Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the degradation could have progressed much more rapidly than our simulations indicate, as our model neglects a number of key processes associated with the melting of ice and snow. Our setup assumes all meltwater to drain from the surface immediately, while, in reality, it is more likely that liquid water would have formed puddles, ponds, lakes and connected stream networks before running off from the surface. Once melt is triggered, these would have lowered the albedo, initiating a positive feedback that could have accelerated local degradation processes substantially. For the assumption that standing water would not have drained at all, it has even been suggested that the formation of melt ponds in the midlatitudes could have warmed the planet to a point at which tropical temperatures hardly fall below the zero-degree-threshold and equatorial precipitation occurs (almost) exclusively in the form of rain. At this point, the snowfall-albedo feedback in tropical latitudes breaks down inducing a rapid degradation of the ice cover53. However, it is debatable whether midlatitude melt ponds could have raised large-scale temperatures on a fully glaciated planet notably beyond the melting point, as most of the excess energy would have been consumed by the phase transition of ice and snow. This would require entire regions to have been largely covered by meltwater, which is a similarly extreme assumption as all meltwater draining from the surface instantly—and even then, the turbulent exchange in the boundary layer and small-scale circulations between the inundated and non-inundated areas would have likely maintained the average temperatures close to the melting point. As our model does not explicitly represent the effects of melt ponds, we can not assess how the deglaciation would have progressed once it was triggered. From a slow degradation of the midlatitude ice cover at comparatively low pCO2s and temperatures to a rapid warming that triggers a degradation of ice sheets across a wide latitudinal range, many deglaciation trajectories are conceivable. An investigation of the deglaciation process will require not only an improved snow-albedo-scheme—as proposed in the present study—but also a scheme for melt ponds, as well as fully coupled sea ice and ice-sheet models. Finally, it should be noted that we assumed melting to start at 0° C, which may be an overly conservative estimate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: At the same time, they knew that logging had to be supported and were careful to cooperate with the timber companies…The use of timber for firewood, house construction, tools, weapons, furniture and so on must be as old as civilization itself. The abundance of trees in the forest belt of West Africa, stretching from right down to Angola and South thereof, lend themselves to these activities” (Brandler, 1993: p. 76). Governments in developing countries, especially Nigeria are thus agents of deforestation, hinging on the colonial legacy of forest nationalization and commercialization. Out of Nigeria’s 36 States, 17 are in the southern or coastal region, while 19 are in the north. The southern states belong to the tropical high forest region, while the northern states belong to semi-arid and arid regions of the country. 58 years of nationhood (1960-2018) has witnessed serious deforestation in Nigeria’s southern (rainforest states), to the extent that over 90% of the country’s forest resources are lost (WWF/ODNRI, 1989). The rainforest of State (Nigeria), is now the major area where pristine forest still remains in the country. Though a significant part of this forest is now a national park (National Park), other large areas that remain as government forest reserves and community forests are still seriously threatened by various human activities, culminating in continuous depletion and extinction of flora and fauna species in the region. FAO (2010: p. 20) maintain that for the past two decades, Nigeria has been experiencing deforestation rates which averages 2. 7% per annum. FAO estimates that between 1976 and 1990, Nigeria’s deforestation proceeded at an average rate of 400,000 hectares per annum or 3. 5% (www. un. org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/nigeria/natur. htm). FAO concludes that if the above rate of deforestation is maintained, the remaining forest area in the country will disappear by the year 2050. The above trend has affected the biodiversity rich Rainforest. Project (DFID assisted, 2002: p. 15) undertook an assessment of the State’s forest and subsequently calculated areas of land cover types, and reported that out of over 2 million hectares of rainforest originally found in the State, primary forest remaining was only 729,000 hectares.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: The main challenge in DSs is ensuring power systems’ security, availability, and reliability as in conventional systems and interoperability capability for different vendors. The evolution from traditional to DS entails the substitution of conventional devices with process interfaces and the adoption of process bus technology to replace the majority of hardwired copper connections within the substation. Our study specifically delves into the aspects of the DS concerning the process bay and station levels. While hardware forms the foundation of trust in supply chain security, it is crucial to acknowledge that analyzing hardware in isolation does not assure system-level security. The integration of disparate system components can introduce vulnerabilities stemming from incorrect assumptions about the overall system’s security posture. IEDs are deployed within DS to enable sophisticated automation and control of critical equipment. The hardware integrity of these devices serves as the basis of trust. However, unauthorized access to the DS-fenced area by engineers, technical personnel, or malicious individuals poses a significant risk. For instance, if an individual gains physical access to IEDs within substations, they could potentially disrupt the normal operation of switch devices, sabotage primary equipment, and manipulate measurements, thereby jeopardizing the stability of the power supply. That also includes obtaining a similar product, exploring it offline outside the operating environment, weaponizing any findings, and bringing them into the working environment [31]. Alternatively, an intruder may remotely infiltrate an IED by acquiring login credentials, often through tactics like spear-phishing attacks. Once accessed, the perpetrator could manipulate the device’s programming, access sensitive data, or alter its functionalities. It is plausible to identify IEDs, along with their models and known vulnerabilities, as well as potential network-related risks stemming from outdated protocols and weak authentication mechanisms. In certain instances, determining the physical location of IEDs is feasible with some effort. To fortify embedded systems, a layered defense approach is typically adopted, ensuring protection through role-based access control, site zoning, or communication conduit management [32]. However, identifying vulnerabilities does not always necessitate specialized training. It does, however, require a basic understanding of system functionality, software design principles, and sometimes even investigative skills. Proficiency in systems engineering, programming, and cybersecurity can expedite the process of vulnerability discovery [33]. The system in focus is a 5 protection IED, specifically the model 7SJ85, designed for feeder and overcurrent protection, along with other auxiliary functions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: When sea ice sublimates, it is plausible that salt accumulates at the surface, lowering the melting point substantially37. Thus, the positive feedback due to the formation of surface-water bodies, and hence deglaciation, could have been triggered at lower CO2 concentrations than estimated in this study. In general, the CO2-threshold of deglaciation is very sensitive to a number of parameterizations used in the model and our simulations can only provide order-of-magnitude estimates rather than exact values. Here, we were conservative in the setup of our simulations, especially with respect to the albedo of snow and ice, as well as the treatment of meltwater (“Methods—Model configuration”), to not overestimate the potential of HSB deglaciation. Furthermore, the present version of the MPI-ESM possesses a comparatively low climate sensitivity amongst the CMIP6 participants54,55. The high climate sensitivity of some of the CMIP6-models may be an overestimation56; in contrast, the MPI-ESM is among the best models in reproducing observed temperature trends57. Nonetheless, it is likely that the pCO2-threshold for deglaciation is—to a degree—model dependent, and that a higher climate sensitivity or lower snow and ice albedos reduce the pCO2s required for deglaciation, which would make HSB deglaciation even more plausible. Origin of high dust depositionsWhat, on a completely ice-covered planet, could have been the origin of the high dust fluxes required to trigger deglaciation? Volcanism provides one dust source that would have been present even on an HSB, and postglacial mantle decompression could have increased volcanic activity substantially58,59. However, this would serve only as a feedback subsequent to the initiation of deglaciation. Another dust source could be from terrestrial areas that may have remained ice free2,60. The climatic conditions in these areas would likely have produced large eolian erosion rates, resulting in dust deposition fluxes similar to those of the last glacial maximum, which were likely an order-of-magnitude larger than present-day fluxes61,62.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: This shows a very high rate of deforestation. There is growing international concern on the shrinking nature of rainforest and the disappearance of various flora and fauna species in the State. Dunn & Otu (1996: p. 35) attribute the alarming rate of deforestation in Nigeria to the failure of government policy, quest for government revenue and the pegging of budgetary revenue targets that are tied to forest exploitation. The influence of forestry practices from some neighboring countries in also has negative impacts on forestry practices in Nigeria. For instance, in neighboring Ivory Coast, the Government has been pursuing since independence, destructive forestry practices so as to earn foreign exchange and tax revenues (World Bank, 1985: p. 2). Bank maintains that “…loggers continue to exploit the remaining forests, more or less uncontrolled, and farmers have followed roads developed for logging operations establishing cocoa, coffee, and food crops, with the wide spread practice of slash and burn farming. Such intrusions have also begun in the classified forest reserves and national parks. Government now estimates that this process transforms about 0. 4 million hectares of unspoiled high forest per year” (World Bank, 1985: p. 2). IUCN (1996: p. 1) maintain that colonial nationalization of much of the world’s forest and poor forest management practices by in developing countries is responsible for the alarming rate of tropical deforestation. Bromley (1992: p. 77) similarly observes that “Governments who have appropriated forests from local level management bodies―primarily villages―and have failed to manage them in an effective manner have created de jure state property, but de facto open access. The absence of effective management and enforcement has simply turned the forest into a resource that can be exploited on a first come, first served basis. ” On the way forward to deal with tropical deforestation especially in Africa, Besong (1997: p. 7) maintains that “alone can no longer undertake all the monitoring and coordination of forestry activities because of limitations in personnel and financing. New arrangements should involve all the actors (major users) who should contribute personnel and/or finances. Local communities can, for example, contribute man power for monitoring purposes although they will require training. ” Arguing in the same vein, Lengeler (1997: p.