Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: ‐ 35(1 RCT) ⊕⊝⊝⊝c,d It is not known whether pine bark extract supplements decrease the number of NSAIDs and COX‐2 inhibitor pills taken per month. Investigator‐reported No studies reported this outcome. All‐cause mortality No studies reported this outcome. Serious adverse events Withdrawal from study because of pine bark extract supplements Study population RR 0. 40(0. 08 to 1. 97). 100(1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊝bark extract supplements probably make little or no difference to withdrawal from studies. 100 per 1000 40 per 1000(8 to 197) *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI : confidence interval; COX‐2 : cyclooxygenase‐2; NSAIDs : nonsteroidal anti‐Inflammatory drugs; RR : risk ratio; WOMAC: and McMaster Universities. grades of evidence High certainty : we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate certainty : we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low certainty : our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. a Downgraded once for indirectness: only one study. b Downgraded twice for imprecision: optimal information size not met and extremely wide 95% CI. c Downgraded once for risk of bias: concerns regarding selection, performance and detection bias. d Downgraded once for imprecision: optimal information size not met. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings 10. Pine bark extract compared to placebo for the treatment of osteoarthritis Navigate to table in of findings 11.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: For delay phase shifts nude and WT mice transients were of 2. 7 ± 0. 5 (n = 6) and 1. 3 ± 0. 2 (n = 3) days, respectively. In the advances phase shift, nude mice took 7. 5 ± 0. 5 (n = 6) while WT mice took 5. 7 ± 0. 2 (n = 3) days to reentrain to the new schedule (p > 0. 05, for both, delays and advances, test; Figure 4). Figure 4 Resynchronization to phase shifts in the light–dark schedule. Nude and WT control mice were subjected to a 6-h shift in the light–dark schedule, and the transient needed to resynchronize to the new schedule was quantified. A. Time (days) needed to reentrain to the light–dark cycle in nude and WT mice subjected to a 6-h phase delay (2. 7 ± 0. 5 and 1. 3 ± 0. 2 days for nude and WT, respectively; p > 0. 05 test). B. Transient (days) needed to reentrain after 6-h phase advance of the LD cycle (7. 5 ± 0. 5 and 5. 7 ± 0. 2 days for nude and WT, respectively; p > 0. 05 test). C. Representative actograms of nude and WT mice subjected first to a 6-h phase delay and then (15 days later) to a 6-h phase advance of the LD cycle. Grey background represents time of lights-off. using xenogeneic tumor implantation in athymic immune-deficient mice are becoming a useful tool for understanding both the importance of circadian dysregulation as a factor that potentiates tumor progression and the benefits of timed cancer therapies [29 - 31]. Therefore, a circadian characterization of nude mice results necessary to fully comprehend the results of such experimental approaches. A previous report by Beau et al. (1990) has described the patterns of circadian locomotor activity under LD conditions, analyzing 3 days of recording. In the present study, we extend those results, analyzing circadian rhythms in constant conditions, the response to light pulses and the resynchronization to light–dark cycles shifts. Our results show that general activity characteristics (ψ and activity distribution over different ZT intervals) in athymic mice were not different from their WT control.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Viêc đa dạng hóa các hoạt động trải nghiệm và mở rộng đối tác của trường đã và đang tác động rất tích cực đến số lượng sinh viên quan tâm tham gia. Năm 2019, trên cơ sở các thành tựu đạt được trong hoạt động hợp tác quốc tế, Trường ĐH Kinh tế-Luật khuyến khích các khoa đào tạo đưa sinh viên ra nước ngoài học một số học phần, kết hợp với hoạt động thực tế, giao lưu văn hoá… Đã có gần 100 sinh viên Khoa Hệ thống thông tin quản lý và Khoa Kế toán - Kiểm toán tham gia học tập 3 học phần tại Thái Lan và Singapore.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Selection criteria Randomised controlled studies comparing topical CFTR gene delivery to the lung, using either viral or non‐viral delivery systems, with placebo or an alternative delivery system in people with confirmed cystic fibrosis. Data collection and analysis The authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality. Authors of included studies were contacted and asked for any available additional data. Meta‐analysis was limited due to differing study designs. Main results Four randomised controlled studies met the inclusion criteria for this review, involving a total of 302 participants lasting from 29 days to 13 months; 14 studies were excluded. The included studies differed in terms of CFTR gene replacement agent and study design, which limited the meta‐analysis. One study only enrolled adult males, the remaining studies included both males and females aged 12 years and over. Risk of bias in the studies was moderate. Random sequence generation and allocation concealment was only described in the more recent study; the remaining three studies were judged to have an unclear risk of bias. All four studies documented double‐blinding to the intervention, but there is some uncertainty with regards to participant blinding in one study. Some outcome data were missing from all four studies. There were no differences in either the number of respiratory exacerbations or the number of participants with an exacerbation between replacement therapy or placebo groups at any time point. Meta‐analysis of most respiratory function tests showed no difference between treatment and placebo groups, but the smallest study (n = 16) reported forced vital capacity (litres) increased more in the placebo group at up to 24 hours. A further study reported a significant improvement in forced expiratory volume at one second (litres) at 30 days after participants had received their first dose of favouring the gene therapy agent, but this finding was not confirmed when combined with at second study in the meta‐analysis. The more recent study (n = 140) demonstrated a small improvement in forced vital capacity (per cent predicted) at two and three months and again at 11 and 12 months for participants receiving CFTR gene replacement therapy compared to those receiving placebo. The same study reported a significant difference in the relative change in forced expiratory volume at one second (per cent predicted) at two months, three months and 12 months. One small study reported significant concerns with "influenza‐like" symptoms in participants treated with CFTR gene replacement therapy; this was not reported on repeated use of the same agent in a larger recent study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Presence of anticipatory behavior was seen in approximately 50% of the WT mice, evidenced by a sharp bout of activity occurring 1–2 hours before the time of lights off (ZT10-12). However, the percentage of total activity occurring within this interval did not differ between athymic and control mice, probably due to the presence of irregular diurnal activity also during this interval in the nude mice. An important activity bout was found in both WT and mutant mice, occurring in an interval ranging from ZT23 to ZT3. In a previous report showing an activity waveform for WT mice, this activity bout was also found in the first hours of the light phase, and was accompanied by a raise in body temperature, suggesting that it might be a characteristic of the Swiss background [32]. A reduced amount of global activity has been described in nude mice from C57BL/6J background, compared with their WT controls [26]. Unfortunately, due to differences in the sensitivity among infrared sensors, the absolute number of counts is not reliably comparable between different animals, therefore making it impossible to estimate a global activity mean that can be used to compare the nude and the WT strains. Under conditions of continuous darkness (DD), circadian rhythms assume free-running periods that are close to 24 hours. Our data indicate a slightly larger period in nude and control mice with background (23. 86 and 23. 88 h, respectively), compared with a previous report that showed a 23. 3 h period in wheel running activity rhythms for the Swiss strain mice [33]. However, it has been described that wheel-running can shorten the period of circadian rhythms in rodents [34 - 36], which might explain the longer period found in our work, where we measured general activity rhythms of mice without access to running wheels. Importantly, there were no differences between the free-running period or in the α in DD of nude and WT control mice (although the percentage of activity occurring within the α interval was lower in nude mice), suggesting that the Foxn1(Δ/Δ) mutation doesn’t affect the central pacemaker, at least regarding this particular behavioral output. In addition, our findings add substantial information regarding the circadian system of Swiss mice, a strain that has received relatively little attention in chronobiology. Circadian entrainment to light–dark cycles is mediated through daily phase shifts induced by light on the pacemaker.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Ví dụ, Inventory (GPI) hiện đang được dùng phổ biến 30 vì có thể đo lường được toàn diện mức độ thay đổi của sinh viên, từ thay đổi trong nhận thức, kiến thức, các kỹ năng hội nhập, trách nhiệm đối với xã hội, nhạy cảm văn hoá, khả năng độc lập tư duy và ở cả phương diện phát triển bản thân như khả năng tự nhận thức, chấp nhận và tôn trọng sự khác biệt… KẾT LUẬN Số lượng các chương trình trải nghiệm ngắn hạn đang gia tăng nhanh trên khắp thế giới để đáp ứng nhu cầu của một bộ phận đáng kể sinh viên chưa hoặc không đủ điều ki�

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: There was no other evidence of positive impact on outcomes, in particular improved quality of life or reduced treatment burden. Two studies measured ion transport in the lower airways; one (n = 16) demonstrated significant changes toward normal values in the participants who received gene transfer agents (P < 0. 0001), mean difference 6. 86 (95% confidence interval 3. 77 to 9. 95). The second study (n = 140) also reported significant changes toward normal values (P = 0. 032); however, aggregate data were not available for analysis. In the most recent study, there was also evidence of increased salt transport in cells obtained by brushing the lower airway. These outcomes, whilst important, are not of direct clinical relevance. Authors' conclusions One study of liposome‐based CFTR gene transfer therapy demonstrated some improvements in respiratory function in people with CF, but this limited evidence of efficacy does not support this treatment as a routine therapy at present. There was no evidence of efficacy for viral‐mediated gene delivery. Future studies need to investigate clinically important outcome measures. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in English Español فارسی Hrvatski 简体中文 Replacing the defective gene is a potential treatment for progressive lung disease in people with cystic fibrosis Review question We reviewed the evidence about the effect of delivering the correct copy of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene directly to the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis in order to treat progressive lung disease. cystic fibrosis the gene encoding a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is faulty. People with cystic fibrosis suffer from progressive lung infection and damage which reduces life expectancy. Agents which can deliver a correct copy of the faulty CFTR gene to cells in the lungs may be an effective treatment. Search date The evidence is current to: 20 April 2016. Study characteristics We found four studies with 302 people to include in this review. The studies lasted from 29 days to 13 months.