Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: health systemsnutritionchild healthmaternal healthprevention strategiesSummary boxAdvancing universal health coverage and improving health system quality are among the most important issues faced by those engaged in global health today. The critical role played by a healthy food system in disease prevention and treatment is overlooked in discussions of health system reform, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. Forming strong links between local food and health systems may be an important point of intervention for addressing both ends of the malnutrition spectrum. In this commentary, we highlight the potential for healthcare institutions to improve access to and adoption of healthy diets beyond providing nutrition counselling in order to address the full spectrum of malnutrition in low-income and middle-income countries. Hippocrates (fifth century BCE), the father of medicine and namesake of the Oath many medical students swear by to this day, was among the first to recognise the centrality of diet in disease prevention and treatment. In that Oath, the statement, ‘I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgement’, comes before statements about drugs and surgery. Unfortunately, the importance of diet and nutrition in medicine is lost in most discussions of health system reform today, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Moreover, few food system researchers and policymakers consider the myriad opportunities for improving health through forging partnerships between local food, agriculture and health systems. In this commentary, we highlight the potential for healthcare institutions to improve access to and adoption of healthy diets beyond providing nutrition counselling in order to address the full spectrum of malnutrition in LMICs (figure 1) and provide examples of how this framework could be implemented in LMICs. We adopt the United Nations’ definitions of a food system as ‘all activities related to the production, distribution and consumption of food’, and of a health system as ‘the people, institutions and resources, arranged together in accordance with established policies, to improve the health of the population they serve’. 1 2 Considering the great success of extending the reach of antenatal clinics in LMICs—over 80% of women in 38 LMICs studied had at least one visit during pregnancy3—and the anticipated increase in healthcare utilisation in LMICs as a result of expansion of universal health coverage, healthcare institutions as an intervention setting have the potential to have a substantial impact.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: This asynchrony between PAN mineralization from CPM and sweet corn N need was also observed when a full N rate of CPM was used for sweet corn production in the field (Johnson, 2009). The authors observed high PAN concentrations in the soil before sweet corn five-leaf stage in 2 out of 3 years of the study. A combination of N mineralization before crop need and heavy precipitation leaching events could cause PAN loss and subsequently N deficiency for the crop. At the end of the study, PAN from the CPM was equivalent to the ammonium nitrate treatment, suggesting it was mostly available in the first growing season (Table1). Composted poultry manure N availability during the first year has been reported to range from 14% to 60% of total N applied (Muñoz et al. , 2008). However, mineralization was likely greater on the loamy sand soils of Wisconsin. Soil texture can affect manure or compost mineralization, with as much as 99% N availability from manure on coarse textured soils in comparison with 62% on silt loam soil in an incubation study (Griffin et al. , 2002). Environmental differences in temperature and soil moisture also may alter the availability among years (Gaskell and Smith, 2007). A secondary complication with using CPM for organic production is the high P content of manure. Applying CPM at a rate that would apply sufficient N to a sweet corn crop would overapply P. Soils with excessively high P concentration can contribute to eutrophication of surface water through surface water runoff (Correll, 1998). This suggests that the sole utilization of CPM for organic production is not an environmentally sustainable tactic and P content should be kept in mind when designing organic fertility management systems. The PAN concentration of the soil amended with 5-5-5 was similar from 28 to 112 d with only ≈65% of the total organic N applied mineralized from 5-5-5 by the end of the study (Table 1). This suggests that 5-5-5 would not completely mineralize during a growing season. This fertilizer also has nearly equivalent amounts of P and N, so it does not resolve the problem of P overapplication encountered with CPM. Furthermore, the actual N content of this amendment was 25% greater than the reported N content.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: https:// arXiv:1406. 3829 [23] R. Silva, Y. Guryanova, A. J. Short, P. Skrzypczyk, N. Brunner, and S. Popescu, Connecting processes with indefinite causal order and multi-time quantum states, New J. Phys. 19 103022 (2017); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1701. 08638 [24] M. Araújo, P. A. Guérin, and Ä. Baumeler, Quantum computation with indefinite causal structures, Phys. Rev. A 96, 052315 (2017); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1706. 09854 [25] S. . Chiribella, and K. Modi, Entanglement, non-Markovianity, and causal non-separability, New J. Phys. 20, 033033 (2018); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1711. 04065 [26] G. Chiribella, Perfect discrimination of no-signalling channels via quantum superposition of causal structures, Phys. Rev. A 86, 040301 (2012); DOI: https:// (2011). https:// arXiv:1109. 5154 [27] C. Branciard, Witnesses of causal nonseparability: an introduction and a few case studies, Sci. Rep. 6, 26018 (2016); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1603. 00043 [28] T. Colnaghi, G. M. D'Ariano, P. Perinotti, and S. Facchini, Quantum computation with programmable connections between gates, Phys. Lett. A 376, 2940 - 2943 (2012); DOI: https:// (2011). https:// arXiv:1109. 5987 [29] M. Araújo, F. Costa, and Č. Brukner, Computational advantage from quantum-controlled ordering of gates, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 250402 (2014); DOI: https:// (2014).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 1 Conceptual framework demonstrating the intersection between local food and health systems and specific opportunities to improve overall health and address the full spectrum of malnutrition in the context of low-income and middle-income countries. Definitions of food and health systems are drawn from the Food and and the WHO, respectively. The framework was developed based on evidence that diverse diets including fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes and select animal-based products such as eggs can reduce the risk of stunting, micronutrient deficiencies, overweight/obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases and that healthcare institution-based interventions can directly improve intake of these foods. In many LMICs struggling to address the full spectrum of malnutrition, from undernutrition to obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, the underlying problem is not one of caloric insufficiency, but rather one of poor diet quality. 4 For example, in Guatemala, 50% of reproductive-aged women are overweight or obese and 48% of children under five are stunted (an indicator of chronic undernutrition). 5 Prospective epidemiological studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between consumption of red meat, processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity in adults, whereas consumption of fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes is associated with a decreased risk of obesity. 6 On the other end of the malnutrition spectrum, randomised controlled trials of nutrition counselling to mothers delivered by trained healthcare providers that focuses on improving healthy complementary feeding practices have been shown to result in a 29% reduction in stunting. 7 Results from a randomised trial, published this year, found that the prevalence of stunting among Ecuadorian children (ages 6–9 months) who received one egg per day for 6 months was reduced by 47% compared with controls. 8 Few studies have explicitly evaluated both ends of the malnutrition spectrum. One ecological study found that a 100 kcal increase (per capita per day) in availability of vegetables was associated with a reduction in heart disease mortality of 459 per 100 000 population among adults >55 years and a 3. 5% lower stunting rate among children. 9 Based on this evidence, our proposed actions for healthcare institutions involve the promotion of a whole food-based diet including fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes and healthy, environmentally sustainable animal-based products such as eggs instead of meat.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: Thus, if a grower applied 5-5-5 based on actual macronutrient content, less of the amendment would be applied and correspondingly lower amounts of PAN would be available to the crop. The PAN concentration mineralized from 11-0-0 was less than all of the other amendments in the first 7 d (Table 1). Significant mineralization occurred between 7 and 14 d of incubation and total PAN from 11-0-0 was comparable to the ammonium nitrate treatment by the 14-d sampling. Hadas and Kautsky (1994) reported that only 65% of the organic N in feather meal mineralized in an 8-week, 30 °C incubation study using a clay soil. This difference highlights the impact of soil texture on mineralization. Perhaps problematically, the N in 11-0-0 fully mineralized before crop need. However, 11-0-0 can be sidedressed during the growing season to better match N mineralization with crop need. The rate of PAN availability would closely match crop need if 11-0-0 was sidedressed just before the five-leaf stage (600–700 GDD). In a related field study, this amendment was sidedressed at the five-leaf sweet corn stage (Johnson, 2009). The authors reported similar soil PAN concentration in the treatment that used 11-0-0 exclusively as a nitrogen source and the PAN of the soil in the control (no added N). The sweet corn likely used the N as soon as it was mineralized from the 11-0-0. The results of this laboratory incubation study and related field study suggest that 11-0-0 is a good option for N management in organic sweet corn. However, this amendment is costly, so using it in combination with GrM may optimize N while reducing cost to the grower. Similar to the 5-5-5, the actual N content of 11-0-0 was different from reported. Rather than containing more than reported, the N content was 0. 08% less. Thus, if actual nutrient content of 11-0-0 had been used to determine application rate, we may have seen higher PAN over the course of the incubation study. Under realistic circumstances, this could have resulted in a grower applying less N than expected. This highlights variability in batches of packaged amendments that could result in potential N deficiency.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: https:// arXiv:1401. 8127 [30] A. Feix, M. Araújo, and Č. Brukner, Quantum superposition of the order of parties as a communication resource, Phys. Rev. A 92, 052326 (2015); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1508. 07840 [31] P. A. Guérin, A. Feix, M. Araújo, and Č. Brukner, from of the Direction of Communication, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 100502 (2016); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1605. 