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Equipped with robust microprocessors, the digital multifunctional protection and bay controllers within the 5 series handle all tasks digitally, from acquiring measurements to executing commands in the circuit breaker. Measuring inputs receive currents and voltages from instrument transformers, adjusting them to the device’s internal processing standards. 5 device features inputs for both current and voltage measurements, with current inputs detecting phase and ground currents and voltage inputs capturing measurement voltage for relevant device functions. These analogue values are digitized within the microprocessor for further data processing [34]. The IED will be tested in the HRE laboratory environment at the authors’ University. Vulnerabilities affecting Confidentiality (Unauthorized access to execute IED functionalities), Integrity (Unauthorized control and modification of data used in IEDs), and Availability (Disruption or loss of data during communication) will be sought. The impact of any vulnerabilities detected on the power system operation will be assessed in terms of:Availability of the protection and monitoring functions. Delay in the measurement and control signals. Security features of IEDs: Built-in security mechanisms might be different across vendors. Downtime in the power system (loss of power): considering intentional tripping of breakers. The proposed HRE process as shown in Figure 6 will be established and followed for the use case project. The HRE methodology will investigate security vulnerabilities in IEDs deployed within the smart grid infrastructure. This methodical approach encompasses several critical steps, including initial visual screening to detect any visible irregularities, followed by the implementation of tamper protection mechanisms at both system and Board (PCB) levels. Subsequent stages involve conducting comprehensive fault injection tests, spanning from the PCB to the chip level, aimed at identifying potential weaknesses susceptible to cyberattacks or unauthorized access. Moreover, the methodology integrates advanced chip-level reverse engineering techniques, allowing for a deep dive into the intricate workings of the integrated circuits to uncover potential vulnerabilities. Complementing these efforts, cutting-edge optical fault injection techniques will be employed to assess the hardware’s resilience against sophisticated attack vectors. By employing the HRE methodology within the research context of smart grid IEDs, this study aims to contribute valuable insights into the landscape of security vulnerabilities inherent in critical infrastructure systems. Ultimately, the findings of this research endeavor will inform the development of proactive measures aimed at mitigating risks and enhancing the overall security and reliability of smart grid deployments. Advertisement 5. ConclusionThis 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Finally, though it may not have triggered the terminal deglaciation, ablation in the tropics would still have presented an effective mechanism to retain dust within a layer at the top of the planet’s ice and snow cover32,33. With sublimation drying any exposed areas of such a dust layer, it would have been highly prone to eolian erosion, providing a regenerative source for advective dust transport into the midlatitudes. The idea that deglaciation started in the midlatitudes due to erosion-induced dust redistribution, has important consequences for the geological evidence that can be expected from the deglaciation process. If an HSB existed and its deglaciation was triggered by the accumulation of a thick tropical dust layer, large bursts of material would have been flushed into the equatorial ocean and the resulting clay layers should be a common feature beneath the cap carbonates in the tropical ablation zones30. However, if the dust was constantly redistributed, the (near-) surface concentrations would have been lower, more uniform across the latitudes and would not have lead to distinguishable depositions upon deglaciation. Thus, a widespread presence of clay layers exclusively in the tropical ablation zone would provide strong evidence against the deglaciation history proposed in the present study. The observational record is far from conclusive; however, most of the known (paleo-) tropical snowball Earth field sites do not feature clay deposits at the glacial–postglacial boundary, while carbonate topped clay layers have been observed as far poleward as (roughly) 45° (Supplementary Fig. 4 and 1). Thus, while the observations can not confirm a deglaciation that started in the midlatitudes, they do not disprove our hypothesis. Further, a spatially variable deglaciation could manifest in a unique sea-level rise fingerprint, observable in the succession of sediments that preserve the deglaciation. Though few sea-level curves for the deglaciation have been published, tropical sites often show an immediate transgression. In contrast, extra-tropical sites appear to record an initial regression, not necessarily unique to but consistent with deglaciation starting in the midlatitudes and progressing to the tropics (Supplementary Fig. 5).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: 9% of Nigeria’s forest cover consist of primary forest which is relatively intact, and the bulk of it is in Nigeria (State). shares common boundaries with the Republic of Cameroon in the East, of Nigeria in the North, Ebonyi and of Nigeria in the West, State of Nigeria in the South West, and the in the South. 2. 2. study was cross sectional, cutting across government forest reserves and community forests in State. The methods used for data collection comprise document research at Commission (CRSFC) and (CRNP), and participatory rural appraisal exercises (e. g. historical timeline assessment of deforestation, focus group discussions, interviews and field observations), and GIS (System) reports. For the quantitative data, responses from administered questionnaire were entered into SPSS (version 17) for statistical analysis. All variables were coded with measurements defined as nominal, ordinal and scale. Based on the nature of research questions for the study, descriptive statistics were used in the analysis, to look for patterns in the data set. 3. reveal that tropical deforestation in the rainforest (Nigeria) has over the years been exacerbated by a combination of human factors. 3. 1. Government and the Failure of was discovered that the nationalization of forest territories hitherto belonging to communities as Reserves in the 1930s (during Rule), and subsequent commercialization (approval of logging concessions) in government forest reserves (from the 1950s), marked the beginning of tropical deforestation in State. (ODA assisted) of 1991 carried out a proper scientific assessment of the forest still remaining in State. Remotely sensed photos/maps, GIS mechanisms, land use surveys, and statistical calculations were carried out which provided information about the status of primary forest left in government forest reserves in the state (see Table 1). The forest vegetation map of State (see Figure 1) produced by the ―DFID assisted), in 2002 shows the level of deforestation in the state. The above map is now 16 years old, thus further deforestation must have occurred. GIS report on Change in of CRNP/region also offer useful insight on the levels of deforestation in the rainforest. The analysis by WCS/Okeke (2013), carried out on Table 1. Deforestation in government forest reserves in cross river state. Source: Project (1994) (ODA-Assisted)―Report. Figure 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Boyens JM. Management for Systems and Organizations. Gaithersburg, MD: of Standards and Technology; 20222. Gunduz M, Das R. Cyber-security on the smart grid: Threats and potential solutions. Computer Networks. 2022;169:107094. DOI:10. 1016/j. comnet. 2019. 1070943. Lysne O. : Equipment from be Verified? Can an into Electronic Equipment? Vol. XIV, 116 p. Cham: SpringerOpen; 2018. DOI: 10. 1007/978-3-319-74950-14. . Compromise [Internet]. 2015-2023. Available from: [Accessed: February 25, 2024]5. . Cyber-attacks on smart grid system: A review. In: Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 10th (); New Delhi. New York: IEEE; 2022. 66. Nygård. Reverse engineering for thwarting digital supply chain attacks in critical infrastructures: Ethical considerations. In: Proceedings of the 19th on Security and Cryptography (2022), Lisbon, Portugal. Lisbon: 2022. 4687. Wetzels J, Hassanien A. Concluding OT:. In: and a Retrospect on OT and Patching. Forescout Research/Vedere Labs; 2023. 16 p. Available from: Sharma A, Dyrkolbotn GO, Øverlier L, Waltoft-. A state-of- the-art reverse engineering approach for combating hardware security vulnerabilities at the system and PCB level in IoT devices. In: Proceedings of the and Inspection of Electronics (PAINE); Huntsville, AL. New York: IEEE; 2022. 79. Nygård AR, Katsikas S. Ethical hardware reverse engineering for securing the digital supply chain in critical infrastructure. Information and Computer Security. 2024. DOI:10. 1108/ICS-10-2023-0182 [Ahead-of-print]10. . Cyber-physical systems(CPS): Security issues, challenges and solutions. In: Proceedings of the 2017 on (ICCIC); Coimbatore, India. New York: IEEE; 2017. 411. . Research on intelligent cyber security protection for electric power dispatching and control system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: A number of factors will modify when and where sea-level rises during the deglaciation—including the length of the deglaciation and the size of the continental ice sheets, among other factors—and the geological evidence is far from conclusive. However, additional work constraining the relative timing of transgressive and regressive sequences may be able to test the hypotheses put forward here. The modeling results presented here suggest that escape from an HSB is possible within a reasonable range of atmospheric CO2, demonstrating that the theoretical implausibility of an HSB deglaciation is no longer a reason to reject such a possibility in Earth history. These results also hold implications for other solar systems—the outer-edge of the habitable zone, for example, is characterized by snowball-like states on rocky, water-rich planets63. Depending upon the tectonic mode of the planet and its volcanic CO2 rates, the potential for a midlatitude deglaciation—shown by our result—may expand the outer limit upon which life-bearing planets can be found. MethodsModel configurationFor our study, we used the land and the atmospheric component of the MPI-ESM1. 2 (ref. 29), the latest release of the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology’s Earth system model. We ran these models in a terra-planet configuration with a global ice cover and in all grid boxes the land model is used to simulate the (near-) surface processes, with the parametrizations corresponding to those of glacier points. Thus, the setup does not account for the soil, bedrock, or ocean underlying the ice cover and the modeled surface consists of a 10-m-column of ice at the bottom of which a zero-flux condition is assumed. With the model configuration, we can simulate the complex atmospheric dynamics on a moderate spatiotemporal resolution with a reasonable amount of computational resources, as the simulated climate adapts to changes in the forcing comparatively quickly and the simulations come to an equilibrium within a spin-up period of <10 years. Before giving a more detailed description of the modifications that were made to the MPI-ESM, it should be noted that our setup does not capture the entirety of the deglaciation-related processes, which would have required at least a sophisticated glacier- and coupled ocean-sea-ice model.