Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: I said let’s come back to the part about asymptomatic because a slight caveat there is that anybody who works with the homeless has told me that there’s such a high baseline of health problems so a lot of people have a cough anyway, so it’s kind of hard to say ‘completely asymptomatic’ because it’s more that it’s just also hard to distinguish it from normally just feeling bad. Noah Bakerguess this kind of problem of asymptomatic spread, that exists in the whole population, but it’s amplified so much by these close living quarters of these people, and that’s what really makes a difference here. Amy MaxmenExactly, so the transmission dynamics that you’re going to get in a group setting, any group setting – whether that’s a jail or a nursing home or a homeless shelter or any place where there’s dense conditions – you’re going to get a higher rate of spread. Noah BakerOut of interest, there’s an awful lot of modelling that’s been done about how the virus might spread among communities. Has there been much epidemiological work done that takes into account these sort of close living quarters or people that live in these ways? Amy MaxmenThat’s a great question. Even before the outbreak began, one of the researchers I’ve talked to before, at the University of Washington, she had actually started a study to look at how influenza moves through homeless communities because that was exactly her thought. We need to model the spread of this and also think about what do we do to stop that spread. If we can understand the transmission dynamics then we can stop, say, an influenza-like pandemic. And then this actual pandemic hit, which isn’t the flu but is also very transmissible, so what she’s trying to do and what other researchers I’ve talked to are trying to do is to do exactly that, to model the spread of how this moves so they can figure out how often do you have to screen people, how many people have to be screened and also, if they could get data on the speed of transmission in different settings. To be clear, in the US, people who are homeless have different situations. There’s sort of shelters that might house people who are recently out of jail.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: , Reference Cox, Shanahan, Hudson, Fuller and Gaston2018) and for the preservation of urban biodiversity (Lin et al. , Reference Lin, Philpott and Jha2015). Indeed, plant species richness in urban gardens is a collection of both cultivated plants for food and flower production, as well as wild plants that exist spontaneously in the ecosystem to potentially create city hotspot effects (Seitz et al. , and Egerer2022). Urban garden plants can provide a range of ecosystem services (Middle et al. , and Jones2014): food plants contribute to food security and sovereignty to support provisioning services (Elmqvist et al. , Reference Elmqvist, Fragkias, Goodness, Güneralp, Marcotullio, McDonald, parnell, Schewenius, Sendstad, Seto and Wilkinson2013); decorative plants have aesthetic or religious value to support cultural services (Himes et al. , Reference Himes, Puettmann and Muraca2020); wild plants and endangered plant species can contribute to biodiversity and nature conservation to provide supporting services (Weiskopf et al. , ñoz, Pershing, Peterson, Poudel, Staudinger, Sutton-Grier, Thompson, Vose, Weltzin and Whyte2020). However, some plant species growing in urban gardens also have associated disservices, conflicting with human benefits. For example, some plant species are poisonous to humans and animals through the production of secondary metabolites. In contrast to primary metabolites (e. g. , carboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars and fatty acids), which are produced and used by all plants, secondary metabolites are typically specific to certain groups of plants and serve, among other things, as defense substances (Sadava et al. , Reference Sadava, Hillis, Heller and Hacker2019). Although, some defensive secondary metabolites can provide beneficial effects to humans (e. g. , use against gastrointestinal problems with German chamomile Matricaria recutita) (Faehnrich et al. , Reference Faehnrich, Franz, Nemaz and Kaul2021), many of them can cause severe negative effects on the human nervous system, the cardiac system and the digestive tract (Sadava et al. , Reference Sadava, Hillis, Heller and Hacker2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The emotional experience of cities is also tracked through in-house techniques and questioning within research facilities (using market research techniques such as EEG, skin conductivity and facial coding), but also by out-of-lab mapping of cities and emotional topography. This is about how the brain responds to space, architecture and urban features, measured by wearable biometrics (such as mobile and heart rate capture). Psychologists of urban geography can topographically link arousal reactions with elements of the city and thereafter use this data to plan for future design3. Surveillance (don’t be afraid, developers aren’t) Readers should not hold back from using the correct word to identify these developments. They are utterly based on surveillance and, what’s more, so-called smart city developers are not afraid to use this word, not least because it accurately refers to what they do: they architect data-based assemblages through which authorities and organisations may manage, influence and control citizenry. Visitors to smart city expos should recognise the lack of queasiness around the word ‘surveillance’, because it is seen as positive. See for example Geovision’s scheme for city surveillance4. The word is accurate in that