07372 [32] N. Friis, V. Dunjko, W. Dür, and H. J. Briegel, Implementing quantum control for unknown subroutines, Phys. Rev. A 89, 030303(R) (2014); DOI: https:// (2014). https:// arXiv:1401. 8128 [33] L. M. Procopio et al. , of Orders of Quantum Gates, Nat. Commun. 6, 7913 (2015); DOI: https:// (2014). https:// arXiv:1412. 4006 [34] N. Friis, A. A. Melnikov, G. Kirchmair, and H. J. Briegel, Coherent controlization using superconducting qubits, Sci. Rep. 5, 18036 (2015); DOI: https:// (2015). https:// arXiv:1508. 00447 [35] G. Rubino, L. A. Rozema, A. Feix, M. Araújo, J. M. Zeuner, L. M. Procopio, Č. Brukner, and P. Walther, of an Order, Sci. Adv. 3, e1602589 (2017); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1608. 01683 [36] G. Rubino, L. A. Rozema, F. Massa, M. Araújo, M. Zych, Č.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The first step towards initiating improvements in healthcare institution food environments is the adoption of mandatory nutrition standards for patient meals, cafeterias and vending machines. Initiative in City demonstrated that the adoption of such standards can result in improvements in the healthfulness of food offerings in this setting. 10 Internationally, the in Healthcare Pledge, part of Harm’s Initiative, has encouraged hospitals in countries around the world, including those in LMICs, to provide healthy, sustainable food to patients and employees. Leading by example, healthcare institutions have a unique opportunity to promote healthy eating and drinking behaviours in addition to their standard health-system function of acute-care service delivery. Take, for example, the case of smoking bans in US hospitals. In 1994, the on the Accreditation of banned smoking in hospitals and other medical facilities, representing the first US industry to ban smoking in the workplace. 11 Though this ban was implemented to protect patients’ health, subsequent studies showed that hospital employees also benefited. For example, hospital employees were more likely to quit smoking than their peers working in industries that did not adopt smoking bans. 12 A ban on unhealthy foods in healthcare institutions could result in similar benefits: patients and employees exposed to healthy food and beverage choices on-site may be more likely to create similar healthy food environments in their homes. Following, for example, the taxes on unhealthy foods adopted by Mexico in 2014, such bans could cover sugar-sweetened beverages and non-essential foods with an energy density ≥275 kcal/1000 g, including salty snacks, cakes and other processed foods. Bans on unhealthy foods (sugar-sweetened beverages and further restrictions on the calories per serving of prepackaged foods) have been proposed in public hospitals in the UK,13 but, to our knowledge, no bans exist in LMICs. The WHO recommends the elimination of unhealthy foods in the school environment,14 and we propose that similar recommendations should exist for healthcare institutions. Healthcare institutions could also serve as a source of healthy foods for patients and employees. Kaiser Permanente, the largest non-profit healthcare system in the USA, has on-site farmers’ markets at hospitals in four states.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: Plant available N from the ammonium nitrate in combination with the pea and rye GrM reached a maximum by the 7-d sampling, while the PAN from the ammonium nitrate with alfalfa GrM was not maximized until the final sampling (Table 1). Because the PAN from alfalfa alone reached a maximum at day 14, this suggests that a combination with the ammonium nitrate potentially reduced the alfalfa mineralization rate. The total amount of PAN mineralized from the ammonium nitrate and the alfalfa at the end of the incubation study was in excess of a sweet corn crop total season N need. This reaffirms that the rate of ammonium nitrate could be correspondingly reduced to compensate for a significant alfalfa N credit of 80 lb/acre on this particular soil texture. The PAN of pea and ammonium nitrate at the end of the study was slightly higher than the total needed for a sweet corn crop but seemingly not enough to justify an N credit for the pea GrM crop (Table 1). Interestingly, when the rye was in combination with the ammonium nitrate, there was substantially less total PAN concentration at each of the dates in comparison with the rye in combination with the other amendments (Table 1), and moreover the rye and ammonium nitrate separately (Table 1). This was most likely attributable to the generally high carbon (C) to N ratio (C:N) of rye residue (although we did not determine the C and N of the rye residue in this study). The microbial community will draw any soil available N in the proportion to make use of available carbon, decreasing PAN in the soil. The C:N ratio of rye can range anywhere from 11:1 to 55:1 depending on the rye growth stage (Clark et al. , 1997). A C:N ratio of greater than 25:1 will immobilize PAN in the soil (Allison, 1966). Carbon and N analysis of a GrM before incorporation would help to determine probability of immobilization. Interestingly, there was no evidence of PAN immobilization from a rye cover crop in field studies that used ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer for sweet corn production (Cline and Silvernail, 2002; Johnson, 2009). Both studies attained optimal sweet corn yield, which would not have been possible if the N was immobilized and not available for crop use.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: Brukner, and P. Walther, of Temporal Orders, (2017). arXiv:1712. 06884 [37] K. Goswami, C. Giarmatzi, M. Kewming, F. Costa, C. Branciard, J. Romero, and A. G. White, Order in a Quantum Switch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 090503 (2018); DOI: https:// (2018). https:// arXiv:1803. 04302 [38] L. Viola, E. Knill, and R. Laflamme, in Physical Systems, J. Phys. A 34, 7067 (2001); DOI https:// (2001). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0101090 [39] E. Knill, Protected realizations of quantum information, Phys. Rev. A 74, 042301 (2006); DOI: https:// (2006). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0603252 [40] D. W. Kribs and R. W. Spekkens, are Subsystems, Phys. Rev. A 74, 042329 (2006); DOI: https:// (2006). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0608045 [41] P. Zanardi, Subsystems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 077901 (2001); DOI: https:// (2001). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0103030 [42] P. Zanardi, D. Lidar, and S. Lloyd, are Observable Induced, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 060402 (2004); DOI: https:// (2003). https:// arXiv:quant-ph/0308043 [43] M. Araújo, Adrien Feix, Miguel Navascués, and Časlav Brukner, A purification postulate for quantum mechanics with indefinite causal order, Quantum 1, 10 (2017); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1611. 08535 [44] A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 15 A survey of patrons to these farmers’ markets conducted in 2010 found that 48% of weekly market users reported consuming ‘a lot more’ fruits and vegetables and 25% of less frequent users, who visited just a few times per year, also reported eating ‘a lot more’ fruits and vegetables,15 thus demonstrating potential benefits of such a programme. Taking the farm-to-hospital movement a step further, Center recently opened a 650 m2 rooftop garden that is expected to produce 3175 kg of food this summer, which will feed into hospital cafeterias, patient meals and an on-site patient food pantry. 16 While few evaluations of farm-to-hospital programmes have been conducted to date, a recent study found that US communities with healthcare institution-affiliated gardens had lower levels of obesity compared with the general US population (27% vs 34%) despite a similar demographic profile,17 indicating that such programmes are a promising approach to promoting health. In the context of LMICs, there are emerging opportunities to leverage the widespread interest in urban agriculture among key global health players such as the Food and Agriculture Organisation18 to implement healthcare institution-affiliated gardens. Indeed, linkages between hospitals and urban gardens have already been documented in several cities,18 though we were unable to identify any evaluations of these programmes. In rural areas of LMICs (particularly and sub-Saharan Africa), several trials of homestead food production have been conducted and demonstrate significant positive impacts on dietary diversity though only a limited impact on stunting. 19 A multisectoral solution that directly links food, agriculture and health systems should be explored as a complementary approach to addressing malnutrition. On-site gardens and direct purchasing from local smallholder farmers would not only provide a source of healthy foods for the hospitals or clinics, but could also indirectly improve the livelihoods of the local community. For example, the primary goal of the Food and Agriculture Organisation’s Purchase from Africans for Africa programme in Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger and Senegal is to promote food and nutrition security, but a potential co-benefit could be the prevention of obesity in schoolchildren as it encourages the consumption of non-processed, nutrient-dense foods. 20 As part of the programme, Malawi smallholder farmers now provide staple grains, groundnuts, bananas and fish to 10 primary schools where enrolment has increased by 15%.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: Notably, the highest reductions in exchangeable acidity occurred in composted BSG+PD(1:1). This reduction, which may not be unconnected with its excellent performance in this study, can be attributed to the liberation and loss via leaching of Al3+ chelated with base-forming cations during PD mineralisation in this acidic sandy soil (Garzón et al. , 2011; Tang et al. , 2007). The data further showed nominally higher values of soil organic carbon, total N, available P and base-forming cations (except Mg2+) in composted BSG plus PD than composted BSG plus CD, regardless of mixing ratio (Ebido & Ndubuaku, 2019). Amaranth growth and yield were influenced mostly by the soil content of Ca2+. Calcium is a crucial plant nutrient for the growth and development of plants (McLaughlin & Wimmer, 1999), particularly vegetable crops (Hao & Papadopoulos, 2003; Parra-Terraza et al. , 2008). Soil structure enhancement due to organic amendment mediates increased yields of short-duration vegetables in coarse-textured tropical soils (Ogunezi et al. , 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: Jamiołkowski, Linear transformations which preserve trace and positive semidefiniteness of operators, Rep. Math. Phys. 3, 4, 275-278 (1972); DOI https:// https:// [45] M. -D. Choi, Completely positive linear maps on complex matrices, Lin. Alg. Appl. 10, 285-290 (1975); DOI: https:// https:// [46] O. Oreshkov and N. J. Cerf, Operational formulation of time reversal in quantum theory, Nature Phys. 11, 853-858 (2015); DOI: https:// (2015). https:// arXiv:1507. 07745 [47] P. Perinotti, and the Classification of Quantum Computations, in Time in physics, R. Renner and S. Stupar (eds), Tutorials, Schools, and Workshops in the Mathematical Sciences, (Birkhäuser, Cham, 2017); DOI: https:// https:// arXiv:1612. 05099 [48] A. Kissinger and S. Uijlen, A categorical semantics for causal structure, in Computer Science, Issue 3 (August 9, 2019), lmcs:5681; DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1701. 