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. [SEP] Text: Map of cross river state showing the level of deforestation in the state. multi-temporal change for two periods (1986-2000 and 2000-2010), demonstrate that there is significant increase in deforestation rate in the 2000-2010 period (2. 22%) when compared with the rate seen in the 1986-2000 period (0. 09%). Overall, the result shows a staggering loss of 21. 15% of the forest in the Afi-Mbe-Okwangwo landscape from 1986 to 2010. Deforestation appears to be highest in the (ARFR) where annual deforestation increased twelve-fold from only 227 ha between 1986 and 2000 to 2760 ha from 2000 to 2010, followed by (AMWS) where annual deforestation doubled for the same period. Mountains had the lowest rate of deforestation (0. 04% and 0. 19% for the two time periods respectively), followed by Okwangwo (0. 04% and 0. 27%). As the was only designated a community forest in 2005, its protection effort by the community with support from WCS may explain this low rate. However, given the double-fold increase in the deforestation rate from one time period to the next, it seems that the is becoming vulnerable to increased pressure in the area (Figure 2). Figure 2. Comparison of Land cover change in of CRNP and region for 1986 (Landsat TM data), 2000 (Landsat ETM + data) and 2010 (Landsat ETM + data). Source: WCS/Okeke, 2013. 3. 2. Establishment of the colonial days up to the present period, several tree crops such as rubber, cocoa, palm trees, cashew, cotton, etc. , and non-tree crop plantations such as banana, plantain, cassava, pineapple, etc. , were established by government all over Nigeria. River State, examples include oil palm estates at Calaro, Ibiae, Oban, Borum and Nsadop; rubber plantations at Uyanga―Akamkpa, Nko, Biakpan, Ikot Okpora, and Agoi; cocoa plantations at at Ikom and Etung group of estates; and Gmelina arborea plantations at Awi and Edondon group of communities/estates. These plantations were established to broaden or diversify the revenue base of government which resulted in massive primary forest clearance across several Areas (Local Counties) in Nigeria. 3. 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: In: Proceedings of the 2nd on Machine Learning, (), Taiyuan, China. New York: IEEE; 2020. 4312. Csanyi E. the it Digital? [Internet]. EEP-Portal; 2023. Available from: [Accessed: February 25, 2024]13. øros J, Istad M. Cyber-security gaps in a digital substation: From sensors to SCADA. In: Proceedings of the 9th on (MECO), Budva, Montenegro. New York: IEEE; 2020. 414. . Intelligent electronic device functionality and interfacing: An experimental examination of smart grid. of and Engineering (IJRTE). 2019;8:3922-392615. Torres BS, Borges da de Moraes CHV. Integrating smart grid devices into the traditional protection of distribution networks. Energies. 2022;15:2518. DOI: 10. 3390/en1507251816. Laaksonen H, Suomi F. New functionalities and features of IEDs to realise active control and protection of smart grids. In: Proceedings of the 22nd and Exhibition on (CIRED 2013), Stockholm, Sweden. New York: IEEE; 2013. 417. Csanyi E. IED (Device) our Live Better. EEP-Portal [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: February 25, 2024]18. U. S. Department of Cybersecurity & Agency. CISA and [Internet]. U. S. Department of Cybersecurity & Agency; 2023. Available from: [Accessed: February 25, 2024]19. Jacobs N, Hossain-McKenzie S, Vugrin E. Measurement and analysis of cyber resilience for control systems: An illustrative example. In: Proceedings of the 2018 (RWS), Denver, CO, US. New York: IEEE; 2018. 4620. Cycuity. Cybersecurity is a Journey. is the [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: February 25, 2024]21. Cycuity. Detect and Vulnerabilities in your of Trust [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: February 25, 2024]22. Witteman M, Goncharov K. The roots of Riscure, device security, and pre-silicon [Internet].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Consequently, our approach has similar limitations as previous studies that relied on simulations with general circulation models28 and the second part of our investigation, namely the feasibility of deglaciation, is only valid in the case that the overall behavior of the system is dominated by the processes modulating the snow albedo and cover. To confirm the applicability of our approach, we conducted a series of tests, in which we varied a number of key parameters, e. g. , we prescribed an albedo of 0. 4 for the ice underlying the snow layer in order to simulate the impact of a very dark surface similar to a thick dust layer that accumulated due to lateral glacier flow. Here, we found that the snow-albedo-dynamics, and the respective feedbacks, indeed determine the behavior of the snowball system and while the ablation rates and deglaciation thresholds change slightly with varying parameters, the key findings remain unchanged, namely that the negative snow albedo feedback prohibits the onset of deglaciation in the tropics within the plausible CO2 range, while deglaciation could have occurred in the extratropics, provided that dust fluxes were high enough. Furthermore, it should be noted that the atmospheric component shares certain shortcomings with other models which affect the performance at extreme atmospheric CO2 concentrations24. For example, the radiation scheme does not account for the effects of pressure broadening on the opacity of the atmospheric greenhouse gases. However, within the geologically feasible CO2 range, these effects would still have been comparatively small and even for the maximum CO2 concentrations investigated in this study (400 mbar) neglecting them is still tolerable. In addition, for a spatially well mixed atmosphere, the respective effects would be similar for the tropics and the extratropics, hence they wouldn’t change the main finding—that the onset of deglaciation would have occurred in the midlatitudes before it started in the tropics. Our investigations did not require a great number of changes to the models’ code and we ran them largely with the same parametrizations that are being used for the sixth phase of the Intercomparison Project54. One important exception pertains to the land component’s snow-albedo-scheme, which we adapted to the specific requirements of a snowball Earth, and which we will describe in the following.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: Slash and Practices in wide practice of slash and burn agriculture in all local communities in the region, with no legal restrictions over the years, has culminated in perpetual destruction of the rainforest by local people. There are no land use plans guiding land use practices. There are over 2500 local communities with a population of 2. 1 million people in State. This high population has resulted in the continuous establishment and government recognition of new village settlements. Migrant populations from other parts of the country where forest has been exhausted are also adding to the pressure on the remaining forest resources in the area. 3. 4. Construction of Highways and Government development plans and determination to link all forest/local communities with good roads has impacted negatively on forest resources exploitation. For instance, the opening of the Calabar―Ikom―Ogoja―Obudu road (from north to south of the state), and a network of adjoining feeder roads have exposed hitherto inaccessible and intact forest to reckless illegal logging activities and hunting of wild animals. The ubiquity of logging roads, opened by logging companies is further attracting farmers and migrant populations to open new farm lands and hunting grounds in biodiversity rich pristine forest areas. In 2016, the government of State came up with a new proposal to construct a superhighway across the core area of the remaining pristine rainforest in the state. Ministry of Environment has on three occasions rejected all EIA (Assessment) reports on the superhighway, and NGOs, forest communities, and the international community have all protested against the project in different ways. So far the government of State is still determined to carry on with the project. The proposed superhighway poses the greatest threat to the rainforest of State in recent time. 3. 5. Mining and Granite quarrying activities in places like Old Nnetim, Obung, Nsan, Akamkpa urban, Awi, Mbarakom, Uyanga, Ojor, etc. ; and mining of limestone for the cement factory at Mfamosing, Aningeje, Mbobui, Abiati, and other Ojuk clan villages, have contributed immensely towards serious deforestation and depletion of valuable flora and fauna species in the affected communities. The absence of official regulations controlling ecological abuses by the quarrying and mining companies involved, have also aided rapid deforestation in the region. Government is hardly committed to the strict enforcement of environmental impacts assessment laws of Nigeria across the state.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Available from: [Accessed: February 25, 2024]23. Nygård AR, Katsikas S. SoK: Combating threats in the digital supply chain. In: Proceedings of the 17th on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES22); Vienna. 2022. 824. U. S. Department of Cybersecurity & Agency. Practices for Systems [Internet]. 2023. Available from: www. cisa. gov/sites/default/files/publications/Cybersecurity_Best_Practices_for_Industrial_Control_Systems. pdf [Accessed: February 25, 2024]25. Kirchmer M. Business process management: What is it and why do you need it? In: Kirchmer M, editor. High-Performance through Management: in a Digital World. Cham: Springer; 2017. DOI: 10. 1007/978-3-319-51259-4_126. von. Process tagging—A process classification and categorization concept. In: von Rosing M, Scheer A-W, von Scheel H. Handbook. Burlington, MA: Morgan Kaufmann; 2015. 171. DOI: 10. 1016/B978-0-12-799959-3. 00008-227. Aarland M. in the Power Industry’s Chain: Strategies [Interview]; 202328. Nygård A, Katsikas S. Leveraging hardware reverse engineering to improve the cyber security and resilience of the smart grid. In: Proceedings of the 20th on Security and Cryptography, Rome, Italy. Lisbon: 2023. 1629. Chapin N. Flowcharting with the ANSI standard: A tutorial. ACM Computing Surveys. 1970;2:119-14630. U. S. Department of Cybersecurity & Agency. [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: February 25, 2024]31. Brash R. Protecting embedded systems. Verve [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: February 25, 2024]32. Norwegian Ministries. for Norway [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: February 25, 2024]33. George T. Cyber Resilience: Strategy to Increased Threats. Security Week, 16 November 2022 [Internet].