Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Social support and acceptance remain integral to mental health of TGDY, with a fundamental emphasis on parental acceptance. Multiple studies have shown lack of parental support as a predictor for increased depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and homelessness among TGDY (Pariseau et al. , 2019; Russell et al. , 2018). Moreover, gender-affirming hormones have been shown as an important factor in decreasing rates of depression for both transmasculine and transfeminine youth (Achille et al. , 2020; Allen et al. , 2019), though many TGDY do not have access to affirming health care (Bauer et al. , 2009; Merkel, 2017). TGDY minors require legal permissions from a parent or guardian to receive hormone treatments, which signifies that many youth are unable to access this care when they lack parental support. According to research, TGDY cope with these stressors in a variety of ways. Resilience they develop may be based on positive social connections with others as well as a strong connection to self (Singh et al. , 2014). Singh et al. (2014) found five themes of resilience among TGDY, namely “(a) ability to self-define and theorize one’s gender, (b) proactive agency and access to supportive educational systems, (c) connection to a trans-affirming community, (d) reframing of mental health challenges, and (e) navigation of relationships with family and friends” (p. 211). Those with access to trans-affirming community have greater support as they simultaneously navigate less supportive relationships (Singh et al. , 2014). Another study found six coping strategies among TGDY, namely “and Active Engagement” (Budge et al. , 2018, p. 3048). These youth and young adults utilize whatever tools are accessible to them to cope with challenging circumstances. Those with supportive individual relationships and resources around them appeared to have greater access to these six coping strategies to help manage their stressors (Budge et al. , 2018). In the challenging circumstance of self-exploration, transition, and gender development, access to mindfulness programs could be an especially helpful tool for TGDY. Kabat-Zinn (2005), one of the leaders in the field, defines mindfulness as “moment-to-moment, non-judgmental awareness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: NIH3T3 or HEK293 cells were plated 18 to 24 hours prior to transfection, then transfected using Reagent (Qiagen, Mississauga, ON) according to the manufacturer's instructions. For the luciferase assays, a total of 0. 4 μg of appropriate combination of plasmid DNA and 5 ng of pRL-TK Renilla luciferase control plasmid were diluted in 60 μL of DMEM. One μL of Attractene was added to the diluted DNA and mixed by light tapping. When required, vector plasmids without cDNA inserts were co-transfected in order to keep the total amount of plasmid constant across all transfections. The resulting mixtures were incubated for 15 min. at room temperature. The appropriate plasmid combinations were added drop-wise onto the cells and the plates swirled to evenly distribute the mixture. The plates were then incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 18 to 24 hours before recovering cell lysates for immunoblotting or luciferase assays. Alternatively, cells were plated into 6 well dishes with coverslips, transfected, then the coverslips were processed for immunohistochemistry. Protein half-life was measured by treating cells with 100 μg/ml cycloheximide (Sigma-Aldrich). Cell lysates were then collected and immunoblotting was used to detect and quantify protein levels, which were then plotted versus the collection times. Co-immunoprecipitations, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting were used to separate and visualize proteins, essentially as described [31]. Decay curves were fit to the data points, and the half-life of each recombinant protein determined using the equation of the line. Immunoblot analysis was performed using and protein quantities were calculated as a ratio of the pixel intensity from the protein of interest to that of γ-tubulin. Dual luciferase assays Dual luciferase assays were performed using the kit (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI). Relative luciferase activity was assayed as previously described using a TD-20/20 Luminometer (Turner Designs, Sunnyvale, CA) and normalized to an internal Renilla luciferase control [31].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Cet accroissement de la concentration de N est partiellement attribuable à la fumure et en partie à l’utilisation plus efficace et au recyclage de l’azote nitrique du sous-sol par les racines des végétaux et les résidus de culture. Au bout de 10 ans, les rotations continues bien fertilisées affichent une teneur en C 13% plus élevée que les rotations à jachère et la monoculture de blé ne recevant que du P. Dans les 7,5 premiers centimètres de sol pour les quatre rotations étudiées en détail, la numération bactérienne est la plus faible en jachère-blé, intermédiaire en jachère-blé-blé, plus élevée en monoculture de blé recevant du N et du P, et la plus forte en monoculture de blé ne recevant que du P. De même, les teneurs en C, N et C/N de la biomasse microbienne de ces quatre rotations sont de 180, 226, 217 et 357 kg/ha, de 52, 65, 54 et 72 kg/ha et de 3,4, 3,5, 4,1 et 5,1 respectivement. Les différences observées dans le C/N de la biomasse, les taux de respiration et la numération de bactéries, d’actinomycètes et de levures témoignent de l’existence de variations quantitatives et qualitatives de la population microbienne et rendent compte de l’allongement de la période de rotation et des différences dans la fertilité des sols. La teneur en N minéralisable (No) est de 192 kg/ha pour la monoculture de blé suffisamment amendée et dépasse de 45, 17 et 25% celles en jachère-blé, en jachère-blé-blé et en monoculture ne recevant que du P respectivement.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: It is cultivated attention in a particular way, namely, on purpose in the present moment—and, I emphasize, non-judgmentally” (p. 60). Given that transgender youth face considerable transphobia and societal discrimination, the focus on non-judgmental awareness seems especially appropriate (Salvati & Chiorri, 2021). Though individuals are capable of this present-moment attention, it is also a difficult skill that requires practice. Mindfulness meditation involves continually bringing one’s attention to the present moment or a neutral object (i. e. , breath) repeatedly for a specific period of time (Carrera, 2006; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012). Through continued practice, it takes less effort to bring awareness back to the technique and, therefore, more time is gradually spent with the mind on the objects of focus rather than mental proliferation. Over time, the meditator may experience an increase in clarity, equanimity, and presence (Grossman et al. , 2004; Kabat-Zinn, 2005). The experience of trauma and lack of support, coupled with incomplete healing or integration, can lead to mental biases that distort one’s processing of experiences toward negative beliefs about the self (Iacono, 2019; Siegel, 2009). The strength of those beliefs increases over time and repetition, sometimes intensifying this process into rumination and a sense of self based on those negative beliefs (Goleman, 1985). Ruminative behavior restricts one’s ability to perceive novel events neutrally, instead using them to continually strengthen the negative self-scripts (Vago & Silbersweig, 2012). Anxiety is another response to stimuli that can become habitual if repeated enough (Siegel, 2009; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012). Anxiety narrows the range of awareness, often focusing on a threat or potential threat. Thoughts of the threat may intrude even when an individual is seeking to focus on other things or the present moment (Goleman, 1985). These intrusive thoughts proliferate, bringing up past memories and limiting the awareness of nonthreatening stimuli. The attention focused on threats creates a stress response in the brain, which then further focuses the attention on threats, continuing the cycle (Goleman, 1985; Siegel, 2009).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: were plated on coverslips in a 6-well plate and transfected. The next day, the cells were washed with PBS, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, then washed three times in PBS with 0. 05% Triton-X (PBSX). Nonspecific antibody binding was blocked with 2% () for 15 min. The coverslips were then incubated with the appropriate primary antibodies for 1 hour at room temperature, washed twice with PBSX, incubated for 1 hour with the appropriate fluorescently tagged secondary antibody, washed twice in PBSX. Hoechst 33342 was added to stain nucleic acids, the coverslips were washed again in PBSX, then were mounted on glass slides. Triple fluorescence images were acquired then processed in ImageJ64 (imagej. nih. gov/ij) and analyzed using the PlotProfile function for nuclear-cytoplasmic subcellular localization and signal overlap. Linescan diagrams from individual representative co-transfected cells are shown, with the Hoechst fluorescence in blue. Statistical analysis Luciferase assays were performed in triplicate, with one representative set shown in Figure 1. Values indicating the mean +/- the standard error of the mean and compared between assays for significance at p < 0. 05 using the Student t-test. Values obtained from counts of cells with predominantly nuclear or predominantly cytoplasmic localization of various proteins were analyzed for differences using a Fisher exact test. Figure 1 Magel2 represses Clock:Bmal1-mediated transcription at an E-box promoter. Dual luciferase transcription assays following transfection of NIH3T3 cells with the mPer2:luc reporter plasmid and a renilla internal control plasmid, together with combinations of expression plasmids variously encoding epitope-tagged Clock, Bmal1, Magel2, Cry1, and Per2 proteins. Data are normalized to the baseline activity of the normalized mPer2:luc reporter. A * indicates a significant difference from the baseline mPer2:luc activity, and a # indicates a significant repression compared to Bmal1:Clock-mediated activation (p < 0. 05). These results represent one of three experiments completed in triplicate. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Soil microbial populations and activities as influenced by legume green fallow in a semiarid climate Go to 42. of to 43. Management for Productivity in Rice-Systems in the to 44. Bound amino acids in humic acids from arable cropping systems Go to 45. Rates by Tillage and Go to 46. Microbial activity, nutrient dynamics and litter decomposition in a Mountain pine forest as affected by N and P fertilizers Go to 47. Potential of Forages to Systems in the to 48. Influence of irrigation with lagooned urban wastewater on chemical and microbiological soil parameters in a citrus orchard under Mediterranean condition Go to 49. Changes during Conversion from to Go to 50. Nitrogen cycling under different soil management systems Go to 51. by Go to 52. Influence of on Mineralization of Go to 53. Minimum available N requirement for microbial biomass P formation in a regosol Go to 54. Les variations au champ de la biomasse microbienne d'un sol cultivé: conséquences sur la réserve organique mobilisable (cas d'un sol ferrugineux tropical au Sénégal) Go to 55. Cellulolytic population dynamics in a vertic soil under three tillage systems in the of to 56. Characteristics of the soil microbial biomass in soils from a long-term field experiment with different levels of C input Go to 57. Soil quality attributes as influenced by annual legumes used as green manure Go to 58. Degradation of 2,4-D and fluometuron in cover crop residues Go to 59. Long-term effects of tillage and fallow-frequency on soil quality attributes in a clay soil in semiarid southwestern saskatchewan Go to 60. Soil quality—Effect of tillage and fallow frequency. Soil organic matter quality as influenced by tillage and fallow frequency in a silt loam in southwestern to 61. Promotive and inhibitory effects of rice straw and cellulose application on rice plant growth in pot and field experiments Go to 62. 