the objective of sensor-enabled cities is management of large and small objects, systems, people, emotional life and all things that exist and flow throughout urban spaces. In 1992 published Postscript on the Societies of Control, an essay about the shift from ‘discipline’ to ‘societies of control’2. This charts the shift from control as that which takes places within places (such as schools and workplaces), to more generalised yet pervasive control-based activities. do not believe that readers of have dastardly plans in mind, they might consider what their work contributes to – particularly when their ideas are embedded in regions without democratic traditions. Indeed, Deleuze, some years ago, discussed a scenario where an identity card is required to navigate elements of the city. This also tracks and effects a ‘universal modulation’. What was once another oblique Deleuzianism is today clarified by visualisations on municipal dashboards of social sentiment, flow of citizens through urban space, feedback from sensors on buildings, and prescriptions on optimal civic decisions. City-as-platform 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: There’s shelters where people who are homeless can come in and out. In California, 70% of the homeless are unsheltered, so they actually sleep in what we call tent cities or encampments. And then now, in the US, a lot of states have begun trying to move some homeless people into big stadiums where they have cots spaced out six feet apart. There’s also been moves to distribute face masks. But this is all done sort of without much evidence about what has an impact. I mean are people safer outdoors or are they safer indoors? And for the face masks, I talked to one researcher who is studying transmission dynamics in nursing homes. A lot of the residents in these nursing homes just can’t really wear face masks well. She was sort of describing how a man who has dementia is wandering around with his face mask kind of around his neck, it has coffee stains on it, and she just thought some of the things that she’s learning might be similar to in homeless shelters. It sounds great to say everybody should wear a face mask, but you and I both know we’re talking about how we don’t want to go hiking with a face mask on. Now, imagine if that’s your everyday life and you already have these huge concerns over your head like having no home. A face mask is just not going to be your number one priority. So, there’s a lot to be said about trying to back up the recommendations with real evidence. Benjamin ThompsonYou talk about care homes there and, certainly here in the UK, there’s been a lot of talk about a lack of access to face masks and personal protective gear. Are resources an issue in efforts to try and stop this virus among the communities you’ve been looking at? Amy MaxmenYeah, they’re a huge issue. So, number one, we know that we have a testing shortage. That is very real. But some of the researchers I’ve talked to, even when they have the tests, a pushback that they’re hearing from counties and states is that they don’t really want to survey lots of people in, say, a homeless shelter because there’s a lack of research about what to do if they do test positive.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2231410/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractUrban gardens have emerged as a new global tendency for supporting food security, and has therefore become the focus of diverse studies and attracted the attention of public administrations as an option for sustainable food production. Vegetable crops cultivated under conditions of high exposure to contaminants found in large urban centers, however, tend to accumulate toxic compounds, such as, trace elements, and insert them into human foods and the trophic chain. We therefore evaluated the food security of vegetables (lettuce and collard greens) produced in urban gardens in the Metropolitan region of (Brazil) in terms of the presence of trace elements. Assays were performed in plants harvested from four urban gardens as well as an agroecology site (control). We also assayed for trace elements in the garden soils and the irrigation water used for their production. Both the soils and the irrigation waters had trace element concentrations within the maximum recommended limits, and were therefore not vehicles of contamination. Similarly, trace element concentrations identified in the biomasses of lettuce and collard greens plants grown in the control area, as well as the four urban gardens, were below the maximum limits recommended for leafy vegetables. The vegetables produced in the urban gardens and the agroecology area are considered safe for human consumption. Urban agriculturefood security and nutritiontrace elementsLactuca sativaBrassica oleraceaFiguresFigure 1Figure 21. IntroductionUrban agriculture has attracted official attention as a method of promoting sustainable food production and food security (Veenhuizen 2006). Those goals accrue social importance and demonstrate a concern for food quality in urban areas in light of atmospheric pollution and soil contamination by trace elements that could accumulate in cultivated plants and represent risks to human health (Dala-Paula et al. 2018). Plants require both macro- and micronutrients for their growth and development. Although trace elements such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) are essential to plants, at high concentrations they can become toxic – as are nonessential trace elements such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chrome (Cr), and lead (Pb).