of wind farms, many of which extend across regions crossed by migratory birds that winter in the and Africa. This paper explores the potential impact these structures have on the massive flow of birds along the western Pyrenean flyway. Ringing recoveries of migratory Columba palumbus were used in the study to depict the movements of migratory birds and these were then compared to the distribution of wind farms. The main flow of pigeons (50% of ringing recoveries) was concentrated in a belt 50 km wide. Although the wind farms were mainly distributed outside this central belt, they intercepted an adjacent sector where a considerable number of ringed pigeons (30%) were recorded. This means that the two central bands (100 km wide) accounted for around 80% of the total number of crossing the region. These results suggest the need for a scrupulous evaluation of the potential impact of wind farms on migratory birds along this flyway, particularly the cumulative effect on populations crossing the region regularly. In view of the rapid expansion of wind farms in northern Spain, enforcement of the application of EU regulations on preventive measures to protect migratory species is urgently needed. 10. 1017/S0959270908008137 [Opens in a new window] © Bird2009 expansion of wind farms throughout Europe to cope with the rising demand for energy in a world constrained by the greenhouse effect has had a series of environmental impacts (e. g. habitat destruction, visual impact, roads, power lines) that need to be evaluated.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (a) Dendrites and axons of DAN-c1 are labeled by DenMark and sytGFP, correspondingly. (b-e) The innervation patterns of DAN-c1. DAN-c1 is labeled with GFP, the MB with RFP, and DANs with TH antibody (blue color). Only one DAN soma is identified (c), axons from DAN-c1 innervate the lower peduncle (LP) of the MB (d), and synapses from DAN-c1 to the LP of the MB are shown by GRASP (e). A schematic diagram (f) shows the innervation patterns of DAN-c1. Modified from Eichler et al. 46, and Saumweber et. al. 28. (g) A schematic paradigm for larval olfactory learning (top) and two different training paradigms for thermogenetics (bottom). (h-j) Blocking dopamine release from DAN-c1 during learning using shibirets1 strain under 34°C impairs larval aversive learning. (k-l) Activation of DAN-c1 with dTRTPA1 under 34°C induces aversive learning. QUI, quinine. DW, distill water. SUC, sucrose. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S2. Scale bars: 50 µm (a and b), 20 µm (c, d and e). To reveal the role of DAN-c1 in larval olfactory learning, a single odor learning paradigm and thermogenetic tools were applied17,18,63. Compared to those trained with distilled water (DW), control larvae exhibited repulsion to the odorant pentyl acetate (PA) after being trained with quinine (QUI) paired with PA, reflecting aversive learning. In contrast, larvae were attracted to PA after being trained with sucrose (SUC) paired with PA, reflecting appetitive learning. The extent of repulsion or attraction was represented with a response index (R. I. ) that is compared to the DW group (Figure 2g).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Much of the weight loss is initially visible in the groin and axilla, and later in the buttocks, thighs and face. Children with marasmus are often considered to have an ‘old man’ appearance and are often either quite apathetic or inconsolable. Objective, reproducible anthropometric criteria should be used to make the diagnosis of marasmus rather than subjective criteria such as ‘visible severe wasting’. 4 Marasmus is diagnosed based on either a MUAC <115 mm or a weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) more than three SDs below the mean,5 based on the 2006 WHO growth standards. 6 When resources are available, it is preferable to assess both MUAC and WHZ to identify children with marasmus as the two populations of children identified by these individual criteria will not overlap uniformly. In most populations, the children identified as severely wasted by WHZ will generally be older and at lower risk of death than those identified by MUAC. 7 Colour-coded MUAC tapes requiring no literacy may also be distributed to laypeople to increase screening coverage in rural villages without the need for as many trained health workers. For these reasons, in contexts with limited human or material resources where only one screening method is available, it is preferable to screen by MUAC rather than WHZ. 8 While anthropometry alone may classify children as marasmic and prompt therapy, underlying illnesses and triggers such as severe dehydration, malabsorption due to geohelminths, HIV-associated wasting and congenital anomalies should be considered while nutritional rehabilitation is undertaken. A second form of SAM, kwashiorkor, is diagnosed based upon the cardinal physical finding of symmetric bilateral pitting oedema that begins in the feet (labelled 1+ oedema, figure 1A), progresses to involve the lower legs and hands (2+ oedema, figure 1B) and in severe cases can involve the face (3+ oedema, figure 1C). Kwashiorkor was originally described among children who were rapidly weaned onto low-protein complementary foods from breast milk, and thus the pathophysiology was thought to be primarily one of protein deficiency, but further experience has questioned this hypothesis. 910 Children with kwashiorkor often have ‘flaky paint’ depigmentation of their skin, commonly leading to frank breakdown, which can serve as a portal of entry for infectious pathogens.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: In the context of this study, the impact of wind farms is a conservation issue, as birds and other flying animals moving too close to the turbines and associated infrastructure run the risk of being disturbed or killed (Percival2005, Drewitt and Drewitt and Langston2006, Fox et al. Reference Fox, Desholm, Kahlert, Christensen and Petersen2006). Despite methodological difficulties, it is possible to explore the link between certain features of wind farms (e. g. number, distribution and type of turbines) and their impact on local wildlife populations (Fox et al. Reference Fox, Desholm, Kahlert, Christensen and Petersen2006, Band et al. and Ferrer2007, Morrison et al. and Ferrer2007, Steward et al. Reference Steward, Pullin and Coles2007). However, evaluating the cumulative effect of these structures on migratory birds is more difficult because of the distances flown between breeding grounds and wintering areas. It has therefore been proposed that, rather than focusing on local effects, an attempt should also be made to assess the cumulative impact of wind farms on birds throughout their migratory routes (Fox et al. Reference Fox, Desholm, Kahlert, Christensen and Petersen2006). This approach implies understanding how birds move along the flyways (Desholm and Desholm and Kahlert2005), and identifying areas where they may be particularly exposed to the effects of wind farm structures, such as migratory bottlenecks. Each autumn, millions of birds migrate from their breeding areas in western Europe towards their wintering grounds in the and Africa. These massive flows of migrant birds become especially concentrated at geographical bottlenecks, such as coastlines and mountain passes (Alerstam1990). Birds converge over the Atlantic coast of France and reach Spain through the western Pyrenees, which is the main gateway for migrants entering the (Moreau1956, Bernis1966–1971). The importance of this flyway for European migrant birds, which range from the more conspicuous species, such as Columba palumbus, Ciconia nigra and Grus grus to the many small passerines (Bernis 1966–Reference Bernis1971, Fernández-Fernández-Cruz1981, Madroño et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: To examine the role of DAN-c1 in aversive learning, we used a Shibirets1 strain, which encodes a thermosensitive mutant of dynamin blocking neurotransmitter release when the ambient temperature is higher than 30°C by repressing endocytosis and vesicle recycling functions17. When trained at 34°C, the complete inactivation of dopamine release from DAN-c1 with Shibirets1 impaired aversive learning (Figure 2h), while Shibirets1 did not affect learning when trained at room temperature (22°C). These data indicated that dopamine release from DAN-c1 is necessary for larval aversive learning to occur. In the next experiments, a fly carrying temperature-sensitive cation channel, dTRPA1, was used to excite the DAN-c1 neuron because it can be activated at temperatures higher than 30°C58. Activation of DAN-c1 with dTRPA1 at 34°C during training induced repulsion to PA in the distilled water group (Figure 2k). These data suggested that DAN-c1 excitation and presumably increased dopamine release is sufficient for larval aversive learning in the absence of gustatory pairing. Combining the blockade results with Shibirets1, these data revealed that dopamine released from DAN-c1 activation is both necessary and sufficient in larval aversive learning. However, when paired with a gustatory stimulus (QUI or SUC), activation of DAN-c1 during training impairs both aversive and appetitive learning (Figure 2k). We suggest that these data indicate a critical role for the amount of DAN-c1 dopamine release in larval associative learning, as dTRPA1 stimulation may result in excessive dopamine release. The expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brainAlthough dopamine D1-like receptors have been proven important for learning42, the role of D2-like receptors has not been fully investigated. In addition, the expression pattern of D2R in fly brains was not reported. A fly strain expressing GFP-tagged D2R (BDSC#60276) was used to reveal the expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brain (Figure 3a). D2Rs were found in dopaminergic neurons and the mushroom body.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 11 The acute development of oedema among impoverished children in LMICs, even in children who have previously been growing well, is highly specific for kwashiorkor, although other diagnoses should of course still be kept under consideration, especially among those who do not recover as might be expected. Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 1 Kwashiorkor with progressive pitting oedema and cutaneous findings. (A) Bilateral pitting oedema of the feet represents 1+ oedema in the context of kwashiorkor. (B) Progression of oedema to the arms is labelled as 2+ oedema. (C) Progression of oedema to the face is classified as 3+ oedema. The third major form of SAM among children in LMICs, marasmic kwashiorkor, presents with both the severe wasting that characterises marasmus and the oedema that characterises kwashiorkor. These children are generally the most ill with the highest risk of mortality. 