63. 64. Impact of crop rotations on microbial biomass, faunal populations, and plant C and N in a (Typic Cryoboralf) Go to 65. A biologically based indicator of soil quality Go to 66.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: In a society that consistently reflects rejection toward or ignorance of TGDY, that rejection often becomes internalized (Budge et al. , 2013; Miller & Grollman, 2015). Similar to internalized racism or homophobia, internalized transphobia can assimilate into daily experience for many transgender people. This can lead to increased rumination and anxiety, as several studies have shown (Li et al. , 2019; Salvati, & Chiorri, 2021). By increasing the control of attention through mindfulness meditation practices, depressive and anxious symptoms of negative self-thoughts, ruminative tendencies, and worries may be reduced (Schreiner & Malcolm, 2008; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012). Practitioners may learn to re-focus the mind to the present moment, where the non-judgmental perspective may allow them to attend to and accept emotions and physical sensations (Schreiner & Malcolm, 2008). This process has the potential to change the synapses in the brain into new neural pathways (Siegel, 2009). This practice may also translate to greater presence and openness to new events, with the ability to take them in as neutral rather than the old negative self-scripts. Vago and Silbersweig (2012) proposed that “mindfulness acts as the master self-regulatory mechanism for de-coupling and efficiently integrating experiential and NS [narrative self] modes of processing with the potential to transform the reified self from maladaptive trajectories into more positive, adaptive trajectories” (p. 20). This process works to such a great extent that even fear can be extinguished through meditation (Carrera, 2006; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012). By utilizing the effectiveness of mindfulness interventions, it may be possible to undo at least some of the damage caused by homophobia and transphobia that has been internalized (Salvati & Chiorri, 2021). Mindfulness-based interventions have been gaining popularity in the USA in the past several decades, including specific interventions for the LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) and youth communities (Zack et al. , 2014; Sun et al. , 2021). Two studies specifically showed that dispositional mindfulness buffered minority stress for sexual minorities and decreased internalized stigma (Li et al. , 2019; Salvati & Chiorri, 2021).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: In the reciprocal experiment, immunoprecipitation of Xpress-Magel2 also co-immunoprecipitated HA-Bmal1. Likewise, we co-transfected pXpress-Magel2 and pV5-Per2 into HEK293 cells, and detected interactions by co-immunoprecipitation (Figure 2B). In this case, in an immununoprecipitation with anti-V5, Xpress Magel2 was only detected in the presence of co-expressed V5-Per2. While we did detect V5-Per2 when we immunoprecipitated Xpress-Magel2, there was also some immunoprecipitation of V5-Per2 in the absence of Xpress-Magel2, which we interpret as nonspecific binding of V5-Per2 to the protein G beads used in the assay. Figure 2 Magel2 interacts with Bmal1 and Per2. A) HEK293 cells were transfected with expression plasmids encoding HA-Bmal1, Xpress-Magel2, or both constructs. Five percent of the volume of cell lysate used for immunoprecipitation was immunoblotted to confirm the presence of HA-Bmal1 and Xpress-Magel2 protein in the appropriate input samples (top). The protein complexes were immunoprecipitated with anti-HA or anti-Xpress antibodies, and the immunoprecipitates detected by immunoblotting with antibodies directed against the reciprocal epitope tag (bottom). B) HEK293 cells were transfected with expression plasmids encoding V5-Per2, Xpress-Magel2, or both constructs. Five percent of the volume of cell lysate used for immunoprecipitation was immunoblotted to confirm the presence of Xpress-Magel2 and V5-Per2 protein in the appropriate input samples (top). The protein complexes were immunoprecipitated with anti-V5 or anti-Xpress antibodies, and the immunoprecipitates detected by immunoblotting with antibodies directed against the reciprocal epitope tag (bottom). The co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that Magel2 can physically interact with Bmal1, and likely also with Per2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: SOM regulates critical soil functions, such as nutrient cycling, and shapes a soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties (Carter 2002). Integrating soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties into a single metric or score to describe a soil's health is becoming increasingly common to evaluate management practices (et al. 2021). Soil health is defined by Doran et al. (1996) as the capacity of a soil to function within ecosystems and land-use boundaries to sustain biological productivity, environmental quality, and plant and animal health. Though soil health is inherently a metaphor (Janzen et al. 2021), soil health scores track and integrate management-induced changes in soil properties linked to soil functions and ecosystem services (Bünemann et al. 2018). One key attribute of soil health is SOM (e. g. , Seybold et al. 1997), and its measurement is included in many of the commercially available soil health tests, such as the (Idowu et al. 2008). Though measurement of SOM is straightforward, it can be difficult to assess its status and response to management practices because of the large spatial variability in its distribution (Gregorich et al. 1994). Organic matter levels in the soil are ultimately determined by environmental factors, such as climate, and inherent soil properties, such as texture. However, land management practices, such as tillage and crop rotation, can alter the amount of SOM stored in the soil by altering the balance of inputs (i. e. , quantity and quality of organic matter added to the soil) and outputs (i. e. , rate of decomposition of organic matter and leaching) to the system. A change in SOM that occurs in response to management practices is small relative to the large background pool of organic matter in the soil, which makes it difficult to quantify (e. g. , Entry et al. 1996; Nelson et al. 2009). Detecting change in SOM in response to management may be enhanced by measuring attributes of SOM that are responsive to changes in the rate of inputs or outputs of organic matter, such as particulate organic matter (e. g. , Gosling et al. 2013). In addition to being a primary attribute of soil health, SOM is also the largest global terrestrial reservoir of organic carbon (Powlson 2005), and changes in SOM stores have the potential to alter CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere (Amelung et al. 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Other studies have found mindfulness to be effective in reducing the mental health impact of discrimination and victimization among gay male youth and adults (Lyons, 2016; Toomey & Anhalt, 2016). Furthermore, self-compassion and acceptance after practicing mindfulness techniques have been shown to increase well-being in gender and sexual minority individuals (Beard et al. , 2017; Pachankis, 2016). Promising research on mindfulness-based interventions for youth is also increasing (Zack et al. , 2014; Zoogman et al. , 2015). Interventions and studies have begun using mindfulness to help youth in dealing with various challenges such as homelessness, ADHD, living with HIV, autism spectrum, and LGBTQ youth (Black et al. , 2009; Zoogman et al. , 2015). Though this field is still early in its development, several large reviews found general positive results from a wide array of recent mindfulness interventions for youth (Zack et al. , 2014; Zoogman et al. , 2015). Results included symptom reduction of anxiety and depression, decreased rumination, and emotion regulation, as well as a greater effect size when treating youth with current symptoms of psychopathology and greater for clinical samples compared to non-clinical samples (Zack et al. , 2014; Zoogman et al. , 2015). Zoogman et al. (2015) also noted that although the dissemination of mindfulness has broadened in the last few decades, youth with more psychological symptoms are still less likely to have access to these practices. This study aimed to further explore the use of mindfulness programs, specifically within the TGDY population. We assessed TGDY interest in and current utilization of mindfulness and meditation techniques; their experience of three short, guided group meditation practices; and their ideas about how mindfulness and meditation interventions could be designed specifically for the TGDY population. The goal of this study was to help inform culturally relevant adaptations of mindfulness for this community. MethodParticipantsYouth and young adults were approached for research study participation through a large, urban, transgender youth health center. Participants were screened to ensure that they met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria were as follows: 14–24 years old; identify as transgender, gender non-binary, or a gender different than the sex they were assigned at birth; and speak and understand English.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: We next examined whether Magel2 co-localized with either protein in transfected cells, by immunofluorescence (Figure 3). We acquired fluorescence images of co-transfected individual cells, using Hoechst staining to visualize the nucleus. We then converted the images to RGB stacks and plotted the fluorescence intensity in lines drawn across individual cells. Fluorescence intensities were acquired in three channels, plotted, and visually examined for overlap in the profiles. The profile of Magel2 fluorescence most resembled that of Clock, with overlapping signals in the cytoplasm in most cells, but also in the nucleus in some cells (e. g. right hand profile in Figure 3A, Magel2/Clock). In about half the cells in which Magel2 and Bmal1 were co-expressed, the fluorescence overlapped in the cytoplasm but overlap was not seen in the nucleus (Figure 3B). We also detected overlapping profiles for Magel2 and Per2, in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, in some but not all cells (Figure 3C). Lastly, there was no evidence of overlapping profiles in cells co-transfected with Magel2 and Cry1 (Figure 3D). Figure 3 Subcellular localization of circadian proteins in the presence of Magel2. pXpressMagel2 and plasmids encoding other epitope-tagged circadian proteins (A, Clock, B, Bmal1, C, Per2, and D, Cry1) were detected in co-transfected NIH3T3 cells by immunofluorescence. Plots of fluorescence intensity were generated to assess overlap between the immunofluorescence signals from each protein within transfected cells, which were also stained with Hoechst 33342 to label the nucleus. Subcellular localization of Bmal1 is altered on co-expression of Magel2 Bmal1 is regulated by post-translational modifications that alter its stability and subcellular localization. A previous study showed that Bmal1 is predominantly located within the nucleus whether transfected alone or with Clock [36]. We transfected NIH3T3 cells plated on coverslips with various combinations of constructs encoding either epitope-tagged circadian proteins or the empty vector control plasmid, then detected the proteins by immunofluorescence.