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 0 depart is when the surveillance of personal data, sentiment, emotional life, spending and mobility begins to be monetised and securitised. This entails turning the city into a platform, that sees the datafication of citizens for advertising and retail purposes (by means of urban personalisation, sensors, device data, geo-location, cameras, microphones, screens and augmented reality). The logic for this is already in place as ‘programmatic platforms’ used in advertising already pull from a myriad of 1st and 3rd party data sources to deliver targeted advertising capable of interacting with people in public spaces in real time. The rationale of the city-as-platform is that revenue from public-private partnerships provides services such as Wi-Fi and other city development. Of course, police and intelligence agencies also see great opportunity. Since Marconi, spooks and security agencies have used all communications technology at their disposal, so we can expect exponential increase in state surveillance and analytics in policing. Readers of will also know that the most substantial sensor-based investment is not taking place in Europe, US or Australasia; but in China, Nigeria, India, and the Middle East. Dubai is especially significant given that Dubai Holding, an investment company, is signing deals and building smart cities around the world. Dubai takes psycho-geography matters and data about emotional life seriously. Under the moniker of ‘Smart Dubai’, they use sensors, analytics and ‘empathic media’ to understand feelings and emotions to promote happiness. They do this by tracking what people do and how they behave, by tracking online sentiment, and through use of in-house psycho-physiological measures to analysis the brain’s behaviour to discern what factors make for happy citizens. They also have the Happiness Meter, a citywide live sentiment capture engine. This is not a cheesy add-on, but the happiness agenda impacts on all areas of public policy and spending, such as education, roads, health, policing, transport and management of borders. In theory this is the utilitarian doctrine in action: making happiness transparent so policy-makers can make decisions that promote overall net happiness. However, the question is this: does everyone in Dubai have equal rights to happiness and does each person’s happiness counts equally? Also, for the city-as-platform to work, legal structures need to be in place to facilitate this shared data structure.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: So, if you have somebody who tests positive, now they don’t have a home so you can’t isolate them. They don’t have health insurance so getting them medical care is an issue. Maybe you have to also provide food or some sort of income, and the same thing with people who are low socioeconomic status. If you’re telling them not to go into work, they need to have some sort of income to support that. Noah BakerI guess in a world where there is a limited number of tests for whatever reason that may be, because of these increased transmission dynamics of people living in close quarters for these various reasons, is there an argument to be made that public health response should focus more on those people with its limited testing resource than it should on others because they have this increased transmission dynamic? They could be acting almost as a reservoir that could cause a problem further down the line. Is a test on someone living in close quarters more valuable than a test on someone else, which is a horrible thing to say because, of course, a test is valuable everyone? Amy MaxmenI think there’s a real case to be made and I think this is exactly the kind of thing that could use research. I get emails from the various health departments in California saying, ‘Okay, now we have all these tests, anybody can get tested. Enter your ZIP code and you’ll find a testing spot nearby. ’ I think they are prioritising people with symptoms. But yeah, I feel like there should be some real thought here about where we’re going to get the most bang for our buck. Certainly, people they test, that’s true, but testing somebody like me who, let’s say, I don’t have any real symptoms but I just want a test. Certainly, those resources could be better spent and I’d like to see a very thorough kind of assessment about how this works.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: Interest in urban agriculture has increased considerably in recent decades, principally in developing countries (Savi et al. 2019). Urban agriculture represents an important public policy to guarantee access of the poorest members of society to food resources, and contributes to bettering community and family relationships in large urban areas (Langemeyer et al. 2021). Community gardens have therefore taken on political relevance in Brazil in terms of fighting poverty and improving community food security (Branco and Alcântara 2011), favoring the useful occupation of urban spaces (Pinto and Ramos 2008), and providing social, cultural, economic, and environmental benefits. There have been very few studies, however, focusing on the security of food produced in urban gardens in Brazil, especially in terms of possible accumulations of toxic trace elements. Urban gardens may occasionally be established in areas with high concentrations of trace elements in the soil, air, or water – which would favor their accumulation in cultivated plants and their insertion into human diets (Gupta et al. 2019b; Pan et al. 2016). There can be numerous emission sources of trace elements in urban centers, including industries and the heavy circulation of automobile traffic (Demirezen and Aksoy 2005; Islam et al. 2021). França et al. (2017) reported a significant