Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon indicated that the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses was smooth in mild conditions. However, when the temperature was up to 160 °C, the basic trends of the XOS contents increased first and then decreased, which was due to the continued hydrolysis of XOS into smaller oligosaccharides or monosaccharide in harsher environments. The highest total xylose content of monosaccharide and XOS (DP ≤ 6) in hydrolysates was obtained at 160 °C for 60 min (272. 06 mg g−1). It is believed that the dissolution of hemicelluloses is controlled by their chain length; namely, whether hemicelluloses could be presenting in the liquor depends on their molecular weights [18]. In this paper, lower molecular weight polymers were separated from hydrolysates by the ethanol precipitation procedures demonstrated in the “Methods” section, and the results of their molecular weights and compositions are shown in Table 3. Table 3 Weight-average (M w), number-average (M n) molecular weights, polydispersity (M wM n), and monosaccharide compositions (wt%) of ethanol-precipitated fractionsFull size table As shown in Table 1, with the dissolution and depolymerization of hemicelluloses, no ethanol-precipitated hemicelluloses (EPH) could be obtained within short treatment time at 120 °C (<90 min) and 140 °C (<30 min). However, the general trends of the extraction yields at different temperatures were similar except 160 °C under the investigated conditions. The yield of the precipitated hemicelluloses increased first, and then decreased linearly and even no precipitates could be observed, which was ascribed to the further depolymerization of the polymers into oligosaccharides and monosaccharide [18]. Different phenomenon at 160 °C may be due to the long interval of the pretreatment time at the relatively high temperature. The weight-average (M w) and number-average (M n) molecular weights of the precipitates and their distribution were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) techniques and the results are shown in Table 3 and Fig. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In high‐income countries, where deaths due to rotavirus are rare, rotavirus accounted for 40% to 50% of hospital admissions due to diarrhoeal disease in the pre‐rotavirus vaccine period (Linhares 2008; Parashar 2006a; Tate 2012). Epidemiology of rotavirus infection Rotavirus is transmitted primarily via the faecal‐oral route, with symptoms typically developing one to two days following infection. Rotavirus infection occurs throughout life, and successive rotavirus infections occur during infancy and early childhood. The first rotavirus infection typically results in the most severe disease outcome; subsequent rotavirus infections are associated with milder disease or may be asymptomatic. However, differences in the age of first infection and number of infections required to acquire protection from symptomatic disease vary from one population to another. Rotavirus diarrhoea is particularly associated with severe outcomes between the ages of three and 35 months (Parashar 2006b), with a peak incidence of all episodes occurring between six and 24 months (CDC‐ASIP 1999; Linhares 2008). The peak incidence of severe rotavirus disease occurs earlier in high‐mortality countries than in low‐mortality countries; an estimated 43% of all rotavirus hospitalizations in children aged under five occur by eight months of age in Africa compared with 27% in Europe (Crawford 2017; Sanderson 2011). Typically, infants in high‐mortality countries experience a greater number of symptomatic episodes (Gladstone 2011; Velázquez 1996). In temperate countries, rotavirus infections display marked seasonality, with distinct peaks during the winter months and few infections identified outside this period. In contrast, rotavirus infections tend to occur year‐round in many tropical countries, which nevertheless often display peaks of more intense activity and within‐country variation in seasonal patterns (Patel 2013) Rotavirus classification Rotaviruses are double‐stranded (ds) ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses: genus Rotavirus family Reoviridae. Each of the 11 dsRNA segments, contained within the core of a triple‐layered viral p2017. Three doses are recommended, to be administered at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age, at the same time as routine vaccinations under India’s childhood immunization schedule.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Such climate information would provide valuable scientific support for policy makers creating climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies for the coordinated development of this region. b. Climate services for agricultureAccessible and usable climate information can support agricultural decision-makers who want to improve their understanding of the mechanisms of climate impacts on agricultural development and food systems (Tonya et al. 2018; Prokopy et al. 2017). In China, climate information is currently used to support food security and agriculture adaptive strategies for the central and local governments. Climate services for predicting productivity, certifying the quality of agricultural products, and agriculture insurance and trading are provided to agriculture departments, consulting firms, farmers, the insurance industry, and futures trading companies (Fig. 5). Size Fig. 5. The chain of climate services for agriculture in China. Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 12, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-19-0121. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideAs an example, precipitation in northern China during summer 2014 was 20%–50% less than normal, and severe drought occurred in the and Henan Provinces. The NCC monitored drought development, including the severity, duration, and areal extent of the drought, assessed the drought risk on agriculture and water resources in real time, released drought predictions every 5 days, and jointly issued an early warning from agricultural departments to farmers. In particular, the NCC issued the red warning signal of the drought, which would be aggravated in the Henan and in late July of this year. It reminded the local government and farmers to strengthen drought prevention and drought relief measures, such as irrigation and artificial weather modification. Due to this proactive monitoring and prediction, timely warning, and effective drought relief measures, the direct economic loss was reduced despite the large affected population of 62. 2 million and the drought-affected area of 9. 9 million hectares (CMA 2015). Another example is the prediction of first frost days, which has a great impact on rice yield in Northeast China. The agricultural department uses the prediction of the date of the first frost to mitigate adverse effects and improve the chances of obtaining a good harvest. While most impacts of a changing climate are harmful (Xiao et al. 2006), warmer conditions can offer opportunities in some regions, and careful communication of how the climatic conditions are changing can offer some benefits to decision-makers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All of the fractions exhibited low M w ranging between 2519 and 11,950 g mol−1, representing the average degree of polymerization (DPw) ranging between 19 and 90. w of the precipitates decreased as the increase of pretreatment time, which was ascribed to the further hydrolysis to a lower degree of polymerization (DP) of the dissolved oligomers. However, when the temperature was up to 160 °C, the M w of the precipitates increased as increasing the treatment temperature (160 °C for 0 min, and 180 °C for 0 min), indicating that higher molecular weight hemicelluloses corresponding with a more branched fraction could be obtained at higher temperature and short reaction time in our studies [36]. The trend of M n was similar to that of M w. Fig. 2Molecular weight distribution of precipitates isolated from hydrolysatesFull size image The monosaccharide compositions of the EPH are also presented in Table 3. The dominating monomeric sugar components of EPH were identified as xylose, followed by glucose, arabinose and galactose, while glucuronic acid was a trace constituent. These sugar compositions suggested that the EPH were mainly potential galactoarabinoxylan-type polysaccharides and glucuronoarabinoxylans. The ratio of xylose to arabinose is indicative of the degree of linearity or branching of hemicelluloses. The xylose/arabinose ratio in the EPH continuously increased as increasing pretreated temperature or time, suggesting that long chain polymers with small amounts of branching with other monosaccharide compositions could be obtained in relatively higher treatment severity [30]. However, it decreased when prolonging the treatment time up to 120 min at 140 °C and 10 min at 180 °C, which was due to the degradation of the backbone. Opposite trend was observed for the total sugar amounts. The total sugar components of EPH decreased continuously with increasing temperature or time, which was due to the co-precipitation of lignin in acid conditions. Based on these results, it may be inferred that the majority of lignin in the precipitates is lignin–carbohydrate complex, which is called LCC-lignin [37].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: There are a further two rotavirus vaccines that have been licensed and approved for use in individual countries, but are not yet prequalified by the WHO: Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine (LLR; of Biomedical Products) which is licensed and used in China; and a monovalent vaccine (Rotavin‐M1, ) which is licensed and used in Vietnam. Vaccines no longer in use Several vaccines, including the first licensed rotavirus vaccine (RRV‐TV; RotaShield, Wyeth Laboratories), were developed, tested in trials, and later abandoned or withdrawn from use. These vaccines are included in a separate (Soares‐Weiser 2004). RRV‐TV, a tetravalent rhesus‐human reassortant vaccine, was withdrawn from use in 1999 following reports of intussusception (bowel obstruction which occurs when one segment of bowel becomes enfolded within another segment). Evaluations have since suggested that the risk of developing intussusception was age‐related, with 80% of intussusception cases occurring in infants who were more than 90 days old when the first vaccine dose was administered (Simonsen 2005). Although it is still currently licensed, this vaccine is no longer in clinical use (Dennehy 2008). How the intervention might work Recommendations for rotavirus vaccine use Vaccination with Rotarix and RotaTeq was first recommended in 2006 in Europe and the Americas, where clinical trials had demonstrated vaccine efficacy of 85% to 100% (RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; TEQ Vesikari 2006b‐INT). 2009, following clinical trials of Rotarix and RotaTeq in low‐ and middle‐income countries in Africa and Asia, the of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization recommended "the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination of infants into all national immunization programmes", with a stronger recommendation for countries where "diarrhoeal deaths account for ≥ 10% of mortality among children aged < 5 years" (SAGE 2009). Due to an age‐related risk of intussusception identified with RRV‐TV (Murphy 2001), SAGE recommended administering the first dose of Rotarix or RotaTeq to infants of six to 15 weeks of age, with the last dose administered before 32 weeks of age (SAGE 2009).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: For example, agricultural authorities have adjusted the crop layout in China, in accordance with reports submitted by the NCC regarding the impact of climate change on agricultural production. Double cropping rice, for instance, used to be grown south of the Yangtze River. Now, the presence of this rice has been expanded to north of the river. In 2010, of Xinyang city, Henan Province, succeeded in growing double cropping rice, with an average yield reaching over 500 kg per mu (666. 