Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: 001, Fig. 4h). Fig. 4Histochemical analysis of the tibialis anterior muscle before and after eccentric contraction. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of transverse sections of the muscle in a sedentary animals (Sed), and from b–d rats that underwent eccentric contraction and received water (EC-Con) or e–g leucine-enriched essential amino acids (EC-AminoL40). Tissues were collected b, e 1 day, c, f 3 days, and d, g 7 days after eccentric contraction. Images are representative sections from 4–5 rats killed at a given time point, with magnification ×40. Scale bars 100 μm. h Muscle damage 1, 3, and 7 days after eccentric contraction, as assessed by point counting, and expressed as percentage of muscle fibers infiltrated with inflammatory cells (arrows) in each sampling grid. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 4–6). ##, p < 0. 001Full size image Gene expressionExpression of all genes tested did not change immediately after eccentric contraction (Fig. 5). However, IL-6 expression significantly increased 1 day after eccentric contraction in rats treated with distilled water (p < 0. 001 vs. sedentary rats). Subsequently, IL-6 levels returned to baseline within 3–7 days (Fig. 5a). Leucine-rich essential amino acids significantly suppressed IL-6 expression 1 day after eccentric contraction (p < 0. 001). Expression of IL-1β, myogenin, and MyoD increased within 3 days after eccentric contraction, but to levels comparable between rats treated with distilled water and those treated with leucine-enriched amino acids (Fig. 5b–d). Fig. 5Time course of gene expression in muscle tissue. The tibialis anterior muscle was obtained at various time points from sedentary rats (Sed), and from rats that underwent eccentric contraction and treated with distilled water (EC-Con) or leucine-enriched essential amino acids (EC-AminoL40). Samples were analyzed by real-time PCR to quantify mRNA transcripts of IL-6 (a), IL-1β (b), myogenin (c), and MyoD (d).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mental health disorders are caused solely by a lack of resilience. [SEP] Text: For instance, the costs of managing comorbid depression and asthma or diabetes were greater for patients of all ages, whilst depression and comorbid cancer were associated with significantly higher costs in people aged 40-59 years. Depression and comorbid obesity, heart failure or epilepsy were associated with significantly higher primary care costs in patients aged over 60 years. Increases in cost ranged from GBP 269 for people aged 40-59 years with depression and cancer to GBP 2,817 in people with comorbid depression and obesity aged 40-59 years. In younger adults, mean additional costs related to asthma and comorbid depression were GBP 1,257, while comorbid diabetes and depression increased costs by GBP 2,133 in people aged over 60 years. Other examples of additional costs from around the world can be identified. In Singapore, adults attending a specialist diabetes centre over a 1-year period who also had depression had a 30% chance of hospitalisation compared to 10% in the diabetes-alone group. They were four times more likely to be hospitalised for non-psychiatric conditions and three times more likely to be hospitalised for complications of diabetes [19]. In Hungary, a survey of more than 12,000 people looking at their use of health services over a 12-month period found that those with comorbid diabetes and depression had a 2. 6 times greater risk of a lengthy period of hospitalisation and had almost double the risk of multiple hospital admissions compared to people with diabetes alone [20]. Another study looked at the impacts of physical comorbidity on healthcare costs for 65,000 people receiving primary care in Spain in 2004. Individuals with a depressive disorder had a significantly greater number of comorbid conditions or risk factors, including obesity, dyslipidaemia and smoking per year compared to other primary care service users (7. 4 conditions vs. 4. 3). Overall the annual costs of care were EUR 1,084 and 684 per patient in the comorbid and control populations, respectively [21]. In the UK, the economic impacts of smoking in people with mental disorders have been estimated to cost primary and secondary care service providers GBP 720 million per annum in treating smoking-related disease. The study also estimated that about a third of all cigarettes smoked in England are smoked by people with a mental disorder. This could mean that there are 2. 6 million avoidable hospital admissions, 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 189. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions 4. J Phytopathol 156:236–2422. J Protect 115:199–207CAS 2. 117:403–4151. Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 432–43910. 107/s11104-008-9568-6 Rabea EI, El-(2003) Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and modes of action. Biomacromolecules 4:1457–14658. 1: Induction of Resistance to by Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM) and DL-3-(BABA) (Hassan and Buchenauer 2008)8. 1. 1 A. Application of Inducers of i. Prepare solutions of BABA at a concentration of 1. 0 mg/ml and ASM at a concentration of 0. 1 mg/ml; spray BABA at 4 days before inoculation (dbi) or ASM at 2 dbi separately or spray the inducers simultaneously and spray the control plants with sterile distilled water. ii. Inoculate the apple seedlings treated with inducers/control with a suspension of the pathogen (1 × 108 CFU/ml). iii. Spray the apple seedlings with BABA and ASM at different days, as determined to select the time interval for optimal expression of acquired resistance. 8. 1. 2 B. Evaluation of i. Inoculate the plants using sterilized scissors dipped in bacterial suspension for 20 s and cut the leaf tips (about 1. 5 cm from the tip of two young leaves beneath the two apical ones) of apple seedlings; place the inoculated seedlings in dew chamber at 100 % RH and 24 ± 2 °C for 24 h and transfer the plants to the greenhouse. ii.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Also, further studies using our model are also required to investigate acute changes in the inflammatory response due to administration of leucine-enriched amino acids, especially in light of a previous study, in which administration after endurance exercise transiently activated a pro-inflammatory network centered on IL-1β within 30 min, although inflammatory and myogenic activity decreased by 240 min (Rowlands et al. 2016). Alleviation of excessive inflammation is traditionally believed to enhance muscle repair (Urso and Sawka 2013). Thus, the apparent ability of leucine-enriched amino acids to mitigate muscle damage likely depends on its ability to attenuate excessive inflammation due to IL-6, which is expressed in inflammatory and skeletal muscle cells (Paulsen et al. 2012), and believed to amplify the inflammatory response by inducing monocyte differentiation into macrophages and to increase the oxidative burst (Kaplanski et al. 2003). We note that IL-6 may also be involved in degrading muscle proteins during pathologic muscle wasting (Strassmann et al. 1992; Tsujinaka et al. 1995). However, IL-6 is also essential for muscle regeneration (Zhang et al. 2013), because, it regulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation (Serrano et al. 2008). Thus, whether anti-inflammatory agents should be taken to enhance recovery from exercise remains an open question (Urso and Sawka 2013). Accordingly, we found that leucine-enriched essential amino acids also alleviated muscle dysfunction, which is correlated with the extent of muscle damage (McCully and Faulkner 1986; Mori et al. 2014). Notably, these amino acids restored full muscle function 14 days after eccentric contraction without an observable increase in muscle mass, in line with previous results demonstrating that leucine accelerated connective tissue repair and functional recovery after cryolesion muscle damage (Pereira et al. 2014b), and also reduced macrophage infiltration into muscle tissue (Pereira et al. 2014a). One possibility is that leucine-enriched amino acids help prevent inflammation-induced fibrosis (Abdelmagid et al. 2012), which may interfere with tissue repair and functional recovery (Stauber 2004). Nevertheless, further studies are warranted to investigate whether these amino acids should be used to minimize muscle fibrosis after exercise.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mental health disorders are caused solely by a lack of resilience. [SEP] Text: 1 million avoidable primary care consultations and 18. 8 million prescriptions that can be avoided each year [22]. In Germany, analysis at one teaching hospital over a 2-year period again reported that the average total costs of hospitalisation for people with cardiovascular disease alone compared to those with psychiatric comorbidity (largely depression and anxiety disorders) differed significantly (EUR 5,142 vs. 7,663). The average length of stay for patients with comorbidity was 13. 2 days compared to 8. 9 for patients with cardiovascular disease only [23]. Furthermore, this paper highlighted that the funding system in that hospital did not fully cover the costs of comorbidity, which means that patients might not receive appropriate levels of care. There is also some limited information looking at the association between healthcare costs and comorbid asthma and mental disorders. One systematic review found 20 studies, largely focused on depression or anxiety disorders and asthma. It reported increased rates of hospitalisation, emergency department visits and visits to primary care practitioners in people with asthma and a mental disorder [24]. In the USA, a telephone survey of adolescents (aged 11-17 years) with asthma found that those assessed to have depressive disorders as well had on average 51% higher healthcare costs [25]. Most of these additional costs were related to non-asthma and non-mental health-related healthcare costs. Impacts beyond There appear to be fewer estimates of the impacts of comorbidity beyond the healthcare system. Published estimates concentrate on indirect costs - mainly productivity losses from employment due to absenteeism, with much less discussion of poor performance at work (presenteeism); there does not appear to be much information on the intangible costs of comorbidity. One review looked at the impact on participation in employment of people with coronary artery disease and mental disorders [26]. Only 13 studies were identified, 10 of which focused on comorbid depression. The review concluded that people with comorbid depression had a reduced likelihood of returning to work following the onset of illness (odds ratio 0. 37) compared to people with coronary artery disease alone. A systematic review on comorbid diabetes and depression identified 11 studies that looked at the impacts on productivity, but only two of these studies assigned a monetary value to productivity losses and none included losses from premature mortality or informal care [12].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: /7,000 plants); wash the plants by spraying with 80 ml of water per flat, containing nine plants to move ASM in the root zone. ii. To determine the time required for SAR activation, treat the tobacco plants with two concentrations of ASM at 2 and 4 g a. i. /7,000 plants; to determine the effect of age of tobacco plants on SAR activation, treat the seedlings (47 DAS) and older plants (77 DAS) with 2 g a. i. /7,000 plants. iii. Spray the plants with distilled water for non-treated control plants. 8. 2. 2 B. with TSWV i. Challenge the ASM-treated plants with mechanical inoculation with TSWV inoculum; prepare the inoculum by grinding systemically infected leaves in 0. 1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7. 0, containing 0. 2 % Na2SO4 and 0. 