Input: Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: Cricket was thus explicitly understood in terms of a specific pedagogical purpose – namely to ‘civilise’ the indigenous population. Yet, adhering to the public-school code need not entail a passive submission to the colonial order; rather, it can provide the resources to subvert it. Reflecting on his experience in later life, James (2019: 88) seems to endorse this interpretation of his writings, stating that:tradition soaked deep into me was that when you entered the sporting arena you left behind you the sordid compromises of everyday existence. Yet for us to do that we would have had to divest ourselves of our skins. From the moment I had to decide which club I would join the contrast between the ideal and the real fascinated me and tore at my insides. Nor could the local population see it otherwise. The class and racial rivalries were too intense. They could be fought out without violence or much lost except pride and honour. Thus the cricket field was a stage on which selected individuals played representative roles which were charged with social significance. These competing dimensions resonate throughout this passage and show the complexities of cricket in a colonial context, which is largely missed on a mutualist account. We can see these across two dimensions, corresponding to two of the three desiderata theories of sport ought to meet. Starting with the evaluative task, a mutualist analysis might say that – because it abstracts sport from politics – while the colonisers and the colonised appreciate or engage in sport for different reasons, they both nevertheless share their appreciation of cricket for the sake of the excellences the activity makes possible. That is, like Suits, mutualists think, to properly participate in sporting practice as both a spectator and player, individuals need to appreciate or understand the activity on its own terms. This is how I interpret Simon's claim that we need to presuppose the mutualist principle of sport as a ‘mutual quest for excellence’ so that sporting practice ‘makes the best sense’. Therefore, mutualists might argue that even though colonisers might appreciate cricket for its purported ability to fulfil the ‘civilising mission’ and the colonised might see cricket as providing an avenue to resist colonial domination, they both still value cricket for its own sake: namely the excellences the sport can bring about.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 2018, doi:10. 1371/journal. pgen. 1007383 [4] Cross, Ryan. “edits sickle cell mutation” C&EN 94 (41), 5-5, October 17, 2016. [5] Stoljar, Daniel. “Physicalism. ” of Philosophy. Stanford University, May 25, 2021. [6] Hume, David. “Identity. ” Essay. Treatise of Human Nature. Project Gutenberg, n. d. [7] Sartre, Jean-Paul. Being and Nothingness, n. d. [8] Descartes, René. Meditations on First Philosophy. Yale University, n. d. [9] Descartes, René. Meditations on First Philosophy. Yale University, n. d. [10] Aristotle. “Classics Archive: (On the Soul) by Aristotle. ” | On the Soul by Aristotle, n. d. [11] Hume, David. “Identity. ” Essay. Treatise of Human Nature. Project Gutenberg, n. d. [12] News. “A Neurosurgeon and a Mind vs. Body. ” Mind Matters, February 28, 2022. [13] Jasanoff, Alan. and to Are. Cambridge: Basic Books, 2018. [14] Frangoul, Haydar et al. “-Cas9 for Disease and β-Thalassemia. ” England journal of medicine vol. 384,3 (2021): 252-260. doi:10. 1056/NEJMoa2031054 [15] Smart, J. J. C. “The Mind/Theory. ” of Philosophy. Stanford University, May 18, 2007. Ava E. Andrew's School 4. 0 International License. How to Cite Allwardt, A. (2023). of the Effects of Gene-on Human Identity. Voices in Bioethics, 9. submit Voices in Bioethics is currently seeking submissions on philosophical and practical topics, both current and timeless. Papers addressing access to healthcare, the bioethical implications of recent rulings, environmental ethics, data privacy, cybersecurity, law and bioethics, economics and bioethics, reproductive ethics, research ethics, and pediatric bioethics are sought.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] You, Z; Saims, D; Chen, S; Zhang, Z; Guttridge, DC; Guan, KL; MacDougald, OA; Brown, AM; Evan, G; Kitajewski, J; Wang, CYWnt signaling promotes oncogenic transformation by inhibiting c-Myc-induced apoptosis J 157: 429–440, DOI: [PubMed] Pucci, B; Kasten, M; Giordano, ACell cycle and apoptosis Neoplasia 2: 291–299, DOI: [PubMed] Evan, GI; Vousden, KHProliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer Nature 411: 342–348, DOI: [PubMed] Vafa, O; Wade, M; Kern, S; Beeche, M; Pandita, TK; Hampton, GM; Wahl, GMc-Myc can induce DNA damage, increase reactive oxygen species, and mitigate p53 function: a mechanism for oncogene-induced genetic instability 9: 1031–1044, DOI: [PubMed] Sheen, JH; Dickson, RBOverexpression of c-Myc alters G1-S arrest following ionizing radiation Biol 22: 1819–1833, DOI: [PubMed] Vafa, O; Wade, M; Kern, S; Beeche, M; Pandita, TK; Hampton, GM; Wahl, GMc-Myc can induce DNA damage, increase reactive oxygen species, and mitigate p53 function: a mechanism for ontogeny-induced genetic instability 9: 1031–1044, DOI: [PubMed] Roy, PG; Thompson, AMCyclin D1 and breast cancer Breast 15: 718–727, DOI: [PubMed] Gréchez-Cassiau, A; Rayet, B; Guillaumond, F; Teboul, M; Delaunay, FThe circadian clock component BMAL1 is a critical regulator of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression and hepatocyte proliferation J 283: 4535–4542, DOI: [PubMed] Antoch, MP; Kondratov, RVCircadian proteins and genotoxic stress response 106: 68–78, DOI: [PubMed]

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: Framed this way, mutualism suggests that these secondary reasons to appreciate cricket are external to the practice, as if they purely belong to the politics of colonial societies. What this misses, however, is that the very idea of sporting excellence becomes politicised such that two groups interpret and understand the same feat of excellence in different ways. Put differently, I read James as suggesting that sporting principles and values become intertwined with political considerations such that the former cannot be adequately understood without reference to the latter. In this case, for an indigenous member of the colonies to appreciate cricket for the excellences it allows participants to display would be – as James eloquently puts it – to ‘divest ourselves of our skins’ since it fails to track what that excellence represents: The assertion that there is no fundamental difference between white European colonisers and the non-white indigenous colonised members of Trinidadian society. Equally, the excellences cricket is meant to display become refracted through the colonial lens, thereby turning skilful displays of batting, bowling or sportsmanship into evidence for the British colonisers that the ‘civilising mission’ is working (e. g. , Stoddart, 1988: 654). Crucially, however, this does not lead to an externalist perspective, since sporting practice is not reflecting broader operations of power. Instead, the internal logic of sport is becoming politicised to suit two radically different agendas. We can see the same dynamic elsewhere: Shri Ranjitsinhji, known as Ranji, who was arguably cricket's first ‘global superstar’. Whilst at a school in India, which was modelled after the English public schools, he discovered an aptitude for cricket. After leaving India in 1888, Ranji studied at Cambridge, where he continued demonstrating his excellence on the cricket pitch – becoming the first Indian to be awarded the prestigious ‘Cambridge Blue’ and would even go on to represent England in a test cricket match in 1896 (Kidambi, 2019: 68–69). Yet, Ranji occupied a dual role in the British psyche. On the one hand, he was seen as emblematic of the success of Britain's ‘civilising mission’: After all, here was a native Indian showcasing his talent at a sport and outdoing many white English batsmen.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -editing of the virulence gene of Escherichia coli using the system View 10. 7717/peerj. 8881 Published 2020-04-06 Accepted 2020-03-10 Received 2019-12-02 -Cas9, Virulence genes, ETEC, Single base mutation, CDS Copyright © 2020 Hou et al. is an open access 2020. Genetic editing of the virulence gene of Escherichia coli using the system. PeerJ 8:e8881 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 77. 78% when the length of the homology arm was from 50 to 300 bp. Within this range, the longer the homology arm, the higher the efficiency of genetic recombination. The results showed that this system can target virulence genes located in plasmids and on chromosomes of ETEC strains. A single base mutation was performed by two-step gene fragment replacement. This study lays the foundation for research on virulence factors and genetic engineering of vaccines for ETEC. editing refers to the introduction of engineered mutations into specific loci of a target genome by genome editing techniques. In general, the current genome editing methods can be divided into three categories: the first category of genome editing relies on Cre (cause recombination enzyme)/loxP and Flp (Flippase recombination enzyme)/FRT (FLP recombination target); the second category is marker-free editing by the ‘pop-in/pop-out’ method; and the third category of genome editing relies on nucleases that recognize specific sequences. Cre/loxP originates from the P1 phage. Cre is a recombinase that recognizes a specific genomic sequence called the loxP site. Cre recombinase removes sequences located between loxP sites (Abremski & Hoess, 1985). Flp/FRT originated from a plasmid in yeast. Flp is a recombinase similar to Cre, and its recognition site is named FRT (Hoang et al. , 1998; Kilby, Snaith & Murray, 1993). The implementation of Cre/loxP and Flp/FRT technologies is generally divided into two parts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text:  Riley, T; Sontag, E; Chen, P; Levine, ATranscriptional control of human p53-regulated genes Biol 9: 402–412, DOI: [PubMed] Mullenders, J; Fabius, AW; Madiredjo, M; Bernards, R; Beijersbergen, RLA large scale shRNA barcode screen identifies the circadian clock component ARNTL as putative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway PloS One 4: e4798.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: His achievements were thus framed as the success of the colonial education system in instilling the values internal to cricket to its subjects in the colonies, thereby justifying Britain's continued colonial occupation and painting the empire as ‘liberal, meritocratic, generous and inclusive’ (Sen, 2017: 29; see also Stoddart, 1988: 655). On the other, Ranji was importantly different. As a non-white batsman playing a very white sport, his mannerisms and his abilities were refracted through a colonial lens and thus encapsulated an Orientalist logic (e. g. , Said, 2003). Despite adopting familiar cultural behaviours of English life, Ranji was nevertheless treated as an exotic figure, who sparked dazzlement and wonder amongst white English audiences (Sen, 2017: 44–45). As the historian argues ‘many British observers regarded the enchanting Indian's batting exploits as yet another marvellous possession thrown up by their vast and varied empire’ (Kidambi, 2019: 69). Thus, Ranji illuminated the contradiction central to colonial practice: While being praised as an honorary Englishman for his skill with the bat, he was nevertheless othered as this object of exotic mystery and wonder. The point, then, is that a mutualist analysis obscures this interplay between the civilising logic of colonialism and the sporting logic of cricket. In saying that we value cricket for its ability to create opportunities to demonstrate feats of pluck and discipline, a mutualist explanation for Ranji's popularity would purely focus on his undisputed batting brilliance, thereby disconnecting his skill from the politics of colonialism. Equally, an externalist analysis would focus on his racial difference and treat his batting prowess as something secondary or unrelated. Yet, for the British public at the time, the two were fundamentally interlinked: His demonstration of excellence contributed to the perception that the British empire really was bringing education and enlightenment to the colonies, while simultaneously reifying the unbridgeable divide between white and non-white subjects of empire. This, in turn impoverishes our understanding of sporting practice, since it encourages – by bracketing a salient feature of the world – the presupposition that the racial identity and social role of sports players does not matter when explaining why sports are appreciated. In colonial contexts, however, this is patently false. For both James and Ranji, racial identity played a role in explaining why they valued sports, or why they were valued as sporting figures.