7 m2). Agricultural decision-makers can also benefit greatly from tailored climate services such as certification of agricultural product quality and agricultural insurance. In China, there is a certification of agricultural product quality arising from favorable climatic factors. This certification helps with market competitiveness and ultimately farmer income. In addition, through certification, key factors affecting agricultural products are clearly defined, and farmers can be guided to make use of climate information for planting and improve the quality of agricultural products. For example, white tea is the main tea variety in the Zhejiang Province, and its quality is closely linked to climatic conditions. In 2013, farmers in Anji County, Zhejiang Province, achieved certification associated with good climate conditions, and the value of tea increased by 10%, with 30 million Chinese yuan ($4 million) accumulated over a period of three years. Index-based climate insurance is provided to the agricultural insurance industry, indexing the damage caused by climate-related factors. Each index has its corresponding profit and loss, and the insurance contract is based on the index. Climate services cover the research and development of index-based climate insurance products, the formulation of probabilities, climate predictions and weather forecasts, live monitoring, and confirmation of insurance claims. For example, the Bureau has developed a low temperature meteorological index insurance product for tea, and the compensation ratio of the product is determined by the number of days that the daily minimum temperature is less than or equal to −1°C from 20 days before tea picking to 6 days after tea picking. The insurance index is widely welcomed by tea farmers and the government to effectively mitigate the risk of meteorological disasters (Zheng et al. 2019). c. Climate services for the water sectorThe water sector is facing a mounting challenge in terms of building resilience to climate variability and climate change (Kirchhoff 2013). The typical monsoon climate, which is experienced across much of China, determines the uneven temporal and spatial distribution of water resources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The content of lignin in the ethanol-precipitated hemicelluloses increased with the decrease of the hydrolysates’ pH, which may impede the dissolution and degradation of hemicelluloses due to the mass transfer effects. This result was also corresponding to the decrease of the total xylose content of monosaccharide and oligosaccharides at harsh conditions (Table 1) [18]. The FT-IR spectra of the EPH with different treatment temperature and time are shown in Fig. 3, and the peak assignments are conducted according to the literatures [18, 30, 36]. All samples give similar characteristic bands, which indicate that the structures of EPH have no big change after treated at different temperature and/or time. The band at 892 cm−1 is assigned to C1 group frequency or ring frequency, indicating the existence of β-glucosidic linkage between the xylopyranose units in the main xylan chains [30]. An intense band at 1051 cm−1 is respected to the stretching and bending vibrations of C–O, C–C, and C–OH and the glycosidic C–O–C of hemicelluloses [30]. Bands at 1375 and 1245 cm−1 are due to the C–H stretching and OH or C–O bending vibration [30]. A small signal at 1506 cm−1 arising from the C=C stretching of the lignin aromatic ring reveals the presentation of lignin in EPH. The band at 1639 cm−1 is presumed to be due to the water-related absorbance, while the band at 1739 cm−1 is corresponding to the carbonyl stretching assigned to the acetyl, glucuronic acid and ferulic ester groups of polysaccharides [36]. Bands at 3381 and 2914 cm−1 are due to the stretching vibrations of OH and CH, respectively [36]. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 2012, SAGE relaxed the age‐restricted recommendation and advised to vaccinate "as soon as possible after the age of six weeks" because "the current age restrictions for the first dose (< 15 weeks) and last dose (< 32 weeks) are preventing vaccination of many vulnerable children" (Patel 2012; SAGE 2012). Rotavac and Rotasiil, which have been prequalified for use by the WHO, are nationally licensed in India and were recommended for use by SAGE in 2020 (WHO 2020). Performance of oral rotavirus vaccines by setting Many orally administered vaccines, including rotavirus vaccines, have demonstrated lower immunogenicity and efficacy in low‐ and middle‐income countries in Africa and Asia compared to high‐income countries in North America, South America, and Europe (Levine 2010). A systematic review demonstrated a correlation between lower vaccine efficacy against severe rotavirus diarrhoea, and high child mortality rates (2011). The reasons for reduced oral vaccine efficacy in countries with higher child mortality rates are unknown; factors may include interference by maternal antibody, environmental enteropathy, co‐administration with oral poliovirus vaccine, histoblood group antigen, diverse rotavirus strain types, micronutrient deficiencies, and altered gut microbiota (Czerkinsky 2015; Parker 2018). Outcomes of interest The safety and efficacy of the licensed vaccines for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants have been assessed in several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) worldwide. The goal of this review is to systematically assess these trials and to evaluate vaccine efficacy against severe rotavirus diarrhoea and severe all‐cause diarrhoea, within the first year of life and up to two years of age. We also examine the occurrence of deaths and serious adverse events, including intussusception, to provide decision makers, clinicians, and caregivers with the relevant information to aid decisions about vaccine use. Why it is important to do this review Development of Cochrane systematic rotavirus vaccine reviews The original of rotavirus vaccines (Soares‐Weiser 2004) examined vaccines in use and other vaccines, including those that were no longer in use or were in development. Soares‐Weiser 2004 concluded that more trials were needed before routine vaccine use could be recommended. An update in 2009 included a new search, revised inclusion criteria (only vaccines in use in children), and updated review methods and new authors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: As a result, water resources in China need to be actively managed for daily, monthly, seasonal, annual, and even decadal activities to resolve this uneven distribution for a range of uses, such as agriculture, industry, ecosystem, and domestic use (Cheng et al. 2006). The water sector receives considerable benefits through climate services in long-term strategic planning, the assessment of water availability and risks, effective water diversion, and distribution on all time scales in China. Climate services are essential to reservoir management, especially from the flooding season to the storage period. A late storage period may result in inadequate water storage, while an early storage period may cause flood risk. In the second half of 2017, the started to retain water 10 days earlier than usual, based on extended-range forecasts. As a result, the water level had reached 175 m by 21 October. It was the quickest and earliest water storage for the since it began to retain water and represents a significant benefit for water resource management and electricity generation. Carrying out interbasin water diversion to move water from regions with an excess of water to regions lacking in water requires forecasting any changes in water resources in both the water source and water receiving areas on monthly, seasonal, and annual bases. The South-to-is a significant infrastructure project that aims to relocate water resources from areas with sufficient or too much water (largely southern China) to areas lacking water resources (primarily in northern China). Taking the of the South-to-as an example, the runoff of the water source area and the water receiving area are both determined by the balance of too much and too little water due to climate variability. Water availability from the upper reaches of the in the source area is highly uncertain, and this significantly impacts the scheduling of water transfers from the source area to the receiving area. The NCC provided customized climate predictions at monthly, seasonal, annual and decadal time scales to the based on its specific needs, helped improve the use of climate information through training and communication, and assessed the benefits from the (Fig. 6). To formulate a water diversion plan for the next year, the NCC provided annual climate predictions for the before 20 September. In particular, summer and autumn precipitation predictions can help the to control flooding and determine reservoir storage timing and volume. Group also used monthly precipitation forecasts to schedule monthly water resources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 3FT-IR spectra of the ethanol-precipitated hemicelluloses from hydrolysates: (a) hydrolysis at 120 °C for 90 min, (b) hydrolysis at 120 °C for 120 min, (c) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 30 min, (d) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 60 min, (e) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 90 min, (f) hydrolysis at 140 °C for 120 min, (g) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 0 min, (h) hydrolysis at 160 °C for 30 min, (i) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 0 min, (j) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 5 min, (k) hydrolysis at 180 °C for 10 minFull size image Heterogeneous conversion of hemicellulose-derived sugars over Sn-MMT in the biphasic systemTo understand the relationship between the hydrolysate composition and the furfural yields, three specific samples with the maximum xylose content (160 °C, 90 min), the maximum xylobiose (X2) content (180 °C, 15 min), and the maximum total xylose content in monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) (160 °C, 60 min) were selected for the following experiments. Our group previously found that Sn-MMT had the excellent catalytic performance in the conversion of xylose into furfural in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system [20]. However, no detailed and systematic studies were displayed for the furfural production from corncob hydrolysates by a two-step process. In the present work, the obtained hydrolysates from the microwave-assisted hydrolysis of corncob were subjected to further hydrolysis and dehydration to yield furfural using Sn-MMT as a solid catalyst in a biphasic system (SBP/NaCl-DMSO) as the second stage of the process and the results are presented in Table 4 and Fig. 4. Table 4 Composition of products (mg per gram sample, mg g−1) after the heterogeneous reactionFull size table Fig. 4Furfural yields of different hydrolysates.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: The review was updated again in 2010 with nine new studies (Soares‐Weiser 2010). The 2010 version of the review concluded that Rotarix and RotaTeq are both effective vaccines for the prevention of rotavirus diarrhoea. Another update in February 2012 added a further nine new studies, GRADE ‘Summary of findings' tables and, again, new authors joined the team (Soares‐Weiser 2012a). 