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: We found no differences in the magnitude of the phase shifts (both at the early or late night) between WT Swiss mice and the nude mutant mice. Also, the ability to resynchronize to a 6-hour shift (both in delayed or advanced schedules) in the LD cycle did not differ between the two strains. This finding could be expected given the similarities in both the response to light pulses and the endogenous periods of each strain. Alterations in the immune system can produce changes in circadian physiology. For example, mice mutant for the Galectin-1 gene, which regulates cytokine synthesis [37], show altered free-running periods and responses to early-night light pulses [38]. Moreover, activation of the immune system can also modulate the circadian clock. Peripheral LPS administration or introcerebroventricular (icv) injection of TNF-α or IL-1β produced phase delays in wheel running activity [17,39], and icv delivery of a proinflammatory cocktail also activated c-Fos expression in the SCN [40]. In addition, clock gene expression can be altered by exposure to different proinflammatory factors [41 - 44]. Besides the lack of functional T cells, nude athymic mice show resistance to Bacillus anthracis, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus infection [45,46], reduced levels of circulating TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ, in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin [47] and present a higher activation of macrophages [48]. It should also be noted that the nude mice were found to have a reduced number of glial cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia), with presence of hypertrophic astroglia in the adult brain [49], and glial cells have been suggested to modulate the circadian system [50 - 52]. However, given the results of this work, none of these characteristics (or other phenotypic changes) occurring in the Foxn1(Δ/Δ) mice results in a notable alteration in the circadian rhythm of activity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Các chương trình này dễ tổ chức, dễ tiếp cận hơn cho sinh viên và góp phần phát triển toàn diện người học.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice While the meta‐analysis of most respiratory function tests showed no difference between treatment and placebo groups, the most recent study, Alton 2015, demonstrated a benefit in relative change in FEV1 % predicted and FVC % predicted at 12 months for participants receiving CFTR gene replacement therapy compared to those receiving placebo (Alton 2015). Concerns over safety with "flu‐like" symptoms in most participants in the Alton 1999 study were not reported on repeated use in Alton 2015 (Alton 1999; Alton 2015). There was no other evidence of positive impact on outcomes, in particular improved quality of life, reduced treatment burden or exacerbations (Alton 2015). The limited evidence of efficacy does not support this as a routine therapy at present. There was no evidence of efficacy for viral‐mediated gene delivery from the remaining two included studies (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). Implications for research Clinical studies examining the use of CFTR gene transfer reagents for CF lung disease should include outcome measures that are relevant to people with CF as well as clearly defined surrogate measures of efficacy. It is imperative that future studies of established or novel gene therapy reagents use a robust study design with clearly defined endpoints and adequate power. These studies must be reported in a full and transparent manner to enable the incorporation of data into systematic reviews. A clear cost analysis is essential for any emerging therapies, as this is likely to be a significant factor. In future updates of this review, we will include this as a pertinent secondary outcome measure. of the condition Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the commonest life‐shortening disease in Caucasians and is caused by a single gene defect. It has a prevalence of approximately 1 in 2000 at birth (Bobadilla 2002). The affected gene is responsible for making a protein called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). There are many abnormalities or alterations of the CFTR gene that can affect the production and function of CFTR (Rowntree 2003). Normally, CFTR has an important role in co‐ordinating salt transport across cell membranes. This role is particularly important in the lungs where an abnormality of CFTR results in dehydration of the surface liquid that lines the airways (Matsui 1998).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text:  circadian clock controls toll-like receptor 9-mediated innate and adaptive immunity Immunity 36: 251–261, DOI: [PubMed] Jewett, KA; Krueger, JMHumoral sleep regulation; interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor 89: 241–257.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Những hoạt động như giao lưu, trao đổi, thực tập, thực tế tại nước ngoài có thể giúp các cơ sở đào tạo phát triển toàn diện người học, từ góc độ chuyên môn học thuật, kỹ năng, ngoại ngữ để hướng người học trở thành công dân toàn cầu, đạt được sự phát triển ở bản thân người học lẫn cung cấp cho họ cơ hội việc làm tốt hơn.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: One study reported lung function at six hours post‐dose to monitor for adverse effects (Alton 1999). This meant that there are limited opportunities to combine data in a meta‐analysis. a. Forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) Three studies reported results for FEV1 (L) (Alton 1999; Moss 2004; Moss 2007). Alton 1999 reported a fall in FEV1 at six hours post‐dose (Alton 1999). There was no significant difference between active (n = 8) and placebo (n = 8) groups, MD ‐1. 4 L (95% CI ‐3. 07 to 0. 27) (Analysis 1. 3). Moss 2004 reported change in FEV1 (L) from baseline at 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, and 150 days (Moss 2004). Moss 2007 reported change this at 14 days, 30 days, 45 days, 60 days, 75 days and 90 days (Moss 2007). As the participants in Moss 2004, but not Moss 2007, received a third dose of CFTR gene replacement or placebo on Day 60, meta‐analysis was only possible on data from Day 30 and Day 60 compared to baseline, and not at subsequent time points. 30, the earlier study demonstrated a significant improvement in favour of the gene therapy group (n = 20) compared to the placebo group (n = 17), MD 0. 14 L (95% CI 0. 02 to 0. 26) (Moss 2004). However, at the same time point Moss 2007 did not show a significant improvement, gene therapy group (n = 51) and placebo group (n = 51), MD 0. 03 (95% CI ‐0. 05 to 0. 11) (Moss 2007). Combined data for both Moss studies show no significant difference between gene therapy (n = 71) and placebo (n = 68 ) groups, MD 0. 06 (95% CI 0. 00 to 0. 13) (Analysis 1. 3). 60, Moss 2004 reported no significant difference between gene therapy (n = 19) and placebo (n = 17) groups on change in FEV1 (L) from baseline, MD 0. 05 L (95% CI ‐0. 12 to 0. 22) (Moss 2004).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: DOI: [PubMed] Van Bogaert, MJV; Groenink, L; Oosting, RS; Westphal, KGC; Van der Gugten, J; Oliver, BMouse strain differences in autonomic responses to stress Behav 5: 139–149, DOI: [PubMed] Dardente, H; Menet, JS; Challet, E; Tournier, BB; Pevet, P; Masson-Pevet, MDaily and circadian expression of neuropeptides in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of nocturnal and diurnal rodents Res 124: 143–151, DOI: [PubMed] Yamada, N; Shimoda, K; Takahashi, K; Takahashi, SChange in period of free-running rhythms determined by two different tools in blinded rats 36: 357–362, DOI: [PubMed] Mistlberger, RE; Bossert, JM; Holmes, MM; Marchant, EGSerotonin and feedback effects of behavioral activity on circadian rhythms in mice Res 96: 93–99, DOI: [PubMed] Edgar, DM; Martin, CE; Dement, WCActivity feedback to the mammalian circadian pacemaker: influence on observed measures of rhythm period length J 6: 185–199, DOI: [PubMed] Rabinovich, GA; Toscano, MATurning ‘sweet’ on immunity: galectin-glycan interactions in immune tolerance and inflammation Immunol 9: 338–352, DOI: [PubMed] Casiraghi, LP; Croci, DO; Poirier, F; Rabinovich, GA; Golombek, DA“Time sweet time”: circadian characterization of galectin-1 null mice J 8: 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Through the “stories” function on Instagram, they share some of their daily activities with students, immersing them in the language and culture. For example, the FLTA from Mexico created a video sharing his visit to the local zoo and some of the animals that he saw, and the FLTA from Uruguay, who lives close to the border of Brazil, shared how easy it is to cross over to a new country by car. These brief videos offer students a glimpse into a new culture, thereby allowing them to make cultural observations between their own and that of the FLTAs. Moreover, these videos help the students and FLTAs create personal connections despite the distance. In addition to using Instagram to build community, the department has organized weekly gatherings to promote the Hispanic culture and language. These events are not new to the department. Pre-COVID-19, the FLTAs hosted weekly tertulias, informal gatherings in Spanish in the dormitory on campus where students are expected to speak the language. Besides tertulias, every Friday, faculty, FLTAs, students, and any members of the community who speak Spanish met in the dining hall for lunch. In both of these events, students practiced their Spanish in an informal setting and got to know the department on a more personal level. Because many of the conversations in the Spanish table typically revolve around plans for the weekend and it is tricky to hold a conversation over Zoom while eating, the department replaced weekly lunches this year with other types of activities and focused on organizing engaging weekly events online. The objective of the FLTAs’ weekly meetings is to share more about their culture and countries (Mexico, Uruguay, and Spain) and provide a space where students can practice their Spanish outside of the classroom. Students can choose from various topics, including politics, history, music, tourist destinations, and the education system, to name a few. As students are required to attend five of these events during the semester, the wide range of topics allows them to select the sessions that are most appealing to them. Additionally, by giving them various options to choose from during the semester, students are given agency, resulting in a high level of engagement in these weekly meetings. These sessions also push students outside of their comfort zone, as many are using their Spanish for the first time in conversations that go beyond the traditional textbook vocabulary or weekend plan discussions that would frequently occur in person during Spanish lunches in the dining hall.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: At the same time point, Moss 2007 also showed no significant difference between treatment groups (gene therapy n = 51; placebo n = 51), MD ‐0. 07 (95% CI ‐0. 15 to 0. 01) (Moss 2007). Combined data for gene therapy groups (n = 70) and placebo groups (n = 68) at Day 60 show no significant difference, MD ‐0. 05 L (95% CI ‐0. 12 to 0. 02) (Analysis 1. 3). At subsequent time points (data not presented in the meta‐analysis), there were no significant differences in the change in absolute FEV1 from baseline demonstrated in either Moss 2004 (90 days and 150 days) or Moss 2007 (45 days, 60 days, 75 days and 90 days) (Moss 2004; Moss 2007); furthermore, these data cannot be pooled due to different study regimens. The two Moss studies reported change in FEV1 % predicted (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). 