04732 [49] M. A. Nielsen and I. L. Chuang, Quantum computation and quantum information, (Press, Cambridge, 2000); DOI https:// https:// [50] E. Castro-Ruiz, F. Giacomini, and Časlav Brukner, Dynamics of Structures, Phys. Rev. X 8, 011047 (2018); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1710. 03139 [51] Strictly speaking, in Ref. Chiribella12 it was shown that if there exists a realization of the quantum such that Alice's operation is in the past of Bob's operation so that the output ancilla of Alice could be connected to the input ancilla of Bob, this would allow deterministic transmission of information back in time.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 21 Similar programmes could be developed and tested in the context of health systems in LMICs. In order to increase patient awareness and use of on-site food resources, healthcare institutions could adopt healthy food prescriptions written by physicians or community health workers that can be filled at on-site patient food pantries or farmers’ markets. This would be an innovative approach to addressing both lack of nutrition knowledge and access to healthy foods among low-income patient populations. Primary care providers at the aforementioned Center, for example, write prescriptions for healthy foods that can be filled at their on-site patient food pantry, which in turn receives food from the hospital’s rooftop garden. Low-income patients with HIV/AIDS, diabetes and obesity are among those who frequently benefit from this hospital service and are able to receive up to 4 days’ worth of food for their families twice per month. 22 Extending this to the context of LMICs, the Programme’s Food by Prescription programme provides food and nutrition counselling to patients with HIV and tuberculosis. The food basket typically consists of a staple, pulses, vegetable oil and, in some cases, micronutrient-fortified blended foods. 23 Considering that these food baskets are often provided as a household ration, not just for the patient,24 adding nutrient-dense fruits and vegetables to the basket could expand this programme’s benefits to include prevention of obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases. Hospitals in the USA and the UK have started to adopt innovative programmes such as farm-to-hospital initiatives, patient pantries and fruit and vegetable prescriptions to promote patient and employee wellness and address the growing burden of chronic diseases in these settings. Similarly, in the context of LMICs, forming strong links between local food, agriculture and health systems has the potential to address both ends of the malnutrition spectrum—and this is timely considering the urgent call by the global nutrition community for interventions addressing the dual burden of undernutrition and obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases. 4 Farm-to-hospital initiatives and healthy food prescriptions would create direct links between health and agriculture, and the involvement of clinical dietitians in the decision-making process would help ensure positive nutrition impacts.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: (37),2016] 판결요지 피고인이 트럭을 도로의 중앙선 위에 왼쪽 바깥 바퀴가 걸친 상태로 운행하던 중 피해자가 승용차를 운전하여 피고인이 진행하던 차선으로 달려오다가 급히 자기 차선으로 들어가면서 피고인이 운전하던 트럭과 교행할 무렵 다시 피고인의 차선으로 들어와 그 차량의 왼쪽 앞 부분으로 트럭의 왼쪽 뒷바퀴 부분을 스치듯이 충돌하고 이어서 트럭을 바짝 다시 피고인의 차선으로 들어와 그 차량의 왼쪽 앞 부분으�

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: 12429 [60] D. Ebler, S. Salek, and G. Chiribella, with the Assistance of Order, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 120502 (2018); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1711. 10165 [61] M. Zych, F. Costa, I. Pikovski, and Časlav Brukner, Bell's Theorem for Temporal Order, Nat. Commun. 10, 3772 (2019); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1708. 00248 [62] A. Dimić, M. Milivojević, D. Gočanin, and Časlav Brukner, Simulating spacetime with indefinite causal order via Rindler observers, (2017). arXiv:1712. 02689Cited by[1] Giulia Rubino, Lee A. Rozema, Francesco Massa, Mateus Araújo, Magdalena Zych, Časlav Brukner, and Philip Walther, "Experimental entanglement of temporal order", Quantum 6, 621 (2022). [2] Christina Giarmatzi, 1 (2019) ISBN:978-3-030-31929-8. [3] and Ämin Baumeler, "Order for Locality", Letters 131 12, 120201 (2023). [4] Nick Ormrod, Augustin Vanrietvelde, and Jonathan Barrett, "Causal structure in the presence of sectorial constraints, with application to the quantum switch", Quantum 7, 1028 (2023). [5] Zuzana Gavorová, Matan Seidel, and Yonathan Touati, "Topological obstructions to quantum computation with unitary oracles", A 109 3, 032625 (2024). [6] Ämin Baumeler, Gilani, and Jibran Rashid, "Unlimited non-causal correlations and their relation to non-locality", Quantum 6, 673 (2022).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: While all proposed actions may not be generalisable to severely resource-limited settings where governments are struggling to provide access to the most basic of healthcare needs, this preventive, food-based intervention that targets an underlying driver of many of the acute-care cases that require healthcare system access may, over the long term, reduce the health system burden. Strategic planning and goal setting help to ensure that key stakeholders are involved from multiple disciplines and that clear metrics of success are defined a priori. These activities should go hand-in-hand with the adoption of the proposed organisational policies and programme evaluation in order to monitor progress and impact. 1. ↵Food and Agriculture Organization. 1997. 2. ↵Organization. Health systems strengthening glossary. Geneva: Organization of the United Nations, 2017. (accessed 3 Oct 2017). 3. ↵. Levels and trends in the use of maternal health services in developing countries. Calverton, Maryland, USA: Agency for (USAID), 2011. 4. ↵ Institute. Global nutrition report 2016: from promise to impact: ending malnutrition by 2030. Washington, DC: Institute, 2016. 5. ↵ Ramirez-, Kroker-Lobos MF Close-, et al. The double burden of malnutrition in indigenous and nonindigenous Guatemalan populations. 2014;100:1644S–51. doi:10. 3945/ajcn. 114. 083857 OpenUrlAbstract/6. ↵. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Med 2011;364:2392–404. doi:10. 1056/NEJMoa1014296 of Science7. ↵. Impact of education and provision of complementary feeding on growth and morbidity in children less than 2 years of age in developing countries: a systematic review. BMC 2013;13(Suppl 3):S13. doi:10. 1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S13 8. ↵. Eggs in early complementary feeding and child growth: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2017;140:e20163459. doi:10. 1542/peds. 2016-3459 OpenUrlAbstract/9. ↵. Global dietary quality, undernutrition and non-communicable disease: a longitudinal modelling study. BMJ Open 2016;6:e009331. doi:10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: Sustainability, 15(5), 4374. Carucci, F. , Gatta, G. , Gagliardi, A. , Bregaglio, S. , & Giulian, M. M. (2023). Individuation of the best agronomic practices for organic durum wheat cultivation in the Mediterranean environment: A multivariate approach. Agriculture & Food Security, 12(1). Dono, G. , Buttinelli, R. , & Cortignani, R. (2022). Financial performance of connected agribusiness activities in Italian agriculture. Bio-Based and Applied Economics, 11(2), 147-169. Fenta, A. A. , Tsunekawa, A. , Haregeweyn, N. , Tsubo, M. , Yasuda, H. , Kawai, T. , Berihun, M. L. , Ebabu, K. , Sultan, D. , & Mekuriaw, S. (2023). An integrated framework for improving watershed management planning. Environmental Research, 236, 116872. Gambelli, D. , Vairo, D. , Cuoco, E. , & Zanoli, R. (2023). The role of stakeholder involvement in EU research and innovation policy: A case study of technology platform organics. Organic Agriculture, 13(2), 293-308. Gmitrowicz-Iwan, J. , & Ligęza, S. (2023). Floodplain lakes as an indicator of increasing industrial pollution – Case study from a fertilizer factory in Poland. Environmental Research, 238, 117278. Grigoruk, V. V. , Akimbekova, C. U. , & Umbitaliev, A. D. (2021). Forecast of organic diversification of agriculture in a global perspective. Journal of and Tourism, 12(7), 1754-1765. Guo, Q. , Shah, M. I. , Kumar, S. , Abdulkareem, H. K. K. , & Inuwa, N. (2023). The roles of organic farming, renewable energy, and corruption on biodiversity crisis: A European perspective. , 30(11), 31696-31710. Hettige, N. D. , Hashim, R. , Kutty, A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: [7] Julian Wechs, Cyril Branciard, and Ognyan Oreshkov, "Existence of processes violating causal inequalities on time-delocalised subsystems", 14 1, 1471 (2023). [8] "The equivalence principle as a Noether symmetry", of in 21 10, 2440014 (2024). [9] Alastair A. and Cyril Branciard, "Communication through coherent control of quantum channels", Quantum 4, 333 (2020). [10] Esteban Castro-Ruiz, Flaminia Giacomini, Alessio Belenchia, and Časlav Brukner, "Quantum clocks and the temporal localisability of events in the presence of gravitating quantum systems", 11 1, 2672 (2020). [11] Goldberg and Khabat Heshami, "Breaking the limits of purification: postselection enhances heat-bath algorithmic cooling", Journal of 7 1, 015003 (2023). [12] Teodor Strömberg, Peter Schiansky, Marco Túlio Quintino, Michael Antesberger, Lee A. Rozema, Iris Agresti, Časlav Brukner, and Philip Walther, "Experimental superposition of a quantum evolution with its time reverse", Research 6 2, 023071 (2024). [13] Ricardo Faleiro, Nikola Paunkovic, and Marko Vojinovic, "Operational interpretation of the vacuum and process matrices for identical p1809. 06655, (2018). [55] Guérin, Giulia Rubino, and Časlav Brukner, "Communication through quantum-controlled noise", A 99 6, 062317 (2019). [56] V. Vilasini and Renato Renner, "Embedding cyclic causal structures in acyclic space-times: no-go results for indefinite causality", arXiv:2203. 11245, (2022). [57] Lucien Hardy, "Interpretation: to Quantum Gravity", arXiv:1807. 10980, (2018). [58] Julian Wechs, Alastair A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: full text icon contents icon Contents figure icon Figures Tables multimedia icon Multimedia attach icon 1. for and prior studies assess the indirect relationship between economic growth (per-capita gross domestic product [GDP]) and undernutrition, which can be interpreted as the total effect of economic growth on undernutrition (a). In the current study, we determined the direct association between economic growth and contributing factors (immediate and underlying determinants) (b) and the direct association between contributing factors (immediate and underlying determinants) and undernutrition (c). The effects (b and c) can be interpreted as the partial effects of economic growth on undernutrition. Additionally, we assess overnutrition and dietary diversity failure as further dimensions of malnutrition. Adapted from the 2020 Children’s Framework on Maternal and Child Nutrition. 