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: For the second set of simulations, we adapted the snow-albedo-scheme and separated the snowpack into a main layer and a top layer, each possessing its own thickness, cover fraction, age, and albedo. Falling snow is added to the top layer, increasing the layer’s thickness, cover fraction, which is a function of the snow depth, and albedo while reducing the layer’s age. The main layer’s characteristics, however, are not affected by new snow. In our scheme, we assume that the top layer forms above the main layer and that the top layer’s cover fraction is necessarily smaller than that of the main layer. This allows us to calculate the two layer’s contributions to melt, sublimation and surface (mean) albedo simply by the fraction of the layer that is exposed to the atmosphere relative to the snow-covered fraction. Whenever the top layer covers >95% of the main layer, the snow contained in the top layer is added to the main layer, increasing the latter’s albedo, depth and cover fraction (if not already at 100%), while decreasing its age. After the top layer has been added to the main layer or has disappeared as a result of ablation, a new top layer, which is initiated with the albedo corresponding to that of fresh snow and a zero age, forms whenever there is fresh snowfall. The result is a thick darker main layer whose extent is relatively stable and whose albedo continuously decreases (to the point when the snow contained in the top layer is added or the minimum albedo is reached), on top of which a thin, brighter top layer is located, whose extent and albedo quickly varies depending on snowfall, melt, and sublimation rates. Dust deposition rates are one of the key factors determining the snow albedo, but our model setup does not allow us to explicitly account for the factors that determine the respective fluxes. Dust p0. 3 for present-day dust fluxes and 0. 6 for a doubling of the dust depositions. the dust concentrations within the snowpack are not simulated explicitly and the impact of impurities is only accounted for in the snow’s age and represented by a factor for the dust deposition rates in the respective calculations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: Hardly are quarrying and mining companies engaging in forest ecological restoration activities to address their negative environmental impacts. 3. 6. Hunting by The practice of some local people and communities setting large portions of primary forest ablaze for hunting purposes (to kill wild animals), has also impacted negatively on the integrity of State’s rainforest. The tragedy of the foregoing deforestation and loss of biodiversity problems in State, lies not in the excesses of the perpetrators, but in the failure of government to enforce the appropriate forestry and wildlife management laws of the state. 3. 7. Regimes and The communal ownership of forest lands designated as have also not helped matters. Such forests belong to all citizens of the affected communities, and so everybody have rights to go into the forest and undertake the extraction of timber and non timber forest products as they like. One can clear primary forest for new farm lands as much as what one desires. This free for all approach to forest resources management has culminated seriously in the present level of deforestation in the region. 3. 8. of Deforestation on the Flora and of the strength of the foregoing deforestation activities in State, there are serious consequences on the flora and fauna resources of the region. On the floral side of the coin, certain government forest reserves have either become seriously depleted, or wiped out almost completely. Dunn & Otu (1996: p. 35) report the case of in of the State: “Ekinta, an 11,000 hectares forest reserve in the of the State, provides a good example of accelerated high forest loss as a consequence of forest policy that favored forest exploitation and the establishment of fast growing exotic species. The reserve was good quality high forest until the late 1970s. The government owned logging company―cleared much of the forest in a salvage cut and opened up the entire reserve with a network of roads. A large number of farmers (from the then south-west of CRS, now the neighboring State of Akwa Ibom) were permitted to move into the area to establish plantations of Gmelina arborea using the taungya system. However, due to a shortage of funds for seedlings and supervision, virtually no plantations were established. In less than a decade, 90% of the forest reserve had become cassava farms instead of forest plantations, with hardly a tree standing.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2893913/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractConsidering China's smart city pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment, the panel data of 284 cities from 2003 to 2020 were selected to evaluate the effect of smart city construction on haze pollution by combining the propensity score matching method and the difference-in-difference model (PSM-DID). The research results show that: (1) smart city construction has effectively reduced the concentration of urban haze, which is still valid after a series of robustness tests. (2) the results of heterogeneous test show that the smart city pilot has a stronger inhibitory effect on eastern cities, large and medium-sized cities, and cities with high level of talent agglomeration and intelligence. (3) the mechanism test found that the smart city pilot can indirectly promote the city haze governance by improving the innovation capacity (collaborative innovation and green innovation), improving the efficiency of resource allocation, and increasing the entrepreneurship rate of modern service industries. (4) after further exploration, it was found that the construction of smart cities has a significant spatial spillover effect on haze pollution. While promoting haze control in the local city, it will also suppress the haze concentration of neighboring cities through "demonstration effect". Smart cityHaze pollutionDIDInnovationResource allocationEntrepreneurship rate of modern service industryFiguresFigure 11. IntroductionSince the reform and opening-up, China's economic development has achieved remarkable results, known as "China's miracle". However, according to the 2022 global environmental performance index, China ranked only 160th out of 180 countries and regions, indicating that China's rapid economic development has also led to huge energy consumption (Yu et al. , 2020; Wang. , 2020). The outcome of environmental pollution is not optimistic, especially the haze pollution. At present, haze pollution in China is characterized by a wide range of impacts, high frequency of occurrence and great difficulty in prevention and control. As a result, it is difficult to achieve the haze governance by terminal treatment alone, which poses a great threat to public health (Madrigano et al. , 2010; Cao et al. , 2021), traffic safety (Wan et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Thus, in order to simulate the effect of dust accumulation due to ablation, we allow the main layer to age at the same rate as the top layer, even though the main layer is not (fully) exposed to the surface dust deposition flux as it is (partly) covered by the top layer. Consequently, whenever the top layer disappears, as a result of snow melt or sublimation, and more of the main layer is exposed, the main layer has already received the same amount of dust as was embedded in the top layer and has aged accordingly. Here, it should be noted that this approach potentially overestimates the dust accumulation under the circumstances that ablation is mainly the result of melt. Whenever ablation is driven by sublimation, it can be assumed that the embedded p33. However, even the assumption that all the dust would be washed away with the meltwater would not change our results fundamentally. This is because the simulated melt rates are so large that melt does not only degrade the top layer, but also reduces the main layer substantially and in most simulations, in which melt is triggered the snow cover largely disappears during the snow melt season. And under the circumstances that also the main layer disappears it is assumed that the dust is removed from the surface. Besides these major structural changes, we made some minor adaptations mostly in the form of parameter modifications. Instead of using the weighted average of the temperature- and the age-based snow albedo, we use the minimum of the two, but at the same time we raised the maximum albedo of fresh snow to 0. 95 for visible and 0. 75 for near-infrared radiation. In addition, we changed the threshold above which the snow albedo is sensitive to surface temperature from −5 to −1 °C (corresponding to the temperature threshold employed for snow-covered sea ice in MPIOM, the MPI-ESM’s ocean component), but at the same time, we changed the formulation so that increasing temperatures can only lower the albedo, while decreasing temperatures do not increase it. Furthermore, we removed the factor representing the snowfall rate from the snow age calculation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: ” Valuable timber species such as Iroko (Milicia excels), Mahogany (Khaya spp), (Terminalia ivorensis), Mimusups (Baillonella toxisperma), (Terminalia superba), Cedar (Lovoa trichilloides), Ebony, etc. that used to be very common in State, are now extremely scarce and difficult to find. If available, the prices are so astronomical that only those at the upper echelon of society can afford to buy them. In some local communities, people are beginning to roof their houses with Gmelina arborea, a thing that now surprise the local people themselves. Some people who are crazy of the above high profile timber species are beginning to import wood from the neighboring Republic of Cameroon for domestic furniture use. On the fauna side, several wild animal species have become extinct, some critically endangered, and some that were hitherto common have also become endangered. Extinct species include among others Leopards, Bush cow, African giant pangolin, etc. Critically endangered include Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli), Preuss’s monkey (Cercopithecus preussi), Red bellied monkey (Cercopithecus erythrogaster), Sclater’s guenon (Cercopithecus sclateri―endemic to Nigeria), Wild dog (Lycaon pictus). The endangered list include African elephant (Loxodonta Africana), Cheeta (Acinonyx jubatus), Red eared guenon (Cercopithecus erythrotis), Pygmy hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis), African pygmy squirrel (Myosciurus pumilio), mantee (Trichechus senegalensis), Spotted-necked otter (Lutra maculicollis), etc. (Enuoh, 2012: p. 221). 4. paper assesses the major factors underpinning tropical deforestation and biodiversity loss in the rainforest of Nigeria―a global biodiversity hotspot and region of species endemism.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: , 2020) and social security (Bondy et al. , 2020). Therefore, the necessary issues to be discussed and explored by the government and academia includes clarifying the root causes of haze pollution, seeking ways to reduce haze pollution, maintaining public life and health, and improving the quality of economic development. From the perspective of economics, the intensifying of haze pollution is closely related to many factors such as unreasonable energy structure, imbalanced industrial structure, inefficient environmental governance, and excessive population density in large cities (Shao et al. , 2016). Although some studies have begun to focus on the above issues, compared with these end agents, the impact of extensive urbanization development on haze pollution should be paid more attention. Throughout China's urbanization process, environmental pollution problems mainly occur in areas with rapid urbanization. Especially in recent years, cities with relatively serious haze pollution are mostly concentrated in areas with high urbanization level, such as Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and Delta (Shao et al. , 2019). In fact, the traditional urbanization process is often accompanied by the pace of industrial agglomeration, which not only promotes the economic development, but also brings huge energy consumption and serious haze pollution. In this regard, the smart city pilot policy was born in order to break the urban development dilemma under haze pollution and achieve the "win-win" goal of economic development and ecological civilization construction. Smart city construction is a new development model based on the new generation of information technology such as big data and artificial intelligence, making urban construction, education, healthcare, and transportation more interconnected and intelligent (SumitaSarma and Sunny, 2017; Shi et al. , 2018; Capdevila and Zarlenga, 2015), and actively helping cities achieve green development. Specifically, as a new form of traditional urban development, smart city is a major innovation based on social technological progress and organizational change. With the continuous improvement of innovation capacity, it will drive the development of information services, R&D design, and high-end manufacturing. Thereafter, the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries is further accelerated (Wang and Deng, 2022) for realizing their optimization and rationalization of industrial structure. At the same time, industrial transformation and upgrading can provide permanent vitality for the construction of smart cities, thus forming a mutual promotion relationship between the smart city construction and the industrial structure upgrading (Andrea and Del, 2019).