30, the Moss 2004 reported no significant difference between the groups (gene therapy n = 20; placebo n = 17) in change in FEV1 % predicted, MD 2. 99% (95% CI ‐0. 44 to 6. 42) (Moss 2004). At the same time point, Moss 2007 also reported no significant difference between the groups (gene therapy n = 51; placebo n = 51), MD 0. 80% (95% CI ‐1. 50 to 3. 10) (Moss 2007). Combined data for the two Moss studies at Day 30 show no significant difference between groups (gene therapy n = 71; placebo n = 68), MD 1. 48% (95% CI ‐0. 43 to 3. 39) (Analysis 1. 4). 60, Moss 2004 reported no significant difference between groups (gene therapy n = 19; placebo n = 17) for the change from baseline in FEV1 % predicted, MD 0. 39% (95% CI ‐4. 31 to 5. 09) (Moss 2004). At the same time point, Moss 2007 significantly favoured placebo (n = 51) over gene therapy (n = 51), MD ‐2. 69% (95% CI ‐5. 14 to ‐0. 24) (Moss 2007).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: DOI: [PubMed] Leone, MJ; Marpegan, L; Duhart, JM; Golombek, DARole of proinflammatory cytokines on lipopolysaccharide-induced phase shifts in locomotor activity circadian rhythm 29: 715–723, DOI: [PubMed] Sadki, A; Bentivoglio, M; Kristensson, K; Nygard, MSuppressors, receptors and effects of cytokines on the aging mouse biological clock 28: 296–305, DOI: [PubMed] Cavadini, G; Petrzilka, S; Kohler, P; Jud, C; Tobler, I; Birchler, T; Fontana, ATNF-alpha suppresses the expression of clock genes by interfering with E-box-mediated transcription 104: 12843–12848, DOI: [PubMed] Koyanagi, S; Ohdo, SAlteration of intrinsic biological rhythms during interferon treatment and its possible mechanism 62: 1393–1399, DOI: [PubMed] Kwak, Y; Lundkvist, GB; Brask, J; Davidson, A; Menaker, M; Kristensson, K; Block, GDInterferon-gamma alters electrical activity and clock gene expression in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons J 23: 150–159, DOI: [PubMed] Okada, K; Yano, M; Doki, Y; Azama, T; Iwanaga, H; Miki, H; Nakayama, M; Miyata, H; Takiguchi, S; Fujiwara, YInjection of LPS causes transient suppression of biological clock genes in rats J 145: 5–12, DOI: [PubMed] Watts, CJ; Hahn, BL; Sohnle, PGResistance of athymic nude mice to experimental cutaneous Bacillus anthracis infection J 199: 673–679, DOI: [PubMed] Nickol, AD; Bonventre, PFAnomalous high native resistance to athymic mice to bacterial pathogens 18: 636–645.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: In these low-stakes discussions, students use their Spanish to discuss Spain’s monarchy, compare and contrast different popular songs, and express their opinions about the education system in Latin America. These sessions often coincide with the textbook themes or cultural topics of the language courses, allowing students to recycle old vocabulary. In general, these low-stakes moments, in which students practice grammatical structures, develop their vocabulary, and discuss topics that first and foremost interest them, become a pivotal step towards acquiring the language and reaching a more advanced proficiency. In addition to weekly meetings, the FLTAs have also organized several cooking workshops this semester. Each FLTA uploads a video on YouTube cooking a popular dish from his or her country: Spanish tortilla, Mexican panuchos and salbutes, and fried tortas, a popular Uruguayan dish served with mate. After sharing the video and recipe via Moodle, Amherst College’s learning management system, students are encouraged to watch it, follow the recipe, and prepare the dish (if at home). For students who are on campus and do not have access to a kitchen, they are encouraged to post other recipes that they have prepared in the past or make comparisons with other recipes that may be similar to the dish. For example, in the case of the Spanish tortilla, students could upload a picture of a quiche and compare/contrast the two dishes. Then, there is a follow-up Zoom session where students can share further thoughts and ask questions to the FLTA or learn more about typical dishes from the country. In these special workshops, ACTFL’s three modes of communication are implemented: interpretive, interpersonal, and presentational. Students read the recipe, discuss it in the forum or in the synchronous session with the FLTA and classmates, and then, either write their own recipe and share in a discussion board or share it orally during the live meetings. All of these sessions are in Spanish, but students at all levels are encouraged to attend, even those at the beginner level. If there are several beginner students present in a Zoom session, breakout rooms can be used for a more effective conversation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Combined data for these two studies at Day 60 show no significant difference between groups (gene therapy n = 70; placebo n = 68), MD ‐2. 03% (95% CI ‐4. 21 to 0. 14) (Analysis 1. 4). At subsequent time points there were no significant differences in change in FEV1 % predicted from baseline demonstrated in either study and the data cannot be pooled for analysis (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). b. Forced vital capacity (FVC) Four studies reported different measures of FVC at a range of time points (Alton 1999; Alton 2015; Moss 2004; Moss 2007). Alton 1999 reported a fall in FVC (L) at six hours post‐dose, but there was no significant difference found between the gene therapy group (n = 8) and the placebo group (n = 8), MD ‐1. 70 L (95% CI ‐3. 27 to ‐0. 13) (Alton 1999). studies assessed the change in FVC (L) from baseline at Day 30 and Day 60 (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). 30, the earlier study reported no significant difference between the gene therapy group (n = 20) and placebo group (n = 17), MD 0. 13 L (95% CI ‐0. 02 to 0. 28) (Moss 2004). At this time point Moss 2007 also demonstrated no significant difference between the groups (gene therapy n = 51; placebo n = 51) MD ‐0. 01 L (95% CI ‐0. 09 to 0. 07) (Moss 2007). Combined data for the two Moss studies at Day 30 show no significant difference between the gene therapy group (n = 71) and placebo group (n = 68), MD 0. 02 L (95% CI ‐0. 05 to 0. 09) (Analysis 1. 5). 60, Moss 2004 reported no significant difference between the groups (gene therapy n = 19; placebo n = 17), MD 0. 02 L (95% CI ‐0. 16 to 0. 20) (Moss 2004). LIkewise, Moss 2007 also reported no significant difference between the groups (gene therapy n = 51; placebo n = 51), MD ‐0. 07 L (95% CI ‐0. 15 to 0. 01) (Moss 2007).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Daily rhythms in plasma levels of homocysteineDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-2-5Submitted on Apr 24, 2004Accepted on Sep 3, 2004Published on Sep 3, 20044. 0 results accumulated in recent years have revealed that plasma concentration of the sulfur-containing amino-acid homocysteine (Hcy) is a prognostic marker for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [1 - 5]. Plasma concentrations of Hcy in excess of 15 μmol/L under fasting conditions were associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality [6]. Furthermore, some patients having normal fasting levels of plasma Hcy were shown to have abnormally high levels of Hcy after methionine loading [7]. In most epidemiological studies, the differences between fasting concentrations of Hcy of cardiovascular patients and normal controls did not amount to more than 10–15%. Studies conducted during the 1960s have demonstrated that plasma levels of several amino acids vary in a daily manner. Feigin, Klainer and Beisel [8] were the first to report on daily rhythms in serum levels of total amino acids in adult men. The peak levels of the total integrated amino acids occured between 1200 and 2000 with a minimum level at 0400. Wurtman, Chou and Rose [9] reported on a daily rhythm in plasma concentration of tyrosine with a nocturnal nadir and a morning peak, which represented a two-fold increase in plasma tyrosine level. This rhythm persisted when subjects were maintained on a two-week low protein diet. Subsequently, the same group [10] extended their findings to 15 additional amino acids. Tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, cysteine, and isoleucine, underwent the greatest daily changes while alanine, glycine and glutamic acid showed the least. Hussein et al [11] reported that the daily fluctuations of plasma free amino acids were significantly affected by the dietary conditions. In none of these studies, however, were the levels of amino acids determined during the sleep period or under uniform dietary conditions. More recently, plasma Hcy levels were also shown to vary in a daily manner in humans with an evening peak and a morning nadir [12].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: of Research and Innovation in Submission Deadline-30th October 2024 October 2024 Issue : Publication Fee: 30$ -05th November 2024 on Economics, Management, Sociology, Communication, Psychology: Publication Fee: 30$ -20th November 2024 on Education, Public Health: Publication Fee: 30$ the Impact of Socio-on in Careemdeen 1884-1893 Dec 10, 2023 the Impact of Socio-on in of Education, University of DOI: Received: 23 October 2023; Revised: 14 November 2023; Accepted: 16 November 2023; Published: 10 December 2023 the impact of socioeconomic status on student participation in co-curricular activities is essential for promoting equity and inclusivity in education, ensuring that all students, regardless of their background, can fully engage in and benefit from these activities. This research aimed to investigate the level of student engagement in co-curricular activities among secondary school students in Sri Lanka, specifically focusing on the influence of socioeconomic status, such as parent income and parent education. The study used a survey research design and a questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument. A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 1350 secondary school students. Descriptive analyses, including mean and standard deviation, were employed to analyse data. was conducted to explore the relationship between socioeconomic status and student participation in co-curricular activities. The assessment of the internal consistency of the instrument was conducted by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, which yielded a value of 0. 940 for measuring access to educational resources. The findings of the study demonstrated that student participation in extracurricular activities with a mean score of 3. 351 and 0. 939, and the interpretation is moderately high. analysis of the study revealed there are significant differences based on educational level towards student participation in extracurricular activities as the student participation in co-curricular activities significantly icreases as parent highest educational level increases. However, results of the study shows that there is no any significant differences of student participation in co- curricular activities based on parental income. By addressing these factors, educational institutions can strive to ensure that students from all socio-economic backgrounds have equal access to and benefit from extracurricular activities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: infant lung function tests and lung clearance index) One study reported on gas transfer (Alton 1999). This study reported a small but significant reduction in gas transfer in the CFTR gene replacement group, mean (SD) 7. 5% (7. 6), but not the placebo group, mean (SD) 1. 6% (7. 6) (P < 0. 