01 M mercaptoethanol at the rate of 1:10 tissue and buffer ratio (w/v); remove the debris by squeezing the extract through a layer of nonabsorbent cotton; add 2 % carborundum 320 grit and 1 % celite 545 to the inoculum and maintain the inoculum on ice. ii. Apply inoculum to two youngest fully expanded tobacco leaves and gently rub with cotton swab dipped in the inoculum; gently wash the inoculated leaves with water and maintain the plants in the greenhouse at 25–30 °C. 8. 2. 3 C. Assessment of TSWV Infection in ASM-i. Observe the experimental plants for the development of symptoms of infection by TSWV; count the number of local lesions on two inoculated leaves of each plant at 6 days post-inoculation (DPI); confirm the infection of TSWV by performing ELISA tests, using tenfold dilution of the sap to relative levels of TSWV in the inoculated leaves of different treatments. ii. Allow the plants to grow for a longer period for the development of systemic symptoms induced by TSWV. iii. Determine the presence and concentration of TSWV in the roots and newly emerged leaves by ELISA tests. iv. Measure the plant height and root length to determine the effect of ASM on plant growth and also record the phytotoxicity symptoms, if any. 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Due to lack of isonitrogenous control, we cannot exclude the possibility that the beneficial effects of leucine-enriched essential amino acids may be due to leucine alone, especially in light of reports indicating that branched-chain amino acids like leucine decrease markers of muscle damage in rats (Pereira et al. 2014a, b) and humans (Jackman et al. 2010; Kirby et al. 2012; Nosaka et al. 2006; Shimomura et al. 2010), including creatine phosphokinase and muscle soreness. In addition, branched-chain amino acids also accelerated recovery of maximum voluntary contraction after squat exercises (Shimomura et al. 2010). However, the impact on muscle function after exercise remains controversial, as amino acids were found in some studies to have no effect on muscle recovery (Jackman et al. 2010; Nosaka et al. 2006). Leucine was also found to decrease peak force (Kirby et al. 2012). Thus, further studies comparing isonitrogenous controls and different mixtures of amino acids or proteins may help identify the optimal composition of amino acids. However, even if this were the case, the identity of such amino acid may no longer be needed in practical terms, especially since other essential amino acids rather than leucine or branched-chain amino acids are needed to maintain the increase in muscle protein synthesis induced by leucine (Kobayashi et al. 2006). Also, LEAAs have been investigated to stimulate muscle protein synthesis after several types of exercise (Dreyer et al. 2008; Pasiakos et al. 2011). Thus, the mixture of leucine-enriched amino acids, rather than branched-chain amino acids or leucine alone, may have sufficient biological activity in the end to promote post-exercise recovery by alleviating muscle damage, enhancing muscle adaptation, and increasing protein synthesis. Following oral administration, amino acid concentrations transiently increase, and return to basal levels within 9 h (Lynch et al. 2006). Thus, plasma amino acids were comparable between EC-Con and EC-AminoL40 rats, because, amino acids were not administered on the morning of the sampling day.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mental health disorders are caused solely by a lack of resilience. [SEP] Text: Data from a cross-sectional survey of 78,000 workers in Australia [27] show higher relative risks of both absenteeism and poor functioning while at work in individuals with comorbid psychological distress and physical health problems compared to those with physical health problems only. For instance, compared to people with no health problems, the risk of absenteeism from work was 33% higher for people who were experiencing psychological distress alongside obesity, and 27% higher for those who had high levels of cholesterol. Rates of presenteeism were between 2. 5 and 5 times greater in populations with comorbid asthma, obesity, arthritis, diabetes and high cholesterol compared with the reference population. Data from the 2007 Survey of and Wellbeing (n = 8,841) have also been used to compare work functioning and absenteeism rates in people with depression, cardiovascular disease, or both conditions, with a disease-free population [28]. As table 3 shows, compared to a population with neither condition, and adjusted for various social and demographic characteristics, the odds ratio for people with comorbid depression and cardiovascular disease participating in work was significantly lower at just 0. 4. This compared with odds ratios for work participation of 0. 8 for depression or cardiovascular disease only. The comorbid group were also 10 times more likely to experience poor work functioning compared to the healthy workforce, 9 times greater than for people with cardiovascular disease alone and 2. 5 times greater than for people with depression alone. Rates of absenteeism were also significantly higher for the comorbid group. Table 3Work participation, work functioning and disease group in Australia [28] View largeData from a large Canadian survey of more than 130,000 people found (even after adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, alcohol dependence and chronic physical illness burden), that the presence of comorbid major depressive disorders was associated with twice the likelihood of healthcare utilisation, and increased functional disability and work absence compared to the presence of a chronic physical illness without comorbid depression [29]. Significant increases in resource use and productivity losses have also been reported in a population survey of more than 12,000 adults in Hungary [20]. People with comorbid diabetes and depression were more than twice as likely to have lengthier stays in hospital (>20 days) and to have more hospital admissions. They were also more than 3 times as likely to have a prolonged absence (>10 days) from paid work and to be unemployed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 3: Induction of Resistance in by Inducers (Barilli et al. 2010)8. 3. 1 A. Application of Inducers of i. Prepare predetermined concentrations of the abiotic chemical inducers [SA (5, 7, 8. 5 and 10 mM), BTH (1, 5 and 10 mM) and BABA (5, 10, 20 and 50 mM)] in sterile water; add Tween 20 (0. 03 % v/v); apply three droplets (15 μl each) of each inducer on the first leaflets and treat control plant leaves similarly with sterile water + Tween 20. ii. Inoculate plants at 5 days after treatment with inducers by dusting freshly collected urediospores of Uromyces pisi (2 mg of spores/plant) mixed with talc (1:10) using a spore settling tower; incubate the plants for 24 h at 20 ± 2 °C in complete darkness and 100 % RH and place the plants in growth chamber for development of disease symptoms. 8. 3. 2 B. i. At 24 h after inoculation, cut one leaf per plant at first node; lay them individually adaxial surface up, on filter paper dipped on fixative acetic acid/ethanol (1:3, v/v) mixture to remove chlorophyll from the chloroplast membranes; bleach the leaf segments using several changes of the fixative and transfer to filter paper moistened with tap water for at least 2 h, to soften the tissues. ii. Transfer the leaf segments to lactoglycerol (1:1:1, lactic acid/glycerol/water, v/v/v) for at least for 2 h; add a drop of Trypan blue in lactoglycerol (0. 1 %, w/v) on a cover glass; place the leaf segment carefully and mount in lactoglycerol on microscope slide. iii. Examine approximately 150 urediospores per leaf sample under the microscope (×40 magnification) and count the number of germinated spores (with germtubes at least as long as the diameter of the spore). 8. 3. 3 C. Assessment of i.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Notably, most plasma amino acids were not affected by eccentric contraction, but higher intracellular concentrations of Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, and Val were observed 3 days later, which may indicate increased protein breakdown. On the other hand, LEAA administration did not alter the concentration of essential amino acids except Lys and His, implying that exogenous LEAAs probably do not affect the degradation of muscle protein. In summary, we found that daily administration of leucine-enriched amino acids restored full muscle function 14 days after eccentric contraction, an effect not achieved using a similar regimen of distilled water. Indeed, muscle function was stronger within 3 days in rats treated with amino acids than in those treated with distilled water. We also found that leucine-enriched amino acids modulated IL-6 expression 1 day after contraction, as well as the ensuing muscle damage 3 days after contraction. However, the amino acids did not impact expression of the myogenic regulatory factors MyoD and myogenin. Taken together, the results suggest that the amino acids enhance muscle repair by suppressing excessive inflammation without impeding regeneration. AbbreviationsIL-6: Interleukin-6 LEAAs: Leucine-enriched essential amino acids mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin 8359. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0038359 85. doi:10. 1152/ajpheart. 00241. 2012 521. doi:10. 1152/ajpendo. 00353. 2011 1065. doi:10. 1152/ajpendo. 00481. 2014 1227. doi:10. 1007/s00125-003-1171-z 341. doi:10. 1080/02640419208729932 226. doi:10. 1097/MCO. 0b013e3282fa17fb 921. doi:10. 1152/ajpendo. 00510. 2004 1444. doi:10. 1152/ajpcell. 00248. 2009 1436. doi:10. 1152/ajpcell. 00449. 2005 1996. doi:10. 1007/s00726-011-0928-9 1046. doi:10. 1152/ajpcell. 00164. 2003 408. doi:10. 1006/meth. 2001. 1262 630.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All mental health disorders are caused solely by a lack of resilience. [SEP] Text: In Finland, analysis of certified sickness absence in 33,000 public sector employees reported that non-cardiovascular comorbid conditions for employees with diabetes, including depression, accounted for over 50% of excess risk of sickness absence [30]. A US study of a manufacturing company with 15,000 employees reported 13. 5 sick days per annum on average due to depression and physical comorbidity (diabetes, heart disease, hypertension or back problems) compared to 6. 6 and 8. 8 days for those with a physical condition or depression alone. Total mean costs, including healthcare and disability, per employee with comorbidity were USD 7,906. This is conservative as the costs of poor performance (presenteeism) at work were not included [31]. Data from the UK Survey also indicate that over a year individuals with diabetes and depression were 7. 7 and 5. 3 times more likely to take sick days and have their work and other activities impaired by poor health compared to people with diabetes alone [32]. The number of working days lost was also found to be significantly higher in people with comorbid diabetes and depression compared to diabetes alone in Singapore - 1. 9 versus 1. 4 working days lost over a 3-month period [19]. Strengthening the Case for Mental and 1. : Long-. of Co-Morbidities. London, The King's Fund, 2012. 2. : The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. 2011;21:655-679. 3. : Outcomes of Nordic mental health systems: life expectancy of patients with mental disorders. Psychiatry 2011;199:453-458. 4. McDaid D, Park A-L, Currie C, Zanotti C: Investing in the wellbeing of young people: making the economic case; in (eds): Wellbeing: A Guide. of Wellbeing. Oxford, John Wiley, 2014, vol 5. 5. : The impact of obesity on health care costs among persons with schizophrenia. Psychiatry 2009;31:1-7. 6. : Healthcare spending among community-dwelling adults with schizophrenia. 2005; 11(8 suppl):S242-S247. 