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: In Elora, the crop rotation of continuous alfalfa had the smallest deficit, followed by maize in rotation with alfalfa. Maize in rotation with soybean had the largest deficit at this site. Growing alfalfa continuously has been shown to increase both aboveground and belowground C inputs, which contribute to an accumulation of SOC compared to more diverse rotations (Li et al. 2019; King et al. 2019). Alfalfa, either as a monoculture or as part of a rotation, has also been shown to promote aggregate mean weight diameter (King et al. 2019). Meyer-Aurich et al. (2006) reported higher carbon storage in crop rotations of maize and alfalfa in Elora; the lowest soil carbon levels were in the soybean–maize rotation, which is consistent with our findings and those previously reported (Chahal et al. 2021). In Ridgetown, rotations of continuous soybean and soybean in rotation with maize and winter wheat had significantly larger deficits compared to the other crop rotation systems under conventional tillage. Maize in rotation with soybean had the smallest deficit of any rotation under conventional tillage and the largest deficit of any rotation under no tillage. This may be attributable to higher yields and rates of residue return under conventional tillage, but the yield data across tillage systems did not differ (Janovicek et al. 2021; Gaudin et al. 2015b). There was no effect of crop rotation in Delhi or Ottawa, which may be related to soil texture; i. e. , both Delhi and Ottawa have coarser textured soils and a climate that promotes more rapid cycling of organic matter inputs (Congreves et al. 2014), which may negate a rotation effect. While the small carbon deficits in perennial systems (i. e. , alfalfa and alfalfa rotated with maize) were expected (Jarecki et al. 2018; King and Blech 2018; King et al. 2019), we anticipated that diverse crop rotations would have the smallest carbon deficits (Drinkwater et al. 1998; West and Post 2002; Congreves et al. 2014). Rotating crops is known to reduce insect and disease pressure, helping to increase yields, which leads to greater residue biomass and soil carbon input (Drury and Tan 1995).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Efforts were made to recruit a diverse sample based on race, gender identity, and age to increase understanding across different identities. Participants were remunerated with a $50 gift card upon completion of the focus group, as well as snacks and transportation assistance when needed. The amount of remuneration was selected to compensate for their time without being coercive, at slightly above minimum wage for 3-h focus group participation. The goal for focus group size was based on Krueger’s (1994) recommendation that it range from 4 to 12 participants in order to “be small enough for everyone to have opportunity to share insights and yet large enough to provide diversity of perceptions” (p. 17). Focus groups were divided based on age, where one group included TGDY ages 14–17 years old and the other for ages 18–24 years old. Developmental differences can be profound in these two age groups, so our aim was to capture these varied perspectives (Black et al. , 2009). The focus group for ages 18–24 filled up quickly, with about 40–50% of those approached through the transgender youth health center wanting to participate. The focus group for ages 14–17 proved much more difficult, due to additional barriers of transportation and more rigid school and extracurricular schedules. Some of the focus group participants had previous relationships with the principal investigator and focus group co-facilitator at the health center, while others did not. 1 for participant self-identified demographics. Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of participantsFull size tableProcedureTwo focus groups were completed with TGDY people to better understand their interest in and opinions about meditation intervention designs. Focus group methodology enables careful listening and feedback during the design stage of new projects to best meet the needs of participants when implemented (Krueger, 1994; Wilkinson, 1998). Rather than create an intervention by transgender adults for youth, focus groups allowed us to use a community-based participatory research model by including youth and young adult expertise in the design of the final project (Horowitz et al. , 2009). Specifically, our goal was to encourage their participation in a short, guided meditation during the focus group, record their reactions, and obtain their recommendations for future programs. Furthermore, we chose the methodology of focus groups because it allowed us to gather and pull together this often-isolated population.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: B) Localization of Clock when expressed alone (C), expressed with Bmal1 (CB), expressed with Magel2 (CM) or expressed with Clock and Magel2 (CBM). C) Localization of Bmal1 when expressed alone (B), expressed with Clock (BC), expressed with Magel2 (BM) or expressed with Clock and Magel2 (BCM). Stability of proteins in the presence of Magel2 MAGE proteins interact with RING-domain proteins associated with E3 ligase complexes to modulate proteasomal degradation of specific target proteins. We therefore tested whether expression of varying amounts of Magel2 had any effect on the abundance of co-expressed proteins with which it can interact, including Bmal1 and Per2, in the presence or absence of their heterodimerization partners Clock (for Bmal1) or Cry1 (for Per2). We co-transfected cells with increasing amount of pXpress-Magel2 and a constant amount of pHA-Bmal1, keeping the total amount of plasmid constant with the appropriate empty expression construct backbone. We then immunoblotted separately with anti-HA antibodies to detect Bmal1, and with anti-Xpress antibodies to detect Magel2. We repeated this experiment adding a constant amount of pmyc-Clock, to determine whether any change in stability required the presence of this heterodimerization partner. Similarly, we co-transfected pXpress-Magel2 and pV5-Per2, with or without pV5-Cry1, and quantified these proteins on immunoblots. We also performed experiments using the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide to measure the half-life of these various circadian proteins in the presence or absence of Magel2. We found no evidence for any influence of Magel2 on the stability or abundance of circadian proteins in these co-transfection experiments (data not shown). mammalian circadian clock oscillates in a robust, self-sufficient manner. At least two transcription/translation/post-translation feedback loops defend the circadian cycle against random perturbations, while allowing outside stimuli to entrain and tune the oscillator to adapt to environmental changes. Mutations in circadian genes can lead to mistiming of circadian rhythm, disrupting physiological processes such as sleep, metabolism, and endocrine function.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Towards a minimum data set to assess soil organic matter quality in agricultural soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 7: 367–385. Crossref2006. Chemical and biological characteristics of physically uncomplexed organic matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70: 975–985. Crossref2009. Using a sequential density and p267. Crossref1997. The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt p87. Crossref2008. Farmer-orientated assessment of soil quality using field laboratory, and VNIR spectroscopy methods. Plant Soil, 307: 243–253. Crossref2021. Corn and soybean yields and returns are greater in rotations with wheat. Agron. J. 113(2): 1691–1711. Crossref2021. The ‘soil health’ metaphor: Illuminating or illusory? . Soil Biol. Biochem. 159: 108167. Crossref2018. Long-term trends in corn yields and soil carbon under diversified crop rotations. J. Environ. Qual. 7: 635–643. Crossref2018. Crop rotations for increased soil carbon: perenniality as a guiding principle. Ecol. Appl. 28: 249–261. CrossrefPubMed2019. Quantifying the relationships between soil fraction mass, fraction carbon, and total soil carbon to assess mechanisms of physical protection. Soil Biol. Biochem. 135: 95–107. Crossref2004. Agricultural activities and the global carbon cycle. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst. 70: 103–116. Crossref2019. Alfalfa monocultures promote soil organic carbon accumulation to a greater extent than perennial grass monocultures or grass-alfalfa mixtures. Ecological Engineering, 131: 53–62. Crossref2022. An evaluation of carbon indicators of soil health in long-term agricultural experiments. Soil Biol. Biochem. 172: 108708. Crossref2006. Cost efficient rotation and tillage options to sequester carbon and mitigate GHG emissions from agriculture in eastern Canada. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 117: 119–127. Crossref2018. Tillage and crop rotation effects on the yield of corn, soybean and wheat in eastern Canada. Can.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: The group environment likely invited more sharing of ideas from participants rather than individual interviews, especially when the leaders of the focus groups are also trans-identified. This marginalized population faces a great deal of discrimination from many directions and so may especially benefit from being in a group of like-minded peers (Grant et al. , 2011). The supportive group environment may have given participants more power to voice their opinions (Wilkinson, 1998). Additionally, the topic of meditation may not be frequently thought about by trans youth, so the focus group format may have helped to encourage new thoughts. Moreover, a depth liberation psychological lens was used to deepen this exploratory study. Watkins and Shulman (2008) describe liberation psychology as “identifying, supporting, and nurturing the psychological attempts of individuals and groups alike to re-author their own sense of identity” (p. 5). Liberation psychology strategies were applied by inviting community member expertise through these focus groups early into the intervention development process (Watkins & Shulman, 2008). The research investigator and focus group co-facilitator both identify as transgender and are part of this community as well. Both have personally experienced great benefit from using meditation to help with the anxiety and depression that often stem from transitioning genders in a transphobic society. We have included our own reflexivity process in this study to disclose how we have influenced this research and have been influenced by it. Both focus groups were completed in the winter of 2019 at the large, urban transgender youth health center where the participants were recruited and the research investigator and focus group co-facilitator were then employed. Before beginning the focus groups, participants age 18 years and over received the IRB-approved informed consent form and gave verbal consent. Participants age 14–17 years old and their parent or guardian received the IRB-approved informed consent form, and verbal consent was obtained by both before completing any study procedures. No participant was coerced into participating, and they were made very aware that participation would not affect the services they received at the health clinic. Consent was given verbally to protect participants’ confidentiality, as the study contains no other links to participants’ identification. The focus groups were audio-recorded to enable thorough and precise analysis (Krueger, 1994). The focus group procedure was semistructured for both groups, where facilitators steered the focus groups with a limited number of predetermined questions in an IRB-approved interview guide.