05) when measured on Day 2, which returned to baseline values when measured on Day 29, but did not present any actual data for this time point (Alton 1999). Alton 2015 reported a non‐significant treatment effect for diffusion capacity of the alveolar capillary membrane (KCOc), standardised treatment effect 0. 23 (95% CI –0. 17 to 0. 63) (P = 0. 257) and for transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TLCOc), standardised treatment effect 0. 21 (95% CI –0. 19 to 0. 60) (P = 0. 302) (both values corrected for haemoglobin concentrations) (Alton 2015). The same study also reported no significant difference in lung clearance index between treatment groups, standardised treatment effect 0. 26 (95% CI –0. 13 to 0. 66) (P = 0. 187); or on the mid‐expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (MEF25‐75%) for which the mean (SD) for the CFTR gene replacement group was ‐0. 012 (0. 395) and for the placebo group ‐0. 08 (0. 389), standardised treatment effect 0. 18 (95% CI –0. 21 to 0. 56) (P = 0. 362) (Alton 2015). They did not present values for each treatment group for these additional measures of lung function to include in the analysis (Alton 2015). 3. was not reported as a specific outcome measure in any of the included studies. There were no deaths reported in either active or placebo groups in three studies (Alton 1999; Alton 2015; Moss 2004). In the remaining study, one participant in the placebo group died of an unrelated motorcycle accident (Moss 2007). Secondary outcomes 1. Number of days as a hospital inpatient (or number of inpatient episodes) No study reported the number of days as a hospital inpatient.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Significant daily rhythmicity was found in obese diabetic patients but not in normal controls. Since plasma samples were obtained every 3 hours and no attempt was made to examine how sleep affected the pattern of secretion, it is difficult to determine whether these findings bear any clinical significance. In rats, plasma Hcy demonstrated a 24-h rhythm with a nocturnal peak and a daytime nadir. Pinealectomy did not change the phase of the rhythm or its nocturnal elevation, but it did significantly increase mean plasma Hcy [13]. In the present study, we further investigated the possible existence of a daily rhythm in plasma Hcy under strictly controlled nutritional and sleep-wake conditions. We also investigated if the time during which methionine loading is performed, i. e. , morning or evening, had a different effect on the resultant plasma Hcy concentration. Six healthy men aged 23–26 years participated in 4 experiments. All were students who maintained a normal and regular sleep-wake cycle for at least three months prior to the studies. They were screened to ensure an adequate state of health by physical examination, detailed medical history and blood testing. All had a normal body weight (mean body mass index (BMI) = 23. 5 ± 1. 6 Kg/m2). They were instructed to avoid alcohol and coffee beverages during the 24 hours that preceded each of the experimental periods. The study was approved by the local Committee, and subjects gave written informed conset before being enrolled in the first experiment. Subjects were paid for their participation. the first and second experiments, daily rhythms in Hcy as well as in other amino acids were investigated under a normal or an inverse sleep-wake cycle. In the third and fourth experiments, Hcy concentrations were investigated after morning and evening methionine loading. Experiment 1 Subjcts were admitted to the laboratory at 1800 for a period of 24 hours, after having a normal day. A catheter was inserted into an antecubital vein and was kept patent by a drip of saline. Electrodes were attached for polysomnographic monitoring to determine sleep stages. These included respiration by respiratpry belt and nasal thermistor, and oximetry. Starting at 1900, 5-ml blood samples were drawn every hour until 1900 on the next day.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: In light of the study’s findings, there is a compelling need for educational institutions to proactively tailor and enhance their co-curricular programs, taking into account the influence of socioeconomic factors, to create more equitable opportunities for all students. Keywords: activity or co-curricular activity is an extension of the learning process implemented in or outside the classroom (Rahman & Azman, 2007). Student participation in school activities is an essential outcome of schooling. Besides, student participation in school activities is essential in reinforcing the classroom’s learning process, causing behavioral changes, and enhancing students’ personalities. Also, it could improve students’ critical experiences and skills (Reaves et al. , 2010). Student overall wellbeing in terms of social, academic, emotional, psychological and physical well-being assisted by outdoor education is considered a holistic form of education. (Harun & Salamuddin, 2014). Co-curriculum or school activity can be defined as an educational workout or outdoor activity that provides students with learning experiences (Coburn et al. , 2010; Roslan et al. , 2017). Students overall condition in terms of social, academic, emotional, psychological and physical wellbeing as assisted by outdoor education is considered a holistic form of education (Harun & Salamuddin, 2014). Student participation in school activities is positively related with academic achievement, self-concept (Miller, 2017; Zaman, 2017), and soft skills development, enriching students’ experience and providing them with additional benefits to raise their employability (Veronesi et al. ,2012; Thompson et al. , 2013). The socio-economic status of students can indeed have an impact on student participation in extracurricular activities. Socio-economic status refers to the social and economic standing of an individual or a family, considering factors such as income, occupation, and educational level. Students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds face financial constraints that limit their ability to participate in extracurricular activities requiring fees for membership, equipment, uniforms, or transportation, which can be difficult for families with limited financial resources to afford. Students from lower socio-economic backgrounds sometimes prioritise academic achievement over extracurricular involvement. Due to the importance of securing future opportunities and financial stability, they focus more on studies to enhance their chances of success. The parent’s education determines extracurricular activities, parental income and ethnicity (Jelani et al. , 2015).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Alton 2015 reported no clinically relevant changes in sputum microbiology of Staphylococcus aureus; no additional data were provided for analysis (Alton 2015). Data collection in Moss 2004 was incomplete (Moss 2004). Of the six of the 16 participants in the gene therapy group assessed at baseline were culture positive for Staphylococcus aureus (37. 5%). 90, three of the 14 participants from the gene therapy group assessed were positive for Staphylococcus aureus (21. 4%). In the placebo group, three out of eight participants assessed at baseline tested positive for Staphylococcus aureus (37. 5%); at Day 90, seven of the 12 participants assessed tested positive for Staphylococcus aureus (58. 3%). Again, it is not possible to draw any firm conclusions from these limited data. c. Haemophilus influenzae 2015 reported on this outcome and found no clinically relevant changes in Haemophilus influenzae cultures (no further details were provided) (Alton 2015). 8. Sputum rheology This outcome was not reported in any of the included studies. 9. Mucociliary clearance of the airway Alton 2015 demonstrated this outcome by recording 24‐hour sputum weight (Alton 2015). The study reported a non‐significant difference in the change in 24‐hour sputum weight between baseline and up to 12 months post treatment between the CFTR gene therapy group (n = 22) and the placebo group (n = 27), MD ‐2. 96 (95% CI ‐7. 97 to 2. 05) (Alton 2015). Alton 1999 reported simple saccharine nasal mucociliary clearance, but this is not an efficacy measure for CFTR gene replacement to the lung (Alton 1999). 10. Airway potential difference measurements (measuring salt transport) studies reported measurements of airway potential difference (Alton 1999; Alton 2015). These were measured in the lower airways using a bronchoscope and catheter. Both studies undertook bronchoscopy once before the administration of the study drug and repeated in Alton 1999 two days after the study drug was administered (Alton 1999) and at 28 days (plus or minus five days) after the final (12th) dose in Alton 2015 (Alton 2015).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Thoughout this period subjects were either in a supine or a sitting position in individual rooms where they could read, use their personal computers or watch television. From 2300 to 0800 the room lights were turned off during the sleep period. Blood samples were collected into EDTA treated tubes, immediately centrifuged at 4°C, and plasma was stored at -70°C until assay. Hourly blood sampling during sleep continued with minimal disturbance to subjects' sleep. To standardize food consumption and to provide adequate energy intake, subjects received every 3 hours 150 ml of specially designed liquid food (Ensure® formula) with the following composition: proteins (5. 49 g, 84% caseinate, 16% soy – 14. 7% of the calories), fat (5. 3 g, 32% of calories), carbohydrates (20 g, 77% corn syrup, 23% sucrose, 53. 3% of calories), vitamins and minerals, in 77 ml water. No other food except for water was allowed. Experiment 2 Thes second experiment was identical to Experiment 1 except for the fact that the sleep period was delayed from 2300-0800 to 0720-1500. As before, subjects were admitted to the laboratory at 1800 and blood was withdrawn every hour starting at 1900 until 1900 on the next day. Sleep was monitored polygraphically as described before. Food was provided as in Experiment 1. Experiments 3 and 4 In these experiments, we conducted a methionine loading test at two times: 0900 and 2100. The selection of these times was based on the results of the first two experiments that demonstrated a daily nadir and a nocturnal peak in Hcy levels (see below). At the start of each methionine loading test, subjects were administered 100 mg/kg body weight methionine, mixed in fruit juice. Blood samples (5 ml) were taken into EDTA treated tubes before methionine loading, designated as time 0, and then at +2, +4, +6 and +8 hours after methionine administration. Light carbohydrate rich meals were provided at +1 and +6 hours after the methionine loading in each of the test periods.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Students with fathers who obtained degrees participated more frequently than those with fathers with lower educational levels (et al. , 2006). In this study, student participation in school activities refers to involvement in co-curricular activities such as literary associations, sports, academic clubs, competitions, publications, and community-based programmes. This research 0. 