Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: A 1 indicates that all genotyped individuals possessed the BY allele at a given marker and 0 indicates the 3S allele. Table S12. Genotyping of rough END33S×3S second-generation backcross segregants. 39 individuals with rough morphology (1–39) and 12 with smooth morphology (c1–c12) were genotyped at segregating markers within four candidate loci. A 1 indicates that all genotyped individuals possessed the 3S allele at a given marker and 0 indicates the BY allele. Table S13. Genes within additional loci tested by deletion. Each of the above genes were tested for involvement in rough morphology by deletion in a rough individual. Text S1. Evaluation of the essential genes AVO1 and TOP2. Text S2. Protein sequences of Ira2BY, Ira23S, and Ira23S -Δ2933. 1. (1996) Introduction to quantitative genetics (4th edition). Harlow, England: Limited. 2. Lynch M, (1998) Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits: Sinauer. 3. Mackay TF (2014) Epistasis and quantitative traits: using model organisms to study gene-gene interactions. Nature reviews Genetics 15: 22–33. View 4. Phillips PC (2008) Epistasis–the essential role of gene interactions in the structure and evolution of genetic systems. Genet 9: 855–867. View 5. (2011) Molecular mechanisms of epistasis within and between genes. 27: 323–331. View 6. (2012) Epistasis dominates the genetic architecture of Drosophila quantitative traits. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 109: 15553–15559. View 7. (2013) A century after Fisher: time for a new paradigm in quantitative genetics. Trends in genetics: TIG 29: 669–76 View 8. (2005) Genetic interactions between polymorphisms that affect gene expression in yeast. Nature 436: 701–703. View 9. (2010) Genotype to phenotype: a complex problem. Science 328: 469. View 10. (2011) Replication and explorations of high-order epistasis using a large advanced intercross line pedigree. PLoS genetics 7: e1002180. View 11. (2013) Finding the sources of missing heritability in a yeast cross.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2% Triton-X100 (PBST) twice, followed by a blocking solution (PBST, 3% BSA, and 5% horse serum) at room temperature for 1 hr. Sections were incubated with an anti-DIG antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (Perkin Elmer) in blocking solution overnight at 4°C and washed with PBST. DIG labeled cells were revealed with the from as described in the instruction manual. Sections were viewed with fluorescence microscopy prior to the immunohistochemistry. Sections were incubated with rabbit anti-TRPV2 antibody (1:1000, Biotechology) for 24 hr at 4°C. After washes with PBST, the sections were incubated with the secondary antibody conjugated with anti-Rabbit-Cy3 (1:500, Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 2 hrs at room temperature. After washes with was added and sections were dried and cover-slipped. Confocal images were capitulated with Bio-Rad MRC 1024 confocal laser microscope. The use of Z-stack imaging was used to demonstrate co-localization. High resolution images were grayscaled and density was quantified using ImageJ 1. 35s (). All procedures have been approved by IACUC committee of UC Irvine. Generation of stable CHO cells line expressing PKR2-apoprotein and TRPV2 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing PKR2 photoprotein aequorin (PKR2-aq) were grown in alpha MEM Earl’s Salts (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 µg/ml streptomycin, 100 U/ml penicillin, G418 (100 µg/ml), and Zeocin (100 µg/ml). Human transient receptor cation channel, subtype V, member 2 (TRPV2) cDNA (ATCC) in pIRESpuro was transfected into PKR2-aq using lipofectAMINE manufactures protocol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Clones of cells stably expressing PKR2 and TRPV2 were selected under 5µg/ml puromycin in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Carcass discoveries are per 100 searches, center line shows the predicted mean and shaded regions show the 95% confidence intervals. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Daily carcass discovery predictions from generalized additive mixed model for bird guilds by Level II ecoregion. Carcass discoveries are per 100 searches and y-axis scale may vary among regions. Center line shows the predicted mean and shaded regions show the 95% confidence intervals. Striped sections indicate periods of sparse data. Only significant results are plotted. DiscussionBased on data collected across the U. S. over 13 years (2009–2021), our findings replicate existing descriptions of temporal patterns of collision fatalities at wind turbines and reveal several new insights. We conclude that most of what is known about seasonal variation in collisions among birds and bats at wind facilities in the U. S. holds true even as sample size increases by an order of magnitude, supporting the use of these patterns in the inductive development of hypotheses concerning collision risk factors. Pooling PCM data in AWWIC proved especially useful in allowing a finer-grained analysis of bird collisions. In particular, we found distinct patterns in the seasonal timing of collision fatalities among bird guilds, which has not been described previously. Seasonal peaks in fatality counts were most evident for birds that we classified into the woodland guild. This group of species, nearly all of which are long-distance migrants between breeding locales in the Nearctic and wintering areas in the Neotropics, showed spring and fall peaks in fatality counts that correspond to the typical timing of spring and autumn migration. Grassland and soaring guilds, which included few long-distance migrants, did not exhibit strong seasonal peaks in carcass discoveries. The importance of migration as a risk factor for birds has been noted previously [6, 7] but the differences that we observed among bird guilds suggests that the association between bird migration and collision fatalities also reflects where wind-energy facilities are constructed and operated. With most facilities in the U. S. situated in open landscapes of the central and western states, long-distance migrants that breed in forested areas will only encounter turbines while moving between breeding and wintering areas. In contrast, many species in the grassland and soaring guilds are present year-round in regions of the U. S. that host significant numbers of wind turbines [19].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hydropower is a major source of renewable energy in many countries. [SEP] Text: To provide energy security, although indigenous energy generation in the Philippines is quite modest and accounts for 22% from geothermal, 12% from biomass, and 6% from hydropower, it still has to cover a large distance to minimize the dependency on imported oil. As the major instrument for realizing the energy sector’s vision of achieving energy independence, the Department of Energy (DOE) is currently crafting the 2012–2030 Plan (PEP). As embodied in the Act (EPIRA), the economy’s electricity supply industry has been restructured, paving the way for the privatization of the state-owned Corporation (NPC). While oil pricing is deregulated, electricity pricing is a regulated energy commodity. The price for electricity is set by the Commission (ERC). Alongside the implementation of the EPIRA is the unbundling of electricity rates. In view of the Philippines’ wide-ranging geographical situation, to fully connect the entire population to the national grid is a significant hurdle. Servicing the most remote and difficult-to-electrify rural areas will require significant resources; hence, achieving a 100% electrification level over the outlook period remains a challenge for the economy. Among all the other types of renewable energy sources like hydro and wind power there are lots of constraints because of geoclimatic factors, which ultimately leads to further push to geothermal energy as potential source of energy. 2. 5. Solution common for both countries2. 5. 1. Energy mix policySustainable energy policies are likely to succeed if they also contribute toward other societal and economic development objectives in the future. From the standpoint of economic analysis, the optimum quantity of geothermal energy that should be in energy mix is given by intersection of the geothermal supply curve with the avoided social costs of thermal energy. 2. 5. 2. Feed-in TariffShould tariff ceilings be based on estimates of production costs, or on the basis of estimated benefits? A tariff should be rational, and in support of clearly defined objectives. This would ensure that the resources are not developed for their own sake simply because they exist, and because it is generally held to be desirable. The tariff methodology should be transparent (and documented as part of a tariff issuance), with clearly stated assumptions. A tariff should promote economic efficiency. A tariff should be adaptable to changing circumstances. This requires the methodology to have a defined basis and provide for review and updating to a clearly stated timetable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Colonies were tested using the LB12 (Berthold) as described [19]. Ca2+ mobilization assay Activation of TRPV2 has been shown to be induced by serum and thus all cellular experiments were pretreated with 6 hours serum-starvation [20]. Cells were serum starved at 37°C in B27 supplemented alpha MEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 4 hours and in reduced serum OptiMEM I (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) with coelenterazine cp (8µM) for an additional 2 hours. Stable cell lines were then trypsinized, counted, centrifuged, and resuspended in calcium-free HBSS (Hanks’Solution) plus 10m(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid). The luminescence of both PKR2 and PKR2-aq:TRPV2 stable cell lines was measured with a as follows. After serum starvation, CHO cells were resuspended in Ca2+-free HBSS. Cell analysis occurred in a bioluminescence assay measuring changes in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) concentrations both with application of HBSS or PK2. CHO cells were subjected to PK2 for 10 mins, followed by serum-free defined media. Cells were fixed at 0, 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mins and immunostained using extracellular-recognizing TRPV2 antibody. Voltage-clamp electrophysiology in Xenopus oocytes Linearized cDNA-containing vectors for PKR2 and TRPV2 were used to transcribe cRNA using mMessage mMachine reagents (Ambion, Austin, TX). Concentrations of cRNA were determined by spectrophotometric absorbance and by gel electrophoresis. For oocyte isolation, sexually mature female Xenopus laevis were anaesthetized and lobes of ovaries were removed and stored at 16°C and gentamycin (Sigma).