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: It has proven challenging to integrate these novel components into the molecular circuitry that drives the rhythm, particularly for proteins whose function is poorly understood. As Magel2 is not expressed in the mouse liver, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, or in many cultured cell lines typically used for studies of circadian proteins, our study was limited to the examination of heterologously expressed epitope-tagged proteins. Further molecular characterization of Magel2 in circadian pathways, and continued analysis of circadian defects in the Magel2-null mouse strain will elucidate the contribution of this enigmatic protein to mammalian circadian rhythm. In particular, it will be important to determine whether Magel2 co-localizes with circadian proteins in SCN neurons, and whether the loss of the endogenous Magel2 protein affects the activity of the Clock:Per2 heterodimer in SCN neurons, to elucidate the role of Magel2 in the intrinsic circadian rhythm versus its potential developmental role in the hypothalamus. These studies will also add to our understanding of the role of normal circadian rhythm in human health, and the etiology of circadian rhythm dysfunction in human genetic disorders such as Prader-Willi syndrome. List of abbreviations bHLH: basic helix-loop-helix; CS: calf serum; CT: circadian time; Cry: Cryptochrome; MAGE: melanoma antigen; PAS: Per/Arnt/Sim; Per: Period; PWS: Prader-Willi syndrome; SCN: suprachiasmatic nucleus. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions SVW and JD performed and analyzed all experiments and helped draft the manuscript. RW conceived of and supervised the study and completed writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. thank Dr. J. Takahashi and Dr. M. Antoch for plasmid constructs. SVW was supported by studentships from the University of Alberta and the Institute, under the program "Obesity: a Brain Disorder" and a QEII studentship from the University of Alberta. JD was supported by a CIHR Banting and Graduate Studentship, the University of Alberta, and the Womens and Children's Institute (Univ. of Alberta). We acknowledge operating funding from the Council of Canada. 10. 1038/ejhg. 2008.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: J. Plant Sci. 98: 183–191. Crossref2009. Assessment of changes in soil health throughout organic potato rotation sequences. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 131: 220–228. Crossref2021. Estimating maximum fine-fraction organic carbon in UK grasslands. Biogeosciences, 18: 605–620. Crossref2005. Climatology: will soil amplify climate change? Nature, 433: 204–205. CrossrefPubMed1991. Crop rotation and tillage effects on corn growth and soil structural stability. Agron. J. 83: 979–985. Crossref2022. Linking soil microbial community structure to potential carbon mineralization: a continental scale assessment of reduced tillage. Soil Biol. Biochem. 168: 108618. Crossref1997. Quantification of soil quality. processes and the carbon cycle, Edited by R. Lal, J. Kimble, B. A. Stewart. . 404. Crossref2002. Stabilization mechanisms of soil organic matter: implications for C-saturation of soils. Plant Soil, 241: 155–176. Crossref31. Crossref160. Crossref2004. How long before a change in soil organic carbon can be detected? Biol. 10: 1878–1883. Crossref2006. Organic carbon in the silt + clay fraction of Tasmanian soils. Manage, 22: 219–220. Crossref2010. Table 32-10-0152-01 Number and area of farms and farmland area by tenure, Census of Agriculture historical data, 1921 to 2016, inactive, Statistics Canada, Government of Canada websit. [accessed 5 January 2023]. 2014. Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on soil quality, organic carbon, and total nitrogen. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 303–315. Crossref2021. Soil health and management. into Canadian soils: an introduction to soil science. Edited by M. Krzic, F. L. Walley, A. Diochon, M. C. Paré, R. E. Farrell. of Soil Science, Pinawa, MB. 517. Available from The potential to regain organic carbon in degraded soils: a boundary line approach. Can. J. Soil Sci. 96: 351–353.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Both focus groups began with an introduction to the study and group agreements to help facilitate confidentiality and respect between group members. The initial phase of the conversation centered around participant self-care, including but not limited to mindfulness activities. At the midway point of each group, participants completed a short, guided meditation given by the principle investigator, who is a certified meditation teacher. The meditation was book-ended by a short quantitative survey, given to better understand the impact of the guided meditation on participants’ anxiety. The focus group concluded with qualitative questions regarding participant reactions to the meditation and feedback for potential meditation intervention creation. Both facilitators took notes after each focus group to record our observations and thoughts. The guided meditation in the middle of the focus group included three separate components in order to obtain participant reactions on a variety of meditation techniques. The principal investigator created the sequence, as a combination of several diverse techniques that he has taught to groups for about 5–10 years. The first was a physical component where participants tensed and released their whole bodies three times. The second was a breathing exercise where participants concentrated on their breath as they inhaled and exhaled and tried to feel it moving through their body. The final technique was a visualization of a ball of love and light starting in their chest and expanding throughout their body, and then throughout the room and joining other participants, and gradually expanding to fill the whole world. Before and after each technique, there was a pause for participants to explore any effects in their body. The entire guided meditation lasted about 10 min. MeasuresThe focus group protocol was created prior to the focus groups to help facilitators guide the conversations toward the richness of experiences among participants. A semistructured format allowed the groups to flow into greater depths when they presented themselves as well as to reign in the conversation when participants veered off towards other topics. We started the discussion with the theme of self-care in order to better understand what tools participants were already utilizing and to situate meditation within this frame. Specific sample questions included, “Have you ever taken a few minutes break from something to take a deep breath or take a walk or have a moment to yourself? ” File S1 for the full protocol and list of focus group questions. In addition to the qualitative measures, we included a limited quantitative component to better understand the impact of the guided meditation on participants’ anxiety.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 165 [PubMed] Lee, S; Kozlov, S; Hernandez, L; Chamberlain, SJ; Brannan, CI; Stewart, CL; Wevrick, RExpression and imprinting of MAGEL2 suggest a role in Prader-willi syndrome and the homologous murine imprinting phenotype Genet 9: 1813–1819, DOI: [PubMed] Boccaccio, I; Glatt-Deeley, H; Watrin, F; Roeckel, N; Lalande, M; Muscatelli, FThe human MAGEL2 gene and its mouse homologue are paternally expressed and mapped to the Prader-Willi region Genet 8: 2497–2505, DOI: [PubMed] Camfferman, D; McEvoy, RD; O'Donoghue, F; Lushington, KSyndrome and excessive daytime sleepiness Rev 12: 65–75, DOI: [PubMed] Lee, S; Walker, CL; Wevrick, RPrader-Willi syndrome transcripts are expressed in phenotypically significant regions of the developing mouse brain Patterns 3: 599–609, DOI: [PubMed] Panda, S; Antoch, MP; Miller, BH; Su, AI; Schook, AB; Straume, M; Schultz, PG; Kay, SA; Takahashi, JS; Hogenesch, JBCoordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock Cell 109: 307–320, DOI: [PubMed] Kozlov, SV; Bogenpohl, JW; Howell, MP; Wevrick, R; Panda, S; Hogenesch, JB; Muglia, LJ; Van Gelder, RN; Herzog, ED; Stewart, CLThe imprinted gene Magel2 regulates normal circadian output 39: 1266–1272, DOI: [PubMed] Miller, BH; Olson, SL; Turek, FW; Levine, JE; Horton, TH; Takahashi, JSCircadian clock mutation disrupts estrous cyclicity and maintenance of pregnancy 14: 1367–1373, DOI: [PubMed] Mercer, RE; Wevrick, RLoss of magel2, a candidate gene for features of Prader-

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Carbon mineralization and specific respiratory activity were directly related to estimated crop residue-C returned to soil, but not residue-N. However, both were increased by including alfalfa in the rotation. Carbon mineralization and specific respiratory activity were more sensitive indexes of soil organic matter quality than biomass C and N per se. Hydrolyzable amino acids and amino sugars responded to the treatments in a manner similar to total soil organic N. Relative molar distribution of amino acids was unaffected by crop rotation or rotation phase. Potentially mineralizable N in this soil was low compared to other Canadian prairie soils, even though the total soil organic N of the Scott soil was relatively high. We concluded that (i) all soil biochemical characteristics studied are useful for assessing soil quality changes; (ii) when studying soil changes, thin (0- to 7. 5-cm) soil slices are more likely to reveal treatment effects than thicker slices; (iii) all rotation phases should be analyzed whenever forage legumes are constituents of crop rotations. Key words: C mineralization; microbial biomass, amino acids, N mineralization, specific respiratory activityRésuméL’influence de cinq rotations culturales et de la phase de l’assolement (la sole étudiée chaque année) sur quelques caractères de la matière organique du sol a été examinée dans une étude de longue durée conduite à Scott (Saskatchewan) sur un sol chernozémique brun foncé orthique. Le assolements comportaient diverses fréquences de mise sous culture et diverses espèces cultivées, céréales, oléagineuses et associations graminées-légumineuses. Des échantillons de sol ont été prélevés dans les couches superficielles de 0-7, 5 et de 7,5 – 15 cm du sol, à la mi-septembre 1988, soit deux semaines après la récolte de la céréale et deux mois après la récolte du foin et le retournement de la prairie.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: guidelines, researcher subjectivity was an essential part of the process, as prolonged engagement with the data deepened researcher insight and emergent codes (Braun & Clarke, 2022). This method involves six phases of: “familiarisation; coding; generating initial themes; reviewing and developing themes; refining, defining and naming themes; and writing up” (Braun & Clarke, 2021, p. 39). Focus group audio-recordings were de-identified and transcribed for analysis. The investigator and co-facilitator separately familiarized themselves with the transcripts and then coded them by hand. The grain size of text used for each code ranged from several words to several sentences, each encompassing an articulated idea within the data. The two coders then collaboratively went through each code together to discuss explicit and latent meanings within the data to deepen our understanding and come to intercoder agreement (Braun & Clarke, 2022; Creswell, 2014). Subsequently, themes were developed from relationships that researchers saw between the codes, as understood through their continued deepening engagement (Braun & Clarke, 2006, 2021). For example, specific codes of “gender self-care,” “self-care activities,” and “reasons for self-care” were consolidated into the theme of “Active in Self-care. ”Our research team incorporated several strategies to ensure research validity (Creswell, 2014). Researcher bias was brought to light by naming how our backgrounds, cultures, genders, and histories affected our interpretations of the data. Negative or discrepant information from the focus groups that stood in contrast to our main themes was included in data analysis and write up. The investigators have a strong clinical foundation in this field, with about 15 years of combined experience working with TGDY. Additionally, grant funding for this study was designed for first time research investigators, so it provided the study team with two research nurses who offered guidance throughout every stage of the project. To analyze the statistical data from the STAI, a Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used, and statistical significance was defined as p < 0. 