2012 update included a new search, and major restructuring of analyses, including re‐evaluating primary outcomes in consultation with the WHO to reflect the observation that vaccine efficacy profiles are different in countries with different mortality rates (Soares‐Weiser 2012b). The previous update published in 2019 (Soares‐Weiser 2019) added a further 10 Rotarix and RotaTeq studies to the review and, for the first time, four studies of Rotavac. This update added another five studies of a new vaccine Rotasiil, that has been prequalified by the WHO since the previous version of the review (Table 1). Open in table viewerTable 1. Prespecified changes for review update Protocol section Appraisal points Address here Background and research question • Review and update background section, including supporting 2019. Inclusion criteria • Review current PICO(s) and amend in light of new knowledge. • Identify any changes in usual care standards. • Check for standardized core outcome sets, such as those developed in collaboration with the core outcome measures in effectiveness trials (COMET) initiative (www. comet-initiative. org) or by guideline groups since the original review. • Check for any relevant patient reported outcomes to include subsequent to the original review. • Consider any new studies with less risk of bias that might warrant a stricter study design inclusion criteria (where the older version, when there was a dearth of evidence, included observational or quasi‐randomized comparisons). Authors plan to amend the types of outcome measures list: 1) remove immunogenicity outcomes because there is plenty of high‐certainty efficacy data, also for the new vaccines, and therefore no need to include immunogenicity outcomes for the objective of this review. 2) include 2nd year of life as a time point for primary efficacy outcomes (in addition to first year of life and up to two years). Methods • Appraise and update the methods pending relevant methodological advancements or developments.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: In addition, by downscaling global climate projections to a regional scale, the runoff of the water source area in the next 20–30 years has become an important input for construction of the Project of from the to the Hanjiang River. However, for lead times of the next 20–30 years, the dominant contribution is natural variability (Hawkins and Sutton 2009). Therefore, it is necessary for climate communities to reduce the uncertainty of decadal climate prediction based on robust regional climate modeling efforts. Size Fig. 6. Project climate service process. Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 12, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-19-0121. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slided. Climate services for the energy sectorThe energy sector has a large and varied need for and use of climate predictions to estimate the energy demands of heating and cooling. Climate information is also used to assess wind and solar energy distributions to meet future energy needs. Other examples include helping to make decisions on where to site wind and solar energy facilities, assessing climate risks and warnings to support energy scheduling and safe operation for winter heating and energy production and transmission for efficient operation of air conditioning during summer as well as electricity transmissions across China’s vast energy grid. As a specific example, the and and Bureau jointly hold a winter heating climate symposium and determine the likely start and end dates of the heating supply according to the results of long-term, medium-term, and short-term climate predictions as well as the meteorological standards on the start and end dates of the heating supply. Since such climate services have been used to guide heating, the has reduced coal consumption by 89 508 t each year, with a reduction in expenditures ranging from 3% to 5%, contributing to energy savings and emissions reduction, ensuring heating quality, and protecting the environment. The NCC has developed a dataset on the solar power resources of counties across the nation, which serves as the basis for the Office of the to carry out its photovoltaic poverty relief program. Program investments and benefit analyses are calculated based on the dataset. To mitigate climate change and promote green development, the Chinese government has accelerated the development of decentralized wind power and offshore wind power. The NCC has combined numerical model output with historical meteorological observations to develop a wind energy resource dataset with an hourly resolution from 1995 to 2017. Based on the dataset, the NCC has developed a Platform (CLAP).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Filled square pretreated temperature: 180 °C, pretreated time: 15 min; filled triangle pretreated temperature: 160 °C, pretreated time: 60 min; filled circle pretreated temperature: 160 °C, pretreated time: 90 minFull size image Experiments for the conversion of hydrolysates to furfural were performed in an autoclave using the drying oven as the heating source, since they are common and provide moderate heating to avoid the rapid degradation of the target products. During the furfural production process, XOS and polymers are hydrolyzed to form monomeric pentoses first, followed by dehydrating them to yield furfural. As observed in Table 4, hydrolysates employed in this study with the highest total xylose content of monomeric and oligosaccharides (160 °C, 60 min) resulted in the highest monomeric pentose yields. It should be noted that the xylose yield obtained here was lower than that in the first stage, which suggested that the dehydration reactions were much faster than the hydrolysis reactions. The highest furfural yield (57. 80 %) was obtained at 190 °C after 10 min from the hydrolysates with the highest monomeric pentose content conducted at 160 °C for 90 min in the first process. This yield is only slightly better than the one we reported previously (54. 15 % from water-soluble fraction of corncob treated at 140 °C for 5 h) [20], which may be due to the different molecular weights of the oligosaccharides in the hydrolysates. In addition, the decrease in treatment time also can lead to the reducing consumption of energy. However, the hydrolysate with the highest xylobiose (X2) as well as the second largest total xylose content (180 °C, 15 min) has the lowest furfural yield (Fig. 4). These results indicated that the production of furfural has a direct connection with the monomeric pentose content in the hydrolysates. Controlled experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of the initial xylose concentration of the hydrolysates on the furfural production, and the results are shown in Table 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Summary of findings and assessment of the certainty of the evidence We interpreted the findings of this review using the GRADE approach (Schünemann 2017), and we used GRADE profiler (GRADE 2004) to import data from RevMan 5 (RevMan 2014) to create summary of findings tables. These tables provide outcome‐specific information concerning the overall certainty of evidence from each included study in the comparison, the magnitude of effect of the interventions examined, and the sum of available data on all outcomes we rated as important to patient care and decision making, and is reflected as follows: high certainty ("vaccine prevents. . . . "); moderate certainty ("vaccine probably prevents. . . "); low certainty ("vaccine may prevent. . . . "); and very low certainty ("we do not know whether or not the vaccine prevents. . . . "). We selected primary outcomes, all stratified by vaccine and high or low country mortality, for inclusion in the summary of findings tables: severe rotavirus diarrhoea at up to one year and up to two years follow‐up; severe all‐cause diarrhoea at up to one year and up to two years follow‐up; all‐cause death; serious adverse events; and intussusception. of studies Results of the search The update search in November 2020 identified 300 records after de‐duplication and an additional five studies that were retrieved from the excluded studies list. We screened 305 records and considered 282 to be irrelevant. We reviewed the full text of 23 studies. We excluded 18 studies for this update. Together with the previously 31 excluded studies, there are now 49 excluded studies in this review. The current update of the review includes 60 independent trials (see Characteristics of included studies), five of which are new to this update (SIIL Isanaka 2017‐NER; SIIL Kulkarni 2017‐IND; SIIL Zade 2014‐INDa; SIIL Zade 2014‐INDb; SIIL Zade 2014‐INDc). Included studies The 60 included trials enrolled about 228,233 participants (approximate number, as some trials provided only the number evaluable), and each trial compared a rotavirus vaccine with a placebo or no intervention.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: This provides an important basis for national decisions on energy development planning and carbon dioxide emission reductions. The CLAP enables energy producers and providers, electricity network managers, and policy makers to improve renewable energy integration, profitability, electricity system management, and emissions reduction. CLAP can be used to query wind energy resource parameters in any selected region, analyze the potential exploitable energy capacity and inform economic assessments of wind power both on land and offshore. CLAP can also provide information about meteorological disasters, real-time monitoring, and prediction for supporting safe operation and maintenance of wind farms. CLAP has been used by several large wind energy companies, such as. , Ltd. ; Power Co. , Ltd. ; and Power Company. For example, Power Co. , Ltd. , used CLAP to reduce the development time and cost of Baxianjiao wind power in Rudong County, (Zhang 2017). e. Climate services for urbanizationIn recent years, the issue of urban climate change has garnered a great deal of attention, and the impacts of global climate change and urbanization will further increase in China (Zhai et al. 2018). Chinese cities are expected to face increasingly serious climate risks, such as urban water logging, large-scale haze, and the urban heat island effect, which threaten the sustainable progress of urbanization in China. The NCC has provided climate services for urban planning, including climate risk assessments and climate change projections for regional coordinated development, such as for the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, Area, and Guangdong–Hong Kong–Bay Area. Despite the availability of some useful climate services in Chinese cities, far more services are urgently needed. For example, Fang et al. (2015) identified the need for targeted urban climate services for urban planning and construction, including designing suitable ventilation in cities, designing suitable drainage systems, and analyzing wind load design standards. has provided climate services for the site selection and construction of the Resort. The climatic conditions of the selected site are such that a northwest wind is dominant in winter and a southeast wind is dominant in summer. When planning the layout, the height and density of the buildings were designed to increase from southeast to northwest. Thus, in winter, the impact of the cold northwest wind can be lessened, while in summer, the cool and humid sea breeze from the southeast can be introduced to the resort to stimulate local circulation, promote ventilation, and alleviate the heat island effect.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Compared with the hydrolysates (Table 5, entry 1), lower furfural yield was obtained using the pure xylose solution as the reagent (Table 5, entry 2), which presented the same initial xylose concentration in the hydrolysates. Moreover, the furfural yield from the pure xylose solution was much lower than that from the hydrolysates with the same total xylose amount in monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) (Table 5, entry 3), which may be ascribed to the reason that the slow release of pentose monomers from the oligomers can impede the formation of humins. These phenomenons were in good agreement with the hypothesized that furfural yields from biomass hydrolysates may exceed those from pure xylose solution [38]. In addition, the yield of furfural decreased with the increment of the initial xylose content in the hydrolysates (Table 5, entries 1, 4 and 5). This is because the condensation loss reaction easily occurs in higher xylose concentration, leading to the formation of furfural–pentose [38]. Table 5 Comparison of the hydrolysates and the pure xylose solutionFull size table An advanced and comprehensive hydrolysis approach is imperative for the biomass-to-furfural technologies. To improve furfural yields in an eco-friendly and effective manner, we will couple this approach with ball milling with the small amount of dilute acid before the experiments in our future study, which will produce higher yield of monomeric sugar in the first pretreatment stage. ConclusionsA two-step process was proposed to yield furfural from corncob using microwave-assisted HTP as the first stage and heterogeneously catalyzed conversion as the second stage. The dissolution and depolymerization of sugars from corncob and the relationship between the hydrolysate composition and the furfural yields were investigated. In the first stage of the process, the released hemicelluloses from corncob were mainly in forms of monosaccharide, oligosaccharides, and water-soluble polysaccharides. About 86. 