12 The varying routes to these different forms of SAM among children with similar diets, genetics and environments have not been clearly elucidated, but the role of each individual's intestinal microbiome has gained recent attention as a plausible mechanism. 1314 Malnourished children often have a concomitant acute or chronic illness at the time of diagnosis, and similarly many children who present for medical care due to an acute illness are often found to be malnourished, unbeknown to their caretakers. The identification and diagnosis of malnourished children should thus ideally occur as part of an integrated health system rather than as a stand-alone service for acute malnutrition alone. An assessment for acute malnutrition, to include at least measuring MUAC and assessing for kwashiorkor, should occur as part of the general medical assessment of all children presenting for care in LMICs. In hospital settings, this should be part of the Assessment and Treatment system,15 as the diagnosis of SAM will affect the therapies (such as the amount and speed of fluid resuscitation) given for the primary presenting symptom. In outpatient settings, similar assessments for acute malnutrition should occur as part of the framework.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: Reference Madroño, Palacios and De Juana1992, Galarza and Tellería and Tellería2003, Urcun2003) has long been recognised. The expansion of wind farms in Spain is set to continue. In 2007, there were 530 wind farms capable of producing 14,145 MW. The aim envisaged in the five-year for is to reach 20,155 MW in 2010 (Energy Association, www. aeeolica. org). Not only are these infrastructures occupying increasingly larger areas of the country, many of them are located in areas crossed by the migratory flyway through the western Pyrenees (e. g. Laiolo and Tella 2007), which may create barriers for bird movements. This paper aims to illustrate the potential impact of these structures on birds moving along this migratory flyway by exploring the relationships between the movements of migratory and the distribution of wind farms in northern Spain. Along with other migratory birds, several million central Pigeons cross the western Pyrenees every year to winter in the south-western quarter of the (Purroy and Tellería1988, Bea et al. Reference Bea, Beitia and Fernández2003). recoveries of extra-Iberian migratory provided by the Scheme (n = 165) were used to sample distribution along the Atlantic migratory flyway across the Iberian Peninsula. are actively hunted in Spain during the autumn migration and in winter (there are more than one million hunters throughout the country) so it can be assumed that the distribution of ringing recoveries will reflect the true distribution of migratory flyways and wintering areas (Bairlein2001). The geographical pattern of wind farms, together with the number of turbines and power output per farm (in MW), was obtained from the official website of the (www. aeeolica. org). Both the ringing recoveries and the distribution of wind farms were updated to September 2007. After the pigeon recoveries and wind farms had been mapped, a series of parallel belts 50 km wide was drawn, following the SW direction taken by migratory pigeons. This made it possible to define a number of migratory belts to compare the intensity of pigeon movements (assessed by the number of ringing recoveries per belt) and the accumulated risk of interferences from wind farms (assessed by the number of wind farms, turbines or installed power per belt).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: In dopaminergic neurons (Figure 3b-g), D2Rs were found in DM1, pPAM, DL2b, and some DL1 neurons. In the mushroom body, D2Rs were expressed in the soma and lobes, but not in the calyx (Figure 3h and i). Even though D2Rs were widely found in vertical lobes, medial lobes, and peduncles, they were not expressed in every mushroom body neuron. A transection of the peduncle region showed the absence of D2Rs in the core area (Figure S3i), which is composed of densely packed newly created fibers and lacks Fasciclin II (FAS II)49. Figure 3. D2Rs are expressed in dopaminergic neurons and mushroom body in Drosophila larval brains. (a) The expression pattern of D2R in a general view. D2R is shown with tagged GFP (D2R-GFP). Magenta represents neuropils marked by nc82 antibody (a’). (b-g) D2Rs (presynaptic) are found in most DANs: DM1a (b) and DM1b (c), pPAM (d), DL1 (e), DL2a (f), and DL2b (g) clusters. D2Rs are expressed in parts of DL1 neurons (white arrows in e) but not in DL2a neurons (yellow arrow heads in f). (h-i) D2Rs (postsynaptic) are found in soma of mushroom body (MB) neurons (white arrows in h), and MB lobes and peduncles (i), but not in calyx (yellow arrow heads in h). (j) A schematic diagram shows the expression pattern of pre- and postsynaptic D2R in DANs and MB (yellow) in the Drosophila larval brain, respectively. Scale bars: 200 µm (a); 50 µm (b-g); 20 µm (h, i). Abbreviations: DL, dorsolateral; DM, dorsomedial; pPAM, primary protocerebral anterior medial.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 16 Epidemiology and impact More than 500 000 deaths each year among children under 5 years of age are attributable to marasmus, using the WHZ <−3 definition, accounting for >7% of all mortality in this age group. 17 At any given time, some 18 million children in low-income and middle-income countries are estimated to suffer from marasmus,17 most of them in Asia. 18 However, this is likely a vast underestimate as it does not take into account children aged 6–59 months with MUAC <115 mm, nor has the incidence or prevalence of kwashiorkor been accurately quantified. 19 These estimates also generally do not include acute man-made and natural humanitarian crises, during which large numbers of cases of SAM are also seen. 20 Deservedly, concerted global efforts to address SAM in a cost-effective manner are warranted as reduction of mortality from this disease will contribute markedly to an overall global decrease in child mortality. 21–23 The proportion of SAM due to kwashiorkor also varies widely by geography, with very high rates in southern Africa and lower rates in other parts of Africa, and Asia. Our own experience in suggests that approximately one-quarter of SAM cases there are due to kwashiorkor while in southern Africa approximately two-thirds to three-fourths of the cases of SAM we treat are due to kwashiorkor. 12 All in all, it seems quite likely that the under-five mortality attributable to SAM exceeds 10%. What remains incompletely understood and yet of growing importance is the impact of episodes of SAM on a growing child's risk for metabolic syndrome and obesity in adulthood,24 particularly given the increasing recognition of a ‘double burden’ of overnutrition in adults superimposed on the endemic crisis of childhood undernutrition in many LMICs. 1725 being diagnosed with SAM, each child must be assessed for the presence of clinical complications that would warrant inpatient therapy (figure 2). 26 The essential complication to assess for carefully is anorexia; all children with SAM should thus undergo a supervised test feeding of approximately 30 g of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF). Other common complications include severe dehydration, high fever, respiratory distress, hypoglycaemia with lethargy and evidence of severe anaemia that may require blood transfusion.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: These analyses were performed with ArcGis-ArcMap® 9. 1. reached Spain after crossing the western side of the Pyrenees. They flew along a corridor 200–250 km wide located between the highest mountains in the east and the Atlantic shoreline in the west. After entering Spain, they encountered several mountain ranges before reaching the south-western lowlands to winter. Shortly after crossing the Pyrenees, they crossed an area that has one of the highest densities of wind farms in Spain (169 wind farms, 4,838 turbines and 4,190MW; Table 1, Figure 1). Figure 1. Above. Distribution of extra-Iberian migratory ringing recoveries (left) and wind farms (right) in Spain. The study area and the belts outlined to explore potential bird-wind farm interactions are also shown. Below: Distribution of ringing recoveries (left) and wind farms (right) in the study area. Migratory belts, elevations over 1000 m (grey) and administrative units (provinces) are also represented. Table 1. Distribution of ringing recoveries, wind farms, turbines and installed power in the six 50-km wide migratory belts represented in Figure 1. The main flow of migratory Wood igeons was concentrated in a belt 50 km wide (Belt C, with 52 out of the 100 recoveries recorded in the region; Table 1). Away from this belt, there was a decrease in the density of recoveries towards the west but not towards the east, where had 26 recoveries. This means that the two central belts (C and D) accounted for around 80% of the total number of ringing recoveries (Figure 1). The distribution of wind farms did not overlap significantly with that of migratory pigeons (ringing recoveries vs. wind farms; χ25 = 401, P < 0. 001). However, despite the uneven spatial distribution of birds and wind farms, Belt D, which had the highest density of wind farms, received the second most abundant flow of (Table 1). Therefore, this belt appears to be critical with respect to protection of the migratory flow. Pigeons have been used as a model species in this study to illustrate the way migratory land birds move along the Pyrenean flyway in northern Spain.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: To inspect whether the pattern of GFP signals indeed reflected the expression of D2R, three D2R enhancer driver strains (R72C04, R72C08, and R72D03-GAL4) were crossed with the GFP-tagged D2R strain. R72C08-GAL4 covered three DM1 dopaminergic neurons (Figure S3c), and R72C04-GAL4 labeled one DM1 and two DL2b dopaminergic neurons (Figure S3d and e). R72D03-GAL4 identified parts of mushroom body neurons, whose axons spread on the surface of the mushroom body lobes (Figure S3f); R72C08-GAL4 also identified a subset of neurons from four MB neuroblasts, with soma in four clusters and a converged bundle of axons (Figure S3g and h). These results revealed the expression of D2R in the mushroom body and dopaminergic neurons in the third-instar larval brain. D2R in DAN-c1 influences larval aversive learningOur previous work reported that D2R knockdown (UAS-RNAi) in dopaminergic neurons driven by TH-GAL4 impaired larval aversive learning63. Using a microRNA strain (UAS-D2R-miR)61, a similar deficit was observed (Figure S5c). To further understand the roles of D2R in aversive learning, its expression in distinct DANs, as well as corresponding learning assays were both investigated. Crossing the GFP-tagged D2R strain with a DAN-c1-mCherry strain demonstrated the expression of D2R in DAN-c1 (Figure 4a). Figure 4. Presynaptic D2R in DAN-c1 is necessary for larval aversive learning. (a) D2R is expressed in DAN-c1. The expression pattern of D2R is shown with tagged -c1 is marked by mCherry, and all DANs are marked with TH antibody (blue). (b-c) Knockdown of D2R by D2R-miR reduces fluorescent intensities of D2R-tagged GFP (D2R-GFP).