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: As such, species in these guilds may experience relatively consistent exposure to wind turbines and, as a consequence, relatively consistent levels of collision risk among seasons of the year. The hypothesis that exposure to turbines drives interspecific variation in collision fatalities of birds could be tested by examining the relationship between collision fatalities and the amount of time different species spend in the vicinity of operating turbines, for example by combining data on the location of turbines in the U. S. [15], collision fatalities in AWWIC, and intra-annual distribution models generated by eBird (eand Trends products; ebird. org/science/status-and-trends). The sample size for bat fatalities recorded in AWWIC was much larger than that for birds and patterns in collision timing generally matched those reported by previous analyses of smaller data sets [3, 4, 7, 8], with fatalities peaking in late summer and early autumn. As has been observed in other studies (e. g. , [4]), we also found that collision fatalities of silver-haired bats peaked later in the year than for both the other migratory tree bats (hoary bat and Eastern red bat) and the one cave-roosting species in our sample, big brown bat. However, the geographically extensive data in AWWIC allowed us to compare for the first time the timing of fatalities for these more widespread species with Mexican free-tailed bats, carcasses of which appeared in large numbers only in the southernmost regions of our study area. Mexican free-tailed bats exhibited the latest peak in fatality counts, with most carcasses discovered during late October and early November. This fits with previous observations that the intensity of autumn migration in the U. S. peaks for this species during October and November [20, 21]. Mexican free-tailed bats have begun overwintering in larger numbers in Texas, rather than continuing to migrate further south into Mexico, which may further increase the duration of time during which this species is at risk of collisions [22]. Using data from a large geographic area also allowed us to examine how temporal patterns in the number of collisions varied across latitudes, a question that cannot be addressed by site- or region-specific studies. Among the migratory tree bats, species that occurred across multiple ecoregions tended to show earlier fatality peaks in more northerly ecoregions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: As well, the advent of “green legislation” together with increased green building construction is forcing architects, planners, and builders to consider the environmental impact of buildings they design and construct [4]. Aside from the moderate amount of sunlight required for the health and comfort of occupants, solar radiation is particularly useful as an energy resource [5]. Apart from this, sunlight provides light more efficiently than electric light sources, while producing less heat for the same amount of light. With the development of sustainable design, researchers are attaching much more importance to energy savings related to sun exposure on buildings, an important component of sustainable development. One of the performance analyses done by architects is to predict how buildings are performing in terms of their luminous environment as a result of daylighting [6]. If energy savings from harvesting sunshine on buildings are considered in the building design stage, an optimal energy design can be selected. Demand for solar power has expanded in recent years for domestic and industrial needs. Solar power is produced by collecting sunlight and converting it into electricity, which is normally done by use of large, flat solar panels composed of many individual solar cells. Solar arrays are most often located remotely, although urban sitting is becoming more popular as well. As the cost of solar energy falls, more and more buildings are being outfitted with photovoltaic systems and some even generate more electricity than they use, which structures are called “energy positive,” an impressive feat. In some areas, solar-enabled buildings actually turn a profit from surplus energy, which is sold to local utility companies and fed it onto the grid. In practice, photovoltaic materials (like solar panels) are normally used to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as roofs, skylights, and facades. As a principle or ancillary source of electrical power, solar panels are increasingly incorporated into the construction of new buildings, although existing buildings may be retrofitted with similar technology. However, current analysis of solar energy extraction in comparison with the complexity of sunlight models needed for energy calculations clearly reflects the limited use of building information modeling, as well as the lack of effective visualization techniques. Sunlight analysis is performed by hand calculations or by computer simulation tools. In the process of hand calculation, the preparation of initial data can be a very lengthy and laborious, consisting as it does mostly of manual or semimanual translation from architectural model data to simulation data, which often results in numerous coding errors [7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: After oocytes were plucked and denuded by gentle vortexing with 1mg/ml collagenase (Worthington, Lakewood, NJ), healthy oocytes were injected with PKR2 cRNA or PKR2 and TRPV2 cRNAs. Xenopus laveis oocytes were placed in a 35mm chamber with a bath solution containing 96mM NaCl and 2. 5mM BaCl2. The cells were impaled with two glass electrodes filled with 3M KCl connected to a two-electrode voltage clamp TEV-200 amplifier and oscilloscope. Once impaled, oocytes were incubated in various concentrations of for 5 minutes (Alexis, San Diego, CA) and were followed by PK2. For each experiment, 50nM PK2 was added for 40 seconds. All recordings and images were generated using pClamp 9 (Axon, Union City, CA). Statistical analyses Data were analyzed using Graph5. 0 (San Diego, CA). Two-way or one-way ANOVAs with Bonferroni post-hocs and unpaired t-test were used. Expression of TRPV2 in the SCN and colocalization of TRPV2 with PKR2 in the SCN neurons We screened the expression of all 33 known Trp channels in the mouse SCN [21, 22] by in situ hybridization. The majority of the 33 known Trp channels were not expressed in the SCN, with several of them, including TRPC1, C4 and C5, being lightly expressed in the SCN (Supp. Fig. S1). The only robust expressed TRP channel was TRPV2 (Supp. Fig. S1). In addition to its robust expression in the 2 was also expressed in the several known SCN target areas, such as paraventricular and dorsal medial nuclei of the hypothalamus. As the expression pattern of TRPV2 and PKR2 in the SCN and several known SCN targets is quite similar, we thus investigated whether PKR2 and TRPV2 are co-expressed in the same SCN neuron with combined in situ hybridization and immunostaining. Fig. 1C-F shows that TRPV2 is indeed co-expressed with PKR2 in the SCN neurons.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractWind energy offers substantial environmental benefits, but wind facilities can negatively impact wildlife, including birds and bats. Researchers and managers have made major efforts to chronicle bird and bat mortality associated with wind facilities, but few studies have examined the patterns and underlying mechanisms of spatial patterns of fatalities at wind facilities. Understanding the horizontal fall distance between a carcass and the nearest turbine pole is important in designing effective search protocols and estimating total mortality. We explored patterns in taxonomic composition and fall distance of bird and bat carcasses at wind facilities in the States using publicly available data and data submitted to the US Fish and under scientific collecting and special purpose utility permits for collection and study of migratory birds. Forty-four wind facilities reported 2,039 bird fatalities spanning 128 species and 22 facilities reported 418 bat fatalities spanning five species. Relative to long-distance migratory birds, short-distance migrants were found farther from turbines. Body mass of birds and bats positively influenced fall distance. Turbine size positively influenced fall distance of birds and bats when analyzed collectively and of birds when analyzed separately from bats. This suggests that as turbines increase in size, a greater search radius will be necessary to detect carcasses. Bird and bat fall distance distributions were notably multimodal, but only birds exhibited a high peak near turbine bases, a novel finding we attribute to collisions with turbine poles in addition to blades. This phenomenon varied across bird species, with potential implications for the accuracy of mortality estimates. Although pole collisions for birds is intuitive, this phenomenon has not been formally recognized. This finding may warrant an updated view of turbines as a collision threat to birds because they are a tall structure, and not strictly as a function of their motion. Citation: (2020) An evaluation of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines in the States. 15(8): e0238034. Vanesa Magar, Centro de y de de de : March 11, 2020; Accepted: August 7, 2020; Published: August 28, 2020This is an open access 1. Cumulative number of bird and bat fatalities reported to the US Fish and between 2008 and 2017 by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. States in gray did not report any fatalities. Exact locations of wind facilities that reported data are withheld due to privacy concerns. Black circles represent all wind facilities in the Northeastern US and size indicates the number of wind turbines in each facility [14].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: The large volume of residential building construction in recent years and the deficit of conventional energy sources justify any initiatives conducive to the construction of self-sustainable residential buildings that are capable of producing their own energy for illumination, HVAC, electrical appliances, etc. [18]. The design of alternative energy devices is a predictable way to develop a wide range of new technologies for a more sustainable future. To achieve energy sustainability, the installation of building-integrated solar panels is a viable option. Solar panels are a type of semiconductor device that converts the energy from sunlight into electric energy. Solar panels do not use chemical reactions to produce electric power, and they have no moving parts. Rooftop and vertical surfaces on buildings are convenient installation position to supply solar energy to meet growing energy demands. Depending on material, solar panels can be classified into different kinds: silicon solar cell, compound solar cells, polymer solar cell, nanocrystal solar cell, organic solar cell, and plastic solar cell. Many of factors play part in determining the practicality of a given solar installation and the selection of solar panels. One major factor is the available sunlight. Considering the sun is what combines with the photovoltaic panels to produce the energy, an area rich in sunlight is highly desirable [19]. Glasnovic and Margeta [19] performed an analysis of photovoltaic pumps versus diesel pumps and concluded that photovoltaic pumps were more efficient than diesel pump. Photovoltaic solar cells are thin silicon disks that convert sunlight into electricity. These disks act as energy sources for a wide variety of uses, such as rooftop panels on buildings. The past decade has seen a remarkable evolution in mainstream silicon solar cell technology, documented by greatly increased production volumes and greatly reduced costs. By using solar panels, electricity costs from outside sources are negated by the electricity produced by the building’s surface installations. Additionally, emissions that are the environmental cost of burning coal to produce electricity are significantly reduced. Although solar energy is renewable, more efficient than fossil fuel and environmentally friendly, it is costly. According to Borenstein [20], the high cost of power from solar panels has been a major deterrent to the technology’s market penetration, while the current direct cost of photovoltaic solar panels is widely acknowledged to be much greater than fossil fuel generation or many other renewable energy sources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: C, Quantification by MCID analysis of PK2 and TrpV2 mRNA. Animals were subjected to constant darkness for 2 days. Each value is the mean of 4–6 animals. Solid squares, PK2; open squares, TrpV2. Scale bar=1 mm. Figure 2 Oscillation of TrpV2 protein expression in SCN of WT and PK2 KO mice. A, Coexpression of TrpV2 protein and PKR2 mRNA in the SCN of WT mouse at CT4. TrpV2 protein expression is reduced in the SCN of WT mouse SCN at CT16 (B). TrpV2 level are similar in the SCN of PK2 KO mouse at CT4 (C), and CT16 (D). Images of left column are of TrpV2 protein (red) alone; images of right column are of TrpV2 protein and PKR2 mRNA (green). E, Graphical representation of TrpV2 protein level in the SCN of WT and PK2 KO mice at CT4 and CT16 ***p<0. 