Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Meat, fruit and milk provided the most calories among unprocessed or minimally processed foods; ham and cheese, the most calories among processed foods; and table sugar and plant oils, the most calories among processed culinary ingredients. Distribution of energy intake from added sugars by food groupsThe average US daily intake of added sugars was 292. 2 kcal (table 1). Notably, almost 90% of this (89. 7%) came from ultra-processed foods. The main sources of added sugars among ultra-processed foods were: soft drinks (17. 1% of US intake of added sugars); fruit drinks (13. 9%); milk-based drinks (4. 6%); cakes, cookies and pies (11. 2%); breads (7. 6%); desserts (7. 3%); sweet snacks (7. 1%); breakfast cereals (6. 4%); and ice creams and ice pops (5. 9%). In contrast, only 8. 7% of the added sugars in the US diet came from processed culinary ingredients (table sugar consumed as part of dishes or drinks prepared from scratch by consumers or a cook), and only 1. 6% from processed foods. The average content of added sugars in ultra-processed foods (21. 1% of calories) was eightfold higher than in processed foods (2. 4%) and fivefold higher than in unprocessed or minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients grouped together (3. 7%) (table 1). Association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and added sugar intakeIn unadjusted restricted cubic splines Gaussian regression analysis, a strong linear association was identified between the dietary contribution (percentage of calories) of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content (percentage of calories) in added sugars (coefficient for linear term=0. 20, 95% CI 0. 17 to 0. 23) (figure 1). Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 1 The dietary content in added sugars regressed on the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods evaluated by restricted cubic splines. US population aged 1+ years ( Survey 2009–2010) (N=9317). The values shown on the x-axis correspond to the 5th, 27. 5th, 50th, 72. 5th, and 95th centiles for percentage of total energy from ultra-processed foods (knots). Coefficient for linear term=0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: This way the government not only hopes to limit public spending, but also wishes to increase social bonding and the self-organisational capacity of society. Community gardens fit the rhetoric around the participatory society, as they are examples of organised residents taking responsibility for their living environment. Moreover, the literature suggests that gardens are physical interventions that may decrease isolation by acting as meeting places. However, both the extent to which community gardens enhance social cohesion and under what conditions they may do so are unclear, especially as gardens come in various designs, shapes and sizes. The popularity of community gardens also seems to be related to an overall increasing societal interest in food, and can be discussed in relation to Networks. AFNs are food systems that are different in some way from the mainstream, and are seen as a reaction to consumer concerns about the conventional food system. They are often considered to be dictated by political motivations and injected with a ‘deeper morality’. The category ‘AFN’ is however a heterogeneous category, as is the conventional food system; neither can be easily defined. The degree to which community gardens can be seen as AFNs is therefore unclear. While they do improve the availability of local food and operate outside of the market economy, we do not know how much and how often people eat from their gardens, nor do we know to what extent they are involved in the gardens in order to provide an alternative to the industrial food system. Hence, there is a lack of knowledge about the sense in which community gardens are alternative alternatives. Research questions The overall research question of this thesis is: What is the significance of community gardening in terms of its intention to promote social cohesion as well as its representation as an alternative food system? This broad question is instructed by the following sub-questions: Why do people get involved in community gardens? What are their motivations? How, to what extent, and under which conditions does community gardening promote the development of social relations between participants? How do participants value these social effects? To what extent do the diets of community garden participants originate from the gardens in which they are involved? What is the importance of food in community gardens? What is the importance of growing or getting access to alternative food for participants of community gardens? important theoretical lens in this research is the theory of practice. Practices are defined as concrete human activity and include things, bodily doings and sayings. By performing practices people not only draw upon but also feed into structure.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: ; of mPer1, mPer2, and mPer3 in the SCN Circadian Clock. Neuron. 2001, 30 (2) 525-536. DOI: 10. 1016/S0896-6273(01)00302-6 Wickwire, E. M. ; Geiger-Brown, J. ; Scharf, S. M. ; Drake, C. L. ; Sleep Disorder: Clinical and Organizational Perspectives. Chest. 2017, 151 (5) 1156-1172. DOI: 10. 1016/j. chest. 2016. 12. 007. Boivin, D. B. ; Boudreau, P. Impacts of shift work on sleep and circadian rhythms. Pathologie Biologie. 2014, 62 (5) 292-301. DOI: 10. 1016/j. patbio. 2014. 08. 001 Mohd Azmi, N. A. S. ; Juliana, N. ; Azmani, S. ; Mohd Effendy, N. ; Abu, I. F. ; Teng, N. I. ; Das, S. Cortisol on on Cardiovascular System. . 2021, 18 (2) 676. DOI: 10. 3390/ijerph18020676 Boivin, D. B. ; Tremblay, G. M. ; James, F. O. Working on atypical schedules. Sleep Medicine. 2007, 8 (6) 578-589. DOI: 10. 1016/j. sleep. 2007. 03. 015. Boivin, D. B. ; Boudreau, P. ; Tremblay, G. M. Phototherapy and orange-tinted goggles for night-shift adaptation of police officers on patrol. Chronobiol Int. 2012, 29 (5) 629-640. DOI: 10. 3109/07420528. 2012. 675252 Black, N. ; D'Souza, A. ; Wang, Y. ; Piggins, H. ; Dobrzynski, H. ; Morris, G. ; Boyett, M. R. Circadian rhythm of cardiac electrophysiology, arrhythmogenesis, and the underlying mechanisms. Heart Rhythm. 2019, 16 (2) 298-307. DOI: 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: 20 (95% CI 0. 17 to 0. 23). There was little evidence of non-linearity in the restricted cubic spline model (Wald test for linear term p<0. 0001; Wald test for all non-linear terms p=0. 27). There was little evidence of non-linearity in the restricted cubic spline model (Wald test for linear term p<0. 0001; Wald test for all non-linear terms p=0. 27). The strength of the association remained fairly the same after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, family income, educational attainment and proportion of added sugars in non-ultra-processed energy intake (coefficient for linear term=0. 19, 95% CI 0. 17 to 0. 22). Overall, each increase in 5 percentage points of energy in consumption of ultra-processed foods was associated with 1 higher percentage point of energy in the consumption of added sugars. Across quintiles of energy-adjusted ultra-processed food consumption, the intake of added sugars increased substantially and monotonically from 7. 5% of total calories in the lowest quintile to 19. 5% in the highest quintile. Across the same quintiles, the proportion of individuals consuming more than 10% of total energy from added sugars (59. 6% in the total population) increased from 26. 4% to 82. 1%, respectively. An even more pronounced increase was seen in the proportion of individuals consuming more than 20% of their total energy from added sugars: from 4. 7% in the lowest quintile to 41. 2% in the highest quintile (table 2). Similar increases were seen in stratified analysis by major demographic subgroups (see online supplementary table S2). The magnitude and the statistical significance of the association between the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content in added sugars did not change with adjustment for sex, age, race/ethnicity, family income and educational attainment. View this table:View inline View popup Table 2 Indicators of the dietary content in added sugars according to the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foodsDiscussionIn this analysis of nationally representative data, we confirmed the excessive consumption of added sugars in the USA. 1011 We also provide new evidence that ultra-processed foods represent more than half of all calories in the US diet, and contribute nearly 90% of all added sugars.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: , Reference Nelson, Shih, Balick and Lampe2007) and respiratory paralysis occur after ingestion of A. cynapium (Schade and Jockusch, and Jockusch2018), cardiac arrhythmias (Nelson et al. , Reference Nelson, Shih, Balick and Lampe2007) and cardiac arrest result from the consumption of C. majalis and the intake of Ilex spec. fruits leads to cardiac arrhythmias and paralysis (Schade and Jockusch, and Jockusch2018). Daphne mezereum is poisonous even when touched and can cause central nervous system damage and circulatory collapse after tachycardia when ingested. In addition, mezerein, a secondary metabolite in D. mezereum, induces a long-term carcinogenic effect (Lochstampfer, Reference Lochstampfer2018). Figure 1. Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis) in flower (a) with red fruit (b). Also visible are the leaves, which are very similar to those of edible wild garlic (Allium ursinum) (c). Red berries of Daphne (Daphne mezereum) (d) and holly tree (Ilex spec. ) (e) can easily be mistaken for edible berries. Images are taken from the website pixabay ( The mildly to moderately poisonous plants consisted of 25 purely ornamental plants, 12 food plants that are edible either at very low doses or after appropriate preparation, and 11 taxa that can serve as both food and ornamental plants. Risks may arise from the bulbs of decorative plants such as daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) or iris (Iris sibirica) as they can be confused with the edible onion Allium cepa. Another common mistake can be the misidentification of crocus Ixieae spec. as wild garlic A. ursinum, which were not present in the community gardens studied here, but are common and widespread in urban green spaces such as parks. In addition, a variety of plant taxa produce capsules or pods that look similar to edible legume beans (e. g. , Phaseolus vulgaris).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. hrthm. 2018. 08. 026. Cruz-Topete, D. ; Oakley, R. H. ; Cidlowski, J. A. and the Aging Heart. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2020, (11) 1664-2392. DOI: 10. 3389/fendo. 2020. 00347 Takeda, N. ; Maemura, K. . J. Cardiol. 2011, 57 (3), 249−256. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jjcc. 2011. 02. 00. Zhang, J. ; Chatham, J. C. ; Young, M. E. of Cardiac Physiology: Keep the Heart Beating. Physiol. 2020, 10 (82) 79-101. DOI: 10. 1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114349 Chellappa, S. L. ; Vujovic, N. ; Williams, J. S. ; Scheer, F. A. J. L. Impact of on and Disease. Metab. 2019, 30 (10), 767-779. DOI: 10. 1016/j. tem. 2019. 07. 008 Fujino, Y. ; Iso, H. ; Tamakoshi, A. ; Inaba, Y. ; Koizumi, A. ; Kubo, T. ; Yoshimura, T. Group. A prospective cohort study of shift work and risk of ischemic heart disease in Japanese male workers. Epidemiol. 2006, 164 (2), 128-35. DOI: 10. 1093/aje/kwj185 Vaughn, B. V. ; Rotolo, S. ; Roth, H. Circadian rhythm and sleep influences on digestive physiology and disorders. ChronoPhysiology and Therapy. 2014, 67-77. DOI: 10. 2147/CPT. S44806 Taleb, Z. ; Karpowicz, Phillip. Circadian regulation of digestive and metabolic tissues. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2022, 323 (2). DOI: 10. 1152/ajpcell. 00166. 2022 Stephan, F. K. ; Swann, J. M. ; Sisk, C. L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Added sugars represented 1 of every 5 calories in the average ultra-processed food (21. 