7. : Health outcomes and cost of care among older adults with schizophrenia: a 10-year study using medical records across the continuum of care. 2014;22:427-436. 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 1186/1471-2229-9-9 de (2008) Detection of plant-modulated alterations in antifungal gene expression in Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 on roots by flow cytometry. Microbiol 74:1339–1349PubMed 0. Microbiol 75:4162–4174PubMed 365. 95:7051–7056PubMed CAS 10. 1016/j. cropro. 2006. 03. 004 Elad Y, (1985) Influence of trace amounts of cations and siderophore-producing pseudomoads on chlamydospore germination of Fusarium oxysporum. 75:1047–1052CAS 1270. Bull OILB/SRPO 27:347–350 10. 1038/nrmicro 1129 578. C56:113–115CAS 1. Phytopathology 91:383–391PubMed CAS 9. J Biol 38:82–88PubMed CAS 2. 74 and its biosurfactant. BioControl 55:543–550CAS 0. 16:851–868PubMed CAS 1. BMC Microbiol 10:243, 1–12PubMed 3. 39:336–344 0. 120:353–362CAS 1. Phytopathology 98:1218–1225PubMed CAS 84. 64:25–30 3. Phytopathology 93:1103–1110 0908. 234:177–183PubMed CAS 26. J 97:942–949PubMed CAS 3. Microbiol 71:261–269PubMed CAS 365. Mol Plant-14:1096–1104PubMed CAS 3. J 58:733–741PubMed 48. 85:529–534 16. Microbiol 69:2023–2031PubMed CAS 153. Biochem 36:677–685CAS 02. J Phytopathol 157:306–310CAS 5. 119:265–278CAS 03. Phytopathology 83:1120–1125 79. J Bacteriol 180:2541–2548PubMed CAS 96. Microbiol 72:7111–7122PubMed CAS 374. J Bacteriol 183:1909–1920PubMed CAS 84.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: It is expressed as a pulse following muscle damage and is apparently involved in the activation of muscle satellite (stem) cells. These donate nuclei to the muscle fibres that are required for repair and for the hypertrophy processes which may have similar regulatory mechanisms. Cloning of MGF About 10 years ago our group set about cloning the growth factor(s) involved in the local regulation of muscle mass using a technique known as differential display. For this purpose we needed to have an animal model in which we could make a muscle grow rapidly. Previous work had shown that if the tibialis anterior in the mature rabbit was electrically stimulated whilst held in the stretched position by plaster cast immobilisation it increased in mass by 35% within seven days (Goldspink et al. 1992). The RNA in the stretch/stimulated muscles increased considerably but most of this was ribosomal RNA. Using various oligonucleotide primers and the RT-PCR technique, it was possible to detect RNA transcript that was only expressed in the stretched/stimulated muscle and not in resting control muscles. This was cloned and sequenced and it became evident that it was derived from the insulin-like growth factor gene by alternative splicing. The terminology of the IGF-I splice variants is a problem when attempting to apply it to non hepatic tissues (Hameed et al. 2003a). Therefore we named this newly discovered splice variant mechano growth factor (MGF) as it is expressed in response to mechanical stimulation (Yang et al. 1996, McKoy et al. 1999) and as it has a different downstream sequence to the liver type of IGF-I (Figure). Figure. Shows the way in which the IGF-gene is spliced in muscle as a result of exercise and/or muscle damage (1) and hormones (2). In human muscle a 49 base insert changes the reading frame in MGF resulting in a different carboxy peptide. Hormones upregulate the expression of the IGF-I gene particularly the IGF-IEa. Muscle also expresses an IGF-IEb form but its function is not known. The IGFreceptor doman is included in all these splice variants and is encoded by exons 3 and 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Public key cryptography allows secure communication without needing to share a private key. [SEP] Text: [15] introduced a tool, called universal thresholdizer, that essentially turns any non-interactive cryptographic scheme (such as public-key encryption, digital signatures or pseudorandom functions) into a threshold variant of the same primitive. Their compiler builds on fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) [50] and notably implies CCA2-secure non-interactive threshold encryption schemes in the static corruption setting. Adaptive Corruptions. Most threshold cryptosystems (e. g. , [14, 23, 42, 46, 77]) have been analyzed in a static corruption model, where the adversary commits to the set of corrupted servers before the protocol execution. Unfortunately, security under static corruptions does not imply security against more realistic adversaries that can adaptively corrupt servers based on previously and dynamically collected information. Canetti et al. [22] put forth adaptively secure key generation protocols for the distributed generation of discrete-log-based keys as well as adaptively secure threshold DSA signatures. Frankel, MacKenzie and Yung [47, 48] independently showed different methods to achieve adaptive security. Their techniques were extended [5] to obtain proactive [70] RSA signatures. The constructions of [22, 47, 48] inherently require interaction as they rely on the so-called “single inconsistent player” (SIP) technique. The latter consists of transforming a t-out-of-\(\ell \) secret sharing into an additive t-out-of-t sharing of the same secret. In the latter case, only one server (which is randomly chosen ahead of time by the simulator among the \(\ell \) severs) has an inconsistent internal state that causes the simulation to fail if it gets corrupted. Since this occurs with probability \(\approx 1/2\), the stuck simulator can rewind the adversary and use different random coins with the hope of avoiding a new corruption of the inconsistent player. The threshold schemes of [47, 48] thus proceed by switching from a \((t,\ell )\) polynomial secret sharing to a (t, t) additive secret sharing by first choosing a set of t participants. If a single participant fails to provide a valid contribution, the whole protocol must restart from scratch.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Fix the mycelial plugs with 6 % paraformaldehyde in 60 mM 1,4-piperazine- diethanesulfonic acid buffer (Sigma) pH 7. 0 with 100 μM MBS (m-maleimidobenzoyl N-hydroxyl succinimide ester, Pierce) for 30 main at room temperature; rinse three times in a buffer solution and transfer to glass slides for sectioningiii. Section the upper portion of the agar plug uniformly (0. 25 mm thickness) with a sterilized stainless bladeiv. Stain the sections for 30 min in 0. 66 μM RP in 60 mM Pipes buffer (pH 7. 0); rinse in buffer and mount in 50 % glycerol with 0. 1 % p-phenylene-diamine and observe under CLSMv. Use scan time perframe 1. 08 s; to obtain a DIC image and perform averaging at four scans per frameviRepeat the experiment three times with three replicates for each experiment 5. 2: Assessment of Effect of Phenazines on of Verticillium spp. by (Debode et al. 2007) i. Place nylon mesh filters (pore size 41 μm, diameter 25 mm, Millipore, USA) in the wells of 96-well microplate; embed the microsclerotial preparation (20 μl) in the well (approx. 50 microsclerotia/well); add aliquots of 180 μl bacterial suspension (2 × 107 and 2 × 109 CFU/ml); use sterile physiological solution (180 μl) for controls and incubate for 2 days at 24 °Cii. Retrieve the filters from the wells separately; place them on sterile filter paper under sterile conditions and dry the filtersiii. Place the filters on soil-pectate-tergitol agar (SPTA) plates containing each 50 mg/l of chloramphenicol, tetracycline and streptomycin sulfate and incubate for 10 daysiv. Examine under the dissecting microscope and record the effect on percentage of microsclerotial germination and formation of secondary microsclerotia in different treatmentsv. Maintain five replications and repeat the experiment once 5. 3: Activity of spp. (Dandurishvili et al. 2010) A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Different products depending on the splicing of the IGF-I gene The systemic type of IGF-I (IGF-IEa) is expressed constitutively by many tissues, including skeletal muscle, but the mRNA of MGF is not detectable or barely detectable unless the muscle is exercised and/or damaged. The sequence of MGF has a 52 base insert in the rat and 49 base insert in the human in exon 5. As these inserts are not multiples of three, the 3ﬁ downstream sequence is different in MGF to that of IGF-IEa. This reading frame shift has important functional consequences as the carboxy peptide is involved in the recognition of the binding proteins that stabilize and target these growth factors. Also, in the case of MGF, this part of the peptide acts as a separate growth factor involved in initiating muscle satellite (stem) cell activation in addition to its IGF-I receptor domain which increases protein synthesis. As well as having a different carboxy peptide sequence, MGF expression kinetics are different to those of IGF-IEa as shown by Gregory Adam’s group in the USA who found that MGF is expressed earlier than IGF-IEa in response to exercise. Hill & Goldspink (2003) showed that following muscle damage MGF is produced as a pulse lasting a day or so followed by the splicing of the IGF-I gene towards IGF-IEa production that continues for a longer time. Local damage repair and/or hypertrophy? Intramuscular injection of its cDNA inserted into a plasmid vector demonstrated that MGF is a potent inducer of muscle hypertrophy. This resulted in a 25% increase in the fibre cross-sectional area of the injected muscle within two weeks (Goldspink, 2001). Similar experiments have also been carried out using liver IGF-IEa cDNA in viral constructs which resulted in a 25% increase in muscle mass, but this took over four months to develop (Musaro et al. 2001). In vivo experiments in which muscles of the rat were subjected to mechanical damage or injection of a myotoxic agent also demonstrated (Hill & Goldspink, 2003) that MGF precedes muscle satellite (stem) cell activation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Public key cryptography allows secure communication without needing to share a private key. [SEP] Text: The proposed method involves two stages; encryption and decryption: 2. 1. 1: The creation of the halftone image. The original secret image is half toned into a binary image using a dithering technique. Step 2: The halftone image is split into three layers Red, Green and Blue (ImgR, ImgB, and ImgG) Step 3: The generation of one layer of the Random share (the Mask) The size of the Mask generated is the same as the size of the secret image. To generate the random share (Mask), a private key, which both the sending and receiving sides know, is used. We consider the share as a set of rows and columns. The pixels in the even rows take a random value (either 0 or 1). The odd rows are filled with the complement value of the pixels in the even rows directly above it. If the pixel in the even row is black (white) then the pixel in the odd row beneath it will be white (black) see Figure 1. will be used to generate the key share in Step 4. Step 4: The generation of the key share (share 2) share is consisted of three layers Red, Green and Blue (called share2R, share2G and share2B). The layers of the key share are constructed using the random share (Mask) and the layers of the half toned image. Each layer of the key share will be constructed as follows: Each layer of the half toned image is partitioned into non-overlapping blocks of size 2 × 1 pixels. layers will be generated block by block using the half toned image and the random share. Starting from the top left block and moving left to right and top to bottom in raster format, the pixel at the top of each half toned block is checked. If the pixel in the half toned block is black then the corresponding block of will be filled by complementing the values of the two pixels in the corresponding block of the random share (Mask). On the other hand, if the pixel in the half toned block is white then the corresponding block of will be filled with the same values of the corresponding block of the random share (Mask), see Figure 2. The resulting layers (share 2R, share 2G and share 2B) are combined to form the key share (share 2).