0001. Scale bar=500 µm. Enhanced Ca2+ mobilization in PKR2-TRPV2 co-expressing cells To determine the functional interaction of PKR2 and TRPV2, we next examined Ca2+ mobilization in stable cell lines that co-express PKR2 and TRPV2 (PKR2:TRPV2). As shown in Figure 3A-C, the calcium mobilization signal was significantly increased in PKR2:TRPV2 cells, compared to parental PKR2 cells [19]. The modest mobilization of Ca2+ in the parental PKR2 CHO cell line can be attributed to calcium release from intracellular storage (Fig. 3A and 19). Furthermore, ruthenium red, a TRPV blocker, was shown to dose-dependently inhibit the calcium signaling in PKR2:TRPV2 cells (Fig. 3E-F). This decrease was due to blockade in TRPV2 channel activation, since [Ca2+]i concentrations in the parental PKR2 cells were unaffected (Fig. 3D, F). Figure 3 PK2-induced Ca2+ mobilization of PKR2:TrpV2- expressing CHO cells.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: We set the lower limits for these tests at 0 m (carcasses with a distance of 0 m were found directly next to the turbine base) to reflect the non-negative nature of distance values. Although data ranged to 100 m, we set our upper limit for testing to 60 m after observing that the ACR method tended to identify modes at the location of single data points in the far right tail of the fall distance distribution when allowed to search out to 100 m. We considered these far-right modes as reflecting nothing more than the method's computational limitations under sparse data conditions. We ran all other function parameters at default values (see [52] and S1 Code). Following these tests, we used the multimode package’s implementation of Chaudhuri and Marron’s [60] SiZer (SIgnificant ZERo crossings of derivatives) to map the location of significant (α = 0. 05) increases and decreases in density, and thereby gathered a sense of the potential number and location of modes. Based on these impressions, we estimated the location of modes using the Hall and York [61] method within the multimode package, again specifying the lower and upper limits as 0 and 60 m, respectively. and temporal patterns Forty-four wind facilities reported 2,039 bird fatalities spanning 17 orders, 41 families, 128 species, and 22 trophic guilds (for a complete list of reported bird species, see S1 2. Five most frequent families of bird mortality at wind turbines in the Northeastern US. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Eight most frequent species of bird mortality at wind turbines in the Northeastern US. percent of all bird fatalities were composed of just eight species: red-eyed vireo, golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa), magnolia warbler (Setophaga magnolia), black-throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens), ruffed grouse, yellow-rumped warbler (Setophaga coronata), common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), and turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) (Table 3). Over half of all species were reported less than five times.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: Sunlight simulation is made by input of the Classes (IFC) model into the sunlight analysis program, followed by additional related analysis on occlusion relationship, sunshine duration sheet, isohel map, shadow outlines, etc. Level 3: Solar energy analysis. The main objective of Level 3 is to assess the geometric characteristics under sunlight models in solar energy analysis. This step obtains dimensions of the useful rooftop and vertical surfaces, where photovoltaic solar panels could be installed, from which the solar energy generation potential and the energy costs are calculated for the sample building. 3. 2. Simulation models and settingsThe study case in this paper refers to the located on the of in Nanjing, China. Building is designed to be a 16-storey, technology-rich learning environment, hosting over 1000 classroom seats in-state-of-the-laboratory classrooms, with conference rooms and professors’ offices. The building will be home to undergraduate and graduate students in Department of and all staffs in that department. Surrounded by the newly-built Traffic Building, (Building B) and (Building A3), the sample building is sheltered from the sun in this sunlight simulation and analysis. The sample building’s structure information is listed in Table 1. NameStatusHeight (M)Floor areas (M2)OrientationsUseCivil BuildingProposed61. 8916559. 05South by east4°TeachingBuilding A3Built18. 443747. 08South by east4°Lecture and conferenceTraffic BuildingBuilt54. 6720419. 2South by east 4°AcademicBuilding BBuilt25. 613210. 18South by east 4°TeachingTable 1. Information of civil building, traffic building, building A3 and B. In order to achieve the objective stated above, a schema converter is proposed in this paper to facilitate the information exchange between BIM tools and sunlight modeling tools. In this study, the technology for systematic sustainable design modeling that enabled sunlight simulation and analysis is driven by a Revit platform, which is able to design all of the required processes and components from a 2D building digital drawing to a 3D model. This platform uses an attribute driven modeling engine to simulate overall building design and create the network of building element relationships (inferred by the software and/or set by the user). The relationship network is the basis by which to achieve information exchange and to later generate sunlight analysis results.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A, PKR2 and B, PKR2:TrpV2 CHO cell Ca2+ mobilization in Ca2+ free HBSS. Initial injection at 1 sec of either HBSS and PK2 followed by 3 mM CaCl2 injection at 30 sec. C, Graphical representation of area under the curve (AUC) for calcium peak, ***p<0. 0001. D, PKR2-expressing CHO were unaffected by 3 min pretreatment of increasing doses of ruthenium red (RR), Results are ± SEM from 5–6 separate experiments. E, RR dose-dependently decreased the calcium mobilization inPKR2:TrpV2-expressing CHO cells. F, Calcium mobilization was significantly increased by the expression of TrpV2, which was inhibited by RR. TRPV2 increased membrane current through PKR2 activation in Xenopus oocytes We further used two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology to examine the functional interaction of TRPV2 and PKR2 in Xenopus oocytes. In oocytes co-injected with PKR2 and TRPV2 cRNAs or injected with PKR2 alone, exposure to PK2 evoked inward currents (Fig. 4A). Peak currents were about 5-fold higher in PKR2:TRPV2 injected oocytes compared with PKR2 alone (Fig. 4A, graph inset). Onset of currents occurred rapidly within ~5 secs in PKR2:TRPV2 oocytes with an aciculate profile. In contrast, with mean peak current amplitude of 400nA, PKR2-expressing oocytes had a slower PK2-induced onset of ~15 secs and displayed undulatory properties, typical of GPCR electrophysiological profiling [23]. Peaks returned to baseline more slowly in the PKR2-expressing oocytes and often displayed a prolonged oscillatory-IP3 patterning, also indicative of GPCR-driven signaling (Fig. 4A). Figure 4 PK2-evoked current in oocytes that coexpress PKR2:TrpV2. A, PK2 (50 nM)-evoked currents in PKR2- (left) and PKR2:TrpV2-expressing (right) oocytes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Thus, in the absence of non-blade caused mortality, a similar distance distribution would be expected for both birds and bats at active wind turbines. Nonetheless, we found that 10% of all bird carcasses were located just 2 m away from the turbine base. Though most fatalities have been presumed to occur upon collision with moving turbine blades [29, 92], birds, especially nocturnal migrants, likely also struggle to detect the presence of turbine poles, whereas bats are assumedly able to avoid static turbine poles using echolocation. It is also likely that some species, based simply on life history, primarily collide with turbine poles and rarely collide with blades themselves [6, 20, 93]. Carcasses of low-flying upland game birds, which are unlikely to ever fly into the rotor zone, have been routinely found during carcass searches [34, 94–97] and Stokke et al. [98] found substantial evidence that willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) frequently collide with turbine poles in Norway. Further, the distance distribution for willow ptarmigan mirrored ours, showing a high peak directly next to the turbine pole (Fig 3) [98]. However, though our dataset included 75 ruffed grouse and wild turkey, upland gamebirds represented only a minority of the near-turbine carcasses. Small migratory songbirds comprised the majority of carcasses within 2 m of turbine polls, and may collide with poles at relatively high numbers. This has not been previously discussed, despite this group of birds being commonly reported colliding with other stationary structures, such as buildings [84] and communication towers [82, 83]. Our data suggested the phenomenon of turbine pole collisions was variable among taxonomic families of small migratory songbirds. For example, vireos show a pronounced peak in fall distance near turbines, new world sparrows and new world warblers only minor peaks, and kinglets and thrushes none at all (S12–S16 Figs). Because carcasses farther from turbines are less likely to be detected [30], this could lead to inaccurate mortality estimates of different bird groups. For instance, vireos, which showed a strongly right-skewed distance distribution, could be overestimated if this distribution was not incorporated into mortality estimates. We cannot presently explain these discrepancies, but think this matter is worthy of further investigation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: The blue figures calculated on the isohel map indicate areas that will receive more than 4 h of sunshine on day, while green figures indicate areas receiving more than 2 h of sunshine and yellow figures indicate areas with more than 1 h of sunshine. Note that the area of red figures that receives less than 1 h of sunshine is mainly the result of shadowing by the building roof. 3. 5. 5. Isohel map of building planeThe isohel maps of building planes, which is similar to the map of building elevation, apply plane partition according to sunshine duration. The isohel lines shown in building plane mode indicate clearly those areas receiving equal amounts of sunshine. Figure 6 above shows division on the basis of sunshine duration of a given building plane. The image shows analysis of sunshine duration on the first floor, in which dark blue represents areas receiving sunshine for more than 4 h, light blue represents more than 3 h of light, green represents more than 2 h, yellow represents more than 1 hour, and red represents less than 1 h of light. Results indicate very little sunshine on the North plane, and the windows no. 33-34 have a sunshine duration of zero, due to occlusion by the (Building T) from the south, which is in accordance with the analysis above. Figure 6. Isohel map of building plane. 3. 5. 6. Area analysisArea analysis (in Figure 7) yields sunshine duration values for different areas within the same plane of a building. Theoretically, analysis of isohel lines is in accordance with area analysis, which facilitates cross-confirmation. The object of sunlight analysis in the image above is the first floor, from which the obtained data represent the length of time that area receives sunshine. The results accord with actual conditions, where N represents sunshine duration greater than or equal to N, but less than N + 0. 