1%), far higher than the content of added sugars in processed foods (2. 4%) and in unprocessed or minimally processed foods, and processed culinary ingredients grouped together (3. 7%). A strong linear relationship was found between the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content of added sugars. Moreover, the risk of exceeding the recommended upper limit of 10% energy from added sugars was far higher when ultra-processed food consumption was high, and risk differences were even more pronounced for exceeding a limit of 20% energy. Notably, only those Americans in the lowest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption met the recommended limit of <10% energy from added sugars. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods and establish its relationship with excessive added sugar intake in the USA. The high consumption of added sugars in the USA is most likely contributing to excess obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and coronary heart disease. 13–5 Consequently, most dietary guidelines now recommend limiting added sugar consumption. However, such guidelines are not always clear on how to put this recommendation into practice. Our study suggests that in the USA, limiting the consumption of ultra-processed foods may be a highly effective way to decrease added sugars. A reduction in ultra-processed foods should also increase the intake of more healthful, minimally processed foods such as milk, fruits and nuts, and freshly prepared dishes based on whole grains and vegetables, which would produce additional health benefits beyond the reduction in added sugar. Consistent with this approach, in Brazil, where the consumption of added sugars is as high as in the USA,33 the new dietary guidelines launched in 2014 emphasise the importance of not replacing unprocessed or minimally processed foods and freshly prepared dishes by ultra-processed foods. 34Few studies have assessed the impact of levels of food processing on the nutrient profile of the US diet. One analysis using data from 2003–200835 used a food classification system36 including ‘Mixtures of combined Ingredients’ and ‘Ready-to-eat’, which are mostly ultra-processed foods, and together contributed to about half of the total energy intake and three-quarters of energy intake from added sugars.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: Agricultura urbana agroecológica na perspectiva da promoção da saúde. Saúde Soc. 2015;24(2):730-43. 20 Enqvist J, Tengo M, Bodin Õ. Citizen networks in the Garden City: Protecting urban ecosystems in rapid urbanization. Plan. 2014;130:24-35. 21. Cultivo de hortaliças no sistema orgânico. Rev Ceres. 2014;61Supl:829-37. 22 Freire M, Ramos IJ. Solo agrícola e agricultura em espaço urbano: dinâmicas. O exemplo de Évora. GOT. 2014 [citado 2017 set 30];(6):113-34. Disponível em: » 23 Hunter AJ, Luck G. Defining and measuring the social-ecological quality of urban greenspace: A semi-systematic review. Urban Ecosyst. 2015;18(4):1139-63. Publication in this collection12 Sept 2019 Date of issue2019 History Received24 Jan 2019 Reviewed14 June 2019 Accepted18 July 2019 This is an 2018. 2 Types of crops found in community gardens: fruits (A), leafy vegetables (B), non-leafy vegetables (C). Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. 1 Characteristics of five community gardens. Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. 2 Socioeconomic characteristics of horticulturists in urban community gardens. Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. ×1 Areas (neighborhoods) visited with the indication of urban gardens. Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. ×2 Types of crops found in community gardens: fruits (A), leafy vegetables (B), non-leafy vegetables (C). Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. ×1 Characteristics of five community gardens. Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Anticipation of 24-hr feeding schedules in rats with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Behavioral and Neural Biology. 1979, 25 (3), 346-363. DOI: 10. 1016/S0163-1047(79)90415-1 Fustin, J. M. ; Doi, M. ; Yamada, H. ; Komatsu, R. ; Shimba, S. ; Okamura, H. Rhythmic nucleotide synthesis in the liver: temporal segregation of metabolites. Cell Rep. 2012, 1 (4), 341-349. DOI: 10. 1016/j. celrep. 2012. 03. 001 Neufeld-Cohen, A. ; Robles, M. S. ; Aviram, R. ; Manella, G. ; Adamovich, Y. ; Ladeuix, B. ; Nir, D. ; Rousso-Noori, L. ; Kuperman, Y. ; Golik, M. ; Mann, M. ; Asher, G. Circadian control of oscillations in mitochondrial rate-limiting enzymes and nutrient utilization by proteins. PNAS. 2016, 113 (12), 1673-1682. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 1519650113 Jacobi, D. ; Liu, S. ; Burkewitz, K. ; Kory, N. ; Knudsen, N. H. ; Alexander, R. K. ; Unluturk, U. ; Li, X. ; Kong, X. ; Hyde, A. L. ; Gangl, M. R. ; Mair, W. B. ; Lee, C. H. Hepatic Bmal1 Fitness. Cell Metab. 2015, 22 (4), 709-720. DOI: 10. 1016/j. cmet. 2015. 08. 006 Pan, X. ; Bradfield, C. A. ; Hussain, M. M. Global and hepatocyte-specific ablation of Bmal1 induces hyperlipidaemia and enhances atherosclerosis. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7 (1). DOI: 10. 1038/ncomms130. Rudic, R. D. ; McNamara, P. ; Curtis, A. M. ; Boston, R. C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Another study evaluated household barcoded purchasing data from 2000 to 2012 using a classification system guided by the one used in our study. 37 In 2012, the mean per capita purchase of ‘highly processed foods’, a category similar to ultra-processed foods, corresponded to 61. 0% of all calories and had higher adjusted median total sugar content than ‘less processed foods’. This report did not evaluate added sugars nor the contribution of processed foods to sugar intake. It also did not capture non-barcoded items such as unpackaged fresh fruit, vegetables and meat, or highly processed foods such as ready-to-eat store-prepared items. An investigation in Canada, using 2001 household purchasing data, found that ultra-processed foods are high in free sugars and that only households in the lowest quintile of ultra-processed food purchasing might have met the recommended limit of <10% energy from free sugars (9. 2%). 38 Being based on household purchasing data, these two prior studies and others based on the NOVA classification system2339–42 could not evaluate the fraction of wasted food nor purchases at restaurants, which represent a substantial proportion of US calories. Our findings build on and considerably extend these prior reports by evaluating food processing and added sugar intake using contemporary, nationally representative dietary intake data in the USA. Our study has several strengths. We studied a large, nationally representative sample of the US population, increasing generalisability. Use of data on added sugars, rather than total sugars or sugar-sweetened beverages, corresponds to the relevant area of prioritisation of recent national and international guidelines. Our investigation was based on individual consumption data, rather than market disappearance or household purchasing data which cannot account for differences between amounts purchased and amounts actually consumed. Potential limitations should be considered. As with most population measures, dietary data obtained by 24 h recalls are imperfect. However, the standardised methods and approach of minimise potential error and bias, particularly for assessing population averages as focused on in the present study. Previous studies suggest that people with obesity may under-report consumption of foods with caloric sweeteners43 such as desserts and sweet baked goods. 4445 If so, these biases may lead to an underestimation of the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and the overall intake of added sugars, but should have much less effect on the association between these.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn the face of a dire food security challenge in South Africa, high food price spikes in 2008 revitalised a governmental emphasis on the value of urban agricultural responses, especially at the local and household level. Limited empirical evidence casts doubt on this as a suitable response. This paper fills that gap to some extent and confirms a modest impact of an urban agriculture-based programme implemented by the former of Agriculture, Conservation, and Environment, which established community gardens for the poorest of the poor. Prior reviews finding modest impacts elsewhere have lead to a polarised academic literature, criticism of urban agriculture as a response to food insecurity and development at large contrasts widespread advocacy. In this paper, a new insight is gleaned by opening up the implementation of ‘black box’ to reconfigure the polarised debate thus far. In one sense, the findings reiterate the potential but ambiguous and modest benefits of urban agriculture as a response to the complex food-insecurity problem due to government systems and processes. The implementation of community-based programmes, if pursued further, requires far greater institutional integration and contextual backing, especially considering a more sophisticated understanding of urban food systems. For example, the blurring between income-based and subsistence rationales within programme and policy provisions frustrate the overall success of community gardening, with implementation processes failing to achieve either. Gardens therefore fail to find a niche within wider systems of production, marketing and availability, or as safety nets and social protection. In another sense, the discussion suggests a more critical review of the continuing (misplaced) discursive biases of urban agriculture within policy and practice. This means that although there is more to be researched in terms of the ‘practice of urban agriculture’ and its implementation in specific contexts, we cannot forego critical evaluation of (discursive) policy dynamics, their institutional effects and their manifest praxis. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 2009. Although the most urbanized of the provinces in South Africa, the new department has taken a far more rural perspective than its predecessor the GDACE, although from annual reports appears to have maintained the same programmes while adding on some new ones.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: ; Panda, S. ; Hogenesch, J. B. ; 1 and CLOCK, two essential components of the circadian clock, are involved in glucose homeostasis. PLoS Biol. 2004, 2 (11), 377. DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 0020377 Kim, C. W. ; Yun, K. E. ; Jung, H. S. ; Chang, Y. ; Choi, E. S. ; Kwon, M. J. ; Lee, E. H. ; Woo, E. J. ; Kim, N. H. ; Shin, H. ; Ryu, S. Sleep duration and quality in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in middle-aged workers and their spouses. J Hepatol. 2013, 59 (2), 351-357. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jhep. 2013. 03. 035 Lin, Y. M. ; Chang, J. H. ; Yeh, K. T. ; Yang, M. Y. ; Liu, T. C. ; Lin, S. F. ; Su, W. W. ; Chang, J. G. Disturbance of circadian gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog. 2008, 47 (12), 925-933. DOI: 10. 1002/mc. 20446 Stevenson, N. R. ; Ferrigni, F. ; Parnicky, K. ; Day, S. ; Fierstein, J. S. Effect of changes in feeding schedule on the diurnal rhythms and daily activity levels of intestinal brush border enzymes and transport systems. Acta. 1975, 406 (1), 131-145. DOI: 10. 