940, signifying a high level of reliability. Subsequently, the collected data underwent both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Descriptive analysis was employed to ascertain the mean and standard deviations, yielding valuable insights into the overall extent of student engagement in extracurricular activities. Additionally, inferential statistical techniques, specifically the of Variance (), were conducted to investigate potential significant differences in student participation, taking into account variables such as parental income and parental educational level among secondary schoolchildren in Sri Lanka. For the purpose of data analysis, the researchers utilized the for the (SPSS) Version 23 software, a widely recognized and accepted tool known for its proficiency in handling data relevant to social science research. By employing appropriate statistical methodologies, the study aimed to comprehensively comprehend student participation in extracurricular activities, with a particular emphasis on examining potential disparities associated with parental income and educational backgrounds. of the part presents data on the demographic particulars of the student respondents from 1350 secondary schools in Sri Lanka, which this study covered. Frequency and percentage were used to analyze the respondents’ demographic information. The demographic factors investigated were, father’s education level, mother’s education level and parents’ income. Demographic profiles of the respondents surveyed for this study are shown in detail in Table 01. Table 1. Background of the than Rs. 15,000 (Less than RM. 333) 487 36. 1 Rs. 15,001 -46,000 (RM 334 – RM 1,022) 609 45. 1 Rs. 46,001- 150,000 (RM 1023 – RM 3,333) 215 15. 9 More than Rs. 151,001 (More than RM. 3,334) 39 2. 9 Father’s level of schooling 56 4. 1 Primary 332 24. 6 G. C. E O/L 565 41. 9 G. C. E A/L 307 22. 7 Tertiary education 90 6. 7 Mother’s level of schooling 47 3. 5 Primary 292 21. 6 G. C. E O/L 613 45.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Alton 2015 also undertook an analysis of nasal potential difference in a subgroup of participants who were additionally treated with placebo or CFTR gene therapy via a nasal spray device; this has not been included in analysis as it is not an efficacy measure for CFTR gene replacement therapy to the lung (Alton 2015). a. Baseline potential difference People with CF have a higher baseline potential difference than people without CF (Griesenbach 2005). An effective CFTR gene replacement intervention would therefore be expected to demonstrate a reduction in baseline potential difference. Data for Alton 1999 are for segmental bronchi, estimated from figures in the original paper (Alton 1999). No significant change in baseline potential difference was seen in either the CFTR gene replacement group (n = 8), mean (SD) change ‐0. 81 (9. 02) millivolt (mV), or the placebo group (n = 8), mean (SD) change 2. 53 (6. 48) mV (Alton 1999). When these data are entered in the review's analysis, there was no difference between the groups, MD ‐3. 34 (95% CI ‐11. 04 to 4. 36) (Analysis 1. 10). 2015, we calculated change in baseline potential difference from baseline and post‐treatment data provided (mean (SEM)); assuming a correlation coefficient (Corr) of 0. 9 to estimate the SD. There was no significant difference between treatment groups (CFTR gene therapy group n = 10; placebo n = 7), MD ‐0. 30 (95% CI ‐2. 90 to 2. 30) (Analysis 1. 10). Sensitivity analyses at a range of values for Corr also showed no statistical difference between treatment groups (Alton 2015). Alton 2015 demonstrated no significant difference in post‐treatment (after 12 months) bronchial potential difference between treatment groups, MD 1. 70 (95% CI ‐3. 50 to 6. 90) (Analysis 1. 12). Data presented for this study are the mean of tracheal and all bronchial measurements (Alton 2015). b. Response to perfusion with amiloride Since sodium absorption is increased in people with CF, a greater reduction in potential difference from baseline is seen in response to amiloride in participants with CF than in those without CF (Griesenbach 2005).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Measurement of amino acids and vitamins Plasma amino acids levels (Hcy, methionine, leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine) were measured in duplicates using a Biochrom 20 Amino-Acid analyzer (Pharmacia Biothech, Cambridge, UK) as described before [5]. The mean intra-assay CV was less than 3%. All samples from a single individual were analysed in a single run. In view of their involvment in Hcy metabolism, serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B12 were also measured in all samples of all subjects using commercially available kits from Abbott. The assays were performed on an Abbott IMX analyzer that utilizes ion capture technology for folate determination and microp12. The assays were performed according to the manufacturers' instructions and used quality control sera supplied by Abbott. Statistical analysis Repeated measurements ANOVA was used to compare the means of the amino acids between the first two experiments. To obtain the average 24-h Hcy curves, each individual data point was replaced by a z-transformation based on the individual 24-h mean and standard deviation, before averaging across subjects. Then, each of the individual time series was subjected to Cosinor analysis to determine its amplitude and acrophase. 1 was perfomed during the summer (August) and Experiment 2 was performed during early winter (late November), approximately 2 months after the change from Summer daylight-saving time to Winter time, during which the clock in Israel was advanced by one hour, the 24-h curves of the first experiment were advanced by 1 hour before the analysis. Then repeated measurements ANOVA was used to determine differences in acrophase between the experiments. In the third and fourth experimens, the concentrations of Hcy at times 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after methionine loading were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA to determine if there were any significant morning-evening differences in Hcy levels. subjects successfully completed the four experiments. In experiment 1 when they slept from 2300 to 0700, average sleep latency was 22. 2 ± 7. 3 min, total sleep time was 407. 3 ± 51. 8 min, and sleep efficiency was 77. 7 ± 9. 2%. In experiment 2 when they slept from 0720 to 1500, average sleep latency was 4 ± 3. 1 min, total sleep time was 371. 5 ± 59.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Father’s and Mother’s Levels and its Effect on of Students’ Participation in Co-curricular Activities or The graph above shows significant interaction between father’s and mother’s highest education levels and its effect on student participation in school activities. Students who have fathers without schooling and mothers with G. C. E (A/L) have the highest mean compared to other students in terms of student participation in co-curricular activities. study finds a moderately high level of student participation in co-curricular activities. Adolescent students tend to participate more in extracurricular activities with high support from their parents and peers (Wang & Eccles, 2012). The highest mean value for student participation in co-curricular activities is ‘I participate in sports activities in school’. , Most of the adolescent students are involved in sports activities (95%), horse riding (78%) and music (73%) in Uttar Pradesh, India (Annu & Sunita, 2013). Sports activities tend to control students’ emotions and increase their self-concept, leadership skills, learning capabilities and academic achievement (Zaman, 2017). The lowest mean value and interpretation is moderate- low for the statement ‘I am involved in writing for publications’. This finding contradicts Martinez et al. (2016) that student participation in art and club activities is associated with a high level of connectedness with school. However, Craft (2012) found that students who participate in extracurricular activities—either sports, club or music programmes—score higher point averages than those who did not participate in such activities. This study identified significant differences in socio-educational participation in terms of students’ involvement in co-curricular activities based on the father’s and mothers’ highest educational levels. In the sample, students whose parents both have tertiary education have the highest mean. Student participation in co-curricular activities increases as their parents’ qualifications, either their mother’s or father’s, increases. Students whose parents had the highest level of qualifications actively participate in extracurricular activities compared with their peers. , Parents’ educational level predicts their adolescent children’s extracurricular physical activities in Italy (et al. , 2006). Students with fathers who obtained degrees participated more frequently in school activities than students whose fathers have lower educational levels.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: The mean change in bronchial chloride responses as well as pre‐ and post‐treatment data for each individual participant were presented in graphical form; aggregate data were not available for analysis (Alton 2015). 11. Measures of gene expression a. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) to measure vector‐specific CFTR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) production This outcome was reported in three studies, but at different time points (Alton 1999; Alton 2015; Moss 2004). 1999, bronchial brushings were performed two days following the single dose of CFTR gene replacement or placebo. No vector specific mRNA could be detected by this measure in either the CFTR gene replacement group (n = 8), or the placebo group (n = 8) (Alton 1999). 2015, bronchial brushings were performed in a subgroup of participants at 28 days, plus or minus five days, after the 12th dose; four participants' measurements were taken beyond this time window due to clinical instability and one participant's bronchoscopy was performed after the sixth dose due to withdrawal from the study. No vector‐specific mRNA was detected in either the CFTR gene replacement group (n = 14) or placebo group (n = 7) (Alton 2015). 2004, six out of the 20 participants in the active group and two out of the 17 participants in the placebo group had bronchial brushings performed 30 to 60 days after the third dose of the study drug. As with the previous two studies, no vector specific mRNA could be detected in any participant sampled (Moss 2004). b. Any other method of measuring gene expression 2015 reported on this outcome and isolated DNA from bronchial brushings in the subgroup of participants who underwent bronchoscopy (Alton 2015). They demonstrated an increase in vector‐specific DNA in 12 out of 14 participants (86%) in the CFTR gene replacement group compared to readings below the limit of quantification in the seven participants in the placebo group (P = 0. 001) (Alton 2015). 12. Measures of CFTR protein expression 1999 measured chloride efflux in cells obtained by bronchial brushing, by measuring changes in 6‐methoxy‐N‐(‐sulphopropyl) quinolium (SPQ) fluorescence (Alton 1999).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 4 min, and sleep efficiency was 83. 6 ± 12. 2%. In spite of the reversal of the sleep-wake cycle, the 24 h means and coefficients of variation of Hcy in the two experiments were very similar to each other, 8. 82 μmol/L and 29. 7% and 8. 51 μmol/L and 27. 7%, in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. None of the subjects had abnormal Hcy levels (>15 μmol/L) at any point across the 24 hours. Figure 1 presents the average z-transformed 24-h curves of Hcy in the two experiments. In spite of the reversal of the sleep-wake cycle, the 24-h pattern of Hcy was remarkeably similar. In both experiments there was a midday nadir and a nocturnal peak in Hcy levels. In absolute terms, the daily rhythm in Hcy represents a change from nadir to peak values of 6. 7 to 9. 83 μmol/L (46. 7%) and 7. 4 to 10. 55 μmol/L (42. 6%), in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Analysis of variance showed no significant difference in the average amplitude of the z-transformed rhythms of the two experiments, as determined by the cosinor analysis: 0. 81 ± 0. 19, and 1. 07 ± 0. 