Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: Conversely, the percentage of participants in management positions (where managers joined the study and led by example), did not have a direct effect on either recruitment or adherence during the intervention period. For instance, Org 9, who appointed a senior-level liaison and achieved both high reach and high intervention adherence, only had 4% of participants in management positions, while Org14 had 33% of participants in management positions and also achieved very high reach and high EET intervention adherence. The primary and secondary outcomes by organisation reported here should be interpreted with caution. The study was powered for analysis at the whole sample level and loss to follow-up at 12 months of over 25% in five organisations and a pool of fewer than 20 participants in four organisations means results can only be treated as indicative. The organisation with the most significant results (Org2), showed an increase in health-related productivity loss (a higher cost to the organisation) across all participants at both 12 weeks and 12 months, but potential reductions in health-related productivity loss for EET participants. The three organisations (Org9, Org10 and Org14) with the strongest cumulative organisational commitment (senior liaison, consistent venue and regular communication) achieved high reach, generally high adherence, and low attrition at 12 months, but did not demonstrate consistent results, with both increases and decreases in productivity loss. There was also an apparent disconnect in six organisations between changes in productivity loss and changes in neck pain. Five organisations (Org1, Org2, Org3, Org11 and Org14) reported either no change or an increase in productivity loss, while also reporting considerable reductions in neck pain. Conversely, Org5 reported no change in productivity loss, but an increase in neck pain for all participants of 1. 0 and a decrease for EET participants of 1. 7. The mixed results reported here led us to consider other factors that may have been a source of variation and that a change in health may not always be reflected in a change in productivity outcomes. The EET intervention included in the study [9] was modified from one delivered to office workers in Denmark [28]. intervention was conducted for one hour per week during work hours across 12 offices of a single, large public organisation, for an intervention period of 12 months. The study compared specific resistance training and all-round physical exercise to a reference group and found that both exercise interventions effectively reduced neck pain.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (2022) reported that the LC50 values for FAW collected from different planting areas to Cry1Ab protein ranged from 17. 99 to 537. 60 ng/cm2 of diet. Also in China, Li-Mei et al. (2021), in field experiments, found that the larval density and percentages of damaged leaves and plants were significantly lower in Bt plants than in conventional ones. Li et al. (2019) evaluated five Bt toxins against neonate larvae of FAW using artificial diet assays. The results showed that the LC50 values were 50. 3, 161. 3, 207. 8, 603. 7 and over 800 ng/cm2 of diet for Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F, Cry2Ab and Vip3A, respectively. Zhao et al. (2023), in laboratory bioassays, found that Bt corn (DBN3601T) differed significantly in causing mortality in neonate larvae of fall armyworm during 3-year field trials compared to conventional corn. Zhang and Wu (2019) stated that the mortality of FAW larvae fed on leaves of Chinese Bt-Cry1Ab maize was less than 65%, whereas the mortality in larvae fed on Chinese Bt-(Cry1Ab + Vip3A) leaves ranged 53–100%. Similarly, Liang et al. (2021) reported that the mortality of FAW larvae that fed on different tissues of Chinese Bt-Cry1Ab maize DBN9936 ranged from 34 to 100%. In India, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of three products of fungi, a product of a baculovirus, a product of Bt and the insecticide, azadirachtin against S. frugiperda in a maize field during 2019/2020. Four sprays were applied at 12-day intervals. The results revealed that with fourth spray, Bt was the most effective (Wayal et al. 2021). Karshanal and Kalia (2023), in India, reported that Bt could be established as endophyte in maize plants using different inoculation methods; seed treatment (ST), soil dranching (SD), foliar application (FA) and combination of all (ST + SD + FA).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: , partially "pre-digested") during manufacturing, producing smaller peptides which may accelerate the absorption and utilization of amino acids [116]. Accordingly, as discovered by Koopman et al. [95] when comparing intact casein versus casein hydrolysate, the faster rate of amino acid appearance and greater peak amino acid concentration obtained from casein hydrolysate may (p-value was reported as p = 0. 10) combine to accentuate the MPS response to exercise [95]. However, the data comparing whey PRO to its hydrolysate is even less clear. In fact, whey may already be an effectively fast-acting source such that hydrolysis does not further augment its gastric emptying [113] or substantially accelerate the increase in blood amino acid concentrations [52]. One limitation to our current understanding of the differences between native whey and its hydrolysate is that all hydrolysis does not yield the same homogenous PRO containing end-product. Instead, degree of hydrolysis varies considerably and is rarely reported in studies and almost never on product labels; nor is the concentration of PRO fragments by molecular weight generally disclosed within the literature. For example, to possibly optimize PEPT-1 di- and tri-peptide transporters for rapid amino acid absorption and to eliminate allergenicity for some of the large dairy proteins, it has previously been recommended that the majority of PRO fractions be ≤ 0. 5 kDa in molecular weight [117]. It could be argued, however, that such extensive hydrolysis may ameliorate possible positive effects from some of the larger whey peptides [23]. Despite absorption kinetics of whey versus its hydrolysates being equivocal at the moment, WPH has been shown to yield a significantly greater insulin response compared to either WPI or WPC [52, 113]; and, as mentioned earlier, at least one acute training study in humans has reported improved recovery from WPH versus its WPI source material [46]. Thus, it is possible that WPH may elicit an enhanced effect on muscle hypertrophy when combined with chronic resistance training. Indeed, data collection has recently concluded within our laboratory at the University of Oklahoma to address this very question. Also, see Manninen [116] for a recent review on PRO hydrolysates. Are the effects of whey protein simply due to its constituent essential amino acids?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: The inclusion of the productivity analysis in the study provides further insight into the changes that exercise interventions can affect in organisations. For instance, that reductions in neck pain are not always associated with productivity improvements and vice versa. A potential limitation of this study was the lack of information collected on organisational culture with no information collected on leadership (including leading by example [29] or organisational commitment to employee wellbeing and health [30]). Consequently, our ability to assess organisational variances was limited to observed factors. It should also be noted that no steps were taken to isolate the impact of the workstation assessment before exercise training or health promotion sessions commenced, and that the EHP intervention may have had a ‘placebo’ effect that could not be evaluated. Other limitations included the lack of a true control group, incorporation of a workstation assessment in both interventions, the impact of busy workplaces on interventions, and the limited opportunities for influencing participant behaviours. Future studies should aim to include a true control group to clarify the impact of the combined ergonomic and exercise intervention. All participants received an individual workstation assessment prior to allocation to EET or EHP. Although evidence for the effectiveness of ergonomic interventions for neck pain is limited [31,32,33,34], it is possible that changes to workstations reduced neck pain for participants in both intervention arms. Further, the workstation assessments included recommendations for taking regular breaks and the re-arrangement of desktop equipment to suit the participant’s work flow, which may have affected self-rated perceptions of productivity. However, the standard of workstations assessed was high (mean 86% (31. 6 out of 38)), leaving minimal room for improvement. Although the study was implemented as pragmatically as possible, work demands often precluded participants from attending every week, and staff turnover contributed to attrition during the intervention period. This was evidenced by ‘excessive work demands’ being the second-most cited reason for discontinuing participation and ‘lack of time’ being the most frequently cited reason for absence from training during the maintenance period. While some participants suggested offering the exercise and health promotion activities outside of work hours, many employees considered delivery during work hours to be a desirable feature of the interventions. Improving the flexibility of session availability could be considered for future studies. The intervention protocol allowed limited opportunities to directly influence adherence to EET and EHP sessions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Feeding FAW larvae on the leaves of such plants caused 50% mortality by ST + SD + FA followed by 40% by ST. Fungi (Entomopathogenic fungi, EPF)Idrees et al. (2021), in China, evaluated the virulence of B. bassiana at three concentrations (1 × 106–1 × 108 conidia ml) against eggs, neonate larvae and 1st–6th larval instars of S. frugiperda. At 7 days post-treatment, % mortality in eggs was 40, 70 and 85. 6% at the three concentrations, respectively, whereas mortality in neonate larvae was 54. 3% at 1 × 108 conidia/ml. However, the 6th instar larvae were not susceptible to infection. Idrees et al. (2022) evaluated 12 isolates of B. bassiana from China against eggs and neonate larvae of S. frugiperda at a concentration of 1 × 108 conidia/ml. The three isolates, QB. 45, QB. 46 and QB. 428, caused the highest mortality rates in the eggs; 87. 3, 82. 7 and 79. 3%, respectively, 7 days post-infection. The respective mortality rates for neonate larvae ranged 45. 6–53. 6% 7 days post-infection and increased to 71. 3–93. 3% at 14 days post-treatment. Also, and at the same concentration, Idrees et al. (2023) found that M. anisopliae caused 86 and 57% mortality in eggs and neonate larvae, respectively. Herlinda et al. (2020), in Indonesia, evaluated the pathogenicity of 14 indigenous isolates of Metarhizium spp. against 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda at 1 × 106 conidia/ml. All isolates were found to be pathogenic to the treated larvae causing 70. 67–78. 67% mortality. Kiruthiga et al. (2022) studied the pathogenicity of M. anisopliae isolated from S. frugiperda in Tamil Nadu, India, against 2nd instar larvae of FAW at concentrations of 1 × 103–1 × 108 spores/ml. The mortality reached 18. 9–86. 