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 8 containing 15 mM B-mercaptoethanol, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM ascorbic acid, 1 mM PMSF and 0. 15 % PVP (w/v)); filter the homogenate through cheesecloth (four layers); centrifuge at 12,000 g for 20 min at 4 °C and use the supernatant as crude enzymeii. Prepare the reaction mixture (3 ml) containing 16 mM L-phenylalanine, 50 mM Tris–HCl buffer (pH 8. 8), 3. 6 mM NaCl and 0. 1 ml of enzyme solution and incubate at 37 °C for 40 miniii. Stop the reaction by adding 500 μl of 6 mM HCl; centrifuge at 12,000 g for 10 min to precipitate the denatured proteiniv. Record the absorbance at 290 nm using a spectrophotometer before [step (ii)] and after incubationv. Use cinnamic acid (analytical grade) as standard; one unit of PAL activity is equal to the amount enzyme that produced 1 μmol of cinnamic acid within 1 hvi. Express the results as μmol of cinnamic acid/mg protein/h B. Catalase (CAT) (EC1. 11. 1. 6) activity i. Grind pericarp tissues (5 g) from five papaya fruits in 20 ml of 0. 05 M sodium borate buffer (pH 7. 0, containing 5 mM mercaptoethanol) with 0. 5 g polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP). ii. Add 0. 2 ml of enzyme preparation to 2. 8 ml of 40 mM H2O2 (dissolved with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7. 0) as a substrate. iii. Measure the decomposition of H2O2 by the decline in absorbance at 240 nmiv. One unit of CAT is equal to the amount of enzyme per microgram protein that decomposed 1 mol of H2O2/min at 30 °C C. Peroxidase (POD) (EC 1. 11. 1. 7) activity i. Homogenize the pericarp tissues (1 g) in 4 ml of extraction buffer (0. 2 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6. 4 containing 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: This is in accord with the finding that when skeletal muscle cells in culture, were either transfected with the MGF cDNA or were treated with the MGF carboxy peptide they increased in number but stayed as monocleated myoblasts Yang & Goldspink, 2002). It appears that MGF plays a dual role in inducing satellite cell activation as well as protein synthesis and this is probably why it is much more potent than the liver type or IGF-IEa for inducing rapid muscle hypertrophy. As muscle repair and hypertrophy appear to involve the same signalling, the question still needs to be answered as to whether local damage is a prerequisite for muscle hypertrophy? Therefore the saying ‘no gain without pain’ may have a physiological basis. Failure to maintain muscle loss in ageing and disease Muscle loss (sarcopenia) is one of the most obvious effects of ageing. The work of Owino et al. (2001) indicated that muscles in old rats when surgically overloaded were much less able to express MGF than those in younger animals. Hameed et al. (2003b) reported that this was the case for elderly male volunteers as compared to muscles of young men. None of the other parameters measured showed a marked agerelated decline although it has previously been known that circulating growth hormone levels in the over 70s are much lower than those in teenagers (Rudman et al. 1981). Growth hormone is known to upregulate the IGF-I gene. Kjaer’s group in Copenhagen (Hameed et al. 2003c) we have recently found that administration of growth hormone combined with resistance exercise considerably improved MGF levels and increased cross-sectional area of the muscles in the elderly. Muscle loss is a major problem in certain hereditary diseases. In dystrophic muscles it seems that there is an inability to produce MGF in response to mechanical overload (Goldspink et al. 1996). The systemic type of IGF-IEa is also produced by muscle, including dystrophic muscle, but MGF is apparently required to ensure muscle fibre repair and survival. Therefore the role of the IGF-I splice variants including MGF seems to be very relevant to understanding the aetiology and the development of possible treatment in these muscle wasting conditions including sarcopenia. 1167. & Gerlach G-F (1992). Gene expression in skeletal muscle in response to mechanical signals.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Public key cryptography allows secure communication without needing to share a private key. [SEP] Text: Figure 9 shows that no information can be revealed from the two shares, the resultant decrypted image has the same size as the original color secret image and the image quality is maintained. 4. cryptography is an encryption technique that has the advantage of using the human vision to decrypt the encrypted images without any cryptographic computations. On the other hand VC has suffered from pixel expansion. In this paper, the proposed and the enhanced methods overcome this by suggesting a new way of encryption without pixel expansion. Our methods require less space storage and less time for computation during the encryption process. The secret image is encrypted by splitting it into two shares, a random share and a key share. The key share is generated using the halftone image and the random share, and is then sent to the receiving side. The random share, on the other hand, is generated at both the sending and receiving sides using a private key. The secret color image is revealed by stacking the two shares and exploiting the human vision system. The proposed and the enhanced methods offer a good PSNR values compared to VC. As a future work, we will enhance our methods to encrypt halftone color images by generating meaningful shares as well as applying our methods in applications that require high level of security. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 94. 1994. in Computer Science, Vol. 950. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. [2] Tekade, R. , Kharat, R. , Magade, V. , Shaikh, M. and Mendhe, P. (2016) E-Cryptography & Homomorphic Encryption. of in Computer and (), 1. [3] Poonkuzhali1, S. M. and Therasa, M. (2015). of in Computer and (), 4, 4. [4] Das, K. , Sen, A. and Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2016). of and Review (IJIRR), 3, 2238-2241. [5] Reddy, M. S. and Mohan, S. M. (2014) scheme for Secret image retrieval. of (), 14, 6. [6] Hou. Y. -C. (2003) for Color Images. Pattern Recognition, Elsevier, 36, 1619-1629. [7] Kumar, M. S. , Shilpa, A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: J Pathol 71:280–284CAS 52. 54:212–218 3. Springer Science, Heidelberg 3. Phytopathology 94:412–418CAS PubMed 1. J 73:185–194CAS PubMed 1. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 139–191 2. 1: General and for Isolation of Agents A. General media 1. agarSolution ASodium nitrate40 gPotassium chloride10 gMagnesium sulphate (hydrous)10 gFerrous sulfate (hydrous)0. 2 gDistilled water1 lDipotassium hydrogen phosphate20 gDistilled water1 l(store the solutions A and B separately in a refrigerator) Prepare the mixture of A and B Stock solution A50 mlStock solution B50 mlDistilled water900 mlSucrose (analar)30 gOxiod agar No. 320 gJust before autoclaving and for 1 l Zinc sulfate (1. 0 g/100 ml water)1. 0 mlCupric sulfate (0. 5 g/100 ml water)1. 0 ml 2. Malt extract agar White bread malt extract20 gOxoid agar No. 320 gTap water1 l 3. Oat agar Oat meal ground30 gOxoid agar No. 320 gTap water1 l 4. Potato carrot agar Grated potato20 gGrated carrot20 gOxoid agar No. 320 gTap water1 l 5. Potato dextrose agar Potato200 gOxoid agar No. 320 gDextrose15 gTap water1 l i. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) – for Mucodor albus and M. roseus (Stinson et al. 2003); PDA broth – Trichoderma atroviride (McLean et al. 2005). ii. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) (Anand and Reddy 2009) amended with colloidal chitin 0. 2 % (or) amended with Sclerotium rolfsii cell wall chitin 0. 2 % iii. PDA amended with chitosan (de Capedeville et al. 2002) chitosan concentrations 0. 25–2. 0 % (w/v) Adjust with acetic acid to pH 6. 0 iv.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: The underlying mechanism linking clock with muscle structure/function regulation could be attributed to the direct transcriptional activation of the Bmal1/CLOCK complex of the identified MyoD1 enhancer element, although non-consensus E-box sequences are involved6,27. In vivo, enhanced expression of the myogenic regulatory factors MyoD1 and myogenin was detected during dark hours, although this diurnal rhythm is strongly suppressed by fasting28. During embryonic development, MyoD1, together with Myf5, specifies the myotome and drives myogenesis29,30. Thus, this identified specific link of molecular clock with MyoD1 transcription raises an intriguing question as to whether the muscle intrinsic clock participates in muscle development processes or myogenesis. Remarkably, on a genome-wide scale, surveying of CLOCK-controlled mRNA expression in the skeletal muscle reveals that growth, proliferation and differentiation processes comprise a significant 15% of the overall transcripts6. In agreement with this finding, work from our group demonstrated that Bmal1 is a key positive regulator to promote myogenic differentiation7, and its regulation of proliferative behavior and expansion of myogenic progenitor cells is required for tissue regeneration upon injury8. As an evolutionarily-conserved machinery to anticipate and adapt to environmental cues, circadian clock has been implicated in transcriptional control of developmental signaling pathways important for stem cell modulation during tissue remodeling processes31–33. The clock may provide critical temporal cues to orchestrate the highly ordered stem cell activation, proliferation and differentiation processes required for tissue development, physiological turnover or regenerative repair. The distinct developmental signals required for tissue homeostasis may reflect its specific developmental and functional needs. In skeletal muscle, we found Bmal1 exerts circadian time-dependent transcriptional control on key components of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway34. When tested in muscle injury-elicited regeneration models, including cardiotoxin-induced and freezing injury, mice lacking Bmal1 displayed a significant defect in regenerative myogenic response accompanied by attenuated repair8. Furthermore, the satellite cell expansion process, a major component to ensure proper regeneration, is also impaired due to reduced proliferative capacity. This is likely attributed to Bmal1 regulation of Wnt signaling, since loss of Bmal1 leads to blunted Wnt signaling as observed in Bmal1-null mice muscle regeneration6–8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: IntroductionIn a medical career of a patient, data from various consultations need to be bundled into a single file so that the next doctor can take a peek into the patient’s medical history. But, bundling into a single file and maintaining it manually is a tedious job. Here comes the Record(EHR), which is a digital file consisting of the patient’s medical history and all the previous consultations. The data that is stored as EHR is generated using a very efficient smart embedded system from which the vital health parameters are monitored, sensed, and stored after being secured using blockchain technology. Unlike an actual file, this provides availability across all hospitals. EHR comes with pros and cons, firstly security, and privacy threat. As it is a digital file, it can be hacked or viewed by people who don’t have any access unless it is shared in a secure system or environment. This file can also be erased or stolen by any malicious hackers for their benefit. EHRs can help doctors to make decisions without any tests that are normally taken after some costly medical tests. They account for the patient’s complete medical information with no discrepancy. It can be shared by any number of medical organizations to treat a single patient so that the patient does not need to give medical tests done by all practitioners[1–3]. Another advantage of using an EHR is that the patient does not need to worry about the constraints that make the patient be physically there to give the medical records to the doctor because flexibility comes into play. The patient can share the records with the handheld Smartphone or home desktop or any other device which can display a webpage[4]. It can easily be shared among doctors, provided all doctors are connected in a network. The major drawback here is, that patients won’t know whenever their data is accessed by someone. Well, that depends on the network of organizations and policies that patients complied with when sharing the data. But a centralized system should be there to address privacy and security concerns. Every healthcare organization stores its patient’s data in a database, but one healthcare organization cannot access another one’s data. EHR is more valuable to many organizations, not only healthcare organizations but also medical research organizations and many medical data collectors. The need for privacy and authorized access management is still bugging patients and doctors. Electronic health record involves transferring them digitally over a network, which makes them susceptible to many attacks.