5 and N+ represents sunshine duration greater than or equal to N + 0. 5 but less than N + 1. Figure 7. Area analysis map. 3. 5. 7. Shadow outline and shadow range of buildingOcclusion of and by the Civil BuildingFigure 8 clearly shows the shadow size at 11:00 of each building in this study. Three windows of the South side on floors 1-3 of the are shaded by the (Building T), falling it far from the insolation standards on day of 2 h. Figure 8. Shadow outline of civil building. 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Graph inset displays the significance in peak amplitude, ***p<0. 0001. PKR2 injected, n=15; PKR2:TrpV2 co-injection, n=11. B, Oocytes expressing PKR2:TrpV2 were pretreated with RR (3 min). Graph inset shows the decrease in peak amplitude with increasing doses of RR. **p<0. 01, *p<0. 05; n=20. To verify that the functionality of the TRPV2 channel is under the regulation of PKR2, we further used ruthenium red to block TRPV2 channel activity. In oocytes expressing PKR2:TRPV2, ruthenium red dose-dependently attenuated PK2-evoked currents (Fig. 4B, graph inset). In contrast, ruthenium red did not alter current amplitude in oocytes expressing PKR2 alone. These studies indicated that TRPV2 increases oocyte membrane current through PKR2 activation. PKR2 activation increases TRPV2 expression at the cell surface The molecular mechanism for the functional activation of TRPV2 is still unclear, with one likely possibility being that the TRPV2 channels are constitutively active and their activity is regulated by trafficking to cell surface expression [20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. We thus set out to examine the trafficking properties of TRPV2 in response to the PKR2 activation. In absence of the PKR2 activation, TRPV2 protein is low at the cell surface (Fig. 5A). 30 mins after addition of PK2, TRPV2 was increased at the cellular membrane (Fig. 5B). TRPV2 expression increases more by 60 min, and peaks at about 90 min (Fig. 5C, D). Interestingly, robust expression levels of TRPV2 were observed in the formation of large clusters on the membrane, particularly around peak level (Fig. 5D, H). Confocal images of Z-stack (Supp. Fig. S3) clearly demonstrated the robust trafficking of TRPV2 to the cell surface membrane via the activation of PKR2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Monthly timing of fatalities of thrushes (Turdidae) at wind turbines. Data from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S7 Fig. Monthly timing of fatalities of hawks and eagles (Accipitridae) at wind turbines. Data from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S8 Fig. Monthly timing of fatalities of new world vultures (Cathartidae) at wind turbines. Data from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S9 Fig. Monthly timing of fatalities of cuckoos (Cuculidae) at wind turbines. Data from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S10 Fig. Monthly timing of fatalities of flycatchers (Tyrannidae) at wind turbines. Data from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S11 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of new world warblers (Parulidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S12 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of vireos (Vireonidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S13 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of kinglets (Regulidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S14 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of thrushes (Turdidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S15 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of new world sparrows (Passerellidae) at wind turbines.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: Shadow range of the Civil BuildingFigure 9 shows shadow range of and its continuous shadow envelope on the ground on day. Figure 9. Shadow range of civil building. 3. 5. 8. Screenshot of sunshine simulationThis research section examines sunshine of the 8:00–16:00 h (in Figure 10). The shadow area is relatively large around 8:00, while most windows on the North side can receive sunshine. The shadow area at 12:00 is much less than any other time of the day, which means that windows receiving sunshine increase and sunshine duration is much longer. 16:00 is the latest time point used for analyzing sunshine duration on the on day, and the shadow is accordingly stretches. According to the three images above, no windows on the nightside can receive sunshine at any time of the day, which is in accordance with the sunshine analysis of windows as shown above. Figure 10. Sunshine simulation at (a) 8:00 A. M. , (b) 12:00 P. M. , and (c) 16:00 P. M. Advertisement 4. Results and discussion4. 1. The assumption of energy calculationIn this study, the analyzed building is treated as one system, where the amount of solar energy gained by any facade of building is the main research target. Related data used to calculate solar energy are generated in the sunlight simulation by BIM modeling, which shows the sunshine duration on facades of a selected building. For solar energy calculation in this study, it is assumed that meets the following conditions:Solar panels can be installed on the rooftop and vertical walls with a sunshine duration more than 5 h. In order to satisfy required cost savings, the solar panels will not be installed on the north-facing vertical wall of the building because of its insufficient sunshine all year around. Every solar panel is made up of the same material, and the absorbed sunlight can be converted into electricity to attain efficiency in stable networks. The energy cost analysis mainly considers the cost of solar panels. The analysis period for energy cost is classified into and Winter Solstice. The duration time is assumed to be the average of each solar term. According to the weather statistics over the last 3 years, the average number of sunny days each year accounted for 55%. The duration of the sunshine period on the facade of the building is considered to be the average length of the period as estimated by sunlight simulation on. The rate paid for electricity is 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: To further ascertain this trafficking to cell surface expression of TRPV2 was truly due to the activation of PKR2, we pretreated the cells with a selective PKR2 antagonist, PKRA7 [30, 31]. Fig. 5F, H shows that PKRA7 blocked the cell surface expression of TRPV2 induced by PKR2 activation. Taken together, these results indicate that PKR2 activation increases the trafficking of TRPV2 to cell surface. Figure 5 PK2-induced cell surface translocation and large cluster formation of TrpV2 in CHO cells. All cells were serum-starved and subsequently treated with PK2 or PK2 antagonist. Cells were then fixed at indicated time points and immunostained using a rabbit-anti-TrpV2 antibody. A, no PK2 added, B, 30 min, C, 60 min, D, 90 min, E, 120 min. Pretreatment with F, PKR antagonist (PKRA7). Scale bar=40 µm. G, Higher magnification images (63x) of individual CHO cells. Left to right equates to images A-F. H, Percentage of cells showing translocation of TrpV2 in response to PK2. ***p<0. 001, #p<0. 05. S3 Z-stacking confocal imaging of TrpV2 translocation to surface membrane. A, no PK2 treatment. CHO Cells were treated with PK2 for 10 min B, 10 min, C, 30 min, D, 60 min, E, 90 min, F, 120 min. Note the apparent cell surface expression of TrpV2 in response to PK2 treatment. Cell surface expression of TrpV2 was detected by immunostaining with anti-TrpV2 antibody. Scale bar=40 µm. coexpression of PKR2 and TRPV2 in the SCN neurons was demonstrated by combined in situ hybridization and immunostaining (Fig. 1). Further, TRPV2 protein, but not TRPV2 mRNA, was shown to oscillate in the SCN in a PK2-dependent fashion (Fig. 2). Functional studies indicated that the co-expression of TRPV2 enhanced signaling of PKR2 in calcium mobilization or ion current conductance, compared to cells or oocytes that express PKR2 alone (Figs. 3, 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S16 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of hawks and eagles (Accipitridae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S17 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of new world vultures (Cathartidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S18 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of cuckoos (Cuculidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S19 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of grouse and allies (Phasianidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S20 Fig. Density plot of distance from turbine of fatalities of flycatchers (Tyrannidae) at wind turbines. Data from publicly available reports and from reports submitted to the US Fish and by 44 wind facilities in the Northeastern US. Sample size given in parentheses. S1 Dataset. Data used in modeling fall distance of bird and bat mortality. S2 Dataset. Data used for taxonomic composition and temporal patterns. S1 Table. Variables, number of parameters, delta Quasi-AIC (ΔQAIC), QAIC weights (wi), and log-likelihood (LL) for all-taxa full model set. S2 Table. Variables, number of parameters, delta Quasi-AIC (ΔQAIC), QAIC weights (wi), and log-likelihood (LL) for birds-taxa full model set. S1 Code. R code for data analysis. 1. US Department of Energy. Wind vision: A new era for wind power in the United States. U. S. Department of Energy. Wind Vision: A for in the United States.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: 88 RMB per kilowatt-hour. The assumptions mentioned above are made in order to facilitate investigation easy and to make the comparison more realistic. In this study, direct solar radiation was calculated, ground reflected, and diffused radiations are neglected under the assumption that they will be equal for all shapes. Additionally, effects of the other factors, like shading and type of building material, are assumed to be equal for all situations. These assumptions do not change the main results of this study. 4. 2. Energy consumption calculation and cost analysisIn this study, each surface of the building was first analyzed separately, and then all systems were discussed. Surfaces of the building were encoded by using abbreviations (“South,” “East/West”), as seen in Table 5. Instant and hourly solar energy from the surface of a building depend upon some parameters, like the time of day, day of year, effective area of the wall, sunshine duration, etc. According to the BIM model of the described above, the total area and effective area of walls on each floor can be summarized in Table 5. Note that the north-facing surface is not taken into consideration because its sunshine duration is less than 5 h. As well, the sunshine duration of different surfaces in each solar term is shown in Table 6, where the surfaces labeled in italics are the vertical walls with a sunshine duration of less than 5 hours. FloorSurfaceTotal area (m2)Windows area (m2)Effective area (m2)Roof867. 80867. 81South255. 7889. 64166. 14East/west66. 786. 360. 482South219. 2477. 76141. 48East/west57. 245. 6751. 573South219. 2467. 2152. 04East/west57. 244. 253. 044-5South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 576-10South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 5711-14South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 5715South219. 2489. 6129. 64East/west57. 245. 6751. 5716South21664152East/west56. 165. 6750. 49Table 5. The area of the wall.