7% at 7 days post-infection (LC50 value was 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: As alluded to previously, the effects of whey on muscle adaptations may not be solely dependent upon its EAA concentration. A study that may confuse that argument was one in which the consumption of 15 g of EAA almost doubled the muscle protein balance in elderly subjects, compared to consuming whey [118]. Of note, however, the subjects consumed isocaloric amounts of either EAA or whey, and thus the whey trial consisted of ~50% less EAA. From this study, it would appear that whey may be energetically less efficient than consumption of its constituent EAA for increasing muscle protein balance, at least for elderly individuals, as its constituent non-essential amino acids do not seem to be as important in enhancing protein balance/synthesis [3, 108, 109]. Contrastingly, acute whey PRO ingestion (15 g), under resting conditions and in elderly men and women, resulted in greater muscle protein balance than consumption of its constituent EAAs (6. 72 g) or non-essential amino acids (7. 57 g) [10]. This result may suggest that something other than EAAs within whey are important for muscle hypertrophy. For example, it is possible that via the PEPT-1 cotransporters' high capacity, low specificity rate of transport, and an apparent increased transport affinity for L-valine bound peptides, that the bound form of an EAA may be more efficiently utilized than when delivered in its free-form [119]. Similarly, new discoveries continue to surface regarding bioactive peptides present within dairy, and specifically in whey that may facilitate improved recovery and antioxidative capacity to support physiological adaptations to exercise [104]. However, possible long term superiority of whey compared to its constituent amino acids (all, or just its EAAs) is not known. Whey protein and leucineIt is probable that the most important component in whey, for increasing protein synthesis and skeletal muscle size, is its high concentration of the BCAA, leucine (see Table 1). Leucine, acting as a signaling molecule in the mTOR cascade [61, 120], has been shown to be a critical amino acid for increasing skeletal muscle protein synthesis, both in vitro[58] and in vivo in humans [39] and rats [59, 105].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: This result is consistent with the findings in Australia [14] and India [32], where workplace injury in the surgical department was more prevalent than other forms of violence. The possible reason could be patients with dementia, the emergence of delirium after surgery, or delirium related to drug or alcohol abuse. There is an ongoing threat in the surgical department because HWs must interact with potentially harmful patients or visitors daily. It may result in violent incidents in the surgery department. While available research focuses on the other departments such as the emergency unit [5, 12, 14, 15]. Therefore, it needs to be more research on workplace injuries among HWs due to violent incidents addressing the problem in in-hospital surgical settings. It's unfortunate that workplace injuries due to WPV a tragic realities that extend beyond emergency and surgery departments to sensitive intensive care units. A study conducted in Australia reported that violent incidents were rising in intensive care units [15]. This finding is in line with our results. It could be that increased pressure to admit to the intensive care unit from the emergency department earlier could be a factor contributing to the perceived increase in violent incidents. According to our study data, we observed a higher rate of absenteeism occurring in the emergency department due to WPV than in other departments. This result is consistent with the findings in the USA [13], China [19], Sweden [36], and Finland [23], where HWs who worked in the emergency department were injured due to WPV taking sick leave or quitting their job. This level of absenteeism is alarming in the emergency department, where severe and emergency cases are treated. Researchers urge that a lack of comprehensive policies for dealing with patients and tackling violent incidents in the emergency department is causing fear, and dissatisfaction among HWs [12, 35], making them absent more often and taking more prolonged periods off-duty due to sickness [5, 19], which has a long-lasting severe negative impact on the health system [18]. A health system’s overall performance is primarily determined by the quality, numbers, composition, and distribution of HWs, which comprise doctors, nurses, midwives and many other categories. It’s pertinent to mention here that Bangladesh still needs more HWs to achieve the recommended global median of 48. 6 HWs per 10,000 population by 2030 [37]. A recent WHO report has mentioned that Bangladesh currently presents an estimated 33. 17 density of recognised and 15.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 8 × 104 spores/ml). Rajula et al. (2021), in Thailand, evaluated six indigenous isolates of B. bassiana against larvae of FAW at 1 × 106 and 1 × 108 conidia/ml. All the six isolates caused high mortality 12 days post-treatment with significant differences in their efficacy. The most effective isolate (BCMU6) caused 43 and 91. 7% mortality in the treated larvae at 3 and 12 days post-treatment, respectively, at 1 × 108 conidia/ml. The isolate BCMU1, however, caused the least mortality, 3. 33 and 41. 67%. Yan-li et al. (2022) could isolate eight fungal strains from diseased larvae of S. frugiperda in China. They tested the pathogenicity of M. rileyi against eggs, 1st–4th larval instars and pupae at 1 × 107 conidia/ml. Rates of mortality were 88. 7, 72. 5 and 56. 7% in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd larval instars, respectively. Mortality was 56. 6% in the eggs and 68. 8% in the hatched neonate larvae after 3 days and reached 80. 6% after 6 days. However, low mortality was found in the 4th instar larvae (5%) and pupae (14. 8%) and did not differ from the control. Xu et al. (2020) compared the virulence of 3 B. bassiana strains isolated from soil in China (bbbj, bbzj and bbhn) against 3rd instar larvae of FAW at different concentrations. The strain bbbj had the highest virulence with LC50 of 3. 37 × 105 spores/ml followed by the strain bbzj (with slightly less effect than bbbj) and then the strain bbhn. The strain bbhn, however, at the highest concentration (1 × 108 spores/ml) caused a mortality less than 50% in the treated 3rd instar larvae in 7 days. Visalakshi et al. (2020) found that spraying 3rd instar larvae of FAW with M. rileyi in laboratory at 2 × 108 spores/ml caused 90% mortality in treated larvae within 7 days. Ramanujam et al. (2020), in India, evaluated 10 indigenous strains of B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Leucine may also be involved in suppressing muscle protein degradation, according to investigations in vitro[58] and in vivo in humans [121]. However, if recent data involving rodents can be duplicated in humans, leucine concentrations from whey may only affect peak activation of skeletal MPS but not the duration of MPS or duration of mTOR signaling [106]. Similarly, despite the positive effects of leucine per se, it likely is not the sole factor responsible for whey-induced adaptations to resistance training. For example, adding leucine to intact protein has been shown to offer little, if any, effect on protein synthesis and protein balance when consumed after resistance exercise [7, 122, 123], and 7. 5 g/d of supplemental leucine for three months was not shown to increase muscle mass or strength in elderly males [124]. However, the latter study did not include training, or may be indicative of what Moore et al. [9] found regarding compartmental/fraction-specific protein synthesis in response to PRO feeding alone versus in combination with resistance exercise. Also, results by Katsanos et al. [39] imply that a higher leucine threshold is necessary to stimulate protein synthesis in older adults. And lastly, it is possible that free-form versus native/bound leucine may yield varying efficacy. Thus, there still exists a need to adequately assess the long-term effects of supplemental whey versus leucine, in combination with resistance exercise, on MPS and muscle hypertrophy. ConclusionMost, but not all studies have shown that supplementation of whey alone or with carbohydrates immediately after and possibly before and during resistance exercise can enhance the muscle hypertrophy response to resistance training in healthy adults. Such a response seems to at least be the case when comparing the effects of whey versus a non-energetic, or carbohydrate or soy protein alternative. Some studies also suggest that whey may enhance recovery from heavy exercise and possibly decrease muscle damage and soreness. This could, over time, enhance training adaptations by way of increasing training volume or reducing the potential for over-reaching/over-training. However, much is yet to be understood about the effects of whey protein on the physiological response to resistance training.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: 5 HWs per 10,000 population for the attainment of SDGs outlined in the WHO on for Health: Workforce 2030 [43]. In this situation, workplace injuries and absenteeism at work due to WPV will not only increase the crisis but may also cripple the quality health care services in Bangladesh [7, 27]. It is undeniable that workplace injuries and absenteeism due to WPV among HWs partly reflect the disadvantages of Bangladesh’s medical and health systems [7, 27, 28]. The policy implications of our findings are the development of effective national policies to prevent workplace injuries and absenteeism due to WPV among HWs. Our study documented significant injury incidents in the working departments, such as emergency, surgery, intensive care and gynecology and obstetrics departments in Bangladeshi hospitals. The high incidence of injuries in various hospital departments exhibits the country’s lack of ability of a health system to resolve the issue, leading to absenteeism among HWs. These highlight the need for an urgent call for policies and measures for zero tolerance of WPV against Bangladeshi HWs. Therefore, policymakers must approve a law that makes it clear that the law protects the legitimate rights of HWs and their safety must not be infringed upon. For example, we might consider a national ordinance similar to the Nepali government's historic law to protect health workforces named the “Safety and Security of Ordinance, 2022” [21]. In the alternative, we may ratify legislation identical to a Chinese law approved in 2019 that protects HWs from WPV perpetrating serious violence that disturbs medical work [44]. In addition to legislation, much still needs to be done before Bangladeshi HWs can live without WPV. The distrust between patients and HWs has social, cultural, and economic roots and is unlikely to disappear soon. Therefore, the authors stress the importance of breaking down growing communication barriers between patients and HWs by building mutual respect, raising public awareness and representation of stakeholders in the health sector [45]. Furthermore, workplace absenteeism due to injuries as result of WPV among HWs must be stopped immediately, while the country lags behind in the ratio between HWs and population, thereby hindering proper and timely healthcare services [27,28,29, 42].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: bassiana, M. anisopliae and M. rileyi, in India, against larvae of FAW in laboratory. Among the 10 isolates, M. anisopliae (strain Ma 35) caused 68% mortality, followed by B. bassiana (strain 1) with 64% and B. bassiana (strain 2) with 57% mortality. The other seven strains caused 11–29% mortality. In addition, field experiments in maize plots during 2019 showed that M. anisopliae (strain Ma 35) caused 70% reduction of infestation and 44% increase in the yield. The respective values for B. bassiana (strain 1) were 76% and 55%. Also, Ramanujam et al. (2021) reported that a survey of S. frugiperda in maize fields in Karnataka, India, in 2018 revealed that about 20–30% of the collected 4th and 5th larval instars were found to be infected with the fungus, B. felina. In China, Gao et al. (2022) stated that the LC50s of B. bassiana (strain PfPb) for 1st to the 6th larval instars of S. frugiperda were found to be 7. 