1016/0005-2736(75)90048-6. PMID: 240440. Qiu, J. M. ; Roberts, S. A. ; Potten, C. S. Cell migration in the small and large bowel shows a strong circadian rhythm. Biol. 1994, 3 (4), 137-148. PMID: 7550605. Schernhammer, E. S. ; Laden, F. ; Speizer, F. E. ; Willett, W. C. ; Hunter, D. J. ; Kawachi, I. ; Fuchs, C. S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: collects some information indicative of food processing (ie, place of meals, product brands), these data are not consistently determined for all food items, which could lead to modest overestimation or underestimation of the consumption of ultra-processed foods. In conclusion, we found that ultra-processed foods contribute almost 60% of calories and 90% of added sugars consumed in the USA. in the lowest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption met the recommended guidelines for intake of added sugars. Decreasing the consumption of ultra-processed foods could be an effective way of reducing the excessive intake of added sugars in the USA. 2015. ↵NHS Health Choices. Eight tips for healthy eating. (accessed Aug 2015). ↵ Position Statement, August 2014. (accessed Aug 2015). ↵ Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the Association. Circulation 2009;120:1011–20. doi:10. 1161/. 109. 192627OpenUrlAbstract/↵of the 2015 Advisory Committee. Department of Agriculture and US Department of health and human services. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010. 7th edn, Washington DC: 2010. ↵ Intake of added sugars and selected nutrients in the United States, Survey () 2003–2006. Nutr 2010;50:228–58. doi:10. 1080/10408391003626223of Science↵Bowman SA. Diets of individuals based on energy intakes from added sugars. 1999;12:31–8. OpenUrl↵Murphy S, Johnson R. The scientific basis of recent US guidance on sugars intake. 2003;78:827S–33S. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ Consumption of added sugars is decreasing in the United States. 2011;94:726–34. doi:10. 3945/ajcn. 111. 018366OpenUrlAbstract/↵ Added sugar intake and cardiovascular diseases mortality among US adults. 2014;174:516–24. doi:10. 1001/jamainternmed. 2013. 13563↵Department of Agriculture. Service. Sugar and Tables. (accessed Aug 2015). ↵ Survey (accessed Aug 2015).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: (2006) reminds us, there is a complex relationship between the components of food security, being food self-reliant does not automatically equate with food-self sufficiency. Cities, for example, are likely then always to rely, at least in part on rural areas producing staple food crops. Farmers are also exposed to the inherent risks of agriculture, such as pests, environmental factors and socio-political changes such as land transfers/loss (Maxwell 1995). There is no precedence for the HFIAS being used as a back-casting tool. It was only used to provide some idea of the changing perceptions of the beneficiaries; the core focus was on their current food security status. It is revealing that there is no discernable improvement to food security noted by the responses by gardeners. One would hope for a clear indication that things had improved, even if not rigorously testable. If this was the gardeners’ only income, it would need to be above the food poverty line or the cost of a nutritionally adequate subsistence diet for a household (Rose and Charlton 2002) or at least sufficient to make up for any deficit in food not catered for from the garden. With an average of four people per project, this is unlikely to be sufficient money. (2007, p. 39) report provides a conservative estimate of financial losses based on beneficiary attrition alone. If R4000 is spent per beneficiary there was an average loss of R 80 545. 50project. This should not be considered a criticism of their study as dietary diversity was not their core focus. It is also only used in the to get an understanding of the dietary diversity, not provide evidence for a causal link between gardens and dietary diversity. It should be acknowledged that there are potential issues of preference at play here that could mean people forego the more nutritious food to purchase the preferred foods. The subsistence-versus-market basis of this argument should not be construed as a preference or importance of one over the other. Market-based approaches may in fact do little to help the poorest of the poor. Support structures put in place to assist entrepreneurs are likely to be captured by those with the skills to do so. The point is not that the poor should be neglected, but that there needs to be different approaches to help different categories of people effectively. The above has also directed attention towards specific management constraints around the community gardens projects.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: ; Colditz, G. A. Night-shift work and risk of colorectal cancer in the nurses' health study. J Inst. 2003, 95 (11), 825-8. DOI: 10. 1093/jnci/95. 11. 825 Pérez, S. ; Murias, L. ; Fernández-Plaza, C. ; Díaz, I. ; González, C. ; Otero, J. ; Díaz, E. Evidence for clock genes circadian rhythms in human full-term placenta. Reprod Med. 2015, 61 (6), 360-366. DOI: 10. 3109/19396368. 2015. 1069420 Rahman, S. A. ; Grant, L. K. ;Gooley, J. J. ; Rajaratnam, S. M. W. ; Czeisler, C. A. ; Lockley, S. W. Regulation of Hormones. J Metab. 2019, 104 (12), 6049-6059. DOI: 10. 1210/jc. 2019-00803 Alvarez, J. D. ; Chen, D. ; Storer, E. ; Sehgal, A. Non-cyclic and developmental stage-specific expression of circadian clock proteins during murine spermatogenesis. Biol Reprod. 2003, 69 (1), 81-91. DOI: 10. 1095/biolreprod. 102. 011833 Mahoney, M. M. Shift work, jet lag, and female reproduction. Endocrinol. 2010, 2010. DOI: 10. 1155/2010/813764 Endo, A. ; Toshiaki, Watanabe. Effects of Non‐24‐on in Mice. Gamete Research. 1989, 22 (4), 435–441. DOI:10. 1002/mrd. 1120220409 Bittman, E. L. Timing in the Testis. J Biol Rhythms. 2016, 31 (1), 12-36. DOI: 10. 1177/0748730415618297 Peruquetti, R. L. ; De Mateo, S. ; Sassone-Corsi, P.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the Chilean diet (2010) Published online by Press: 19 June 2017 da án andShow author details Affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, for in Health and Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Reyes* Affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Laura da Affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, for in Health and Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São : Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, for in Health and Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São : Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, for in Health and Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Corvalán Affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, : Institute of Nutrition and (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, of Nutrition and Intervention Research, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK * *Corresponding author: Email mreyes@inta. uchile. cl 0. 35 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] Abstract ObjectiveTo assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods and analyse its association with the content of added sugars in the Chilean diet. DesignCross-sectional study of national dietary data obtained through 24 h recalls and classified into food groups according to the extent and purpose of food processing (NOVA classification). SettingChile. SubjectsA probabilistic sample of 4920 individuals (aged 2 years or above) studied in 2010 by a national dietary survey (de Consumo Alimentario). ResultsUltra-processed foods represented 28·6 (se 0·5) % of total energy intake and 58·6 (se 0·9) % of added sugars intake.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms can fully replace rural farms for food supply. [SEP] Text: Nutrient use and recycling in urban, peri-urban and rural farms in &output: Thesis › internal (1) population growth is rapidly increasing in developing countries, and fueling urban food demand. As a consequence, urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is becoming important, providing food and jobs. Ethiopia is among the rapidly developing countries and the second most populous country in Africa after Nigeria. The diversity and performance of UPA in Ethiopia is not well-known, especially the use and recycling of nutrients in livestock manures and household wastes in UPA and rural farms are unknown. The aim of this thesis is to increase the insights on the diversity and the performances of UPA farms, with focus on the use and recycling of nutrients in urban livestock manures and wastes, for closing the urban rural nutrient loops. A combination of farm surveys in three cities (Addis Ababa, Adama, and Jimma), nutrient budgeting, simulation modeling and field experiments were used to examine the current situation and to explore various scenarios for 2050. Three main scenarios were explored: (1) Increased urbanization, (2) Intensification of UPA and (3) Technological changes. Six UPA farm types were distinguished: commercial livestock, commercial vegetable, subsistence field crop, and combinations of these three, through principal component analysis. Most of the farms were mixed farms, with variable proportions of nutrient resources allocated to livestock. Livestock farms had relatively high farm income and high N, P and K surpluses, while subsistence field crop farms had low farm income and deficits of N, P and K on the input-output balances. There was little or no exchange of manures and wastes between livestock farms and crop farms in the urban areas, and also no transfer of manures and wastes from the urban areas to the rural areas. UPA farms had on average positive N, P and K balances while farms in the rural areas had negative N and K balances, but positive P balances (through the use of subsidized NP fertilizers). Estimates suggest that 0. 5-2. 6 Gg N, 0. 2-0. 8 and 0. 9-3. 7 could have been collected in manures and household wastes in year-1 in 2015, and recycled in crop farms, which would have saved 75-300 million on synthetic fertilizers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Circadian proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 in the chromatoid body, a RNA processing granule of male germ cells. PLoS One. 2012, 7 (8), DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0042695 Leproult, R. : Van Cauter, E. Effect of 1 week of sleep restriction on testosterone levels in young healthy men. JAMA. 2011, 305 (21), 2173-2174. DOI: 10. 1001/jama. 2011. 710 Clinic, Cleveland. “System: Is, Function & Disorders. ” Cleveland Clinic, 2022, my. clevelandclinic. org/health/body/23273-autonomic-nervous-system. Accessed 21 Feb. 2024. Riganello, F. ; Prada, V. ; Soddu, A. ; di Perri, C. ; Sannita, W. G. and Measures of CNS/Autonomic Interaction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019, 16, 2336. DOI:10. 3390/ijerph16132336 Logan, R. W. ; McClung, C. A. Rhythms of Life: across the Lifespan. Neuroscience. 2018, 20 (1), 49–65. DOI: 10. 1038/s41583-018-0088-y Hall, A. L. ; Franche, R. L. ; Koehoorn, M. Assessment in Research: A Study on Nurses. Expo Health. 2018, 62 (2), 182-194. DOI:10. 1093/annweh/wxx103 McNeely, E. ; Mordukhovich, I. ; Staffa, S. ; Tideman, S. ; Gale, S. ; Coull, B. Cancer prevalence among flight attendants compared to the general population. Environ Health. 2018, 17 (1). DOI:10. 1186/s12940-018-0396-8 Leso, V. ; Fontana, L. ; Caturano, A. ; Vetrani, I. ; Fedele, M. ; Iavicoli, I. Impact of Hours on Functions: Needs. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: The mean percentage of energy from added sugars increased from 7·7 (se 0·3) to 19·7 (se 0·5) % across quintiles of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods. After adjusting for several potential sociodemographic confounders, a 5 percentage point increase in the dietary share of ultra-processed foods determined a 1 percentage point increase in the dietary content of added sugars. Individuals in the highest quintile were three times more likely (OR=2·9; 95 % CI 2·4, 3·4) to exceed the 10 % upper limit for added sugars recommended by the WHO compared with those in the lowest quintile, after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. This association was strongest among individuals aged 2–19 years (OR=3·9; 95 % CI 2·7, 5·9). ConclusionsIn Chile, ultra-processed foods are important contributors to total energy intake and to the consumption of added sugars. Actions aimed at limiting consumption of ultra-processed foods are being implemented as effective ways to achieve WHO dietary recommendations to limit added sugars and processed foods, especially for children and adolescents. Keywords ChileFood processingUltra-processed foodsEnergy intakeAdded sugars 1: Foods January 2018 10. 