05. As an essential component of Analysis, reflexivity was emphasized throughout the study process (Braun & Clarke, 2021, 2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Willi syndrome, impairs reproductive function in mice PLoS One 4: e4291.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: , La plupart des effets des rotations et de la sole particulière sur les caractères biochimiques étudiés étaient significatifs, surtout dans les premiers 7,5 cm du sol. L’accroissement de la fréquence des mises sous culture n’a pas augmenté la teneur en matière organique du sol. Il est possible que les façons culturales intensives en pré-semis sur les parcelles de culture sur chaume ait masqué les avantages éventuels des mises en culture rapprochées. L’inclusion d une sole de luzerne (Medicago sativa L. ) dans la rotation céréalière a diminué la matière organique du sol dans les soles jachère et céréale de la rotation, probablement à cause du stress hydrique accru qui aurait abaissé la productivité de la céréale dans ce milieu semi-aride. Comme prévu, la phase de la rotation (la sole) n’influait pas sur le C organique du sol, mais la luzerne semée sous orge (Hordeum vulgare L. ) accroissait la teneur en N organique. À notre avis, cela serait dû à la présence des résidus de culture de la jeune luzerne. Les valeurs observées pour le C et le N de la biomasse bactérienne, pour la minéralisation de C, pour l’activité respiratoire spécifique (CO2-C/BC) et pour les acides aminés hydrolysables étaient également plus élevées dans la sole dans laquelle l’orge était contre-ensemencée de luzerne.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: They connected the benefits of mindfulness activities to similar benefits from other activities, including social connection and feeling present. Their main reasons for doing self-care included a calming effect, social belonging and acceptance, self-acceptance and self-love, validation, de-stressing, cleansing, grounding, being healthy, connection to body and self, working out emotions, and feeling good. Several participants had previous experience using breathing and yoga for self-care. One person explained, “if I’m having a rough time then I’ll go to one of my friends and we’ll both do the breathing thing. ‘Cause it feels like if someone else is doing it, it helps bring me down even more than if I’m just alone in my room doing it. ” Another participant talked about the importance of connecting with friends more generally. I talked to my friend on the phone, at night time. Like when I have a rough day … ‘Cause it makes nighttime less of a lonely time so I’m not wallowing in how bad the day was. Instead I’m just talking about it. Which, I think, feels more productive. … It feels good. It makes me feel like my feelings are valid and heard when I’m talking about them with my friend. Participants expressed beneficial elements of social connection generally, as well as specifically helping them to engage in positive behavior such as mindfulness activities. Self-care within the body was also a common topic. Participants explored which activities and choices helped them feel the most connected to and comfortable in their bodies. “To get into my body I like to, well I’m still working on it, but I like to exercise. Or go on hikes and just focus on that. You know? So that’s the time where I can really think that I’m connecting to my body. ” Another participant spoke to the importance of clothing in their connection to their body and their gender. “I know for one that choosing clothing that makes me feel very affirmed in my gender gives me the power to walk outside and feel confident. Because what I’m wearing just makes me feel so good. You know, for myself first and foremost. ”There was a wide variety of activities and choices that participants used to take care of their physical, mental, and spiritual health.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: DOI: [PubMed] Tennese, AA; Wevrick, RImpaired hypothalamic regulation of endocrine function and delayed counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia in Magel2-null mice Endocrinology 152: 967–978, DOI: [PubMed] Ko, CH; Takahashi, JSMolecular components of the mammalian circadian clock Genet 15(2): R271–277.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: La minéralisation du carbone et l’activité respiratoire spécifique étaient directement reliées à la quantité estimative de C (mais pas de N) retournée au sol sous forme de résidus de culture. Cependant, ces deux fonctions étaient accrues par l’inclusion de la luzerne dans la rotation. Par ailleurs, elles de révélaient des indicateurs plus sensibles de la qualité de la matière organique du sol que le C et le N de la biomasse per se. Les réactions des acides aminés et des sucres aminés aux traitements culturaux étaient semblables à celles de l’azote organique total du sol. La répartition molaire relative des acides aminés n’était pas touchée par la rotation ni par la sole particulière examinée. La teneur en N potentiellement minéralisable dans ce sol était faible en regard de celle observée dans d’autres sols des Prairies canadiennes, même si le N organique total du sol de Scott était relativement élevé. Nos conclusions sont 1 : tous les caractères biochimiques étudiés sont utiles pour évaluer les modifications qualitatives du sol, 2 : dans ce genre d’étude, les tranches de sol minces 0-7,5 cm sont plus révélatrices des effets des traitements que les tranches plus épaisses, 3 : toutes les soles d’une rotation donnée devraient être analysées lorsque la rotation comporte une légumineuse fourragère.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: All actively engaged in the process of taking care of themselves and trying different methods to do so. Participants seemed exploratory and open to a range of activities, and the most striking element to the study team was how active they already are at trying to promote their own self-care. The desire and action toward healthy bodies, minds, and spirits was strong in both focus groups, though the younger group seemed a bit more confused about how to get there. The older group seemed exceptionally committed to finding and engaging in helpful self-care activities. Is “Not for Me”While many participants had never experienced a group or guided sitting meditation, most participants in both focus groups had participated in meditative activities. Again there was a range of experience, including yoga, chanting, energy work, and movement. They described some past encounters that had been helpful to them and others that had not. Most participants revealed that the idea of meditation was “not for me” because they thought meditation meant not thinking or moving, which felt impossible to them. Negative previous experiences included not enough movement, the activity bringing up body dysphoria, and environments that were too quiet, which made them uncomfortable. Positive previous experiences included working with energy to help feel grounded, sitting still helping to calm the mind, and having mentors helped participants engage with these types of experiences. One participant clearly described why involving energy and the body, rather than only working with the mind, was so important to their ability to feel grounded and present. I always learned that meditation was the whole, “Clear your mind of all thought. ” And so it just, that never worked for me, ‘cause anyone who knows me knows I’m hyper all the time. [laughs] … I get a lot of pent-up energy in my chest and I feel it, it’s like it gets tight to breathe, my breathing picks up ‘cause I’m just like, [gasps], and I have to get it out somehow. So I’ve learned to kind of pool it and drop it to my feet, and then let it go back into the ground. My body instantly relaxes. I can breathe. My lungs are open … I get a lot of flashbacks and stuff like that, so for me learning how to stay in reality was really important, and that’s one of the huge ways that I remind myself where I am.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Lee, C; Etchegaray, JP; Cagampang, FR; Loudon, AS; Reppert, SMPosttranslational mechanisms regulate the mammalian circadian clock Cell 107: 855–867, DOI: [PubMed] Takahashi, JS; Hong, HK; Ko, CH; McDearmon, ELThe genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and disease Genet 9: 764–775, DOI: [PubMed] Siepka, SM; Yoo, SH; Park, J; Song, W; Kumar, V; Hu, Y; Lee, C; Takahashi, JSCircadian mutant Overtime reveals F-box protein FBXL3 regulation of cryptochrome and period gene expression Cell 129: 1011–1023, DOI: [PubMed] Shirogane, T; Jin, J; Ang, XL; -TRCP controls clock-dependent transcription via casein kinase 1-dependent degradation of the mammalian period-1 (Per1) protein J 280: 26863–26872, DOI: [PubMed] Young, MW; Kay, SATime zones: a comparative genetics of circadian clocks Genet 2: 702–715, DOI: [PubMed] Barker, PA; proteins: emerging roles in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and neurogenetic disease J 67: 705–712, DOI: [PubMed] Sasaki, A; Hinck, L; -D the members: structure and function of a new adaptor family of MAGE-D proteins J 25: 181–198, DOI: [PubMed] Moon, HE; Ahn, MY; Park, JA; Min, KJ; Kwon, YW; Kim, KWNegative regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha by necdin FEBS Lett 579: 3797–3801, DOI: [PubMed] Friedman, ER; Fan, CMSeparate necdin domains bind ARNT2 and HIF1alpha and repress transcription 363: 113–118, DOI: [PubMed] Asher, G; Gatfield, D; Stratmann, M; Reinke, H; Dibner, C; Kreppel, F; Mostoslavsky, R; Alt, FW;

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Thus, the two long-term trial results at Ridgetown suggest that to improve soil quality and storage of C and N, growers on clay loam soil in southwestern Ontario should consider adopting NT production practices and including winter wheat in the rotation. RésuméVan. , Verhallen, A. et Hooker, D. C. 2014. Incidence à long terme du travail du sol et de l’assolement sur la qualité du sol, sur sa teneur en carbone organique et sur la concentration totale d’azote. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 303–315. Les études de longue haleine servent à quantifier les conséquences de pratiques agricoles comme les labours et l’assolement sur la qualité du sol ainsi que sur ses réserves de carbone et d’azote. Deux expériences réalisées à Ridgetown, en Ontario, ont permis d’évaluer les répercussions à long terme (11 et 15 ans) du travail du sol et de l’assolement sur la qualité du sol à une profondeur de 0 à 15 cm ainsi que sur la concentration de carbone organique et celle d’azote total jusqu’à 120 cm de profondeur, par paliers de 5, 10 et 20 cm. Les auteurs ont recouru pour cela à la méthode (CSHA). La note relative à la qualité du sol établie grâce à la CSHA et la concentration de carbone organique et d’azote total étaient plus élevées pour le non-travail du sol que pour le labour automnal au versoir suivi du passage d’un cultivateur au printemps (travail classique du sol, TC), et pour les assolements incluant du blé d’hiver (soja-blé d’hiver, S-B, et soja-blé d’hiver-maïs, S-B-M) que pour ceux sans blé d’hiver.