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Morphological studies indicated that the enhancement of PKR2 signaling by TRPV2 is likely via the increased trafficking of TRPV2 to the cell surface (Fig. 5). Taken together, these results indicate that TRPV2 is likely part of the downstream signaling of PK2 in the regulation of circadian rhythms [13, 14, 15]. There exist several models that describe how TRPV2 channel activation occurs [32], with one possibility being that TRPV2 channels are constitutively active and their activity is regulated by trafficking to cell surface expression. It has been previously shown that TRPV2 trafficking to the plasma membrane surface is increased in response to the signaling of growth factor receptors, such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) or other receptor [20, 23, 27, 33]. It has been further shown that PI3 kinase is likely involved in the cell surface expression of TRPV2 induced by IGF1 [20]. In this report, we showed that PKR2 activation by PK2 in CHO cell induced the cell surface trafficking of TRPV2 (Fig. 5). It should be pointed out that PKR2 receptor activation has previously been shown to couple to the activation of PI3 kinase [34], and thus a similar signaling pathway may play the role of controlling TRPV2 trafficking to cell surface. The oscillation of the electric firing rate of the SCN is known to be under the control of the circadian clock, but the exact molecular and cellular mechanism is still largely unknown [3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 35, 36]. Clock-controlled genes may directly encode ion channel [37] or regulate ionic conductance activity in the SCN neurons [35, 36, 38, 39, 40]. PK2, as the product of a clock-controlled gene, has been shown to be one of the signaling mediators for the normal expression of circadian rhythms [10, 13, 14, 41]. With regard to the circadian rythmicity of the firing rate of the SCN neurons, PK2 has been shown to increase the firing rate of rat SCN neurons [15]. Our current results indicate that PK2 signaling increases the trafficking of TRPV2 to the cell surface.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Methodological approaches to assessing population-level impacts of bird collisions with wind turbines: a critical perspective Published online by Press: 27 December 2023 [Opens in a new window]andAurélien author details Thierry Chambert* Affiliation: CEFE, University of -: CEFE, University of -élien Besnard Affiliation: CEFE, University of -* Corresponding author: Thierry Chambert; Email: thierry. chambert@cefe. cnrs. fr 0. 29 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] energy is a source of collision fatalities for birds and bats. To evaluate the risk that wind power development projects might pose to the conservation of protected species, it is essential to quantify the impact of collisions on the dynamics of wild populations. To address this challenge, two approaches are primarily employed: potential biological removal (PBR) and population projection analysis (PPA). PBR is a decision rule designed to calculate a sustainable fatality limit for a given population, whereas PPA relies on simulation-based modelling to forecast a population’s future trajectory under various scenarios. In the context of environmental impact assessments (EIAs), we argue that PPA offers a more suitable method than PBR for evaluating population-level impacts resulting from collisions with wind turbines. can be focused on a single source of disturbance, aligning with the perspective of the EIA process. By contrast, PBR necessarily adopts a population-centred perspective and is therefore only relevant when considering all sources of mortality that jointly affect a population. Furthermore, robust utilization of the PBR approach requires the definition of quantitative conservation objectives and the implementation of a comprehensive management strategy evaluation, neither of which is ever undertaken within the context of an EIA. mortalitiesanthropogenic impactscollision fatalitiespopulation projectionspopulation viability analysispotential biological removalwind energy Conservation Issue 1 March 2024 10. 1017/S0376892923000346 [Opens in a new window] Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Press on behalf of Foundation for everywhere around the world, the development of wind energy stands as one of the pillars of the energy transition (Teske et al. and Briggs2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: FloorSurfaceThe spring equinoxThe summer solsticeThe autumnal equinoxThe winter solsticeEffective sunshine duration in a year (h)Roof1214121023761South5. 44. 85. 43920. 7East6764. 51163. 25West3. 34. 53. 32. 42South64. 864594East67651188West3. 64. 53. 62. 63South74. 774. 51148. 4East65651188West43434-5South8. 66. 58. 66. 51470. 15East67651188West4. 7564. 753. 56-10South12612101980East67651188West6764. 81178. 111-14South12412101881East67651188West6765118815South121. 512101757. 25East66. 5651163. 25West66. 5651163. 2516South6. 80. 56. 891143. 45East3. 43. 63. 43. 5West4. 34. 54. 34Table 6. Sunshine duration of different surfaces (unit: h). In this part of the study, sunshine striking a given surface between sunrise and sunset is of concern. First, the total amount of annual solar energy striking surface for more than 5 h was calculated for each solar term over a whole year, which calculation was performed for every surface of the building. The related and required parameters for cost calculation were then assigned. According to the sustainable design plan of the Civil Building, polycrystalline silicon solar panel at 240 W and 18% conversion efficiency (1. 65 m long, 0. 991 m wide, and 0. 04 m light) are suitable components for a larger photovoltaic energy generation and supply system. The installed photovoltaic system will receive 3 RMB per watt capacity in construction subsidies, thus each solar panel 240 W will yield 720 RMB in subsidy. The total number of solar panels n that can be installed on the surface is given in Eq. (1), where Ai is the combined effective area of the facade and rooftop of the Civil Building, while S is the cross-sectional area of the solar panel.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Prokineticin 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus Nature 417(6887): 405–10, DOI: Zhou, QY and Cheng, MY (2005). Prokineticin 2 and circadian clock output 272(22): 5703–9, DOI: and Zhou, QY (2007). Altered circadian and homeostatic sleep regulation in prokineticin 2-deficient mice Sleep 30(3): 247–56. and Zhou, QY (2006). Attenuated circadian rhythms in mice lacking the prokineticin 2 gene J Neurosci 26(45): 11615–23, DOI: and Maywood, ES (2007). Prokineticin receptor 2 (Prokr2) is essential for the regulation of circadian behavior by the suprachiasmatic nuclei 104(2): 648–53, DOI: ’and Hu, WP (2011). Prokineticin 2 regulates the electrical activity of rat suprachiasmatic nuclei neurons PLoS One 6(6): e20263. DOI: and Ferguson, AV (2004). Prokineticin 2 modulates the excitability of subfornical organ neurons J Neurosci 24(10): 2375–9, DOI: and Ferguson, AV (2007). Prokineticin 2 depolarizes paraventricular nucleus magnocellular and parvocellular neurons Neurosci 25(2): 425–34, DOI: and McNaughton, PA (2006). Sensitization of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 by the prokineticin receptor agonist Bv8 J Neurosci 26(19): 5109–16, DOI: and Zhou, QY (2002). Identification and molecular characterization of two closely related G protein-coupled receptors activated by prokineticins/endocrine gland vascular endothelial growth factor J 277(22): 19276–80, DOI: and Kojima, I (1999). Translocation of a calcium-permeable cation channel induced by insulin-like growth factor-I Biol 1(3): 165–70, DOI: Clapham, DE (2003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: However, this mode of energy production is also a source of negative impacts on biodiversity, particularly for birds and bats (Drewitt & Drewitt and Langston2006, Schuster et al. Reference Schuster, Bulling and Köppel2015, Barclay et al. Reference Barclay, Baerwald, Rydell and Perrow2017, Thaxter et al. and Green2017, Serrano et al. Reference Serrano, Margalida, Pérez-García, Juste, Traba and Valera2020). Wind power plants can have two types of negative effects on these volant animals. First, birds and bats are susceptible to direct mortalities caused by collisions with wind turbines or by barotrauma (Barclay et al. Reference Barclay, Baerwald, Rydell and Perrow2017, & De Lucas, Perrow and Perrow2017). Second, like all large artificial infrastructures, wind power plants are responsible for indirect impacts, such as habitat loss, disturbance and barrier effects (Drewitt & Drewitt and Langston2006, Schuster et al. Reference Schuster, Bulling and Köppel2015, Fox & Fox and Petersen2019). Wind energy is currently developing very rapidly around the world, and this rate is projected to continue accelerating in the near future (Teske et al. and Briggs2019). In this context, assessing and mitigating the harmful impacts that this development will have on wildlife has become a primary concern for biodiversity conservation (Fox & Fox and Petersen2019, Serrano et al. Reference Serrano, Margalida, Pérez-García, Juste, Traba and Valera2020, Durá-Alemañ et al. Reference Durá-Alemañ, Moleón, Pérez-García, Serrano and Sánchez-Zapata2023). In many countries around the globe, the construction of wind power plants is regulated by environmental protection laws, which usually require pre- and post-construction impact studies to assess the extent of negative effects on wildlife, notably protected species (Saidur et al. Reference Saidur, Islam, Rahim and Solangi2010). Regarding the risk of direct mortality of birds and bats, environmental impact assessments (EIAs) have historically focused on estimating fatality risk at the individual level (May et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: E1The total electrical energy Q generated by solar panels installed on the can be calculated by Eq. (2), where η is the conversion efficiency of the solar panel, w is the power output of solar panels, and Ti is the effective sunshine duration per year of each surface. E2The amount of the electricity converted by solar panels can be calculated in Eq. (3). E3As is shown in Eq. (3), the solar panels yield more than 60 billion joules of savings in electricity, which shows that the solar panels installed on “Civil Building” reduce traditional energy consumption and in turn contribute to the overall energy efficiency. To assess economic benefit of solar panels, the payback period for solar panel cost can be calculated using Eq. (4). E4In this case, p is the price of each solar panel and C is the operating cost of solar panels. Considering an average electricity price 0. 88 RMB per kilowatt-hour in Nanjing, the daily saving on electricity rates P and the recovery period T can be calculated as follows. P=0. 88×651860789. 2/3600=159343. 7485RMBT=C/P=1831680/159343. 7485=11. 5yearsThrough the cost analysis, after year 11, the investment status solar panels become positive, which means that after 11. 5 years, the solar panel system will operate as a positive cash flow source. Based on the 30-year estimated lifespan of the solar panels, there will be more years benefitting from the solar panel installation than years paying for it. After fully analyzing all the results, the investment is definitely cost-beneficial. Advertisement 5. ConclusionsThe switch to alternative energy sources of electricity is increasing, especially solar energy. The installation of solar panels is advertised throughout the world including China by use of information technologies. Based on the application of building energy modeling and sunlight simulation by BIM technology, and taking advantage of information modeling with 3D visualizations, the sunshine duration and energy consumption of buildings can be calculated with a fair level of accuracy. As a widely used tool in construction sector, BIM has great prospects. With a three-dimensional digital technology, the concept of BIM integrates various kinds of relevant information from construction projects, aiding in complex building performance analyses to ensure an optimized sustainable building design.