9 BMI indicates body mass index. Figure 2. Large135 310 participants in 56 countries. Squares represent point estimates of odds ratios (ORs) associated with stunting. Contributing factors include immediate and underlying determinants of malnutrition that were available in the Demographic and Health Surveys. All specifications include country and survey year fixed effects as well as household, child, and mother control variables. Error bars indicate 95% CIs. BMI indicates body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); ORT, oral rehydration therapy. Figure 3. Large135 669 participants in 56 countries. Squares represent point estimates of odds ratios (ORs) associated with overweight. Contributing factors include immediate and underlying determinants of malnutrition that were available in the Demographic and Health Surveys. All specifications include country and survey year fixed effects as well as household, child, and mother control variables. Error bars indicate 95% CIs. BMI indicates body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); ORT, oral rehydration therapy. Figure 4. and 98 842 participants in 51 countries. Squares represent point estimates of odds ratios (ORs) associated with dietary diversity failure. Contributing factors include immediate and underlying determinants of malnutrition that were available in the Demographic and Health Surveys. All specifications include country and survey year fixed effects as well as household, child, and mother control variables. Error bars indicate 95% CIs. BMI indicates body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); ORT, oral rehydration therapy. Table.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: A. , & Ash’aari, Z. H. (2023). A new model for organic contamination assessments using benthic macroinvertebrates as biological indicators. of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 23(8). Jiang, L. , Chen, Y. , Wang, X. , Guo, W. , Bi, Y. , Zhang, C. , Wang, J. , & Li, M. (2022). New insights explain that organic agriculture as sustainable agriculture enhances the sustainable development of medicinal plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. Kashiwagi, K. , & Kamiyama, H. (2023). Effect of adoption of organic farming on technical efficiency of olive-growing farms: Empirical evidence from of Palestine. Agricultural and Food Economics, 11(1). Kociszewski, K. , Graczyk, A. , Sobocińska, M. , Krupowicz, J. , & Mazurek-Łopacińska, K. (2023). Changes in the Polish market for agricultural organic products. Ekonomia i Środowisko, 84(1), 259-286. Kowalska, M. , & Bieniek, M. (2022). Meeting the European green deal objective of expanding organic farming. Equilibrium. of Economics and Economic Policy, 17(3), 607-633. Magrini, A. (2022). Assessment of agricultural sustainability in countries: A group-based multivariate trajectory approach. AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis, 106(4), 673-703. Mahboubeh, J. , Babak, A. , & Le Bodic, P. (2023). Farmland allocation in the conversion from conventional to organic farming. of Operational Research, 311(3), 1103-1119. Mandolesi, S. , Dudinskaya, E. C. , Naspetti, S. , Solfanelli, F. , & Zanoli, R. (2022). Freedom of choice – Organic consumers’ discourses on new plant breeding techniques. Sustainability, 14(14), 8718. Nematollahi, M. , Tajbakhsh, A. , & Sedghy, B. M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: Abbott, and Cyril Branciard, "On the definition and characterisation of multipartite causal (non)separability", of Physics 21 1, 013027 (2019). [59] Alastair A. and Cyril Branciard, "Communication through coherent control of quantum channels", arXiv:1810. 09826, (2018). [60] Guérin and Časlav Brukner, "Observer-dependent locality of quantum events", of Physics 20 10, 103031 (2018). [61] Lucien Hardy, "Implementation of the Principle", arXiv:1903. 01289, (2019). [62] Yu Guo, Xiao-Min Hu, Zhi-Bo Hou, Huan Cao, Jin-Ming Cui, Bi-Heng Liu, Yun-Feng Huang, Chuan-Feng Li, Guang-Can Guo, and Giulio Chiribella, "Experimental transmission of quantum information using a superposition of causal orders", arXiv:1811. 07526, (2018). [63] Márcio M. Taddei, Jaime Cariñe, Daniel Martínez, Tania García, Nayda Guerrero, Alastair A. Abbott, Mateus Araújo, Cyril Branciard, Esteban S. Gómez, Stephen P. Walborn, Leandro Aolita, and Gustavo Lima, "Computational advantage from quantum superposition of multiple temporal orders of photonic gates", arXiv:2002. 07817, (2020). [64] Augustin Vanrietvelde, Nick Ormrod, Hlér Kristjánsson, and Jonathan Barrett, "Consistent circuits for indefinite causal order", arXiv:2206. 10042, (2022). [65] C. T. and Timothy C. Ralph, "Violation of a causal inequality in a spacetime with definite causal order", arXiv:1804. 05498, (2018). [66] Guérin, Giulia Rubino, and Časlav Brukner, "Communication through quantum-controlled noise", arXiv:1812. 06848, (2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 1136/bmjgh-2019-002042 PubMed14. Li Z, Kim R, Vollmer S, Subramanian SV. Factors associated with child stunting, wasting, and underweight in 35 low- and middle-income countries. . 2020;3(4):e203386. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2020. 3386 PubMed15. Kim R, Rajpal S, Joe W, et al. Assessing associational strength of 23 correlates of child anthropometric failure: an econometric analysis of the 2015-2016 Health Survey, India.  Med. 2019;238:112374. doi:10. 1016/j. socscimed. 2019. 112374 PubMed16. Masibo PK, Makoka D. Trends and determinants of undernutrition among young Kenyan children: 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008-2009.  Nutr. 2012;15(9):1715-1727. doi:10. 1017/S1368980012002856 PubMed17. Katoch OR. Determinants of malnutrition among children: a systematic review.  Nutrition. 2022;96:111565. doi:10. 1016/j. nut. 2021. 111565 PubMed18. Corsi DJ, Neuman M, Finlay JE, Subramanian SV. Demographic and health surveys: a profile.  Epidemiol. 2012;41(6):1602-1613. doi:10. 1093/ije/dys184 PubMed19. Feenstra RC, Inklaar R, Timmer MP. The next generation of the Table.  Rev. 2015;105(10):3150-3182. doi:10. 1257/aer. 20130954 20. . : Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length and Index-for-Age: Methods and Development.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: (2021). The reflection of competition and coordination on organic agribusiness supply chains. Part E-logistics and Transportation Review, 154, 102462. Prodhan, F. A. , Afrad, Md. S. , Haque, Md. E. , Hoque, M. Z. , Rokonuzzaman, M. , Mohana, H. P. , & Pervez, A. K. M. K. (2023). Factors driving the adoption of organic tea farming in the of Bangladesh. Research in Globalization, 7, 100145. Rees, C. W. , Grovermann, C. , & Finger, R. (2023). National organic action plans and organic farmland area growth in Europe. Food Policy, 121, 102531. Reidsma, P. , Accatino, F. , Appel, F. , Gavrilescu, C. , Krupin, V. , Tasevska, G. M. , Meuwissen, M. , Peneva, M. , Severini, S. , Soriano, B. , Urquhart, J. , Zawalińska, K. , Zinnanti, C. , & Paas, W. (2023). Alternative systems and strategies to improve future sustainability and resilience of farming systems across Europe: From adaptation to transformation. Policy, 134, 106881. Rudnicki, R. , Wiśniewski, Ł. , & Biczkowski, M. (2021). A spatial typography of environmentally friendly common agricultural policy support relevant to Deal objectives. Land, 10(10), 1092. Salavisa, I. , Ferreiro, M. F. , & Bizarro, S. (2021). The transition of the agro-food system: Lessons from organic farming in the Area. Sustainability, 13(17), 9495. Sarkar, D. , Dubey, P. , Chaurasiya, R. , Sankar, A. , Shikha, Chatterjee, N. , Ganguly, S. , & Rakshit, A. (2021). Organic interventions conferring stress tolerance and crop quality in agroecosystems during the Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Rates of evolution We used alignments of the 13 protein-coding genes in Acrossocheilus (excluding the outgroup) to determine the number of polymorphic sites (S), the number of haplotypes (Nh), and theta (θ) according to the finite sites model [18] in DnaSP v5. 1 [19]. We used the θ-values to infer the relative per-generation mutation rates (μRelative) of individual of genes (μgene) relative to the whole mitogenome (μgenome) using the equation θ = 4Neμ, where population size (Ne) can be assumed to be similar for each gene, because population size is a property of each sequence in this case, and recombination is almost nonexistent in the mitochondrial DNA. We also determined the number of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions using TreeSAAP [20]. To assess neutral evolution in Acrossocheilus species, we performed an F test for normality of gene length, nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations, and the total number of mutations, and then conducted linear regression analyses in PAST [21] using alignments for all 13 protein-coding genes. The analyses consisted of (1) the number of mutations versus alignment length in bases, (2) the number of synonymous mutations versus alignment length in bases, (3) the number of nonsynonymous mutations versus the alignment length in bases, and (4) the number of nonsynonymous changes versus synonymous changes. Phylogenetic analysis Based on the concatenated alignment of the 13 protein-coding genes with the outgroup taxa included, we inferred phylogenetic relationships using maximum-likelihood (ML) in RAxML v8. 2. 4 [22]. Prior to performing the ML analysis, we determined that GTR+G was the best-fit model of nucleotide substitution in v2. 1. 1 [23] under the Criterion (AIC). In RAxML, we calculated branch support via 1000 ML bootstrap replicates. species were used as outgroup. We used the resulting phylogeny as a framework for subsequent codon-based tests for selection.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: H, Klasen S, Qaim M. What do we really know? metrics for food insecurity and undernutrition.  Food Policy. 2011;36(6):760-769. doi:10. 1016/j. foodpol. 2011. 08. 003 29. Acemoglu D, Johnson S. Disease and development: the effect of life expectancy on economic growth.  J Polit Econ. 2007;115(6):925-985. doi:10. 1086/529000 30. Bloom DE, Canning D, Fink G. Disease and development revisited.  J Polit Econ. 2014;122(6):1355-1366. doi:10. 1086/677189 2654. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2023. 42654 Manage 2654. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2023. 42654 visual abstract icon editorial comment icon related 2021. Observations included 1 138 568 children aged 0 to 35 months with valid anthropometric measures and information on contributing factors of malnutrition from 58 LMICs. Data were analyzed from May 20, 2022, to February 16, 2023. per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) was used as a proxy for economic growth. measures of childhood malnutrition were constructed: stunting (height-for-age z score <−2), underweight (weight-for-age z score <−2), wasting (weight-for-height z score <−2), overweight (weight-for-height z score >2), obesity (weight-for-height z score >3), and dietary diversity failure (consumption of less than 5 of 8 different food groups in the past 24 hours). Eighteen contributing factors of malnutrition were constructed, of which 10 were underlying determinants (eg, access to improved sanitation) and 8 were immediate determinants (eg, breastfeeding initiation). total of 1 138 568 children (mean [SD] age, 17. 14 [10. 26] months; 579 589 [50. 9%] boys and 558 979 [49. 1%] girls) were included in the analysis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: journalsbooksconferenceservicesabout usnewsblogsSubmitSign in Open AccessResearch 10. 56578/of100103Received: 01-09-2024,Revised: 03-18-2024,Accepted: 03-24-2024,Available online: 03-30-20241. Introductionto of the Deal aims to increase the designated area for organic farming across the entire (EU) by up to 25% by 2030 (European Commission, 2020). Reaching this aim involves tackling the challenge of ensuring an adequate supply of organic seeds (Solfanelli et al. , 2021). The use of organic seeds and vegetative propagating materials, also defined as plant reproductive materials, is mandatory in organic farming. The EC 2018/848 (European Union, 2018) and its implementation regulations 2020/464 (European Union, 2020) and 2022/474 (European Union, 2022) define the conditions that allow for organic farmers to apply for a derogation regarding the use of non-organic seeds without chemical postharvest treatments. Döring et al.  (2012) proposed that, due to the low investment in the past or for other market-related reasons, organic seeds were often not available in sufficient quantity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: For each approach, we applied the best-fit substitution model for each gene and assessed significance according to posterior probability > 0. 9 (FUBAR) or P-value < 0. 05 (MEME). After applying all approaches, we looked among them for agreement on sites under positive selection in order to reduce false positives [32]. To supplement the codon-based approaches, we also used TreeSAAP [20], which estimates significant changes in amino acid properties along the phylogeny. When amino acid substitutions have strong effects on protein biochemistry, they are considered candidates for selection. We ran the analysis with a sliding window size of 15 codons and a step size of 1 codon. We considered amino acid substitutions as possibly under selection if the magnitude of change was ≥ 6, and we regarded z-scores above 3. 09 or below– 3. 09 (P < 0. 001) as attributable to positive and purifying selection, respectively [33]. We applied these relatively stringent criteria to avoid detection of false positives. Environmental analysis We applied a generalized linear model (GLM) to investigate the relationship between pairwise Ka/Ks values and environmental distances among accessions. We obtained environmental data for 14 of the 25 mitogenome accessions of Acrossocheilus (Table 1) with available georeferencing for their collection localities. Specifically, we used DIVA-GIS 7. 4. 01 [34] to extract values for the 19 standard bioclimatic variables (S2 Table) of 1. 3 [35] and converted them to a distance matrix for the accessions in R 4. 0. 3. Bioclimatic variables are derived from the monthly temperature and rainfall values in order to generate more biologically meaningful variables, and are often used in species distribution modeling and related ecological modeling techniques. We obtained the distance matrix of pairwise Ka/Ks in DnaSP v5. 1 [19] and performed the GLM using the LME4 library [36] for R 4. 0. 3 [37]. of evolution Relative per-generation mutation rates (μRelative) varied across mitochondrial genes (Table 2). Overall, genes of the ND family evolved faster than the other ones, with ND6 evolving the fastest (μRelative = 1. 61, Table 2). The most slowly evolving gene was COX3 (μRelative = 0. 9, Table 2).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Of these, 27. 3% (95% CI, 27. 2%-27. 4%) had stunting; 25. 7% (95% CI, 25. 6%-25. 8%), underweight; 11. 2% (95% CI, 11. 1%-11. 2%), wasting; 3. 8% (95% CI, 3. 7%-3. 8%), overweight; 1. 1% (95% CI, 1. 1%-1. 1%), obesity; and 79. 8% (95% CI, 79. 7%-79. 9%), dietary diversity failure. Per-capita GDP was weakly associated with childhood malnutrition. The odds ratios associated with a 5% increase in per-capita GDP were 0. 99 (95% CI, 0. 99-1. 00) for stunting, 1. 01 (95% CI, 1. 00-1. 01) for wasting, 1. 00 (95% CI, 1. 00-1. 00) for underweight, 0. 98 (95% CI, 0. 98-0. 98) for overweight, 0. 98 (95% CI, 0. 97-0. 98) for obesity, and 1. 03 (95% CI, 1. 01-1. 04) for dietary diversity failure. Although strong associations were found between many contributing factors and most outcomes for malnutrition, associations identified between per-capita GDP and these contributing factors themselves were ambiguous. Conclusions and this multicountry cross-sectional study, economic growth was weakly associated with childhood malnutrition and several contributing factors. To reduce child malnutrition, economic growth may need to be accompanied by more targeted investments to improve contributing factors that are strongly associated with child malnutrition, such as maternal health and education. growth has been the focus of development policy for many national governments. 1 Advocates of the trickle-down theories of macroeconomics argue that economic growth will automatically lead to a better quality of life and better health, including less childhood malnutrition. 2-4 However, evidence suggests that economic growth has only a weak direct association with reductions in childhood stunting, wasting, and underweight. 5 While the Goals emphasize ending all forms of malnutrition by 2030, at the same time, there has been an alarming increase in childhood overweight and obesity in many emerging countries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: Thus, European member states report a high number of derogations for the use of non-organic seeds each year (Solfanelli et al. , 2021). Solfanelli et al.  (2022a) provided the first European-wide estimation of organic seed supply and demand. Their research showed that the share of certified organic seeds, organic farm-saved seeds and non-organic seeds which were purchased differed between crops and regions within Europe. On average, the share of non-organic seeds, granted through derogations, varied between 48. 5% in eastern European regions and 18. 6% in central European regions. Solfanelli et al.  (2022a) also found differences between crop types. Fruit production farms used the most non-organic seeds (41. 9%), followed by forages (35. 6%), arable farms (29. 8%), and vegetable farms (24. 6%). The reported high proportion of non-organic seeds showed that the supply of suitable varieties of organic seeds in Europe was still lacking. The new EC 2018/848 foresees a phasing out of derogations on the use of non-organic seeds by the end of 2036 (European Union, 2018). Padel et al.  (2021) stated that the full enforcement of the regulation to use only organic seeds might have unforeseen consequences, such as a reduction in agrobiodiversity in organic farming, rather than supporting an increase in supply. Padel et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The latter clade was sister to A. barbodon. Further, we found that A. hemispinus was nested within the clade of A. parallens that was sister to a clade containing A. jishouensis and one of two individuals of A. paradoxus. A. wenchowensis was paraphyletic and included A. fasciatus, and this clade was sister to A. kreyenberfii. Both accessions of A. beijiangensis clustered together and were sister to A. stenotaeniatus and A. spinifer. This whole clade of three species was sister to A. wuyiensis and the second A. paradoxus individual. Thus, A. paradoxus was polyphyletic. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Maximum-likelihood tree of the Acrossocheilus genus based on 13 protein coding mitochondrial gene sequences. Onychostoma barbatulum and O. barbatulum were used as outgroup. The different individuals are labeled at the tips. Numbers at the nodes denote the bootstrap values. Analysis of positive selection Based on the analyses in found no significant difference for the models M7 vs. M8 (S1 Table), and comparisons between M1a and M2a as well as M8a and M8 revealed no significant evidence for positive selection in Acrossocheilus species. Thus, taken together, the CodeML analyses did not uncover any signal of positive selection. In contrast to CodeML, we detected codons under positive selection according to the and FEL algorithms. Specifically, we found six codons under positive selection in five genes (COX1, COX2, COX3, ND3, and ND4) based on MEME, two codons under positive selection in two genes (ND3 and ND4) using FUBAR and FEL, and only one codon in ND4 under positive selection based on SLAC (Table 3). Codon 1 located within ND3 was detected by all approaches except for SLAC, while the and FEL algorithms agreed that 51 in ND4 is involved in positive selection (Table 3). All other codons implicated in positive selection were detected by only one of the four approaches.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 6 This highlights the need for policy makers to better understand the factors that contribute to childhood malnutrition as well as the conditions that influence these factors. For this purpose, the Children’s Fund () developed a conceptual framework of malnutrition in 1990 as part of its Strategy for of Children and Women in Developing Countries. 7 This framework has been continuously revised to “reflect advances in knowledge and priorities in child health and nutrition. ”8 In 2020, developed its new on the Determinants of Maternal and Child Nutrition, which builds on its initial 1990 framework but acknowledges the increasing triple burden of malnutrition, comprised of undernutrition, overnutrition, and micronutricient deficiencies, and further highlights the role of diets and care as immediate determinants of child nutrition. 9 It describes the role of enabling, underlying, and immediate determinants in children’s and mothers’ nutritional outcomes. Enabling determinants include political, financial, social, cultural, and environmental conditions and influence children’s health through immediate and underlying determinants. Immediate determinants of malnutrition are more directly related to child malnutrition, like diets and care, while underlying determinants of malnutrition refer to family and community characteristics influencing a child’s well-being more indirectly (such as maternal education) (Figure 1). Few studies have analyzed the association between aggregate economic growth and children’s risk of being malnourished. No evidence for such an association was found for India,10 while a negative association was found for Egypt. 11 Two studies5,12 used large samples of pooled Demographic and (DHS) and found an inverse association between childhood stunting, underweight, and wasting and economic growth. One study13 found a large, inverse association between childhood stunting and economic growth based on pooled DHS data from 20 African countries. Empirical studies that investigate multiple household-level contributing factors of childhood malnutrition are also scarce. One recent cross-country study14 considered 9 direct and 17 indirect factors but analyzed only stunting, underweight, and wasting (omitting overweight, obesity, and dietary diversity failure). Other studies have focused on a specific country, like India15 and Kenya. 16 A recent systematic review17 identified maternal educational level, household income, maternal nutrition, and access to sanitation as the most important contributing factors of childhood malnutrition.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text:  (2021) further concluded that, in Europe, the market alone was unlikely to deliver a hundred percent organic seeds, as the market was characterised by its small size, a wide diversity of crops being grown, unresolved technical problems for certain crop species and a limited capacity of breeding varieties adapted to organic farming conditions. In Germany, organic farming has a long history of development. Germany was the first country to use the EU’s funds specifically to promote organic farming, which began as early as the late 1980s (Willer & Schmid, 2016). From 2004 to 2020, the area of organic farmland increased from 767. 9 thousand hectares to 1. 7 million hectares. This corresponded to a land share of 10. 2% in 2020 (BOLW, 2022; FiBL, 2023). Although this is far from the 25% Deal’s goal (European Commission, 2020), the annual increase in organic land in absolute numbers is among the highest in the EU. Germany is a top-performing country in terms of land used for cereal cultivation and dry pulses, together with France and Italy (Willer et al. , 2021). Similar to other EU member states, the of Agriculture has representation in the Committee of Organic Production. of Agriculture has a mandate to deliver an opinion and vote on a draft of the which involves the implementation of organic production and the labelling of organic products (European Commission, 2021).