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The clinical assessment for these complications can often—but not always—be streamlined to the appetite test as it is likely that most of these various significant complications will lead to the anorexia that would make a child ineligible for outpatient therapy. Children with SAM, due to chronic medical conditions such as congenital heart disease, cerebral palsy and other syndromes, may not ‘pass’ the appetite test and the therapies described herein for SAM may not be sufficient for them to achieve standard anthropometric goals. Directed therapies for their underlying illnesses should be provided whenever possible and the definition of nutritional recovery should be individualised in these cases as prolonged nutritional supplementation or enrolment in a therapeutic feeding programme may be futile. Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 2 Diagnostic and treatment algorithm for acute malnutrition in children. Details of measurement of anthropometry in text and from 2009 WHO/Unicef guideline. 5 Details of moderate malnutrition therapy are outlined elsewhere. 41 Details of inpatient 10-step therapy are given in figure 3 and in 2003 WHO guideline. 26 Details of management of severe acute malnutrition are given in the text and in 2007 and 2013 WHO guidelines. 3032 Provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling is an important component of the initial management of all children with SAM in high-prevalence areas and can often reveal previously unsuspected cases of HIV in children and their mothers. Children with HIV who are otherwise well-appearing and demonstrate an appetite can still be treated as outpatients,27 although evidence suggests that early, possibly simultaneous, initiation of antiretroviral therapy in these cases is beneficial. 28 In areas where active surveillance and case-finding for SAM is being conducted effectively, the vast majority of children with SAM will be identified early in their illness and not have any of these complications and will be able to enter into a feeding programme under the community-based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) model. This treatment protocol is built upon RUTF as the key element in nutritional rehabilitation. 29 While the most common recipe for RUTF consists of a peanut paste fortified with macronutrients and micronutrients to meet minimum nutrient specifications and quality standards established by the WHO (table 1),30 novel formulations using locally sourced ingredients are being increasingly studied and developed in a number of settings. 31 Ideally, RUTF will have a very low moisture content in order to minimise the risk of microbial contamination.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: Although the use of surrogate species is a matter of some discussion (Caro and O´Caro and O'Doherty1999), the results from the study describe the already-known general pattern of bird movements in the western Pyrenean corridor (see Introduction) and support the view that this area may be considered a migratory bottleneck which puts both this particular species and other migratory birds potentially at risk due to the ongoing expansion of wind farms. From a conservation perspective, three main conclusions can be drawn from this information. The first concerns the concentration of wind farms in a key region for birds moving across the Iberian Peninsula. While the effects of wind farms on migratory land birds are not yet fully understood, it is commonly accepted that these will vary according to the particular location and the species. For instance, Barrios and Rodriguez (and Rodriguez2004) and et al. (and Ferrer2007) reported that raptors moving across the Strait of Gibraltar (a bottleneck for soaring birds with a high density of wind farms; Figure 1) had a certain ability to detect turbines, and collision rates were low. However, Lekuona and Ursúa (Reference Lekuona, Ursúa, De Lucas, Janss and Ferrer2007) reported that several migratory species (Milvus milvus, Black Stork, Vanellus vanellus, Turdus philomelos, Fringilla coelebs and Carduelis cannabina) face situations of high risk when flying near wind farms in northern Spain (Belt D, Figure 1). In fact, for all species in this zone, both migratory and sedentary, collision rates ranging from four to 64 birds/turbine/year have been reported (Lekuona2001, Onrubia et al. Reference Onrubia, Villasante, Balmorí, Sáenz de Buruaga, Canales and Campos2002). This could produce a significant loss of individuals in a sector where many migratory birds move twice a year across several 50-km wide belts occupied by more than 1,000 turbines (Figure 1). The cumulative effect of collisions on rare or endangered species is one of the most recurrent concerns when assessing the negative effect of wind farms on wildlife (Drewitt and Drewitt and Langston2006, Hüppop et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: The TH-GAL4 driver is used to express mCherry. The intensity of D2R-tagged GFP is reduced in the DM1 cluster (yellow arrowheads in b), which is still intact in pPAM neurons (white arrows in c). (d) D2R-GFP fluorescent intensity is quantified by standardizing the values in DM1 with those in the pPAM. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. For the TH-GAL4 group, N=32 from 8 brains; for the TH×D2R-miR group, N=24 from 6 brains. Unpaired t test, ****p < 0. 0001. Scale bar: 20µm. (e) Knockdown of D2R in DAN-c1 by D2R-miR impairs larval aversive learning. QUI, quinine. DW, distill water. SUC, sucrose. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S3. (f-i) D2R knockdown in DAN-c1 does not affect naïve sensory and motor functions. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. One-way multiple comparisons test. numbers, see Table S3. (Note) Figures S5 and S6 show additional information on naïve sensory and motor functions in larvae related to D2R-miR experiments. To reduce the expression of D2R in dopaminergic neurons, a microRNA strain UAS-D2R-miR was used when crossing with distinct driver strains. The efficiency of D2R knockdown was confirmed by crossing the GFP-tagged D2R strain with TH-GAL4;UAS-D2R-miR. In these larval brains, GFP signals in DM1 were not detected, while those in pPAM were still intact (Figure 4b and c). Quantification showed a significant decrease of GFP signals in the knockdown group compared to the control (Figure 4d), indicating reduced transcripts of D2R linked GFP by D2R-microRNA (Figure S4f).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 35 Children treated as inpatients generally receive empiric antibiotic therapy and arrangements should be made to provide developmentally appropriate sensory stimulation and plan for a phased period of follow-up after initial recovery, which may include supplementary food rations after discharge. Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 3 Ten-step inpatient management protocol for severe acute malnutrition. Adapted from 2003 WHO guideline. 26 recovery rates from outpatient therapeutic programmes are generally as good as or better than inpatient programmes,36–38 there have, in fact, not been the most stringent prospective blinded randomised controlled trials that directly test the efficacy of RUTF. 39 Nevertheless, more than a decade of operational clinical experience with millions of children has rightly made outpatient management of uncomplicated SAM the de facto standard of care,32 and it is unlikely that such a trial could now ethically be conducted. In the best circumstances, some 90% of children can be expected to recover from SAM and <5% mortality should be achievable. 12 Untreated episodes of severe wasting typically have a mortality rate of 10%–15% per month; while many will recover spontaneously, their cognitive and physical development likely remains stunted. However, the success of current therapies for SAM underestimates overall mortality as those who recover are at continued risk for relapse and death in the long term, especially those who are HIV-infected. 40 Further work needs to be done to improve surveillance and case-finding of children with SAM and additional efforts need to be made to treat SAM as a medical emergency, integrating it into the routine delivery of healthcare. This is particularly important in the context of linkage to HIV testing and treatment efforts. 27 0345. ↵. Quality control issues related to assessment of body composition. Bull 2014;35:S79–85. OpenUrlPubMed↵Cogill B. Anthropometric indicators measurement guide. Washington, DC: Food and Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development, 2003. ↵ Diagnostic performance of visible severe wasting for identifying severe acute malnutrition in children admitted to hospital in Kenya. 2011;89:900–6. of Science↵WHO. WHO child growth standards and the identification of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children. Geneva: 's Fund, 2009. ↵WHO. . (accessed 24 Sep 2014). ↵ Mid-upper arm circumference and weight-for-height to identify high-risk malnourished under-five children.