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Another participant in the older focus group had a great deal of experience with yoga and described the benefits they have received from their practice. I find that on those days where I’m practicing I leave my practice feeling just so [emphatic] grounded, not only within my body, but within my spirit. And breathing is a huge part of that. have a lot of mentors, you know, along the way. I can’t do that alone. There are other people who help me with my practice and who can help show me how to meditate and stretch and incorporate all that philosophy and mindfulness together. Gender and body dysphoria is one area specific for TGDY that is important to note in terms of participants’ openness to meditative activities. Many TGDY already incorporate self-care related to their gender, including binders, which are a clothing accessory that hide excess chest material on transmasculine bodies. Some participants had negative previous experiences at mindfulness settings that did not take body dysphoria into consideration during their programs, including this example. I went to a meditation once where they were really sound [emphatic] incorporated, which was cool. Until the touchy parts came. I didn’t like that. It was not like inappropriate, but like … they did this sound bowl thingy that they wanted to like put on your [chest] – and it was nice and all, but I felt, I didn’t wear a binder that day ‘cause I wanted to be comfortable. … was maybe cis [cisgender] it wouldn’t have been such a big deal, but because I could see that things were there [excess chest material], it wasn’t working and it broke everything. remember I started crying and I left because I just felt so uncomfortable and I felt bad [emphatic] for feeling uncomfortable. In summary, participants had a range of experiences with meditative activities. They were mostly opposed to the idea of meditation as an exercise of sitting quietly while not thinking, which felt very unrealistic to them. However, many had positive experiences with activities that brought an element of stillness or presence within their reach. Helpful components included using sound or movement in a supportive environment where mentors helped explain and model the activities while shielding participants’ focus away from body parts that lead to dysphoria.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text:  1 regulates circadian clock gene expression through PER2 deacetylation Cell 134: 317–328, DOI: [PubMed] Nakahata, Y; Kaluzova, M; Grimaldi, B; Sahar, S; Hirayama, J; Chen, D; Guarente, LP; Sassone-+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 modulates CLOCK-mediated chromatin remodeling and circadian control Cell 134: 329–340, DOI: [PubMed] Hasegawa, K; Yoshikawa, KNecdin regulates p53 acetylation via Sirtuin1 to modulate DNA damage response in cortical neurons J Neurosci 28: 8772–8784, DOI: [PubMed] Jordan, BW; Dinev, D; LeMellay, V; Troppmair, J; Gotz, R; Wixler, L; Sendtner, M; Ludwig, S; Rapp, URNeurotrophin receptor-interacting mage homologue is an inducible inhibitor of apoptosis protein-interacting protein that augments cell death J 276: 39985–39989, DOI: [PubMed] Sasaki, A; Masuda, Y; Iwai, K; Ikeda, K; finger protein Praja1 regulates Dlx5-dependent transcription through its ubiquitin ligase activity for the Dlx/Msx-interacting MAGE/Necdin family protein, Dlxin-1 J 277: 22541–22546, DOI: [PubMed] Doyle, JM; Gao, J; Wang, J; Yang, M; -RING protein complexes comprise a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases 39: 963–974, DOI: [PubMed] Feng, Y; Gao, J; meets RING: insights into biological functions of MAGE proteins 2: 7–12, DOI: [PubMed] Rual, JF; Venkatesan, K; Hao, T; Hirozane-Kishikawa, T; Dricot, A; Li, N; Berriz, GF; Gibbons, FD; Dreze, M; Ayivi-Guedehoussou, NTowards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network Nature 437

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Lors des deux expériences, les parcelles non travaillées renfermaient environ 21 Mg par hectare ou 14 % de carbone organique de plus que celles soumises au TC, dans la couche de 0 à 100 cm, tendance qui contraste avec les résultats des recherches antérieures réalisées dans l’est du Canada. Les résultats des deux essais de longue haleine réalisés à Ridgetown laissent donc croire que pour améliorer la qualité du sol et y stocker plus de C et de N, ceux qui cultivent des loams argileux dans le sud-ouest de l’Ontario devraient songer à adopter des pratiques agricoles sans travail du sol et à ajouter le blé d’hiver à leurs assolements. Maintaining and building soil quality is necessary to sustain crop yields and the competitiveness of Ontario’s agricultural industry. However, it is difficult to define soil quality (Carter 2005) because soil quality encompasses the chemical, physical and biological components of a soil (Kennedy and Smith 1995; Arias et al. 2005) and relates to various agro-ecological functions of soil such as sustaining plant and animal productivity, maintaining or enhancing water and air quality and cycling of water and nutrients. Thus, soil quality indicators should integrate properties and processes inherent to the aforementioned components (Karlen et al. 2003) and should direct growers towards better soil management practices (Carter 2005). One integrated test of soil quality is the (CSHA), which provides growers with one number that represents overall soil health by compiling over 17 soil biological, chemical and physical parameters (Idowu et al. 2008, 2009). In addition, soil organic carbon (SOC) is a sensitive indicator of soil quality responses to agricultural management practices, such as crop rotation and tillage systems (Bolinder et al. 1999) as it influences many chemical, physical and biological parameters and is essential for agro-ecosystem functioning (Carter 2005). Both CSHA and SOC have been used to evaluate the impact of tillage and crop rotation on soil quality in long-term trials (Angers et al. 1997; Idowu et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Calms and ConnectsAfter participating in the guided group meditation together, focus group members described their experience in a variety of ways. Most expressed that it generally felt relaxing and calming for them. One participant explained, “got here I felt fidgety. I was not calm. I was moving around. But now I’m not, I’m just calm. I’m relaxed. I’m sleepy. I feel good. ” Some participants specifically mentioned that they liked feeling the direct connection with their body and breath and that they felt positive affirmation and self-love throughout the experience. Some also included feedback that they needed more physical movement, especially for the younger group, and that it was hard to focus. In terms of the specific techniques, we received only positive responses to the breathing technique where participants concentrated on their breath as they inhaled and exhaled and tried to feel it moving through their body. One person in the younger group described, “I could feel the coldness going up my nose and around and out. And it felt really stabilizing … Because it was a lot of focusing on this one thing, my breath, that kind of bridges me to the rest of my soul and stuff. ”The visualization technique, however, received mixed reactions. The majority of the younger group felt that it was stressful or even scary, while the older group mostly connected with the visualization in their bodies and the room but had a hard time staying with it when it expanded beyond that. One participant explained his experience with the visualization and how practicing in the group environment helped him connect to it more than he could have on his own. I actually found the visualization helpful. Because at first when we were focusing more on our body and stuff, I tend to have chest pain when I feel a little anxious or tense. was starting to focus on weird things that were going on in my chest at the moment. But when you started to talk about the ball of light and all of that it kind of took me out of my body. also was visualizing everyone. ‘Cause I’ve tried to do meditation on my own, and I find that I can’t really do it by myself. So vibing off of other people’s energy also helps feeling like we’re going through the same thing together. The general consensus for both groups was that participants felt more relaxed and calm after the guided meditation than they had beforehand.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: : 1173–1178, DOI: [PubMed] Di Certo, MG; Corbi, N; Bruno, T; Iezzi, S; De Nicola, F; Desantis, A; Ciotti, MT; Mattei, E; Floridi, A; Fanciulli, M; associates with the anti-apoptotic factor Che-1 and regulates its degradation to induce cell death J 120: 1852–1858, DOI: [PubMed] Paltoglou, S; -1alpha and EPAS ubiquitination mediated by the VHL tumour suppressor involves flexibility in the ubiquitination mechanism, similar to other RING E3 ligases Oncogene 26: 604–609, DOI: [PubMed] Bush, JR; Wevrick, RThe Prader-Willi syndrome protein necdin interacts with the E1A-like inhibitor of differentiation EID-1 and promotes myoblast differentiation Differentiation 76: 994–1005.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: 2009; Stavi et al. 2012; Aziz et al. 2013; Karlen et al. 2013). Soil characteristics and functions can be quantified in long-term agricultural experiments to assess the influence of different management practices such as tillage systems and crop rotations (Doran and Parkin 1994; Karlen et al. 2008) on overall soil health. There remains a large knowledge gap on the quantifiable effects of agricultural best management practices on the soil health parameters due to the biological complexity and lack of knowledge on their numerous interactions and roles in the soil (Arias et al. 2005). Long-term trials may serve as important tools to evaluate the impact of various management practices on crop productivity, soil quality and environmental sustainability. In long-term trials, the effect of no-till (NT) compared to conventional tillage (CT) systems in increasing SOC at the soil surface has been well documented (see West and Post 2002; Carter 2005; Kay and VandenBygaart 2002; Angers and Eriksen-Hamel 2008). However, few long-term studies have examined deeper depths to evaluate carbon storage and fewer still have considered total N. Gál et al. (2007) determined the need to evaluate deeper soil depths (i. e. , 100 cm) to accurately assess the impact of management practices on C and N storage. Moreover, most of the knowledge on SOC in eastern Canada is from continuous corn (C-C) monoculture or soybean-corn (S-C) rotation; knowledge of the impact of winter wheat in the rotation and particularly continuous soybeans (S-S) on soil quality is lacking in eastern Canada. Thus there is a need to evaluate soil quality via SOC, total N or an integrative assessment such as the CSHA in long-term tillage and crop rotation studies. A strong understanding of the effect of agricultural practices on soil quality is crucial to direct management practices that prevent soil and ecosystem degradation. Two long-term studies were established at Ridgetown in 1991 and 1995. The one established in 1991 compared the effect of tillage systems [NT, CT, chisel plough tillage (chisel-T)] in a S-C rotation and the 1995-initiated study compared two tillage systems (NT and CT) in five crop rotations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Each person seemed to have a slightly different experience, and they connected differently to the three meditation techniques. Most participants appreciated the simple breathing technique and felt it helped them connect to their bodies. The physical tensing and relaxing technique received mixed reactions, though few participants mentioned it. The visualization technique was mostly out of reach for the younger group, while the older group connected to the ball of light in their bodies and the room but could not follow it further than that. Beyond the participants’ words, the feeling in the room after the guided meditation was much calmer and more grounded for both groups. Several of the participants had been withdrawn early on, and they seemed more connected socially after the meditation and made more eye contact. for the FutureFocus group members had many ideas for how to design future meditation programs for trans youth. They seemed to enjoy being part of the creative visioning process and gave their ideas freely. Their feedback was to include sensory stimulation, movement, and