7 × 105, 5. 5 × 106, 2. 2 × 107, 3. 1 × 108, 9. 6 × 108 and 2. 5 × 1011 spores/ml, respectively, 7 days post-treatment. Firake and Behera (2020) reported that M. reliye and S. frugioerda NPV (SfMNPV) were observed to be the dominant mortality factors of FAW larvae in corn fields in various locations across throughout the season and were responsible for more than 50% mortality of the larvae. Ginting et al. (2020), in Indonesia, reported that N. rileyi was found, naturally, infecting 5. 3—79% of S. frugiperda larvae collected from corn fields in five villages. In Australia, Apirajkamol et al. (2022) tested six Beauveria isolates and five Metarhizium isolates against 3rd and 6th larval instars, pupae and moths of FAW.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe importance of muscle mass, strength, and metabolic function in athletic performance, daily activities, and general health is widely recognized. Resistance exercise increases muscle size and strength. The effect of resistance exercise on skeletal muscle growth depends on the mode of contraction and duration, intensity, and frequency of exercise (Tesch 1988). Several studies have compared the effects of resistance exercise with concentric and/or eccentric contractions (ECs), showing that eccentric exercise results in greater gains in muscle strength and size than concentric exercise because of greater overload induced by ECs (Higbie et al. 1996). Therefore, eccentric exercise is considered important for exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy. However, eccentric exercise-biased training is not widely used, partly because eccentric exercise has some adverse effects. Eccentric exercise results in prolonged muscle weakness and muscle soreness (Proske and Morgan 2001), which are symptoms of muscle damage. This muscle soreness gradually develops and lasts for several days (Nosaka 2007). Muscle soreness and muscle weakness reduce the ability to perform athletic activities and potentially prevent regular exercise (Cleak and Eston 1992). Therefore, to make eccentric exercise possible for various practical uses, (e. g. , promoting general health and athletic performance), an effective intervention that decreases the adverse effects, and augments the positive effects of the eccentric exercise, needs to be identified. The initial phase of the recovery process from muscle damage is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of damaged tissue. Satellite cells are then activated, and they proliferate, differentiate, and fuse to myofibrils to repair muscle tissue (Charge and Rudnicki 2004). The recovery process is regulated by intracellular signaling pathways that control protein turnover, maintaining a balance between muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein degradation. Among these pathways, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an essential step for muscle regeneration (Ge et al. 2009). Amino acids are known to be an important nutrient for stimulation of muscle protein synthesis. Resistance exercise and feeding of amino acids have a marked stimulatory effect on the rate of muscle protein synthesis (Biolo et al. 1997). Among amino acids, essential amino acids play an important role in increasing the rate of muscle protein synthesis (Volpi et al. 2003). Among essential amino acids, leucine in particular plays a specific role in stimulation of the mTOR pathway (Crozier et al. 2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: Back to registered on January 11, 2017 History Pre--0001368 Initial registration date July 11, 2016 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published July 11, 2016, 11:23 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. Last updated January 11, 2017, 5:57 updated is the most recent time when changes to the trial's registration were published. of of (s) of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-development Start date 2016-07-11 End date 2018-06-30 Keywords Health, Keywords wellness programs, workplace wellness, employee wellness programs, weight and stress management JEL code(s) I12, I13, M52 01AG050701 wellness programs have become a $6 billion industry and are widely touted as a way to improve employee well-being, reduce health care costs by promoting prevention, and increase workplace productivity. Yet, there is little rigorous evidence available to support these claims, partly because the voluntary nature of these programs means that participants may differ from nonparticipants for reasons unrelated to the causal effects of the wellness program. We will implement a randomized control trial to identify the effects of incentives on wellness program participation, produce causal estimates of the effect of wellness programs on health outcomes, determine what kinds of employees benefit from wellness programs the most, and test for the presence of peer effects in wellness participation. External Link(s) Citation Jones, Damon et al. 2017. "Wellness Study. ". January 11. Jones, Damon et al. 2017. "Wellness Study. ". January 11. Sponsors & There is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Our treatment consists of a baseline survey among all control and treatment group members. Treatment group members will then be offered the opportunity to participate in a biometric screening and health risk assessment (biometric screening + HRA), and -- conditional on completing an biometric screening + HRA -- up to two, semester-long wellness programs (e. g. walking challenge, active living class, smoking cessation hotline).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: isolates exhibited the highest mortality 7 days post-treatment at 3 × 103 conidia/ml. The isolate B-0571 caused 83, 61, 17 and 94% mortality in 3rd and 6th larval instars, pupae and moths, respectively. The respective values for the isolate B-1311 were 74, 72, 19 and 98%. Endophytic fungi Sari et al. (2022), in Indonesia, reported that 2-week old seedlings of maize already inoculated with the endophytic fungi, B. bassiana and M. anisopliaea were used to feed the neonate larvae of S. frigiperda for 6 h and were then fed on healthy non-inoculated leaves until pupation. The results showed that the fungal-colonized maize increased the developmental periods of larvae and pupae, significantly. However, % adult emergence, adults’ longevity and number of eggs deposited/female were significantly decreased than the control. In addition, Gustianingtyas et al. (2021), in Indonesia, could obtain eight isolates of the endophytic fungi from the corn roots in Indonesia belonging to Aspergillus sp. , Beauveria sp. , Chaetomium sp. and Curvularia sp. and were found to have insecticidal activity against 2nd instar larvae of S. frugiperda at 1 × 106 spores/ml. The two most pathogenic isolates belong to Beauveria sp. (isolates JgCrJr and JgSPK) with larval mortality of 29. 33 and 26. 67%, respectively. Also, Herlinda et al. (2022), in Indonesia, stated that out of 20 isolates from endophytic fungi inoculated in corn, four isolates of B. bassiana, one isolate of M. anisopliae and one isolate of Curvularia lunata were found to be more pathogenic to S. frugiperda larvae. Entomopathogenic virusesFirake and Behera (2020) reported that Metarhizium reliye and S. frugioerda NPV (SfMNPV) were observed to be the dominant mortality factors of FAW larvae in various locations across throughout the season and were responsible for more than 50% mortality of the larvae. Raghunandan et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: The purpose of this study was to investigate: (1) the effect of LEAAs on muscle soreness, which is a typical symptom of exercise-induced muscle damage, and (2) the effect of LEAAs on the rate of muscle protein synthesis after ECs in rats. The tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of rats was forced to contract by electrical stimulation. The fractional synthesis rate (FSR; %/h) was determined by calculating the incorporation rate of L-[ring-2H5] phenylalanine into the skeletal mixed muscle protein pool. Muscle soreness was evaluated by measuring the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold according to the pressure stimulus. Materials and methodsAnimalsThis study was approved by the Care and of Ajinomoto Co. , Inc. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (300–350 g; Laboratories Japan, Inc. , Yokohama, Japan) were used in this study. The rats were housed in a temperature-controlled room on a 12-h light–dark cycle. They were also provided a standard commercial chow (CR-F1; Laboratories Japan, Inc. , Yokohama, Japan) and water was provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. Experimental design Experiment 1 The effect of LEAAs on the FSR in the TA muscle after ECs was investigated in rats after 3 h of food deprivation. The rats were divided into one of three groups: Sed, sedentary controls and administration of distilled water as a control (n = 9); EC-Con, ECs and administration of distilled water as a control (n = 10); EC-AminoL40, ECs and administration of LEAAs (n = 9). The TA muscle was stimulated electrically via needle electrodes that were inserted near the common peroneal nerve under anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, i. p. ). Electrical stimulation was applied for 1 s with current strength, which is three times as much as the twitch threshold (<100 μA), and a frequency of 50 Hz with a pulse duration of 1 ms was used (Taguchi et al. 2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: size: planned number of clusters no peer effect design: 6,000 employees peer effect design: 5,600 employee/social networks Sample size: planned number of observations 6,000 employees Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms no-peer effect design: 2,700 employees control; 1,100 employees treatment group A; 1,100 employees treatment group B; 1,100 employees treatment group C peer effect design: 2,300 employees control; 900 employees treatment group A; 900 employees treatment group B; 900 employees treatment group C; 200 social networks treatment group D Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering) Participation MDE: - 5. 7 percentage points (baseline 50% participation) when comparing groups B + C to group A - 6. 6 percentage points if we are separately comparing group B to group A, and group C to group A. MDE: approximately 3. 8 percentage points, for an attribute that is held by 40% of the population. Short-: - 0. 61 for BMI (mean = 26. 3%, SD = 3. 9%) - 1. 21 for Systolic blood pressure (mean = 120, SD = 7. 5) - 0. 97 for diastolic blood pressure (mean 80, SD = 6) - 0. 23 for absenteeism (mean = 4, SD = 2) and (IRBs) IRB for the Protection of Research Subjects, University of Illinois at Urbana-2016-03-14 : 16456 IRB Board at the University of 2016-06-17 : 16-0728 2015-11-04 # 15_105 5: b31204fe9def985aa5da462772127878 SHA1: e61f755e563747b65bb9cc8feb9fdafad24e2e0f Uploaded At: August 06, 2017 Post-is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. the intervention completed? September 22, 2018, 12:00 +00:00 public data available? & Relevant Paper(s) wellness programs cover over 50 million U. S. workers and are intended to reduce medical spending, increase productivity, and improve well-being. Yet limited evidence exists to support these claims.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -metabarcoding to assess insect diversity in citrus orchards View 10. 7717/peerj. 