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: Reference Hüppop, Dierschke, Exo, Fredrich and Hill2006). The second conclusion refers to the regional and local distribution of wind farms and the possibilities of launching preventive measures to protect migratory birds. The fact that the density of wind farms and turbines in Belt C, the most important for migrants (Table 1), is still very low opens up the possibility of restricting new construction in this area, the solution suggested in other European countries to protect migratory flyways (Hüppop et al. Reference Hüppop, Dierschke, Exo, Fredrich and Hill2006). It also offers the option of carrying out a scrupulous assessment of any impact future projects may have on this belt, particularly the potential effects of location, orientation, local topography, weather and wind farm design (Morrison et al. and Ferrer2007). Although there is a lack of studies on the effects of local topography on the collision rates of migrants in this region (especially the role played by elevation, slope orientation and funnelling), it is known that mountain passes are particularly sensitive areas for concentrations of migratory birds (Alerstam1990) which are driven to these passes in large numbers by the funnel effect of surrounding mountain slopes. In fact, in the mountains of northern Spain, such passes have traditionally been used by hunters to shoot migrating Wood Pigeons, thrushes and other birds. Unfortunately, some of the passes are already surrounded by wind farms located on the windy ridges of hills and mountains (Figure 1), one of the most frequent locations of wind farms in Spain (Energy Association; www. aeeolica. org). The effect of these northern Spanish wind farms as barriers to migratory bird flows and collision spots for certain species is not yet understood, although some reports suggest they constitute a disturbance to and other migratory birds (Camiña Reference Camiña2002). The final conclusion is that all potential construction sites in this region should be considered as part of an integral assessment framework (e. g. Exo et al. Reference Exo, Hüppop and Garthe2003, Fox et al. Reference Fox, Desholm, Kahlert, Christensen and Petersen2006). This implies coordination at all levels (provincial, autonomous and central) between different Spanish administrations involved in wind farm concessions in order to prevent the cumulative effects of wind farms on migratory birds.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: To investigate the roles of D2R in distinct dopaminergic neurons during larval associative learning, UAS-D2R-miR strain was crossed with distinct single dopaminergic neuronal drivers. Among them, the knockdown of D2R in DAN-c1 impaired aversive learning with the odorant pentyl acetate, while appetitive learning was unaffected (Figure 4e). In contrast, although D2R was also found in DAN-d1 and DAN-g1, neither D2R knockdown in DAN-d1 nor in DAN-g1 affected larval olfactory learning (Figure S4c-e). As the naïve sensory and motor functions were not affected, this deficiency was caused by impairment in learning abilities (Figure 4f-i). Similar learning deficits were observed in the same strain trained with another odorant, propionic acid (Figure S5a), as well as in larvae with D2R knockdown using UAS-RNAi (Figure S5b). These results demonstrated that D2Rs are expressed in DAN-c1, and they are necessary for larval aversive learning. Presumably the knockdown of presynaptic inhibitory D2R autoreceptors on DAN-c1 will result in increased and excessive dopamine release, which leads to aversive learning deficiency. These results are consistent with the activation studies with dTRPA1 above, in which increased dopamine release during training results in impaired aversive learning (Figure 2k). Over-excitation of DAN-c1 during learning impairs larval aversive learningTo exclude possible chronic effects of D2R knockdown during development, optogenetics was applied at distinct stages of the learning protocol. Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) is a blue light activated cation channel from algae, which can be used to activate target neurons64,65. Over-excitation of DANs under a TH-GAL4 driver with ChR2 during training impaired aversive learning but left appetitive learning intact (Figure S7), which is consistent with D2R knockdown results. To investigate the mechanisms with a better temporospatial resolution, ChR2 was expressed in DAN-c1, and blue light was applied at distinct stages of the learning protocol (Figure 5a).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Nutr 2012;8:130–3. ↵. A review of methods to detect cases of severely malnourished children in the community for their admission into community-based therapeutic care programs. Bull 2006;27:S7–23. OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science↵. Oedematous malnutrition. 2009;130:651–4. OpenUrlPubMed↵Heikens GT, Manary M. 75 years of Kwashiorkor in Africa. J 2009;21:96–8. OpenUrlPubMed↵ Dermatosis in children with oedematous malnutrition (kwashiorkor): a review of the literature. J 2014;28:995–1001. ↵ Antibiotics as part of the management of severe acute malnutrition. N Med 2013;368:425–35. of Science↵ Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor. Science 2013;339:548–54. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ Persistent gut microbiota immaturity in malnourished Bangladeshi children. Nature 2014;510:417–21. of Science↵WHO. Assessment and Treatment (ETAT) Course. (accessed 24 Sep 2014). ↵WHO. WHO/joint statement: integrated Management (iCCM): an equity-focused strategy to improve access to essential treatment services for children. New York: 's Fund, 2012. ↵ Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 2013;382:427–51. of Science↵ Severe acute malnutrition in Asia. Bull 2014;35:S14–26. OpenUrlPubMed↵ The burden of severe acute malnutrition estimated in the Lancet series is a minimum rather than an actual estimate. Lancet 2013;382:1549. OpenUrlCrossRef↵Bahwere P. Severe acute malnutrition during emergencies: burden management, and gaps. Bull 2014;35:S47–51. OpenUrlPubMed↵Gross R, Webb P. Wasting time for wasted children: severe child undernutrition must be resolved in non-emergency settings. Lancet 2006;367:1209–11. ↵ Global efforts to address severe acute malnutrition. J Nutr 2012;55:476–81.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: Do assessment thresholds underestimate the mortality impact of wind farms on bird populations? R. Buij, P. Schippers, A. Schotman, J. Verboom, H. van der Jeugd, E. EcologyBiodiversity and output: Book/Report › Report › The consequences of additional mortality of birds from collisions with a rapidly increasing number of wind turbines are receiving much attention worldwide. Currently, threshold assessments for an acceptable impact on populations are commonly used to evaluate the expected effect of wind turbines on local bird populations. These provide a seemingly clear-cut method for establishing whether damage to the integrity of a population will or will not occur, but questions have recently been raised as to the validity of their use. In this paper we examine whether two widely used threshold methods for evaluating the impact of extra mortality on bird populations, the 1% mortality norm and have general applicability, or whether they should be used more cautiously. The 1% mortality norm is based upon the assumption that any additional mortality lower than 1% of the natural mortality has a negligible impact on a population, while the Removal or PBR method is used to estimate the loss of individuals from which a population can still recover. To evaluate the impact of additional mortality resulting from wind turbine collision on bird populations, we model the consequence of an increase in mortality rates on populations assumed to be regulated by logistic growth. We use the logistic growth equation to test how the population persistence of a species may be affected by different levels of additional mortality; and use case studies of existing, declining populations of in the Netherlands to determine how the effect of collision mortality operates to influence their population persistence. To examine the impact of additional mortality, we introduce a novel measure, the “Index” or PPI to describe the population persistence and changes therein following increased mortality. The PPI integrates the population growth at various densities - it is determined by the maximum population growth rate at small population size - and the carrying capacity, the population size where recruitment equals mortality. Our results show that the PPI can be very sensitive to additional mortality, especially in populations in which the mortality approaches the maximum recruitment. We found that a 1% increase in mortality rates of all post-fledging age classes from wind turbine strike lead to a c. 7-15% decrease in population persistence for Dutch populations of which should not be considered negligible. Strong effects of additional mortality on PPI are also evident using the PBR.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 during training impaired aversive learning, not appetitive learning (Figure 5b-d). This result is consistent with the effect of D2R knockdown in DAN-c1, indicating that increased, excessive dopamine release during training leads to impaired aversive learning. Figure 5. Over-excitation of DAN-c1 impairs larval aversive learning. (a) A schematic diagram of optogenetic manipulations of neuronal excitability in DAN-c1 during distinct stages in learning. (b-d) Activation of DAN-c1 during training impairs larval aversive learning (b), while keeps appetitive learning intact (d). Unconditioned stimuli used were quinine (b) and sucrose (d). No learning behaviors are observed in the control distilled water (DW) groups (c). Third-instar larvae with ChR2 expression in DAN-c1 are used. ATR, all-trans-retinal. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S4. D2R in mushroom body mediates larval learning through inhibitionWe have shown that D2R in DAN-c1 plays a critical role in larval aversive learning. Since D2Rs are also expressed in soma and axons in most mushroom body neurons (Figure 3h and i), we examined the role of D2R in MB neurons, the center for learning in Drosophila. Knockdown of these D2Rs by D2R-miR impaired both appetitive and aversive learning (Figure 6a). Similarly, optogenetic activation of mushroom body neurons during training led to deficiencies in both appetitive and aversive learning (Figure 6b and d). These deficiencies were not observed in larvae with activation during the resting stage. As D2Rs are inhibitory receptors, and optogenetic activation leads to greater neuronal excitation like what may occur with knockdown of D2Rs, these data show that the inhibitory effect of D2Rs in mushroom body neurons is necessary for larval olfactory associative learning to occur. Figure 6. D2R in mushroom body is necessary for both aversive and appetitive learning.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: ↵ Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost? Lancet 2013;382:452–77. of Science↵ Early childhood growth failure and the developmental origins of adult disease: do enteric infections and malnutrition increase risk for the metabolic syndrome? 2012;70:642–53. of Science↵. Addressing the double burden of malnutrition with a common agenda. Ser 2014;78:39–52. ↵ Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children. Geneva: Organization, 2003. ↵Trehan I, O'Hare BA, Phiri A, et al. Challenges in the management of HIV-infected malnourished children in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2012;2012:790786. OpenUrlPubMed↵ Prompt initiation of ART with therapeutic food is associated with improved outcomes in HIV infected Malawian children with malnutrition. J 2012;59:173–6. ↵Murray E, Manary M. Home-based therapy for severe acute malnutrition with ready-to-use food. 2014. [Epub ahead of print]. ↵WHO. Community-based management of severe acute malnutrition. on Nutrition, Children's Fund, 2007. ↵ State of the art of Ready-to-Food: a tool for nutraceuticals addition to foodstuff. 