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: First, the marker gene with the screening function is integrated into the genome to complete the transformation of the target region, and then the resistance marker gene is excised by the recombinase. However, after each round of genetic manipulation, a loxP or FRT site is left on the genome, which is very unfavorable for the study of functional genes or multigene continuous operation. To achieve seamless editing of the genome, the researchers chose a genetic framework with a positive screening function and a reverse screening function through two rounds of genetic manipulation. In addition, homologous recombination between the two rounds of genome editing required the expression of the exogenous λ-Red recombinase. /Cas-mediated genome editing technology that has emerged in recent years is the third generation of endonuclease-dependent genome editing technologies. The principle is based on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to the invasion of foreign phage DNA (Sander & Joung, 2014). Compared with ZFNs andCas has the advantages of simple operation, a short operating cycle and low technical requirements for the operator. /Cas9 system has been successfully applied in diverse organisms including but not limited to humans (Drost et al. , 2015), mice (Aida et al. , 2015), zebrafish (Varshney et al. , 2016), C. elegans (Shen et al. , 2014), rice (Yin et al. , 2017), E. coli (Jiang et al. , 2013), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brune, Kunze-Schumacher & Kolling, 2019), Chlamydomonas chloroplasts (Yoo et al. , 2020). For gene editing in E. coli, a three-plasmid system with highly efficient recombination was developed (Pyne et al. , 2015). Subsequently, a two-plasmid system was constructed which included pCas containing the Cas9 protein and pTargetF containing the sgRNA (single guide RNA) (Jiang et al. , 2015). However, the two-plasmid system still requires two steps in the process of curing the plasmid. To facilitate operation, a single-plasmid system was constructed which included Cas9 and sgRNA on one plasmid and it could be cured in one step by a temperature-sensitive element (Zhao et al. , 2016).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text:  marker in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia Haematologica| 94: 280–284.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: To play cricket in the colony of Trinidad was impossible without recognising the social position that one occupied on the basis of one's race. Correspondingly, explaining the British public's adoration of Ranji in terms of his athletic prowess fails to see how their praise was inflected by both racism and colonialism. Therefore, to evaluate why participants and spectators appreciate cricket exclusively on sporting terms is to miss out on how these sporting logics can become intertwined with political considerations such that the former cannot be adequately explained without reference to the latter. Turning to the normative task, mutualism claims to provide the conceptual resources to morally evaluate sporting practice. That is, it can tell us why cheating or doping go against the value of sport and provide a normative framework to provide guidance in cases where the rules do not account for a specific eventuality. The basis for their claim is rooted in the mutualist sporting principle: Because cheating or doping do not constitute the right kind of excellences in sport, or because baseball is not set up to promote excellences in wrestling, these actions ought to be ruled out. But what happens when the very idea of excellence becomes politicised? In a sense, my argument parallels Morgan's critique of mutualism; as we saw earlier, he suggests that the differences between the amateur and professional ethic run so deep that they lack a shared conception of excellence. As such, the normative evaluations each paradigm makes about sport will vary drastically. Further, the language of excellence, for Morgan, is not a potential solution but instead vulnerable to the kind of intractable moral dispute he diagnoses between these sporting paradigms. I want to suggest that a similar issue is at stake in the case of cricket in colonial contexts: The politicisation of excellence means that sporting practice is subject to different kinds of evaluation across the colonial divide. Note that a key difference between my argument and Morgan's is that his focus is on moral disputes whereas my claim is about politics. In short, I argue that the apolitical and abstract nature of mutualism limits the insights it can make about sporting practice. To see this, it is worth stressing James’ insights on cricket in the colonies. His writings point to a conception of cricket that, like mutualism, sees it as having its own internal logic that is designed to bring about certain excellences, yet unlike mutualism sees these excellences as being inflected by and tied to a distinctly political project.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: /Cas-mediated genome editing technology has been used in various 1. E. coli Trans1-T1 was used as a cloning host. The ETEC strains of E. coli O141:K85, E. coli O142 and E. coli DN1502 were used in the genome engineering after the susceptibility test, especially kanamycin and spectinomycin. E. coli O141:K85 (CVCC197) was a porcine ETEC field-isolated strain deposited in the Center. E. coli O142 and E. coli DN1502 were isolated from diarrhea claves, and their virulence were tested in our laboratory (Liu et al. , 2015; Yuan et al. , 2014). Y-1 mouse adrenocortical cells were purchased from Bank, of Sciences. Based on the gene sequence published in NCBI and the pTargetF plasmid sequence published in Addgene, primers were designed using Primer 5. 0 software, and the N20 sequence was designed using online software. E. coli were grown in lysogeny broth (1% tryptone, 0. 5% yeast extract, 1% NaCl) at 30 °C or 37 °C. Kanamycin (30 µg/mL), ampicillin (100 µg/mL), and spectinomycin (250 µg/mL) were added to the medium as appropriate. L-arabinose (1. 5 mg/mL final concentration) was used for λ-Red induction when necessary. Table 1: Strains and plasmids used in this studya. Strains and plasmids or reference E. coli Trans1-T1 F−ϕ80(lac Z) ΔM15 Δlac X74hsd R(rk−, m k + ) Δrec A1398end A1ton A TransE. coli O141:K85 elt I, estB, faeG CVCC197 E. coli DN1502 elt II c1 This laboratory (Liu et al. , 2015) E. coli O142 estA This laboratory (Yuan et al. , 2014) pMD19T bla Taraka pCas kan, Cas9, araC, Gam, Bet, Exo, repA101 Kindly provided by Pro.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Eisele, L; Prinz, R; Klein-Hitpass, L; Nückel, H; Lowinski, K; Thomale, J; Moeller, LC; Dührsen, U; Dürig, JCombined PER2 and CRY1 expression predicts outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia Haematol 83: 320–327, DOI: [PubMed] Spathis, A; Morrish, E; Booth, S; Smith, IE; Shneerson, JMSelective circadian rhythm disturbance in cerebral lymphoma 4: 583–586, DOI: [PubMed] Hoffman, AE; Zheng, T; Stevens, RG; Ba, Y; Zhang, Y; Leaderer, D; Yi, C; Holford, TR; Zhu, YClock-in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Study and of the Cryptochrome 2 69: 3605–3613, DOI: [PubMed] Pogue-Geile, KL; Lyons-Weiler, J; Whitcomb, DCMolecular overlap of fly circadian rhythms and human pancreatic cancer 243: 55–57, DOI: [PubMed] Gery, S; Komatsu, N; Kawamata, N; Miller, CW; Desmond, J; Virk, RK; Marchevsky, A; McKenna, R; Taguchi, H; Koeffler, HPEpigenetic silencing of the candidate tumor suppressor gene Per1 in non-small cell lung cancer Res 13: 1399–1404, DOI: [PubMed] Taniguchi, H; Fernández, AF; Setién, F; Ropero, S; Ballestar, E; Villanueva, A; Yamamoto, H; Imai, K; Shinomura, Y; Esteller, MEpigenetic inactivation of the circadian clock gene BMAL1 in hematologic malignancies 69: 8447–8454, DOI: [PubMed] Mulero-Navarro, S; Esteller, MEpigenetic biomarkers for human cancer: the time is now 68: 1–11, DOI: [PubMed] Kaminskas, E; Farrell, A; Abraham, S; Baird, A; Hsieh, LS; Lee,

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: In short, James sees cricket as a site of cultural power: ‘the set of ideas, beliefs, rules and conventions concerning social behaviour’ that was spread throughout the globe by various representatives of the (Stoddart, 1988: 650). Put differently, cricket embodied a particular sense of Britishness that – as reflected in the quotations by various public-school headmasters – demonstrated their purported cultural superiority and thus had to be inculcated in the colonies for the sake of the civilising mission. Again, this is not to say that cricket is inherently a colonial game or that the values internal to the game are reducible to wider politics. The point is that, as a sport, the internal logic, rules and conventions of cricket were designed to bring about excellences in behaviour that resonated strongly with the justification for the British empire. In a colonial context, then, sporting practice and politics become so intertwined that it would be a mistake to separate the two, as mutualism does by abstracting sport from politics. This leads to an impoverishment in our understanding of sport in two different ways: Either mutualism sees the role of cricket in the education of Trinidadian schoolchildren like James as genuinely providing them with an avenue to demonstrate and develop excellences, which is intrinsically good. Yet, this echoes the logic of the civilising mission and treats members of the indigenous population as passive subjects who have power exerted over them. The alternative option for mutualism is to say that, by exporting cricket to the colonies, the British corrupt sporting practice. This is because it transforms the nature of sporting activity into something else – namely the pursuit of the colonial ‘civilising mission’. That is, if the purpose of sport is to allow the demonstration of excellence, then insofar as excellences become tied to non-sporting ends, like bringing enlightenment to the colonies, it represents a corruption of the activity that sport is supposed to be. In short, by using cricket to achieve an instrumental end, the British colonisers (in this case) subvert and replace the internal aim of sporting practice. Notice however that this response is true of any attempt to use sport for the achievement of some external end – no matter how just or unjust that end may be.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: pTarget-Δelt I aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-elt I, Δelt I (1,173 bp) This study pTarget-ΔestB aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-estB, ΔestB (220) This study pTarget-Δelt II c1(400) aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-elt II c1, Δelt II c1(400) (1,136) This study pTarget-ΔestA aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-estA, ΔestA (221) This study pTarget-ΔfaeG aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-faeG, ΔfaeG (474) This study pTarget-ΔestB::estA aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-estB, ΔestB (220)::estA (505) This study pTarget-Δelt II c1p::faeG aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-elt II c1, Δelt II c1p (477 bp)::faeG (234) This study pTarget-ΔfaeG:: elt II c1193 aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-faeG, ΔfaeG (234):: elt II c1193(477) This study pTarget-Δelt II c1(300) aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-elt II c1, Δelt II c1(300) (1,136) This study pTarget-Δelt II c1(200) aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-elt II c1, Δelt II c1(200) (1,136) This study pTarget-Δelt II c1(100) aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-elt II c1, Δelt II c1(100) (1,136) This study pTarget-Δelt II c1(50) aadA, pMB1, sgRNA-elt II c1, Δelt II c1(50) (1,136) This study DOI: 10. 