15338 Published 2023-05-05 Accepted 2023-04-11 Received 2022-09-23 pests, Beneficial species, Biodiversity, DNA metabarcoding, Biological control Copyright © 2023 Liu et al. is an open access 2023. Using DNA metabarcoding to assess insect diversity in citrus orchards. PeerJ 11:e15338 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 2019. Insects were sampled using Malaise traps deployed in three citrus orchards producing a total of 43 pooled monthly samples. Malaise trap samples were sequenced following DNA metabarcoding workflow. Generated sequences were curated and analyzed using two cloud databases and analytical platforms, the barcode of life data system (BOLD) and multiplex barcode research and visualization environment (mBRAVE). platforms assigned the sequences to 2,141 barcode index numbers (BINs), a species proxy. Most (63%) of the BINs were shared among the three sampling sites while BIN sharing between any two sites did not exceed 71%. Shannon diversity index (H′) showed a similar pattern of BIN assortment at the three sampling sites. Beta diversity analysis by Jaccard similarity coefficient (J) and Bray-Curtis distance matrix (BC) revealed a high level of BIN similarity among the three sites (J = 0. 67–0. 68; BC = 0. 19–0. 20). Comparison of BIN records against all those on BOLD made it possible to identify 40% of the BINs to a species, 57% to a genus, 97% to a family and 99% to an order. BINs which received a species match on BOLD were placed in one of four categories based on this assignment: pest, parasitoid, predator, or pollinator. As this study provides the first baseline data on insect biodiversity in Chinese citrus plantations, it is a valuable resource for research in a broad range of areas such as pest management and monitoring beneficial insects in citrus gardens. ranks among the top three countries globally for citrus cultivation and production (Caserta et al. , 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: The TA muscle was simultaneously stretched with electrical stimulation from an ankle position of 45° to 135° over a 1-s period with the use of a linearized servomotor (CPL28T2B-06KD, OrientalMotor Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan), and then returned to the starting position over 3 s (ankle position was defined as the angle between the tibia and the plantar surface of the foot, with 180° representing a completely extended foot). The electrical stimulation was repeated every 4 s for a total of 500 repetitions. EC-AminoL40 group was administered LEAAs (1 g/kg body weight) by oral gavage 30 min before and 10 min after EC because of following. (1) It has been reported that some types of amino acid supplementation (e. g. , leucine alone, BCAAs or a 12 amino acids mixture) before and immediately after exercise may attenuate muscle soreness (Jackman et al. 2010; Kirby et al. 2012; Nosaka et al. 2006). (2) It has been reported that plasma amino acid concentrations reached a level sufficient to stimulate the mTOR pathway 30 min after ingestion of a 0. 3375 or 0. 675 g/kg leucine (Crozier et al. 2005). (3) After EC, we administered the amino acids as soon as the rats awoke from anesthesia, which took 10 min. The AminoL40 mixture consisted of essential amino acids in the following proportions: histidine, 2 %; isoleucine, 11 %; leucine, 40 %; lysine, 17 %; methionine, 3 %; phenylalanine, 7 %; threonine, 9 %; tryptophan, 1 %; and valine, 11 % (Except for the higher proportion of leucine, this mixture contains the ratio of essential amino acids found in whey protein; all amino acids were manufactured by Ajinomoto Co. , Inc. , Tokyo, Japan). The AminoL40 mixture was developed with the specific purpose of avoiding substantially decreasing the availability of the other EAAs while increasing the proportion of leucine. Both the Sed and EC-Con groups were administrated distilled water as a control. The FSR was evaluated using the flooding dose method as described by Garlick and McNurlan (1998).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: size: planned number of clusters no peer effect design: 6,000 employees peer effect design: 5,600 employee/social networks Sample size: planned number of observations 6,000 employees Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms no-peer effect design: 2,700 employees control; 1,100 employees treatment group A; 1,100 employees treatment group B; 1,100 employees treatment group C peer effect design: 2,300 employees control; 900 employees treatment group A; 900 employees treatment group B; 900 employees treatment group C; 200 social networks treatment group D Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering) Participation MDE: - 5. 7 percentage points (baseline 50% participation) when comparing groups B + C to group A - 6. 6 percentage points if we are separately comparing group B to group A, and group C to group A. MDE: approximately 3. 8 percentage points, for an attribute that is held by 40% of the population. Short-: - 0. 61 for BMI (mean = 26. 3%, SD = 3. 9%) - 1. 21 for Systolic blood pressure (mean = 120, SD = 7. 5) - 0. 97 for diastolic blood pressure (mean 80, SD = 6) - 0. 23 for absenteeism (mean = 4, SD = 2) and (IRBs) IRB for the Protection of Research Subjects, University of Illinois at Urbana-2016-03-14 : 16456 IRB Board at the University of 2016-06-17 : 16-0728 2015-11-04 # 15_105 5: b31204fe9def985aa5da462772127878 SHA1: e61f755e563747b65bb9cc8feb9fdafad24e2e0f Uploaded At: August 06, 2017 Post-is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. the intervention completed? April 26, 2018, 12:00 +00:00 public data available? & Relevant Paper(s) wellness programs cover over 50 million U. S. workers and are intended to reduce medical spending, increase productivity, and improve well-being. Yet limited evidence exists to support these claims.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: In fact, it ranked first in the world in both 2017 and 2018, producing 32 million tons of fresh citrus (CGA, 2020). Citrus fruit is considered a superior agricultural product and its production represents an important industry in the rural areas of southern China. However, crop yields are severely impacted by an array of pests. A large number of insect species, both pest and beneficial taxa (Niu et al. , 2014) occur on citrus but their identification is difficult. Cryptic morphology and lack of taxonomic experts are the major challenges in large-scale insect diversity assessments. DNA barcoding (Hebert et al. , 2003), the characterization of sequence variation in a 658 bp fragment of cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI), has gained global acceptance for specimen identification and species discovery (Gwiazdowski et al. , 2015; Hebert et al. , 2004). This method supplements morphology’s limitations by identifying unknown organisms by matching their barcode sequences to reference sequences. The simplicity and reliability of this method has motivated expansion of the DNA barcode reference library in the barcode of life data system (BOLD) (www. boldsystems. org). The BOLD system assigns eligible barcode sequences (>507 bp, <1% ambiguous bases, no stop codons, no contamination) to barcode index numbers (BINs) which serve as proxy for species (Ratnasingham & Hebert, 2013). BOLD currently holds seven million insect barcodes which have been assigned to more than 700,000 BINs. Implementation of the BIN system has enhanced the ability of DNA barcoding to discern and to count species (Hebert et al. , 2016), to assess biodiversity composition (Ashfaq et al. , 2018; Telfer et al. , 2015), to map species distributions (Ashfaq et al. , 2017), and to track species movements across borders (Ren et al. , 2017). This success has led to the use of BINs in the analysis of bulk samples and biodiversity studies by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) (Cristescu, 2014). DNA metabarcoding is a developing approach that identifies the species present in a mixed sample (bulk DNA or environmental DNA) based on HTS of a specific DNA marker (Comtet et al. , 2015; Hajibabaei et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: The enrichment of precursor was represented by E (muscle free), and the enrichment of product was represented by E (protein-bound). Muscle protein synthesis was calculated as FSR (%/h) = E (protein-bound)/(E (muscle free) × t) × 100, where t represents the time interval between phenylalanine injection and tissue sampling. Statistical analysisValues are shown as mean ± SE. A repeated measures two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple-comparisons test was performed to test the mechanical withdrawal threshold with LEAA administration and various time points were the independent variables (GraphPad Prism; GraphInc. , San Diego, CA). Changes in the other measurements were examined with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparisons test. Values of p < 0. 05 were considered significant. ResultsMeasurement of the in TA muscle protein was significantly lower in the EC-Con group compared with the Sed group (Fig. 1, p < 0. 05). The FSR was significantly higher in the EC-AminoL40 group compared with the EC-Con group (Fig. 1, p < 0. 05). There was no significant difference in the FSR between the Sed and EC-AminoL40 groups. Fig. 1Effect of EC and administration of AminoL40 on the FSR (%/h) of TA muscle protein. The FSR in TA muscle protein was significantly lower in the EC-Con group compared with the Sed group. The FSR was significantly higher in the EC-AminoL40 group compared with the EC-Con group. There was no significant difference in the FSR between the Sed and EC-AminoL40 groups. Data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 9 for the Sed and EC-AminoL40 groups, and n = 10 for the EC-Con group). *p < 0. 05 significantly different from other groupsFull size image Immunoblot analysisThe phosphorylation of p70S6K1 at Thr389 was significantly higher in the EC-Con group compared with the Sed group (Fig. 2, p < 0. 01). There was a further increase in phosphorylation of p70S6K1 at Thr389 in the EC-AminoL40 group compared with the EC-Con group (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: size: planned number of clusters no peer effect design: 6,000 employees peer effect design: 5,600 employee/social networks Sample size: planned number of observations 6,000 employees Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms no-peer effect design: 2,700 employees control; 1,100 employees treatment group A; 1,100 employees treatment group B; 1,100 employees treatment group C peer effect design: 2,300 employees control; 900 employees treatment group A; 900 employees treatment group B; 900 employees treatment group C; 200 social networks treatment group D Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering) Participation MDE: - 5. 7 percentage points (baseline 50% participation) when comparing groups B + C to group A - 6. 6 percentage points if we are separately comparing group B to group A, and group C to group A. MDE: approximately 3. 8 percentage points, for an attribute that is held by 40% of the population. Short-: - 0. 61 for BMI (mean = 26. 3%, SD = 3. 9%) - 1. 21 for Systolic blood pressure (mean = 120, SD = 7. 5) - 0. 97 for diastolic blood pressure (mean 80, SD = 6) - 0. 23 for absenteeism (mean = 4, SD = 2) and (IRBs) IRB Board at the University of 2016-06-17 : 16-0728 2015-11-04 # 15_105 IRB for the Protection of Research Subjects, University of Illinois at Urbana-2016-03-14 : 16456 5: 4b7207d0cae30be5214388fdda8192b3 SHA1: a8251831b5b5270f7a5a910e94998a10281f4c23 Uploaded At: October 06, 2021 Post-is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. the intervention completed? April 26, 2018, 12:00 +00:00 public data available? & Relevant Paper(s) wellness programs cover over 50 million U. S. workers and are intended to reduce medical spending, increase productivity, and improve well-being. Yet limited evidence exists to support these claims.