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: For fungi (Jensen et al. 2004) PDA amended with Triton X-100 2. 2 g/l; chloramphenicol 0. 5 g/l Potato carrot agar amended with chloramphenicol 0. 5 g/l Low-nutrient agar (ASDA Micro) v. For yeasts Acidified yeast medium (YM) pH 3. 7 Osomophilic YM amended with glucose 40 % pH 4. 5 6. V8 agar medium (Chen and Fernando 2006) V8 juice200 mlCaCO30. 75 gAgar15. 0 gDistilled water800 ml 7. Komada’s selective medium for Fusarium spp. (Arie et al. 1995) K2HPO4 1 gKCl0. 5 gMgSO4. 7H2O0. 5 gFe-EDTA10 mgL-asparagine monohydrate10 mgD (+) galactose2. 0 mgPentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB)0. 75 g (a. i)Sodium chlorate0. 5 gSodium tetraborate Decahydrate1 gChloramphenicol0. 25 gAgar15 g Distilled water1 l 8. Nutrient yeast dextrose agar (NYDA) for yeast BCAs (Droby et al. 2002) Nutrient broth8. 0 gYeast extract5. 0 gD-glucose10. 0 gAgar20. 0 gDistilled water1 l 9. Solid medium for selecting BCAs (Khan et al. 2001) Corn steep liquor10. 0 gYeast extract1. 0 gKH2 PO42. 0 gK2H PO42. 0 gNaCl0. 1 gGlucose15. 0 gMalt yeast extract3. 0 gMalt extract3. 0 gPeptone (type IV)5. 0 gTryptic soy broth agar (1/5 concentration)pH 6. 8Difeo Lab. Detroit) Distilled water1 l 10. Fungal endophytes: Oat meal agar (OMA) for Phialocephala fortinii (Narisawa et al. 2004) Oat meal10. 0 gBacto agar18.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Wnt signaling drives embryonic development of the skeletal muscle lineage34, and plays important roles in modulating adult muscle satellite cell functions35,36. Our original findings provide strong evidence for the cell-autonomous roles of molecular clock in myogenic progenitor cells (MPCs), which provide the major cellular source for muscle growth and repair. This mechanism likely mediates, at least in part, the demonstrated importance of clock function in muscle mass maintenance, particularly during the early postnatal development. Muscle homeostasis and remodeling requires contribution from muscle satellite cells, and their proliferative capacity declines with age. Thus, whether the sarcopenia observed in Bmal1-null mice that resemble early aging could be mediated at least in part by declining clock function in the muscle warrants further investigation. In contrast, as satellite cells are largely not required or necessary for adult skeletal muscle hypertrophic growth37, another possibility is that clock may function in hypertrophic signaling pathways in mature myofibers to contribute to adult muscle mass regulation. These questions could be addressed by muscle developmental-stage specific animal models using currently available genetic tools. Although the major body of research to date has been focused on the role of Bmal1 as a clock transcription activator, cytosolic Bmal1 was recently identified as a factor facilitating protein translation that links the circadian network and the mTOR (of Rapamycin) signaling pathway38. Most intriguingly, the Bmal1-mediated mTOR circadian modulation of translation activities is controlled by daily oscillatory magnesium levels in cells39. These recent findings raise the possibility that Bmal1 and the clock could directly participate in muscle hypertrophic pathways via post-transcriptional mechanisms. mTOR signaling, activated by upstream growth factors and PI3 kinase-Akt phosphorylation, is a major regulatory mechanism that promotes protein synthesis to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy26,40. In addition, PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling suppresses muscle atrophy40,41. Interestingly, multiple components of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway are reported to be under circadian regulation. Circadian patterns of expression were detected for Akt1 and ribosomal protein S6 of the hypertrophic signaling, and MuRF1 and Fbxo32 within the atrophic pathway in skeletal muscle28.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: The ECG module has three inputs as well. The first is wired to Arduino pin A0 (pin 5). The input connects to the Arduino's 3. 3 Volt (pin 10) supply. The input is connected to the Arduino’s 3. 3Volt(pin10). The last one is on the ground. There are four subcircuit inputs on the GSM module. The first wire is connected to Arduino pin 3, the second to Arduino pin 2, the third to the 5 volt PCB board, and the fourth is grounded. Finally, the LCD contains 14 pins. The LCD pins 14, 13, 12, 11, and 10 are connected to the Arduino pins 13, 12, 11, and 10. Pins 4 and 6 of the Arduino LCD are linked to pins 8 and 9 of the number pins. Finally, the LCD pin 2 is wired to 5 volts via the PCB. This project employs five pushbuttons. Five push buttons are coupled to five series registers for those five. Every 5 registers add up to a total of 10,000. Pins 9, 6, 5, 4, 3 are connected to R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 on the Arduino. The five pushbuttons are all connected. A has all access to change or modifies the network policies regarding the transaction of all sorts. Modification of the Smart contract comes under admin rights. Admin oversees all the transactions and verification of those and also authentication of every entity, rules for entities to follow, ordering of the transactions to get verified and executed, permitting and revoking access to any transaction or join request to the network by any organization. [15–18] network has several core components which are essential to make the business network run completely. Components include Network admin, smart contract, and Decentralized storage. Figure 4 shows us the basic blockchain network with core components define the rule to be followed when making any transaction and also access control for any data of any entity. It gets updated dynamically when an entity permits another to access its particular data. When the user accesses the data every time smart contract checks with its table and allows it to make the transaction depending on the access list of that particular entity. It is the consensus that needs to be followed while checking for access permissions, transactions, and validating rules. [19–21] The decentralized network maintains the ledger distributed across all the nodes or entities in the network.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 0 gMg SO4. 7H2O1. 0 gKH2PO41. 5 gNa NO3 1. 0 gDistilled water1 l 11. Nutrient yeast dextrose agar (NYDA) for Candida sake CPA-1 (Abadias et al. 2003) Nutrient broth8. 0 gYeast extract5. 0 gDextrose10. 0 gAgar15. 0 g 12. Rosebengal – Allisan – streptomycin – Previcur (RASP) selective medium (Metcalf et al. 2004) (NH4)2SO4 2 gKH2PO4 4 gNa2HPO4 6 gFeSO4. 7H2O0. 2 gCaCl2 1. 0 mgH3BO3 10 μgMnSO4 10 μgZnSO4 70 μgAgar20 gCellulose powder5 gDistilled water1,000 mlAdjust to pH 4. 0 before autoclaving 13. and Snyder medium (MNSM) for Penicillium oxalicum (Larena and Melgarejo 2007) Peptone (Difco)1. 5 %KH2PO4 2. 0 %MgSO4. 7 H2O0. 05 %Agar2. 0 %After autoclaving add streptomycin300 ppmPentachloro nitrobenzene1 : 1,000Cl1 14. Trichoderma selective TSB medium (Xia et al. 2011) Potato infusion, 200 g; glucose – 20 g; Chloramphenicol – 0. 25 g; – 0. 15 g; Pentachloronitrobenzene – 0. 15 g; Streptomycin 0. 05 g; Baytan – 0. 05 g; benomyl 0. 0005 g; agar 20 g; distilled water – 1,000 ml 2. 2: Generation of Fungi (Banks et al. 1992) A. Preparation of antigen (i) Prepare spore suspensions using 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Strategy 2023-27 Excellence in physiology Excellence in Society’s blue plaques nomination form partners Our history Historical highlights Women in physiology The first Foundation of Society mascot Society timeline histories Board of Trustees, Committees & us this issue 2014 - 97 issue Previous issues 131-133 Issue 133 Issue 132 Issue 131 121-130 Issue 130 Issue 129 Issue 128 Issue 127 Issue 126 Issue 125 Issue 124 Issue 123 Issue 122 Issue 121 111-120 Issue 120 Issue 119 Issue 118 Issue 117 Issue 116 Issue 115 Issue 114 Issue 113 Issue 112 Issue 111 101-110 Issue 110 Issue 109 Issue 108 Issue 107 Issue 106 Issue 105 Issue 104 Issue 103 Issue 102 Issue 101 91-100 Issue 100 Issue 99 Issue 98 Issue 97 Issue 96 Issue 95 Issue 94 Issue 93 Issue 92 Issue 91 81-90 Issue 90 Issue 89 Issue 88 Issue 87 Issue 86 Issue 85 Issue 84 Issue 83 Issue 82 Issue 81 71-80 Issue 80 Issue 79 Issue 78 Issue 77 Issue 76 Issue 75 Issue 74 Issue 73 Issue 72 Issue 71 61-70 Issue 70 Issue 69 Issue 68 Issue 67 Issue 66 Issue 65 Issue 64 Issue 63 Issue 62 Issue 61 51-60 Issue 60 Issue 59 Issue 58 Issue 57 Issue 56 Issue 55 Issue 54 Issue 53 Issue 52 Issue 51 41-50 Issue 50 Issue 49 Issue 48 Issue 47 Issue 46 Issue 45 Issue 44 Issue 43 Issue 42 Issue 41 31-40 Issue 40 Issue 39 Issue 38 Issue 37 Issue 36 Issue 35 Issue 34 Issue 33 Issue 32 Issue 31 21-30 Issue 30 Issue 29 Issue 28 Issue 27 Issue 26 Issue 25 Issue 24 Issue 23 Issue 22 Issue 21 11-20 Issue 20 Issue 19 Issue 18 Issue 17 Issue 16 Issue 15 Issue 14 Issue 13 Issue 12 Issue 11 1-10 Issue 10 Issue 9 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Winter 2014 - 97 Full issue The mighty protein: insulin-like growth factor type 1 IGF-1 plays a critical role in skeletal muscle growth during development, muscle regeneration and muscle hypertrophy in response to training. mighty protein: insulin-like growth factor type 1 IGF-1 plays a critical role in skeletal muscle growth during development, muscle regeneration and muscle hypertrophy in response to training. Ye & of Florida, USA Muscle atrophy and weakness are common clinical phenomena observed following bed rest, surgery, cast immobilization and injury or disease.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Blockchain technology relies on cryptographic principles to secure transactions. [SEP] Text: In this way, we can restrict access to the record in the future without the corresponding user’s authorization. As these records are private data of patients the revocation of permission should be done properly and timely. Entity’s transaction details reflected in Blockchain: These are the raw transaction details shown in the command prompt that has been executed in the blockchain by the validators. This shows who initiated the transaction and what type of transaction is that and also the status of the transaction. 