7717/peerj.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text:  SL; Leighton, JK; Patel, H; Rahman, A; Sridhara, R; Wang, YC; Pazdur, RFDA.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: Hence, an abstract conception of sport that brackets the political context in which it is played leads to an impoverishment in our understanding of the way sports have been utilised to either enforce or resist practices of domination. This is especially important in the context of colonialism. If we understand cricket in the colonies as a site of cultural power and politics, then the excellences the game is designed to bring about are framed through a colonial lens in the following way: Excelling at cricket comes to be seen as embodying a particular ideal of Britishness that is tied to the success of empire. We have already seen this in the case of Ranji, whose batting excellence was seen as, in part, corresponding to the success of the British civilising mission. As such, when the indigenous population started to ‘imitate’ the settlers by playing their sports in the same way, the colonisers see this as a shrinking – but not an eradication – of the divide between them and their non-white indigenous subjects. MacLean argues however, in James’ writings we find that imitation can be subversive. In short, rather than attempting to become, or be seen as becoming, more like the British, native West Indians, in demonstrating the excellences of cricket, demonstrate their agency in reshaping how these excellences are understood (MacLean, 2010: 106–107). This is epitomised by the attempt to instate Frank Worrell, an excellent black batsman, as captain of the cricket team for their tour of Australia in 1960. Despite the success of numerous black players, the national team – when travelling to predominantly white countries like Australia or England – was always captained by a white player, thereby reinforcing the racist notion that, while they may play well, black players needed a white person to lead them (James, 2019: 308). Again, we see how values internal to cricket are politicised to suit a racist agenda: in this case, black men were seen as lacking the values or ability to take on the responsibilities of captaincy. After securing his appointment as captain, in part due to James’ fierce press campaign, Worrell's leadership throughout the Australian tour epitomised the public-school code that was so closely tied to cricket's development. In fact, the way Worrell and his team carried themselves on the field won plaudits amongst the Australian populace such that they were rewarded with a farewell parade upon their departure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 8881/table-1 Notes: abla, kan and aadA, represent resistance genes of ampicillin, kanamycin and spectinomycin, respectively; sgRNA-eltI, sgRNA with an N20 sequence for targeting eltI gene; Δelt I(1,173 bp), editing template for an 1,173-bp eltI deletion; ΔestB (220), editing template for a 220-bp estB deletion; Δelt II c1(400) (1,136), editing template for a 1,136-bp elt II c1 deletion with 400-bp homology arm; Δ estA(221), editing template for a 221-bp estA deletion; ΔfaeG (474), editing template for a 474-bp faeG deletion; ΔestB (220)::estA (505), editing template for a 220-bp estB deletion with a 505-bp estA insertion; Δelt II c1 (477 bp)::faeG (234), editing template for a 477-bp partial elt II c1 deletion with a 234-bp faeG insertion; ΔfaeG(234)::elt II c1193 (477), editing template for a 234-bp faeG deletion, with a 477-bp elt II c1193 insertion which contains the mutation of the 193rd amino acid of LT-II c1; Δelt II c1(300) (1,136), editing template for a 1,136-bp elt II c1 deletion with 300-bp homology arm; Δelt II c1(200) (1,136), editing template for a 1,136-bp elt II c1 deletion with 200-bp homology arm; Δ elt II c1(100) (1,136), editing template for a 1,136-bp elt II c1 deletion with 100-bp homology arm; Δelt II c1(50) (1,136), editing template for a 1,136-bp elt II c1 deletion with 50-bp homology arm. The length of the homology arm in this 2. 5mM dNTPs, 2. 5 µL 6X DNA Buffer and 0. 5 µ(TransGen, 126 Beijing, China).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Approval summary: azacitidine for treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome subtypes Res 11: 3604–3608, DOI: [PubMed] Issa, JP; Gharibyan, V; Cortes, J; Jelinek, J; Morris, G; Verstovsek, S; Talpaz, M; Garcia-Manero, G; study of low-dose decitabine in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia resistant to imatinib mesylate J 23: 3948–3956, DOI: [PubMed] Fu, L; Lee, CCThe circadian clock: pacemaker and tumour suppressor Cancer 3: 350–361, DOI: [PubMed] Sahar, S; Sassone-Corsi, PMetabolism and cancer: the circadian clock connection Cancer 9: 886–896, DOI: [PubMed] Filipski, E; Lévi, FCircadian disruption in experimental cancer processes Ther 8(4): 298–302, DOI: [PubMed] Lee, CCTumor suppression by the mammalian Period genes Control 17: 525–530, DOI: [PubMed] Hanahan, D; Weinberg, RAThe hallmarks of cancer: A review Cell 100: 57–70, DOI: [PubMed] Kondratov, RV; Kondratova, AA; Gorbacheva, VY; Vykhovanets, OV; Antoch, MPEarly aging and age-related pathologies in mice deficient in BMAL1, the core component of the circadian clock 20: 1868–1873, DOI: [PubMed] Gauger, MA; and Res 65: 6828–6834, DOI: [PubMed] Wang, CY; Wen, MS; Wang, HW; Hsieh, IC; Li, Y; Liu, PY; Lin, FC; Liao, JKIncreased vascular senescence and impaired endothelial progenitor cell function mediated by mutation of circadian gene Per2 Circulation 118: 2166–2173, DOI: [PubMed] Campisi, JSenescent cells, tumor suppression, and organismal aging: good citizens, bad neighbors Cell 120: 513–522, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, F; Okyar

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: recalls (2019: 345):Clearing their way with bat and ball at that moment had made a public entry into the comity of nations. Thomas Arnold, Thomas Hughes, and the himself would have recognised as their boy. In embodying the excellences of cricket, Worrell would have been recognised as ‘their boy’ by figures like Thomas Arnold, the headmaster of Rugby School, and Thomas Hughes, a novelist – both of whom extolled the virtues of sport in building character in the context of public-school education. In a sense, then, this remark seems to imply that Worrell was being seen as an honorary English subject, the product of the same kind of elite institutions that would train colonial administrators for their role in the British Empire. At the same time, James stresses that his successful leadership paved the way for the to enter the ‘comity of nations’, as if to mark the moment when an independent nation became viable. Further, that it was the is significant: James was a proponent of the construction of an independent Federation that united all the Caribbean islands into a new political community that could resist colonial rule. Therefore, through imitation, there seems to be the corollary implication that the oppressive norms have been subverted through an act of agency – in this case, to potentially create the foundations for a new political community. While the political project may not have succeeded, that the cricket team continues to be federalised points to the latent power of sport as a social practice that can overcome intractable political division. If our sporting practices are to make ‘the best sense’, then they need to track how the principles internal to sporting practices are actualised in specific socio-political contexts. The power of sport lies precisely in its ability to inspire athletes from various backgrounds to demonstrate their equality on the sports field. Sporting narratives showcase the importance of such practices in fostering greater unity, through for example the creation of new political subjectivities, as well as in the opportunities to heal divides that seem unbridgeable. Yet, this power has also been harnessed by various dictatorial regimes throughout history to instil a pernicious sense of national pride or justify notions of racial and ethnic superiority. Mutualism has the resources to tackle some of these facets; for instance, we can use the mutualist ideal to critique the undue emphasis on winning in many professional sports across the globe.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: pTarget-ΔfaeG::elt II c1193 was constructed by inserting the overlap PCR fragment into Spe I/Xho I-digested pTargetF, which was amplified with primers P33/P45, P46/P52, and P53/P51. pTarget- Δelt II c1(300), pTarget-Δelt II c1(200), pTarget-Δelt II c1(100), and pTarget-Δelt II c1(50) was constructed by inserting various lengths of homology arm amplified with pTarget-Δelt II c1 as a template into Xba I/Xho I-digested pTarget-Δelt II c1, respectively. Genome editing procedure ETEC was used in all mutagenesis experiments. The electro competent cells of original bacterial were prepared as follow steps. One single colony of ETEC from an LB agar plate was cultured overnight in 3 mL of LB medium at 37 °C. 1 mL of overnight culture was inoculated and grown in 100 mL of LB medium at 37 °C until the optical density at 600 nm (OD600) reached 0. 6∼0. 8. Then, the cells were centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 15 min at 4 °C and washed three times with ice-cold 10% glycerol. After the final wash, 1 mL of ice-cold 10% glycerol was added to the tube to resuspend the cells, which were dispensed into a frozen EP tube per 100 µL. pCas was introduced into the competent cells. Transformation was done by electroporation using the ECM 399 (BTX). Electro competent cells harboring pCas were prepared by growing a single colony in 3 mL of LB medium with 30 µg/mL kanamycin at 30 °C. One milliliter of overnight culture was inoculated and grown in 100 mL of LB medium at 30 °C. L-arabinose was added to a concentration of 1. 5 mg/mL at 0. 2∼0. 3 of OD600. Then, the cells were harvested at an OD600 of 0. 6∼0. 8 by centrifugation, washed three times with ice-cold 10% glycerol, and concentrated approximately 100-fold.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: , A; Dulong, S; Innominato, PF; Clairambault, JCircadian timing in cancer treatments 50: 377–421, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, F; Schibler, UCircadian rhythms: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications 47: 593–628, DOI: [PubMed] Mormont, MC; Lévi, FCancer chronotherapy: Principles, applications, and perspectives Cancer 97: 155–169, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, FRedfern P, Lemmer B(1997).