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: , 2011; Moriniere et al. , 2016; Yu et al. , 2012). It differs from conventional DNA barcoding (usually based on Sanger sequencing of individual specimens) because HTS allows taxonomy to be assigned to hundreds or even thousands of species in a bulk sample. It achieves this goal by generating amplicons of the barcode region from bulk DNA extracts which are then sequenced and assigned to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that are queried against reference sequences to determine their source species (Cristescu, 2014). Metabarcoding is not intrinsically linked to the use of OTUs, but it could group the DNA reads in amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) (Callahan et al. , 2016). Studies have now employed this approach to assess species composition in biological communities such as aquatic and terrestrial arthropods (Beng et al. , 2016; Braukmann et al. , 2019; Elbrecht & Steinke, 2018; Ji et al. , 2013) making metabarcoding an increasingly cost-effective approach for large-scale biodiversity studies. Widespread interest in metabarcoding has resulted in data proliferation and the development of computational tools to aid data analysis. As the BIN system has offered a novel approach to circumvent morphological bottlenecks to discriminate species, pairing of BINs with HTS has accelerated biodiversity assessments. Prior studies have used metabarcoding to survey insect diversity in different ecological settings in China (Huang et al. , 2022), but reports on the use of this technology to explore insect diversity in fruit gardens in this region are lacking. The current study aimed to fill this gap by coupling metabarcoding with the BIN system to explore insect diversity in citrus plantations. The composition of insect communities in citrus orchards was analyzed using DNA metabarcoding followed by data analysis on BOLD and mBRAVE. The species revealed by BIN matches on BOLD were then searched in citrus pest database—citrus pest information system (CPIS, cpis. hzau. edu. cn) and the literature to allow their classification into pest, parasitoid, predator, or pollinator (Niu et al. , 2014; Smaili, Boutaleb-Joutei & Blenzar, 2020; Urbaneja et al. , 2020). The results provide a valuable resource for research on citrus pest management and beneficial insects.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: 2, p < 0. 01). Fig. 2Effect of EC and administration of AminoL40 on the relative phosphorylation state of ribosomal S6 protein kinase 1 (phospho-S6K1 [Thr389]/total S6K1) in TA muscle. Phosphorylation of p70S6K1 was higher in the EC-Con group than the Sed group. Administration of AminoL40 further increased phosphorylation. Values are arbitrary units and presented as mean ± SE (n = 9 for the Sed and EC-AminoL40 groups, and n = 10 for the EC-Con group). **p < 0. 01 between groupsFull size image Blood variablesPlasma insulin levels were significantly higher in the EC-AminoL40 group than in the EC-Con and Sed groups (Fig. 3, p < 0. 05). Furthermore, the data points from EC-Con and EC-AminoL40 groups have been pooled in Fig. 4; the data of EC-Con and EC-AminoL40 groups were pooled to examine the relationship between plasma insulin and FSR. There was no correlation between changes in plasma insulin concentrations from Sed group and FSR (R = 0. 24, p = 0. 33, Fig. 4). Plasma amino acid concentrations are shown in Table 1. Essential amino acid concentrations, except for histidine and tryptophan, were significantly greater (2- to 10-fold greater) in the EC-AminoL40 group compared with the Sed and EC-Con groups (Table 1, p < 0. 05). However, histidine and tryptophan concentrations were lower in the EC-AminoL40 group compared with the Sed and EC-Con groups, despite LEAA administration (Table 1, p < 0. 05). Fig. 3Effect of EC and administration of AminoL40 on plasma insulin concentrations. Insulin concentrations did not differ between the Sed and EC-Con groups, but were significantly higher in the EC-AminoL40 group compared with both the Sed and EC-Con groups. Data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 9 for the Sed and EC-AminoL40 groups, and n = 10 for the EC-Con group) *p < 0. 05 significantly different from other groupsFull size image Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: Back to registered on August 08, 2016 History Pre--0001368 Initial registration date July 11, 2016 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published July 11, 2016, 11:23 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. Last updated August 08, 2016, 6:47 updated is the most recent time when changes to the trial's registration were published. of of (s) of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-of Illinois at Urbana-development Start date 2016-07-11 End date 2018-06-30 Keywords Health, Keywords wellness programs, workplace wellness, employee wellness programs, weight and stress management JEL code(s) I12, I13, M52 01AG050701 wellness programs have become a $6 billion industry and are widely touted as a way to improve employee well-being, reduce health care costs by promoting prevention, and increase workplace productivity. Yet, there is little rigorous evidence available to support these claims, partly because the voluntary nature of these programs means that participants may differ from nonparticipants for reasons unrelated to the causal effects of the wellness program. We will implement a randomized control trial to identify the effects of incentives on wellness program participation, produce causal estimates of the effect of wellness programs on health outcomes, determine what kinds of employees benefit from wellness programs the most, and test for the presence of peer effects in wellness participation. External Link(s) Citation Jones, Damon et al. 2016. "Wellness Study. ". August 08. Jones, Damon et al. 2016. "Wellness Study. ". August 08. Sponsors & There is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. (s) Our treatment consists of a baseline survey among all control and treatment group members. Treatment group members will then be offered the opportunity to participate in a biometric screening and health risk assessment (biometric screening + HRA), and -- conditional on completing an biometric screening + HRA -- up to two, semester-long wellness programs (e. g. walking challenge, active living class, smoking cessation hotline).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Exploration of pest and beneficial insect species in Chinese citrus orchards would allow scientists to screen the appropriate agents for pest management programs and promote pest biological control. Materials and single Malaise trap was deployed in three citrus orchards () about one kilometer apart in Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, China (Fig. 1). Samples were collected from April 2018 to July 2019 by replacing the collection bottles every month—so 43 samples were obtained from the three traps (Table S1). The collection bottles were stored at −20 °C until sorting. Specimens from each bottle were sorted into two size categories: small (e. g. , parasitic wasps, flies) and large (e. g. , butterflies, locusts). Large specimens were subsampled to obtain a tissue block (legs or partial abdomen) of a size similar to the small ones while small specimens were used in entirety. This was done to achieve comparable tissue-mass representation for all specimens in the DNA extracts. The specimens/tissue samples from each bottle were mixed, frozen in liquid nitrogen and then ground to a fine powder using a disposable mortar and pestle. DNA was extracted with the kit (DP304; ) following manufacturer’s protocols. Briefly, 500 mg of the powder was lyzed in 2 ml Buffer GA overnight at 56 °C in the presence of 20 µl proteinase K. The lysate was centrifuged at 5,000 g for 10 min and the supernatant was then aliquoted 40 µl into ten equal volumes for DNA extraction. The quality and purity of the DNA was assessed using a Nanodrop 2000 and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Three of the 10 DNA extracts from each sample were randomly selected for PCR, creating a total of 129 DNA extracts for analysis. Figure 1: Three sites in Ganzhou (Jiangxi Province, China) where Malaise traps were deployed. The map was created with ( Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/fig-1 PCR amplification A first PCR was used to amplify the target region of COI while the second PCR added adapters to allow discrimination of the sequences derived from each DNA extract (Prosser et al. , 2016). The first PCR employed the following primer pair—AncientLepF3 () (Prosser et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: 4Correlation between the FSR in TA muscle and change in plasma insulin concentrations from Sed group. The 19 data points from EC-Con and EC-AminoL40 have been pooled in this figure. There was no significant correlation between the FSR in TA muscle and change in plasma insulin concentrations (R = 0. 24, p = 0. 33)Full size image Table 1 Plasma amino acid concentrationsFull size table Muscle sorenessThe time course of the change in the withdrawal threshold after EC is shown in Fig. 5. The decrease in mechanical paw withdrawal threshold to a pressure stimulus was significantly suppressed in the EC-AminoL40 group at 1 and 2 days after ECs compared with the EC-Con group (p < 0. 05, Fig. 5). Fig. 5Effect of AminoL40 administration on mechanical paw withdrawal threshold after EC. The mechanical withdrawal threshold in the EC-AminoL40 group was significantly higher than in the EC-Con group on days 1 and 2. Values are shown as mean ± SE (EC-Con and EC-AminoL40 groups, n = 11 for each group). *p < 0. 05 compared with the EC-Con groupFull size image DiscussionThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of LEAAs on the rate of muscle protein synthesis and muscle soreness after eccentric exercise in rats. First, through the comparison of the EC-Con the Sed groups (which both received distilled water) we observed that the muscle protein synthesis was blunted 60 min after EC. Second, through the comparison between EC-AminoL40 and EC-Con groups, we found that administration of LEAAs significantly alleviated the EC-induced impairment of muscle protein synthesis, and induced greater phosphorylation of p70S6K1 than EC alone. Furthermore, LEAA reduced the muscle soreness evidenced by the decrease in the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold 1 and 2 days after EC. The current results suggested that LEAA administration could alleviate the impaired muscle protein synthesis and muscle soreness induced by eccentric exercise. We found that EC decreased muscle protein synthesis. Skeletal muscle protein synthesis is blunted 1 h after prolonged exercise in rodents (Anthony et al. 1999). However, exercise is associated with maintenance or hypertrophy of skeletal muscle and not atrophy. Therefore, the rate of muscle protein synthesis must increase during recovery from exercise.