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: This was done because our scheme is designed in a way that snowfall does not affect the characteristics of the main layer, while the characteristics of the top layer are calculated as a weighted average (based on the snow water equivalent) between the snow within the top layer and the snow that falls within any given timestep. The latter is possible because the top layer is necessarily so thin that the entire snow contained within the layer has an effect on the layer’s optical properties. Finally, it should be noted that we prescribe the ice albedo and, as a consequence, we neglect certain processes which lower the ice albedo in the ablation regions. Most importantly, we do not consider the effect of melt ponds and lakes on the albedo, as the meltwater flux in is immediately removed from the surface. With seasonal meltwater fluxes of several hundred mm, the resulting puddles, ponds and lakes would substantially darken the surface before draining from the ice cover. This would have increased the amount of absorbed radiation, raising surface temperatures, which in turn promotes the extension and formation of ponds. The presence of standing water would have also lowered the impact of fresh snow on the surface albedo, weakening the snowfall-albedo feedback. Furthermore, an accumulation of salt could have lowered the freezing point, which would have lead to the formation of surface-water bodies at sub-zero temperatures. However, simulating the mechanisms that lead to standing water at the surface of a snowball Earth is beyond the capabilities of most large-scale models and we are only aware of one attempt, by Wu et al. 53, to explicitly account for the formation of melt ponds. Here, one major problem is the uncertainty with respect to the drainage of these ponds, which could happen extremely fast once connected flow pathways have formed. Another problem is the estimation of the spatial extent of inundated areas, which strongly depends on the small (subgrid) scale orography. Wu et al. deal with the respective uncertainties, by assuming that there is no drainage of meltwater (even though they limit the maximum pond depth) and by determining the area of melt ponds purely based on a subgrid scale distribution of the surface temperatures. Here, the assumption is that, even below the melting point, random temperature fluctuations can trigger melt, while negative deviations do not cause an immediate refreezing of liquid water.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: The results indicate that government, the private sector and rural communities are responsible for the alarming rate of tropical deforestation hinging on forest policy and forest management failures (e. g. forest nationalization and subsequent approval of logging concessions in hitherto intact government forest reserves), establishment of government agricultural plantations on government forest reserve lands, construction of highways and rural feeder roads, pursuit of solid minerals mining activities, non-commitment to afforestation or reforestation activities, and the ubiquitous practice of slash and burn agriculture in all rural communities in Nigeria. Forest landscape fragmentation and decrease of land under forest cover (due to a myriad of unsustainable human land use practices), implies serious impacts on flora and fauna species depletion and extinctions in the region. (2002) and Alonso (2004) agree that wherever there is decrease in land under forest cover, the concomitant effect is biodiversity loss or negative change in species evenness and richness. Similarly, Lord & Norton (1990) are in support that agricultural land clearing activities culminate in biological species extermination and scarcity. Stephanie Flasse, one of the DFID consultants (GIS specialist) involved in the second phase of a DFID-assisted Project (1999-2002), commented in the DFID final project report (prepared in 2003), that State forests (under current rate of deforestation) will be exhausted by 2033. This has serious implications on the region’s biodiversity and the sustainability or survival of endemic primate species like the Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli), Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), Drills (Mandrillus leucophaeus, and other assorted monkey species. It is important that the remaining tropical rainforest in Nigeria (the Rainforest) be protected in view of its global biodiversity hotspot status and ecological importance. Agbogidi (2011) and Sale et al. (2008) comment that unsustainable human land use activities and the disappearance of many ecologically valued tree species across Nigeria is a well known phenomenon. There is however an urgent need for all stakeholders to reverse this culture and trend. It is instructive to note Edet et al. (2015: p. 491) that “if forests are indiscriminately depleted, the various global uses and roles associated with them (economically and ecologically) would be lost. ” Such loss has huge implications on the quest for global sustainable development and the ecological sustainability of planet Earth itself.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: Under the combined effect of innovation effect and structural effect, smart city construction will improve urban green total factor productivity (GTFP) (Jiang et al. , 2021; Wang et al. , 2022), and exhibit a stronger effect in high-level cities with human capital and finance. Therefore, some policy makers and scholars believe that the construction of smart cities will be a new opportunity to break the "curse loop" of pollution under the traditional urban development model, and further examine the environmental benefits of smart cities from the perspectives of ecological environment quality (Zhen et al. , 2021), urban ecological efficiency (et al. , 2020) and indirect household carbon emissions (Wu, 2022). In summary, innovation effect, structural effect, and environmental effect of smart cities have been discussed deeply in the relevant literatures. However, in the context of the current decline in the quality of China's atmospheric environment and the frequent occurrence of haze weather, few documents have directly investigated the impact mechanism of smart city construction on haze pollution. Therefore, this paper takes the China's smart city pilot as an entry point and selects the difference-in-difference model (DID) to assess the effect of smart city construction on the culprit of city haze pollution—PM2. 5, the main marginal contribution is reflected in the following three aspects: (1) Under the background of green development reshaping the global industrial system, the data of Chinese cities are elected to measure the emission reduction effect of smart city pilot on haze pollution with the specific mechanism, which is conducive to further improving and expanding the relevant achievements and research perspectives in the field of "pollution reduction and emission reduction". It has practical implications for achieving city haze governance and sustainable, green and high-quality development in economy. Additionally, it can also provide valuable experience for the vast number of developing countries at the same time. (2) While existing researches have focused on the innovation effects of smart cities, the multi-subject collaboration in the process of R&D and innovation is neglected when measuring innovation capacity. In fact, the construction of smart cities involves all aspects of urban economy, industry, education, healthcare, and transportation, where the related innovation activities cannot be separated from the joint participation and interaction of multiple innovative subjects, such as government, enterprises, universities, and institutions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: This, allows melt ponds to persist at sub-zero temperatures, covering up to 80% of the grid cell before temperatures reach the melting point. These assumptions are no less extreme than neglecting melt ponds altogether, but risk an overestimation of the respective impact on the deglaciation process. For the present study, we decided not to include the above effects of melt ponds for the following reason. The formation of surface-water bodies provides a positive feedback that necessarily raises the likelihood of deglaciation—once melting is triggered—and the uncertainty involved in the respective parametrizations only increases the risk of overestimating the potential for exiting the icehouse state. Thus, the most robust estimation of the deglaciation potential is obtained by neglecting all of the above processes. Another shortcoming of our model is that we only account for the accumulation of dust within the snowpack, but not at the snow-ice-interface. Whenever the snowpack is completely melted, the dust is assumed to be washed away completely. However, when snow and ice melt in reality, a given fraction of the dust is not washed away with the runoff and drained from the surface, but may remain behind, e. g. , within cryoconite holes2,33. It is exceedingly difficult to estimate the fraction of dust that would remain behind after the melting period and how long the cryoconite holes could last before they also drain, as this is determined by a variety of factors that we do not account for in the model. To counteract the absence of these effects in the model, we prescribe a comparatively low surface albedo, i. e. , 0. 53, that best represents sea ice, even though the near-surface ice would most likely have consisted of brighter meteoric ice33,35,65. Here, it can be argued, that sea ice, especially when partly covered in dust, would have had an even lower albedo. Similar arguments can be made about our minimum snow albedo of ~0. 5935. In fact, we performed explorative simulations, in which we set these parameters to the lower end of the plausible range. This decreased the simulated deglaciation thresholds, but did not change the outcome that deglaciation would have been triggered in the extra—rather than in the tropics.