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: This can serve as an avenue to undermine, say, the encroachment of capitalist interest into sporting practices, by showing them to go against something inherent in what sports are trying to promote: the ability for individual agents to showcase their excellences on the playing fields. However, when the idea of excellence itself is invoked for pernicious ends, mutualism lacks the ability to critique them, since its own logic is being co-opted to legitimise and perpetuate harmful ideas, such as notions of racial inferiority in the case of cricket. The point of the Jamesian challenge is to draw attention to these dynamics of sport and ensure that they remain central to our analytical frame. In short, we can say that James is gesturing towards the importance of a political theory of sport. Concluding remarks: Reconnecting sport with politicsIf what I have said thus far is accepted, then mutualism fails to meet the widely held desiderata that theories of sport are expected to satisfy. Although it provides an initially compelling account of sport that can adequately satisfy some of the normative problems that arise within sporting contexts, mutualism cannot fully account for the interactions that occur at the boundary of the sports field. This is because mutualism involves an abstraction that, when brought into certain real-world contexts, masks the ways sports simultaneously legitimise oppressive social practices and create the conditions to resist and subvert them. That is, mutualism makes a problematic abstraction by bracketing sport from politics, thereby inviting the assumption that they belong to separate domains. Thus, mutualism, on the one hand, fails to identify why sports are understood differently across the colonial divide and, on the other, lacks the conceptual resources to morally evaluate the uses or ends sports are put to. The picture that thus emerges is a theory of sport that cannot account for broad swathes of sporting life in the world we occupy. This has resonances into the present; though we may no longer live in a world with formal colonial institutions, this does not mean that politics and sports exist entirely separate from one another. For example, to solely reduce the Russian state-sponsored doping programme in the to a violation of the mutualist principle is to ignore the entanglements between sports and geopolitics. In short, it would be to misunderstand sporting practice if we were to treat all the individuals involved in the doping scheme as benign apolitical actors whose wrongs are explainable exclusively in terms of the violation of sporting principles.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 100 µL of electro competent cells were mixed with 300 ng of pTarget series plasmids. Electroporation was performed in a 2-mm gap electroporation cuvette (BTX) at 2. 5 kV. The electro transformed cells were suspended immediately in 1 mL of LB medium and recovered at 30 °C for 1 h, after which they were plated on LB agar containing kanamycin and spectinomycin and incubated overnight at 30 °C. A single colony was picked and inoculated into LB medium containing kanamycin and spectinomycin for the next tests. Transformants were identified by PCR and DNA sequencing. Plasmid curing For pTarget curing, the identified bacteria were streaked onto LB plates containing kanamycin and spectinomycin and cultured overnight at 30 °C. Then, a single colony was picked and inoculated into 3 mL of LB medium containing kanamycin and 1 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) and cultured at 30 °C for 16 h. The culture was confirmed as cured by ensuring the sensitivity to spectinomycin (250 µg/mL) and by PCR method. For pCas curing, the identified bacteria were streaked on an LB plate containing kanamycin and cultured at 30 °C overnight. Then, a single colony was picked and placed in 3 mL nonselective LB medium and cultured at 37 °C for 16 h. The cultures were confirmed as cured by measuring their sensitivity to kanamycin (30 µg/mL) and PCR method. The gene editing theory and process are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. Figure 1: Gene editing theory. (A) First, the host strain to be mutagenized is transformed with pCas expressing the λ Red component (Exo, Bet, Gam), the Cas9 endonuclease, and tracrRNA. Next, the host strain containing pCas is transformed with pTarget series carrying donor DNA and encoding the gRNA that specifies the site of cleavage. The gRNA directs the Cas9 endonuclease to the cleavage site. (B) While the gRNA recognizes 20 bases of the target site, the Cas9 mediates bacterial DNA double strand break (DSB). DSB is repaired by λ Red homologous recombination. Download full-size image DOI: 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Temperature and LMA data were acquired using Vitalview software (Philips Respironics) and stored for offline analyses. LPS TreatmentsAfter a postsurgical recovery interval ≥1 month, physiological and behavioral sickness responses to LPS were evaluated as previously described (Prendergast et al. , 2008). Estrous cycle (EC) stage is difficult to monitor in this species (Wynne-Edwards and Lisk, 1987); therefore, the day of the EC on which LPS was administered was not known and may have introduced some variability in the data; however, because all hamsters were freely cycling, any such error was randomly distributed across all subjects and all treatment conditions. Body mass and food intake values were recorded daily; body mass data are not reported here. After 3 d of baseline testing, hamsters were injected i. p. with either bacterial LPS (625 µg/kg; isolated from Escherichia coli strain 026:B6, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) or sterile 0. 9% saline (0. 1 mL). This dose of LPS is commonly used in studies of Siberian hamsters (Wen et al. , 2007; Prendergast et al. , 2008), which require a somewhat higher dose to elicit robust sickness responses (Bilbo et al. , 2002, 2003; Prendergast et al. , 2003). Injections in one cohort of hamsters were delivered at ZT16 (during 15 min immediately preceding the onset of darkness) and in a separate cohort at ZT1 (1 h after light onset). Food intake, body mass, Tb, and LMA were recorded for 6 to 7 d after injections. LPS and saline treatments were administered in a block-randomized design. Hamsters were randomly assigned to initial LPS/saline treatment groups, and treatments were delivered in a counterbalanced design, with successive injections separated by 10 to 14 days. Due to equipment failure, Tb and activity data from a subset of RHYTH (LPS, n = 4; saline, n = 4) and ARR (LPS, n = 4; Saline n = 4) hamsters injected with LPS at ZT1 were collected for 48 h after injection, but no Tb or activity data were recorded for the ensuing 4 days.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: Instead, a discussion needs to pair these internal considerations with the external political ambitions, goals and subjectivities they make possible. It is in James’ reflections on cricket, I want to suggest, that we can find the roadmap to reshaping our understanding of sporting practice as being inextricably linked with politics. Understanding the significance of Worrell's captaincy in the cricket team's tour of Australia is only possible by paying attention to the internal sporting norms and conventions that differentiate a captain's role from that of the other players, and pairing these to the prevailing political context at the time in question. Therefore, on this perspective, seeing Worrell's cricketing success as anything but a subversive act through the imitation of Britishness is to misunderstand this moment of sporting history. This has numerous implications for the way in which we theorise sporting practice. For one, it entails the disaggregation of the three desiderata that theories of sport are expected to meet. Put simply, rather than seeing them as the minimal standard theories of sport are expected to meet, we should instead treat them as separate questions or dimensions that theories of sport can explore. This points to one way in which we can continue to uphold mutualism and mutualist principles as a meaningful conception of sport. For instance, throughout this paper, I have accepted the mutualist answer to the descriptive question, yet I have done so by rejecting the normative and evaluative considerations that follow. I think it is right to say that sports are set up to promote excellences, but we do not need to accept the normative conclusions that follow from this, thereby providing conceptual room to analyse and critique the ways ‘excellence’ has been understood to promote both oppressive and emancipatory ends. Further, disaggregating the three desiderata paves the way to explicitly highlight a hitherto overlooked dimension that theories of sport ought to explore, namely an explanatory task that looks at how sporting norms and principles have been realised in particular contexts. This is what I see James as implicitly doing in his writing on cricket, which combines reflections on the aesthetics of cricket with an attentive analysis to the ways cricketing norms shape, and are themselves shaped by, colonial relations of power. After all, if my analysis is accepted, then the social roles the participants of a sport occupy are of fundamental importance in making sense of the practice itself.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj. 8881/fig-1 Figure 2: Gene editing and plasmid curing process. Step I: pCas was introduced into the host cell. Step II: pTarget was introduced into the host cells harboring pCas. Step III: Targeted gene of the host cells was recombined. Step IV: pTarget was cured with IPTG and cultured recombined cells at 30 °C. Step V: pCas was cured by cultured recombined cells at 37 °C. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 8881/fig-2 of the ETEC virulence gene We constructed single-gene deficient and multi-genes deficient ETEC strains. For a single gene deletion, 10% of the transformants showed the expected genotype when elt I was deleted from E. coli O141:K85 (Table 2, experiment 1). The efficiency of knocking out estB and faeG from E. coli O141:K85 was 1. 4% and 23. 8%, respectively. We tested the continuous virulence gene deletion ability of this two-plasmid system in ETEC. Three virulence genes of E. coli O141:K85 were deleted with pTarget-Δelt I, pTarget-ΔestB, pTarget- ΔfaeG. Then, E. coli O141:K85 Δelt I, E. coli O141:K85 Δelt I Δestb, and E. coli O141:K85 Δelt I ΔestB ΔfaeG were obtained (Table 2, experiments 1, 3, 5). These results proved that the system can continuously edit the virulence genes of ETEC. Table 2: Mutation efficiency of pCas/pTarget system. Expt. no. Targeting genome locus of sgRNA Host cell Plasmid pof homology arm (left, right) (bp) Number of picked coloniesrecombinant colonies Mutation efficiency (%) 1 elt I E. coli O141:K85 pTarget-Δelt I 137,132 50/2 4. 00 2 estB E. coli O141:K85 pTarget-ΔestB 167,226 68/1 1. 40 3 estB E.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Analyses of to LPS TreatmentTime series associated with Tb and LMA were analyzed using methods typically applied to oscillatory neural signals (Kay and Beshel, 2010; Kay et al. , 2009). Multitaper techniques, adapted to brief events in which only a small number of cycles may be present, were used to quantify URs and CRs. Ultradian and circadian frequency and power analyses were done in using multitaper analysis tools (mtspecgramc) from the Chronux toolbox ( Mitra and Bokil 2008). Ultradian spectral analysis was performed separately on 3 nonoverlapping 8-h windows to enable resolution of periods <4 h and to separate dark and light periods. Five tapers were applied to each 8-h data window, restricting the analysis band to 6. 9e-5 to 2. 78e-4 Hz (1- to 4-h periods). Power was estimated by summing the power within the analysis band for each 8-h interval. The dark and light phases were analyzed separately; however, complete data for light-phase activity and temperature URs are not reported here due to the absence of systematic differences between chronotypes, except as noted below. This summed power was then transformed to dB, as is standard procedure (Kay and Beshel, 2010), by 10*log10(treatment power/baseline power), so that negative values represent a decrease and positive values an increase from the 8-d baseline means. The peak frequency was estimated using the pmtm multitaper function in and the maximum within the analysis band as described above was taken as the peak frequency. Analyses of to LPS TreatmentTo assess CR power, a 2-day window (480 points at 6-min intervals) of Tb or LMA data, stepped by 1 day, was analyzed, resulting in 7 power analyses for an 8-d period. Preceding analysis, data were subjected to a 30-point moving average smoother, and then the mean of the 8 h of signal was subtracted. The multitaper analysis was performed using 5 tapers, a moving window of 480 points (48 h) stepped by 240 points (24 h); analysis was restricted to a band pass of 0. 000005 to 0. 00005 Hz (5. 55- to 55. 5-h periods).