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues can be fully resolved through positive thinking alone. [SEP] Text: Books and journals Case studies Publish with us Advanced search Health through Social Support: Building positive and (Repper is at. ) and : 2042-8308 104. Publisher: Copyright © 2015, Whether we work in mental health services or struggle with our own mental health – or that of a family member – we are all aware of the importance of friends and the challenges of making and keeping friends in times of distress. In our practice we are so often challenged by people who say “I just want a girl/boyfriend” or “I can’t go out and do stuff because I don’t want to do it on my own […]”. Family members tell us that they are worried that this person spends all their time alone, does not go anywhere to make friends, refuses to contact old friends or go out. And for myself, I know that at my lowest, I find it difficult to call on friends because I do not want to burden them, I cannot imagine why anyone would want to see me. I have not the capacity to listen to them and I know that I will either speak obsessively about my own feelings or I would not have the energy to even talk. Friends are important, they can offer emotional support, practical help, advice, understanding – and helping us to achieve understanding – of what is going on, they help us to define ourselves, our value and our identity, they connect us with other activities, opportunities, roles and relationships. Indeed it is increasingly recognised that loneliness and isolation carry a mortality risk greater than that of obesity and physical inactivity and on a par with smoking (Holt-Lunstad et al. , 2010). In 2004, Mind reported that 84 per cent of respondents who had used mental health services in the UK felt isolated compared with 29 per cent of the general population. Data from the Office for (2013) shows that people facing mental health challenges are more socially isolated than any other group of disabled people. With these challenges in mind, I was delighted to receive a book on improving mental health through social support and more than willing to review it. was inspired to explore everyday support for people “disadvantaged by their experience of mental health problems” by his experience of working alongside such folk over ten years teaching horticultural skills in a voluntary sector organisation. He recognised the inadequacy of medical and psychological approaches to explain or guide the development of positive and empowering relationships outside services.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: , 2016) and LepR1 () (Hebert et al. , 2004) and the following thermocycling regime: initial denaturation for 5 min at 95 °C, then 25 cycles of denaturation for 30 s at 95 °C, followed by annealing for 30 s at 55 °C and extension for 60 s at 72 °C, and a final extension for 10 min at 72 °C. For the second PCR, adapters were added to primers employed in the first PCR. All the second PCR reactions had a total volume of 25 µl and included 12. 5 µl 2×PCR Master Mix, 2 µl each of sequencing primers described above (10 µM), and 1 µl of template purified from the first PCR product or water (negative template control) and employed the following thermocycling regime (initial denaturation for 45 s at 98 °C, then six cycles of denaturation for 15 s at 98 °C, followed by annealing for 30 s at 60 °C and extension for 30 s at 72 °C, and a final extension for 1 min at 72 °C). Amplicons were purified using and (Illumina Inc. , ) and DNA Standards & were used for amplicon quantification. Satisfactory amplification was achieved from 126 of the 129 DNA extracts (Table S1). High throughput sequencing (HTS) Purified PCR2 products (126 reactions) were sequenced separately on an PE300 platform following standard protocols. Each reaction had two sequencing replicates to generate 252 products for sequencing. The amplicon libraries were prepared using MiKit v3 (Illumina Inc. , ). Briefly, the pooled library was thawed on ice along with HT1 (hybridization buffer), and then diluted to 2 nM in EB buffer. A total of 5 µl of the library were mixed with 5 µl of NaOH at 0. 2 N in a microcentrifuge tube with brief vortexing and 1 min of centrifugation at 280 g. After 5 min incubation at room temperature, 990 µl pre-chilled HT1 was added to the tube containing denatured library providing 1 ml of a 10 pM denatured library.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: In humans, a previous study showed that skeletal muscle protein synthesis is blunted during resistance exercise. The same study also reported that an increase in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and a reduced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 may contribute to the suppression of skeletal muscle protein synthesis. (Dreyer et al. 2006). It has been generally accepted that mTOR controls both 4E-BP1 and p70S6K1 directly. However, mTOR phosphorylation was unchanged immediately after exercise during the time when 4E-BP1 phosphorylation was reduced in Dreyer’s study (Dreyer et al. 2006). Furthermore, during post-exercise recovery, when muscle protein synthesis was stimulated, the increase in mTOR phosphorylation was associated with an increase in p70S6K1 phosphorylation. It suggested that the signaling mechanisms of mTOR to 4E-BP1 and p70S6K1 are regulated differentially and may be associated with the other mechanisms such as upstream regulation by TCS2 (Inoki et al. 2003). In the current study, 60 min after EC the phosphorylation of p70S6K1 was five times higher in the EC-Con than in the Sed group. However, skeletal muscle protein synthesis remained blunted. It indicated that AMPK activation or the other mechanisms which suppress the skeletal muscle protein synthesis still remained to be clear. Notably, LEAA administration further increased the phosphorylation of p70S6K1 relatively to that induced by EC alone. Although we did not measure any other signaling molecules related to an mTOR pathway, the dose of leucine administered in our study (0. 4 g/kg body weight twice, with a total dose of 0. 8 g/kg body weight) has been previously reported to be sufficient to increase mTOR pathway activity (Crozier et al. 2005). Resistance exercise and amino acid administration affects muscle protein synthesis additively and BCAA administration increases the augmented phosphorylation of p70S6K1 by resistance exercise (Borgenvik et al. 2012). Therefore, different mechanisms between exercise and amino acids are proposed for stimulating the mTOR pathway. However, in Crozier’s study (Crozier et al. 2005), administration of 0. 135 or 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues can be fully resolved through positive thinking alone. [SEP] Text: He brings an accessible sociological approach to develop a broad and human(e) understanding of the formal and informal “social support that arises out of the network of friends, family and acquaintances such as neighbours and work colleagues, surrounding an individual”. The book provides a comprehensive analysis of the interactions between mental health problems and social relationships. It articulates the cyclical effect of self-stigmatisation combined with the cognitive and emotional effects of mental health problems on the individuals’ behaviour in relation to others who are also influenced by their pre-conceptions of mental illness and their experiences of relationships with others who have mental health problems. These dynamics can both impair the reciprocal nature of relationships and it can erode the pattern of friendships so that they are displaced or neglected and all too quickly fade away. Leach draws on the personal accounts of people with mental health problems to illustrate the meaning, nature and value of friendships, the need for altruism at times and the two way benefits of relationships even when one party is at their most distressed and might appear to give no return. (initially baulked at the notion of “one way” friendships, I can see that there may be times when it feels this way – to both people involved. ) He demonstrates the importance of social support in every domain of our lives – family, work, education and in communities and goes on to define ways in which social support can be offered and accepted in these domains. This is a helpful, informative and timely book. However, there are some aspects of social support that are glossed over. acknowledges the shortcomings of relationships that are over prescriptive or offer unwelcome or inaccurate advice, I wonder whether evidence of unhelpful social support, damaging relationships and the value of isolation needs to be included. I also feel that the barriers facing professionals in promoting, facilitating and supporting social relationships need to be explored and debated further. Hitherto, professionals have been wary of connecting people with shared interests, common goals and ambitions in case they bring additional burden and stress for each other (implicitly by virtue of having mental health problems). Fear of breaching confidentiality lies at the core of this. If we introduce two people who appear to have similar wishes and could potentially benefit from company in, for example joining a club, going to the cinema or doing an activity together then where do we stand if the relationships turns out to be exploitative or damaging?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The denatured library was diluted to 8 pM (480 µl of the 10 pM denatured library, 120 µl of the pre-chilled HT1) by inverted mixing and then pulse centrifugation. Subsequently, the libraries were loaded onto the reagent cartridge to set up the sequencing run. After cleaning the flow cell, the reagents were loaded into the flow cell to initiate the sequencing. Sequencing data analysis There are a range of cloud-based platforms and tools that are freely available to analyze HTS data (et al. , 2020). One such tool, mBRAVE, the multiplex barcode research and visualization environment, is a data storage and analytics platform with standardized pipelines and a sophisticated web interface designed to transform raw HTS data into biological insights (www. mbrave. net). mBRAVE integrates common analytical methods and links to the BOLD system for access to reference datasets (Young et al. , 2021; Zieritz et al. , 2022) and assignment of sequences to BINs, the features that are unique to this platform only. Results from the 252 sequence libraries were uploaded to mBRAVE (www. mbrave. net) under the project “MBR-MTCHN1” where they were analyzed using a standard pipeline (Young et al. , 2021; Zieritz et al. , 2022) involving sequence trimming (25 bp on each side), quality filtering (minimum QV 25), de-replication, identification, and OTU generation. mBRAVE has direct access to the DNA barcode reference libraries on BOLD which allows comparison of the sequence data with the selected libraries and interpretation of the outcome. This also allows the assignment of the generated OTUs to the barcode index numbers (BINs) and taxonomy on BOLD. The sequences were run against the DNA barcode reference library for Insecta on BOLD that represents 0. 5 million BINs and 213,000 named species (the system reference library for mengine—Insecta). The library also includes about 60,000 insect barcodes from China (DS-). Sequences on mBRAVE were organized by ‘sequence runs’ and assigned to BINs and Linnaean taxonomy. The resultant data was downloaded from mBRAVE to summarize the results by Malaise trap location.