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: Through the of Environment, the Government of State applied and got approval in 2009 for Nigeria’s participation in the (Reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) programme, with the rainforest as pilot site. The tenure of the governor of State that spearheaded the programme came to an end in 2015. The new governor that took over on May 29th 2015, was however not impressed with the fact that money from forest carbon (carbon credits), as envisaged in the above programme, had not started accruing to State since 2009 when the programme was launched. Without openly telling the world that he was pulling State out of the programme, the new governor decided to introduce a super highway project in the state, which was designed in 2016 to pass through the core area of the rainforest. The project will thus open up the biodiversity rich, intact and Nigeria’s last remaining rainforest for exploitation. NGOs, forest communities, and the international community have all protested in different ways against the proposed superhighway project. The government of State should do the needful by re-routing the superhighway project to leave the rainforest and biodiversity hotspot areas alone. 5. Conclusion and has lost over 90% of her pristine rainforest with an annual deforestation rate of 3. 5% or 400,000 hectares per annum. River Rainforest, a biodiversity hotspot and Nigeria’s last remaining area of pristine rainforest is also experiencing severe threats through various human deforestation mechanisms. These mechanisms comprise colonial forest policy failures, poor public forest management practices, unsustainable/illegal logging activities, establishment of government agricultural plantations, slash and burn agricultural practices in local communities, population explosion/influx of migrants to forest areas, establishment of new rural settlements, construction of highways/feeder rural roads, opening of logging roads, quarrying/mining activities, common property regime/open access to forest resources, and unrestricted hunting of wild animals and other extractive activities. As a consequence, several flora and fauna species have become seriously endangered, and some extinct. Nigeria’s deforestation thus has local, national, regional and global ecological implications if current trends are not reversed. To reverse the above deforestation trend, the following measures should be taken: 1) Change in forest policy―from current centralization/government monopoly of forest management to decentralized/community-based forest and other natural resources management.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this paper takes the cooperation patents of enterprises, universities and research institutions as the starting point, and further searches for the number of joint patent applications of enterprises-universities, enterprises-institutions, universities-institutions, enterprises-universities-institutions in each city respectively, to depict the innovation effect of smart city more accurately from the perspective of innovation and synergy. (3) Fully considering the current situation of the differences between cities in terms of geographical location, city level, talent concentration level and intelligence level, the basic conditions needed for the construction of smart cities in the process of promoting city haze governance and green development are further identified. Such identification is conducive for local governments to maximize the development opportunities of smart city pilot, accelerate the construction of "digital China", and realize the beautiful vision of the high-level goal of ecological civilization development. 2. Policy background and theoretical mechanism 2. 1Policy background With the acceleration of urbanization and the incessant improvement of living standards, people have put forward higher requirements for urban services, living environment, public transport, and social life. Smart city construction is assumed to be an important measure to solve urban development problems by realizing efficient allocation of resources and harmonious development of cities through artificial intelligence and cloud computing. In 2009, (IBM) proposed the concept of smart city for the first time. 2009, Dubuque of the USA built the first smart city in partnership with IBM. This successful case has attracted the attention of all countries in the world. Many countries or regions have begun to take the construction of smart cities as the main means to solve the urban disease and improve the competitiveness of cities. With the rapid development of new digital technology and modern communication technology, the number of smart cities under construction in the world has exceeded 1000 by 2020, and it is expected to maintain the trend of rapid growth in the future. In the wave of smart city construction around the world, the Chinese government promulgated “for the Administration of City Pilot” in 2012 and identified the first batch of pilot cities, followed by the announcement of the second and third batches of pilot cities in the following two years. By 2015, more than 85% of China's cities have begun to build smart cities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, for the study, we only used simulations with higher albedo values to ensure that our findings are valid for a broader range of assumptions—that is not only for albedo values at the lower end of the plausible range. This complex approach to determine the albedo was only required for the second set of simulations (“Thawing the snowball”) and for the first set (“Dependency of ablation rates on albedo and CO2”) we simply included the option to prescribe a fixed albedo value for the snow cover, as well as for the underlying ice. This allowed us to set the overall surface albedo independent of the simulated snow dynamics. SimulationsIn all simulations, the model was run using a temporal resolution of 450 s and a vertical resolution of 47 atmospheric model levels and 5 vertical sub-surface layers. The horizontal resolution of the simulations was T31 (3. 75° × 3. 75°), which corresponds to a grid-spacing of ~415 km in tropical latitudes. To facilitate the comparability of our results, the setup of our simulations is very similar to that of previous studies, in that we removed the orography and reduced the solar constant to 94% of its present-day value28. Note that otherwise the orbital parameters were prescribed using present-day values. For the first set of experiments, we initiated the model with an pCO2 of 0. 4 mbar and an ice-covered but snow-free surface. During the 10-year spin-up period, in which we gradually reduced the orography, the state of the atmosphere, (sub-)surface temperatures and precipitation rates adapted very quickly to the prescribed surface albedo and a complete snow cover was established (note that in the first set of simulations the snow cover has no effect on the surface albedo). After the spin-up period, we ran the model for a 100-year-period during which we gradually increased the pCO2 to 400 mbar. For the second set of experiments, we started our simulations from the states that were simulated at the end of the spin-up period for a prescribed surface albedo of 0. 66. Here, we removed the snow cover and ran the simulations for a 20-year period with a constant pCO2 of 0. 4 mbar, an ice albedo of 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: 2) Ban further logging activities in the remaining rainforest and pursue aggressive reforestation programs in degraded forest reserves. 3) (Reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) programme in Nigeria, introduced in 2009, with State/rainforest as pilot site, should be effectively implemented. 4) Ensure effective management and proper funding of National Parks, especially in view of its global biodiversity hotspot status and region of species endemism. 5) In-situ conservation initiatives such as captive breeding and re-introduction of extinct or critically endangered fauna species into the wild. 6) Promote agroforestry initiatives and poverty alleviation programs in buffer zone communities of National Park. 7) Impose hunting restrictions on the hunting of wild animals in the state. 8) Introduce programs to control population explosion (e. g. family planning and birth control) in local communities. While the above recommendations may not provide all the answers, it is hoped that careful and aggressive implementation will go a long way in charting a new course for effective forest management and biodiversity conservation in State (Nigeria). Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 149. [2] Alonso, D. (2004). Nature of Ecological Interactions: Communities, Metapopulations, and Epidemies. Ph. D. Thesis, Barcelona: of Catalonia. [3] Besong, J. B. (1997). for Securing the Future of African Rainforests. Rainforests and the Conservation of Biodiversity—Proceedings of the Limbe Conference. Limbe: Garden. [4] Bisong, F. E. (1994). Farming Systems, in the Rainforest of Nigeria. No. 8 Prepared by the Project (ODA Assisted). Calabar: Headquarters. [5] Brandler, J. L. (1993). Out of Nigeria: Witness to a Giant’s Toils. London: Press. [6] Bromley, D. W. (1992). The Commons, Common Property, and Environmental Policy. (2nd ed. , 10. 1007/BF00324686 [7] Burley, J. (1997). Foreword. Rainforests and the Conservation of Biodiversity—Proceedings of the Limbe Conference. Limbe: Garden.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: As the largest developing country, China has clearly identified "digitalization" and "greening" as the key direction of its future development, laying emphasis on the construction of digital infrastructure such as high-speed broadband and 5G communication, making a solemn commitment to the world to achieve " carbon neutrality and emission peak ". It is foreseeable that the construction of smart cities will have a profound impact on all aspects of China's economic development, along with the promotion of China's economic revolution and upgrading, and with the transformation of old and new kinetic energy. 2. 1 Theoretical mechanism and research hypothesis 2. 1. 1 The direct impact of smart city pilot on haze pollution As an important application to realize pollution conservation and emission reduction, smart city construction is seen as the vital solution to urban environmental problems, and is also the fundamental way to achieve green and sustainable development. Firstly, smart city construction can promote the "smart" transition of traditional labor-intensive industries, improve the utilization efficiency of resources, and speed up the transformation of economic development model. Combining new renewable energy and next generation of pollution reduction and emission reduction technologies, the pressure of pollution treatment at the source will be alleviated (Benzerrouk et al. , 2021), and simultaneously the source control of haze pollution will be promoted. Secondly, smart city construction can create a convenient and efficient "smart" urban development model. Relying on the advantages of accurate analysis and rapid matching of big data, it will effectively release the traffic congestion in large cities (Jiang et al. , 2021), and create a modern transportation system with smart and green travel. Finally, in the process of promoting smart city construction, it is undoubtful to attract a large number of high-end and professional talents. While improving intelligence and technical support for urban development, high-quality talents will guide the majority of residents to accept the green and low-carbon lifestyle through example demonstration effect (Chu et al. , 2021), which constantly optimizes the urban environmental governance pattern and imperceptibly improves residents' environmental awareness (Li, 2022). Herein, we propose hypothesis H1a: smart city construction can effectively improve urban haze pollution. Considering the vast territory of China, there are significant differences between different regions (cities) in fields such as economic development base, resource distribution, cultural heritage, and construction of environmental protection facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to further investigate