22 μmol/L, for experiment 1 and 2, respectively. There was, however, a significant difference between the timing of the average acrophase which was earlier by approximately 2 hours in experiment 1 than in experiment 2 (22:47 ± 0:45 vs. 0:54 ± 1:14, t = 3. 77; p <. 01). Figure 1 Daily rhythms in plasma concentration of Homocysteine. Rhythms were measured in 6 subjects who slept from 23:00 to 07:00 (Night sleep) or from 07:20 to 15:00 (Day sleep). Blood was withdrawn every hour starting at 19:00 until 19:00 the next day. Individual data points were transformed to Z-scores before averaging across subjects. For clarity purposes standard errors of data points are not presented. Magnitude of standard errors was approximatly 10% of mean values.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, adolescents with mothers who graduated with degrees participated in school activities more than three hours every week than students whose mothers had lower academic levels. Children of tertiary-educated parents are more likely to engage in extracurricular activities, likely due to their parents’ heightened awareness of the benefits of such activities for their children’s socioemotional and cognitive development(Jelani et al. , 2015). The nature of student participation in extracurricular activities is contingent on parental educational levels, with parental experience and values being stronger predictors for student engagement in language programs, while parents with lower educational qualifications are more influential in predicting student involvement in music programs (Ashbourne & Andres, 2015). The results of this study offer interesting insights into the relationship between parental income and student participation in co-curricular activities. Contrary to the findings of of Jelani et al. (2015), which suggested that household income significantly influenced student participation in extracurricular activities, this study did not find a substantial difference in student participation based on parent income. These results indicate that there may be variations in the impact of income on co-curricular versus extracurricular activities, suggesting that co-curricular activities might be more accessible to a wider range of students regardless of their family’s economic status. Moreover, the findings of this research challenge the notion that student participation in extracurricular activities is solely dependent on household income, as higher income levels did not appear to be the primary driving factor for involvement. Instead, it underscores the importance of parental values, experience, and educational background as critical predictors for student engagement in specific programs, such as language and music activities. It is worth noting that these findings deviate from the results of Burkhardt (2016), who found that poverty did not affect students’ participation in extracurricular activities among middle school children in County. These inconsistencies suggest that the relationship between income and student participation in extracurricular and co-curricular activities can vary depending on factors like geographic location, cultural context, and the specific nature of the activities in question.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: The two Moss studies used a viral CFTR gene delivery system (AAV) with follow up for 150 to 210 days respectively (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). These studies were of similar design, although three doses were given in the Moss 2004 and two doses in Moss 2007. There were no significant differences in rate of exacerbation between the treatment group and placebo in either study. Moss 2004 demonstrated a significant improvement in respiratory function (FEV1) 30 days after participants had received their first dose of gene therapy agent. This finding was not confirmed in Moss 2007 or in our meta‐analysis (Moss 2004; Moss 2007). study nor our meta‐analysis of FVC (L) showed any significant difference between treatment and placebo groups at either 30 days or two months (Analysis 1. 5). No study reported on survival; however, no deaths were reported in three of the studies and the single death reported in one study was not treatment related. Overall completeness and applicability of evidence Four trials recruiting 302 participants with CF were included in this review; three trials recruited a mixture of males and females aged 12 years and over (Alton 2015; Moss 2004; Moss 2007) and one recruited only adult males due to regulatory restrictions (Alton 1999). The mean age of participants in the four studies was 24. 5 years. Homozygous ∆F508 was the commonest genotype in the studies. There are insufficient data reported in the studies for some outcomes considered to be important for this review: oral antibiotics (days or episodes); number of days as a hospital inpatient; need for extra treatment (physiotherapy); school or work attendance; height; and sputum rheology. Quality of the evidence All included studies had a parallel design. Overall there were minor issues with quality, in particular risk of bias from concealment, allocation and randomisation. Methods of randomisation and allocation concealment are specified in just one study (Alton 2015); in the remaining studies, they are unclear (Alton 1999; Moss 2004; Moss 2007). 2004, 83% of randomised participants received all three doses of study drug and it is not stated whether withdrawals had been originally allocated to the active or the placebo group (Moss 2004). Post‐allocation withdrawal also occurred in Moss 2007, but to a lesser extent study (Moss 2007).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Strikingly different 24-h patterns were observed for the other amino acids: methionine, leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine. In all, the average z-transformed 24-h curves revealed a strong influence of both the sleep-wake cycle and the feeding schedule. Their level was notably lower during the sleep period, regardless of its timing, and increased every two hours in synchrony with the times of feeding. This pattern is exemplified in Figure 2 for methionine. Identical patterns were observed for leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine (data not shown). Figure 2 Daily rhythms in plasma concentration of methionine. Rhythms were measured in 6 subjects who slept from 23:00 to 07:00 (Night sleep) or from 0720 to 1500 (Day sleep). Blood was withdrawn every hour starting at 19:00 until 19:00 the next day. Individual data points were transformed to Z scores before averaging across subjects. For clarity purposes standard errors of data points are not presented. Magnitude of standard errors was approximatly 10% of mean values. Note the large pulses in methionine concentrations that appeared in synchrony with the times of feeding. We did not find any evidence for rhythmicity in the concentrations of B12 and folic acid. While folic acid showed a linear increase throughout the study period, the 24-h pattern of B12 was rather constant with slight elevation during the night time (data not shown). Methionine loading As expected, methionine loading resulted in increased plasma Hcy levels during both morning and evening experiments (Figure 3). Analysis of variance did not reveal overall significant differences between morning and evening post-methionine Hcy levels. However, inspection of Hcy levels at each of the time points separately revealed some interesting trends. Before methionine loading, as could be expected from the daily rhythm in Hcy found in experiments 1 and 2, morning Hcy level tended to be lower by 1. 18 μmol/L than the evening level (p <. 11, paired t-test, two tailed). Moreover, the increase in Hcy from time 0 to 2 hours after loading was greater by a mean of 2. 8 μmol/L in the evening than in the morning (p <. 09, paired t-test, two tailed). This resulted in evening and morning levels of Hcy of 26.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: В заключении теоретического анализа рассматриваются особенности организации внеурочной деятельности на уроках биологии в 8 классе. В практической части статьи приводится описание практического исследования, в результате которого формулируется вывод об эффективности организации внеурочной деятельности по биологии как средства развития исследовательских умений у обучающихся 8 классов.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Very low certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. a The method of measurement of episodes of acute DIOS (e. g. numbers, %, per person or total number of episodes) was not described in the trial. b The small number of participants in the trial (20) decreases the precision of the results. c The participants had a very limited age range (7. 1 years to 23. 2 years), making the evidence for these outcomes restricted to this group, and therefore increasing its indirectness. d The majority of the risk of bias domains were ranked as unclear (selection bias, attrition bias and reporting bias) as there was little information provided in the trial. eNo specific numerical data were provided for the results of these outcomes, therefore we cannot be sure of the significance or relevance of these results. f There was no washout period described in this cross‐over trial, therefore we cannot be sure whether there was a carry‐over effect of the treatments. see the appendices for a glossary of terms used in the review (2021. We searched the following databases on 12 October 2021: Register of () in the www. thecochranelibrary. com; (1946 to October 2021) (1974 to October 2021) We also searched the following trials registries and other resources. Date of last search 12 October 2021. US of Clinicaltrials. gov (www. clinicaltrials. gov); () Registry (www. isrctn. com ); () (apps. who. int/trialsearch); (www. opengrey. eu/). For details of our search strategies, please see the appendices (1. Open in figure viewer Figure 1 Study flow diagram Included studies There was one trial included in the review which was only available as an abstract (Dalzell 1993). We attempted to contact the authors, who informed us that there was no full text version of the trial available. It was a single‐centre, double‐blind, randomised, cross‐over trial that took place at the Children's Hospital, in the UK. The trial included 20 participants (16 female) with an age range of 7. 1 years to 23. 2 years, giving a mean age of 13. 1 years. Participants were required to have a diagnosis of chronic DIOS to be included in the trial.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 66 and 23. 86 μmol/L, respectively. These differences became much smaller at +4, +6 and +8 after the loading. Figure 3 Plasma concentration of homocysteine before and after methionine loading. Shown are the means and standard deviations of plasma concentration of homocysteine in 6 subjects before (0 hr) and 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after methionine loading at 09:00 and 21:00. present study demonstrated that under strictly controlled dietary conditions plasma levels of Hcy shows significant daily rhythmicity, which is independent of the 24-h cycle of sleep and wake, with a peak at around 2200 to 2400. Previously, similar rhythmicity in Hcy with an evening peak was reported in obese diabetic patients by Bremner et al [12] and with nocturnal peak in rats by Baydas et al [13]. We further extended these findings by demonstrating that daily rhythms exist also in normal young adults. In contrast to Hcy, there was no daily rhythmicity in methionine, leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine, in which the 24-h pattern followed both the timing of sleep and the feeding schedule. Homocysteine is a non-protein sulfur containing amino acid, and an intermediate in the metabolism of the essential amino acid methionine. The metabolism of Hcy is accomplished by two major pathways, remethylation into methionine and transsulfuration to cystationine [14]. In remethylation, Hcy acquires a methyl group from N-5-methyltetrahydrofolate or from betaine to form methionine. The reaction with N-5-methyltetrahydrofolate is vitamin B12 dependent while the reaction with betaine is not. In the transsulforation pathway, Hcy condenses with serine to form cystationine in an irreversible reaction catalyzed by the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-containing enzyme, cystationine beta synthase. Although we do not have any information as yet on the underlying mechanism responsible for the daily rhythm in plasma Hcy, it is most probably related to the balance between its rates of production and disposal.