1017/S1368980017001161 [Opens in a new window] © 2017 Ultra-processed foods are rapidly dominating the global food system( Reference Monteiro, Moubarac and Cannon 1 ). These products are formulated and manufactured industrially employing processes and ingredients not commonly used in traditional culinary preparations( Reference Monteiro, Cannon and Levy 2 ). Studies from Canada, Brazil and the USA describe these products as being high in energy density and high in free/added sugars content, with low fibre and micronutrient densities, compared with unprocessed or minimally processed foods (even when the latter are combined with salt, sugar or fat used as culinary ingredients)( Reference Moubarac, Batal and Louzada 3 – Reference Martínez Steele, Popkin and Swinburn 6 ).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms can fully replace rural farms for food supply. [SEP] Text: Forecasts indicate that the urban population in Ethiopia will increase by 3 to 5%, and that UPA will also increase between 2015 and 2050. Scenario analyses indicated that livestock manures were the main organic wastes in the urban areas, although only 20-40% of animal source food consumed was produced in UPA, and only 14-19% of protein intake by citizens was animal-based. My scenario analyses suggest three important needs: (i) reducing population growth and urbanization, (ii) improving crop and livestock productivities and (iii) increasing manures and wastes recycling. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of. L. , Co-promotorOcho, F. L. , Co-promotor, External personAward date14 May 2021Place of 9789463957335DOstatusPublished - 14 May 2021 output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10. 18174/542694 Files and links into the research topics of 'Nutrient use and recycling in urban, peri-urban and rural farms in Ethiopia'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. Agricultural and 100% Agricultural and 88% Agricultural and 22% Agricultural and 22% Agricultural and 22% Agricultural and 22% Agricultural and 11% 11% View full fingerprint Projects 1 per year Soil fertility and nutrient management at regional level in Ethiopia. Tadesse, S. (PI), Oenema, O. (CoI), van Beek, C. (CoI), Tadesse, S. (PhD candidate), Oenema, O. (Promotor) & van Beek, C. (Co-promotor)15/02/13 → 14/05/21Project: PhD 100% 88% 22% 22% 22% Cite this. T. (2021). Nutrient use and recycling in urban, peri-urban and rural farms in Ethiopia. [internal ]. Wageningen University. Tadesse, Solomon Tulu. / Nutrient use and recycling in urban, peri-urban and rural farms in Ethiopia. Wageningen : Wageningen University, 2021. 184 p.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 2021, 18 (12), 6540. DOI:10. 3390/ijerph18126540 Alhola, P. ; Polo-Kantola, P. Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance. Treat. 2007, 3 (5), 553-567. Rouch, I. ; Wild, P. ; Ansiau, D. ; Marquié, J. C. Shiftwork experience, age and cognitive performance. Ergonomics. 2005, 48 (10) 1282-1293. DOI: 10. 1080/00140130500241670. PMID: 16253945. Kazemi, R. ; Haidarimoghadam, R. ; Motamedzadeh, M. ; Golmohamadi, R. ; Soltanian, A. ; Zoghipaydar, M. R. Effects of on Cognitive Performance, Sleep Quality, and Sleepiness among Room Operators. J Circadian Rhythms. 2016, 14 (1) DOI:10. 5334/jcr. 134. PMID: 27103934 Caruso, C. C. ; Negative impacts of shiftwork and long work hours. Rehabil Nurs. 2014, 39 (1), 16-25. DOI:10. 1002/rnj. 107 Boyle, L. N. ; Tippin, J. ; Paul, A. ; Rizzo, M. ; in the a Microsleep. . 2008, 11 (2), 126-136. DOI:10. 1016/j. trf. 2007. 08. 001 Babkoff, H. ; Zukerman, G. ; Fostick, L. ; Ben-Artzi, E. Effect of the diurnal rhythm and 24 h of sleep deprivation on dichotic temporal order judgment. J Sleep Res. 2005, 4 (1), 7-15. DOI:10. 1111/j. 1365-2869. 2004. 00423. x Hastings, M. H. ; Reddy, A. B. ; Maywood, E. S. A clockwork web: circadian timing in brain and periphery, in health and disease. Neurosci. 2003, 4 (8) 649-661. DOI: 10. 1038/nrn1177.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Cross-sectional and cohort studies have shown significant positive associations between ultra-processed food consumption and obesity( Reference Canella, Levy and Martins 7 – Reference Mendonça, Pimenta and Gea 9 ) and other diet-related non-communicable diseases( Reference Monteiro, Levy and Claro 10 – Reference Mendonça, Lopes and Pimenta 13 ). Several reports have concluded that a high intake of added sugars increases the risk of weight gain( 14 – Reference Vos, Kaar and Welsh 17 ), excess body weight( 16 ), obesity( 16 – 18 ), type 2 diabetes mellitus( 16 18 ), higher serum TAG( Reference Johnson, Appel and Brands 15 – Reference Vos, Kaar and Welsh 17 Reference Kell, Cardel and 19 ), dyslipidaemia( Reference Vos, Kaar and Welsh 17 ), high blood cholesterol( 18 ), higher blood pressure( Reference Johnson, Appel and Brands 15 Reference Vos, Kaar and Welsh 17 – Reference Kell, Cardel and 19 ), hypertension( Reference Kell, Cardel and 16 ), stroke( 16 18 ), CHD( 16 18 ), cancer( 16 ) and dental caries( 14 – 16 18 ). In fact, the WHO guidelines recommend limiting free sugars intake to less than 10 % of total energy intake to prevent excess body weight and dental caries, and to less than 5 % for additional health benefits( 14 ). Free sugars include sugars added to foods by the manufacturer, cook and consumer, plus sugars naturally present in honey, syrups and fruit juices( and Stephen 20 ). A recent report using nationally representative dietary data from the USA (population aged >1 year) showed a strong association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and the intake of added sugars, suggesting the need to limit consumption of ultra-processed foods as an effective way of reducing excessive intake of added sugars( Reference Martínez Steele, Baraldi and Louzada 21 ). Yet, these estimates are a ‘conservative’ way to assess compliance with WHO dietary goals as added sugars include sugars added to foods or beverages during processing, preparation or at the table, but exclude naturally occurring sugars in fruit juices( 22 ).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban farms can fully replace rural farms for food supply. [SEP] Text: There was little or no exchange of manures and wastes between livestock farms and crop farms in the urban areas, and also no transfer of manures and wastes from the urban areas to the rural areas. UPA farms had on average positive N, P and K balances while farms in the rural areas had negative N and K balances, but positive P balances (through the use of subsidized NP fertilizers). Estimates suggest that 0. 5-2. 6 Gg N, 0. 2-0. 8 and 0. 9-3. 7 could have been collected in manures and household wastes in year-1 in 2015, and recycled in crop farms, which would have saved 75-300 million on synthetic fertilizers. Forecasts indicate that the urban population in Ethiopia will increase by 3 to 5%, and that UPA will also increase between 2015 and 2050. Scenario analyses indicated that livestock manures were the main organic wastes in the urban areas, although only 20-40% of animal source food consumed was produced in UPA, and only 14-19% of protein intake by citizens was animal-based. My scenario analyses suggest three important needs: (i) reducing population growth and urbanization, (ii) improving crop and livestock productivities and (iii) increasing manures and wastes recycling. AB - Urban population growth is rapidly increasing in developing countries, and fueling urban food demand. As a consequence, urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is becoming important, providing food and jobs. Ethiopia is among the rapidly developing countries and the second most populous country in Africa after Nigeria. The diversity and performance of UPA in Ethiopia is not well-known, especially the use and recycling of nutrients in livestock manures and household wastes in UPA and rural farms are unknown. The aim of this thesis is to increase the insights on the diversity and the performances of UPA farms, with focus on the use and recycling of nutrients in urban livestock manures and wastes, for closing the urban rural nutrient loops. A combination of farm surveys in three cities (Addis Ababa, Adama, and Jimma), nutrient budgeting, simulation modeling and field experiments were used to examine the current situation and to explore various scenarios for 2050. Three main scenarios were explored: (1) Increased urbanization, (2) Intensification of UPA and (3) Technological changes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 4–313,095. 3) 23. 1 (12. 3–32. 1) 66,782. 1 (35,559. 3–92,801. 1) 33. 3 (–507–199. 4) 96,270. 3 (-146,573. 7–576,465. 4) 6. 8 (–102–40. 2) 19,658. 8 (–29,488. 2–116,218. 2) Depression 64. 9 (–19–119. 2) 131,811. 9 (–38,589–242,095. 2) 20. 3 (–6. 2–37. 4) 41,229. 3 (–12,592. 2–75,959. 4) 24. 1 (5. 7–39. 6) 48947. 1 (11576. 7–80427. 6) 5. 7 (1. 2–9. 4) 11576. 7 (2437. 2–19091. 4) Hypertension 31. 2 (–75. 5–136. 9) 52,572 (–127,217. 5–230,676. 5) 11. 2 (–30. 1–47. 7) 18,872 (–50,718. 5–80,374. 5) Disease 18 (12. 3–23. 7) 67,932 (46,420. 2–89,443. 8) 5 (3. 4–6. 5) 18,870 (12,831. 6–24,531) 9. 7 (8. 4–34. 8) 36607. 8 (31701. 6–131335. 2) 1. 8 (1. 5–6. 2) 6793. 2 (5661–23398. 8) 0 (0–0. 1) 0 (0–736. 9) 0 (–0. 1–0. 1) 0 (-736. 9–736. 9) 1. 3 (0. 8–1. 8) 3420. 3 (2104. 8–4735. 8) 173. 5 0. 8–283) 501,588. 5 (2312. 8–818,153) Miscarriage 0. 1 (0–0. 2) 308. 4 (0–616.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: In Chile, a study based on data collected by a national household food budget survey undertaken in 2006–2007 showed that ultra-processed foods and free sugars represented 52·8 and 16·1 % of total purchased energy, respectively, but no analyses of the association between these two variables were performed( Reference Crovetto, Uauy and Martins 23 ). Information on the intake of ultra-processed foods and added sugars and on the association between these two variables is particularly relevant in Chile, given the large-scale food policies being implemented in this country such as an increase in taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages and the law regulating food labelling and advertising( Reference Corvalán, Reyes and Garmendia 24 ). To address this gap, we used intake data from the most recent national dietary survey undertaken in Chile to assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods and to analyse its association with the dietary content of added sugars. source and sampling The data were obtained from the Survey (de ) performed between November 2010 and January 2011. The survey used probability sampling by clusters, with stratification and multiple lottery stages, allowing it to represent the Chilean population aged 2 years or above in urban and rural areas of every geographic region: North, Center, South, South (Austral) and Metropolitan. The survey response rate was 85·5 % for a total of 5753 individuals excluding pregnant women and individuals who showed signs of altered mental status. A final sample of 4920 individuals was studied( 25 ). Dietary intake All individuals were eligible for one 24 h dietary recall interview, conducted using the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Automated Multiple-Pass Method( 26 ). For children under 12 years of age, an adult caregiver responded the interview. Adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years answered in the presence of the caregiver. Individuals provided information on quantities (using home measurements) and preparation methods of each consumed food item, assisted by a photographic ‘atlas’ of typical Chilean foods and recipes specifically designed for this survey. Each home measurement was converted to grams or millilitres using a standardized conversion table. All reported values (n 150 156) were double checked and inconsistencies were verified by telephone, resulting in no missing values( 25 ). Food classification according to processing Every reported food item was classified according to the extent and purpose of food processing, following the NOVA procedure( Reference Monteiro, Cannon and Levy 2 ).