the heterogeneity of the smart city pilot on haze governance in different regions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: There is a general quest to reveal which properties of molecules or their supramolecular structures have been decisive for the emergence of life. In this contribution we hypothesize that the core features of cellular life, i. e. growth, self-replication and evolution, could have emerged on the basis of properties of vesicles. Vesicles are macroscopic objects in which their aqueous interior is separated from their aqueous environment by a thin flexible membrane. They can form spontaneously with their membranes made of amphiphilic molecules such as surfactants, lipids or polymers (Walde 2006). The possible role of lipids in the origin of life has been indicated by their primordial availability (Deamer 1997). Vesicles were instrumental for the transition from inanimate to living matter at least by supplying the necessary compartmentalization. However, their role could have been much more important: it was demonstrated that they can grow and self-reproduce (Berclaz et al. 2001); they exhibit compositional inheritance as their splitting may produce offspring with identical composition (Segré et al. 2001); it is possible to ascribe to self-reproducing vesicles the principle of natural selection based on the condition for vesicle self-reproduction that interrelates a vesicle’s intrinsic physical parameters and the parameters that also depend on the properties of their environment (Božič and Svetina 2004, 2007). The notion about involving the selectivity principle suggests that vesicles have the capacity to evolve. Vesicle evolution could have operated on the basis of the selection between vesicle populations that could have existed in a given prebiotic environment and differed with respect to the physical and chemical characteristics of their vesicles. A possible method to study the relative importance of different vesicle properties in the establishment of the corresponding vesicle populations is to develop models of vesicle self-reproduction based on the existing knowledge of vesicle behaviour. In our theoretical models proposed previously (Božič and Svetina 2004, 2007) the conditions for vesicle self-reproduction were obtained from the requirement that a growing vesicle, while doubling its size, must also prepare itself for division. This it does by changing its shape from a sphere into a budded shape that is composed of two spheres connected by a narrow neck.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: interactions between predators and prey constitute a key component of the ecology and evolution of marine systems, and animal behavior can affect the outcome of predator–prey interactions. It has been recently demonstrated that CO2-induced ocean acidification can alter the behavior of marine organisms and potentially alter predator–prey dynamics. This study combines both quantitative (meta-analysis) and qualitative approaches to review the effects of ocean acidification on behavioral prey defenses in marine invertebrates. A systematic literature search identified 34 studies that experimentally assessed behavioral defenses under elevated pCO2 spanning three phyla: crustaceans, echinoderms, and molluscs. A meta-analysis suggested that exposure to elevated seawater pCO2 can negatively affect behavioral defenses in bivalve molluscs and malacostracan crustaceans. By contrast, defenses of cephalopod molluscs seem to be positively impacted by elevated pCO2, whereas gastropods and echinoids appear unaffected. A qualitative assessment of studies on combined effects of ocean acidification and warming revealed that combined effects typically differ from ocean acidification–only effects. Based on a qualitative assessment of three studies to date, neurological interference of GABAA receptors under elevated pCO2 may play a major role in ocean acidification effects on prey defense behaviors; however, more research is needed, and other mechanistic underpinnings are also important to consider. Ultimately, the results of this study suggest that behavioral prey defenses in some shellfish taxa may be vulnerable to ocean acidification, that the effects of ocean acidification are often different under warming scenarios than under present-day temperature scenarios, and that GABAA interference may be an important mechanism underpinning behavioral responses of shellfish prey under ocean acidification. Despite the importance of shellfish behavioral defenses in the ecology and evolution of marine biological communities, however, research to date has only scraped the surface in understanding ocean acidification effects. Increased research efforts on the effects of multiple stressors, acclimation and adaptation, environmental variability, and complex situational and ecological contexts are needed. Studies of fish behavioral defenses under ocean acidification can help streamline hypotheses and experimental approaches, particularly given the similar effects of elevated pCO2 on GABAA function. between predators and their prey constitute an integral part of the ecology and evolution of marine organisms, as well as the structure and function of biological communities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: Firstly, from the perspective of geographical location, relying on the advantages of natural conditions, geographical environment, and transportation, the eastern cities of China are significantly ahead of the central and western regions in the high-end manufacturing, digital infrastructure, production technologies and equipment. As a result, following the release of the smart city pilot policy, the relatively developed eastern cities have further advanced their digital economy and high-end service industries by virtue of their advantages, actively building a green industrial system and effectively promoting haze governance. However, due to their lagging development level, the central and western cities are relatively inferior in attracting the inflow of factors and optimizing the allocation of resources, which may affect the haze suppression effect brought by the smart city pilot policy to a certain extent. Herein, we propose hypothesis H1b: there is regional heterogeneity in the impact of smart city construction on haze pollution, and the inhibition effect on eastern cities is stronger. Secondly, from the perspective of city level, the large and medium-sized cities led by Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou are usually the core of national or regional economic development strategies. Compared with ordinary cities, large cities not only have obvious advantages in many fields such as economic strength, infrastructure, and institutional environment, but also have changed their development goals from pursuing economic growth to achieving high-quality and sustainable economic development. For example, as the political and cultural center of China, Beijing pays more attention to the development of digital information industry and high-end service industries. Some manufacturing enterprises with relatively low resource and environmental efficiency have transferred to the surrounding Hebei Province. Therefore, smart city construction can produce stronger pollution governance effects in large and medium-sized cities. Herein, we propose hypothesis H1c: the construction of smart cities has heterogeneity in different levels of cities, among which the inhibition of haze pollution in large and medium-sized cities is stronger. Thirdly, human capital is the decisive factor in urban development. As a concept for the future development of cities, smart cities put forward higher requirements for high-end, professional, and refined talents. Specifically, the essence of smart city construction is using the new generation of information technology to realize the transformation of urban operation mode. It involves not only the construction of information infrastructure such as 5G communication and network broadband, but also the design of urban service systems such as smart transportation and e-government platform.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: By breaking this neck a vesicle with a laterally homogeneous membrane divides into two spherical daughter vesicles that have the same composition. In the simplest case, the prototype model of vesicle self-reproduction (Božič and Svetina 2004), vesicle growth was assumed to occur due to constant incorporation of new molecules into its membrane causing an exponential increase of its area. Vesicle volume was passively changing due to the flow of water through the membrane dragged by the transmembrane pressure difference. The analysis showed that at the time of the doubling of membrane area and vesicle volume a vesicle can attain the budded twin shape (the shape involving two equal connected spheres) if the condition that relates model parameters assumes a certain fixed value. At smaller values than this a growing vesicle would attain shapes (Peterlin et al. 2009) which cannot lead to its self-reproduction, whereas at higher values the budded shapes obtained would be composed of two unequal spheres. Analogous behavior was predicted also with a generalization of the prototype model that included a membrane permeable solute (Božič and Svetina 2007). The cited models of vesicle self-reproduction identified the requirement for relationships between parameters of the system that balance the growth of the membrane, the increasing of the vesicle volume and the concomitant transformation of the vesicle shape. The nature of these relationships can be particularly well elucidated by the analysis of the prototype model because its four parameters (membrane spontaneous curvature, membrane bending constant, membrane hydraulic permeability and membrane doubling time) symbolize four different aspects of the self-reproducing process. Membrane spontaneous curvature (Helfrich 1973) is a membrane structural property measuring membrane asymmetry which drives the membrane into a definitely curved conformation. It is therefore the determinant of the size of the self-reproducing vesicle. It is also one of the two determinants of vesicle shapes that correspond to the minimum of the membrane bending energy. More strictly, the shape determining parameter is the dimensionless reduced spontaneous curvature, which is proportional to the product of the membrane spontaneous curvature and the square root of its area (Deuling and Helfrich 1976). Because of the growth of the membrane area the reduced spontaneous curvature during the self-reproduction process is constantly increasing.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. # factual [SEP] Text: 2013) and the burrowing behavior of the softshell clam Mya arenaria (Clements et al. 2017). Similarly, hypoxia has been documented to reduce the burrowing capacity of the infaunal clam Macoma balthica (Tallqvist 2001). Consequently, behavioral prey defenses (along with a swath of other behaviors) are vulnerable to a changing marine environment (Wong & Candolin 2015), and behavioral alterations brought about by environmental change in the global ocean have the potential to influence entire marine ecosystems (Nagelkerken & Munday 2016). One marine global change stressor that has received much attention over the past 15 y is ocean acidification—the alteration of seawater carbonate chemistry resulting from the absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 by the oceans (Doney et al. 2009, Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2014). Research investigating the impacts of ocean acidification on marine life has primarily focused on calcifying marine organisms, in large part because of the anticipated vulnerability of the calcification process to changes in seawater pH (Orr et al. 2005, Ries et al. 2009, Kroeker et al. 2010, 2013). Recent evidence, however, suggests that ocean acidification can also have drastic effects on the behavior of marine organisms (see reviews by Briffa et al. 2012, Clements & Hunt 2015). Thus, although the vulnerability of morphological defenses such as shell has been relatively well studied, less is known of the impacts of ocean acidification on shellfish behavioral defenses (see Fig. 2 in Kroeker et al. 2014). In this 0. 