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Codons that candidates for being under positive selection, based on four selection tests. results from TreeSAAP showed that 62 sites had changed considerably in amino acid properties (S3 Table). Across all these sites, 23 of them were under positive selection, while 39 showed signatures of purifying selection. One amino acid property, the equilibrium constant (i. e. , ionization of COOH; S3 Table), was found, in general, to be under positive selection in all genes. Environmental analysis Our GLMs revealed that the Ka/Ks ratios of two genes, ATP6 and COX2, have significant relationships to the environment. In particular, there was a relationship (p = 0. 0449) between the Ka/Ks ratio of ATP6 and mean diurnal temperature range (Bio2; mean of monthly (max temp–min temp)). In COX2, the Ka/Ks ratio was correlated with precipitation during the driest month (Bio14), precipitation seasonality (Bio15; coefficient of variation), precipitation during the driest quarter (Bio17), and precipitation during the coldest quarter (Bio19). Among these, the highest significant correlation (p = 0. 00761) was with precipitation during the driest month. relationships The phylogenetic positions resolved for the majority of taxa included in this study were consistent with prior inferences based on traditional taxonomy [12] and molecular markers [38–40]. However, as more accessions included, our analyses revealed some relationships that suggest that species boundaries in Acrossocheilus remain unsettled. For example, A. barbodon, which is endemic to of southern China, has widely been regarded as a synonym of A. iridescens, which occurs in the tropics of. However, in our analyses, A. iridescens formed a clade with A. longipinnis that was sister to A. barbodon. This suggests that A. barbodon may merit species status. Moreover, accessions representing a synonym of A. longipinnis, A. stenotaeniatus, were unexpectedly recovered in a clade with A. spinifer. Thus, the status of A. stenotaeniatus with respect to A. spinifer is unsettled and in-depth taxonomic work is merited to resolve it.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: In this study, we contribute to the understanding of the associations among economic growth, childhood malnutrition, and several potential contributing factors in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Combining individual-level data from 239 DHS from 58 LMICs, we first investigated the association between countries’ per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) and children’s risk of being malnourished. We built on work by Vollmer et al5 but used substantially more surveys and countries and considered overweight and obesity, as well as dietary diversity failure. We analyzed the associations of household-level contributing factors with malnutrition to test which contributing factors may provide the biggest scope for economic growth to reduce malnutrition. Last, we investigated the association between per-capita GDP and these contributing factors. cross-sectional study was a complete case analysis. As DHS are publicly available anonymized data sets, this study was exempt from institutional review board approval and the need for informed consent based on national and institutional policies by ICF International, Inc. We complied with the Strengthening the Reporting of in Epidemiology () reporting guideline. data came primarily from the DHS, which have been conducted by ICF in more than 90 LMICs. The cross-sectional surveys use a multistage stratified sampling design and are nationally representative. They collect data regarding the health and welfare of women of reproductive age, their children, partners, and households. Additional details on the DHS are available elsewhere. 18 We restricted our sample to surveys conducted between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2021. Our sample was further restricted to countries with at least 2 surveys with all relevant data. Data on per-capita GDP were from the Tables, version 10. 0, which provide national aggregate data for real per-capita GDP per year. 19 Gross domestic product was adjusted for purchasing power parity to facilitate comparisons across countries. The aggregate GDP data were merged with the individual-level DHS data based on country and year. We focused on children aged 0 to 35 months because in most DHS, anthropometric measurements are available only for children in this age group. Only children with complete data on malnutrition and contributing factors were included, yielding a maximum sample size of 1 138 568 children from 239 DHS surveys in 58 countries (eTable 1 in Supplement 1). exposure was per-capita GDP at the country-year level.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: In most cases, national implementation of the organic farming regulation is organised by the Chambers of Agriculture of the federal states or the agricultural administration of Germany (Federal Ministry of Food & Agriculture, 2022). Due to the frequent lack of available organically produced propagation material (Groot et al. , 2005), derogations on the use of non-organic seeds are granted by the approved control bodies on organic farming and production in Germany (Federal Ministry of Food & Agriculture, 2022). In 2022, nineteen organisations specialising in inspections of organic farms were active (BLE, 2024), controlling 35. 7 thousand organic farms across Germany (BOLW, 2022). Following 1. The classification matrix of three derogation categories for organic seeds in organic seedsfrom a broad choice ofavailable cultivarsInsufficient quantityof organic seeds from limited available cultivarsNo or very low quantity ofcultivars from available organic multiplicationNo derogationSingle derogationGeneral derogationMaize (Zea mays), winter rye (Secale cereale), and potato (Solanum tuberosum)Wheat (Triticum ssp. ), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the species, A. hemispinus, was nested within the clade of A. parallens, meaning that the former may be a synonym of the latter. Notably, one individual of A. paradoxus formed a clade with A. jishouensis, while another individual of this species formed a clade with A. wuyiensis, suggesting that A. paradoxus may comprise a species complex with cryptic biodiversity. Two possibilities may explain why our phylogenetic results show several cases of paraphyly and polyphyly of well-accepted species and their synonyms. One possibility is that using mitochondrial genes alone does not reflect the real phylogenetic positions of Acrossocheilus species. Alternatively, the taxonomy of this genus may be inadvertently based on convergently evolved or labile morphological characters and is, therefore, inconsistent with molecular phylogenetic relationships. Overall, further taxonomic work on Acrossocheilus is merited to resolve species boundaries in the genus as well as to elucidate trait evolution. Gene evolution and natural selection Here, we present a comprehensive comparative analysis of mitogenome evolution in Acrossocheilus. The synonymous substitutions and nonsynonymous substitutions in the sampled mitochondrial coding genes evolved in a near neutral manner as is predicted for mitogenomes [41]. In our study, neutral evolution is evidenced by the fact that the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations are highly correlated with the length of the respective genes (Fig 2B). However, where selection can be inferred, the Ka/Ks values revealed that purifying selection generally dominates mitochondrial genome evolution. This result was consistent with the corresponding values (Ka/Ks < 1) detected in the mitogenomes of other fishes [3, 9]. The differing mutation rates (μRelative) that we detected across different genes may result from differences in the strength of purifying selection due to functional constraints [9, 24, 42]. In a prior study, the rate of mutation in mitochondrial genes was shown to be linked to gene position [9]. Specifically, genes such as NADH and CYTB may evolve more rapidly because they are further from the origin of mitogenomic replication and accumulate more mutations by spending a longer time in the single stranded during replication. This is consistent with our results in which we found that NADH and CYTB genes generally had a greater number of substitutions that COX genes, which are closer to the origin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: As immediate determinants, we considered the following outcomes: delayed breastfeeding initiation, no vitamin A supplementation, no iodized salt use, incomplete course of vaccination, incidence of infectious diseases, no consumption of oral rehydration solution despite diarrhea, no care seeking for suspected pneumonia despite cough, and high indoor pollution through solid cooking fuels. All outcomes were coded as binary variables with the “better” category serving as the reference category. Household control variables included the household’s wealth quintile (with 5 being richest), size, and location (urban or rural). Child and mother control variables included the child’s sex, age, and birth order and the mother’s age at birth. Additionally, we added indicators for the countries to account for all observed and unobserved country-level factors (or above). We also controlled for the survey year to control for period effects and potential differences in measurement across time. Data were analyzed from May 20, 2022, to February 16, 2023. Our main analysis consisted of 3 parts. First, we used logistic regression models to obtain ORs and 95% CIs for the association between per-capita GDP and our outcomes for child malnutrition, including undernutrition, overnutrition, and dietary diversity failure (Figure 1). Second, we regressed our outcomes for child malnutrition on potential contributing factors of child malnutrition, including immediate and underlying determinants (Figure 1). This analysis allowed us to assess which contributing factors provide the biggest scope for economic growth to reduce malnutrition. We estimated ORs using separate regression models for each malnutrition outcome but included all potential contributing factors as covariates. Here, we used only data from the latest available survey of each country and analyzed only the youngest child of the mother, as the associations between contributing factors and malnutrition likely changed over the study period. Third, we investigated the association between per-capita GDP and all potential contributing factors of malnutrition. To do so, we regressed each of these contributing factors of child malnutrition on per-capita GDP (Figure 1). In all regressions with malnutrition as outcome, household, child, and mother control variables were included. In all regressions with contributing factors as outcomes, household control variables were included. We clustered SEs by primary sampling unit to account for intracluster correlation within primary sampling units, and we controlled for country fixed effects in all models to mitigate omitted variable bias.