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: 337 g/kg BW leucine increased the phosphorylation of p70S6K1 by four or six times its level in the control group, respectively; furthermore, skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates were not different between the groups. This suggests that, in the present study, the difference that we observed in the phosphorylation of p706SK1 between the EC-Con and EC-AminoL40 groups might not be large enough to be physiologically important. Skeletal muscle protein synthesis was higher in the EC-AminoL40 group than in the EC-Con group, but was not different from the Sed group. This indicates that the LEAA administration could partly improve the negative effect of EC on skeletal muscle protein synthesis, but the factors which suppress the muscle protein synthesis still remained. In this study, we did not include a group that received LEAA without EC because our focus was on investigating the effect of LEAAs on skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates after EC. Further studies are required to clarify the underlying discrepancy between protein synthesis and signaling. In the current study, skeletal muscle protein synthesis and p70S6K1 phosphorylation were measured 50 min after administration of LEAAs or 60 min after ECs. Amino acid concentrations were elevated immediately, reached a peak at 30–60 min, and returned to basal levels approximately 240 min after LEAAs administration. Furthermore, Katta et al. (2009) reported that the phosphorylation of p70S6K1 was increased 0 and 1 h after ECs in rats. Thus, measurement at 50 min post-administration of LEAAs, 60 min post-ECs allowed us to detect the peak change in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and p70S6K1 phosphorylation induced by the combination of LEAA administration and ECs. We found that LEAA administration increased plasma insulin concentrations in plasma (Fig. 3). Insulin is a powerful stimulator of protein synthesis, and leucine is known to stimulate insulin secretion. However, previous studies have reported that the stimulatory effect of leucine on muscle protein synthesis occurs without a concomitant increase in serum insulin concentrations (Anthony et al. 2000). Furthermore, a previous study demonstrated that contractile activity is a potent stimulus for blunting the net protein synthesis rate in rat skeletal muscle ex vivo and can even override the anabolic effect of insulin (Miranda et al. 2008).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues can be fully resolved through positive thinking alone. [SEP] Text: However, we now have much greater opportunity to support the development of friendships and the social support borne out of community integration for those with whom we work. Leach describes the potential benefits of social prescribing in primary care (enabling people to join social groups, clubs and activities of their choice); of personal health budgets and self-directed care. He could go much further than this. As we have seen from papers published in this journal, there are increasing examples of people using mental health services to form peer led, peer run communities, networks and movements and access community activities. “Recovery Rocks” in (Waegeli, 2014) fosters recovery within a peer community and “Prosper” in (Barrett et al. , 2014) offers a self-directed network and movement of over 150 people that is continuously influenced and changed by the skills and energy of its members. in (Walters, 2015) develops community partnerships and co-funds creative projects designed to provide supportive, creative opportunities in communities that enable people to reach their potential and live well in those communities. These are part of a larger social movement in which people with mental health problems are actively creating opportunities for themselves, with others who share similar experiences, to do the things they want to do in their own communities (geographical, cultural, with common interests, backgrounds and ambitions). Whilst these may begin with a strong focus on peer support amongst those with mental health problems, there is clearly evidence that they lead on to extending networks, friendships, valued roles and identities alongside others with similar interests and goals – rather than similar backgrounds and past experiences. Added to this, the development of (Perkins et al. , 2012), where people can learn with and from each other about their own conditions and ways in which they can move on, has led to the overwhelming finding that the main benefit is not so much what they learn about their condition, but about how they perceive themselves, their potential and their value. They develop lasting friendships with fellow students – based on shared experiences, shared interests and shared ambition, just as anyone else would when they attend college. And these relationships take them into the world beyond mental health services, achieving recovery together. So whilst I recommend this book to everyone working in mental health services because it really does provide a convincing account of the importance and benefits of social support.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Pairwise comparisons of BINs among trap locations were visualized by the package “VennDiagram” in R (ver. 4. 2. 2) statistical environment (R Core Team, 2023). To reduce the likelihood of false positives, a cleaning step was employed which excluded read counts in the BIN table that represented less than 0. 01% of the total read count for their respective sample. BINs represented by a single sequence (singletons) were also excluded from the final BIN count. Concordance or discordance between a BIN and the associated species was determined using “BIN Discordance” tool on BOLD. Diversity and species richness analyses were performed in R (package “vegan”) using BINs (as species proxies) recovered from the HTS sequence data. Alpha diversity at individual sites was analyzed by Shannon-Wiener index (Shannon, 1948) while the BIN similarity among the Malaise sites was calculated by Jaccard coefficient (Jaccard, 1912). Beta diversity was analyzed by Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index (Bray & Curtis, 1957). The species richness was assessed by three common estimators, Chao (Chao, 1984), Jack1 (first-order Jackknife) (Tukey, 1958) and bootstrap (Efron, 1992). Spread of BINs over time was determined by calculating BIN incidences in the Malaise sampling events for each site. 252 HTS libraries included 14 Malaise trap collections from GAN, 15 from QIU and 14 from SHI (Table S1). In total, these runs yielded 9. 5 million (M) DNA sequences which dereplicated to 2. 7 M barcodes averaging 250 bp in length. The 1,515,627 sequences remaining after filtration were assigned to BINs. Most sequences belonged to Diptera (64%), Hymenoptera (16. 1%), Lepidoptera (15. 3%), Hemiptera (2. 9%) and Coleoptera (1. 3%) (Fig. 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: In the current study, the LEAAs were administered 30 min before and 10 min after EC. It remains unclear which of these administrations most affected the results. Further studies in this animal model are needed to investigate the timing of LEAA administration. We also found that LEAAs alleviated the reduction in muscle protein synthesis, which led to a positive net balance of skeletal muscle protein turnover. These results suggest that the administration of LEAAs may enhance recovery from muscle damage induced by EC. Further studies are required to determine the mechanisms responsible for the effects of BCAA or LEAA supplementation on DOMS and to investigate whether the specific composition amino acid supplementations changes these effects. In our study, we examined LEAAs, not leucine alone or BCAAs. Administration of leucine alone or BCAAs leads to a decrease in plasma concentrations of other essential amino acids in neonatal pigs (Escobar et al. 2005) and in humans (Borgenvik et al. 2012). In normal swine, reduced availability of amino acids leads to blunted muscle protein synthesis and amino acid supplementation recovers this reduced muscle protein synthesis (Kobayashi et al. 2003). Furthermore, insulin-mediated hypoaminoacidemia reduces protein synthesis, and increased availability of all amino acids, but not leucine alone, recovers this reduction in protein synthesis. Therefore, other essential amino acids, except for BCAAs and leucine, may be essential for sustaining augmented muscle protein synthesis. Accordingly, LEAAs have been investigated to stimulate muscle protein synthesis after several types of exercise (Dreyer et al. 2008; Pasiakos et al. 2011). Additionally, in our study, we found that LEAAs alleviated muscle damage after eccentric exercise. Therefore, LEAAs are effective for recovery after exercise via alleviation of muscle damage and enhancement of muscle adaptation. In conclusion, LEAAs suppress the decrease in mechanical paw withdrawal threshold induced by EC in rats. Additionally, LEAAs alleviate impaired muscle protein synthesis by EC and further increases phosphorylation of p70S6K1 by EC. However, the precise mechanisms by which LEAAs act to confer such effects still need to be clarified. These findings suggest that LEAA administration before and after eccentric exercise hastens the recovery from muscle soreness.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Awareness campaigns can prevent all cases of mental health issues in society. [SEP] Text: Awareness campaigns: opening patients’ eyes to what pharmacy can offerThis year’s (18–24 September 2017) presented an opportunity for healthcare organisations to highlight the importance of eye health and the need for regular sight tests. 02 October 2017 Copy link to page Download PDF Pharmacists are well positioned to promote awareness campaigns, like Health Week, with patients and ensure that they are aware of the services available to them in their local pharmacy. Satyan Kotetcha, local professional network (LPN) chair for Birmingham and Jeff Blankley, local pharmaceutical committee (LPC) chair for both Wolverhampton and Birmingham, talk to about the eye care services they provide in the and how important awareness campaigns are in highlighting to patients what services they can access. What eye care services are provided by pharmacies in Wolverhampton and Birmingham? How do these compare to other services available in and what are the key challenges? JB: Wolverhampton CCG commissions a (MECS) through community pharmacy, which aims to facilitate the patient journey. The service evolved from the care Assessment and (PEARS) commissioned by NHS England, as a local bolt-on to a minor ailment scheme. MECS is a fantastic example of primary care working collaboratively to find the best treatment option for a patient with an eye condition, as well as being convenient for the patient. The optometry and pharmacy professions are working together to provide the best available care and reduce visits to GPs and even A&Es. Patients present and the optometrist treats or refers the patient to pharmacy, GP or A&E depending on the diagnosis. Serious and urgent conditions are referred to hospital and acute minor eye conditions, such as dry eye, itchy eye or infected eye, are referred to the community pharmacy. The referral is a written paper making the diagnosis clear and prescribing the appropriate eye drops from an agreed formulary indicated on the form. Non-formulary/non-standard strengths and sizes are excluded but preservative-free preparations are allowed. The patient then takes the form to the pharmacy and receives the eye-drops. The fee and cost of drops is reimbursed by the clinical commissioning group (CCG). The service receives around 100 activities per month and it clearly saves consequential time with GPs and hospitals as well as providing the remedy immediately. PharmOutcomes provides the platform to report activity and all other back office functions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The BIN system (Ratnasingham & Hebert, 2013) linked the cumulative COI sequences from the three Malaise sites to a total of 2,141 BINs, and their counts were similar for the three orchards (GAN = 1,795; QIU = 1,792; SHI = 1,712) (Table 1). These BINs were used as a proxy for species to analyze insect biodiversity assemblages at the collection sites. Most (63%) of the 2,141 BINs were common among the three sampling sites, while only 6–8% were shared exclusively between site pairs, and 6% were unique to each site (Fig. 3). Alpha diversity analysis showed a similar Shannon index (H′) value (GAN = 6. 9; QIU = 6. 9; SHI = 6. 