8. ConclusionFor daily checks and health monitoring, IoT- based health platforms typically connect to smart sensors attached to the human body. In this 2009. G. Karame and S. Capkun, "and Privacy", IEEESecurity& Privacy, vol. 16, no. 4, 2018. T. Alshalali, K. M’Bale and D. Josyula, "Security and Privacy of " 2018 on (CSCI), 2018, 763. V. V. , K. Sabarivelan, J. Tamizhselvan, B. Ranjith and V. B. , Utilization of Blockchain in Record using Hyperledger. MR. Cowie et al. , “Electronic health records to facilitate clinical research,” in Cardiology, vol. 106, no. 1. 2017. E. Bertino, R. Deng, X. Huang, and J. Zhou, “Security and privacy of electronic health information Systems”, of Information Security, vol. 14, no. 6, 2015. J. Fernández-Alemán, I. Señor, P. Lozoya, and A. Toval,“Security and privacy in electronic health records: A systematic literature review”, Journal of Biomedical Informatics, vol. 46, no. 3, 2013. J. Vora et al. , BHEEM: A Blockchain-for Health Records” in 2019 (GC Wkshps), 2019. G. Karame and S. Capkun, “and Privacy”, IEEE Security & Privacy, vol. 16, no. 4, 2018. “tutorials” docs. io/en/latesttutorials. html. ”HyperledgerComposer”https:// hyper ledger. github.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 01 % Tween 80; wash thrice by centrifugation; inoculate 1 ml of spore suspension (106 spores/ml) into 100 ml of liquid medium supplemented with NaCl (100 g/l) and incubate at 25 °C for 7 days in the dark by placing the flask with contents on a rotary shaker (ii) Transfer the mycelium by filtering into a sintered glass filter; wash with sterile water and then with sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 2. 9 g Na2HPO4. 12H2O, 0. 2 g KH2PO4, 8. 0 g NaCl and 0. 2 g KCl and 1,000 ml distilled water; freeze overnight at – 20 °C; thaw and transfer to centrifuge tubes and dry in vacuum dryer (iii) Collect the mycelium and add 50 ml of liquid nitrogen; mince the mycelium in a blender for 1 min and grind in a mortar with a pestle to a fine powder (iv) Suspend the mycelial powder in PBS (200 mg in 100 ml); centrifuge at 4,500 rpm (3,000 g) for 10 min at 4 °C and divide the supernatant containing soluble nitrogen into 0. 5 ml aliquots and store at – 20 °C (v) Estimate the total protein content of the antigen preparation B. Production of polyclonal antiserum (i) Mix soluble antigen preparation with equal volumes of Freund’s complete adjuvant (Difco) to produce a final protein concentration of the mixture 1 mg/ml (ii) Inject rabbits intramuscularly with 1 ml of the mixture at predetermined intervals (iii) Bleed the animal at 4 weeks after the first injection and subsequently at 14, 16 and 18 weeks (iv) Separate the serum after completion of clotting of blood cells followed by centrifugation C. Production of monoclonal antiserum (i) Mix soluble antigen preparation with an equal amount of Freund’s complete adjuvant to yield a final protein concentration of 1 mg/ml (ii) Inject a BALB/c mouse, after anaesthetization with 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: The consequences of loss of muscle function are far reaching and include decrease of motor control and overall fitness, development of functional limitations and impairment, and long term disability. The recovery of muscle strength and function following injury or disease is a major challenge in rehabilitation. The ability to manipulate muscle adaptation and growth has great potential in clinical situations where functional ability and strength are compromised. Administration of growth hormone (GH) has been used successfully in elderly to prevent atrophy during catabolic diseases or following hip fractures (Van der Lely et al. 2000). GH administration in these populations resulted in increased insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, and increased muscle mass and functional ability. IGF-1 plays a critical role in skeletal muscle growth during development, muscle regeneration and muscle hypertrophy in response to training. Several growth factors have been implicated in directing muscle specific gene expression; however, the hypertrophic effects of growth hormone have been thought to be primarily mediated via IGF-1. IGF-1 IGF-1 was first identified in 1957. It was known by other names including sulfation factors, non-suppressible insulin-like activity, multiplication stimulating activity and somatomedins. It was initially identified on the basis of three unique properties: its mediation of the skeletal growth-promoting actions of GH, its mitogenic properties, and its mimicry of the actions of insulin. This peptide was isolated in Zurich by Rinderknecht and Humbel on the basis of its insulin-like activity, but was renamed IGF-1 when it became apparent that its growth-promoting properties were more important than their insulin-like activities (Rinderknecht & Humbel, 1978). The IGF-1 system includes ligand IGF-1, its receptor, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and IGF proteases. The biological significance of the IGF-1 was most strikingly demonstrated when its expression was ‘knocked out’ by homologous recombination techniques. Virtually every component of the IGF-1 system (the various ligands, receptors and binding proteins) has been knocked out, and the results demonstrate that the IGFs are very important in muscle growth and development. Indeed, a common observation in mouse lines lacking IGF-1 (and/or its receptor) is that embryonic development is impaired but embryos are viable. However, the pups die immediately after birth because they cannot breathe.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptographic hashing ensures data integrity by creating unique representations of data. [SEP] Text: The validation of the data and the maintenance of its unaltered state throughout its life cycle are two aspects of data integrity. On data, a wide variety of actions, including storing, retrieving, updating, and others, are carried out on a frequent basis. The procedures guarantee that the data will remain in the same format in which they were entered, regardless of the number of activities that are carried out. A few procedures, such as encrypting and backing up data, controlling who may access it, and validating it, help to keep data integrity intact. On the other hand, data is said to be of high quality if it is relevant and comprehensive as well as if it is acceptable for the purpose for which it was collected. According to the standards, data quality may be defined from three distinct vantage points, including that of the customer, that of the company, and that of the standards themselves [3]. In the case that appropriate data governance is not put into place, there is a good chance that data discrepancies that exist in a variety of systems that are spread out throughout an organization will not be handled. For instance, the systems that are used for sales, logistics, and customer support might, each in their own right, list the names of customers in a different manner from the other two systems. This might make the process of data integration more complicated and lead to problems with the integrity of the data. This, in turn, would have an effect on the precision of applications such as business intelligence, corporate reporting, and analytics. Additionally, there is a possibility that data inconsistencies will not be identified and corrected, which will have an additional negative influence on the accuracy of business intelligence and analytics. If this occurs, there will be an additional negative influence on the accuracy of business intelligence and analytics. Inadequate data governance may also make it difficult to comply with regulatory norms, which may be very irritating for everyone engaged in the process. Businesses that are required to comply with the ever-increasing number of regulations regarding the privacy and protection of data, such as the of the and the Privacy Act, could find themselves in a precarious position as a direct result of this. It is generally important for an organization to establish both standard data formats and common data definitions as a part of its overall data governance programme. This is because of the interdependence between the two.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 1 ml of the immunogen intraperitoneally and subsequently at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the first injection with PBS and remove the spleen after sacrificing the animal by cervical dislocation (iii) Carry out fusion of splenocytes with selected myeloma cell line (PS-NS-1-Ag4) at a ratio of 1 × 108 : 5 × 107 by gentle addition of 2 ml of 30 % polyethylene glycol (PEG) (w/v) over 60 s (iv) Add 10 ml of warm serum-free RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco) over next 60 s with gentle stirring; add another 20 ml of RPMI and centrifuge for 3 min at 400 g at room temperature (v) Suspend the pellet of cells in 50 ml of growth medium (RPMI 1640) with 20 % Myelone fetal calf serum (FCS) (v/v); dispense cell suspension into five 96-well microplates at 100 μl/well (vi) Add 110 μl of hypoxanthine aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) medium diluted to 1:50 in growth medium to each well in the fusion plates (vii) Add growth medium + HAT on 2, 4, 7 and 10 days by removing 100 μl of fresh medium (viii) Screen the hybridoma cells for efficiency of antibody production by indirect ELISA procedure (ix) Clone healthy growing hybridoma twice by limiting dilution in a non-selective medium; preserve by freezing slowly in 7. 5 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and store in liquid nitrogen 2. 3: Detection of Fungi by Enzyme-Assay (ELISA) Test (Bossi and Dewey 1992) A. Preparation of antigen (i) Prepare surface washings of the fungus grown on PDA for 17–20 days at 21 °C, using 5 ml/petridish of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 8. 0 g NaCl, 0. 2 g KCl, 1. 15 g Na2HPO4. 0. 25 g KH2PO4, and water 1,000 ml at pH 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: The central importance of IGFs to muscle development is emphasized by the fact that mice in which expression of myogenin has been knocked out show the same result; i. e. there is essentially no functional muscle development in the absence of either IGF-1 or myogenin. The mice with an inactive IGF-1 gene studied by Powell- Braxton et al. (1993) were ‘characterized by underdevelopment of muscle tissue,’ and a ‘generalized organ hypoplasia… including the muscles’. The essential role of IGFs in cell growth is shown by the report that fibroblasts from IGF-1 receptor knockout mice grew very slowly in culture unless they were transfected with a plasmid expressing the IGF-1 receptor. Using the opposite approach in which transgenic animals overexpressed IGF-1, Mathews et al. (1988) found that muscle and bone growth were increased approximately 30% when circulating levels of IGF-1 were 50% above control values. There was a substantial increase in weights of spleen, pancreas, brain, and kidney and an increase in DNA content of these tissues. All of these observations are consistent with the view that IGF-1 plays an essential role during normal growth and development. In spite of the association of excess IGF-2 with tumours, in general it is clear that IGF-1 plays a major role in development, growth, cell differentiation, and maintenance of skeletal muscles, both in culture and in intact animals. Most, if not all of these actions are mediated by the IGF-1 receptor, and they are strongly modulated by IGF binding proteins. Figure 1. GH/IGF-1 axis. (Courtesy of at University of Pennsylvania) Viral-mediated IGF-1 gene transfer Increasing blood hormone levels may be risky. Specifically, the long-term safety of the activation of GH/IGF-1 levels remains uncertain with regard to tumour growth, as most human solid cancers express IGF-1 receptors. Elevated GH levels have also been linked to impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension and fluid retention. However, given the known autocrine/paracrine actions of IGF-1, local manipulation of IGF-1 expression and secretion by muscle fibres may not only be safer but also more effective (Fig. 1). Recent developments in genetic manipulation are appropriate for the introduction of small regulatory factors, such as IGF-1, into tissue.