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: TRP channels as cellular sensors Nature 426(6966): 517–24, DOI: Corey, DP, García-Añoveros, éléoc, and Zhang, DS (2004). TRPA1 is a candidate for the mechanosensitive transduction channel of vertebrate hair cells Nature 432(7018): 723–30, DOI: and Schaller, HC (2006). The neuropeptide head activator is a high-affinity ligand for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR37 J 119(Pt 3): 542–9, DOI: Arniges, M, Fernandez-and Valverde, MA (2006). Human TRPV4 channel splice variants revealed a key role of ankyrin domains in multimerization and trafficking J 281(3): 1580–6, DOI: and Jendrach, M (2008). The C-terminal domain of TRPV4 is essential for plasma membrane localization Biol 25(2): 139–51, DOI: and Clapham, DE (2004). Rapid vesicular translocation and insertion of TRP channels Biol 6(8): 709–20, DOI: and Schaller, HC (2001). The neuropeptide head activator induces activation and translocation of the growth-factor-regulated Ca(2+)-permeable channel 114(20): 3599–606. Garcia--Carvajal, A, Fernandez-and Ferrer-Montiel, A (2007). A role of the transient receptor potential domain of vanilloid receptor I in channel gating J Neurosci 27(43): 11641–50, DOI: Kojima, I and Nagasawa, M (2014). TRPV2 Pharmacol 222: 247–72, DOI: and Sapolsky, RM (2012). Prokineticin 2 is an endangering mediator of cerebral ischemic injury 109(14): 5475–80, DOI: and Wang, XF (2013). A PK2/Bv8/PROK2 antagonist suppresses tumorigenic processes by inhibiting angiogenesis in glioma and blocking myeloid cell infiltration in pancreatic cancer PLoS One 8(1): e54916.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the rationale for the PBR approach is to find the total amount of non-natural mortalities (removals) that a population can sustain (Wade1998). Using the PBR decision rule in an EIA context is thus a gross oversimplification because it considers a single source of anthropic mortality, ignoring all others that populations suffer (Green et al. and Wilson2016, O’Brien et al. Reference O’Brien, Cook and Robinson2017). Second, because EIA lacks a population-centred perspective, no quantitative conservation objective is usually defined for the impacted population. This deficiency has been consistently observed (e. g. , Poot et al. Reference Poot, van Horssen, Collier, Lensink and Dirksen2011, Leopold et al. and Lagerveld2014, Busch & Busch and Garthe2016, NIRAS 2016) in studies that employed the PBR formula as a decision-making tool within the context of wind energy’s impact on bird populations. As highlighted above, using PBR as a decision criterion first requires the establishment of such an objective because it constitutes a vital component of the MSE framework, within which the effectiveness of the decision rule can be rigorously evaluated. Third, in the context of EIA, the PBR decision rule has been used without implementing an operational model and without conducting simulations to assess its robustness to uncertainties and to tune the value of the recovery factor F R (e. g. , Poot et al. Reference Poot, van Horssen, Collier, Lensink and Dirksen2011, Leopold et al. and Lagerveld2014, Busch & Busch and Garthe2016, NIRAS 2016). Instead, generic values of F R which were derived in a completely different context (marine mammal bycatch in North America; Wade1998), have been blindly applied. Therefore, there is no guarantee that the harvest quota computed through this formula would effectively align with the conservation objective, assuming such an objective would have been defined for the population under consideration.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Solar panels produce energy consistently, even without sunlight. [SEP] Text: As well, related software enables energy consumption to be predicted and adjusted during the design stage, thus providing great convenience for sustainable design. This case study presents both method and technology for integration of building energy simulation and cost calculation with building information modeling (BIM). The early feasibility study stage included sunlight simulation using Revit and THS-WARE, after which the solar energy production was investigated based on the application of solar panels. Initial sunlight analysis and energy use calculations by BIM software were generated based on a number of building specifications and environmental data. According to analysis of solar energy as absorbed by facades, the expense saved by electricity generated from the solar energy can be calculated. Taking the cost of solar panels and project feasibility into consideration, the study shows that application of the studied solar panels contributes greatly to social, economic, and environmental benefits. The energy-saving proposal is feasible in this case and realizes the sustainable design. Though application of building information modeling (BIM) technology assists effective decisions-making as related to sustainable building design in the early stages, BIM is still developing and limited by software compatibility. If the following aspects can be improved while applying sunshine simulation to real projects through BIM, the long-term benefits of a sustainable design will be realized. (1) Strengthen software analysis area. In order to provide a more comprehensive analysis, apart from the analysis of sunlight condition of the building, indoor lighting, ventilation, and air conditioning should be taken into consideration. (2) The result of calculation on solar energy converted to electricity has effect on the development of solar panels. Optimizing the utilization of solar panels contributes to energy saving. (3) A new plug-in is needed to combine solar energy analysis with sunshine simulation, which can solve related practical problem more efficiently. Advertisement 1. . Systems thinking for sustainable design: A conceptual framework of constructivist web-based learning environment management using inquiry learning process. Creative Education. 2012;3:35-38. DOI: 10. 4236/ce. 2012. 38B0082. Cheng S. The research of green building design and application based on bim technology [Thesis]. Hunan China: Hunan University; 20133. Wang RX. Green building of low power consumption. Journal of (Social Science). 2010;12(2):144-148. Schlueter A, Thesseling F.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The ages of mice at harvest are indicated at the left margin; the number of days in culture is indicated on the abscissa with day 0 as the day of harvest. The ordinate indicates the intensity of bioluminescence in relative light units (RLUs). The vertical lines in panels indicate a local time of 0000, hours. The variability of circadian peak phase in individual rhythms was calculated in PER2::LUC rhythm on the 2nd culture day. The variability was not different between the SCN of the control and Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice harvested at P1, but significantly larger in the SCN of Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (s. d. ; 4. 4 h, n=6) than in the control (s. d. ; 0. 3 h, n=4) harvested at P7. Full size imageSignificant circadian rhythms of Per1-luc expression were detected at all ages examined in the control, but only during the early postnatal period (P1 and P7) in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (Fig. 1a). Circadian amplitudes determined at 5th culture day of each preparation increased after birth, peaked at P7–P14 and declined afterwards in the control mice (Supplementary Fig. S1a). The amplitudes in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice were significantly lower than those in the control at P1 and P7, and undetectable at P14, P21 and adulthood. Significant PER2::LUC circadian rhythms were detected at all ages examined in the control, but evident only during the neonatal period (P1 and P7) in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (Fig. 1b). Interestingly, the circadian rhythms were not synchronized among littermates in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice, which was marked contrast with the well-synchronized circadian rhythms in the control. Similar to Per1-luc, circadian amplitudes increased after birth, peaked at P7–P14 and declined afterwards in the control mice (Supplementary Fig. S1b). The amplitude in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice was comparable to the control at P1, significantly lower at P7 and P14 and undetectable at P21 and adulthood.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Migratory behaviour of bird species occurring in critical numbers at bottleneck in online by Press: 29 September 2015 author details * Affiliation: Vogelwarte Hiddensee, and Museum, of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 23, 17489 Greifswald, Germany. * *Email: michaheiss@aol. com 0. 41 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] narrow coastal plain located between the and the was recently discovered to be a major avian flyway through Transcaucasia. Here at the bottleneck in Azerbaijan an estimated 1. 24–1. 51 million migrants passed through in autumn 2011 and a further 0. 65–0. 82 million in spring 2012, elevating this bottleneck to international importance. Furthermore, 34 bird species were observed in numbers in excess of the 1% threshold of world or flyway population in at least one of the observation seasons. Due to the high concentration of these species, any dangers affecting this passage can be threatening at a population scale. This study therefore aims to describe the migratory behaviour of these 34 species and subsequently to identify the dangers involved in passage through the area. Collision with anthropogenic obstacles was regarded as the main threat in the coastal plain. Ten (40%) of the species studied and observed in autumn 2011 were flying at the lowest altitudes and are therefore under threat on migration through the bottleneck due to overhead power lines, buildings, traffic and hunting. Planned infrastructural developments with heights of up to 200 m (e. g. towers, wind farms) pose a future threat for an additional 13 (52%) of the study species observed in autumn, making a total of 23 species that would be threatened. Only two species, Microcarbo pygmaeus and Ardea cinerea, can be expected to maintain their currently safe passage in future as they migrate mainly above 200 m above ground level. In spring 2012, all 14 (100%) of the species that used the coastal plain as flyway, migrated below 50 m and are therefore imminently threatened by collision. Although birds migrating over the were concentrated at the lower altitudes, there was no identifiable threat for migrants using this flyway, but hazards can be expected in the oil production areas further south. 