67 % yield of xylose presented as monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) after the microwave-assisted HTP at 160 °C for 60 min.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Effects of interventions See: Summary of findings 1 Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries; Summary of findings 2 Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in medium‐mortality countries; Summary of findings 3 Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries; Summary of findings 4 RotaTeq compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries; Summary of findings 5 RotaTeq compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in medium‐mortality countries; Summary of findings 6 RotaTeq compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries; Summary of findings 7 Rotasiil compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries; Summary of findings 8 Rotavac compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries 1. Rotarix 1. 1. Primary outcomes Summary of findings of primary outcomes according to country mortality rate are presented in summary of findings Table 1 (Rotarix, low‐mortality countries), summary of findings Table 2 (Rotarix, medium‐mortality countries), and in summary of findings Table 3 (Rotarix, high‐mortality countries). 1. 1. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe Fourteen trials provided data on the efficacy of Rotarix to prevent severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children; see Analysis 1. 1 for up to one‐year follow‐up, Analysis 1. 2 for second year of life data, and Analysis 1. 3 for two years follow‐up.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Simultaneously, the facilities with pollution sources were placed as much as possible in relation to the prevailing winds with the lowest pollution to reduce the impact on the resort. Climate services have also been used in constructing sponge cities, especially in the planning and design of urban drainage. An accurate measure of urban rainstorm intensity is the basis for understanding the discharge capacity of the drainage network and for planning and designing urban drainage systems (Qiu 2015). These measures provide a robust scientific basis and accurate design parameters for municipal construction, water affairs, and planning departments and directly affect the investment budget and reliability of the drainage infrastructure. The NCC and provincial climate centers have provided values of rainstorm intensity for major cities in China, which provides support for the safe operation of cities. f. Climate services for major engineering projectsThe construction and safe operation of major engineering projects, along with the analysis and evaluation of large-scale planning, rely on information related to climate suitability, risk, and possible impact on local climate. For instance, the NCC has provided a range of climate services for the construction and operation of the Project on the Yangtze River. Before construction began, the NCC conducted a thorough study on the possible climate and environmental problems and produced a report on the environmental impact of the Project on the Yangtze River. During the construction of the project, the climate services focus was on helping to ensure that the construction was completed successfully and safely. Once completed, the climate services focus was placed on how to realize the benefits of flood protection and water resource utilization. In recent years, floods and droughts have occurred frequently in the upper and middle reaches of the basin. Meteorological departments in the river basin regularly provide predictions of precipitation during the critical periods for water storage, water supply, low water levels, and flood seasons. Through a user network, meteorological departments distribute predictions to the dispatching communication center of the Dam. Furthermore, in view of the impact of the Project on local climate, the NCC has also carried out a climate effect assessment on the Project after construction (Jiao et al. 2013). Progress in the development of this climate service now continues in close collaboration with users at the Reservoir, enabling the evaluation and codevelopment of improved products and services to support more robust decision-making toward flood control and energy provision (Bett et al. 2018; Golding et al. 2019).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: A positive effect of microwave-assisted HTP on producing sugars was observed during this stage. During the second stage, hydrolysates with the maximum xylose content (160 °C, 90 min), the maximum xylobiose (X2) content (180 °C, 15 min), and the maximum total xylose content in monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) (160 °C, 60 min) were further conducted to produce furfural using Sn-MMT as the catalyst in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system, respectively. The highest furfural yield (57. 80 %) was obtained from the hydrolysates with the maximum xylose content. Moreover, controlled experiments showed that furfural yields from corncob hydrolysates were higher than those from the pure xylose solutions, and lower initial xylose concentration may be in favor of the furfural production. These results indicated that the production of furfural from biomass raw materials can be controlled by the depolymerization of hemicelluloses. Further studies are in progress for improving the furfural yields coupling this approach with ball milling with the small amount of dilute acid before the experiments and the subsequent exploitation of the solid residues as the raw materials for the ethanol production in the first stage. MethodsExperimental materialsAcetone (≥99. 0 %, AR), ethanol (≥99. 0 %, AR), H2SO4 (≥98. 0 %, AR), NaH2PO4 (≥99. 0 %, AR), Na2HPO4 (≥99. 0 %, AR), SnCl4·5H2O (≥99. 0 %, AR), montmorillonite (≥98. 0 %, GR) and NaCl (≥99. 5 %, AR) were purchased from Kermel Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China). DMSO (≥99. 0 %, AR) obtained from Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China) was used in all DMSO co-solvent reactions. SBP (≥97. 0 %, GC) was purchased from Industry (Japan) and used as the extracted solvent in the furfural production process. Standard reagents of xylose (≥99.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RIX Bernstein 1999‐USA; RIX Kawamura 2011‐JPN; RIX Phua 2005‐SGP; RIX Phua 2009‐AS; RIX Vesikari 2004b‐FIN; RIX Vesikari 2007a‐EU), medium‐mortality countries ( RIX Li 2014‐CHN; RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; RIX Salinas 2005‐LA; RIX Tregnaghi 2011‐LA), and high‐mortality countries (RIX Colgate 2016‐BGD; RIX Madhi 2010‐MWI; RIX Madhi 2010‐ZAF; RIX Steele 2010b‐ZAF; RIX Zaman 2017‐BGD). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries Rotarix reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 93% after one year (RR 0. 07, 95% CI 0. 03 to 0. 18; 14,976 participants, 4 trials), by 87% in the second year of life (RR 0. 13, 95% CI 0. 08 to 0. 20; 14,808 participants, 4 trials), and by 90% after two years (RR 0. 10, 95% CI 0. 07 to 0. 14; 18,145 participants, 6 trials). After three years, the pooled estimate from two studies showed an effect in favour of Rotarix compared to placebo, but the 95% CIs were very wide (RR 0. 10, 95% CI 0. 01 to 1. 52; 12,109 participants, RIX Phua 2009‐AS and RIX Vesikari 2007a‐EU; data not shown). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at three years follow‐up (I2 = 69%, data not shown). Medium‐mortality countries Rotarix reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 79% during the first year of follow‐up (RR 0. 21, 95% CI 0. 16 to 0. 29; 31,671 participants, 4 trials), by 76% in the second year of life (RR 0. 24, 95% CI 0. 17 to 0. 35; 17,733 participants, 3 trials), and by 78% after two years (RR 0. 23, 95% CI 0. 17 to 0. 29; 23,834 participants, 3 trials).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: The NCC has long engaged in permafrost observations for the construction and safe operation of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway. Research on how global warming impacts the melting of permafrost along the railway has been conducted, and projections have been proposed. To address this issue, railway authorities have taken various measures when designing the project, which have ensured its safe operation for more than a decade (Wu and Niu 2013). 4. SummaryThe primary means of evaluating the benefits of CFCS is user feedback and satisfaction. The conference for climate service users is held by the NCC every year to solicit such feedback, and the feedback has been that 88% of users felt satisfied from 2017 to 2019. The climate services are also assessed by the social and economic benefits that they have brought to users. This is a far more difficult metric of success to define and measure, but studies in 2011 suggested that the annual economic benefit of weather and climate services for multiple sectors in China was estimated to be around 279. 3 billion Chinese yuan, contributing about 1% to Chinese GDP (Yao et al. 2011; T. Zhang et al. 2011). Another indicator is the contribution to scientific progress, namely, how the interactions and services have facilitated a deeper understanding of climate mechanisms and the advancement of climate science and applied technologies. During the past five years, 816 papers have been published in journals of varying tiers to the benefit of the scientific community in terms of (CNKI). The development and implementation of climate services under the CFCS in China has provided extensive experience and lessons that have worldwide relevance. In particular, we highlight the following key aspects of climate services. a. The transition of climate research to operational climate servicesThe pull-through of climate research to operational climate services is fundamental for the CFCS. It enables research developments to be influenced, and perhaps even coproduced, between users and researchers. It is a positive way to improve climate service ability and usefulness. For example, research within China’s for (CSSP) project has enabled understanding of the impacts of current and future climate variabilities and extremes on crops (Kent et al. 2017, 2019). The progress in research on this topic is providing key evidence to support long-term agricultural planning and cropping structure adjustment in China (Belcher et al. 2018).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 0 %, HPLC), glucose (≥99. 0 %, HPLC), arabinose (≥98. 0 %, HPLC), galactose (≥99. 0 %, HPLC), formic acid (50 %, HPLC), acetic acid (≥99. 9 %, HPLC), glucuronic acid (≥99. 0 %, HPLC), furfural (≥99. 0 %, HPLC) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (≥99. 0 %, HPLC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Xylobiose (≥95. 0, HPLC) and xylotriose (≥95. 0 %, HPLC) were purchased from WAKO (Japan). Xylotetraose (≥95. 0 %, HPLC), xylopentaose (≥90. 0 %, HPLC) and xylohexaose (≥90. 0 %, HPLC) were obtained from Megazyme (Ireland). All reagents were used without further purification. Corncob was obtained from a farm in (China). Prior to the experiments, it was ground to pass through 40 and 80 mesh screens and then extracted with the volume ratio of acetone to ethanol (2:1) for 6 h in a soxhlet extractor. The extracted solid was washed with water and oven-dried to constant weight at 55 °C. Thereafter, corncob was milled for 6 h (400 rpm min−1) by a ball-milling machine and then stored in desiccators. Biomass composition of the corncob after extraction was determined according to the established procedure (NREL/TP-510-42618) with a resulting composition 37. 