2013;140:843–9. ↵WHO. Guideline: updates on the management of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children. Geneva: Organization, 2013. ↵ Evaluation of the routine use of amoxicillin as part of the home-based treatment of severe acute malnutrition. 2010;15:1022–8. OpenUrlPubMed↵Brewster DR. Inpatient management of severe malnutrition: time for a change in protocol and practice. Paediatr 2011;31:97–107. ↵Obonyo N, Maitland K. Fluid management of shock in severe malnutrition: what is the evidence for current guidelines and what lessons have been learned from clinical studies and trials in other pediatric populations? Bull 2014;35:S71–8. OpenUrlPubMed↵Diop el Comparison of the efficacy of a solid ready-to-use food and a liquid, milk-based diet for the rehabilitation of severely malnourished children: a randomized trial.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: We show that for the PBR, the proportional change in PPI is independent of r and K and depends only on the so-called recovery factor Fr. When this recovery factor Fr=1 (generally used for populations that show sustained growth near carrying capacity), additional mortality results in an 87. 5% reduction of the PPI according to the PBR, and in a 58% reduction when Fr=0. 5 (used for populations with protracted gradual decline). For the PBR of a 58% reduction of the PPI was estimated, and for population a 14% reduction of the PPI at their estimated Fr values, compared to the population not exposed to additional mortality. We show that the use of the ‘1% mortality criterion’ and the Removal (PBR) method, currently often used in across species in most E. U. countries with rapidly growing wind industry, strongly underestimate the impact of additional mortality on species for which at low population density the recruitment rate is almost equal to the mortality rate. Original languageEnglishPlace of of pages35DOstatusPublished - 2017Publication seriesNameResearch reportNo. 2788ISSN (Print)1566-7197 Access to Document 10. 18174/406604Licence: and links into the research topics of 'Do assessment thresholds underestimate the mortality impact of wind farms on bird populations? '. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Immunology and Microbiology 100% Circus (Genus) Immunology and Microbiology 100% 100% Economics, Econometrics and Finance 100% Immunology and Microbiology 66% Immunology and Microbiology 66% Agricultural and 60% Economics, Econometrics and Finance 50% View full fingerprint Cite this. , Schippers, P. , Schotman, A. , Verboom, J. , van der Jeugd, H. , & Jongejans, E. (2017). Do assessment thresholds underestimate the mortality impact of wind farms on bird populations? (Research report; No. 2788). Research. Buij, R. ; Schippers, P. ; Schotman, A. et al. / Do assessment thresholds underestimate the mortality impact of wind farms on bird populations? . Wageningen : Research, 2017. 35 p. (Research report; 2788).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (a) Knockdown D2R in mushroom body neurons (MBNs) impairs larval aversive and appetitive learning. (b-d) Activation of MBNs during training impairs both larval aversive and appetitive learning. Unconditioned stimuli used were quinine (b) and sucrose (d). No learning behaviors are observed in the control distilled water (DW) groups (c). Third-instar larvae with ChR2 expression in MBNs (201Y-GAL4) are used. ATR, all-trans-retinal. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S3 and S4. DiscussionThe dopaminergic system plays an important role in Drosophila olfactory associative learning, but the roles of D2R in this process have not been fully explored. In this study, we systematically investigated the expression pattern of D2R in the third-instar larval brain as well as its role in larval aversive and appetitive learning. One driver strain singly identifying the DAN-c1 neuron was discovered and learning assays with thermogenetic tools (Shibirets1, dTRPA1) determined that the blockade of dopamine release from DAN-c1 impeded aversive learning, while its activation during training led to repulsion toward the odor in the absence of unconditioned stimulus (i. e. , QUI). These results revealed that DAN-c1 activation (i. e. , presumably leading to the release of synaptic dopamine) is both necessary and sufficient for larval aversive learning to occur. Subsequently, the expression pattern of D2R was explored by using a GFP-tagged D2R strain, including distinct dopaminergic and mushroom body neurons. D2Rs were expressed in DAN-c1, and the knockdown of these receptors resulted in aversive learning deficiency. These data suggest that presynaptic D2Rs in a single dopaminergic neuron, DAN-c1, regulate dopamine release during excitation whereas knockdown of these same receptors leads to excessive dopamine release, causing deficits in aversive learning to occur.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Psychiatry 4(1):p 10-12, Jan–Apr 2022. | DOI: 10. 4103/wsp. wsp_6_22 is the movement of people to a new country or area to find work or better living conditions. [1] According to the World Bank, low-income economies are defined as those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita, calculated using the Atlas method, of $1045 or less in 2013; middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of more than $1045 but <$12,746; high-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $12,746 or more. Lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income economies are separated at a GNI per capita of $4125. [2] Social deprivation is a broad and somewhat poorly defined umbrella term that refers to the combination of factors that prevent a person from having easy and frequent access to the many different aspects of their culture and society. [3] (WHO) defines mental health as a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. [4] relationship between social deprivation and mental health has long been established to be bimodal. On the one hand, social deprivation can increase the risk for poor mental health as it is one of its social determinants. On the other hand, experiencing poor mental health could be an avenue for being socially deprived. [5] In the low- and middle-income countries, due to political instability and pronounced insincerity, high level of unemployment, corruption, poverty, and the risk of social deprivation is heightened due to defective management of funds, infrastructures, and resources. For instance, in Nigeria, apart from the fact that there is a rising trend of unemployment, the majority of those employed are underemployed with a national minimum wage of less than a 100 US dollars.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: PY - 2017Y1 - 2017N2 - The consequences of additional mortality of birds from collisions with a rapidly increasing number of wind turbines are receiving much attention worldwide. Currently, threshold assessments for an acceptable impact on populations are commonly used to evaluate the expected effect of wind turbines on local bird populations. These provide a seemingly clear-cut method for establishing whether damage to the integrity of a population will or will not occur, but questions have recently been raised as to the validity of their use. In this paper we examine whether two widely used threshold methods for evaluating the impact of extra mortality on bird populations, the 1% mortality norm and have general applicability, or whether they should be used more cautiously. The 1% mortality norm is based upon the assumption that any additional mortality lower than 1% of the natural mortality has a negligible impact on a population, while the Removal or PBR method is used to estimate the loss of individuals from which a population can still recover. To evaluate the impact of additional mortality resulting from wind turbine collision on bird populations, we model the consequence of an increase in mortality rates on populations assumed to be regulated by logistic growth. We use the logistic growth equation to test how the population persistence of a species may be affected by different levels of additional mortality; and use case studies of existing, declining populations of in the Netherlands to determine how the effect of collision mortality operates to influence their population persistence. To examine the impact of additional mortality, we introduce a novel measure, the “Index” or PPI to describe the population persistence and changes therein following increased mortality. The PPI integrates the population growth at various densities - it is determined by the maximum population growth rate at small population size - and the carrying capacity, the population size where recruitment equals mortality. Our results show that the PPI can be very sensitive to additional mortality, especially in populations in which the mortality approaches the maximum recruitment. We found that a 1% increase in mortality rates of all post-fledging age classes from wind turbine strike lead to a c. 7-15% decrease in population persistence for Dutch populations of which should not be considered negligible. Strong effects of additional mortality on PPI are also evident using the PBR.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the activation of DAN-c1 with optogenetic tools during training, resulting in excessive dopamine release, impaired aversive learning, as well. Finally, it was demonstrated that either the knockdown of postsynaptic D2R or activation of mushroom body neurons led to learning deficits. These data demonstrate that D2Rs in distinct brain locations are critically involved in associative learning. Insights into the neuronal circuits underlying larval olfactory associative learningMushroom body and dopaminergic neurons play important roles in Drosophila associative learning66–69. In larvae, olfactory information (odors, Conditioned Stimulus, CS) is received by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN), then transmitted to the mushroom body via projection neurons (PN)70. The mushroom body (MB) is the learning center of Drosophila and composed of Kenyon cells (KC, or mushroom body neurons, MBN)71–73. Their dendrites form the calyx, receiving olfactory information from projection neurons. The axons converge into peduncles, then branch into the vertical and medial lobes. Distinct gustatory cues (taste, Unconditioned Stimuli, US) are sensed by gustatory sensory neurons (GSN) and transferred to dopaminergic neurons in different clusters (Figure 7A). DAN-c1 in the DL1 cluster mediates aversive cues, projects to the lower peduncle (LP) in the mushroom body. The plasticity of synapses from MBNs to MB output neurons (MBON) is negatively modulated by dopamine67,74,75. The MBN-MBON synapses in the vertical lobe and peduncle are responsible for attraction, while those in the medial lobe are for repulsion67,75. Figure 7. Roles of D2Rs in dopaminergic and mushroom body neurons during larval olfactory learning. (a) A schematic diagram shows the roles of D2R in dopaminergic neurons (DAN) and mushroom body neurons (MBN) in larval olfactory associative learning. During learning, olfactory stimuli (conditioned stimulus, CS) are received by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) and transmitted to MBNs (green) via projection neurons (PN).