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Language immersion can accelerate the acquisition of new languages. [SEP] Text: in Contact 25th Conflict & & Issues in the Denmark-& & &. to Activation: ’ Kircher & 2023-10-23 Still of a video from the language promotion campaign; this traditional speaker says “I think it's great that you want to invest time and effort in the Frisian language and that you want to learn Frisian” *** The blog posts are prepared by the authors in their personal capacity. The views expressed in the blog posts are the sole responsibility of the authors concerned and do not necessarily reflect the view of the for Minority Issues. ***Authors: & | (PhD, University of London) is principal researcher at the ECMI. While working on the project presented in this blog post, she was a researcher at the on Multilingualism and Language Learning/in the Netherlands. Her research focuses on minority language communities in multilingual societies – with a particular interest in language attitudes and ideologies, language practices, and language policy and planning. * (MA, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) works at Afûk, formerly known as the Ûnderrjocht Kommisje (Education Commission) – the organisation that promotes Frisian language and culture in Fryslân, Netherlands. She is head of the marketing division and manager of the language promotion division. Moreover, she is in charge of Afûk’s international projects. Around the world, minority languages face endangerment as their speakers shift to the socially, politically, and economically more powerful tongues of majority populations. It is generally acknowledged that benign neglect – doing nothing and hoping that the problem will solve itself – is effectively support for majority language groups. notes: “Laissez-faire policies mean that the languages of power and prestige will eventually take over in all situations of contact”. So, what can be done to maintain and revitalise minority languages? From acquisition to activationIn many contexts, the focus is on acquisition planning – that is, measures to promote knowledge of minority languages, typically through the education system. Notably, one thing that almost all acquisition planning strategies have in common is the assumption that learning a minority language will somehow turn people into frequent minority language users. However, studies from various contexts demonstrate that this is not actually the case. puts it: “Potential does not necessarily lead to production”.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A long-term SCN culture confirmed the spindle-like change in circadian amplitude during the early postnatal development in both genotypes (Supplementary Fig. S1c,d). The amplitude waxed to a peak around a culture time corresponding to ages P8–P10 (cP8–cP10) and waned thereafter, regardless of whether the SCNs were harvested at P1 or P7. Compared with the control, the circadian amplitude in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice was significantly higher at cP6, not different at cP7–cP10 and significantly lower at cP11–cP20 (Supplementary Fig. S1e). The circadian period of PER2::LUC rhythm in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice was significantly shorter than in the control from cP3 to cP5 but not different thereafter (Supplementary Fig. S1f). The exchange of culture medium enhanced the circadian amplitude of PER2::LUC rhythms in the control SCN harvested either at P1 or P21. Medium exchange enhanced circadian amplitude in the Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN harvested at P1, but failed to restore the circadian rhythm in the SCN harvested at P21, despite a substantial increase in the basal bioluminescence level (Supplementary Fig. S2a,b). Forskolin administration also failed to elicit a circadian rhythm in the SCN of Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice harvested at P21 (Supplementary Fig. S2c). Circadian rhythms in Per1-luc and PER2::LUC were detected at the single-cell level in the SCN of Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice harvested at P2-P5 (Supplementary Fig. S2d,e). The circadian rhythms were disordered and poorly synchronized to each other in Per1-luc, whereas the rhythms were robust and well synchronized in PER2::LUC. Cell morphology in the Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN was indistinguishable from that in the control culture harvested from adult and P7 mice. Neither the density of neurons nor the cell shape was different (S3 and S4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Heiss (Reference Heiss2013) also found 19 species exceeding the 1% threshold of their flyway populations: Tadorna ferruginea, Tadorna tadorna, querquedula, Spatula clypeata, Egretta garzetta, alba, Ardea purpurea, Plegadis falcinellus, aeruginosus, Circus macrourus, Aquila nipalensis, Grus grus, Recurvirostra avosetta, Vanellus vanellus, Hydroprogne caspia, Black-headed ridibundus, Columba oenas, Sturnus vulgaris and Miliaria calandra. In view of the high concentration of individuals of these species in relation to their world or flyway population numbers, they may be considered as highly vulnerable when migrating through the bottleneck area as part of their annual cycle. Man-made structures in particular are known to threaten the passage of migrating birds at such concentration points and any risks incurred by migrating birds can be derived from their migration behaviour (e. g. Bruderer et al. and Steuri2000, Desholm and Desholm and Kahlert2005, Hilgerloh2009, Hilgerloh et al. Reference Hilgerloh, Michalik and Raddatz2011). For the evaluation of wind farm projects, for example, it is especially the flight height that plays an important role (Hilgerloh et al. Reference Hilgerloh, Michalik and Raddatz2011, Hüppop et al. Reference Hüppop, Dierschke, Exo, Fredrich and Hill2006). However, owing to the specific circumstances affecting different bottlenecks, migrants are exposed to different kinds of anthropogenic threats, e. g. hunting along the especially in Italy (Cassola1979, Giordano1991), on Malta (Raine2007), in the (Porter2005) or in Georgia (et al. Maanen, Goradze, Gavashelishvili and Goradze2001), or wind farms in Gibraltar (de Lucas et al. Reference de Lucas, Janss and Ferrer2004) or Egypt (Hilgerloh2009, Hilgerloh et al. Reference Hilgerloh, Michalik and Raddatz2011).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Language immersion can accelerate the acquisition of new languages. [SEP] Text: Consequently, recent research has started paying attention to activation – that is, the process by which individuals who have learnt a minority language become active and habitual users of it. Specifically, activation research has focused on new speakers: “individuals with little or no home or community exposure to a minority language but who instead acquire it through immersion or bilingual educational programs, revitalization projects or as adult language learners”. In the past, such individuals would have commonly been labelled as non-native speakers. However, in recent years, linguists have problematised the notion of nativeness, and the term new speakers was introduced to shift away from ideologies that idealise nativeness. (In line with this, those who grew up with a minority language in the home are usually no longer referred to as native speakers but as traditional speakers. ) Language planners are increasingly aware of the important role that new speakers can play in ensuring the future of minority languages. They can raise overall speaker numbers, thereby offering expanded minority language networks as well as providing more contexts for minority language use. Moreover, by contributing to a more vibrant speaker community, new speakers can boost the perceived importance of the minority language, thereby encouraging others to learn it. New speakers are thus able to make key contributions to minority language maintenance and revitalisation – if they become active and habitual minority language users. But why is this not always a straightforward process? Intergroup relations between traditional and new speakersActivation is “inherently social and relational in its practical realisation” – and the relationship between traditional and new speakers tends to be complex, marked by tensions and linguistic insecurity on both sides. Tensions between speaker groups are often rooted in historical intergroup relations, and especially the fact that most traditional minority language speakers have experienced marginalisation and discrimination by majority language speakers – while many new speakers were raised in dominant majority language communities. [1] Linguistic insecurity is rooted in the varieties used by the different speaker groups. Traditional speakers mostly use socially and geographically grounded minority language varieties (which constitute an important element of local ingroup membership and social identity) while new speakers are taught standardised varieties (which are commonly considered the only appropriate varieties in the education system and are therefore key to educational success). Consequently, in conversations with each other, traditional speakers are often concerned that the way they speak may not be “good enough” while new speakers worry whether the way they speak is “traditional enough”.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice, the adjusted s. d. of phase distribution was 3. 3 h in the first session and 2. 9 h in the second, which was not significantly different. The circadian period was significantly longer in the second session (mean±s. d. ; 26. 1±4. 5 h, n=61) than the 1st (23. 2±3. 5 h, n=64), but the adjusted s. d. of period did not change. The adjusted s. d. of circadian phase and period distribution in both sessions were much larger in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice than in the controls. These SCN slices were harvested at P2–5. Full size imageThe features above were confirmed in four SCN slices for each genotype. As the circadian period changed abruptly in all four Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− slices examined, we separately analysed rhythms before (first session) and after (second session) the period change. In the control slices, corresponding records at analogous times into culture were separately analysed. The phase-adjusted distribution of circadian peaks was not significantly different between the first and second sessions in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice, though the distribution of circadian period was shifted to a longer range (Fig. 2i). The variability, in terms of s. d. , of circadian phase and period was only slightly larger in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− than in the control mice. Circadian amplitude was essentially the same in the control and Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. Simultaneous determination of gene expression and firingThe circadian rhythms in Per1-luc and PER2::LUC were substantially different at the SCN tissue level in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. To determine whether the differences were due to technical issues or to the intrinsic nature of the circadian rhythms, Per1-luc or PER2::LUC bioluminescence at the cell level were measured simultaneously with spontaneous firing as a reference in the same neonatal SCN slice (Fig. 3). Figure 3: Simultaneously determined cellular circadian rhythms in clock gene expression and spontaneous firing in neonatal SCN slices.