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: To meet the European Commission’s targets for organic farming expansion (European Commission, 2020), while phasing out the use of non-organic seeds by the end of 2036 (European Union, 2018), this study aims to identify the main factors that affect the number of authorisations for the use of non-organic seeds and planting materials. Therefore, this study determined the changes in the cultivar assortments of organic multiplied seeds available in the national organic seed database as well as the changes in the assortment of varieties used from non-organic seeds authorised via derogations in Germany. In this study, the term cultivar instead of varieties was used, as it refers to a wider range of selection types (such as populations, amateur varieties, land races, etc. ) that may suit the needs of the organic farming sector. Three main hypotheses were proposed in this study:(i) Germany has an emerging organic seed market to supply farmers with organic seeds in the future. Farmers use the national organic seed database (organicXseeds. de) as a source of information and respond to the increasing assortment of varieties from organic multiplication. (ii) A higher supply of organic cereal seeds can lead to fewer derogation requests for non-organic cereal seeds. (iii) Annual changes in cereal organic seed supply can be associated with a one-year lag between overall cereal crop yield outcomes. In high-yielding years, organic cereal seed production and seed certification may be more successful than in years with lower yields. While the level of market development may affect farmers’ uptake of organic seed, the annual supply of seeds from organic multiplication might be affected by various factors, such as adverse weather events or pest and disease outbreaks (Groot et al. , 2005). This study discusses market development and the effect of the overall yield on derogation requests.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Standard bioclimatic variables for the Acrossocheilus individuals in fourteen localities. S3 Table. Significant changes in amino acid properties detected in TreeSAAP. S1 Dataset. Dataset for phylogenetic analysis and analyses of evolutionary rates. 1. Das J. of in Physiological and Evolutionary Adaptation. BioEssays. 2006; 28: 890–901. pmid:16937356 View 2. Pörtner HO. and the of Evolution: of Endothermy in Mammals and Birds. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 2004; 77: 959–981. pmid:15674770 View 3. . Evaluating the Roles of Constraints on Teleost Mitochondrial-Evolution. and Evolution. 2001; 28: 39–44. pmid:20924083 View 4. . the of. Proceedings of the B: Biological Sciences. 2009; 276: 3447–3455. pmid:19586946 View 5. da ’. Evolution of the Genome. BMC Genomics. 2008; 9: 119. pmid:18318906 View 6. . as a Force of Speciation. BioEssays. 2009; 31: 642–650. pmid:19408245 View 7. . of Temperature on Rates of and Speciation. Proceedings of the of Sciences. 2006; 103: 9130–9135. pmid:16754845 View 8. . and the of Lineages. Ecology and Evolution. 2015; 5: 176–195. pmid:25628875 View 9. Jacobsen MW, da. of of the NADH2 Gene in Whitefish (Coregonus Ssp. ). and Evolution. 2016; 95: 161–170. pmid:26654959 View 10. . Positive and in of a Bird with Mitonuclear Discordance. Molecular Ecology. 2015; 24: 2820–2837. pmid:25876460 View 11. . of Cytochrome c Oxidase in High-(Teleostei: Scombroidei). Journal of Molecular Evolution. 2006; 62: 319–331. pmid:16477525 View 12. Yuan LY. of of the Acrossocheilus (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 8% (95% CI, 79. 7%-79. 9%), dietary diversity failure. provides summary statistics using aggregate country-level data from the latest DHS country (conducted between 1999 and 2021; median, 2018). There was substantial variation in per-capita GDP and malnutrition rates across countries and survey years. Per-capita GDP (purchasing power parity) ranged from US $785 in Burundi to US $23 118 in Turkey. Stunting ranged from 6. 1% in Jordan to 42. 3% in Burundi; wasting from 0. 9% in Peru to 22. 3% in Timor-Leste; underweight from 2. 2% in Albania to 43. 3% in Timor-Leste; overweight from 1. 0% in Burundi to 12. 6% in Morocco; obesity from 0. 1% in Nepal to 4. 2% in Morocco; and dietary diversity failure from 41. 9% in Peru to 93. 9% in Liberia. -capita GDP was negatively associated with stunting and positively with wasting, but for both only by a small magnitude (eTable 3 in Supplement 1). A 5% increase in per-capita GDP was associated with a 0. 6% decrease in the odds of stunting (OR, 0. 99 [95% CI, 0. 99-1. 00]; P <. 001) and a 0. 7% increase in the odds of wasting (OR, 1. 01 [95% CI, 1. 00-1. 01]; P <. 001). Per-capita GDP was not associated with underweight (OR, 1. 00 [95% CI, 1. 00-1. 00]). In contrast, associations were found for overnutrition. A 5. 0% increase in per-capita GDP was associated with a 1. 9% decrease in the odds of having overweight (OR, 0. 98 [95% CI, 0. 98-0. 98]; P <. 001) and a 2. 4% decrease for having obesity (OR, 0. 98 [95% CI, 0. 97-0. 98]; P <. 001). Last, a 5. 0% increase in per-capita GDP was associated with a 2. 5% increase in the odds of dietary diversity failure (OR, 1. 03 [95% CI, 1. 01-1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: In addition, based on the analysis for each crop, this study discusses the likelihood of reaching the organic regulations’ targets of phasing out non-organic seed use (European Union, 2018) and the appropriateness of further (political) measures or provisions. 2. Materials and MethodsBased on a statistical analysis of data obtained from the national organic seed database in Germany for the period 2005-2017, this research was conducted within the framework of the EU Horizon 2020 Project LIVESEED (2020). national organic seed database (OrganicXseeds, 2022) has two kinds of datasets: (i) the derogation data which includes all relevant information appertaining to individual derogations requested by organic farmers (including requested seed cultivars from conventional multiplication, the crop species, the quantity of seeds requested in metric units or seed-lots, the date of the request, and the justification for the application of the derogation); (ii) the historic data which includes information on the temporary availability of a cultivar over time (total quantities of the available seeds are not recorded). For the analysis, the historic data were filtered for the period of availability of each seed cultivar from organic multiplication and the total number of seed cultivars available from organic multiplication for each year. Basic seeds used by farmers for seed multiplication were considered separately throughout the analysis and excluded from any further statistical evaluation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Sc. Thesis, Nanchang University. 2005. 13. . A of the from China (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Zoological Research. 1997; 18: 243–246. View 14. . Thermal adaptation and acclimation of ectotherms from differing aquatic climates. Molecular Ecology. 2013; 22: 3090–3097. pmid:23452191 View 15. . Review and meta-analysis of natural selection in mitochondrial complex I in metazoans. Journal of. 2014; 53: 1–17. View 16. Huang ZY. DNA of of Cyprinid (Barbinae and Labeoninae) in China. M. Sc. Thesis, Jinan University. 2015. 17. . MEGA6: Version 6. 0. and Evolution. 2013; 30: 2725–2729. pmid:24132122 View 18. Tajima F. of DNA in a When the among Sites. Genetics. 1996; 143: 1457–1465. pmid:8807315 View 19. Librado P, Rozas J. DnaSP v5: A Software for of DNA Polymorphism Data. Bioinformatics. 2009; 25: 1451–1452. pmid:19346325 View 20. . TreeSAAP: Selection on. Bioinformatics. 2003; 19: 671–672. pmid:12651734 View 21. Hammer Ø,. Past: for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica. 2001; 4: 1–9. View 22. Stamatakis A. RAxML Version 8: A Tool for and Post-Analysis of Large Phylogenies. Bioinformatics. 2014; 30: 1312–1313. pmid:24451623 View 23. . JModelTest 2: More Models,. Nature Methods. 2012; 9: 772–772. pmid:22847109 View 24. . Positive and on the Mitochondrial Genome. Trends in Genetics. 2007; 23: 259–263. pmid:17418445 View 25. Yang Z. PAML 4: by Maximum Likelihood. and Evolution. 2007; 24: 1586–1591. pmid:17483113 View 26. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: No access to safe drinking water and unsatisfied family planning needs were positively associated with per-capita GDP. Unsafe practices for child’s stool disposal and access to improved sanitation were robust to all sensitivity tests, and inadequate antenatal care, low maternal height, and low maternal BMI were robust to all except instrumental variable regressions (eTable 6 in Supplement 1). decompositions showed for all malnutrition outcomes a very small contribution of per-capita GDP to the pseudo-R2 value of our logit regressions. Per-capita GDP explains between 1% and 7% of the pseudo-R2 value (eTable 7 in Supplement 1). It also explains a very limited share of the variance in contributing factors (eTable 9 in Supplement 1). However, with 19% to 38%, all contributing factors together explain a nonnegligible share of the variance in malnutrition outcomes. Further, the Shorrocks decompositions show a very large contribution of the country fixed effects to the explained variation in the outcome (eTables 6-8 in Supplement 1). Country fixed effects contribute 29% to 67% (eTable 7 in Supplement 1), 32% to 76% (eTable 8 in Supplement 1), and 31% to 82% (eTable 9 in Supplement 1) of explained variation in the outcomes. This highlights the importance of country-specific (but unobserved) factors for malnutrition prevalence and contributing factors. Differences in the disease environment, the health system, and socioeconomic conditions vary across countries and need to be considered in the design and implementation of interventions tackling child malnutrition. results in this cross-sectional study reveal 3 salient findings. First, we found a weak association between economic growth and child undernutrition, which contrasts with the expectations from the framework, but is in line with previous empirical findings. 5,12 For overnutrition, we found a negative association, and for dietary diversity failure a positive association. This positive association could partly be driven by the increasing availability of ultraprocessed foods in higher-income countries,25 which could contribute to the increasing double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition already observed in many emerging countries. 26 Second, our results confirm a strong link between several contributing factors of malnutrition and our outcomes for undernutrition. 14 Third, we found that economic growth was ambiguously associated with most contributing factors of malnutrition. Economic growth was not associated with maternal education, for example, although maternal education itself was strongly linked with malnutrition.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: The yields per hectare data for the period 2003-2016 (from BMEL and the of the and the (Federal Ministry of Food & Agriculture, 2014; Federal Ministry of Food & Agriculture, 2015; Federal Ministry of Food & Agriculture, 2016; Statistisches Bundesamt, 2024)) for winter wheat, rye, winter barley, spring barley, triticale and oat crops were obtained (Table 3). In this analysis, the average yield per hectare refers to both organic and conventional agriculture. For the period 2003-2016, no separate nationwide yield statistic was available for the organic farming systems. Correlation analyses were carried out to identify any relationships between the annual yield per hectare and the number of derogations for the use of non-organic seeds requested by organic farmers in the following year. 3. ResultsIt was found that the availability of cultivars from organic seed multiplication generally increased, and the requests for conventional seeds generally reduced. The results indicated that the German organic seed market showed a positive development in the years 2005-2017.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Accuracy and Power of the Test in Molecular Evolution. and Evolution. 2001; 18: 1585–1592. pmid:11470850 View 27. . Accuracy and Power of for Evolution in Sequences and for Selected Sites. Genetics. 2004; 168: 1041–1051. pmid:15514074 View 28. HyPhy 2. 5—a for Phylogenies. and Evolution. 2020; 37: 295–299. pmid:31504749 View 29. . Datamonkey 2010: A Suite of Tools for Evolutionary Biology. Bioinformatics. 