increase in Cd, Pb, Ni and Zn concentrations in plants growing in the metropolitan region of Recife City, Pernambuco State, Brazil. Those authors noted that the high levels of those elements in plants were related to particulate emissions in the atmosphere that spread those contaminants to the air, water, and cultivated soils (França et al. 2017), as they can be transported significant distances once liberated to the atmosphere (Demirezen and Aksoy 2005; Gupta et al. 2019a; Hanke et al. 2010). Plants grown in urban gardens can evidence high levels of trace elements in their biomass when cultivated in localities near pollutant and residue sources (Drabek et al. 2020). Additionally, vegetable crops cultivated in urban areas can become contaminated with trace elements due to their incorporation to substrate through managements such as organic matter and chemical fertilization and/or through the use of agrochemicals (fertilizers and agricultural defensive products) (Bati et al. 2017; Radulescu et al. 2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Key is the Law, which has been in force since 27 December 2015. More formerly known as “Law No. (26) of 2015 Dissemination and Exchange in the Emirate of Dubai” its aim is clearly stated in 17. 2 Deleuze, G. (1992) Postscript on the Societies of Control, October, 59(4): 3–7. 3 Ellard, C. (2016) Places of the Heart: of Everyday Life. New York: Press. 4 Geovision (2017) City Surveillance, accessed 05/06/17. 5 McStay, A. (2016) Empathic media and advertising: Industry, policy, legal and citizen perspectives (the case for intimacy), & Society, (pre-publication): 1-11, accessed 05/06/17. 6 McStay, A. (forthcoming/2018) Empathic Media: of Emotional Life. London: Sage. 7 Palti, I. and Bar, M. (2015) A manifesto for conscious cities: should streets be sensitive to our mental needs? The Guardian, accessed 05/06/17. Safety & the CCD's Designing for in Coliving: and into Models?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Noah BakerI spoke yesterday to the head of NIDA, the on in the USA, – you’ll hear more from that interview later in the show – but one thing that she raised to me which she was very, very concerned about is that people that have substance use disorders, people that suffer from addictions, are being somewhat overlooked at the moment, and there is very little data about how people that are, for example, addicted to methamphetamines might have a different risk or a different transmission dynamic when it comes to COVID-19, and at the moment, they’re just desperate for data. So, they’re putting out calls asking for more data from all of their grantees to study this because they can’t model it until they know more about what’s happening, but the concerns are very much there. Amy MaxmenYeah. Benjamin ThompsonHas anyone given you any thoughts on long-term strategies? I only say because here in London, a lot of hotels, which of course, aren’t being used by paying customers, are being used to shelter and to house people who are homeless, but of course, as we talked about the other day, people are looking to reopen the economy and these hotels will eventually start reopening as hotels, and many of these people will see themselves potentially back on the streets and then we’re back to maybe square one in terms of disease transmission and so forth. What have people been telling you about ways that they could try and mitigate that? Amy MaxmenYeah, as far solutions go, the same thing is happening here. Counties are buying or renting out hotels and motels or even dorms, they’re talking about, to house the homeless, and I think that’s a great move. It’s still not as much as we need and there’s still a lot that are empty, so I think before thinking about what do we do when everybody’s back, I just think a lot of the people I’m talking to are just saying, ‘Let’s just freaking use these places and worry about what happens when everybody has to go back later. ’Noah BakerI’ve seen quite a few news reports of cities in the UK that have no people sleeping rough anymore.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: The constant monitoring of trace elements in plant material derived from urban gardens will therefore be necessary to minimize public health risks (Alfaro et al. 2017). The creation of the of Supply (SMAB) in in the 1980s stimulated urban agriculture for food production as a public policy. Program (Programa Lavoura) was established in 1986 to address social problems and to diminish criminality and the irregular occupation of urban areas and, by 2018, 24 urban gardens had become established (Yonegura and Silva 2021). By 2018, the number of urban gardens in Curitiba and the surrounding metropolitan region had increased to 93 (Lima and Gadens 2019); there are currently more than 100 community gardens supported by the urban agriculture policies of the Mayor’s Office of Curitiba (PMC). In addition to producing garden vegetables, public policies of administering urban spaces have facilitated the maintenance of the electrical transmission infrastructure, discipline the occupation of open public spaces, and avoided the accumulation of waste and construction residues (PMC 2019). Despite the existence of public policies to encourage the development of urban and peri-urban agriculture free from toxic agrochemicals in and the Metropolitan region, very few studies have been undertaken focusing on the safety of the food products grown in those gardens, principally in terms of trace element accumulation. The objective of this work was therefore to evaluate the concentrations of both essential and toxic trace elements in Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Brassica oleracea (collard greens) plants cultivated in four urban gardens in Curitiba. Those species were chosen because they are among the leafy vegetables most commonly cultivated in community gardens and belong to the families Asteraceae and Brassicaceae respectively – groups known to be potential bioaccumulators of trace elements (Dala-Paula et al. 2018; Gupta et al. 2019a). Lactuca sativa (lettuce) is one of the most economically important leafy vegetable crops in the world (Shatilov et al. 2019) Brassica oleracea (collard greens), in turn, is considered as one of the world’s healthiest vegetables (Chen et al. 2014), and it plays an important role in human nutritional balance (Šamec et al. 