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Hydroponic systems require no maintenance or technical knowledge. [SEP] Text: Therefore, PoS algorithms are not usable without a cryptocurrency with real economic value. Some authors have proposed combining multiple mining algorithms. Proof of Contribution (Xue et al. , 2018) is an example of such an approach, which combines PoW and PoS. Modifications to the longest chain rule have also been explored. IOTA (Popov, 2018) utilizes a directed acyclic graph (DAG) instead of a linear sequence of blocks to represent the ledger. 2. 0 Consensus (Müller et al. , 2022) employs the heaviest DAG rule and a stake- or reputation-based weight function to reach an agreement. Liu et al. (2016) introduces XPaxos, the first Tolerance (XFT) consensus algorithm. XFT algorithms offer stronger consistency and availability guarantees than CFT algorithms. Moreover, XFT algorithms provide stronger availability guarantees than BFT algorithms. However, XFT algorithms are applicable only when Byzantine nodes are not coordinated. Hybrid consensus algorithms, where existing BFT protocols are combined to offer different compromises between efficiency and decentralization, have been explored in many studies (Pass & Shi, 2017; Wu, Song & Wang, 2020; Xu et al. , 2019; Zhou, Hua & Jin, 2020; Abuidris et al. , 2021; Liu, Tan & Zhuo, 2022). However, none of these proposals specifically focuses on a consensus algorithm that dynamically and automatically switches between CFT and BFT protocols. This study addresses that gap by describing the general idea and providing possible applications. Table 1 provides a summary of the literature. Table 1: Contextualization of this study within the existing literature.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 8) 0. 2 (0. 1–0. 2) 616. 8 (308. 4–616. 8) Obesity 97. 3 (44. 6–151. 9) 281294. 3 (128938. 6–439142. 9) 36. 9 (17. 8–54. 8) 106,677. 9 (51,459. 8–158,426. 8) 30 (–2. 2–53. 6) 125190 (–9180. 6–223672. 8) 0. 1 (0–0. 2) 308. 4 (0–616. 8) 0. 3 (0–0. 6) 925. 2 (0–1850. 4) 0. 1 (0. 1–0. 2) 308. 4 (308. 4–616. 8) 0. 5 (0. 3–0. 7) 1542 (925. 2–2158. 8) 0. 6 (0–1. 2) 4421. 4 (0–8842. 8) 0. 3 (0–0. 6) 2210. 7 (0–4421. 4) 0. 1 (–0. 3–0. 4) 736. 9 (–2210. 7–2947. 6) 0. 1 (–0. 3–0. 4) 736. 9 (–2210. 7–2947. 6) Small for 0 (0–0. 2) 0 (0–282. 8) –3. 4 (–44. 1–19. 4) –25054. 6 (–324972. 9–142958. 6) –1. 5 (–18–7. 6) –11,053. 5 (–132,642–56,004. 4) Stroke 0. 4 (0. 1–0. 7) 1552. 4 (388. 1–2716. 7) 0 (0–0. 1) 0 (0–388. 1) 2. 2 (0. 9–3. 4) 8538. 2 (3492. 9–13195. 4) 0. 2 (0. 1–0. 4) 776. 2 (388. 1–1552. 4) $1,394,365 $300,297 CI, Confidence interval.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Food items were sorted into mutually exclusive food subgroups within: (i) unprocessed or minimally processed foods (eleven subgroups: e. g. fresh meat, roots and tubers, cereals, vegetables, legumes, fruits); (ii) processed culinary ingredients (four subgroups: e. g. plant oils, table sugar, animal fats); (iii) processed foods (five subgroups: e. g. unpackaged fresh bread, cheese, ham and salted meat, vegetables and fruits preserved in brine or sugar syrup); and (iv) ultra-processed foods (seventeen subgroups: e. g. carbonated soft drinks, sweet or savoury snacks, confectionery, industrial desserts, reconstituted meat products, shelf-stable or frozen meals, industrial packaged bread)( Reference Monteiro, Cannon and Levy 2 ). Details are displayed in Table 1. Table 1 Distribution of total energy intake and energy intake from added sugars according to NOVA food group, and mean content of added sugars of each food group, in the diet of the Chilean population aged 2 years or above (2010)Footnote * To convert to kJ, multiply kcal value by 4·184. * 2010, n 4920. † Other unprocessed or minimally processed foods: chilli pepper, garlic, basil, cinnamon, cumin, curry, merken, chamomile, oregano, plain water, coffee, tea, mate, noodles and powdered milk. ‡ Other processed culinary ingredients: table salt, honey and vinegar. § Other processed foods: chilli paste, wine and beer. ║ Other ultra-processed foods: dehydrated soup, artificial sweeteners and distilled liqueurs. Assessing total energy and added sugars intakes Energy and total sugars contents of reported food items were calculated using the US Table (for Release 28)( 27 ). For each reported food item, a USDA food code was assigned, taking into account the nutritional information in the Composition Table( Reference Jury, Urteaga and Taibo 28 ) and in the Panels obtained from Chilean packaged foods (80–120 % agreement in macronutrient and energy contents was required in order to assign a food code). Data on added sugars per food code were obtained by merging the USDA database on added sugars (2009–2010)( 22 ).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture is universally cheaper than traditional farming. [SEP] Text: First, the most common impediments to urban agriculture are summarized as six general concerns, intentionally phrased – in a very Kaufman-esque maneuver – to represent a “devil’s advocate” position against the practice: entrepreneurial urban agriculture projects cannot be sited on vacant city lots because these parcels are too contaminated entrepreneurial urban agriculture projects located in crime-ridden areas are undermined by considerable vandalism entrepreneurial urban agriculture projects are not economically viable as profit generators, not as operations seeking only to cover expenses, thus they are not worth initiating or supporting entrepreneurial urban agriculture projects are run by people who, although energetic and committed, lack the necessary management and business skills to make such ventures successful entrepreneurial urban agriculture practitioners operate too independently, and fail to work together to promote the potential and overall value of city farming entrepreneurial urban agriculture projects represent a temporary land use, lasting only until “real” revenue-producing development occurs Each of these six are then addressed in detail, using projects in the three case study cities to counter the concern through a best practice approach. The second stage of advocacy shifts from urban agriculture itself, and is directed at the separate cohorts who determine whether there will be entrepreneurial urban agriculture in the future. Suggested actions are first offered to existing proponents to bolster their advocacy, then to key cohorts seen as gatekeepers to the creation of more urban farms: government officials (primarily local, but also federal and state), national and local foundations, and CDCs. This clarity of thought and thoroughness of argument represent Kaufman’s biggest influence on the final form of Cities, and is arguably the key to its continued viability after two decades. A theoretical foundation in rational planning can be read between the lines. But by understanding the pragmatic concerns of its audience, Cities became at its core an outline for action. 6 Outcomes of the StudyCities was well-received upon its release. It became one of the more popular titles among the Lincoln Institute’s series of working papers aimed at policy makers, academics and students, and was later expanded into a 1999. It did not, for example, envision the growth of rooftop farms (such as in City), nor today’s high-volume, high-tech, highly-capitalized indoor vegetable production operations that typically occupy older industrial buildings. (One early example of the latter, in Buffalo, was profiled in Cities but ended operations in that city soon after.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Epidemiol 2017; 186:532–540. | 12. Moore-Ede M, Davis W. and Disadvantages of 12-hour Shifts: A Balanced Perspective. 2016; Stoneham, MA: Circadian, 1–19. 13. Circadian I. Staffing Levels: A Key to in 24/7 Operations. 2016; Stoneham, MA: Circadian, Inc, 1–8. 14. US spending on personal health care and public health, 1996–2013. JAMA 2016; 316:2627–2646. | 15. Soni A, Mitchell E. Expenditures for Conditions among 18 and Older in the U. S. Population, 2013. 2013; Rockville, MD: Agency for and Quality, Available at: 8, 2020. 16. ’. Shift work and long work hours and their association with chronic health conditions: a systematic review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231037. | 17. . for Adjustment. to the Financing Administration. 2000; Waltham, MA: Research, Inc. , 1–293. 18. Risk adjustment of Medicare capitation payments using the CMS-HCC model. 2004; 25:119–141. | 19. Short-term medical costs of a VHA health information exchange: a -compliant 2481. | 20. Principal inpatient diagnostic cost group model for Medicare risk adjustment. 2000; 21:93–118. | 21. Using diagnoses to describe populations and predict costs. 2000; 21:7–28. | 22. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Statistics from the Survey. U. S. Department of Labor. Available at: 28, 2020. Published 2020. | 23. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Annual total separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted. U. S. Department of Labor. Available at: 28, 2020. Published 2019. | 24. . A qualitative exploration of shift work and employee well-being in the US manufacturing environment. J Med 2020; 62:303–306. | 25. Barnes-Farrell JL, Davies-Schrils K, McGonagle A, et al. What aspects of shiftwork influence off-shift well-being of healthcare workers? 2008; 39:589–596. | 26.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: food items not found in the USDA database, added sugars were calculated using the algorithm proposed by the nutrient profile model launched by the Health Organization( 29 ). Data analysis First, we described the contribution of each of the NOVA groups and subgroups to total energy intake and to total added sugars intake for the overall sample. Thereafter, we analysed the average energy contribution of ultra-processed foods according to sociodemographic variables, namely sex, age group (2–19, 20–49, 50–46, ≥65 years), geographic region (North, Center, South, South (Austral) and Metropolitan), urban or rural setting, family income (1, 2, 3–5, ≥6 minimum wages) and years of schooling of the head of the family (≤8, 9–11, ≥12 years), using unadjusted and adjusted Gaussian regression analyses. For ordinal sociodemographic variables (age group, family income, years of schooling), tests of linear trend were performed. For categorical variables (sex, geographic region, urban or rural) and ordinal variables with no statistically significant linear trend, Wald tests were used to identify significant differences between categories. Gaussian regression analyses were also used to estimate the association between the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content of added sugars (both as proportions of total energy intake). The dietary share of ultra-processed foods was transformed using restricted cubic spline functions with knots at 5th, 27·5th, 50th, 72·5th and 95th percentiles, to allow for non-linearity (the Wald test was used to assess non-linearity). We used Poisson regression models to analyse the proportion of individuals consuming more than 5 % and more than 10 % of total energy from added sugars( 14 Reference Mann, Cummings and Englyst 30 ) across quintiles of the dietary share of ultra-processed foods. We also repeated these analyses stratifying by age group. Regression models evaluating the association between ultra-processed foods and added sugars were adjusted for sociodemographic variables associated with dietary intake of ultra-processed foods. Tests of linear trend were performed to evaluate the effect of quintiles as a single continuous variable. The ENCA sample weights were used in all analyses( 25 ). series linearization variance approximation procedure was used for variance estimation in all analyses, in order to account for the complex sample design and the sample weights.