09 wt% of glucose, 31. 39 wt% of xylose, 2. 28 wt% of arabinose and 14. 47 wt% of lignin. Microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatmentA closed-vessel microwave oven (100 mL, GAS-800, Beijing Xiang- Reagent Co. Ltd. , China) equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a temperature probe and an autoclave was used for the HTP experiments in this study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: High‐mortality countries Rotarix reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 58% during the first year of follow‐up (RR 0. 42, 95% CI 0. 28 to 0. 61; 9951 participants, 5 comparisons from 4 trials), made little or no difference in the second year of life (RR 0. 82, 95% CI 0. 52 to 1. 29; 6049 participants, 3 comparisons from 2 trials), and reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 35% after two years (RR 0. 65, 95% CI 0. 51 to 0. 83; 7113 participants, 3 comparisons from 2 trials). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 = 52%, Analysis 1. 1). 1. 1. 2. All‐cause diarrhoea: severe Severe all‐cause diarrhoea was reported as cases in seven trials (RIX Colgate 2016‐BGD; RIX Li 2014‐CHN; RIX Madhi 2010‐AF; RIX Phua 2005‐SGP; RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; RIX Tregnaghi 2011‐LA; RIX Vesikari 2007a‐EU) and as episodes in two trials (RIX Phua 2009‐AS; RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU). We have reported these data separately. Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RIX Phua 2005‐SGP; RIX Phua 2009‐AS; RIX Vesikari 2007a‐EU), medium‐mortality countries (RIX Li 2014‐CHN; RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; RIX Tregnaghi 2011‐LA), and in high‐mortality countries (RIX Colgate 2016‐BGD; RIX Madhi 2010‐MWI; RIX Madhi 2010‐ZAF). Low‐mortality countries Rotarix reduced the number of severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea by 52% at one year (RR 0. 48, 95% CI 0. 37 to 0. 61; 3874 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 4), and by 51% at two years (RR 0. 49, 95% CI 0. 40 to 0. 60; 6269 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 1. 5).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: CSSP China has also been engaging users and scientists through developing prototype climate services that pull-through climate research for potential use in operational climate services at a later date (Hewitt and Golding 2018). The development of climate services highlights the need for skill in climate predictions on multiple scales and in the seamless provision of climate predictions over the course of a month, a season, and a year to cover climate elements, important weather processes, extreme weather and climate events, meteorological disasters, and climatic phenomena. Significant efforts to develop climate prediction models and statistical prediction methods within the operational services and research community in China mean that the accuracy of climate predictions at subseasonal to seasonal time scales in 2011–15 is 5% higher on average than that in 2001–10 (Zheng et al. 2019), which provides strong support for decision-making on disaster prevention and reduction. Continued pull-through of scientific advances and the reflection of user needs back to the science community is greatly needed to ensure the continued quality and relevance of climate services. b. Delivering relevant, tailored, and usable climate informationRelevant, tailored, and usable climate information can support society in developing better management of risks and opportunities related to climate. CMA has established a risk-based early warning system from which the benefits are being demonstrated through practical experiences worldwide (Jiao et al. 2015). After years of development, the NCC has also established a climate impact assessment service including comprehensive climate risk assessment indicators; quantitative assessment of the scope, intensity, duration, and losses in meteorological disasters; and assessment of the impacts of climate variability and climate change in forestry, water resources, health, transportation, environment, and energy. These services are tailored to decision-making needs to allow companies to form research reports and investment proposals based on the above information and for the effective management of disasters for society. The NCC also applied visualization techniques such as CLAP to help users interpret and utilize climate information as effectively and efficiently as possible. Continued efforts to develop more focused and tailored climate services, along with increased levels of evaluation, are needed to ensure that climate services remain relevant and usable by decision-makers. c. Effective engagement between users and providers of climate servicesThe climate service user interface platform is the means to ensure that climate services are developed and delivered successfully. Effective climate services must bridge the gap between climate service providers and information users with appropriate engagement between the providers and users (Golding et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In all cases, corncob was first suspended in DI water with a solid to liquor ratio of 1:10 (g mL−1) and ultrasound for 30 min. A microwave irradiation power of 600 W was applied to heat the suspension to 120 °C in 3 min and then kept for 2 min. Then, the temperature was raised with a heating rate of 20 °C in every 2 min and a retention time of 2 min in every 20 °C interval. It is important to note that this heating way can provide a buffer stage to avoid the over-heating under 600 W irradiation power and alleviate the side reactions such as the dehydration and rehydration of monosaccharide. Reaction time counted from zero when the temperature reached to the desired point. After the reaction, the autoclave was natural cooling to room temperature. Thereafter, the pretreated corncob substrate and the hydrolysate were separated by filtration for further analysis and experiments. Precipitation of ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses from hydrolysatesAfter the microwave-assisted HTP process, the hydrolysate was added into four times volume ethanol to precipitate the ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses. The sediment was washed with acid ethanol (pH = 5. 5–6. 0) for several times and then freeze-dried. Conversion of hydrolysates over tin-loaded montmorillonite in the biphasic systemDetails on the synthetic procedures and characterizations of Sn-MMT had been published in our previous study [20]. Experiments for the conversion of hydrolysates to furfural were carried out in an autoclave (25 mL, Co. Ltd. , China) using Sn-MMT as the catalyst in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system. In brief, the hydrolysate was saturated with the solid NaCl and the upper clean liquid was obtained as the reagent. Sn-MMT and organic solvents (DMSO and SBP) were added in a desired ratio, respectively. The autoclave was heated up to the desired temperature with a heating rate of 2 °C min−1 and kept for a required time. Initial reaction time (t = 0) was taken when the temperature set point was reached.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotarix reduced the rate of severe episodes of all‐cause diarrhoea by 30% at two years (rate ratio 0. 70, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 86; 39,091 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 7). One trial reported on severe all‐cause diarrhoea after three years follow‐up (RIX Phua 2009‐AS); Rotarix reduced the number of severe cases by 27% (RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 61 to 0. 88; 10,519 participants; data not shown). Medium‐mortality countries Rotarix reduced the number of severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea by 36% at one year (RR 0. 64, 95% CI 0. 52 to 0. 79; 26,479 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 1. 4), and by 26% at two years (RR 0. 74, 95% CI 0. 50 to 1. 09; 23,317 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 1. 5). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at both one year (I2 = 46%) and two years follow‐up (I2 = 92%). Rotarix reduced the rate of severe episodes of all‐cause diarrhoea by 40% at one year (rate ratio 0. 60, 95% CI 0. 50 to 0. 72; 17,867 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 6), and by 39% at two years (rate ratio 0. 61, 95% CI 0. 53 to 0. 70; 39,091 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 7). High‐mortality countries Rotarix reduced the number of severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea by 27% at one‐year follow‐up (RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 95; 5639 participants, 3 comparisons from 2 trials; Analysis 1. 4), and by 17% at two years follow‐up (RR 0. 83, 95% CI 0. 72 to 0. 96; 2764 participants, 2 comparisons from 1 trial; Analysis 1. 5). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 = 75%). 1. 1. 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: 2017a,b; Hewitt et al. 2017). The interface can provide users with timely climate information and help them to use this information for robust decision-making and by collecting feedback, requirements, and recommendations, climate services targeting can be improved. The interface covers different user groups and encourages interaction among users, user representatives, service providers, and researchers. Users and expert teams of suppliers are gathered together through regional climate outlook forums (Daly and Dessai 2018), departmental collaborations, expert research groups, and networking. Furthermore, the coproduction of climate information and knowledge with users can increase its usability and better meet user needs (Wall et al. 2017; Briley et al. 2015; Bisbal 2018). Recent user engagement activities in China demonstrate that the coproduction of the knowledge model is very useful to build trust between scientific and user communities (Kruk et al. 2017). d. Building a professional interdisciplinary teamBuilding interdisciplinary teams of climate scientists, social scientists, researchers, forecasters, and communication specialists can bridge and narrow the gaps between providers and users in all stages of climate services development (Christel et al. 2018). The NCC has organized such a team of 15 professionals in its Branch (CAB), including experts in climate science; specialists in impact, adaptation, and vulnerability; social managers; and communication specialists. The CAB identifies user requirements, gathers feedback, communicates with a range of stakeholders, and bridges any gaps in the climate service development and delivery chain, all to support decision-makers. The CAB focuses on stakeholders in water resources, agriculture, energy, urbanization, and major engineering projects and has significantly increased the number of climate services and users in the NCC. The CAB has enhanced the climate awareness of users and the reputation of the NCC as well as stimulated the progress of NCC operations and research driven by societal needs (Zheng et al. 2019). 5. Concluding remarksDespite the successes evident in the examples presented here, there are also challenges and some failures that afford useful lessons to be learned from climate service practices. The first is the skill of climate predictions, the level of detail available in the predictions and inherent uncertainty in the predictions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After the reaction, the reactor was cooled quickly to room temperature in ice water bath, and the products were separated into water phase and organic phase with the separating funnel for further analysis. Analytical methodsThe composition of hydrolysates was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a refractive index detector (Waters, USA) and a Bio-rad Aminex® HPX-87H (300 × 7. 8 mm) column (Bio-rad, USA). H2SO4 (5 mM) was employed as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0. 5 mL min−1 at 50 °C. Calibration curves were performed with a standard solution of glucose, xylose, arabinose, formic acid, acetic acid, furfural and HMF, respectively. Xylooligosaccharides in hydrolysates were detected by HPLC using a Hi-column (7. 