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 114926 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intech by the - Foundations and by Mazzeo and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionSmart city’s main goal is to raise the quality of life standard of its residents to a new level by utilizing its resources more effectively and generating an intelligent ecosystem utilizing digital technology, aiming to provide inventive city transport networks, better water supply, waste disposal, light and heat buildings, user-friendly financial services, residents’ engagement in decision participation, safe environment with accessible public areas without restrictions, and making smart citizens of a smart city. Smart cities connect people to data networks, evolving structures involving people, technology, and policies that impact privacy and security, encouraging the development of new innovative cybersecurity protocols for smart cities. Policy guidelines in smart cities are required to guarantee the security, integrity, and secrecy of smart governance. City governance services are more complex and advanced, requiring the awareness of increased cyberspace security risks using more sophisticated technology and infrastructure. Hence, risk identification and mitigation are part of all domains in governance systems. Authorities and administrations aim to arrange city-wide interventions using IoT systems to build an integrated ecosystem for the entire city.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: They have found ways to house the rough sleeping population in Bristol, for example, which for me, made me feel warm and happy that that was happening and that there was a method that was found to do that. However, my concern is, well, they can do it right now because hotels are empty, but what happens when this all goes away? It’s not like homelessness has been fixed, which is kind of the thing that makes me feel warm. Oh, now we can find a way to fix this whereas previously we couldn’t, which is actually maybe kind of depressing. Amy MaxmenNo, it is an interesting point that I forgot to mention that, thanks. was speaking to who works with the homeless regularly, she was like, ‘Maybe this shows like we can actually do stuff here. It doesn’t necessarily have to be in hotels but there’s other vacant buildings and vacant homes. ’ So, she’s saying this shows we can actually give people temporary places to live and they’re also trying things like telemedicine and new ways to get medical care to people. So, right, this kind of shows if there’s a will, there’s a way to do this. We just happened to need a pandemic to show that it’s really important. Noah Baker. Again, what a mixture of feelings about the phrase ‘we needed a pandemic to show this is important’. Amy MaxmenI prefer no pandemic. Noah BakerI think I agree with you there. I think we all prefer no pandemic. Benjamin ThompsonI mean you’ve spoken to researchers on the ground who are working with homeless populations, for example. Are we able to draw parallels with other groups who are unable to avoid congregating, like in prisons, for example? Amy MaxmenYeah, I mean the data we do have from the US is that prisons have been a huge source of outbreaks. It’s one of the top three sources of outbreaks. The CDC put out a report yesterday about prisons. I think what was kind of shocking to me was the lack of data they have. A number of jurisdictions – I think 30% of jurisdictions in the US – don’t report their prison data.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: 1"W Area located next to a rail yard and repair building for locomotives, with regular train traffic 2021/06/30 (HEV) 25°24'06. 6"S 49°15'00. 3"W Vacant site impacted by rainwater runoff from asphalt, located along the side of a heavily used road 2021/07/02 de Referência em Agroecologia (HCPRA) 25°22'53. 9"S 49°07'36. 6"W Located in the Iraí Area (APA), with a history of gardening using agroecology techniques 2021/06/23 2. 2 Characteristics of the gardens The urban gardens consisted of plots cultivated using techniques and management practices oriented by professionals from the Unit (UAU) of (SMSAN 2020), with emphasis on subsistence agriculture where families are directly responsible for the management and production of the vegetable crops (Oliveira et al. 2021; Silva 1999). Vegetables that exceed consumption needs can be commercialized in local establishments as additional income sources. The management of those gardens are based on organic agricultural techniques, with the recycling of organic material and without the use of fertilizers, pesticides, or herbicides (Oliveira et al. 2021; Souza 2005). The soils in the areas where the gardens were planted usually demonstrated some level of degradation, with the O and A horizons deteriorated or absent. Therefore, to make cultivation possible, topsoil was initially imported (first quality, sieved, dark, and free of impurities, woody material, seeds, weeds, roots, clods and clay, and without chemical or biological contaminants; approximately 8 m³ per bed). Lime is added every two years, and agricultural products are prohibited following the legislation covering organic agriculture; the planting beds are turned over after each planting cycle to improve aeration. garden was installed in the Iraí APA, where Organosols predominate. The horticultural practices adopted there include fertilization with vermicompost, mixed plantings in the same bed, crop rotation (family, genus, and species), control of non-vegetable crops through weeding at first and then covering with mulch, micro-spray irrigation, fallowing beds, and recycling organic material (IDR-PR 2021). 