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Details of the species considered here can be found in Appendices S6–S7. Although the entire migration period was covered by the observer (4. Local wind direction and speed per observation hour during the autumn 2011 and spring 2012 counts at bottleneck (10° increments). Measurements for all observation hours at all observation points are included. Wind speed is indicated by colour (light grey = 1–5 ms-1, dark grey = 6–10 ms-1, black = >10 ms-1). No direction is given for calm wind conditions (0–1 ms-1). One of the main threats to individuals migrating below 50 m agl through the coastal plain is the dense network of overhead power lines supplying electricity to several villages and an oil production area. Power lines are known to entail collision hazards (Bevanger1994, Loss et al. Reference Loss, Will and Marra2014). as a whole several species have been reported victims of collisions with power lines (Sultanov1991, Sultanov et al. Reference Sultanov, Karabanova, Huseinov, Kamarli and Magerramov1991, Patrikeev2004, Gauger2007). Barmag the magnitude of their impact on migrating birds in general and on the study species in particular can only be determined through regular searches for collision victims. Altitudes between 50 and 200 m agl must be regarded as critical flight heights if in the future infrastructural developments increase, for example with the construction of communication and broadcasting towers, high buildings or wind farms. With these additional threats the percentage of migrating individuals at risk would increase to between 84% and 98% in autumn and between 95% and 100% in spring (Figure 2). Despite the fact that Azerbaijan is still rich in oil and gas resources, the government recently established a regulatory institution known as the ‘on Alternative and Sources’, which clearly suggests a political interest in the development of renewable energies. The indications are that the main future threat to the migrants may well take the form of wind farms. Wind turbines are large-sized obstacles and direct collisions with rotors and wind turbine towers have been observed (Dürr Reference Dürr2011). The first small wind farms have already been built just 25 km south-east of the study area directly in the migrants’ path before or after passing through the bottleneck.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Language immersion can accelerate the acquisition of new languages. [SEP] Text: In a further project component, we found that many participants were keen to learn the socially and geographically grounded Frisian varieties that are commonly used by traditional speakers – most likely to facilitate their desired ingroup membership in traditional speaker communities. The participants were thus certainly inclined to become active and habitual Frisian speakers. But how often and with whom did they actually use the minority language? Our study focused on one specific aspect of activation: namely how new speakers’ use of the minority language was affected by traditional speakers’ behaviours. Specifically, we set out to answer three questions. (1) What are the language use patterns of new speakers of Frisian? The quantitative data showed that new speakers’ language use patterns included very little Frisian. Regardless of how proficient they were in the minority language, participants used it less than 20% of the time during a typical week, and the only context in which (at least some) new speakers used Frisian more than Dutch was in the Afûk classroom. Minority language interactions outside the classroom, with traditional speakers, consisted merely of a few tokenistic words or phrases. The qualitative data revealed linguistic insecurity as a reason for this, as exemplified by the following comment: “Ik heb het Fries geleerd om het te kunnen spreken, maar ik doe het nooit want ik durf het niet” (I learnt Frisian to be able to speak it, but I never do, because I do not dare to speak it). The findings thus demonstrate that knowledge of Frisian does not automatically entail its use – thereby highlighting the necessity for language planning to promote the activation of new speakers. (2) What behaviour by traditional speakers discourages new speakers from using Frisian? To answer this question, we investigated the effect of four potentially discouraging behaviours, all of which had been reported as frequent reactions to new speakers’ minority language use in other contexts. These behaviours were: traditional speakers refusing to engage with new speakers in the minority language, switching to the majority language during conversations, correcting new speakers’ mistakes without having been asked to do so, and laughing at new speakers. Our quantitative data revealed that participants found all four of these behaviours discouraging – but the correction of mistakes significantly less so than the others.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The raster plots together with the 24-h group profile revealed that the rhythm synchrony was disrupted in Per1-luc (Fig. 3f), whereas the synchronization was kept well in spontaneous firing (Fig. 3j). Although the mean circadian period of cellular Per1-luc rhythm was not different between the two genotypes (control, 23. 5±0. 9 h and Cry1−/−/Cry2−/−, 24. 1±6. 2 h, mean±s. d. ), the circadian phase and period of Per1-luc rhythm were distributed more widely, and the circadian amplitude was significantly lower in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice than in the control (Fig. 3m–o). On the other hand, the circadian rhythms in PER2::LUC and spontaneous firing in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice were robust (Fig. 3d) and well synchronized in the same SCN, similar to the data in the respective control slices (Fig. 3g). Antiphasic circadian rhythms were occasionally detected in spontaneous firing as demonstrated in Figure 3l. Circadian rhythms in both measures were also detected in the neonatal SCN cultured with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (Supplementary Fig. S6a,b), excluding the possibility that some factor in the culture media induced the rhythm. As for circadian PER2::LUC rhythms, the phase distribution was comparable to that in the control (Fig. 3p), and the amplitude was only slightly suppressed in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (Fig. 3r). The mean period of cellular PER2::LUC rhythm was significantly shorter in the Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN (17. 9±0. 3 h) than in the control (24. 8±0. 4 h) (Fig. 3q). Thus, differences in the circadian features between the control and Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice were also detected at the SCN cell level. The distributions of circadian phase and period in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− cells depended on measure. Circadian phase distribution was wider in the Per1-luc rhythm compared with the electrical firing rhythm (Supplementary Fig. S7c, adjusted s. d. of phase=4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Potential impacts of wind farms on migratory birds crossing online by Press: 01 June 2009 JOSÉ ÍA Show author details JOSÉ ÍA* Affiliation: Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. E-mail: telleria@bio. ucm. es 0. 17 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] recent years, Spain has undergone a huge expansion in the number of wind farms, many of which extend across regions crossed by migratory birds that winter in the and Africa. This paper explores the potential impact these structures have on the massive flow of birds along the western Pyrenean flyway. Ringing recoveries of migratory Columba palumbus were used in the study to depict the movements of migratory birds and these were then compared to the distribution of wind farms. The main flow of pigeons (50% of ringing recoveries) was concentrated in a belt 50 km wide. Although the wind farms were mainly distributed outside this central belt, they intercepted an adjacent sector where a considerable number of ringed pigeons (30%) were recorded. This means that the two central bands (100 km wide) accounted for around 80% of the total number of crossing the region. These results suggest the need for a scrupulous evaluation of the potential impact of wind farms on migratory birds along this flyway, particularly the cumulative effect on populations crossing the region regularly. In view of the rapid expansion of wind farms in northern Spain, enforcement of the application of EU regulations on preventive measures to protect migratory species is urgently needed. 10. 1017/S0959270908008137 [Opens in a new window] © Bird2009 expansion of wind farms throughout Europe to cope with the rising demand for energy in a world constrained by the greenhouse effect has had a series of environmental impacts (e. g. habitat destruction, visual impact, roads, power lines) that need to be evaluated.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bilingualism has cognitive benefits, such as improved memory and multitasking. [SEP] Text: Our cognitive abilities are fundamentally limited when dealing with multiple cognitive tasks (for reviews, see, e. g. , Koch, Poljac, Müller, & Kiesel, in press; Pashler, 2000; Salvucci & Taatgen, 2010). Accordingly, performance costs have been extensively documented not only when people have to perform two tasks simultaneously (i. e. , dual-tasking/concurrent multitasking; e. g. , Pashler, 1984; Welford, 1952) but also when people alternate between different discrete tasks (i. e. , task-switching/sequential multitasking; e. g. , Jersild, 1927; Rogers & Monsell, 1995). However, multiple task requirements have become ubiquitous in many different contexts (e. g. , González & Mark, 2004; Hembrooke & Gay, 2003; Strayer & Drews, 2007), and thus we can hardly avoid multitasking to some extent. For example, rapidly changing circumstances in an individual’s environment (e. g. , changes in task difficulty, task availability, or rewards for task completion) might favor working on tasks other than the currently performed one and thus promote sequential multitasking (e. g. , Cohen, McClure, & Yu, 2007; Wisniewski, Reverberi, Tusche, & Haynes, 2015). Given that adequate behavior is usually not externally signaled by the environment, people need to flexibly schedule their activities and they have to decide, for example, when to switch between tasks (e. g. , Burgess, Veitch, de Lacy Costello, & Shallice, 2000; Kushleyeva, Salvucci, & Lee, 2005; Payne, Duggan, & Neth, 2007). Thus, successful adaptive multitasking behavior requires our cognitive system to keep track of the environment but also to consider the performance costs that are involved in switching tasks (i. e. , switch cost; Rogers & Monsell, 1995). The latter seems especially relevant in light of the fact that multitasking costs can differ between tasks (e. g. , Allport, Styles, & Hsieh, 1994; Monsell, Yeung, & Azuma, 2000), can differ between people (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 6 h for Per1-luc and 3. 0 h for spontaneous firing, P<0. 01). Period distribution was similarly wider (5. 5 h for Per1-luc and 3. 1 h for spontaneous firing, P<0. 01). The relationship of PER2::LUC and spontaneous firing variability was opposite. The phase distribution was significantly narrower in the PER2::LUC rhythms compared with the electrical firing rhythms (Supplementary Fig. S7d, adjusted s. d. of phase: 0. 7 h and 3. 1 h for PER2::LUC and spontaneous firing, respectively, P<0. 01). Period distribution was likewise narrower for PER2::LUC compared with spontaneous firing (0. 3 and 1. 1 h, respectively, P<0. 01). Notably, similar patterns were detected in the control SCN. The distribution of circadian phase was significantly larger in Per1-luc than in spontaneous firing (Supplementary Fig. S7a), whereas the phase distribution was slightly but significantly smaller in PER2::LUC than in spontaneous firing (Supplementary Fig. S7b). Cellular circadian rhythms in adult SCN slicesA lack of circadian rhythms at the SCN tissue level in adult Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice could be due to either abolishment or desynchrony of cellular circadian rhythms. To examine these possibilities, 24-h profiles of Per1-luc and PER2::LUC were analysed at the single-cell level in the adult SCN slices of Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− (Fig. 4) and the control mice (Supplementary Fig. S8). Significant circadian rhythms were detected in 93% (171/183) of the cells examined for Per1-luc and in 94% (143/152) for PER2::LUC in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. Figure 4: Cellular circadian rhythms in adult SCN slices. Representative circadian rhythms in two single cells of an adult SCN slice are expressed as raw bioluminescence (left), detrended records (middle) and χ2 periodograms (right) for Per1-luc (a) and PER2::LUC (b) in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice.

Output: pass