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: The long-known colonial and more or less openly racist framing of the Sahel as an ‘ungoverned’, ‘uncontrolled’ and savage zone, characterised by brutal conflicts driven by irrational ‘tribal’ or ‘ethnic’ motives or by ‘greed’ for mineral resources (on the part of greedy rebels, of course, not that of multinational extractive companies) has not been decommissioned. Paul Collier, who in the same Times 2022. The consequences are far-reaching. For example, students who had already received confirmations of visas and travel grants to pursue their studies in France received an email from the of at the end of August informing them that their grants had been withdrawn: ‘I regret to inform you that we are cancelling our support for your stay in France; all services are cancelled (airfare, allowances, and health insurance)’ (Le Nevé 2023). On 13 September 2023, according to Syndeac and other French arts and culture unions, their members received a message from French regional directorates for culture asking them to ‘suspend all cooperation with the following countries until further notice: Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso’ (Africanews 2023). Opposition to France’s neo-colonial influence in has been growing steadily over the last years (see ROAPE 172 editorial: Engels 2022). The recent coups, however, are not a result of this; nor are they an expression of the region’s or certain states’ orientation towards Russia, despite the widespread geopolitical framing in European and media. The coups demonstrate, first and foremost, the role that national armies play in many African states since formal decolonialisation: the historical entanglement of the military and politics. Coups are typically the result of frustrations, cleavages and power struggles within a state’s security forces. The recent ones, in Niger in July 2023 and in in January and September 2022, are cases in point. The coup in Niger was launched by the country’s presidential guard, a military elite unit, after Bazoum announced his plan to reorganise it. Faso, frustration within the army about the lack of success in the fight against armed jihadist groups is ever present. Lower ranks have long felt ignored by the military leadership.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: coli O141:K85 Δelt I pTarget-ΔestB 167,226 85/15 17. 64 4 faeG E. coli O141:K85 pTarget-ΔfaeG 203,202 21/5 23. 80 5 faeG E. coli O141:K85 Δelt IΔestB pTarget-ΔfaeG 203,202 50/2 4. 00 6 estB E. coli O141:K85 pTarget-ΔestB::estA 167,226 99/14 14. 14 7 estA E. coli O142 pTarget-ΔestA 112,101 115/9 7. 80 8 elt II c1 E. coli DN1502 pTarget-Δelt II c1(400) 404,465 75/51 68 9 elt II c1 E. coli DN1502 pTarget-Δelt II c1p::faeG 309,428 40/36 90 10 faeG E. coli DN1502 Δelt II c1::faeG pTarget-ΔfaeG:: elt II c1193 309,428 20/20 100 11 elt II c1 E. coli DN1502 pTarget-Δelt II c1(300) 304,331 42/54 77. 78 12 elt II c1 E. coli DN1502 pTarget-Δelt II c1(200) 235,202 26/43 60. 47 13 elt II c1 E. coli DN1502 pTarget-Δelt II c1(100) 124,103 1/60 1. 67 14 elt II c1 E. coli DN1502 pTarget-Δelt II c1(50) 49,49 0/19 0 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 8881/table-2 Notes: Experiments 1, elt I was deleted from E. coli O141:K85. Experiments 2, estB was deleted from E. coli O141:K85. Experiments 3, estB was deleted from O141:K85 Δelt I. Experiments 4, faeG was deleted from E. coli O141:K85. Experiments 5, faeG was deleted from E.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Preliminary analysis indicated that power from the smoothed signals fell within a restricted range, so power was summed within the period band 51. 2 to 12. 8 h. Power values were converted into dB using the mean baseline power for each hamster, as described above. Statistical AnalysesAnalyses of variance (ANOVAs) and post hoc pairwise comparisons were performed with Statview 5. 0 (). Effects of injection treatment and circadian phenotype on Tb LMA and food intake were assessed using ANOVA followed by Fisher’s protected least significant difference (PLSD) tests or 2-tailed t tests. To protect against type I error and α inflation in experiment 1, multiple pairwise comparisons of Tb were only performed after obtaining a significant omnibus F statistic, with α set to 0. 01. In all other cases, differences were considered significant if p ≤ 0. 05. ResultsEffects of on to treatments at ZT16 elicited febrile responses, and circadian chronotype significantly modulated effects of LPS on the pattern of change in Tb (chronotype × injection: F49,1372 = 3. 87, p ≤ 0. 001; Fig. 2). Fevers persisted until the early hours of the next morning (Fig. 2A). During the ensuing dark phase, LPS-treated RHYTH hamsters exhibited hypothermia, whereas ARR hamsters exhibited no residual thermoregulatory response to LPS (Fig. 2C). In the next light phase, Tb was again elevated in RHYTH but not ARR hamsters treated with LPS. Figure 2. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicits fever and inhibits locomotor activity. Mean ± SEM body temperature (A-D) and spontaneous home-cage locomotor activity (LMA; E-H) of circadian entrained (RHYTH) and circadian arrhythmic (ARR) female Siberian hamsters injected intraperitoneally (i. p. ) with bacterial LPS (625 µg/kg) or sterile saline (SAL) at either ZT16 or ZT1. Chronotype and injection time are indicated within each panel. Each data point indicates the mean of 10 Tb values (6-min sampling interval) obtained during a given hour.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Colonialism reshaped the political landscape of several continents. [SEP] Text: I have seen both. perceive a sense of remorse in the unprecedented fate of mankind. […] But the battle must be waged. It doesn’t matter whether you triumph or fail. The struggle must go on. ’ Vaishnav then asked him if there was any one incident he remembered which gave him both inspiration and pain? ‘I don’t know about any specific event,’ Ranajit said, ‘but there is one that I can recall. You people are all young, born after Independence. There is one event before Independence that has left a mark on all people’s lives — British Rule. Before our independence, the era of British rule was an era of humiliation. I cannot begin to tell you how deeply humiliating the situation was. had the power to come to this country and demean its own citizens. My childhood was situated within this corridor of humiliation. My family was an elite, upper class family in Bangladesh. We were big Hindu landowners. was a child, I saw peasants being thrashed with shoes by members of zamindari (landowning) families like mine. There was a farmer who lived near my house. He was older than me. I used to call him Dada. belonged to a wealthy family, he brought coconuts for me. When he went fishing in the river, he used to take me along in his boat. I saw my uncle and his servants in our zamindari family pummel him with shoes. One day, he was heartbroken and left his home and the village. He thought my family was affectionate towards him. But they beat him with shoes – that was sheer insult! He left in a small boat. My young mind was affected by this. This agony occupied my mind since childhood. This is a short anecdote. It’s not political. It is empathy. It is sympathy. My discernment, my anger come from that place. ’ I think it was a real political act on the part of to draw from the deep well of empathy and fight the battle ‘that must be waged’, throughout his long life. Here is a clip from my presentation at a memorial event for historian (1923-2023) at the University of Sussex on 20 October 2023. My presentation-performance was entitled ‘Voices of History: Listening after Ranajit Guha’.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: coli O141:K85 Δelt IΔestB. Experiments 6, estA was replaced in estB loci in E. coli O141:K85. Experiments 7, estA was deleted from E. coli O142. Experiments 8, elt II c1 was deleted from DN1502 with 400 bp homology arm. Experiments 9–10, the codon of the 193rd amino acid (leucine) of elt II c1 was changed from CTG to CTC. Experiments 11–14, elt II c1 was deleted from DN1502 with different length of homology arms. Comparing the deletion of different virulence genes, we found that the mutation rate was lower than 25% when the length of the homology arm fragment was less than 200 bp (Table 2, experiments 1, 2, 4). But the mutation rate increased significantly to more than 60% when the length of the homology arm was over 300 bp (Table 2, experiments 6–10). Besides gene deletion, we also carried out gene replacement. The mutation efficiency was 14. 14% to replace estB with estA (Table 2, experiment 6). For point mutations, pTarget-Δelt II c1::faeG was transformed into E. coli DN1502 harboring pCas to replace elt II c1 with faeG to obtain E. coli DN1502 Δelt II c1::faeG. We constructed pTarget-ΔfaeG::elt II c1193 which sgRNA targeted faeG and contained a mutant elt II c1 fragment. Then, pTarget-ΔfaeG::elt II c1193 was electrotransformed into the bacteria obtained in the previous step. This changed the 193rd amino acid codon of elt II c1 from CTG to CTC, forming a cleavage site (GAG192CTC193). These results proved that continuous gene editing and point mutations can be achieved (Table 2, experiments 9, 10). Since the efficiency of gene deletion ranged, there is necessary to further explore whether the size of the homologous arm was related to it.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The timing of injection treatments is indicated by a downward vertical arrow near the ordinate axis, and the light/dark cycle is indicated with black (dark phase) and white (light phase) horizontal bars along the abscissa. A-D: **p < 0. 01 vs. SAL value, within each panel. E-H: *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001 vs. SAL value. LPS at ZT1 also elicited fever, and chronotype interacted with injection to affect the change in Tb (F42,1176 = 1. 51, p = 0. 021; Fig. 2B,D). hamsters, fever persisted for the first half of the light phase (Fig. 2B); during the ensuing dark phase, their nocturnal rise in Tb was reduced (F1,14 = 6. 92, p = 0. 02; Fig. 2B). Among ARR hamsters, LPS also caused fever for the first half of the initial posttreatment light phase, but thermoregulatory effects were not evident the following night (Fig. 2D). Locomotor activityIn hamsters injected with LPS at ZT16, chronotype (F119,3332 = 11. 7, p ≤ 0. 001) and injection (F119,3332 = 1. 72, p ≤ 0. 001) affected the pattern of LMA over the next 5 days (Fig. 2); the chronotype × injection interaction was marginally significant (F119,3332 = 1. 22, p = 0. 054). LPS inhibited LMA in RHYTH hamsters during the dark phase immediately after injection (0-8 h postinjection; F1,14 = 46. 3,p ≤ 0. 0001, Fig. 2E), but on the ensuing 4 nights, LMA did not differ significantly between LPS- and SAL-treated hamsters. In ARR hamsters, LPS at ZT16 inhibited LMA on the night of injection (F1,14 = 16. 2,p = 0. 0013, Fig. 2G) but not thereafter. LPS at ZT1 likewise inhibited LMA (chronotype: F119,1428 = 3. 52, p ≤ 0. 001; injection: F119,1428 = 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Medieval Europe had advanced medical knowledge compared to other regions. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e2014. | DOI: 10. 4103/0974-7796. 127010 (“Al-Al-Tibb”) of (Avicenna, 980-1037), is the subject of this primary-source study evaluating its scientific value, poetics and pedagogical significance as well as assessing its role in the transmission of medical knowledge to Medieval Europe. In addition to one original manuscript and two modern editions, the English translation by Krueger was also studied. Ibn Sina's poem on medicine consisting of meticulously classified 1326 verses, can be considered as a poetic summary of his encyclopedic textbook: of Medicine; hence its popularity in the East then the West as a tool in the process of transmitting medical knowledge from master to student. Since first translated by Gerard of Cremona (1114-1187) in the middle of the 12th century, the Latinized poem was frequently published in either independently or combined with the of Medicine or with the Articella; the famous collection of Greco-Roman and medical treatises in use in the universities of Salerno, Montpelier, Bologna and Paris up to the 17th century. The study of the Krueger's English edition revealed few places where the full meanings of the original Arabic text were not conveyed. A list of those places is given together with the suggested corrections. the increased interest in literary studies and the revival of various natural sciences that occurred in the world in the 8th century, a new theme of Arabic poetry flourished with the appearance of a tradition of didactic poems composed by scholars to be used in educating and training their students. Not only numerous medical treatises were rendered into verse to help students memorize basic concepts but also essays on other topics such as Quranic studies, Arabic grammar, history, oceanography, navigation, astronomy and even mathematics. The “Al-Al-Tibb”, the of Ibn Sina, known in Latin as Avicenna, (980-1037) is the most notable example of this genre and is the subject of this study evaluating its poetics and pedagogical significance as well as its role in the transmission of medical knowledge to Medieval Europe.