7 × 300 mm, Agilent, USA) in combination with a refractive index detector (Waters, USA). DI water was employed as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0. 2 mL min−1 at 80 °C. Calibration curves of xylobiose (X2), xylotriose (X3), xylotetraose (X4), xylopentaose (X5) and xylohexose (X6) were established for the quantitative calculation. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography (-3000, ) coupled with a Carbopac™ PA-20 column (4 × 250 mm, Dionex, USA) was used to determine the monosaccharides and uronic acids that liberated from the precipitated hemicelluloses by the hydrolysis with H2SO4 (1 M) at 105 °C for 2. 5 h. Detailed procedure was illustrated in the Ref. [36]. Calibration curves were performed with a standard solution of glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose and glucuronic acid, respectively. The molecular weights of the precipitated ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with an Agilent PL aquagel--H column (300 × 7. 5 mm) and an evaporative light-scattering detector (Wyatt, USA).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries Safety trials (up to two months follow‐up): Rotarix was not superior to placebo in the prevention of rotavirus diarrhoea in the trials assessing outcomes up to two months after vaccination (RR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 23 to 3. 32; 2061 participants, 4 trials). These trials, although reporting cases of rotavirus diarrhoea, were not designed to measure efficacy. Efficacy trials (one to three years follow‐up): Rotarix reduced rotavirus diarrhoea by 85% at up to one year (RR 0. 15, 95% CI 0. 10 to 0. 24; 4457 participants, 3 trials) and 78% at up to two years of follow‐up (RR 0. 22, 95% CI 0. 18 to 0. 27; 6878 participants, 4 trials). At the third year of follow‐up, there were very few reported cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity. Based on a single trial (RIX Vesikari 2007a‐EU, 1590 participants), there was no difference between Rotarix and placebo groups (data not shown). Medium‐mortality countries Safety trials (up to two months follow‐up): Rotarix was not superior to placebo in the prevention of rotavirus diarrhoea in the trials assessing outcomes up to two months after vaccination (RR 1. 21, 95% CI 0. 07 to 22. 23; 444 participants, 1 trial). This trial, although reporting cases of rotavirus diarrhoea, was not designed to measure efficacy. Efficacy trials (one to two years follow‐up): Rotarix reduced rotavirus diarrhoea by 66% at up to one year (RR 0. 34, 95% CI 0. 26 to 0. 44; 5192 participants, 2 trials) and 54% at up to two years of follow‐up (RR 0. 46, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 59; 3665 participants, 2 trials). High‐mortality countries Safety trials (up to two months follow‐up): Three trials found no difference in the Rotarix group compared to placebo when outcomes were assessed up to two months after vaccination (RR 1. 21, 95% CI 0. 65 to 2. 22; 1789 participants, 7 trials).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: As an example, in 2019, the precipitation across the middle and lower reaches of the was predicted to have a fairly high probability of being higher than average and hence a prediction was made for flooding, but it turned out that the rainy season in that region ended early without as much rain as was predicted. Taking the as an example, no heavy rains occurred after 22 June. However, since it had drained its reservoirs on the basis of the climate prediction, the water storage was inadequate for agricultural irrigation during the autumn drought. The second challenge or failure has been insufficient use of climate information in decision-making. The challenge arises both in terms of climate service providers not making their information accessible, useful, and valuable enough for the decision-makers or the decision-makers not being aware of the value or relevance of climate information in their decision-making. Climate is often a relatively minor part of the decision-making process, but in some cases the climate may be more relevant than the decision-makers realizes. For instance, Kunming’s new airport is located east of Kunming within the range of the Yunnan–Guizhou quasi-stationary front, which will result in frequent foggy, rainy, and cloudy days during spring and winter. put forward this issue when the location selection was in process, but the civil aviation authority eventually chose to put the airport in Changshui, a city east of Kunming, after taking various factors into consideration. As a result, this new airport is constantly subjected to heavy fog (Zhang 2019). Therefore, climate service capability and delivery in China suffer from several shortcomings and challenges, of which three key shortcomings are identified here in more detail. First, climate service capability cannot meet the current needs of decision-makers, and this gap is growing. Part of this is because climate services are not always able to use the latest advances in climate science or have insufficient spatial and temporal resolutions, reliability, and accuracy of information for meeting user requirements. Currently, the uncertainties in extended-range outlooks are substantial and sometimes fail to support users in promptly taking measures to prepare for meteorological hazards (Song et al. 2013). The availability of climate change information in risk assessment and risk management required by end users or the communication of climate change information between providers and users is still a problem.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Sodium phosphate buffer (5 mM, pH 7. 5) containing NaCl (0. 02 N) was employed as the eluent with a flow rate of 0. 5 mL min−1 at 35 °C. The composition of the solid residue was measured according to the Energy Laboratory’s Procedures (NREL/TP-510-42618). Briefly, sample (300 mg) was hydrolyzed with 72 % H2SO4 (3. 0 mL) at 30 °C for 1 h. The hydrolysate was diluted with DI water (84 mL), followed by autoclaving for 1 h at 121 °C. Carbohydrates were analyzed by HPLC as described above and the acid-soluble lignin was measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV-1800, Shimadzu, Japan). Experiments were duplicated to decrease the errors. The FT-IR spectra of the pretreated corncob and the precipitated ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses were obtained on a spectrophotometer (Tensor 27) using a KBr disk containing 1 % of the finely ground sample. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the surface morphology characterization of the samples (S-4300, Hitachi, Japan). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of samples were recorded on a Bruker diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. The tube voltage was 40 kV and the current was 40 mA. The selected 2θ range was 5°–40°, scanning at a step of 0. 02°. The monosugars, organic acids and furfural contents of the liquid products after the heterogeneously catalyzed conversion were detected by HPLC as described above.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Efficacy trials (one to two years follow‐up): Rotarix reduced rotavirus diarrhoea by 49% during the first year of follow‐up (RR 0. 51, 95% CI 0. 39 to 0. 68; 9951 participants, 5 comparisons from 4 trials), and by 45% at up to two years follow‐up (RR 0. 55, 95% CI 0. 32 to 0. 93; 5600 participants, 2 trials). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 = 70%, Analysis 1. 14) and at up to two years follow‐up (I2 = 77%, Analysis 1. 16). 1. 2. 4. All‐cause diarrhoea: of any severity This outcome was reported as cases in five trials from low‐mortality countries (RIX Kim 2012‐KOR; RIX Omenaca 2012‐EU; RIX Phua 2005‐SGP; RIX Vesikari 2004b‐FIN; RIX Vesikari 2011‐FIN), in four trials from medium‐mortality countries (RIX Kerdpanich 2010‐THA; RIX Li 2014‐CHN; RIX Rivera 2011‐DOM; RIX Salinas 2005‐LA), and in four trials from high‐mortality countries (RIX Anh 2011‐PHL; RIX Anh 2011‐VNM; RIX Colgate 2016‐BGD; RIX Steele 2010a‐ZAF). All‐cause diarrhoea of any severity was reported as episodes in one trial from low‐mortality countries (RIX Vesikari 2004b‐FIN) and in two trials from medium‐mortality countries (RIX Rivera 2011‐DOM; RIX Salinas 2005‐LA). We have reported on cases and episodes separately. Low‐mortality countries Safety trials (up to two months follow‐up): Rotarix was not better than placebo in reducing the number of cases of all‐cause diarrhoea at two months follow‐up (RR 0. 80, 95% CI 0. 59 to 1. 08; 1906 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 1. 17). Efficacy trials (two years follow‐up): Rotarix was not better than placebo in reducing the number of cases of all‐cause diarrhoea at two years follow‐up (RR 0. 81, 95% CI 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: For example, there is a large gap between climate prediction and climate change projection capability and demand at the level of prediction accuracy, climate change uncertainty, and impact-based climate prediction and projection, particularly for extreme events. Providers of climate services should aim to improve their communication skills, improve the quality of their services and their delivery chain, enhance awareness among user communities of the existence and usefulness of their climate services, and use new and innovative technologies and methods to generate information that is based on an understanding of user requirements. Second, many decision-makers in climate-sensitive sectors have an insufficient awareness of their vulnerability to future climate change (Brasseur and Gallardo 2016). Limited or no understanding of climate change by decision-makers reflects the crucial need to improve climate change communication between climate service providers and users (Moser 2016). Decision-makers would benefit from having a better understanding of climate-related hazards and impacts as well as climate change risks. Robust, high-resolution regional climate change scenarios are needed along with quantification of the impacts and risks (Sutton 2019). A more comprehensive assessment of the risk of meteorological disasters associated with climate variability and climate change needs to be undertaken, along with an analysis of the vulnerability of the hazard-affected system and interactions among meteorological-related disasters and socioeconomic systems. Third, interactions between users and providers should be more proactive to improve the understanding of decision points and what climate services may be useful and usable (Lemos et al. 2012). The ability for providers to offer usable climate information and for users to make good use of climate information needs to be improved, and training in the use of climate information for decision-making should be strengthened. A key part of this task is the improved evaluation of climate services and closer interaction between providers and users to coproduce products and improve services (Golding et al. 2017b; Wall et al. 2017). The development and delivery of climate services in China, if not worldwide, requires significant interaction among providers, researchers, and users of climate services. These interactions must involve decision-makers, policy makers, local users, climate scientists, and sectoral experts. The development, delivery, and uptake of high-quality, relevant, usable, and effective climate services will facilitate climate-smart decisions that will reduce climate risks and improve Chinese societal resilience.