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: За последние годы в ряде регионов страны наметилась тенденция интенсивного использования внеурочной деятельности по предметам естественнонаучного цикла для развития исследовательских умений, умений осуществлять самоуправление учебно-познавательной деятельностью и повышения эффективности учебно-воспитательного процесса, что приводит к социализации учащихся в современном обществе.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: g. numbers, %, per person or total number of episodes) was not described in the trial. b The small number of participants in the trial (20) decreases the precision of the results. c The participants had a very limited age range (7. 1 years to 23. 2 years), making the evidence for these outcomes restricted to this group, and therefore increasing its indirectness. d The majority of the risk of bias domains were ranked as unclear (selection bias, attrition bias and reporting bias) as there was little information provided in the trial. eNo specific numerical data were provided for the results of these outcomes, therefore we cannot be sure of the significance or relevance of these results. f There was no washout period described in this cross‐over trial, therefore we cannot be sure whether there was a carry‐over effect of the treatments. see the appendices for a glossary of terms used in the review (2018. We searched the following databases: Register of () in the www. thecochranelibrary. com; (1946 onwards); Embase HDAS (Advanced Search) (1974 onwards). We also searched the following trials registries and other resources: US of Clinicaltrials. gov (www. clinicaltrials. gov); () Registry (www. isrctn. com ); () (apps. who. int/trialsearch); (www. opengrey. eu/). For details of our search strategies, please see the appendices (2018. Searching other resources We checked the bibliographies of included trials and any relevant systematic reviews identified for further 1. Open in figure viewer Figure 1 Study flow diagram Included studies There was one trial included in the review which was only available as an abstract (Dalzell 1993). We attempted to contact the authors, who informed us that there was no full text version of the trial available. It was a single‐centre, double‐blind, randomised, cross‐over trial that took place at the Children's Hospital, in the UK. The trial included 20 participants (16 female) with an age range of 7. 1 years to 23. 2 years, giving a mean age of 13. 1 years. Participants were required to have a diagnosis of chronic DIOS to be included in the trial. Participants were randomly given either high‐dose or low‐dose pancreatic enzymes for six months each.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: A high Hcy concentration could be due to an elevated production rate, a decreased rate of transsulforation, a decreased rate of remethylation to methionine, or any combination of these processes. The fact that the range of the daily variations in the plasma levels of Hcy is on the same order of magnitude as those seen in mild hyperhomocysteinemia, may suggest that the two phenomena share a common underlying mechanism. Mild hyperhomocystenemia seen under fasting conditions is due to mild impairement in the methylation pathway. This may be caused by folate or B12 deficiencies, or by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase thermolability. The variations in plasma vitamin concentrations, however, could not provide an explanation for the daily rhythms in Hcy. The 24-pattern of folate levels showed a linear increase from the beginning to the end of the study. Although the plasma concentrations of vitamin B12 varied across the 24 hours – in contrast however to what was expected if B12 were involved in the daily rhythm in Hcy, ie, increasing levels of B12 associated with decreasing levels of Hcy – the 24-h pattern in B12 was parallel to that of Hcy with a daytime nadir and a night time peak. Thus, it is unlikely that a daily rhythm in plasma vitamin concentrations can explain the daily rhythm in Hcy. The methionine loading test has been used to test the individual's ability to dispose of methionine through the transsulforation pathway [14]. The fact that the differences between Hcy levels after morning and evening methionine loading were rather small and limited to the first 2 hours after the loading may indicate that the transsulforation pathway does not play a role in generating Hcy rhythmicity. A different possibility that cannot be ruled out at this point is the involvement of the Hcy cellular export mechanism. The small amount of plasma Hcy is the result of a cellular export mechanism that is essential for keeping intracellular concentrations low to avoid potentially Hcy cytotoxic effects. Thus the daily rhythm in plasma Hcy may reflect variations in the activity of the cellular export mechanism, which result in varying levels of Hcy disposed to the plasma at different phases of the 24 hours rather than in its rate of metabolism. Further studies are needed to test this possibility. Finally, what may be the clinical implications of the present findings?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Ученический проект – это специально организованный учителем и самостоятельно выполняемый обучающимися, комплекс действий по решению значимой проблемы, завершающийся созданием продукта [0]. Организация исследовательской деятельности обучающихся представляет из себя оптимальный метод по формированию умения школьников без посторонней помощи получать новые знания, обрабатывать информацию, производить выводы и делать логичные умозаключения.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: However, since the only RCT on this topic took place in 1992 and to our knowledge, there have been none since then that matched our inclusion criteria, it may suggest a degree of publication bias. Furthermore, we were unable to obtain a full‐text version of the included trial, even after contacting one of the authors, meaning that we were unable to access the relevant data in the trial. This may also indicate that there was publication bias. Within the review process, two authors independently screened and assessed trials for eligibility, as well as assessing for risk of bias. A third author acted as external arbiter in order to solve any disagreements. This process reduced the risk of bias. Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews As far as we are aware, there have not been any other systematic reviews or RCTs (other than the included trial in this review) comparing interventions for the treatment of DIOS. It is generally accepted that good adherence to PERT can reduce constipation and gastrointestinal symptoms in CF, but there is no high‐quality evidence that assesses the use of PERT for the treatment of DIOS. Figures and Tables - Figure 1 Study flow diagram Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Figure 2 Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab High‐dose pancreatic enzymes compared with low‐dose pancreatic enzymes for treating DIOS Patient or population: children and adults with cystic fibrosis Settings: outpatient Intervention: high‐dose pancreatic enzymes Comparison: low‐dose pancreatic enzymes comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of Participants (trials) Quality of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Low‐dose pancreatic enzymes High‐dose pancreatic enzymes Time taken from start of treatment until the resolution of DIOS Outcome not reported. N/A Treatment failure rate Outcome not reported. N/A not reported. N/A Episodes of acute DIOS Follow‐up: at 12 months There was no difference between low‐dose and high‐dose pancreatic enzymes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease; concerted action project JAMA 277: 1775–1781, [PubMed] DOI: Lavie, L, Perelman, A and Lavie, P (2001). Plasma homocysteine levels in obstructive sleep apnea: association with cardiovascular morbidity Chest 120: 900–908, [PubMed] DOI: and Vollset, SE (1997). Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease N Med 337: 230–236, [PubMed] DOI: Van der and Banga, JD (1998). Methionine loading test is necessary for detection of hyperhomocysteinemia J Med 132: 67–72, [PubMed] DOI: and Beisel, WR (1967). Circadian periodicity of blood amino-acids in adult men Nature 215: 512–514. [PubMed] Wurtman, RJ, Chou, C and Rose, CM (1967). Daily rhythm in tyrosine concentration in human plasma: persistence on low-protein diets Science 158: 660–662. [PubMed] and Larin, FF (1968). Daily rhythms in the concentrations of various amino acids in human plasma N Med 279: 171–175. [PubMed] and Scrimshaw, NS (1971). Daily fluctuation of plasma amino acid levels in adult men: effect of dietary tryptophan intake and distribution of meals J Nutr 10: 61–69. [PubMed] and Scheving, LE (2000). Circadian rhythm of serum total homocysteine in men Cardiol 86: 1153–1156, [PubMed] DOI: and Kelestimur, H (2002). Effects of pinealectomy on the levels and the circadian rhythm of plasma homocytsteine in rats J 33: 151–155, [PubMed] DOI: Selhub, J (1999). Homocysteine metabolism Nutr 19: 217–246, [PubMed] DOI: Knutsson, A and Boggild, H (2000). Shiftwork and cardiovascular disease: review of disease mechanisms Health 15: 359–372. [PubMed] Nestel, PJ, Chronopoulos, A and Cehun, M (2003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Потому что УИД - это деятельность школьников, связанная с преодолением креативных или исследовательских задач, а так же предусматривающая присутствие основополагающих этапов деятельности: выявление проблемы, работа с теоретическими источниками, выбор путей практического освоения этой теории, обработка материала, его синтез и логическое обоснование, научное аргументирование, личные выводы [0].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3974515/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractGenome editing in plants usingCas9 typically involves integrating transgenic constructs into plant genome. However, a challenge arises after the target gene is successfully edited, transgene elements such as Cas9, gRNA cassette, and selective marker genes remain integrated. This integration of transgenes causes regulatory and environmental concerns, particularly for commercialization. In addressing this issue, we present the establishment of a transgene-free genome editing system in sorghum, achieved through transient gene expression without selection. We selected the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene as the target due to its capacity to induce a visible phenotypic change, namely albinism, upon mutation. Following microprojectile co-transformation with maize optimised Cas9 vector and a gRNA cassette with kanamycin resistance gene, immature embryo (IE) derived tissues were divided into two groups (selection and non-selection) and deployed as parallel experiments. Remarkably, 4 out of 18 homozygous/biallelic editing lines in the non-selection group were identified as transgene-free lines in the T0 generation, with no traceable transgenes. Conversely, no transgene-free editing line was achieved in the selection group. This strategy not only enables to regenerate transgene-free genome-edited lines more efficiently but also saves one generation of time by eliminating the need for self-crossing or out-crossing. Our results displayed the feasibility of achieving transgene-free genome-edited plants within a single generation in sorghum. Furthermore, this approach opens avenues for vegetatively propagated crops like pineapple, sugarcane, and banana to obtain transgene-free genome-edited lines, facilitating their commercialization. Biological sciences/Biotechnology/Plant biotechnologyBiological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant geneticsPDS genealbino plantstransgene-freegenome editingtransformationsorghum/Cas9transient gene expressionFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 61.