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture is universally cheaper than traditional farming. [SEP] Text: KeywordsCommunity gardensUrban farmsCity policyUrban agriculture support systemsPublic goodCommunity developmentEconomic development “Community gardens are the highest and best use of land in the city,” says (2016) director of NeighborSpace, Chicago’s community land trust for community gardens. In the logic of real estate economics and urban redevelopment, he is wrong. But for cities that prioritize other values and impacts, there may be no higher and better use. Arguably no other urban land use enables people of all ages and backgrounds to reap such a broad range of social, health, educational, and other benefits (Draper and Freedman 2010; Lovell 2010). For these reasons and others, some cities treat agriculture as a public good, permanent public space accessible to all. Yet many municipalities in the United States, and some urban agriculture support organizations, value farming and community gardening more for their contributions to redevelopment, with narrower, shorter-term aims. Many cities are reluctant to grant long-term land tenure, viewing agriculture as an interim use waiting for “higher and better” land uses that generate tax revenue, jobs, and private investment. Some cities organize their agricultural sectors centrally around access to vacant land, pitting growers against developers. Some cities prioritize economic and redevelopment outcomes from farms and gardens, including enterprise growth, land reclamation and property value increases (Vitiello and Wolf-Powers 2014). Most big U. S. cities encourage a mix of community gardens and farms, valuing urban agriculture’s various demonstrated and potential impacts, sometimes in tension with one another. Parks, health or other agencies enacting social and environmental policy commonly treat urban agriculture as a public good, prioritizing non-market benefits. Economic development and redevelopment agencies more often view it as an interim use and enterprise development opportunity. Planning departments vary in embracing these different visions and values (Hodgson et al. 2011; Vitiello and Wolf-Powers 2014). Urban agriculture support systems in U. S. cities likewise differ substantially. Some cities’ urban agriculture support functions are based more in the public sector, others more in the nonprofit sector. Cities’ core institutions supporting community gardens and farms vary in their missions, scope of work, and the durability and funding streams of municipal and nonprofit programs (Lawson 2005; Lawson and McNally 1999; Vitiello and Nairn 2009).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Footnote 16 Footnote 24 Footnote 26 A need for studies with a more detailed assessment of shift work (e. g. type of shifts worked and cumulative number of years in shift work jobs) has been identified. Footnote 28 This population-based study of over 1500 men in northeastern Ontario, Canada, improves upon previous work in several ways. Specifically, it uses a detailed assessment of shift work including jobs across multiple industries with both rotating and permanent shift patterns to evaluate the relationship between shift work history and obesity among men. sample We conducted an analysis of data provided by controls who had previously participated in a prostate cancer case-control study. The original study was conducted in northeastern Ontario from 1995 to 1999Footnote 29 Footnote 30 and examined associations of occupational and other factors with prostate cancer risk. Study controls were men aged 45 to 84 years, with no history of prostate cancer, randomly selected from residential telephone listings in northeastern Ontario. Footnote 29 Footnote 30 Controls were asked to complete a mailed questionnaire, which collected information concerning a number of personal characteristics, and served as the data source for this analysis. As previously described, the response rate for controls in this study was 47. 5%,Footnote 29 with a total of 1622 men available for this analysis. Ethics approval for the original study was provided by the Board and approval for this new analysis was provided by the and the Board. Shift work assessment An occupational history was included in the study questionnaire. The men were asked to report all of the jobs they had held over their lifetime. Participants reported the age at which they started and ended each job, in order to calculate duration of employment for each job. Men also reported the type of work schedule (i. e. day-only, evening/night shifts, rotating shifts or other) for each job listed to characterize the history of their shift work. Shift work was characterized as ever having worked in evening/night, rotating or other types of shift work individually (“ever shift workers”). We estimated lifetime duration of rotating shift work by adding the number of years spent in rotating shifts across all jobs, with duration of work in part-time jobs divided in half. Obesity assessment Obesity was assessed using body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), with participants asked to self-report their height and weight five years prior to completion of the questionnaire, as well as their height in their early thirties and weight in their early thirties and fifties.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Data were analysed using the statistical software package Stata version 14. of total energy intake by food group The mean per capita daily energy intake among Chileans aged 2 years or above was 7611 kJ (1819 kcal). One-third (33·8 %) of the total energy intake came from unprocessed or minimally processed foods and 11·0 % came from processed culinary ingredients. The remaining energy was nearly equally distributed between processed foods (26·6 %) and ultra-processed foods (28·6 %; Table 1). Within unprocessed or minimally processed foods, meat was the leading contributor (7·3 % of total energy), followed by roots and tubers, cereals, vegetables, legumes and fruits (each subgroup contributing more than 2 % of total energy intake). Among processed culinary ingredients, plant oils (6·1 %) and table sugar (4·0 %) were the most consumed; while within processed foods, fresh bread provided the largest contribution to total energy intake (22·0 %). Among ultra-processed foods energy came from a diverse range of products (seventeen subgroups), led by carbonated soft drinks; cakes, cookies and pies; sauces, dressings and gravies; reconstituted meats; ‘milk’-based drinks; ‘fruit’ drinks/sweetened ‘waters’; and salty snacks, each one contributing more than 2·0 % of total energy. Distribution of energy intake from added sugars by food groups The mean per capita daily intake of energy from added sugars was 1017 kJ (243·0 kcal) or 13·2 % of total energy intake (Table 1). The group of ultra-processed foods contributed more than half of total added sugars consumption (58·6 %) mainly through soft drinks (24·1 %), fruit and water drinks (8·8 %) and cakes, cookies and pies (7·3 %). Processed culinary ingredients contributed 33·6 % of the total added sugars intake, mainly through table sugar consumed as part of home-made drinks, desserts or other preparations. A further 7·5 % of total added sugars came from processed foods, mainly from fresh bread (6·3 %).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture is universally cheaper than traditional farming. [SEP] Text: Public and nonprofit systems for accessing a plot in a community garden were fragmented, unclear, often informal, which meant that many older gardeners were not replaced. We heard more than once, “to get a plot, you have to know someone who knows someone…” Staff at the even lost the institutional memory that the agency was tasked with administering annual agreements with gardeners on scores of city-owned lots (Vitiello and Nairn 2009). The third reason, compounding the first two, was Mayor Street’s signature project, the Initiative (NTI). Launched in 2000, it sought to demolish vacant buildings, “clean and green” vacant lots, and assemble land for development. PHS scaled up its vacant land management, but not with farms and gardens. Rather, PHS and its partners planted and mowed grass ringed by trees and wood fences on thousands of properties. This stabilized many lots, and subsequent research found cleaned and greened lots had significant effects on safety and health (Branas et al. 2012; South et al. 2018). But this “cleaning and greening” also destroyed community gardens, especially on city-owned and tax-delinquent lots in North Philadelphia. We encountered about a dozen people on different blocks who told us something to the effect that, “a man came from the city one day, said we couldn’t garden here anymore, and” soon after, “a bulldozer came and cleared the garden. ” Most of these sites, where usually smaller gardens were displaced in the early and mid-2000s, remained vacant in 2008. Displacing gardeners, we observed, “was made easier by the fact that most community gardens are listed on city property databases… as ‘vacant land’” (Vitiello and Nairn 2009, p. 37). Notwithstanding the benefits of vacant land management, these gardens and their gardeners had impacted health and safety in similar ways. They had taken care of land, getting people outdoors, growing relationships and trust, arguably in more impactful ways than fencing and mowing the same lots. These changes helped produce clearly inequitable patterns and trends. Most of the gardens that disappeared between 1996 and 2008 were in poorer sections of North, West, and South Philadelphia, rowhouse neighborhoods where African American, Puerto Rican, and residents were aging.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: BMI five years prior to study participation was estimated, as these data were originally collected for a prostate cancer case-control study,Footnote 29 in which BMI prior to cancer development among case-patients was of interest to researchers. In order to ensure data from controls was comparable to case-patients, we also assessed BMI five years prior to study participation for all controls and the controls were used in the current analysis. As such, BMIs for the time frame five years prior to study participation were used to characterize obesity in this study. Men with a BMI of less than 25 were categorized as normal weight; a BMI of 25 to less than 30 was characterized as overweight and a BMI greater than or equal to 30 as obese. Footnote 31 To reduce missing BMI data, if height five years prior to the study was missing, height in early thirties was used, if available. For men whose weight five years prior to the study was missing, weight in early fifties was used for men aged 50 to 59. (Men of other age groups whose weight was missing were excluded as there was no acceptable substitute. Men had to be at least 45 years of age to enrol in the study, and as such their weight in their early thirties was not an acceptable substitute for weight five years prior to the study. ) This alternative BMI calculation was used for a total of 51 (11%) normal weight individuals, 104 (12%) overweight individuals and 34 (14%) obese participants. Sixty-one men were missing height or weight information and could not have their BMI classified. Assessment of potential confounders Potential confounders of the shift work–obesity relationship were age, marital status, socioeconomic status, physical activity, total energy intake (diet) and smoking status. Footnote 28 We used education and family income to capture aspects of socioeconomic status. We used general activity and occupational activity variables to characterize physical activity. For general physical activity, men reported the number of times per month they engaged in at least 20 minutes of both strenuous and moderate-intensity physical activity during four lifetime periods (teens, thirties, fifties, and five years before the study). Participants reported strenuous and moderate-intensity physical activity in separate questions, with examples of each type of activity provided. We created a physical activity index by summing the number of times men reported engaging in moderate- and vigorous-intensity activities across each of the four lifetime periods.