8) for the three Malaise sites. Biodiversity overlap determined by Jaccard similarity coefficient (J) suggested a high level of BIN sharing among the three sites in pairwise comparisons (GAN-QIU = 0. 67; QIU-SHI = 0. 68; GAN-SHI = 0. 68). Beta diversity assessed by Bray-Curtis index showed a low level of BIN dissimilarity in the pairwise site comparisons (GAN-QIU = 0. 20; QIU-SHI = 0. 19; GAN-SHI = 0. 19). All samples combined yielded 2,141 BINs, but estimates range between 2,233 (Chao), 2,260 (Bootstrap) and 2,373 (Jack1). At all three sampling sites, most BINs (GAN = 769; QIU = 739; SHI = 751) were encountered only once in the 14/15 collection events and just a few (GAN = 12; QIU = 15; SHI = 17) were detected in all samples. However, the variance (R2) of BIN occurrence in the collection events at the three sampling sites remained low (Fig. 4). Figure 2: Number of sequences assigned to 14 insect orders based on Malaise trap collections from three Chinese citrus orchards. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2001. Address for correspondence: 3123, East Street, Hamilton, (E-mail: [email protected]). Exercise and Reviews 29(4):p 155-158, October 2001. . , B. . BASS, and R. . Myostatin in muscle growth and repair. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. , Vol. 29, No. 4, pp 155–158, 2001. Myostatin, a member of the TGF beta superfamily, regulates skeletal muscle size by controlling embryonic myoblast proliferation. Recent results show that myostatin may also have a role in muscle regeneration and muscle wasting of adult animals. This review summarizes the recent developments in the regulation of myostatin gene expression and mechanism of its function. become an or a Hercules, does one need to pump iron, or be blessed with the appropriate genotype, or both? Four years ago, McPherron et al. (10) showed that mice lacking the gene myostatin (or GDF-8) are heavy muscled without pumping iron (Figure 1). In this review, we discuss the biology of myostatin and the possible role of myostatin in muscle growth and regeneration. Figure 1: Figure showing increased skeletal muscle mass in animals lacking functional myostatin. shows the upper limb of myostatin-null mice. Control (wild-type) mouse is shown in panel A. shows a double muscle bull. (and B are reprinted from McPherron, A. C. , A. M. Lawler, and S. J. Lee. Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-β superfamily member. Nature. 387:83-90, 1997. Copyright © Ltd. Used with permission. )previously known as Growth and 8 (GDF-8), is a member of the TGF-β superfamily. gene has been cloned from most of the vertebrate species, and sequence analysis shows that myostatin structure and sequence is highly conserved during evolution. Although expression of only one isoform of myostatin is described in higher vertebrates, recently two myostatin isoforms have been reported from brook trout with 92% identity at the nucleotide level (11).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Awareness campaigns can prevent all cases of mental health issues in society. [SEP] Text: Wolverhampton CCG has been judged as outstanding for the past three years. In Wolverhampton, the lead profession is optometry and this has the support and collaboration of the pharmacy and medical professions. Other CCGs are now exploring the service. SK: The pharmacists here [in Birmingham] have a commissioned service where opticians will assess patients with minor eye conditions. If appropriate the optician will refer the patient to a participating community pharmacy where the pharmacist will supply appropriate drops as recommended by the optician, ranging from preparations for dry eye to steroids and antibiotics. Not only does this reduce burden on the eye clinic at the hospital, it utilises the skills and supply chain in primary care and also forges better relationships between the professions. It was a challenge getting buy-in from commissioners who were concerned that the service would create demand rather than shift activity; however, the evidence has meant that the service has been recommissioned. We are also hoping for other areas in the to adopt the service as this would allow better referral from NHS 111 and delivery at scale. We have had some success with a wide approach to minor ailments covering all but a few CCG areas. Building on this we have had a series of events in Birmingham and Wolverhampton to upskill pharmacists, dentists and opticians around each other’s roles in caring for patients with diabetes leading to referrals for medicines use reviews (MURs), dental checks and regional screening. I believe these services are quite unique and trail blazing and don’t know if other areas have adopted them yet. What are the benefits for the public, the pharmacist and pharmacy when it comes to being involved in awareness campaigns? SK: Pharmacies have such a great footfall, and to leverage this in making every contact count makes such sense. Awareness campaigns raise the profile of pharmacies in public health amongst the general public and show that our role goes beyond just dispensing prescriptions. There is also job satisfaction for counter staff as it gives them an opportunity to develop their role leading into provision of services such as blood pressure and diabetes screening. JB: MECS are supported by leaflets and posters across all the GP surgeries and pharmacy facilities. Pharmacy activity is tracked through PharmOutcomes, so, inactive practices can be identified and supported. A similar process covers the optometry practices across the city. Normal activity data is extracted and shared periodically.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 15338/fig-2 Table 1: Insect BINs recovered from three Malaise traps in citrus orchards and their assignment and discordance at different taxonomic ranks. locations Total BINs 1,795 1,782 1,712 2,141 BINs assigned to order 1,784 1,776 1,707 2,128 BINs assigned to family 1,744 1,739 1,664 2,076 BINs assigned to genus 1,053 1,034 1,019 1,229 BINs assigned to species 766 755 733 875 BINs with family-level discordance 15 18 19 20 BINs with genus-level discordance 85 87 89 98 BINs with species-level discordance 220 218 216 235 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/table-1 Figure 3: Venn diagram depicting the overlap in BIN composition among insect collections from three citrus orchards. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/fig-3 Figure 4: Incidence of BINs in the Malaise collections at three sampling cites, (A) GAN, (B) QIU and (C) SHI. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/fig-4 When the sequences were compared against all insect records on BOLD, 40% (875) of the BINs showed a match to a known species while 59% (1,229) were placed to a genus, 97% (2,076) to a family, and 100% (2,141) to an order. However, a check of the correspondence between the BINs and their associated taxonomy revealed 235 discordances at the species level, 98 at the genus level and 20 at the family level. At GAN site, 220 discordant BINs were found at the species, 85 at the genus and 15 at the family level. At QIU, 218 discordant BINs were found at the species, 87 at the genus and 18 at the family level. At SHI, 216 discordant BINs were found at the species, 89 at the genus and 19 at the family level (Table 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Structurally, Myostatin appears to share several features with other members of the TGF-β superfamily. Myostatin contains a core of hydrophobic amino acids near the N-terminus that functions as a signal sequence for secretion. It is synthesized as a precursor form that is proteolytically processed to give rise to either 26-kDa or 12-kDa active processed mature myostatin in myoblasts or fibroblasts, respectively (Figure 2) (13). Mature myostatin contains nine cysteine residues that facilitate the active C-terminal mature protein to form a homodimer in a cysteine knot structure (10), and like other TGF-β members, once processed, myostatin appears to be secreted as corroborated by the presence of mature 26-kDa myostatin in circulation. However the proteins that facilitate myostatin secretion and the latency complex of myostatin are not yet characterized. Figure 2: A proposed model showing the proteolytic processing of myostatin. Precursor myostatin is synthesized as 375 amino acid (∼55 kDa) protein. The proteolytic processing site RSRR spanning between amino acid 263–266 is indicated. Homo-dimers of C-terminal mature processed myostatin and N-terminal Peptide (LAP) along with their molecular weights (based on SDS-PAGE mobility) are shown. In addition to structure, myostatin function appears to be very well conserved in the vertebrates. Targeted deletion of the entire C-terminus of myostatin in mice leads to an increase in the size of the animal (10) (Figure 1). The myostatin null mice were significantly larger than wild-type animals, the increase in body weight coming from a two- to three-fold increase in muscle mass. The increase in muscle mass resulted from muscle cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy (10), which suggests that myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth. Another mutation in the myostatin coding sequence identified in compact hypermuscular mouse is a deletion in the pro-peptide region preceding the proteolytic processing site of the precursor protein.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Awareness campaigns can prevent all cases of mental health issues in society. [SEP] Text: Pharmacies (HLPs), in some locations, have been used to promote MECS and posters added to the HLP Healthy Zone. Why did Wolverhampton and Birmingham LPCs ask local pharmacies to participate in Health Week? SK: Sight is very important but we often take it for granted. Lots of people attend pharmacy when there is something wrong – they may have difficulties with vision, medicines that cause dry eyes or blurred vision so promoting eye health fits really well with pharmacy. We are not competing with opticians but signposting and supporting patients. The local professional network (LPN) and local pharmaceutical committees (LPCs) have supported roll out of HLPs across the with funded training from England (HEE). Health promotion campaigns are a great way to demonstrate return on investment and to raise the profile of HLPs. I am the LPN chair for pharmacy and a colleague of mine who is the chair for eye health approached me to ask if pharmacy would support this work. We had already decided our mandated campaigns so approached the LPCs to ask if they would volunteer for just 200 pharmacies to participate, the response from the nine LPCs was unanimous. We targeted Birmingham and Wolverhampton due to previous engagement with eye health but ranthe campaign in other areas of the West Midlands. A regional independent wholesaler distributed all of the packs for us free of charge. They did the same for an earlier diabetes campaign as they could see the benefit, beyond just delivering medicines. JB: week was in the calendar for for a while. There are a lot of these campaign weeks which some pharmacies support, particularly where there is a local need identified. What advice would you give to pharmacists and pharmacy teams interested in promoting awareness days, weeks or months? SK: Communication is key. Plan all of your campaigns in advance and try to link with awareness days and national initiatives where there is already lots of media noise. Use different channels, particularly social media feeds. JB: To ensure that pharmacies and optometrists work together to help manage minor eye conditions and provide a joined-up message around eye health it is important to have joint working and meetings to coordinate and have sponsored events to increase attendees. Both my LPCs communicate directly with contractors generally as a one-topic email.

Output: contrast