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All encrypted data is entirely secure and cannot be accessed by anyone. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2722738/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground: Accurate models are crucial to estimate the phenotypes from high throughput genomic data. While the genetic and phenotypic data are sensitive, secure models are essential to protect the private information. Therefore, construct an accurate and secure model is significant in secure inference of phenotypes. Methods: We propose a secure inference protocol on homomorphically encrypted genotype data with encrypted linear models. Firstly, scale the genotype data by feature importance with Xgboost or Adaboost then train linear models to predict the phenotypes in plaintext. Secondly, encrypt the model parameters and test data with CKKS scheme for secure inference. Thirdly, predict the phenotypes under CKKS homomorphically encryption computation. Finally, decrypt the encrypted predictions by client to compute the 1-NRMSE/AUC for model evaluation. Results: 5 phenotypes of 3000 samples with 20390 variants are used to validate the performance of the secure inference protocol. The protocol achieves 0. 9548, 0. 9639, 0. 9673 (1-NRMSE) for 3 continuous phenotypes and 0. 9943, 0. 99290 (AUC) for 2 category phenotypes in test data. Moreover, the protocol shows robust in 100 times of random sampling. Furthermore, the protocol achieves 0. 9725 (the average accuracy) in an encrypted test set with 198 samples, and it only takes 4. 32s for the overall inference. These help the protocol rank top one in the iDASH-2022 track2 challenge. Conclusion: We propose an accurate and secure protocol to predict the phenotype from genotype and it takes seconds to obtain hundreds of predictions for all phenotypes. Homomorphically EncryptionGenotype to -2022FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3IntroductionThe research on genotype-to-phenotype are crucial to uncover the gene functions and the mechanisms in distinct phenotypic outcomes [1]. The high throughput genomic data makes it may be possible to predict the phenotype from genotype. While the inference of genotype to phenotype is a complex problem due to the intricate factors such as genotypes, epigenetic variants and their interactions [2].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 2 and remove the wash suspension by suction (ii) Centrifuge the wash fluid for 3 min at 13,000 g to remove the fungal debris and dilute the supernatant with PBS to have 10-fold dilutions (iii) Remove the high MW carbohydrates and glycoproteins by passing the cell-free wash fluid through a Centricon 30-kDa filter (Amicon No. 4208) to prevent induction of nonspecific antibodies; freeze-dry the filtrate and redissolve the contents in 1 ml of distilled water and use it as the antigen B. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (i) Coat the wells (in triplicate) in the 96-well microtiter plates with PBS surface washing fluid (50 μl/well) overnight and wash the wells four times allowing two min for each washing followed by a brief washing with the distilled water (ii) Air-dry the plates in a laminar flowhood and seal them in a polythene bag and store at 4 °C (iii) Incubate the plates successfully with hybridoma supernatants for 1 h, then with a 1/200 dilution of a commercial goat antimouse polyvalent (IgG + IgM) peroxidase conjugate and finally with PBS with 0. 05 % Tween-20 (PBST) for 1 h more (iv) Add the substrate solution containing tetramethyl benzidine (100 μg/ml) for 30 min (v) Maintain the controls in incubated tissue culture medium containing 5 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) in place of hybridoma supernatant (vi) Stop the reaction by adding 3 M H2SO4 (50 μl/well); determine the intensity of color developed in each well using ELISA reader at 450 nm (vii) Absorbance levels more than three times greater than those of controls indicate positive reaction and presence of antigen protein 2. 4: Characterization of the for Agent by Technique (Thornton et al. 2002) A.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: The recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector system consists of rAAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) that are necessary and sufficient for replication and packaging of the virus. rAAV lacks virally encoded genes, and therefore can be used to infect adult tissue without rendering an immune response. Viral-mediated gene delivery of IGF-1 has been shown to enable efficient transfer of IGF-1 into both young and adult animals. The rAAV-virus is introduced via direct injection into a muscle compartment and endocytosed by muscle cells (Fig. 2). IGF-1 and muscle Numerous in vitro studies have shown that exposure of mammalian muscle cells to IGF-1 promotes myogenic proliferation and differentiation as well as protein synthesis. Other studies have shown that administration of IGF-1 induces an increase in muscle protein content and reduces protein degradation. By injecting the gene-virus package into the muscles of adult mice, we (Ye et al. 2013; Stevens-Lapsley et al. 2010) have shown that virally mediated gene transfer of IGF-1 increases muscle size under normal loading/activity conditions (Fig. 3), but that this newly established homeostasis is maintained during cast immobilization, when neuromuscular activity is minimal. Interestingly, despite increased expression of IGF-1, the relative rate of loss of muscle mass and strength is not attenuated in virus-injected versus control muscles. We speculate that the latter is related to a decrease in IGF-1 bioactivity in the absence of neuromuscular activity, due to alterations in receptor density, binding protein, or postreceptor events. Allen et al. (1999) previously postulated that the level of neuromuscular activity affects the expression of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), making atrophying muscles less susceptible to the effects of endogenous IGF-1. Conversely, during hypertrophy, increased levels of muscle activation and loading may result in greater IGF-1R expression. Finally, we demonstrate that successful gene transfer of IGF-1 increase the muscle’s regenerating capacity. Histological examination of EDL muscles during cast-immobilization and reloading showed an increased number of central nuclei, Pax7 and embryonic myosin in IGF-1 injected muscles during reloading (Fig. 4).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All encrypted data is entirely secure and cannot be accessed by anyone. [SEP] Text: Moreover, an individual of same genotype may develop to thousands of different diseases, which makes it still a huge challenge in achieving accurate predictions for these phenotypes efficiently[3]. Because of the sensitive nature of genotype and phenotype data, a secure and accurate model is essential for the secure inference of the predictions. Linear or logistic regression models are generally applied in Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) such as and PLINK [4–6]. However, the linear models may be overfitting because of the number of genotypes far exceed phenotypic outcomes. Regularized linear regression models such as ridge regression, lasso, elastic net and their extensions could overcome the overfitting problems and select a functional genotype set for phenotype estimations [7–9]. While linear models could only capture additive effects, ensemble-based machining learning methods such as Xgboost or Adaboost could select the epistasis genotypes as well and may achieve better performance [10]. Either linear or non-linear models assist to construct an accurate model to infer the phenotype from genotype. The sensitive nature of genotype and phenotype data urges to develop the secure inference models for phenotype prediction. Besides, the track 2 of iDASH-2022 appeals to develop a secure model evaluation on homomorphic encrypted genotype data via protecting both model parameters and genotypes. Homomorphic encryption (HE) is a cryptosystem that enables homomorphic operations on encrypted data and is considered as one of the most important primitives for privacy-preserving applications. Most of the current HE schemes can be categorized into word-wise HE (such as BFV [11], BGV [12] and CKKS [13]) and bit-wise HE (such as FHEW [14] and TFHE [15]). Among these schemes, Cheon-Kim-Kim-Song (CKKS) is regarded as the unique scheme to support homomorphic operations on float/complex number naturally. Therefore, CKKS could be utilized to construct a secure inference of phenotype from genotype. To make the secure inference efficiently, we propose an accurate and secure inference protocol on homomorphic encrypted genotype data with encrypted linear models. Firstly, scale the genotype data by feature importance with Xgboost or Adaboost then train a linear model to predict the phenotypes in plaintext. Secondly, encrypt the model parameters and genotype data with CKKS for secure inference.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) (i) Use the system with 4–20 % gradient polyacrylamide gels (Bio-Rad) under denaturing conditions; denature the samples by heating at 95 °C for 10 min in the presence of β-mercapto-ethanol prior to gel loading (ii) Separate the proteins for 1. 5 h at room temperature (iii) Use prestained broad-range markers (Bio-Rad) as standards for molecular mass determination (iv) Stain the gels for total protein with Coomassive brilliant blue B. Western blotting (i) Transfer the separated proteins electrophoretically to a PVDF membrane (Immuno-Blot PVDF; Bio-Rad) and wash the membranes thrice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (ii) Block the non-specific binding areas in the membranes with PBS containing 1 % bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 16 h at 4 °C (iii) Incubate membranes with MAb supernatant diluted (1:2) with PBS containing 0. 5 % BSA (PBSA) for 2 h at 23 °C and wash the membranes thrice with PBS (iv) Incubate the membranes with goat anti-mouse IgM (μ-chain specific) alkaline phosphatase conjugate (1 : 15,000) diluted in PBSA for 1 h and wash the membranes twice with PBS and once with PBST (v) Stop the reaction by immersing the membranes in double distilled water and air dry between sheets of Whatman filter paper (vi) Label the proteins immobilized on the membranes using a commercial glycoprotein kit as per the manufacturer’s instructions (Bio-Rad) 2. 