conversations along with the meditation teachings. Many participants stated it would be important for the environment to be relaxing, reassuring, and pressure-free, where they would not feel bad about not being able to keep their bodies and minds completely still. The younger group wanted the teachings in an app format so they could meditate from home or before bed or wherever they were, and that they were not interested in an in-person group. One participant explained, “if I had this on audio, then I would use it, just only when I feel like I need it. ” Another in the younger group added, “I usually have a lot of trouble falling asleep, cause my mind’s so busy. And I’m about ready to fall asleep right now after meditating like that. guess if I were to meditate it would be at night before I’m supposed to go to bed. ” The older group was excited about both an in-person class and an app, with their enthusiastic feedback envisioning many details of both platforms. For the in-person class, they wanted a multi-week class, “something that kind of builds off of itself to where we can feel confident in the end with whatever meditation looks like for the individual. ” Other specific ideas included essential oils, arts activities, guided group meditations, general quiet time, walks, conversations, dim lighting, and a comfortable “hippie den” environment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Lee, S; Walker, CL; Karten, B; Kuny, SL; Tennese, AA; O'Neill, MA; Wevrick, REssential role for the Prader-Willi syndrome protein necdin in axonal outgrowth Genet 14: 627–637, DOI: [PubMed] Maeda, Y; Suzuki, T; Pan, X; Chen, G; Pan, S; Bartman, T; 2 is required for the activity of hypoxia-inducible factor and vasculogenesis J 283: 16084–16092, DOI: [PubMed] Wang, X; Tang, J; Xing, L; Shi, G; Ruan, H; Gu, X; Liu, Z; Wu, X; Gao, X; Xu, YInteraction of MAGED1 with nuclear receptors affects circadian clock function EMBO J 29: 1389–1400, DOI: [PubMed] Kume, K; Zylka, MJ; Sriram, S; Shearman, LP; Weaver, DR; Jin, X; Maywood, ES; Hastings, MH; 1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop Cell 98: 193–205, DOI: [PubMed] Kondratov, RV; Chernov, MV; Kondratova, AA; Gorbacheva, VY; Gudkov, AV; 1-dependent circadian oscillation of nuclear CLOCK: posttranslational events induced by dimerization of transcriptional activators of the mammalian clock system 17: 1921–1932, DOI: [PubMed] Kwon, I; Lee, J; Chang, SH; Jung, NC; Lee, BJ; Son, GH; Kim, K; 1 shuttling controls transactivation and degradation of the CLOCK/BMAL1 heterodimer Biol 26: 7318–7330, DOI: [PubMed] Yoo, SH; Ko, CH; Lowrey, PL; Buhr, ED; Song, EJ; Chang, S; Yoo, OJ; Yamazaki, S; Lee, C; Takahashi, JSA noncanonical E-box enhancer drives mouse Period2 circadian oscillations in vivo 102: 2608–26

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: The objectives of this paper were to assess the impact of tillage system and crop rotation on soil quality using the CSHA in the 0- to 15-cm depth and SOC and total N in the 0- to 120-cm depth using the two trials at Ridgetown. This is the first report of the long-term impact of tillage systems and crop rotations on soil quality from the trials established at Ridgetown. and TreatmentsA field trial was established during 1991, and another during 1995, at the University of (lat. 42°26′N, long. 81°53′W) on an Gleysol, Brookston clay loam soil. These trials will be referred to as the “1991 tillage trial” and the “1995 tillage-rotation trial”. In the 1991 tillage trial, three tillage treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with six replicates in a S-C rotation as described by McGonigle et al. (1999). Tillage treatments were: (1) NT that had no soil disturbance except for two coulters and a trash whipper per row on the planter, (2) CT with fall moldboard plough tillage followed by two or three passes with a cultivator in the spring for seedbed preparation and (3) chisel-T of fall chisel plough tillage with similar spring cultivation as CT. The 1995 tillage and rotation trial was a split plot design with four replications. Crop rotation was the main plot factor, which included C-C, S-S, S-C, soybean-winter wheat (S–W), and soybean–winter wheat–corn (S–W–C) and the split-plot was NT and CT tillage systems. Rotations were repeated in the experiment so that all crops within the rotation were represented in every year. In both trials, top-yielding crop cultivars were planted and the same crop cultivar was never planted for more than 2 successive years. Since 2008, soybean cultivars tolerant to cyst nematode were planted with Rhizobium inoculant applied to soybean seeds. It is unlikely that the aforementioned changes in soybean planting influenced soil quality parameters sampled in 2009 at the 0- to 15-cm depth. Tillage systems were established to represent extremes in soil disturbance and intensity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: One participant describes their interest in the app idea this way: if I were to go to some of these groups, I would want to take something home with me. Some knowledge. So if you were to create something like that [mobile app] it would be easier to get that knowledge. In the comfort of my own space and apply it in my life. For the app, both focus groups thought it should include options of movement like a yoga pose, as well as breath-work and visualizations, so people could pick specific ways to engage that would work best for them. One person also introduced the idea of a surprise option where the app recommended an activity for the user to do. Several participants mentioned that these classes, whether in-person or in an app format, should be led by a transgender teacher. I think it would be awesome if we could bring in someone who is trans themselves, because oftentimes, I’ve taken yoga classes where the yoga teacher is like, “Your body’s a temple, you have to cherish it, your body’s great. ” And that can bring up a lot of triggering stuff … if you’re trans and you’ve experienced dysphoria in any [emphatic] sort of way, that’s personally not what I want to hear. [Multiple agreement] Participants of both focus groups added great ideas for potential future programs. They were honest about which types of interventions they would utilize, with the younger group requesting only a mobile app format. Participants did not want the meditation training limited to a solely spiritual or religious emphasis, exemplified by what they pictured as a silent and completely still environment. Instead, they asked for a mixture of activities that included physical, mental, and spiritual stimulation. It was notable that the participants wanted to engage and learn more after the focus group finished, and the older group was enthusiastically ready for an 8-week course to begin right away. They were disappointed to learn that it would take time to first create the course based on their feedback. Quantitative ResultsThe results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a statistically significant reduction in state anxiety following participation in the mediation intervention (z = − 2. 38, p = 0. 017), with a large effect size (r = 0. 53). The mean score of the STAI decreased from pre-intervention (M = 34. 5, SD = 11.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 13, DOI: [PubMed] Tamanini, F; Yagita, K; Okamura, H; van der Horst, GTNucleocytoplasmic shuttling of clock proteins 393: 418–435.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: a, b For each soil health parameter, means followed by a different letter indicate significant difference according to a means comparison (P < 0. 05). At Ridgetown, the CSHA soil quality score was affected by crop rotation, as were the following CSHA parameters: aggregate stability percent, penetrometer resistance, potentially mineralizable N, P concentration and Mn index (P < 0. 0001 to 0. 0379; Table 2). The CSHA soil quality score was the highest with S-W, which was statistically higher than C-C, S-S, and S-C rotations but S-W-C was not different from all rotations (Table 2). Thus, based on the CSHA, soil quality was higher with a higher frequency of winter wheat in the rotation, which was also reported by Andrews et al. (2004). Table 2. Table 2. Effect of crop rotation on select soil parameters and Cornell soil health assessment (CSHA) score in 0–15 cm after 14 yr in a long-term experiment initiated in 1995 z z Not available; sample not taken. a–c For each parameter, means followed by a different letter indicate a significant difference according to a means comparison (P < 0. 05). Analogous to CSHA score, aggregate stability was higher with S-W than C-C, S-C, and S-S, but S-W-C was not different than any rotation (Table 2). Likewise, Raimbault and Vyn (1991) observed crop rotation influenced wet aggregate stability. Penetration resistance data differed markedly between rotations (P < 0. 0001; C-C monoculture had the highest resistance compared with those in all crop rotations, while the S-S monoculture had the lowest resistance (Table 2). Differences in penetration resistance among rotations would likely have been more extreme if readings were taken in June instead of November due to expected greater differences among rotations in soil moisture in June as opposed to November. At Ridgetown, there was 136 mm of rainfall in September to November 2009, which corresponds to the period of corn physiological maturity and plant senescence. Thus, one might expect any differences in soil moisture content among treatments to be minimal in November when penetrometer readings were taken. Penetration resistance >2 MPa tends to impede root growth (Reynolds et al. 2002); thus, with a reading of 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: 75) to post-intervention (M = 28. 0, SD = 8. 19). Lower scores signified lower anxiety; therefore, negative change signified decreasing anxiety. DiscussionThe themes identified by these focus groups helped illuminate some of the self-care activities TGDY already engage in. Participants were actively involved in taking care of their well-being and working to relieve stress, manage emotions, and deal with the challenges and trauma they experience. Supporting findings from other research studies, TGDY proactively utilized internal resilience and whatever coping strategies were accessible to them (Budge et al. , 2018). Participants aligned on the continuum of resilience put forward by Singh et al. (2014) as they were already in the process of navigating gender, accessing supportive organizations, connecting with trans-affirming community, and reframing mental health challenges. Participants also voiced an element of not having enough tools to face the challenges of their environments and that they were generally open to meditation and mindfulness activities, if designed specifically for them. Additional trans youth mindfulness programs could further their development of resilience as well as provide additional tools they are seeking. The results of the State-Inventory showed a statistically significant reduction in state anxiety immediately following the group meditation, with a large effect size. This corresponds to existing data with other youth populations that show decrease in anxiety following meditation and mindfulness activities (Zack et al. , 2014; Zoogman et al. , 2015). The large decrease in anxiety confirms the findings from Zoogman et al. (2015) that youth with higher levels of anxiety and depression show greater responses to mindfulness practices. Indeed, our study participants with higher initial levels of anxiety initially showed the greatest decreases after the group meditation (see S1 for the full list of individual participant STAI pre- and post-intervention scores). One interesting aspect of these focus groups was the considerable differences between the younger and older groups. While both groups seemed to enjoy and benefit from the guided meditation we did together, the younger group was resistant to the idea of meditation and