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: This leads to a perfect storm: in some LMICs, a first wave with few severe cases and deaths; heavy-handed measures causing financial pain and public discontent; and reasonable restrictions lifted or forgone. Brazil has emerged as the next global epicenter, highlighting the catastrophic consequences of policy paralysis. Containment measures elsewhere are breaking down because of their socioeconomic effects, paving the way for a second wave hitting impoverished and restless communities during cooler seasons. Further, after HICs outbid each other to stockpile resources, LMICs will have a lack of access to testing, personal protective equipment, ventilators, and/or forthcoming vaccines. 5 in LMIdisease 2019 and its economic consequences will profoundly affect the mental health of the community, essential workers, people with preexisting mental disorders, and people with the infection. 6 In LMICs, the focus needs to be on mitigating the mental health consequences of the unemployment, poverty, food insecurity, and social disruption caused by economic lockdowns. The treatment gap for mental disorders, which already leads to only 2 in 100 people in need in LMICs receiving minimally adequate care for severe depression,7 will increase. Attempts to bridge this gap have focused on shifting tasks from specialists to lay health workers, who will now be unable to deliver services. While services were transitioned to online platforms in HICs, this will not be feasible in LMICs. Hospitals, health care centers, and clinicians do not routinely use online tools; computers and smartphones are less available, with connectivity tariffs still a limiting factor. Real-time training, supervision, or intervention will rarely be possible, and referrals will be disrupted. Group supports will be discontinued, terminating the only opportunity many people have to maintain tangible human connections. Physical distancing will affect the informal networks that patients rely on where formal services are lacking, shutting down their only source of emotional and material assistance. People with severe illness face double jeopardy. They are usually without employment or government support, and now their caregivers will be without income. With inpatient care disrupted, those who are unable to afford medications, without specialist or community-based care, and in households with relatives without employment risk becoming homeless or in chains (eg, in sheds or putative healing centers). A large proportion are in the care of traditional healers who may disavow the medical origin of COVID-19, and people in their care may therefore remain undiagnosed and continue to disseminate infection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wind farms always harm local bird populations. # questionable [SEP] Text: We show that for the PBR, the proportional change in PPI is independent of r and K and depends only on the so-called recovery factor Fr. When this recovery factor Fr=1 (generally used for populations that show sustained growth near carrying capacity), additional mortality results in an 87. 5% reduction of the PPI according to the PBR, and in a 58% reduction when Fr=0. 5 (used for populations with protracted gradual decline). For the PBR of a 58% reduction of the PPI was estimated, and for population a 14% reduction of the PPI at their estimated Fr values, compared to the population not exposed to additional mortality. We show that the use of the ‘1% mortality criterion’ and the Removal (PBR) method, currently often used in across species in most E. U. countries with rapidly growing wind industry, strongly underestimate the impact of additional mortality on species for which at low population density the recruitment rate is almost equal to the mortality rate. AB - The consequences of additional mortality of birds from collisions with a rapidly increasing number of wind turbines are receiving much attention worldwide. Currently, threshold assessments for an acceptable impact on populations are commonly used to evaluate the expected effect of wind turbines on local bird populations. These provide a seemingly clear-cut method for establishing whether damage to the integrity of a population will or will not occur, but questions have recently been raised as to the validity of their use. In this paper we examine whether two widely used threshold methods for evaluating the impact of extra mortality on bird populations, the 1% mortality norm and have general applicability, or whether they should be used more cautiously. The 1% mortality norm is based upon the assumption that any additional mortality lower than 1% of the natural mortality has a negligible impact on a population, while the Removal or PBR method is used to estimate the loss of individuals from which a population can still recover. To evaluate the impact of additional mortality resulting from wind turbine collision on bird populations, we model the consequence of an increase in mortality rates on populations assumed to be regulated by logistic growth. We use the logistic growth equation to test how the population persistence of a species may be affected by different levels of additional mortality; and use case studies of existing, declining populations of in the Netherlands to determine how the effect of collision mortality operates to influence their population persistence.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Distinct gustatory stimuli (unconditioned stimulus, US) are received by gustatory sensory neurons (GSN) and transferred to different dopaminergic neurons. Aversive stimuli are sent to DAN-c1 (red) in the DL1 cluster which connects the lower peduncle compartment (LP, square in dash line), while appetitive stimuli are received by pPAM neurons (blue) innervating the medial lobe (ML). D2Rs (yellow square) are expressed in DAN-c1 and pPAM as autoreceptors, regulating dopamine release. Both D2R and dDA1 (magenta circle) are expressed in the MBNs. (b) A hypothetical curve showing the relationship between learning ability and cAMP level in the mushroom body. Insufficient cAMP (rutabaga mutant) cannot induce learning, while excessive cAMP (dunce mutant) also impairs learning. Only the appropriate level of cAMP regulated by the opposing actions of D1R (dDA1) and D2R leads to successful learning in wild type larvae (WT). Knockdown of D2R in DAN-c1 causes excessive dopamine release, elevating cAMP and resulting in impaired learning. D2R knockdown in MBNs relieves the inhibition effect of D2R, resulting in excessive intracellular cAMP and learning failure. (c-d) Potential molecular mechanisms underlying Drosophila olfactory learning in the square region shown in (a). (d) During aversive learning, olfactory stimuli induce depolarization of MBNs, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels and induces calcium influx. Gustatory stimuli, such as quinine, activates dopaminergic neurons and elevates dopamine (DA) release. D1 receptor (dDA1) activates adenylyl cyclase (AC) and elevates cAMP via Gαs, while D2 receptor (D2R) inhibits AC and suppresses cAMP via Gαi/o. In Drosophila, the coincidence detector rutabaga (AC) is activated by the existence of both calcium and Gαs, converging the olfactory and gustatory stimuli. cAMP activates the PKA signaling pathway, elevating the neuronal excitability.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Karlsson O, J-W, Subramanian SV. Weakening association of parental education: analysis of child health outcomes in 43 low- and middle-income countries.  Epidemiol. 2019;48(1):83-97. doi:10. 1093/ije/dyy158 PubMed7. Hong SA. Prevalence and regional variations of coexistence of child stunting and maternal overweight or obesity in Myanmar.  Nutr. 2021;24(8):2248-2258. doi:10. 1017/S136898002000186X PubMed8. Seferidi P, Hone T, Duran AC, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Millett C. Global inequalities in the double burden of malnutrition and associations with globalisation: a multilevel analysis of Demographic and from 55 low-income and middle-income countries, 1992-2018.  Health. 2022;10(4):e482-e490. doi:10. 1016/S2214-109X(21)00594-5 PubMed9. Anik AI, Rahman MM, Rahman MM, Tareque MI, Khan MN, Alam MM. Double burden of malnutrition at household level: a comparative study among Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Myanmar.  PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0221274. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0221274 PubMed10. Biswas T, Townsend N, Magalhaes RJS, Hasan M, Mamun A. Patterns and determinants of the double burden of malnutrition at the household level in South and Southeast Asia.  Clin Nutr. 2021;75(2):385-391. doi:10. 