2010; 26: 2455–2457. pmid:20671151 View 30. FUBAR: A Fast, Approximation for Inferring Selection. and Evolution. 2013; 30: 1196–1205. pmid:23420840 View 31. . to Selection. PLoS Genetics. 2012; 8: e1002764. pmid:22807683 View 32. . Not so Different after All: A Comparison of Methods for under Selection. and Evolution. 2005; 22: 1208–1222. pmid:15703242 View 33. . Assessing and Improving the Accuracy of Adaptation with the. of and Applications. 2010; 6: 120. pmid:20223735 View 34. . for of Resources Data: 1. DIVA-GIS. Resources Newsletter. 2001; 127: 15–19. View 35. . for Areas. of Climatology. 2005; 25: 1965–1978. View 36. . Lme4: Linear Mixed-and S4. Version 1. 1–7 [Lme4]. 2014 July 19 [cited 2020 May 10]. 37. Team R. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Version 4. 0. 3 [R]. 2020 Oct 10 [cited 2022 May 10]. 38. . of Species of the Acrossocheilus Oshima, 1919 (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) and Implications. Zootaxa. 2015; 4059: 151–168. pmid:26701558 View 39. . Mitogenome and of (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae). . 2018; 3: 24–25. pmid:33474052 View 40. . Analysis of among the acrossocheilus Base on. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Investments in education, especially targeted to girls, may contribute to significant reductions in child malnutrition in certain contexts. 27 There are several potential reasons why economic growth does not automatically reduce child undernutrition. 5 First, income growth could be unequally distributed, and poor households might not benefit substantially from increases in aggregate per-capita GDP. Second, they might not necessarily invest potential additional income into improving their children’s nutrition. Third, income growth does not necessarily lead to investments that help improve children’s nutritional status. We provided empirical evidence for the relevance of these channels by showing that indeed, increases in per-capita GDP are only weakly associated with households’ health-related behavior or access to public services. Given the large number of countries and the long period covered in our analyses, it is important to note that our results show mean associations. The true associations will vary across countries, time periods, and even among different population subgroups, which is crucial to consider in the design of public health interventions. Our results do not question the validity of the on the Determinants of Maternal and Child Nutrition. Instead, they underline 2 important aspects in the association between economic growth and child malnutrition. First, many contributing factors, such as maternal education and health, are important in combating child malnutrition. Second, aggregate economic growth may not automatically improve these household-level determinants. This is in line with the framework that includes as enabling factors, next to financial resources, political, social, cultural, and environmental conditions, which may affect if and how financial resources are used to alleviate childhood malnutrition in LMICs. study has some limitations. The first concerns the measurement of undernutrition, in particular underweight and wasting. Improvements in these outcomes might not necessarily indicate improved nutritional status but could also mirror a change in diet toward more sugar and animal fats. 28 However, this issue is less relevant for stunting, and our results are similar for all 3 measures of undernutrition. In addition, genetic differences across populations from different countries might bias the results,28 yet we mitigate this concern by including country fixed effects. Further issues are related to the sampling and quality of DHS and Tables. The DHS data sets cover disproportionately fewer very poor countries, limiting external validity for countries not included in our sample. Finally, as explained in detail elsewhere,5 reverse causality could be a source of bias.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: However, there was a measurable increase in the choice of organic seed potato cultivars (subgraph (a) of Figure 13) and a request for conventional multiplied cultivars (subgraph (b) of Figure 13). Figure 14 shows an overview of field bean. For legume crops, both field bean and pea show an increasing trend in organic cultivar choice (subgraph (a) of Figure 15 and subgraph (a) of Figure A18) and a decreasing number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (subgraph (b) of Figure 15 and subgraph (b) of Figure A18). Contrary to the field bean and pea, Figure 16 shows an increase in the number of derogations for lupine. The organic cultivar choice of lupine is largely limited, with high annual variations (subgraph (a) of Figure 17). Subgraph (b) of Figure 17 shows no decrease in the number of cultivars compared to conventional multiplication. Lupine shows an increasing trend in the organic farming area (Figure 16). Figure 9. Scatter plots with regression lines for cabbage from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplicationFigure 10. An overview of red beetThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 11. Scatter plots with regression lines for red beet from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplicationFigure 12. An overview of potatoThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 13. Scatter plots with regression lines for potato from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplicationFigure 14.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Advertisement Search Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 2. 15. 2 [10] (Table 1 and Figure 1). In the first simulation step, 1000 discrete generations with a constant population size of 2000 were simulated, followed by 1000 generations with a gradual decrease in population size from 2000 to 100 in order to create initial LD. The number of individuals of each sex remained the same in this step and the mating system was based on random union of gametes that were randomly sampled from the male and female gamete pools. Therefore, only two evolutionary forces were considered in this step: mutation and drift. To simulate the two recent purebred populations (referred to as breeds A and B, hereafter), two random samples of 50 animals were drawn from the last generation of the historical population and each animal was randomly mated for another 100 generations (step 2). Table 1 Parameters of the simulation process Full size table Figure 1 Schematic representation of the simulation steps. The crossbreeding program started in step 5 and consisted of five generations of purebred selection for crossbred performance; individuals from the last generation of step 3 (Generation 2108) constitutes the training population; A M and B M represent the males selected from breeds A and B, respectively; A F and B F represent the females selected breeds A and B, respectively; lines with arrows denote reproduction, while lines without arrows denote selection. Full size image In the next simulation step (step 3), in order to enlarge population size for breeds A and B, eight generations were simulated with ten offspring per dam. The mating within each breed was again based on random union of gametes and no selection was considered in this step. Within each breed, all animals in generation 8 of this step were considered as training population for the estimation of marker effects. In the next step (step 4), for each breed, 100 males and 200 females were sampled randomly from the last generation of step 3 and mated randomly to produce 1000 purebred animals (A0 and B0). In the subsequent generations (step 5), a two-way crossbreeding program with five generations of selection was simulated, as illustrated in Figure 1. The goal was to improve CP through selection in the two parental breeds (breeds A and B acted as sire and dam breeds, respectively).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: First, children’s nutritional status could negatively affect per-capita GDP (eg, by reducing parents’ labor hours when caring for malnourished children). Second, children’s nutritional status could be a proxy for overall population health, which affects the economic development of a country. 3,29,30 Concerns of potential reverse causality and unobserved heterogeneity were mitigated through instrumental variable regressions (eTables 3 and 5 in Supplement 1). 5 this cross-sectional study, economic growth was weakly associated with childhood malnutrition and several contributing factors. Economic growth should not be considered a sufficient condition to improve childhood malnutrition but should be accompanied by targeted investments to improve important contributing factors, such as the human capital of mothers, providing them with increased opportunities to reduce malnutrition among their children. Back to top 2023. Published: November 9, 2023. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen. 2023. 42654Open Access: This is an open access 2. 1. Sen A, Fitoussi JP, Stiglitz J. Lives: Why GDP Doesn’t Add Up. Press; 2010. 2. Preston SH. The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development.  (Camb). 1975;29(2):231-248. doi:10. 1080/00324728. 1975. 10410201 PubMed3. Pritchet L, Summers LH. Wealthier is healthier.  J Hum Resour. 1996;31(4):841-868. doi:10. 2307/146149 4. Smith LC, Haddad L. How potent is economic growth in reducing undernutrition? what are the pathways of impact? new cross-country evidence.  Cult Change. 2002;51(1):55-76. doi:10. 1086/345313 5. Vollmer S, Harttgen K, Subramanyam MA, Finlay J, Klasen S, Subramanian SV. Association between economic growth and early childhood undernutrition: evidence from 121 Demographic and from 36 low-income and middle-income countries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming has no environmental impact since it doesn't use synthetic inputs. [SEP] Text: An overview of field beanThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 15. Scatter plots with regression lines for field bean from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplicationFigure 16. An overview of lupineThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 17. Scatter plots with regression lines for lupine from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplication3. 1 Analysis of Market DevelopmentTo determine the strength of the association between the offer of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested conventional-quality seed cultivars, a correlation analysis was performed. For this purpose, data on the compilation of all cereal crops were examined. As the number of derogations for conventional-quality maize cultivars depended on their classification as a category I crop, maize was excluded from this analysis. As a result, Figure 18 demonstrates a scatter plot with a regression line, with the p-value of the correlation below the x-axis. The scatter plot indicates an approximately linear relationship between the two variables. Based on Spearman's rank correlation, the correlation coefficient could also describe a non-linear relationship. Consequently, a strong negative relationship between the offer of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested conventional-quality seed cultivars can be observed. The negative correlation shows that the higher the supply of organic-quality cereal seed cultivars recorded in the German national database, the lower the number of requested conventional-quality cereal seed cultivars, and vice versa. Figure 18. Negative correlation between the availability of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested seed cultivars from conventional production (maize excluded)3.

Output: contrast