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: One renewable and abundant energy resource that can possibly displace a significant portion of petroleum usage is ethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass derived from forest and agricultural by-products [1–3]. Forestry biomass such as spruce, birch and biomass from agricultural by-products such as wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse are some of the potential candidates for lignocellulosic ethanol production [4]. Softwoods, predominantly spruce represent one of the major forest reserves in the Nordic countries. It has high carbohydrate content and using such carbohydrate-rich side streams for ethanol production would contribute to the diversification and intensification of the forest industry [5]. The polysaccharides present in lignocellulosic materials are embedded in a recalcitrant and inaccessible structure that needs to be broken up to convert them to fermentable sugars. One of the commonly used pretreatment methods to disrupt the structure of lignocellulosic materials is steam explosion, with the addition of H2SO4 or SO2, which removes most of hemicellulose, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to convert cellulose to glucose [6]. During pretreatment the release of sugar monomers is often accompanied by liberation of compounds that inhibits growth and metabolism of fermenting microorganism. Some of the inhibitory compounds are present in the wood and others are formed from degradation of sugar and lignin molecules during pretreatment [7]. These inhibitory products are broadly classified into three categories: furans, weak acids and phenolics as reviewed by Palmqvist and Hahn-Hägerdal [8]. Extensive research have been performed to study the inhibition effects on fermenting microorganisms, an elaborate review on formation of inhibitors, their mechanistic action and effect on S. cerevisiae has been presented by Almeida et al. [9]. Furans such as 2-furaldehyde (furfural) and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) inhibit the oxidative metabolism and fermentation of yeasts [10]. Presence of weak acids such as acetic, formic and levulinic acid have shown to result in significantly decreased ethanol yield and productivity in S. cerevisiae fermentations [11, 12].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: All‐cause hospitalizations Two trials (RIX Phua 2005‐SGP; RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU) provided data for the efficacy of Rotarix to prevent all‐cause hospitalizations. Low‐mortality countries Rotarix reduced the number of all‐cause hospitalizations by 64% at up to two years of follow‐up (RR 0. 36, 95% CI 0. 15 to 0. 86; 2421 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 22). Medium‐mortality countries Rotarix slightly reduced the number of all‐cause hospitalizations at up to two years of follow‐up (RR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 81 to 0. 96; 63,225 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 22). 1. 2. 6. Rotavirus diarrhoea: requiring hospitalization or medical attention Rotavirus‐related hospitalizations were reduced by 82% after one year (RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 09 to 0. 33; 48,718 participants, 8 trials), 85% at two years (RR 0. 15, 95% CI 0. 11 to 0. 22; 35,331 participants, 7 trials), and 95% at three years (RR 0. 05, 95% CI 0. 02 to 0. 16; 10,519 participants, 1 trial (RIX Phua 2009‐AS, data not shown); pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one year of follow‐up (I2 = 55%); see Analysis 1. 23. Rotarix reduced rotavirus‐related medical visits by 92% at one year (RR 0. 08, 95% CI 0. 04 to 0. 16; 3874 participants, 1 trial) and 78% at two years (RR 0. 22, 95% CI 0. 16 to 0. 31; 7017 participants, 3 trials); see Analysis 1. 24. 1. 2. 7. All‐cause diarrhoea: requiring hospitalization Rotarix reduced cases of hospitalization for all‐cause diarrhoea at one‐year follow‐up by 46% (RR 0. 54, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 83; 20,703 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 1. 25). At two years follow‐up, Rotarix reduced cases by 48% (RR 0. 52, 95% CI 0. 27 to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Real-time risk monitoring, improved accuracy of predictions, effective risk-based early warning, improved access and uptake of climate services, and greater innovations will make climate services more valuable and usable. There is a need to develop and strengthen the capacity of end users to more effectively access and apply climate services. In turn, climate service developers need to be agile and innovative in responding to changing and emerging social needs, integrating climate information and climate resilience into all walks of life so that everyone can benefit from climate services for economic and social gain. Part of this agility and innovation can be provided by the next generation of information and communication technologies, as we see in the evolutions of mobile phones, internet, and digital broadcast media. Consultancy services and personalized services will enable users greater and improved access to climate services. As an example, automatically adapted climate service products could be developed, leading to greater efficiency, reduced costs, and faster development cycles, all of which can ensure that climate services can improve decision-making for social and economic benefits, drawing on and further developing scientific knowledge and capability in China and worldwide. In conclusion, in this paper, we have described the successful design and implementation of the CFCS and have introduced a range of examples of the services provided, as well as their societal benefits. The combined experiences of providing such a range of climate services allow us to reflect on the associated challenges, which include a growing gap between climate science and services capability and the societal need for such services, a lack of awareness in user communities of the value of climate services to their activities, and the important need for closer and more meaningful interactions between users and providers of climate services. We highlight that some areas needed for improvement have relevance beyond the Chinese context: the need for a more sustained pull-through of science development to climate services to make use of the latest advances, the need to tailor climate services to specific user needs, ways in which we can improve effective engagement between users and providers of climate services, and the need to develop strong interdisciplinary teams for the development and provision of climate services. We also consider the potential benefits that climate services may bring to a future, climate-resilient society, supported by the areas of improvement highlighted and further enhanced by an increased level of agility and innovation in this field, all of which contributes to the potential ability of climate services to improve resilience to climate-related risks in China and worldwide. 10. 1016/j. cosust. 2012. 01. 003.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Phenolics include a wide variety of aromatic alcohols, aldehydes and acids, some of them notably include catechol, coniferyl alcohol, coniferyl aldehyde, vanillin, syringaldehyde, hydroquinone, cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid and these compounds have been shown to limit the growth of S. cerevisiae and ethanol formation [13], however, the mode of action of these weak acids and phenolics on microbial physiology still remains unclear due to their molecular heterogeneity and lack of qualitative and quantitative analyses of high accuracy. Several detoxification methods such as alkali treatment, sulfite treatment, evaporation, anion exchange and treatment with laccase have been used to remove or decrease the level of inhibitory compounds in lignocellulosic hydrolysate leading to improved fermentability, however, these methods also resulted in loss of fermentable sugars [14]. Furthermore, it has been shown that detoxification cost constitutes as much as 22% of total ethanol production cost which economically limits their use [15]. One of the possible alternatives to circumvent inhibitor problems is to improve the fermenting microorganism by long term adaptation to inhibitors present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. In laboratory conditions, evolutionary engineering is usually a phenomenon of long term adaptation of cells under selective pressure, where variants of cell population with a selective advantage exponentially take over the initially dominating cells [16]. The advantage of using evolutionary engineering is that a detailed understanding of the action of inhibitors and their complex nature of interaction with biochemical networks is not needed [9]. Some notable approaches include evolution of a fermenting microorganism to a whole hydrolysate containing high content of inhibitors [17] or to a defined media supplemented with one or more synthetic inhibitors [18]. The advantage of using synthetic inhibitors is better regulation of individual inhibitor concentrations and the ability to study their effect on cell growth, ethanol yield and productivity. It is evident from earlier studies that the combination of different inhibitors has more pronounced effect on cells due to their synergistic behavior [19]. However, evolution to a cocktail of inhibitors from three different categories has to the best of our knowledge not been investigated before and will be one of the focus of our work describe here. S. cerevisiae is a well characterized microorganism that has traditionally been used for ethanol production from hexoses providing high yields and productivities, in addition to high ethanol tolerance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 99; 14,367 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 1. 25). RIX Phua 2009‐AS reported that for hospitalizations due to all‐cause diarrhoea at three years of follow‐up, Rotarix reduced hospitalizations by 28% (RR 0. 72, 95% CI 0. 59 to 0. 86; 10,519 participants, data not shown). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year (I2 = 68%) and at two years follow‐up (I2 = 77%). RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU presented data on the number of episodes (Analysis 1. 26); Rotarix reduced hospitalization all‐cause diarrhoea episodes by 42% at one year (rate ratio 0. 58, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 71; 17,867 participants, 1 trial) and 47% at two years (rate ratio 0. 53, 95% CI 0. 46 to 0. 61; 14,286 participants, 1 trial). 1. 2. 8. occurrence of fever (Analysis 1. 27), diarrhoea (Analysis 1. 28), and vomiting (Analysis 1. 29) were evaluated at several time points: after the first dose, after the second dose, after the third dose, and at the end of the follow‐up period. Most trials contributed data to these outcomes. There were similar results for Rotarix and placebo for each outcome and time point. 1. 2. 9. Adverse events that require discontinuation of vaccination schedule There was little or no difference detected between Rotarix and placebo in the number of adverse events leading to discontinuation of the vaccination schedule (RR 1. 01, 95% CI 0. 82 to 1. 25; 94,980 participants, 26 trials; Analysis 1. 30). 1. 3. Dropouts before the end of trial Twenty‐eight trials reported on the number of participants who dropped out of the trial before it ended. Overall, there were slightly fewer dropouts from the Rotarix compared with the placebo or no‐intervention groups (RR 0. 94, 95% CI 0. 90 to 0. 99; 93,106 participants, 28 trials; Analysis 1. 31). 1. 4. Subgroup analyses 1. 4. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: CrossrefAsrar, G. R. , V. Ryabinin, and V. Detemmerman, 2012: Climate science and services: Providing climate information for adaptation, sustainable development and risk management. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustainability, 4, 88–100, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-018-8002-0. CrossrefBelcher, S. , E. Stott, L. Song, Q. Chao, R. Lu, and T. Zhou, 2018: Preface to special issue on for China. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 897–898, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-018-7210-y. CrossrefBett, P. E. , and Coauthors, 2018: Seasonal forecasts of the summer 2016 basin rainfall. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 918–926, falseSearch 10. 1093/scipol/scy070. CrossrefBisbal, G. A. , 2018: Practical tips to establish an actionable science portfolio for climate adaptation. Sci. Public Policy, 46, 148–153, falseSearch 10. 1002/2015EF000338. CrossrefBrasseur, G. P. , and L. Gallardo, 2016: Climate services: Lessons learned and future prospects. Earth’s Future, 4, 79–89, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. crm. 2015. 