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: We designed the pTarget-Δelt II c1 series with 300 bp, 200 bp, 100 bp, 50 bp homologous arms, combined with pTarget-Δelt II c1(400) (Table 2, experiments 8, 11–14). By comparison, the gene editing efficiency was the highest when the homology arm was approximately 300 bp. The homology arms size, deletion fragment length and recombination efficiency of the target genes are listed in Table 2. Agarose gel electrophoresis of colony PCR is shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3: Agarose gel electrophoresis of colony PCR for different genes and SacI digestion. (A) Identification of eltI gene knockout with primers P7/P8. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (B) Identification of estB gene knockout with primers P15/P16. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (C) Identification of faeG gene knockout with primers P39/P40. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (D) Identification of eltIIc1 gene knockout with primers P23/P24. Lane 1, positive control. (E) Identification of estA inserted into estB with primers P15/P16. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (F) Identification of estA gene knockout with primers P31/P32. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (G) Identification of faeG inserted into eltIIc1 with primers P54/P55. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (H) Identification of eltIIc1193 gene single base mutation with primers P54/P55. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (I) Lane 1, eltIIc1193 of the corrected recombinant ETEC was amplified with primers P23/P24. Lane 2, amplified fragment was digested with SacI for 3 h. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: ) with bacterial LPS (625 µg/kg) or sterile saline (SAL) at either ZT16 (A) or ZT1 (B). *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001 vs. SAL value, within chronotype. #p < 0. 05 vs. RHYTH-LPS value. In contrast, LPS at ZT1 elicited different anorexic responses in RHYTH and ARR hamsters (F6,168 = 3. 44, p = 0. 0031). On day 1, LPS elicited anorexia in RHYTH hamsters (Fig. 3B, p = 0. 001) but not ARR hamsters. Food intake in 1-treated hamsters returned to normal values by the second posttreatment day (Fig. 3B). Effects of LPS on Ultradian and Circadian RhythmsUR power—ZT16 injectionsLocomotor activityChronotype and injection interacted to affect power of dark-phase URs (F6,168 = 3. 13, p = 0. 0062; Fig. 4A). hamsters, LPS decreased UR power on the first 3 nights after treatment (p ≤ 0. 009, all comparisons; Fig. 4A) but did not significantly inhibit UR power in ARR hamsters (Fig. 4A). Figure 4. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) decreases power of dark-phase ultradian rhythms. Mean ± SEM power of the ultradian rhythm (UR) in locomotor activity (A and C) and body temperature (B and D) of circadian entrained (RHYTH; squares) and circadian arrhythmic (ARR; circles) female Siberian hamsters injected intraperitoneally (i. p. ) with bacterial LPS (625 µg/kg) or sterile saline (SAL) at ZT16 (A and B) or ZT1 (C and D). *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p<0. 001 vs. SAL value, within chronotype. Body temperatureLPS treatments affected the pattern of change in dark-phase Tb UR power (F6,168 = 12. 0, p ≤ 0. 0001; Fig. 4B), but chronotype did not.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Machine learning is transforming fields like healthcare and finance. [SEP] Text: New platforms were created to disseminate machine learning research in healthcare, such as the for (MLHC), and certain academic journals have been created to provide a platform for the proliferating research. This enthusiasm for novel technologies unfortunately overshadows the challenging path to successfully translate machine learning technologies into routine clinical care. National and international efforts are underway to ensure that appropriate guardrails are in place for machine learning to become part of routine care delivery. (IMDRF) has defined Software as a as “software intended to be used for medical purposes that performs its objectives without being part of a hardware medical device. ”2 European regulatory agencies and the U. S. Food and (FDA) are embracing Software as a frameworks to regulate machine learning technologies, and national strategies for machine learning are emerging. 3-6 Regulations are actively being developed and implemented, with new guidance from the FDA in September 20197 and upcoming changes in Regulation (EU MDR) in March 2020. 8 While regulators and medical professional societies proactively shape the machine learning ecosystem, many challenges remain to achieve the anticipated benefits. This narrative review proposes a general framework for translating machine learning into healthcare. The framework draws upon the authors’ experience building and integrating machine learning products within a local setting as well as 21 case studies of machine learning models that are being integrated into clinical care. This review focusses on machine learning models that input data from electronic health records (EHR) applied to clinical decision support tasks, rather than models applied to automation tasks. 9 Automation tasks are cases in which “a machine operates independently to complete a task,” whereas clinical decision support tasks are cases in which “a machine is concerned with providing information or assistance to the primary agent responsible for task completion. ”9 Distinct from prior systematic reviews of EHR models,10,11 the current review focusses on models that have been productised and integrated into clinical care rather than the large body of academic work of published models that are not integrated. The review builds upon related work that highlights how academic and industry partners collaborate to develop machine learning products,12 as well as the need for engagement from front-line clinicians and standard reporting. 13 Case studies were selected amongst 1,672 presentations at 9 informatics and machine learning conferences between January 2018 and October 2019. The conferences include (AMIA) and and Society (HIMSS) Forum, and the Health AI Deployment Symposium.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 8881/fig-3 Plasmid curing For the pTarget series plasmid curing, the effects of IPTG concentration and incubation time were tested. IPTG (0. 5 mM and 1 mM) was used to induce the Ptrc promoter to guide sgRNA to target the pTarget series plasmid. Then, cells were cultured at 30 °C for 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 h. The results showed that 1 mM IPTG induction with 8 h culture made the optimal combination. The colonies on the kanamycin-containing plates grew normally, while there was no visible growth on the spectinomycin-containing plates. The pTarget series plasmids were verified to be eliminated by colony PCR with primers P68/P69. pTarget series plasmids could be cured in all of the genetically edited strains. For the pCas plasmid curing, incubation times were tested for 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 h. The results showed that 8 h for curing pCas was enough. The colonies grew normally on the LB plates, and there was no visible growth on the kanamycin plates, indicating that the elimination of pCas was successful. pCas could be cured in all of the genetically edited strains. Agarose gel electrophoresis of colony PCR with primers P70/P71 after plasmid curing is shown in Fig. 4. Figure 4: Agarose gel electrophoresis of colony PCR after curing the plasmids. (A) Verification of eltI gene knockout and plasmid curing. (B) Verification of eltIIc1 gene knockout and plasmid curing. (C) Verification of estB gene knockout and plasmid curing. (D) Verification of estA inserted into estB and plasmid curing. (E) Verification of faeG inserted into eltIIc1 and plasmid curing. (F) Verification of eltIIc1193 gene single base mutation and plasmid curing. (G) Verification of faeG gene knockout and plasmid curing. (H) Verification of estA gene knockout and plasmid curing. Region 1: Verification of editing fragments after curing the plasmids. Region 2: Verification of pTarget series after curing with IPTG, using primers P68/69.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: On the second and third nights posttreatment, Tb UR power was reduced in LPS-treated RHYTH and ARR hamsters (p < 0. 05, all comparisons; Fig. 4B). UR power—ZT1 injectionsLocomotor activityLPS altered the pattern of change in dark-phase UR power over time (F6,72 = 3. 25, p = 0. 007; Fig. 4C), decreasing power on nights 1 to 4 after injection in RHYTH hamsters (p < 0. 05, all comparisons) but only on night 1 (p = 0. 006) in ARR hamsters (Fig. 4C). Body temperatureLPS altered the pattern of change in dark-phase Tb UR power over time (F6,72 = 7. 46, p ≤ 0. 0001; Fig. 4D), attenuating power on night 1 in both chronotypes (p < 0. 003, both comparisons; Fig. 4D). UR power was reduced on night 2 in RHYTH (p = 0. 008) but not ARR hamsters (Fig. 4D). UR period—ZT16 injectionsLocomotor activityThere was a significant main effect of circadian chronotype on dark-phase UR period (τ′) (F1,28 = 61. 8, p ≤ 0. 0001), with longer τ′s in saline-treated ARR than saline-treated RHYTH hamsters on most testing days (Fig. 5A). The effect of LPS on τ′ was restricted to the dark phase immediately after treatment and was evident in RHYTH(p = 0. 0005) but not ARR (Fig. 5A) hamsters. Figure 5. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatments decrease period of ultradian rhythms. Mean ± SEM period of the ultradian rhythm (UR) in locomotor activity of circadian entrained (RHYTH; squares) and circadian arrhythmic (ARR; circles) female Siberian hamsters injected intraperitoneally (i. p. ) with bacterial LPS (625 µg/kg) or sterile saline (SAL) at ZT16 (A) or ZT1 (B). The timing of injection treatments is indicated by a downward vertical arrow near the ordinate axis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Machine learning is transforming fields like healthcare and finance. [SEP] Text: Machine learning technologies were included as case studies if they met two criteria: 1) they tackle a clinical problem using solely EHR data; and 2) they are evaluated and validated through direct integration with an EHR to demonstrate clinical, statistical, or economic utility. Machine learning technologies that analysed images were excluded. This review also advances prior work to propose best practices for teams building machine learning models within a healthcare setting14 and for teams conducting quality improvement work following the learning health system framework. 15 However, there is not a unifying translational path to inform teams beyond success within a single setting to diffuse and scale across healthcare. This review fills that gap and highlights how teams building machine learning products approach clinical translation and discusses challenges and opportunities for improvement. learning has been described as “the fundamental technology required to meaningfully process data that exceed the capacity of the human brain to comprehend. ”16 Machine learning models are often trained on millions of pieces of information. Existing knowledge about individual data elements and relationships between data elements are not explicitly programmed into the model and are instead learned through repeated iterations of mapping between inputs and outputs. This is in contrast to algorithms that comprise predictors and weights that are agreed upon by medical experts. Collaboration between machine learning and clinical experts is crucial and there are a range of modelling techniques that incorporate varying amounts of clinical expertise into model specifications. 