to practicing in an in-person group in the future. They said they would likely practice on an app at home on their own, but they would probably not come to an in-person group if we created one. When asked why they came to the focus group, they said it was because they liked the idea of sharing their opinions as experts and being paid to do so, rather than coming for the meditation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The study was approved and undergoes continuing annual review by the (IRB) and the affiliated IRB of the. It was conducted in accord with the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The target ages for young adults were 18–30 years and for older adults were 60–75 years. We sought both older and young-adult participants who were aerobically fit and in good general health, so that they would be capable of undergoing the exercise condition if randomized to that treatment. An inclusion criterion was regular participation in aerobic exercise for ≥20 min/day, ≥3 times/week at an intensity of ≥60% of maximal effort. Many of the volunteers were quite successful competitive endurance athletes (particularly those in the older group). All volunteers underwent medical histories, physical examinations, blood sugar, cholesterol and lipoprotein screening, and physician-supervised monitored exercise to verify the absence of EKG abnormalities. About 1/3 of the initial volunteers were dropped during the screening process for exercise safety considerations (e. g. , high cholesterol or EKG abnormalities during monitored exercise) or because they decided they did not wish to complete the protocol. Also, potential participants were excluded if they took medications thought to influence melatonin or cortisol (e. g. , melatonin, beta blockers, high doses of aspirin, corticosteroids). More older than young participants were recruited, because it was predicted a larger N might be needed for adequate power to detect a PRC in the older age group. Preliminary screening studies included sleep and medical history forms and the (PSQI) [17]. Some of the PSQI results have been reported elsewhere [18]. For 7 days before entering the laboratory, participants wore the Actillume-I wrist actigraph for continuous 24-h recording of activity and illumination exposure. Sleep-wake was inferred by validated algorithms [19,20]. During the same week, participants completed home sleep logs estimating sleep time and quality, and completed a baseline Center for (CESD) [21]. The CESD was repeated both on the first and last days in the laboratory and one week later, to measure any mood effects of the interventions. Participants were asked to abstain from alcohol and caffeine for 2 days before entering the laboratory. Participants first entered the Laboratory at about 09:30 and were assigned to individual studio apartments with sound and light isolation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: 2 MPa, corn root growth may have been impeded more in the C-C monoculture compared with other rotations, which were <2 MPa. In contrast to results at Ridgetown, there was no difference in penetration resistance among rotations (C-C, C-C-S-S and C-C-small grain undersown with red clover for 2 yr) at Elora in a 30-yr long-term study on a silt loam soil in the 0–20 cm depth (Munkholm et al. 2013). But, in the 10- to 20-cm depth, Munkholm et al. (2013) observed penetration resistance that was similar to Ridgetown with higher readings in C-C than the other rotations. Although there were no differences in soil concentrations of Zn and Mn or the Zn index (P = 0. 0907 to 0. 4238), the Mn index was higher for C-C than all other rotations except S-C (P = 0. 0013; Table 2). Similarly, at α = 0. 1, Zn index was higher with C-C than S-S (P = 0. 0907; Table 2). Zinc and Mn indices have been developed and driven by pH because the availability of Zn and Mn is dependent on pH. Crop rotation effects for Zn and Mn indices mirrored rotation effects for pH (P = 0. 0782) where pH was lower in C-C compared with S-S (Table 2). and Mn index response to crop rotation can be partially explained by the frequency of corn in the rotation because more N fertilizer was applied to corn, which can have an acidifying effect on the soil. For instance, S-S had no N fertilizer, but C-C had yearly urea ammonium nitrate applications and thereby influenced Zn and Mn indices. The relationship between N fertilization, pH, and micronutrients has been documented (Blevins et al. 1983). Similar to Mn and Zn, crop rotation had an effect on P and potentially mineralizable N (P = 0. 0009 to 0. 0229) but not on K, Ca, or Mg (P = 0. 1168 to 0. 1672; Table 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: While this finding is interesting, it is not certain that it would be replicable in the larger population of 14–17 year old TGDY, as this focus group contained only three participants. The older group, on the other hand, said they came to the focus group specifically for the meditation. They wanted an in-person group to start immediately following the focus group and were disappointed when the authors told them we had to first analyze the data and create the training program, which would take months. They were excited about both a mobile app version and an in-person group specifically for trans youth so that they could learn more about meditation. They wanted to learn about chakras and energy, in a safe and affirming space taught by a trans person and designed just for them. One unanticipated outcome was that the participants connected to some parts of the meditation more than others. Everyone unanimously said they connected with the breathing exercise. They said it helped them connect with their bodies and calmed their minds. The other exercises, however, received mixed reactions. The physical tensing and relaxing exercise felt overwhelming to the younger group, while the older group seemed to relax into it, though the older youth did not say anything about it in the discussion. The visualization had varying responses, though almost everyone said they could not connect with the ball of light once it went out of the room. The majority of the younger group said they could not connect with any part of the visualization, and the older group said they felt the love inside their bodies and inside the room, but only one participant liked it when the ball of light left the room to connect the whole world. One possible explanation for this is due to the trauma that trans youth have experienced. For people who have experienced trauma, it can be scary or even distressing to go too deep into meditation too quickly (Brach, 2004; Compson, 2014). Rather, focusing on connection with the body is an approach that offers the most effective benefits of meditation without the potential distress (Compson, 2014). Similar to other literature, focus group participants directly said the guided meditation exercises focused within the body are what they appreciated most and what they would want more of in future programs. Mindfulness training that incorporates connection to the body generally, integrating non-judgmental awareness, could facilitate this request without triggering body dysphoria.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Structured block randomization was employed so that approximately equal numbers were assigned to each of the 8 bright light stimulus times. Figure 1 The experimental protocols. The experimental protocols are shown with an ordinate of 1 line per day and an abscissa of 24 h from midnight to midnight. Volunteers arrived in the laboratory at 09:30 on day 1. The ultra-short sleep-wake cycle, consisting of 30 min for sleep (black bars) followed by 60 min for wake (shaded bars) began at 10:30 and continued for 4. 7 to 5. 6 days. Three consecutive treatments (3 h bright light, yellow areas) were commenced after 38–54 h of baseline at one of 8 times. Circadian phase was assessed during the final 24 h of baseline preceding the first experimental treatment and for 24 h starting 6 h after the last treatment. Figure 2 The light spectrum of the bright light treatment. The spectral content of the bright light treatment measured at eye level (standing) was averaged for the 3 subject rooms. The abscissa is wavelength in nanometers. Participants continued to wear the Actillume wrist actigraphs throughout their time in the laboratory. Oral temperatures were taken with fast-reacting high-resolution electronic thermometers every 30 minutes. Because of superior circadian goodness of fit, only those oral temperature measurements obtained every 90 min immediately after awakening were used to obtain circadian analyses. Since these latter temperature measurements were each made in bed after 30 min. lying in bed, temperature was measured in a sort of constant routine which would minimize any effects of posture, activity, or meals. We did not think that the advantages of rectal temperature recording would outweigh the inconvenience and risks to participants. During the baseline and again after the final bright 3000 lux light stimulus, every urine voiding was collected. With few exceptions, participants provided a urine specimen each 90 min during lights-on, drinking at least 200 cc every 90 min to maintain steady production. The volume of each urine sample was measured and aliquots (2 ml) were immediately frozen and then soon transferred to -70°C, where the samples were stored for later assays of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) and urinary free cortisol. Visual-analog 100 mm line ratings were given on 8 scales every 3 h: these scales were. Monk and colleagues have validated similar scales in time-isolation laboratory settings [27].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: concentration was the highest with C-C, and greater than the S-S, S-W, and S-W-C rotations (Table 2). Considering that the crops were fertilized according to crop requirements and corn crops received more P fertilizer than soybeans or winter wheat, the differences in soil P among rotations can be primarily explained by long-term fertilizer management because the trend in P concentration appears to be related to the frequency of corn in the rotation. Potentially mineralizable N concentration was highest with the S-W rotation, but not different than C-C and S-W-C rotations (Table 2). Potentially mineralizable N concentration was lowest with the S-S and S-C rotations, which were not different compared to all other rotations except the S-W rotation. Although the corn crop received starter fertilizer, it is unlikely that the application in the sample year had a large influence on P concentration or potentially mineralizable N, considering that: (1) sampling was between rows to avoid the band of starter N fertilizer, (2) soil sampling occurred before split N application, and (3) each phase of the rotation was sampled, but there were no differences between crop phases (data not shown) on P concentration or potentially mineralizable N or any other CSHA parameter. For example, potentially mineralizable N in S-C and C-S rotations was 7. 4 and 7. 5 mg kg−1, respectively. Therefore, differences among crop rotations in P concentration and potentially mineralizable N in the 0- to 15-cm depth were likely due to long-term rotational effects rather than a reflection of spring fertilizer application that occurred in April. Nevertheless, observed differences in soil P and N were attributed to fertilizer practices that differed among crop rotations over the long-term. Though it is difficult to draw much conclusion from the bluegrass fencerow data because only one site was sampled, CSHA score and all parameters except nutrients were numerically higher in the adjacent undisturbed bluegrass fencerow compared with the trial area (Table 2). Nutrients tended to be lower in the bluegrass fencerow compared with the crop rotations (Table 2), likely due to the lack of fertilizer applied in the fencerow over the long-term. Drury et al.

Output: corroborate