04. 004. CrossrefBriley, L. , D. Brown, and S. E. Kalafatis, 2015: Overcoming barriers during the co-production of climate information for decision-making. Manage. , 9, 41–49, falseSearch 10. 1175/JCLI-D-16-0892. 1. CrossrefBurke, C. , and P. A. Stott, 2017: Impact of anthropogenic climate change on the summer monsoon. J. Climate, 30, 5205–5220, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. landusepol. 2018. 03. 005. CrossrefChan, F. K. S. , J. A. Griffiths, D. Higgitt, S. Xu, F. Zhu, Y.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, it has an innate ability to metabolize HMF and furfural to the less inhibitory compounds 5-hydroxymethyl furfuryl alcohol and furfuryl alcohol, respectively [10, 20, 21]. However, on the downside, S. cerevisiae cannot utilize xylose, an abundant pentose sugar in lignocellulosic hydrolysates [22]. Several metabolic engineering strategies have been performed for the development of recombinant S. cerevisiae strains to utilize and ferment xylose [23–25]. Previous investigations have demonstrated that a combination of metabolic engineering and mutagenesis was successful in developing superior recombinant xylose utilizing S. cerevisiae[26]. In the present study, we used a xylose utilizing recombinant S. cerevisiae[26] as the initial strain to enhance inhibitor tolerance in two modes of evolutionary engineering, one in repetitive batch cultures of defined medium containing a cocktail of inhibitors that are constituent of spruce hydrolysate and another in chemostat cultures using spruce hydrolysate. The aims of the present work were to compare the fermentative performance of evolved strains with that of parental strain using spruce hydrolysate and to compare the outcome of two modes of evolutionary engineering. ResultsEvolutionary engineering in repetitive batch cultures with inhibitor cocktailA cocktail of 12 different inhibitors spanning three different inhibitor categories: furans, weak acids and phenolics (Table 1) were used to evolve S. cerevisiae TMB3400 in repetitive batch cultures aiming at enhancing its inhibitor tolerance. Initially, the innate level of inhibitor tolerance of the strain TMB3400 was tested by cultivating in minimal medium containing various concentrations of inhibitor cocktail. The growth was followed by measuring the optical density at different time intervals. In presence of 100% inhibitor cocktail the μmax was estimated to 0. 03 h-1, however, in presence of 20% inhibitor cocktail the strain was able to grow at a μmax of 0. 18 h-1 which was 55% lower compared to μmax of 0. 40 h-1 in absence of inhibitors (Figure 1). Considering the scope for improvement, the evolution was initiated in presence of 20% inhibitor cocktail and gradually the concentration was increased in steps of 20%. The progressive development during the evolutionary engineering was followed as a function of increased μmax and reduced lag phase time.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavirus serotype (G‐ or P‐type) Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity Seven trials reported on rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity by different G types. There were fewer cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in the group receiving Rotarix when compared to placebo, regardless of G type (G1, G2, G3, G4, G9, G12); however, the pooled data for G1 (I2 = 81%) and G9 (I2 = 25%) types showed statistical heterogeneity, see Analysis 1. 32. Three trials reported on rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity by different P types. There were fewer cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in the group receiving Rotarix when compared to placebo for P8. The results were inconclusive for P4 and P6 due to very few events leading to a very wide 95% CI. The pooled data for P8 type showed statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 67%), see Analysis 1. 32. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe There were fewer severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotarix groups compared with placebo in cases attributed to the G1, G2, G3, G4, G9, G12, P4, P6, and P8 types; see Analysis 1. 33. Results were inconclusive for G8 types due to few reported cases leading to a very wide 95% CI. The pooled data for G1, G4, G8 and P8 types showed statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 65% (G1), 51% (G4), 63% (G8), 65% (P8)). 1. 4. 2. Malnourished children Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity One trial provided data separately as the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in a subgroup of malnourished children (RIX Salinas 2005‐LA). Rotarix was significantly better than placebo in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea for this subgroup at one year of follow‐up (RR 0. 39, 95% CI 0. 19 to 0. 79; 287 participants, 1 trial, Analysis 1. 34). 1. 4. 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Tang, Y. Xu, and C. R. Thorne, 2018: “Sponge City” in China—A breakthrough of planning and flood risk management in the urban context. Policy, 76, 772–778, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-18-0087. 1. CrossrefChen, Y. , and Coauthors, 2019: Anthropogenic warming has substantially increased the likelihood of July 2017–like heat waves over central eastern China. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 100, S91–S95, falseSearch 10. 3969/j. issn. 1002-2104. 2006. 06. 031. Cheng, J. , S. Li, and Q. Wu, 2006: Consideration on the water management in China. China Popul. Resour. Environ. , 16, 162–168, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. cliser. 2017. 06. 002. CrossrefChristel, I. , D. Hemment, D. Bojovic, F. Cucchietti, L. Calvo, M. Stefaner, and C. Buontempo, 2018: Introducing design in the development of effective climate services. Climate Serv. , 9, 111–121, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-18-0015. 1. CrossrefDaly, M. , and S. Dessai, 2018: Examining the goals of the regional climate outlook forums: What role for user engagement? Wea. Climate Soc. , 10, 693–708, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-016-5247-3. CrossrefDong, B. , R. T. Sutton, W. Chen, X. Liu, R. Lu, and Y. Sun, 2016: Abrupt summer warming and changes in temperature extremes over northeast Asia since the mid-1990s: Drivers and physical processes. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 33, 1005–1023, falseSearch 10. 1360/N972017-00916. CrossrefFang, J. , J. Zhu, and Y. Shi, 2018: The responses of ecosystems to global warming. Chinese Sci. Bull.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Composition of pretreated spruce hydrolysate and inhibitor cocktail solution Full size tableFigure 1Inhibitory effects of inhibitor cocktail on S. cerevisiae TMB3400. Growth curves of S. cerevisiae TMB3400 in the presence of different concentrations of inhibitor cocktail in minimal medium containing 20 g l-1 of glucose and xylose, respectively. No inhibitors (asterisks), 20% inhibitor cocktail (circles), 100% inhibitor cocktail (triangles). Full size image20% inhibitor cocktailUnder a selective pressure of 20% inhibitor cocktail five rounds of repetitive batch cultures were performed, in which cells were evolved for 48 generations. The μmax was found to be progressively increased during the course of evolution and at the end of the five rounds μmax was calculated to be 0. 33 h-1, which was a substantial increase by 89% compared to the initial μmax of 0. 18 h-1 (Figure 2a). There was hardly any lag phase observed during the evolution in presence of 20% inhibitor cocktail. Figure 2Evolutionary progress in repetitive batch culture. Progression of (a) maximum specific growth rate and (b) lag phase time profile during evolutionary engineering in repetitive batch cultures at different levels of inhibitor cocktail in minimal medium containing 20 g l-1 of glucose and xylose, respectively. 20% inhibitor cocktail (circles), 40% inhibitor cocktail (crosses), 60% inhibitor cocktail (diamonds), UV treated cells in 60% inhibitor cocktail (closed diamonds). Full size image40% inhibitor cocktailThe evolution was directed in presence of 40% inhibitor cocktail with the strain (RK20-5) evolved for five rounds in presence of 20% inhibitor cocktail. Thirteen rounds of repetitive batch cultures were performed for a total of 265 generations. There was no observed significant improvement in μmax that remained nearly constant at 0. 30 h-1 for every round of cultivation (Figure 2a). However, an interesting lag phase profile was observed. Initially, the lag phase time increased for every round and reached a peak in the seventh round of cultivation, later, gradually reduced to 24 h in the thirteenth round of cultivation, which was an improvement of 50% compared to the peak value of 48 h (Figure 2b). This was well justified from the analysis of extracellular samples collected during the evolution process.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe Seven trials provided data for the efficacy of RotaTeq to prevent severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children; see Analysis 2. 1 for up to one‐year follow‐up, Analysis 2. 2 for second year of life data, and Analysis 2. 3 for two years follow‐up. Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (TEQ Clark 2004‐USA; TEQ Vesikari 2006a‐FIN; TEQ Vesikari 2006b‐INT; TEQ Block 2007‐EU/USA; TEQ Iwata 2013‐JPN), one trial in a medium‐mortality country (TEQ Mo 2017‐CHN), and two trials were split between five high‐mortality countries (TEQ Zaman 2010‐VNM; TEQ Zaman 2010‐BGD; TEQ Armah 2010‐GHA; TEQ Armah 2010‐MLI; TEQ Armah 2010‐KEN). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries RotaTeq reduced the number of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 97% at one year (RR 0. 03, 95% CI 0. 01 to 0. 11; 7688 participants, 5 trials), by 91% in the second year of life (RR 0. 09, 95% CI 0. 02 to 0. 33; 2596 participants, 2 trials), and by 96% by two years (RR 0. 04, 95% CI 0. 01 to 0. 11; 5442 participants, 2 trials). Medium‐mortality countries RotaTeq reduced the number of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 79% at two years (RR 0. 21, 95% CI 0. 11 to 0. 41; 1937 participants, 1 trial). High‐mortality countries RotaTeq reduced the number of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 57% at one year (RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 29 to 0. 64; 6775 participants, 5 comparisons from 2 trials), by 26% in the second year of life (RR 0. 74, 95% CI 0. 55 to 0. 99; 6081 participants, 5 comparisons from 2 trials), and by 44% at two years (RR 0. 56, 95% CI 0. 41 to 0. 77; 6744 participants, 5 comparisons from 2 trials).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: , 63, 136–140, falseSearch 10. 1167/j. issn. 1001-8166. 2015. 04. 0445. Fang, X. , X. Wang, W. Du, L. Li, X. J. He, C. Cheng, and Y. Liu, 2015: The application of climate information in urban planning in China: Retrospect and future prospect. Jinzhan, 30, 445–455, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. cliser. 2017. 03. 004. CrossrefGolding, N. , C. P. Hewitt, P. Zhang, P. X. Bett, X. Fang, H. H. Hu, and S. Nobert, 2017a: Improving user engagement and uptake or climate services in China. Climate Serv. , 5, 39–45, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. cliser. 2017. 11. 002. CrossrefGolding, N. , C. Hewitt, and P. Q. Zhang, 2017b: Effective engagement for climate services: Methods in practice in China. Climate Serv. , 8, 72–76, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. crm. 2019. 01. 002. CrossrefGolding, N. , C. Hewitt, P. Q. Zhang, M. Liu, J. Zhang, and P. Bett, 2019: Co-development of a seasonal rainfall forecast service: Supporting flood risk management for the basin. Manage. , 23, 43–49, falseSearch 10. 1175/JAMC-D-19-0050. 1. CrossrefHan, Z. , Y. Shi, J. Wu, Y. Xu, and B. Zhou, 2019: Combined dynamical and statistical downscaling for high-resolution projections of multiple climate variables in the Beijing–Tianjin–of China. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , 58, 2387–2403, falseSearch 10. 1175/2009BAMS2607. 1. CrossrefHawkins, E. , and R. Sutton, 2009: The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Output: contrast