17 Machine learning models can be trained in a supervised and unsupervised fashion. Supervised models assume that the output labels, for example a disease, are known up front, whereas unsupervised models assume that the output labels are unknown. An example of a supervised model is identifying which patients will develop sepsis, a known entity, whereas an example of an unsupervised model is identifying unknown subgroups of asthma patients. Most models integrated into clinical workflows as clinical decision support are supervised machine learning models. This review focusses on models applied to clinical decision support tasks rather than models applied to automation tasks. Not only does automation involve heightened regulatory burden,18 but machine learning is initially expected to impact healthcare through augmenting rather than replacing clinical workflows. 19 The distinction between decision support and automation is critical: “while it may be assumed that decision support is simply a stepping stone on the progression towards full automation, the truth is that decision support systems have fundamentally different considerations that must be accounted for in design and implementation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Region 3: Verification of pCas after curing with temperature sensitive replicon, using primers P70/P71. The first three lanes in each region are genetically edited ETEC. The fourth is a positive control and the fifth is a negative control. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 8881/fig-4Cas gene operating system has made great progress in the field of eukaryotes, but it is not widely used in prokaryotes. The two-plasmid system combined theCas9 system and the λ-Red recombination to achieve target editing in the E. coli genome (Jiang et al. , 2015), and the recombination efficiency was greatly improved. In this system, the temperature-sensitive plasmid pCas expressed Cas9, Exo, Bet, and Gam proteins. The last three proteins mediated homologous recombination in the λ-Red system. pTargetF expressed an sgRNA sequence that specifically recognized the target site. There is an IPTG-induced transcription of sgRNA on pCas, which is directed to the replicon pMB1 of pTargetF. Therefore, cas9+sgRNA cleaves pMB1 to cleave and eliminate pTargetF. To date, model strains such as E. coli K12 and E. coli BL21 (DE3) have been employed when usingCas in E. coli for genetic manipulation. However, there have been no reports of genetic manipulation in wild-type E. coli. In this study, we focus on the application and efficiency of theCas system in wild-type ETEC virulence genes. This two-plasmid system introduces Red recombination technology into. protein can inhibit the RecBCD exonuclease of the host cell from degrading exogenous linear DNA. That made linear fragment could be used as the donor DNA. In fact, we tried to use linear fragment as the donor DNA early in the experiment. But there were no expected results. In Jiang’s 1. It was found that the longer the homology arm, the higher editing efficiency when the deletion fragment length was the same. The deletion efficiency was the highest when the length of the homology arm was approximately 300 bp. The toxicity of E. coli was significantly reduced after the virulence gene was deleted. Relevant experiments and results were shown in Supplementary Materials.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Gray symbols preceding injection treatments depict mean baseline values, averaged across the week prior to the initiation of injection treatments. *p < 0. 05, ***p < 0. 001 vs. SAL value, within chronotype; #p < 0. 05, ##p < 0. 01 RHYTH-SAL vs. ARR-SAL values. Body temperatureChronotype did not affect dark-phase Tb τ′ (not illustrated). Tb τ′ was not significantly affected by LPS treatment. UR period—ZT1 injectionsLocomotor activityChronotype significantly affected τ′ of the dark-phase UR: periods were longer in ARR than RHYTH hamsters (F1,12 = 26. 9, p = 0. 0002; Fig. 5B). LPS, however, did not affect dark-phase τ′ as a function of chronotype. Body temperatureDark-phase Tb τ′ was not affected by chronotype or injection (not illustrated). Circadian RhythmsZT16—CR powerLPS reduced circadian power in the LMA waveform (F6,84 = 7. 47, p ≤ 0. 0001; Fig. 6A), with effects evident during the first and second 24-h intervals after injection (p < 0. 05, both comparisons) but not thereafter. LPS also reduced Tb circadian power (F6,84 = 10. 4, p ≤ 0. 0001; Fig. 6B) on the second through the fourth posttreatment days (p ≤ 0. 002, all comparisons). Figure 6. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inhibits power of behavioral and thermoregulatory circadian rhythms. Mean ± SEM power of the circadian rhythm in locomotor activity (A and C) and body temperature (B and D) of circadian entrained (RHYTH) female Siberian hamsters injected intraperitoneally (i. p. ) with bacterial LPS (625 µg/kg) or sterile saline (SAL) at either ZT16 (A and B) or ZT1 (C and D). *p < 0. 05, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001 vs. SAL value. +p < 0. 05, ++p < 0. 01, +++p < 0. 001 vs. LPS-ZT16 value for corresponding measure and time point.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Machine learning is transforming fields like healthcare and finance. [SEP] Text: ”9 Recommendations for the design and implementation of machine learning as clinical decision support are only beginning to emerge. 20 Machine learning can be applied to a wide variety of clinical decision support tasks in the inpatient and outpatient setting. Of the 21 case studies, 14 apply primarily to the inpatient setting and 7 apply primarily to the outpatient setting. Some models, such as a 30-day readmission model, can inform clinical decisions in the inpatient and outpatient setting. Examples of inpatient applications include prediction of intensive care unit transfer, acute kidney injury, sepsis, and Clostridium difficile infection, while examples of outpatient applications include prediction of chronic kidney disease progression, death, surgical complications, and colon cancer. Table 1 presents how models from the 21 case studies can be translated into clinical care and provides example clinical workflows. Additional details about each model are provided in the next section. This workflow summary is designed to be illustrative and more comprehensive overviews of models and potential workflows can be found elsewhere. 10,21 Configurations are categorised as either centralised or decentralised. In centralised workflows, the user of the clinical decision support is removed from direct in-person patient interactions. The user may be a physician, nurse, or care manager involved in managing the health of a population or cohort of patients. Centralised workflows are often involved in ‘command centres’ or ‘air-traffic controls’. In decentralised workflows, the user of the clinical decision support is directly involved in in-person patient interactions and is typically a nurse or physician. Decentralised clinical decision support tends to be directly embedded within the EHR. However, there is no single best workflow for a model and in fact many implementations of clinical decision support fail to improve outcomes. Table 1: Types of workflow configurations for machine learning applied to clinical decision support tasks. AISE: AISepsis Expert; eCART: electronic Risk Triage; EWS: Score; ICU: intensive care unit; TREW: targeted real-time early warning. pathway for translating machine learning applied to clinical decision support tasks is based on an examination of 21 machine learning products and the authors’ own experience integrating machine learning products into clinical care.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Berger et al. (2016) analyzed the pAA primary transcriptome using differential RNA sequencing and provided novel insights into its virulence gene expression and regulation. A recent study showed that in patients with lung adenocarcinoma, patients with lymph node metastasis had significantly elevated expression of long non-coding RNA than patients with non-lymph node metastases. This indicated that long noncoding RNAs could be seen as candidate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for lung adenocarcinoma (Wang et al. , 2019). Does the non-coding region affect the toxicity of ETEC? Is the virulence gene transcribed if the promoter is deleted? These questions are interesting and worthy of further exploration. Table 3: N20 + PAM sequence and GenBank ID. Target gene N20+PAM GenBank elt 002732. 1 elt II c1 031705. 1 est028790. 1 fae00292. 1 est00612. 1 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 8881/table-3 Notes: aPrimers for virulence genes and N20 are designed according to the GenBank ID in the table. The elt I, estA, estB and faeG locous are located on the plasmid of E. coli, and the elt II c1 loci is located on the E. coli chromosome. It demonstrated that the two-plasmid-based -Cas9 system can target genes in plasmids and chromosomes, which was important to edit virulence genes in ETEC. To identify the recombinant strain by PCR, the pair of primers on the outside of the homology arm was required. If homologous arm primers were used, it would result in false positives. Because the pTarget plasmid with the homologous arm was not eliminated at this time. The specificity of theCas9 system depends mainly on sgRNA (Alkan et al. , 2018; Fu et al. , 2014). The designed sgRNA may form a mismatch with nontarget DNA sequences, resulting in unintended gene mutations, that are called off-target effects (Zhang et al. , 2015). The off-target mutations can cause genomic instability and disrupt the function of other normal genes (Hsu et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Inflammation-induced changes in URs may reflect potentially costly components of the acute-phase response to infection. 7406. Conflict of Interest StatementThe author(s) have no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this 244. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science536. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science572. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science454. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science964. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3. CrossrefWeb of Science1192. PubMed5682. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science186. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science56. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1899. PubMed729. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science857. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science219. CrossrefPubMed408. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science587. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science81. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science30. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science105. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science137. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science265. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science253. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3. CrossrefWeb of Science1636. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science849. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science411. PubMedWeb of Science2826. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science839. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science214. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1412. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science11. PubMed597. PubMedWeb of Science723. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4756. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3837. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science109. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1442. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science316. PubMedWeb of Science1226. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science12. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4. J Neuroimmunol 225:62-67. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science312. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science392. 62. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science195. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science134. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science541. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science517. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science164. CrossrefWeb of Science417.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Machine learning is transforming fields like healthcare and finance. [SEP] Text: 22-24 In this section, machine learning technologies are referred to as products rather than models, recognising the significant effort required to productise and operationalise models that are often built primarily for academic purposes. Table 2 summarises the products, provides context on the origin of the team and development effort, and highlights translational milestones. To map between individual products and the translational path, milestones for each product are marked within three phases: 1) design and develop; 2) evaluate and validate; 3) diffuse and scale. These phases are described in more detail below. Table 2: A table examining the experience of 14 machine leaning products actively undergoing translation into clinical care. The table includes the name, a brief description of the machine learning product, the origin, and the path to translation. AHRQ: Agency for and Quality; BARDA: Research and Development Authority; CDC: U. S. Centers for and Prevention; CDS: clinical decision support; ED: emergency department; EHR: electronic health record; MIMIC: Mart for Intensive Care; NSF: Foundation; PCCI: for Clinical Innovation; SBIR: Innovation Research; STTR: Technology Transfer; TREW: targeted real-time early warning. Milestone highlights also track the type of source as peer review, online marketing by the product development entity, or industry news. The products are designed to solve a variety of clinical and operational problems ranging from sepsis to escalation of cost and capture experiences from across the globe. The important role of academic research in commercialising products cannot be understated, as 16 of the 21 products were originally developed in academic settings. Many of those products are then externally licensed and are being scaled and diffused via commercial entities. Notably, these products have raised more than $200 million in private venture capital, but several products have also been funded through government grants as well as health systems. The translational path focusses on products that are actively being integrated into healthcare delivery settings and are often also being diffused and scaled beyond the original development context. The translational path, depicted in Figure 1, contains four phases discussed in detail below: 1) design and develop; 2) evaluate and validate; 3) diffuse and scale; 4) and continuing monitoring and maintenance. Each step contains a set of activities that teams building machine learning products often complete.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: The off-target effect of Cas9 has been reported frequently in eukaryotes (Fu et al. , 2013; Hsu et al. , 2013). When we knocked out the estB, the first selected colony of N20 did not complete the knockout task. Another colony of N20 was replaced to continue and then succeeded. To reduce the off-target effects of Cas9 in this study, it was best to ensure that the 12 bases at the 3′end of the N20 sequence were highly specific to the genome (Jiang et al. , 2013; Jiang et al. , 2015). Existing online sgRNA design tools are not specifically targeted at ETEC. The evaluation of sgRNA off-target probability is based on E. coli K12 MG1655 instead of ETEC. It might lead to inaccurate evaluation of sgRNA off-target probability. From this current experimental results, the knockout efficiency can meet our requirements for gene editing. The two-plasmidCas system gives us more convenient conditions to study ETEC. The two-plasmidCas system gives us more convenient conditions to study ETEC. It could be used to explore amino acids that affected virulence through site-directed mutations. And it also could be used to display foreign proteins on outer membrane or fimbriae of ETEC to stimulate the body to produce antibodies. We believe that the two-plasmid system will be more widely adopted following the further research. Conclusions ETEC is one of the important pathogens causing human and animal diarrhae. But the researches of its virulence genes were affected due to the lack of efficient gene editing tools. In this study, we explored the validity of the two-plasmid system ofCas for editing the virulence genes in ETEC. The results show that the two-plasmid system ofCas used in this study can edit the virulence genes on the ETEC plasmids and chromosome for deleting, replacing, and mutating. The editing efficiency is closely related to the homologous arm length, and the efficiency is the highest when the length of the homology arm is approximately 300 bp. This system can also be used for single base mutation through two rounds of replacement at the same position.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: The outlet was connected to a sample loop of an HPLC sample injector, which automatically injected the collected pineal dialysates into an HPLC column at 10 min intervals. Melatonin in the dialysates was resolved on a C18 reverse phase column and flow through was analyzed by a fluorescence detector controlled by Shimadzu software. Middle cerebral artery occlusion Animals were subjected to ischemic stroke by filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) after baseline melatonin monitoring. The stroke model has been described before [17,18]. Animals were taken off of melatonin monitoring for the stroke surgery 3–6 days after the initiation of on-line microdialysis during which time baseline melatonin profiles were obtained. We occluded the right MCA for two hours using an intralumenal filament and then removed the filament to allow reperfusion. We placed the animals back online for pineal microdialysis and continued melatonin monitoring for up to seven days or until the animal appeared in extremis (whereupon it was euthanized). At the end of the monitoring period, animals were euthanized and brains were cut into 2 mm thick sections and analyzed by 2% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining to quantify infarct volumes; TTC stains vital tissue red while dead tissue remains unstained. Infarct volumes were determined by analysis of imaged brains using NIH Image software. Sham surgery involved insertion of the filament into the carotid artery without advancing the suture to the MCA bifurcation. determine the level of statistical significance of circadian changes, we first calculated the average absolute deviation from the baseline melatonin onset (MT-on) for each day after stroke for each animal. We used the average of pre-stroke MT-on times as the baseline. We then computed the absolute value of the difference between MT-on and the baseline for each day that the animal was monitored. Finally, we calculated the average value of the absolute shift over the entire duration of the monitoring period. This metric accounts equally for both delays and advances in timing. The same calculation was performed for sham animals after control surgery. The mean of the average daily deviation for all animals in each group was compared between MCA occlusion (MCAo) and sham groups using a two-tailed t-test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Machine learning is transforming fields like healthcare and finance. [SEP] Text: The activities do not define requirements for any single product, but are representative of the activities completed across the 21 products in Table 2. The path is not linear and may be highly iterative. Figure 1: A path for the design, development, evaluation, validation, diffusion, and scaling of machine learning models to be used in clinical care. The translational path begins on the left with the ‘problem’ to be addressed by the product and concludes with the ‘product lifecycle’ on the right. This path is designed to be a comprehensive representation of the current landscape, but is not meant to specify the steps taken by any individual product. Numbers denote the steps of the path. DARPA: Agency; DOD: Department of Defense; eCART: electronic Risk Triage; EHR: record. 1. Design and first step to building a machine learning product is identifying the right problem to solve. Healthcare is a data rich environment and even though a model can be developed to generate an insight, for the insight to support clinical decisions it must be actionable and must have the potential to impact patient care. Many of the products in Table 2 generate insights for conditions that require immediate action in the inpatient setting, such as cardiac arrest, sepsis, and deterioration. Products focussed on the outpatient setting tackle problems associated with high costs to healthcare payers or providers, such as surgical complications, hospital readmissions, and end-stage renal disease. The setting and funding of the team shapes many aspects of how the machine learning product is designed and developed. For example, in an academic setting it may be easier to cultivate collaborations across domains of expertise early on in the process. However, academic settings may have difficulty recruiting and retaining the technical talent required to productise complex technologies. Funding sources can also vary as products proceed through different stages of the translational path. For example, many of the products in Table 2 were initially funded internally or externally through grants and secured private investment once the product was licensed to an outside company. Setting also significantly impacts the data available to develop a machine learning product. In an academic setting, teams may have access to internal data, whereas teams situated outside of a healthcare system need to obtain data through partnerships. Public datasets also play an important role in promoting product development.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: These studies about how to quickly and efficiently perform gene editing in ETEC using the two-plasmid-based -Cas9 system lay the foundation for further research on the roles of virulence genes in pathogenicity, antigenicity and adjuvanticity, and mutation of virulence genes for genetically engineering a vaccine of ETEC. Primer sequences Underline is the enzyme cleavage site, the italic is N20, and the double underline is the part of the pTarget plasmid. *Primers are from DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 8881/supp-1 results of recombinant genes DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 8881/supp-2 digested with SpeI and XhoI From left to right are: pTarget, pTarget-Delt, pTarget-Δstb, pTarget-stb::estA, pTarget-ΔfaeG, pTarget-ΔestA, pTarget-ΔeltIIc1, pTarget-ΔeltIIc1::faeG, pTarget-ΔfaeG:: eltIIc1193 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 8881/supp-3 effects of ETEC enterotoxins DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 8881/supp-4 acid electrophoresis scans DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 8881/supp-5 The authors are grateful to Pro. (of Synthetic Biology, Institute of and ) for his kind provision of pCas and pTargetF and his patient guidance. His protocol has given us much help, and we have had great convenience in experimentation. The plasmids pCas and pTargetF described in his work have been deposited in Addgene ( under No. 62225 and No. 62226, respectively. We also thank Pro. for providing E. coli O142. authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft.

Output: contrast