1038/s41430-020-00726-z PubMed11. Ahinkorah BO, Amadu I, Seidu A-A, et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Project-based learning encourages critical thinking and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: A teacher’s implementation of media use must be balanced with planning, implementation, and strict supervision so that the resulting quality does not deviate from the teacher’s aims and objectives in learning (Krida, 2021; Waniet al. , 2023). Apart from creating interesting learning media, teachers are also expected to have various abilities and skills in preparing and managing teaching materials, selecting appropriate learning models, and being able to master the class and use different learning models (Gultom et al. , 2020; Noret al. , 2022). A knowledge model is a pattern or design of knowledge activities that teachers must carry out when planning classroom learning, starting from preparing learning tools to assessment tools to achieve effective and efficient learning (Norström & Hallström, 2023; Wantuet al. , 2023). The results of the researcher’s initial observations from previous discussions with teachers or mentors at Muhammadiyah 2 School show that the learning process that have taken place so far is still oriented towards conventional learning models. The conventional learning model is a learning method that is still widely criticized because it is considered learning that does not give students freedom of action, and therefore, the participation of students in learning is still not optimal (Dietrich & Evans, 2022; Leal Filho, 2021). As a result, it causes boredom and hinders the development of students’ active participation in school (Khalaf & Zin, 2018). Apart from discussing with teachers, researchers also conducted Question-answer interactions with class VIII students at SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Batu and found that students still had difficulty dealing with mathematics questions in the HOTS category. HOTS has a good influence on students, including students are better able to understand learning concepts, differentiate learning concepts or ideas, provide clear arguments, solve and understand complex problems more clearly, construct explanations, and formulate hypotheses (Fatthurrahma & Anas, 2023; Pratama & Pramesti, 2018). If related to the cognitive level of Bloom’s taxonomy, HOTS is at the level of analyzing, evaluating, creating, remembering, understanding, applying, evaluating, and creating (Ariyantoet al. , 2020; Ekaliaet al. , 2022). Established on the description above, the comparison between mathematics learning that occurs now in schools and the expected mathematics learning in the future lies in the media and learning models.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: D1 and D2 receptors can also form heteromeric receptors and activate the PLC-PKC and CaMKII signaling pathways via Gαq. These pathways inhibit acetylcholine (ACh) release from MBNs to MB output neurons (MBON), which leads to avoidance of the learned odor. Abbreviations: AC, adenylyl cyclase; ACh, acetylcholine; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CaM, calmodulin; 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CS, conditioned stimulus; DA, dopamine; DAN, dopaminergic neurons; DL, dorsolateral; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; Gαi/o, Gi/o protein α subunit; Gαq, Gq protein α subunit; Gαs, Gs protein α subunit; GSN, gustatory sensory neurons; LP, lower peduncle; MBN, mushroom body neurons; MBON, mushroom body output neurons; ML, medial lobe; nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; OSN, olfactory sensory neurons; PKA, protein kinase A; PKC, protein kinase C; PLC, phospholipase C; PN, projection neurons; pPAM, primary protocerebral anterior medial; RyR, ryanodine receptor; US, unconditioned stimulus; VGCC, voltage gated calcium channel. When only the odorant appears, the subset of Kenyon cells representing this odor are depolarized, inducing calcium influx73. As a balance exists between compartments across the mushroom body lobes, the response to the odor depends on the naïve olfactory circuits from projection neurons to the lateral horn (LH). In aversive learning, in addition to olfaction induced calcium influx, gustatory stimuli also lead to dopamine release from DAN-c1 and subsequently, activation of Gαs in LP54. The co-existence of calcium and Gαs activates a Ca2+-dependent adenylate cyclase (AC), rutabaga (rut)76–79. Rutabaga converges information from both olfaction and gustation, working as the coincidence detector of associative learning.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Prevalence and factors associated with the triple burden of malnutrition among mother-child pairs in sub-Saharan Africa.  Nutrients. 2021;13(6):2050. doi:10. 3390/nu13062050 PubMed12. Kosaka S, Umezaki M. A systematic review of the prevalence and predictors of the double burden of malnutrition within households.  Nutr. 2017;117(8):1118-1127. doi:10. 1017/S0007114517000812 PubMed13. Jayalakshmi R, Kannan S. The double burden of malnutrition: an assessment of ‘stunted child and overweight/obese mother (SCOWT) pairs’ in Kerala households.  J Policy. 2019;40(3):342-350. doi:10. 1057/s41271-019-00172-7 PubMed14. Das S, Fahim SM, Islam MS, Biswas T, Mahfuz M, Ahmed T. Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of household-level double burden of malnutrition in Bangladesh.  Nutr. 2019;22(8):1425-1432. doi:10. 1017/S1368980018003580 PubMed15. Balaj M, York HW, Sripada K, et al. Parental education and inequalities in child mortality: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.  Lancet. 2021;398(10300):608-620. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(21)00534-1 PubMed16. Rahman MA, Halder HR, Siddiquee T, et al. Prevalence and determinants of double burden of malnutrition in Bangladesh: evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional survey.  Nutrire. 2021;46(2):11. doi:10. 1186/s41110-021-00140-w 17.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: IQ scores solely determine a person's academic potential. # questionable [SEP] Text: IQ Levels: stands for “intelligence quotient”—a composite score of various tests meant to measure human intelligence. A person’s IQ score is meant to represent their general intellectual faculties and the higher the score, the more generally intelligent a person is considered to be. Historically, the raw median score on intelligence assessment tests has been defined as an IQ score of 100, meaning that, by definition, about 2/3rds of the population has an IQ score that falls between IQ 85-IQ 115. An IQ score of 130+ is considered genius-level while an IQ below 70 is generally identified with having some intellectual or cognitive disability. “The high IQ has become the American equivalent of the Legion of Honor, positive proof of a child’s intellectual aristocracy… It has become more important to be a smart kid than a good kid or even a healthy kid. “– Sam LevensonDefining IntelligenceUnlike properties like mass or electric charge, “intelligence” is a very abstract construct, which makes devising tests to measure it difficult and sometimes inconclusive. Common knowledge may see a person’s IQ score as measuring a single factor of a person’s psychology; perhaps similar to how in various tabletop RPGs like Dungeons & Dragons a character might have a single intelligence stat. In some ways, this conception is correct. Most intelligence researchers would agree that for each person, there is a general factor of intelligence that underlies most if of their cognitive abilities. However, researchers also realize that intelligence is multi-faceted and that there exist domain-specific intelligence that may differ from one’s general intelligence factor. These domain-specific and narrower faculties are also important for assessing a person’s intelligence levels. In addition, researchers realize that there are a whole host of psychological characteristics other than intelligence, such as creativity, personality, and moral character, that are equally important for human functioning and happiness. In fact, most intelligence researchers now see ascribe to a view that sees intelligence as comprising a 3-tiered hierarchy of cognitive abilities. At the top of the hierarchal pyramid is the single intelligence factor g; the most general factor of intelligence that explains the correlations between abilities at the lower levels of the pyramid. The middle level is composed of broader, more general abilities such as general memory, learning, and auditory/visual perception.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Its downstream signaling inhibits attractive MBN-MBON synapses in the LP, breaking the balance between distinct compartments. As a result, after learning, the larvae will exhibit repulsion when exposed to the odor again. In contrast, dopaminergic neurons in the pPAM convey appetitive cues, which project to compartments in the medial lobe. The co-existence of olfactory and appetitive gustatory stimuli leads to inhibition of these repulsive MBN-MBON synapses, inducing attraction. The conserved role of DAN-c1 in aversive learning throughout Drosophila developmentshare similar neuronal circuits of learning with larvae54,66–69. In adult brains, dopaminergic neurons are classified into 13 clusters, named as PAM (protocerebral anterior medial), PAL (protocerebral anterior lateral), PPM (protocerebral posterior medial), PPL (protocerebral lateral), and PPD (protocerebral posterior dorsal) clusters32. DANs in the PAM cluster innervate the medial lobe, while those in PPL1 project to the vertical lobe69. R76F02-AD;R55C10-DBD identifies two dopaminergic neurons in adult brains, MB-MP1 in PPL1 and ALT-PLPC in PPL2ab 61. MB-MP1 is also named PPL1-γ1pedc, innervating both γ1 and the peduncle of the β lobe69. Activation of this neuron induced aversive learning62, and activation of its corresponding MBON-γ1pedc>α/β led to approach80. During metamorphosis, dopaminergic neurons in DL1 develop into the PPL1 cluster, DL2a neurons develop into PPL2ab, and those in pPAM will develop into the PAM cluster81. This driver strain only identifies DAN-c1 from DL1 in larvae, which innervates the lower peduncle of the mushroom body. Interestingly, previous reports revealed that memory can be transferred from larvae to adults82, indicating the maintenance of neuronal circuitry architecture during metamorphosis. This evidence supports that DAN-c1 is the corresponding neuron of PPL1-γ1pedc in larvae, which performs similar functions in aversive learning.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Sekiyama M, Jiang HW, Gunawan B, et al. Double burden of malnutrition in rural West Java: household-level analysis for father-child and mother-child pairs and the association with dietary intake.  Nutrients. 2015;7(10):8376-8391. doi:10. 3390/nu7105399 PubMed18. US Agency for International Development. The DHS program: available datasets. 14, 2022. Z, Kapoor M, Kim R, Subramanian SV. Association of maternal history of neonatal death with subsequent neonatal death across 56 low- and middle-income countries.  Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):19919. doi:10. 1038/s41598-021-97481-3 PubMed20. Doak CM, Adair LS, Bentley M, Monteiro C, Popkin BM. The dual burden household and the nutrition transition paradox.  Obes (Lond). 2005;29(1):129-136. doi:10. 1038/sj. ijo. 0802824 PubMed21. Organization. : Methods and Development. 2006. 14, 2022. S, Harttgen K, Subramanyam MA, Finlay J, Klasen S, Subramanian SV. Association between economic growth and early childhood undernutrition: evidence from 121 Demographic and from 36 low-income and middle-income countries.  Health. 2014;2(4):e225-e234. doi:10. 1016/S2214-109X(14)70025-7 PubMed23. World Bank. Bank country classifications by income level: 2020-2021. 2020. 14, 2022. M, Kim R, Vollmer S, Subramanian SV. Assessment of undernutrition among children in 55 low-and middle-income countries using dietary and anthropometric measures. . 