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Intake of ultra-processed foods according to sociodemographic variables As shown in Table 2, individuals who were younger, living in urban areas, residing in the metropolitan region and with a higher income presented a significantly higher intake of ultra-processed foods, in both unadjusted and adjusted models. A significant inverse linear trend was observed between age and ultra-processed food consumption, while a significant positive linear trend was observed between family income and consumption of ultra-processed foods. Even though an increased intake of ultra-processed foods was observed among females and heads of families with higher schooling, differences were not statistically significant. Table 2 Dietary share of ultra-processed foods according to sociodemographic variables in the diet of the Chilean population aged 2 years or above (2010)Footnote * a,bMean values within the residential area (a, b) or geographic region (c–e) column with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P<0·05). * 2010, n 4920. † Performed with a multiple linear regression model, averaging or otherwise integrating over the covariates (remaining variables in the table). ‡ P≤0·001 for linear trend. Crude and adjusted associations between dietary share of ultra-processed foods and added sugars intake In unadjusted restricted cubic spline Gaussian regression analysis, a direct linear association was found between the dietary share of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content of added sugars (coefficient for linear term=0·22; 95 % CI 0·08, 0·34; Wald test for linear term, P=0·001; Wald test for all non-linear terms, P=0·07; Fig. 1). The linear association remained fairly unchanged after adjusting for several potential sociodemographic confounders: age, urban or rural setting, geographic region and family income (coefficient for linear term=0·20; 95 % CI 0·07, 0·34). Thus, a 5 percentage point increase in the dietary share of ultra-processed foods determined a 1 percentage point increase in the dietary content of added sugars. As shown in Table 3, the dietary content of added sugars increased significantly from 7·7 % in the lowest quintile of the energy contribution of ultra-processed foods to 19·7 % in the highest quintile.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture is universally cheaper than traditional farming. [SEP] Text: Most of these neighborhoods would gentrify in the subsequent decade, as developers built on these and other gardens that lacked protection from displacement. The NGA land trust owned 26 gardens in 2008, most in already gentrified areas where affluent white gardeners had purchased the land and transferred it to NGA. This, we wrote, “helped reinforce the pattern of gardens in low-wealth neighborhoods disappearing while those in middle class neighborhoods more often survived” (Vitiello and Nairn 2009, p. 37). Still, the longevity of hundreds of gardens in the city represented an important finding. Scores of community gardens had persisted for two or three decades or more. This led us to conclude, “our findings… contradict one major assumption made by many city agencies and philanthropists, namely that community gardens are simply a ‘temporary land use’” (Vitiello and Nairn 2009, p. 43). But casting urban agriculture as an interim use was increasingly a winning strategy with politicians and redevelopment professionals. PHS responded to the limits and opportunities of city and philanthropic funding under and his successor with new rationales for agriculture. Since the 1970s, PHS had presented its community gardening programs as bringing together residents of blighted neighborhoods to “take back” and beautify their neighborhoods. But by the late 2000s, its case for emphasized contributions to property values and redevelopment. Economists’ finding that vacant land management, gardens, and other greening helped raise adjacent property values supported this new narrative (Voicu and Been 2006; Wachter and Wong 2008). This was a key part of a larger paradigm shift in the values underlying urban agriculture in the U. S. , raising expectations of real estate and economic development payoffs, a vision promoted also by SPIN farming and other advocates (Hunold et al. 2017, Institute for Innovations in 2007, Vitiello and Nairn 2009). At the same time, nationally and locally, urban agriculture policy, funders, and advocates increasingly cast urban farming and gardening as helping to solve food insecurity (Delind 2014). PHS came to promote largely as a program for community gardens donating produce to food cupboards (Meenar and Hoover 2012; Vitiello and Nairn 2009). This fit the older narrative of urban agriculture as a response to temporary social crises.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are causal diagrams that illustrate the direction of relationships between variables of interest and other unknown confounders. They have been suggested as an alternative to traditional epidemiological methods of confounder identificationFootnote 37 as they explicitly display and facilitate the causal-inference process. Footnote 38 Specifically, in contrast to statistically driven methods of model building, DAGs focus on the theoretical causal relationships between variables when identifying potential confounders. Footnote 37 They are used in epidemiology to identify a confounder set (minimally sufficient set) that will control for potential confounding between an exposure and an outcome, given the hypothesized causal relationships. Footnote 37 We used DAGitty softwareFootnote 39 Footnote * to create a DAG and identify a minimally sufficient adjustment set for the association between shift work and overweight and obesity. The DAG is shown in Figure 1; we identified a minimally sufficient adjustment set that included age and socioeconomic status, the latter as determined by education and family income, and adjusted all multivariate models for these variables. We conducted all analyses using SAS, Version 9. 2 (SAS Institute Inc. , ). Figure 1 - Directed acyclic graph for the association between shift work and obesity using DAGittyFigure 1 - Footnote a Abbreviation: SES, socioeconomic status. Figure 1 - Footnote a DAGitty39: software for drawing and analyzing causal diagrams; www. dagitty. net. Return to Figure 1 - Footnote a referrer Figure 1 - Figure 1 presents the directed acyclic graph illustrating the direction of relationships between shift work and variables linked to obesity. The authors identified a minimally sufficient adjustment set that included age and socioeconomic status, the latter as determined by education and family income, and adjusted all multivariate models for these variables. proportion of men with a history of ever having been employed in any type of shift work (“ever shift workers”) who had a post-secondary or post-graduate education was lower than among those who had never been employed in any type of shift work (“never shift workers”). Similarly, a greater proportion of “ever” than “never” shift workers were also in the bottom two family income categories; were current or former smokers; and had been employed in occupations that involved moderate or strenuous physical activity during three or four lifetime periods (Table 1). Table 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: After adjusting for potential sociodemographic confounders, individuals in the highest quintile of dietary share of ultra-processed foods had 50 % greater probability of exceeding the 5 % added sugars cut-off compared with those individuals in the lowest quintile (adjusted prevalence ratio=1·5; 95 % CI 1·4, 1·6). Similarly, those individuals in the highest quintile of dietary share of ultra-processed foods were three times more likely to exceed the 10 % cut-off compared with those individuals in the lowest quintile (adjusted prevalence ratio=2·9; 95 % CI 2·4, 3·4; Table 3). Fig. 1 Association between the dietary share of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content of added sugars in the diet of the Chilean population aged 2 years or above (2010)* determined by unadjusted restricted cubic spline Gaussian regression analysis (, predicted value; 95 % CI). *2010, n 4920 Table 3 Indicators of the dietary content of added sugars according to the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods in the diet of the Chilean population aged 2 years or above (2010)Footnote * PR, prevalence ratio; PRadj, adjusted prevalence ratio. * 2010 (n 4920). † Cut-offs recommended for total energy intake from added sugars by WHO( 14 ). ‡ PR estimated using Poisson regression. § PR adjusted for age group (2–19, 20–49, 50–64, ≥65 years), residential area (urban and rural), geographic region (North, Center, South, South (Austral) and Metropolitan) and family income (1, 2, 3–5, ≥6 minimum wages). ║ P≤0·001 for linear trend. Similar associations between the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content of added sugars were seen in all age groups, being more pronounced among children and adolescents (see online supplementary material, 1 to 3). For instance, children and adolescents in the highest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption were four times more likely to exceed the 10 % added sugars cut-off than those in the lowest quintile (adjusted prevalence ratio=3·9; 95 % CI 2·7, 5·9).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture is universally cheaper than traditional farming. [SEP] Text: Vertical farming is people friendly. Some hazards that can be avoided in vertical farming are accidents while operating heavy farming equipment and exposure to harmful chemicals. Advertisement 6. Disadvantages of vertical farming Apart from so many advantages, there are many critics of the vertical farming described by the scientists. They claimed that there are a number of problems in vertical farming. The challenges to vertical farming may be summarized as follows [13]:Start-up costs are high in order to purchase land in central business districts. The number of crops grown is sometimes less than rural farming. Production volumes are also not as large as conventional farming and scaling-up may add cost and complexity. Raising investment capitals and training a skilled workforce are also challenges in vertical farming. Advertisement 7. World-wide implementation of urban agriculture/vertical farming Scientists explored the motivations for urban gardening in Germany by screening 657 urban gardening project websites and characterized the types of gardeners, cultivation methods, and consumer behavior. The study also highlighted the “terrabioponic smart-garden system” where the plants grow in natural soil and in organic nutrient solution, which may facilitate social transition toward bio economy [16]. Also scientists from the reported that vertical farming system has increased the yield of lettuce per unit area as compared to traditional horizontal hydroponics [17]. Agriculture and food production activities in the cities of Mexico can contribute in reducing carbon footprint by creating green environment and better land use [18]. Case study 1: The world’s largest indoor vertical farm, AeroFarms, is located in Newark, New Jersey, which grows more than 2 million pounds of greens per year without sunlight, soil or pesticides. Instead of using a huge quantity of water to grow plants, AeroFarms system sprays nutrient-rich mist to the plants. Seeds are sown, germinated, and grown on reusable sheets of cloth and are stretched out over trays stacked vertically. LED lights are used instead of the sun, and the exposure is controlled depending upon the maturity of the plant [12]. Case study 2: founded Farm. One in the year 2016 in order to grow rare and hard-to-find produce to the chefs and restaurants in the middle of City. The first farm was set up at the Institute of (ICE) in downtown Manhattan, and the second farm is in Tribeca. It uses hydroponics and LED lights and aims to grow rare produce every year.