5: Detection of Agents by Enzyme-Assay (ELISA) (Thornton et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: The presence of central nuclei and Pax7 in adult myofibres is indicative of recent fusion of activated satellite cells to existing myofibres. IGF-1 has multiple targets in muscle. IGF-1 receptors are found on activated satellite cells, adult myofibres, motor neurons and Schwann cells. Satellite cells, which retain their mitotic capacity, serve as the pool of myonuclei necessary for muscle enlargement. Satellite cells are mobilised in response to increased neuromuscular activity (activity or loading) and injury. Following activation, the satellite cells proliferate, differentiate and fuse with adult myofibres, leading to an increase in fibre size. One of the more interesting recent developments in the IGF-1 story has been the identification of a unique IGF-1 isoform that is expressed in response to changes in the loading state of skeletal muscles. In both human beings and rats, the IGF-1 gene spans more than 70 kilobases and consists of six exons and at least five introns. Splicing is a complex mechanism by which exons are cut and pasted in different combinations from pre-mRNA. In humans, alternative splicing of IGF-1 pre-mRNA leads to the production of three different transcripts at the 3’ end, resulting in different E-peptides. It is the IGF-1Ec splice variant which has been most closely associated with stretch overload and damage, hence its being termed ‘mechano growth factor’ (MGF). However, using a viral construct and a myosin light chain (LC3f) promoter, Barton et al. (2006) showed that both the MGF and IGF-1Ea gene transfer could increase muscle IGF-1 (mature) expression without increasing circulating IGF-1. It appears that skeletal muscles produce both a generalized tissue-type IGF-1 and the loading-sensitive MGF isoform with differing time courses, suggesting distinct roles for these two growth factor isoforms. Expression of both IGF-1 and MGF appears to be very sensitive to the loading state of the muscle. IGF-1 and motor neuron The importance of IGF-1 in motor neuron survival and motor regeneration is quickly emerging. A critical role for IGF-1 in motoneuronal survival has been demonstrated during embryonic and early postnatal life, as well as in spinal cord pathology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionWith the advent of cloud computing, data owners are motivated to outsource their personal data from local repositories to the cloud to increase flexibility, convenience and to reduce the burden of the local data maintenance costs. However, the privacy of the data must be preserved against unwanted, unauthorized, and malicious accesses from outside attackers and unapproved insiders, including systems such as cloud servers. To access the data, unlike external attackers that must develop smart and subtle ways to circumvent security firewalls and access-control mechanisms, the cloud accesses data directly, which is the reason it is considered a primary privacy threat. Encrypting the data before it is transferred to the cloud protects the data to some extent, but at the cost of efficiency. Posing queries on the encrypted data so it is searchable is one the current open challenges. Even though Encryption (SSE) enables search on ciphertext, these schemes support only Boolean keyword search, i. e. , whether a keyword exists in a document or not[1-7]. Moreover, these schemes must strike a balance between security and efficiency[8]. Consequently, the documents retrieved may be incorrect or incomplete which consumes more time, computation power, and network bandwidth. Conversely, disclosing more information to the cloud to increase accuracy and query efficiency, leads to further privacy exposure. Multi-keyword ranked search over encrypted cloud data (MRSE) schemes have been proposed[9-11] to (1) acquire result relevance ranking, instead of returning undifferentiated results; and (2) improve search result accuracy by supporting multiple keywords search instead of single keyword search which often yields in unacceptably coarse results. Consequently, each keyword refines the results further. Moreover, the cloud is able to rank the results based on their relevance and returns the top-k most relevant data items which causes less network bandwidth consumption, increased data user’s satisfaction, and is highly desirable in the “pay-as-you-use” cloud paradigm[9]. Although MRSE schemes [9-11] are helpful and allow a user to search and retrieve the documents of interest, they suffer from private information leakage. Query algorithms for existing MRSE schemes are mostly deterministic, which means the same keyword can be used for the same type of queries. Thus, the attacker is able to determine whether the keywords retrieved by two queries are the same[12] (search pattern attack).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: 2002) (i) Use microtiter plates (96 wells); incubate with selected antibody solution (200 μl) for 1 h and incubate with either a goat-anti-mouse polyvalent (IgG IgA and IgM) peroxidase conjugate (1:1,000) or a goat-anti-mouse IgM (μ – chain specific) peroxidase conjugate (1 : 5,000) for further 1 h (ii) Transfer tetramethyl benzidine substrate solution to each well and incubate for 30 min (iii) Stop the reaction by adding 3 M H2SO4 (iv) Record the absorbance at 450 nm using an ELISA reader (v) Wash the wells four times of 5 min each with phosphate buffered saline (PBST) containing 0. 02 M PO4, 0. 85 % NaCl and 0. 05 % Tween 20 after each incubation mentioned above [steps (i) and (ii)] 2. 6: Identification of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa by (Utkhade and Cao 2005) A. PCR amplification (i) Extract the DNA from plant and fungal samples using the Fast DNA kit as per the manufacturer’s instructions (ii) Perform amplification using specific primers that are specific to septate fungi and yeasts and amplify the sequences of ITS1, 5. 8 S ribosomal gene and ITS 2 portions of rDNA; 5′ (SF-UP 18570) and 5′(UN-LO28S-22) (iii) Using a thermocycler () carry out PCR reactions in 20 μl volumes with final concentration of reagents as detailed below: 1 × reaction buffer, 100 μM of each of d-NTP, 500 nM of each primer and 1. 25 U Taq polymerase and a drop of mineral oil overlaid on the reaction mixture. (iv) Carry out 29-cycles at 94 °C for 45 s, at 58 °C for 45 s and at 72 °C for 45 s (v) Maintain a positive control with the BCA (R. mucilaginosa) DNA and a negative control with all reagents + distilled water for each run (vi) Analyze the PCR products with standard electrophoresis procedure on 1 % minigels, stained with ethidium bromide and visualize under UV light B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: In vivo studies show that IGF-1 not only inhibits neuronal cell death, but also stimulates nerve regeneration in crushed or freeze-injured nerves. Rabinovsky et al. (2003) found that after a sciatic nerve crush injury in transgenic mice expressing the human IGF-1 transgene, there is an increase in the number of neurofilaments staining the axons in muscle and an accelerated return of nerve conduction velocity. Similarly, IGF-1 increases intramuscular nerve sprouting 10-fold when administered subcutaneously to normal adult rats (Caroni & Grandes, 1990). Finally, IGF-1 has also been linked to age-related alterations in neuromuscular innervation (Payne et al. 2006). These data indicate that IGF-1 plays an important role in mature motoneuron maintenance, both in the normal state and under conditions where motor neuronal loss is found such as ageing and pathological conditions involving the central nervous system. It has been shown that rAAV is retrogradely transported from presynaptic terminals of projecting neurons through the entire length of the axon. Kaspar et al. (2003) took advantage of the retrograde transport ability of AAV in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and injected AAV into respiratory and motor limb muscles to directly target the motoneurons and test the efficacy of two neurotrophic factors, IGF-1 and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). They showed that IGF-1 delays the onset of behavioural symptoms and sustains life to a greater degree than GDNF. The marked effects of IGF-1 on onset and survival were accompanied by preserved morphology of motoneurons. Conclusion Collectively, these findings demonstrate that IGF-1 is a central trophic growth factor, essential for muscle regeneration and hypertrophy, and motor neural maintenance and regeneration. Given the role of IGF-1 in the regeneration of nerve and muscle, it is worth further investigating the therapeutic potential of overexpression of IGF-1 in different neuromuscular diseases. Figure 3. The efficiency of AAV gene transfer. 95–99% of EDL muscle fibres showed expression of reporter gene (LacZ) delivered by AAV1. 592. & Humbel RE (1978). The amino acid sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I and its structural homology with proinsulin.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Once encrypted, data never needs additional security measures. [SEP] Text: Moreover, some words often co-occur with other words so the attacker can determine keywords with similar term of distribution (co-occurrence attack)[11]. For instance, the bigram “of the” occurs much more frequently than any other bigrams in English language[13]; and possessing some auxiliary knowledge can disclose more information about the co-occurring terms. For example, the term “united” is very likely to co-occur with “states” in official paperwork. Thus, identifying a term is not difficult when the attacker knows the corresponding co-occurring term in the ciphertext. Further, documents in the same category share a considerable overlap of terms and keywords so information leakage in one document can lead to privacy violation in other documents. In addition, during each search, tracking the keywords and the corresponding retrieved documents can leak more information (access pattern attack). Thus, to preserve the data privacy, this information must be hidden from untrusted, unapproved, and unauthorized parties. This paper tackles the problem of leakless privacy preserving multi-keyword ranked search over encrypted cloud data (LRSE), and we solve the problem of search pattern, and co-occurrence (for the first time among multi-keywords SSE schemes) private information leakage. To capture the relevance between documents and the search query, we employ secure inner-product similarity that provides sufficient search accuracy[14]. In our approach, the documents and the search queries are described as binary vectors where each bit represents the existence of the corresponding keyword in the document/search query. Thus, the similarity can be measured by the inner-product of the query and document vector[14]. The distribution of the keywords in the documents is not uniform and decreases uncertainty (entropy) of the accessed documents. To address this problem, the key idea in our scheme is to exploit our chaining encryption notion to generate a variety of ciphertexts for high frequency keywords which leads to more uncertainty and a uniform probability model for the keywords distribution. The contributions of this work are:1. We explore the problem of leakless privacy preserving multi-keyword ranked search over encrypted cloud data. We build on a private model to prevent (without compromising efficiency):(a) Search pattern attack (tracking the keywords searched by two or more queries)(b) Co-occurrence attack (determining keywords with similar frequency)2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Hybridization reaction (i) Prepare nylon membrane blots (Roche Diagnostics, Canada) using a manifold device (Schleicher and Schuell, Manifold, USA) (ii) Prepare aliquots (5 μl) of PCR product denatured in 0. 5 M NaOH (500 μl) for 5 min at 37 °C; mix with 12 × SSC (500 μl; saline sodium citrate) and spot 200 μl aliquots onto nylon membrane through the wells of the manifold device (iii) Dry the membranes immediately at 120 °C for 30 min to fix the DNA onto the membrane and cool the membrane (iv) Prehybridize the membrane for 2. 5 h in hybridization buffer containing 6 × SSC 1 % skim milk powder, 0. 2 % sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 0. 1 mg/ml of Poly (A) at 42 or 48 °C (v) Hybridize the membrane overnight (about 16 h) in hybridization solution containing optimum concentration of probe (0. 2 pmol) (vi) Wash the membrane twice for 10 min each in 2 × SSC 0. 2 % SDS at hybridization temperature and twice for 10 min each in 0. 1 × SSC, 0. 02 % SDS at the same temperature (vii) Incubate the membrane at room temperature for 30 min in a 1:20,000 dilution of anti-digoxigenin AP (Roche Diagnostics, Canada) and wash as per the manufacturer’s instructions; generate the signal using the CDP substrate (Roche Diagnostics) and capture the signal on scientific imaging film (X-) 2. 7: Assessment of by Tests A. Inhibition of growth of fungal pathogens (Weller et al.

Output: pass