2021;4(8):e2120627.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: IQ scores solely determine a person's academic potential. # questionable [SEP] Text: The bottom tier is composed of more narrow cognitive faculties that fall under the general categories of the middle level, such as spelling ability, or individual word recognition. IQ Tests/ScoresThe term “IQ” was first coined by German psychologist in 1912, but humans have always been interested in the project of differentiating people based on levels of intelligence. Unfortunately, the first systematic treatments of the concept of intelligence were almost always motivated by a desire to establish racist narratives about the intellectual superiority of the white race. European philosophers and naturalists in the 18th- 19th century believed that different races had “inherently” different levels of intelligence, with white people occupying the top spot in the racial hierarchy and black people and positioned at the lowest rungs. So, a large part of the development of IQ tests over time has subsequently been focused on creating more fair and unbiased tests. “Intelligence is a way of acting. If you act intelligently you are smart, regardless of your IQ. ” — Brian TracyThe first homogenous and standardized tests meant to measure intelligence were produced in the early 20th century including the Stanford-Scales, developed by American psychologist Lewis Terman, which became the most used test in the U. S. for decades. Intelligence tests were also widely administered in the U. S. military during WWI to sort candidates for officer training. Almost 2 million individuals were screened, making it the first usage of intelligence tests on a large-scale. IQ tests became popular in society as a means of educational placement, assessing intellectual disability, and employment screening. In addition, researchers indicate that over the 20th century, the raw IQ scores of the population have been increasing at a rate of about 3 points per decade, a phenomenon known as the Flynn effect. IQ Tests TodayCurrently, the most popularly used I. Q, test in the for adults over 16 is the (WAIS), originally published in 1955 and updated to its fourth edition in 2008. According to its creator David Wechsler, the test is meant to measure an individual’s intelligence where “intelligence” is defined as “… the global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment. ”(Wechsler 1939, p. 23).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Pre- and post-synaptic D2Rs regulate cAMP in the mushroom body during aversive learningThe molecular mechanisms underlying Drosophila learning have not been fully determined. In a traditional view, gustatory cues elevate dopamine release, which binds to D1 receptors and then activates Gαs. The co-existence of Gαs and calcium elicited by olfactory cues activates rutabaga in axons of MBNs. Rutabaga transforms ATP into cAMP, activating PKA signaling pathway. Mutant flies with either insufficient (rutabaga) or excessive cAMP (dunce) showed aversive learning deficiency, indicating that the level of cAMP should be kept in an optimal range to achieve aversive learning21,25 (Figure 7B). Our results have shown that D2Rs in dopaminergic neurons and the mushroom body are important for larval aversive learning, suggesting a “dual brake” role in regulating cAMP levels in the MBNs through both pre- and postsynaptic components. On the presynaptic side, D2R in DAN-c1 decreases the release of dopamine under gustatory stimuli, reducing the probability of postsynaptic D1R activation in MBNs. On the postsynaptic side, D2R in MBNs inhibits the coincidence detector rutabaga (AC) both via activation of Gαi/o and inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels2, indicating postsynaptic D2R functioning as a “brake of the coincidence detector”. Combining these, “dual brake” D2R ultimately regulates the mushroom body cAMP level within a physiologically optimal range during aversive learning. In addition, D2R fine tunes the functional concentration spectrum of dopamine with higher resolutions, as its dopamine affinity is 10- to 100-fold greater than D1 receptors. Overall, D2Rs work in a “dual brake” system both expanding the representation of a dynamic range of gustatory signal intensity with high signal to noise ratio and preventing postsynaptic overexcitation, which increases the reliability of DAN-c1 and MBN circuits for the larval aversive learning (Figure 7C & D).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: JC, Sawaya AL, Wibaek R, et al. The double burden of malnutrition: aetiological pathways and consequences for health.  Lancet. 2020;395(10217):75-88. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(19)32472-9 PubMed40. Victora CG, Christian P, Vidaletti LP, Gatica-Domínguez G, Menon P, Black RE. Revisiting maternal and child undernutrition in low-income and middle-income countries: variable progress towards an unfinished agenda.  Lancet. 2021;397(10282):1388-1399. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(21)00394-9 PubMed41. Özaltin E, Hill K, Subramanian SV. Association of maternal stature with offspring mortality, underweight, and stunting in low- to middle-income countries.  JAMA. 2010;303(15):1507-1516. doi:10. 1001/jama. 2010. 450 PubMed42. Hawkes C, Demaio AR, Branca F. Double-duty actions for ending malnutrition within a decade.  Health. 2017;5(8):e745-e746. doi:10. 1016/S2214-109X(17)30204-8 PubMed43. Carrillo-Larco RM, Miranda JJ, Bernabé-Ortiz A. Impact of food assistance programs on obesity in mothers and children: a prospective cohort study in Peru.  Public Health. 2016;106(7):1301-1307. doi:10. 2105/AJPH. 2016. 303191 PubMed44. Hawkes C, Ruel MT, Salm L, Sinclair B, Branca F. Double-duty actions: seizing programme and policy opportunities to address malnutrition in all its forms.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: IQ scores solely determine a person's academic potential. # questionable [SEP] Text: Primary to the conceptual foundations of the test is that intelligence is composed of a number of distinct but inter-dependent capacities that can each be individually measured and assessed. The WAIS-IV consists of 10 main tests and 5 additional subtests. From these 15 assessments are derived 4 index scores that correspond to 4 main categories: verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. These 4 index scores are then compiled to get a single numerical score, corresponding to a person’s IQ score. The test also gives the taker a percentile score, representing the percentage of test-takers who scored similarly. Verbal ComprehensionQuestions in the verbal comprehension section include judging similarities between the meaning of words, identifying the definition and proper usage of vocabulary, and testing one’s levels of general knowledge. These assessments are meant to measure one’s verbal reasoning skills, language development and use, information retrieval from long-term memory, and intellectual curiosity. Perceptual ReasoningThe perceptual reasoning index is meant to measure one’s ability to derive knowledge from visual and perceptual information. Questions in the perceptual reasoning test one’s ability to visualize objects in three dimensions and geometric reasoning skills. They are also meant to measure one’s capacity to recognize patterns and organization. Working MemoryThe working memory index is focused on identifying one’s ability to hold representation in immediate memory and perform mental manipulations on that representation. In other words, one can see working memory as analogous to RAM in a computer; the ability of a person to perform a number of cognitive manipulations at once. This section includes a person’s general arithmetic skills and the ability to recall information from short-term memory. Processing SpeedThe processing speed index primarily indicates how quickly a person responds to and integrates information into their behavior. As the name would imply, a measure of processing speed can be seen as analogous to the power of a computer processor. Essentially, this index measure how fast a person’s mind works. Questions in this section involve identifying visual stimuli quickly and recording one’s ability to identify and compare symbols. Scores/Ranges“Perspective is worth 80 IQ points. ” — Alan KayAs with most IQ tests, the WAIS-IV defines an average median score of IQ 100.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Recent studies showed that the approach/repulsion in learning is achieved via inhibition of the repulsive/attractive representing compartments67,74,75, which indicates dopamine inhibits acetylcholine release from MBN to MBON83. However, the PKA signaling pathway usually elevates neuronal excitability and increases neurotransmitter release2,3, which is contradictory to the recent findings. In addition to the “dual brake” role of D2R, our results suggest a third role of D2R in aversive learning. D1 and D2 receptors can form heteromeric receptors, whose downstream Gαq activates PKC and CaMKII signaling pathways. The activation of these signaling pathways may reduce acetylcholine release84 (Figure 7C & D). Explaining the results of thermogenetic and optogenetic experimentsActivation of DAN-c1 with dTRPA1 induced aversive learning, while the repulsion disappeared when DAN-c1 was activated in the quinine group (Figure 2K). Our explanation is that quinine stimulation and temperature activation led to over-excitation of DAN-c1, which impaired aversive learning. This is consistent with the learning deficiency in larvae with D2R knockdown in DAN-c1 (Figure 4E). Results from optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 during aversive learning also support this (Figure 5B). However, in contrast to results with thermo-activation, larvae with optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 showed neither repulsion after being trained with distilled water (Figure 5C), nor did they show reduced attraction in the sucrose group (Figure 5D). One possible explanation is that the thermo-activation is relatively mild compared to the optogenetic activation. Based on this, thermo-activation of DAN-c1 is still in the physiological range of cAMP under the upper cutoff (Figure 7B), resulting in repulsion in the distilled water (DW) group, neutralized attraction in SUC group, and impaired repulsion in QUI group. In contrast, optogenetic activation of DAN-c1 overwhelmed the physiological conditions, leading to failure of repulsion in DW group (Figure 5C). This repulsive failure did not affect appetitive learning (Figure 5D), and a stronger over-excitation in QUI group induced similar failure (Figure 5B).

Output: pass