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Such broader impact on different physiological processes makes us question the premise of circadian rhythms being circumscribed to this particular group within prokaryotes. Changing concepts of the bacterial world The presumed lack of circadian periodicity in the physiology of heterotrophic bacteria was originally founded not on actual experimental evidence but on premises that for a long time were accepted in microbiology. One rests on the classical view of bacteria as simple reproductive machines that merely multiply as long as nutrients are available, and therefore would have no use for a regular, nearly anticipatory control system. However, the idea of a bacterial population as a mass of rudimentary organisms growing as fast as resources allow has long given way to the appreciation of a far more complex picture. It includes finely tuned sensory and regulatory mechanisms, or the ability to coordinate responses at the population level through the synthesis and release of signal molecules, in the process known as quorum sensing. A second argument is that the need of bacteria to quickly respond to external stimuli (nutrients, stressors, or sudden environmental changes) would not be compatible with circadian rhythms, which would impose fixed temporal responses. This might be true if circadian regulation were of such a strict nature that it limited the organism's adaptability to changing situations. But the existence of a circadian clock does not impede cyanobacteria, for example, to have efficient stress response mechanisms. Furthermore, it is possible to envision environmental situations where a circadian control of certain processes could be beneficial. It might be the case of plant-associated bacterial populations, given that the amount and composition of nutrients released through roots or leaves in the form of exudates varies with circadian periodicity. A mechanism for sensing light and temperature changes associated to day/night cycles, and acting as a metabolic switch to anticipate the alteration of incoming resources, could be an advantage for bacteria colonizing plant surfaces. Old and new evidence A series of experiments published in 1930 by Rogers and Greenbank [4] demonstrated the existence of oscillations in the growth rate of Escherichia coli in fluid medium. The authors designed a 15 meter-long hollow glass spiral that was filled with liquid medium with a chromogenic indicator of lactose utilization and inoculated at one end with an E. coli culture. Progression of the culture was then followed over a period of several days by observing turbidity and color change and recorded by photographing the spiral at fixed intervals.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Изучение биологии дает многие возможности по организации учебных исследований – это проведение экскурсий на природу, походы в краеведческие музеи, зоопарки, дендро- и лесопарки; организация на уроках опытов и экспериментов; проведение внеклассных мероприятий, вовлечение обучающихся в исследовательскую деятельность, что позволяет: углубить представление о роли растений и животных в природе и жизни человека, формировать понятия «биологические ресурсы», «флор

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()associated nuclease Cas9 system has increasingly gained momentum and has been broadly utilized for plant genome editing worldwide in the last decade1. Genome editing byCas9 has been extensively investigated for gene function, plant breeding, and crop improvement2. /Cas9 system has displayed tremendous advantages over traditional methods in how to generate mutations in a precise and predictable way3. The process of genome editing is typically based on genetic transformation, which means two essential components of the Cas9, and gRNA cassettes have been stably integrated into plant chromosome. However, when the target gene is completely edited byCas9, all transgenic elements, such as the Cas9 gene, selective marker gene, and gRNA(s), are no longer needed in plants. On the sharp contrary, those components could cause off-target genome editing due to constitutive gene expression. /Cas9 technologies offer precise genome-editing capabilities, alleviating concerns about producing genetically modified organisms (GMOs), global regulatory systems for categorizing -edited crops as GMOs vary considerably4, 5. In Australia, the Office of the Regulator (OGTR) oversees GMO regulation2. Notably, not all genetically edited (GE) foods are classified as GMOs in Australia, allowing their cultivation without regulatory restrictions or labelling6. 2000 ( currently governs these regulations. Considering different DNA double-strand break modifications, genome-modified products can be classified into four groups: (1) oligonucleotide-mediated genome modification (ODM), and the remaining three groups fall under site-directed nuclease technologies (SDN), including andCas: (2) SDN1, or Site-directed mutagenesis pathway 1 without a template; (3) SDN2, Site-directed mutagenesis pathway 2 with a homologous template, causing modifications in a few bases; (4) SDN3, Site-directed mutagenesis pathway 3 with a homologous template with ends. Australia classifies crops produced using SDN1 as conventional crops, but those generated using 2, and SDN3 are considered GMOs5. In Japan, SDN1 and SDN2 are treated as non-GMO. In the USA, the regulatory frame for GMOs is implemented through three federal agencies: Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agency (EPA), and Food and (FDA).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Data showed periodic alternation of fast and slow growth, with peaks of fast growth appearing every 20-22 h. The authors suggested that periods of exposure to intense light could be influencing this phenomenon. However, these results were disregarded based on observations published by other researchers [5], which were actually made under different experimental conditions, during a much shorter period of time, and with other microorganisms. Later reports of circadian oscillations in the growth of Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae exist in the literature (reviewed in [6]), but the prevailing view at the time those observations were published was that circadian rhythms were to be found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotic organisms. The discovery of this phenomenon in photosynthetic prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes did not bring those studies back to light. Scattered evidence that may add weight to those initial observations can be found in more recent literature. We have already mentioned plants as bacterial habitats where circadian regulation would make sense. In fact, variations in plant-colonizing bacterial populations depending on the time of day at which samples were taken have been reported [7], and the potential role of light and plant circadian rhythms in plant pathogenesis has been recently put forward [8]. Furthermore, photoperiod can influence the response of pepper plants to the positive action of plant growth-promoting Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacteria [9], so that root and shoot biomass are increased in the presence of these microorganisms only in plants under long day (12 h of light) conditions, but not under short day (8 h) conditions. Bacterial responses to light While the above mentioned data have for the most part been interpreted from the point of view of plant responses, alterations in microbial physiology as a reaction to photoperiod should not be discarded. With the ever-increasing data obtained from genome sequencing projects, it has become apparent that genes encoding proteins similar to phytochromes, which in other organisms sense light and may participate in the adjustment of circadian rhythms, are present in the genomes of different bacteria. Proteins containing a light, oxygen or voltage (LOV) sensing domain are also widespread in many organisms, including bacteria. Although their function in many cases remains to be determined, a protein containing this domain has recently been shown to respond to light and to participate in stress responses in the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis [10].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extracurricular activities support holistic student development. [SEP] Text: Обычно обучающиеся с большим интересом рассматривают и наблюдают под микроскопом, изучают, сравнивают, исследуют представителей одноклеточных и многоклеточных организмов. На современном этапе внеурочная деятельность – это неотъемлемая часть образовательного процесса в школе, которая способствует в полной мере реализации требований федеральных образовательных стандартов общего образования.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: the and (APHIS), and EPA jointly regulate -based agricultural products. Transgene-free -edited plants are exempt from conventional GMO regulations imposed by the FDA. According to 1, and SDN2 plants are deregulated, aligning with conventional breeding practices6. However, SDN3-created plants are evaluated case-by-case for regulatory categorization5. Numerous strategies have been explored to generate transgene-free genome-edited plants, primarily categorized into three approaches: DNA-free gene editing methods, transient expression of plasmid-based -DNA, or stable integration with self-crossing or subsequent backcrossing. DNA-free gene editing techniques, including ribonucleoprotein (RNP), virus-induced gene editing, have gained prominence in crop genome editing7. Among these, preassembledCas ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) represent a direct and efficient approach for DNA-free genome editing8. The application of pre-assembledCas9 RNPs was pioneered in 2005, initially demonstrated in Arabidopsis thaliana, tobacco, lettuce, and rice protoplasts, and subsequently adopted in various plant species4, 5. While the use of RNPs is prevalent, it presents challenges, particularly in economically vital crops with complex tissue culture systems. Protoplast-based methods, essential for many crops, pose challenges in recalcitrant crops like sorghum9. Efforts have been made to explore alternatives such as zygotes and immature embryos, although these alternatives remain limited to specific plant species7, 8. To eliminate transgenes post gene editing, methods like self-pollination and out-crossing have been employed4. In self-pollinated crops, transgene-free lines can be identified through rigorous PCR screening and sequencing from T1 progeny. However, these PCR-based methods are time-consuming and labour-intensive when identifying transgene-free plants from a pool of transgenic plants. To enhance efficiency, various markers such as fluorescent markers, pigments, chemicals, enzymatic reactions, and suicide genes are utilized7. This study focuses on achieving transgene-free genome-edited sorghum plants in a single generation through biolistic bombardment. The characterization of these transgene-free -edited sorghum plants involves PCR, sequencing, and transcriptomics analyses.

Output: contrast