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Characteristics of study population by obesity and shift work status, northeastern Ontario, 1995–1998 (n = 1561)Table 1 - Footnote a Obesity statusTable 1 - Footnote b Shift work history Normal (n = 457) Overweight (n = 855) Obese (n = 249) Never shift workers (n = 543) Ever shift workersTable 1 - Footnote c (n = 1079) n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD Age 69. 6 7. 4 68. 7 7. 1 67. 1 6. 9 67. 9 7. 8 68. 6 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: The same prevalence ratios were 2·7 (95 % CI 2·2, 3·3) among adults and 2·3 (95 % CI 1·8, 3·0) among the elderly. the Chilean diet, ultra-processed foods provided 28·6 % of total energy intake and contributed more than half of total added sugars intake. A strong association was found between the consumption of these products and the dietary content of added sugars. After adjusting for several potential sociodemographic confounders, a 5 percentage point increase in the dietary share of ultra-processed foods determined a 1 percentage point increase in the dietary content of added sugars. The association between ultra-processed food consumption and the dietary content of added sugars was present in every age group, being more pronounced among children and adolescents. The estimated dietary share of ultra-processed foods in Chile in 2010 was similar to that found in Mexico in 2012 (29·8 % of total energy intake; JA Marron, T Sánchez, ML et al. , unpublished results), lower than those found in national surveys of industrialized countries such as the USA (57·9 %)( Reference Martínez Steele, Baraldi and Louzada 21 ) and Canada (47·7 %)( Reference Moubarac, Batal and Louzada 3 ), but greater than in Brazil (21·5 %)( Reference Louzada, Martins and Canella 4 ). A higher share of ultra-processed foods in Chile (52·8 % of total energy) was estimated for 2006–2007 by Crovetto et al. ( Reference Crovetto, Uauy and Martins 23 ). Two differences may explain this discrepancy relative to our study: the origin of their estimate was based on household food purchasing data and the fact that all bread was classified as ultra-processed. As in our study, recent evidence from the USA showed that a 5 percentage point increase in the dietary share of ultra-processed foods determined a 1 percentage point increase in the dietary content of added sugars( Reference Martínez Steele, Baraldi and Louzada 21 ). The US data also showed that the mean percentage of total energy intake from added sugars rose from 7·5 % in the lowest to 19·5 % in the highest quintiles of dietary share of ultra-processed foods( Reference Martínez Steele, Baraldi and Louzada 21 ).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban agriculture is universally cheaper than traditional farming. [SEP] Text: In the urban areas of Tripura, to help the youth for income generation, a prototype model on “vertical farming system” was developed. The area of the structure was about 630 sq. ft. with two floors and two galleries. The ground floor contained two cages (50 sq. ft. each) at both corners that accommodated 100 layer chicks. The central space (140 sq. ft) housed 200 bird broiler/layer chicks per batch. Eight goats were kept on the first floor (140 sq. ft. ) area. There were also 12 rabbits kept in hanging cages (4 sq. ft. each). Proper drainage facility was provided to collect wastes with storage facility where it was decomposed and used for manuring the pots. tanks were constructed above the rabbit cages which were the source of nutrient to the goat as well as the birds. Ten benches (30 cm each) were kept on both sides of the structure which contained 160 pots for growing small fodder, vegetables, and spices. A water tank of 400 L capacity was also provided on top of the structure for storing water for animals and poultry and also providing irrigation to each pot through drip irrigation system [22]. Ideafarms is an Indian design-in-tech company which produces vertical farm products, and the produce is of high quality and organic and the supply is huge. A Bengaluru-based start-up company named Greenopia is selling kits with self-watering pots, enriched soil, and better quality seeds. A Mumbai-based start-up firm U-is using hydroponic gardening technique to build vertical farm for an individual apartment or for a supermarket [20]. Vertical farming is definitely a solution to critical problems in Indian farming like lack of supply of farm produce, overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, and even unemployment. But there are some challenges: The initial huge cost of infrastructure for implementing vertical farming in India is difficult. Vertical farming in India has to face other challenges like public awareness, technical knowledge, and high cost of managing and maintaining the vertical farm systems [20]. Advertisement 9. farming, both vertical farming or farming on vacant open spaces, can be a favorable way for ensuring food security in India and around the world in the future.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 4 Marital statusTable 1 - Footnote d Single 12 3% 15 2% 6 2% 15 3% 22 2% Married/common-law 384 84% 724 85% 211 85% 449 83% 915 85% Divorced/separated/widowed 60 13% 115 13% 31 12% 79 15% 139 13% or less 141 31% 286 34% 87 35% 148 27% 382 35% High school 200 44% 405 48% 121 49% 224 41% 523 48% Post-secondary 86 19% 134 16% 38 15% 131 24% 142 13% Post-graduate 27 6% 25 3% 3 1% 31 6% 28 3% Family income < $20 000 59 13% 96 11% 24 10% 55 10% 130 12% $20 000–$39 999 147 32% 278 33% 81 33% 155 29% 362 34% $40 000–$59 999 126 28% 250 30% 68 27% 144 27% 311 29% $60 000–$79 999 45 10% 90 11% 26 10% 71 13% 102 9% $80 000–$99 999 15 3% 27 3% 11 4% 29 5% 26 2% ≥ $100 000 14 3% 27 3% 11 4% 29 5% 30 3% Smoking status Never smoker 117 26% 197 23% 54 23% 152 28% 239 22% Former smoker 258 56% 532 62% 158 63% 316 58% 659 61% Current smoker 80 18% 117 14% 34 14% 68 12% 169 16% IndexTable 1 - Footnote e < 56 113 25% 177 21% 63 25% 150 28% 235 22% 56–89 100 22% 226 26% 70 28% 130 24% 283 26% 90–121 117 26% 232 27% 52 21% 129 24% 280 26% ≥ 122 127 28% 220 26% 64 26% 134 25% 281 26% Overall occupational activityTable 1 - Footnote f Category 4 38 8% 79 9% 19 8% 54 10% 84 8% Category 3 158 35% 344 40% 100 40% 162 30% 448 42% Category 2 84 19% 179 21% 58 23% 87 16% 253 23% Category 1 59 13% 90 11% 30 12% 59 11% 125 12% None 118 26% 163 19% 42 17% 181 33% 169 16% Total

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Similar results to our own were obtained by two studies quantifying free sugars. In Brazil( Reference Louzada, Martins and Canella 4 ), the mean percentage of total energy intake from free sugars increased from 10·9 % in the lowest to 20·2 % in the highest quintiles of dietary share of ultra-processed foods; while in Canada( Reference Moubarac, Batal and Louzada 3 ), free sugars increased from 7·7 to 19·4 % across these quintiles. Our study showed that the content of added sugars in the Chilean diet (a total of 81·2 and 57·0 % of all individuals exceeded the 5 and 10 % WHO cut-offs, respectively) was closely associated with the consumption of ultra-processed food. Indeed, individuals with the highest consumption of ultra-processed foods (>47·5 % of energy intake) were three times more likely to exceed the 10 % cut-off compared with those having the lowest consumption (<9·3 % of energy intake). Even though ultra-processed food consumption was lower in Chile than in the USA for all quintiles, this prevalence ratio was exactly the same in both countries. Considering the evidence relating consumption of added sugars to risk of chronic diseases( 14 – Reference Kell, Cardel and 19 ) and the current high prevalence of chronic disease-related risk factors in the Chilean population( Reference Araya, Padilla and Garmendia 31 32 ), these results have important implications for the public health agenda. This is especially true if we consider the rapid increase in the consumption of selected ultra-processed foods according to annual national food and drink sales data collected between 1999 and 2013( 8 ) and according to household food expenditure data collected in the Santiago metropolitan area between 1986 and 2007( and Uauy 33 ). Furthermore, our results support the regulations recently implemented by the to improve dietary quality, especially those targeting children and adolescents( Reference Corvalán, Reyes and Garmendia 24 34 ). According to our study, almost 70 % of individuals in the lowest quintile of dietary share of ultra-processed foods met the <10 % cut-off for added sugars, even when the intake of table sugar as culinary ingredient in the Chilean population was comparatively high (33·5 % of total added sugars intake v. 8·7 % in the US population).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens alone can cool entire cities during heat waves. [SEP] Text: Primarily, it’s the conversion of natural landscapes to urban infrastructure: materials like asphalt, brick and concrete that tend to absorb more solar radiation than a grassy or a forested area. But in addition, this conversion makes urban areas and cities a lot less able to absorb rainwater. As a result, you get more runoff and less of the nice cooling effect from evapotranspiration, which is when grasses and trees move water from the ground into the air. Then there’s the way people live in cities. They drive cars. They have air conditioners, which cool interior spaces by sucking out the heat and dumping it into the air outside. They build apartments and houses and offices that are incredibly dense, providing little room for green space and air circulation. All of this increases the heat. And of course, this has all been happening as climate change has shifted the baseline background temperature an average of 1. 1 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, which makes our urban heat islands feel that much hotter. Watch the replay of this event held on October 26, 2022. How does the effect vary from one neighborhood to the next? It depends on a lot of things, including how built-up an area is, and how much tree cover and green space it has. But there are still many gaps in our understanding. For example, many cities measure temperature from just one monitoring station, which is often located at the airport. But most people live in downtown areas or in suburbs far away from the airport. So whether you’re a decision-maker or an individual, there are going to be questions you can’t answer with that one number. I have young kids, for example — is it safe to take them outside to play? This is why a lot of my work has been focused on getting better granular data. In a study last summer, for example, we partnered with the town of and the Museum of Life and Science in Durham, North Carolina, to send citizen scientists out with handheld temperature and humidity sensors on an incredibly hot day in late August. The official weather station for said that temperatures were something like 93 degrees Fahrenheit (34 degrees Celsius). But in some parts of downtown, our volunteers were measuring temperatures as high as 108 degrees Fahrenheit (42 degrees Celsius). This is consistent with other studies, including ours, showing that heat disparities exist within cities throughout the US.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text:  energy consumption (kJ/wk)—continuous 53 941 17 357 54 356 19 111 57 966 20 659 54 427 18 617 55 030 19 195 Total energy consumption (kJ/wk)—categorical ≤ 44 706 138 30% 243 28% 56 22% 144 27% 306 28% 44 707–54 784 101 22% 209 24% 68 27% 129 24% 262 24% 54 785–66 330 93 20% 193 23% 50 20% 102 19% 138 22% ≥ 66 331 96 21% 152 18% 59 24% 106 20% 209 19% Unknown 29 6% 58 7% 16 6% 62 11% 64 6% Abbreviations: kJ/wk, kilojoules per week; SD, standard deviation.

Output: pass