66, P < 0. 001; Fig. 1), but not exposure time (r = –0. 11, P = 0. 377) or sample size (r = 0. 16, P = 0. 219); therefore, pCO2 offset, but not exposure time or sample size, was included in the AIC models as a continuous predictor variable. Predictor variables were not significantly correlated (r < 0. 36 for all pairwise correlations) with the exception of phylum and class (r = 0. 93); therefore, models including both phylum and class as predictor variables were excluded from AIC selection. A “null” model (i. e. , model with no fixed predictor variables and only a random factor of measurement nested within study) was also included in AIC selection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: The above-mentioned cannot be separated from the participation of high-end and professional talents, and the laborer with lower education level is difficult to master new digital technology in a short time. Therefore, the smart city pilot can better promote haze governance in cities with higher talent agglomeration level. Herein, we propose hypothesis H1d: in cities with high talent agglomeration, smart city construction will have a stronger inhibition effect on haze pollution. Finally, smart cities can collect and monitor the key information of urban planning, design, construction, management, and operation timely through the Internet of Things technology. It can also use cloud computing and supercomputers to analyze and integrate the above big data resources, to realize the precise and efficient allocation of urban resources, and ultimately create an intelligent urban governance and operation mode. This shows that the deep interconnection and intelligent application of smart cities cannot be separated from the popularization, penetration, and diffusion of new generation information technologies such as the Internet of Things and cloud computing in cities. Therefore, only when the city's information infrastructure is relatively well built and the level of intelligence reaches a certain level, can it supply a practical guarantee for the construction of smart cities to reduce the haze pollution. Herein, we propose hypothesis H1e: in cities with a higher level of intelligence, smart city construction can have a stronger inhibiting effect on haze pollution. 2. 1. 2 The indirect impact of smart city pilot on haze pollution (1) Technological innovation Although related researches have demonstrated the innovative effect of smart city construction, the impact on traditional innovation models is neglected. This section will respectively examine the indirect impact of smart city construction on reducing haze pollution from three perspectives: building a multi-subject collaborative innovation model, strengthening regional cooperation and innovation, and improving green innovation capacity. Firstly, technological innovation activities are not the simple addition of innovative subjects or the random accumulation of innovative resources, but requires the joint action of various innovative subjects and relevant elements. In general, innovation can be seen as intellectual achievements obtained through information exchange, so its generation depends to the frequency of communication among innovative subjects such as industry, university, and institution (Marjolein et al. , 2001).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Consequently the rate of growth of membrane area must be related to the change of the reduced spontaneous curvature from its value for the initial sphere to its value of the final budded shape. The remaining two parameters of the model, membrane bending constant and hydraulic permeability, influence vesicle shape by affecting the reduced vesicle volume defined as the ratio between vesicle volume and the maximum vesicle volume at a given membrane area, which is the second shape defining parameter. The values of membrane bending constant and hydraulic permeability must be such that the doubling time defined by the rate of the growth of the membrane area is matched also with the time needed for the doubling of the vesicle volume. In the prototype model both of the described requirements are united into a single relationship between the four model parameters. In the model with the included solute the simple relationship between model parameters is replaced by a set of two equations. The analyses described strongly indicated that vesicle self-reproduction is an evolutionary process which includes the elements of the Darwinian selection. However, full acceptance of this idea requires further experimental and theoretical verification. In the following we shall state some related open problems and indicate some possible ways to resolve them. Although vesicle shape behaviour is an emergent property of membranous systems and thus does not depend essentially on the type of amphiphilic molecules that have constituted different primordial membranes, it is still of interest to ask what kind of molecules could have been responsible for the generation of their spontaneous curvature. Membrane spontaneous curvature can be expressed in terms of the intrinsic shapes of membrane constituting lipids as well as of molecules which are intercalated into the membrane or bound to its surface (Kovačič et al. 2010). A possible origin of membrane spontaneous curvature is the asymmetric binding of dissolved molecules to the two leaflets of a bilayer membrane. These molecules could have been small peptides that bound only to the outer layer of the bilayer membranes. Such a prebiotic situation is appealing because it could have led to the development of the membrane catalyzed metabolic processes, and then potentially also to the formation of pore forming peptides and eventually to curvature forming proteins (McMahon and Gallop 2005). Another still unresolved vesicle problem concerns the mechanism of breaking the neck that connects the two spherical parts of the budded shape.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Ocean acidification results from excess CO₂, impacting coral and shellfish populations. [SEP] Text: Studies on bivalves, gastropods, and echinoids spanned across the larval, juvenile, and adult life stages of these organisms, whereas studies on juvenile cephalopods were absent, and studies on malacostracan crustaceans have been restricted to adults (Fig. 2B). A total of 19 studies assessed the effect of ocean acidification on the behavioral defenses of adult prey, whereas five and six studies tested such effects in juveniles and larvae, respectively (see Fig. 1B for life stage percentages for each taxonomic class). Importantly, only 15% of the studies (n = 5 of 34) included predator cues in their experiments testing for effects of ocean acidification on prey defense behaviors. Thus, most behaviors, although relevant to prey defense, were measured in the absence of predator cues. Seven studies reported strictly negative (i. e. , all experiments finding a significant negative effect of ocean acidification) functional effects of ocean acidification on behavioral prey defenses (n = 5 bivalve + 2 gastropod studies), whereas four studies reported strictly positive effects (n = 2 cephalopod + 2 gastropod studies) (Fig. 2B). Null responses to ocean acidification were observed in 15 studies; n = 6 gastropod + 6 echinoderm + 3 malacostracan studies) (Fig. 2B). Six studies on molluscan taxa reported mixed responses to ocean acidification (n = 2 bivalve + 1 cephalopod + 3 gastropod studies) (Fig. 2B). A META--Analysis ResultsEffects of ocean acidification on shellfish behavioral defenses were predominantly driven by pCO2 offset, taxa, and life stage. When all pCO2 conditions were considered, AIC model selection revealed the model including pCO2 offset + class + life stage as the “best” model (Table 2). This model explained 59% (R2 = 0. 59) of the variance in individual effect sizes. A second model including pCO2 offset + life stage could not be excluded (delta AIC = 1. 75) and explained 58% (R2 = 0. 58). When only near-future pCO2 anomalies where considered, a number of candidate models (i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities can completely eliminate traffic and pollution issues. [SEP] Text: On the one hand, in the process of smart city construction, the various information sharing platforms and industrial innovation bases will significantly reduce the cost of acquiring knowledge and information for innovative subjects, facilitating the joint participation of different subjects in innovative activities, effectively increasing the enthusiasm and vitality of innovative subjects such as enterprises, universities and institutions, ultimately generating sustainable innovation and development momentum. On the other hand, with the improvement of "new infrastructure" such as 5G and artificial intelligence, it will help all kinds of innovative subjects to select appropriate partners and investigate the professional capabilities of the target more precisely, which will virtually strengthen the cooperation between enterprises and research departments, and ultimately stimulate the enthusiasm of multiple innovative subjects to participate in joint R&D and collaborative innovation. It has been well demonstrated that technological innovation can effectively improve environmental pollution, compared to the traditional innovative model of "each subject working alone". The industry-university-institution collaboratively innovative model can avoid the duplication of research and development, save innovation costs, and exert their respective advantages. In general, collaborative innovation can better contribute to regional haze governance by strengthening joint research and development of core technologies in areas related to energy conservation and consumption reduction. Herein, we propose hypothesis H2a: smart city construction can indirectly improve urban haze pollution by enhancing the collaborative innovation capacity of industry, university, and institution. Secondly, with the advent of the digital economy, innovative activities will show a stronger openness. As an important application scenario of digital economy, smart cities have obvious characteristics of intelligence and digitalization. The rapid development of artificial intelligence will break the time and space constraints faced by traditional innovative activities and provide practical possibilities for cooperative innovative activities between different regions (cities). As there are significant differences in the innovation base and R&D capabilities of different cities, it is inevitable to consider the adaptability of each other when selecting partners. Smart city construction can help regions find the best partners and deal with the potential risks in the process of cooperative innovation through big data analysis, effectively enhancing the intensity of cooperation and innovation among different regions. With the increase of cross-regional cooperation and innovation, regions with relatively strong innovation capacity can accelerate the marketization process of R&D achievements through the spillover effect of technology. Meanwhile, regions with relatively weak innovation foundation can absorb the latest research results of developed regions in basic research and fill their own gaps in the process of cooperative innovation more conveniently and timely (Gomber et al. , 2018).

Output: contrast