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: It requires a high degree of responsibility for the tasks to be completed and well-managed IoT systems, assuming a vast technical background by professionals in the field. Governance service providers adopt a culture of security and information confidentiality as part of their services [1]. Smart cities decided to cope with public issues with the help of technology and the prudent management of natural reseizures. Smart city systems provide management tools generating people networks, infrastructure, companies, and resources to achieve sustainable economic development, high quality of life, and general well-being for most citizens. A key tool for data collection in smart cities is the Internet of things (IoT) networks with embedded electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity for exchanging data with servers, centralized systems, and connected devices using communication systems. IoT data is collected from sensors, assembled, and sent to various applications executed locally or in the cloud. The rapid evolvement and distribution of smart devices embedded within typical smart city services become a preferred and easy target, exposing them to cyber-attacks. These services apply to transportation, health care, water, electricity, and other municipal services. In smart governance, municipal authorities aim to deploy IoT-based applications to build an ecosystem for the full smart city managing a substantial number of mutual and parallel tasks involving interactions among the municipality and residents [2]. Technology is necessary to coordinate and manage these systems, such as an ICT-based system that offers the elements necessary for smart governance for managing the following: 1. Permission hierarchy model. 2. Follow-up on assignments. 3. Inclusion to facilitate data interchange 4. Integration with future ICT components. 5. Privacy and safety processes [3]. We focus on technological solutions for security policies as part of regular personal and community behavior. We utilize a cybersecurity perspective that smart city designers can translate and develop elements that can be integrated within their design to better deal with cyber-attacks and violation of personal privacy and practical cybersecurity approaches. We examine the characteristics of cyber threats related to these domains involving advanced emerging technologies. The rest of this 10. Advertisement 2. Security vulnerabilities of smart cities and mitigation strategiesThe immense spread and growth of automation in every aspect of life improved significantly human life, such as technology, digital computing, electronic devices, smartphones, and data transmission networks. However, it also caused the evolution of cybercrimes that have become a major threat.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: But okay, all of those caveats aside, we know that there’s about 5,000 infections among detained people and then another almost 3,000 among staff who work in prisons and 88 deaths of incarcerated people along with 15 deaths of staff members. So, that’s collected from the US but it’s certainly an underestimate for the reasons that I said. So, what prisons are trying to do here is a lot of prisons are letting inmates out early and they say it’s people who were convicted of non-violent crimes, but I spoke to one person who runs transmission homes for people who are out of prison and who have to now get on their feet again, and so they help them find jobs and also give them a place to live in the meantime because a lot of times they don’t have somewhere to go. He’s having to turn them away because the prisons here aren’t testing people before they release them and in addition, he doesn’t have the resources or ability to test people unless they have, say, a fever, which we know is not a very good way to detect COVID, so he’s afraid to let them in because it could infect his whole group. Noah BakerIt’s such a difficult situation. I feel like different social groups all have so many specific things that need to be thought about that affect them in different ways, and it’s difficult for someone like an epidemiologist to capture all of that information, but it’s really necessary because they could be really significant. Amy MaxmenYeah, and I think the researchers I’ve talked to, what they really want to do is make evidence-based policy. Even if it’s, as I think one researcher at UCSF, the way she put it to me was like, ‘We just at least need to figure out the best of the bad choices. ’ So, the ideal choice is everybody gets their own home or their own apartment. Now, if we don’t have that, what is the best choice we can make? And another researcher pointed out to me that we might see similar things, very different but similar in that as the economy opens up, a lot of schools want to open up in September. University colleges, they definitely want to start work again. Researchers at labs want to get back in their lab and do work.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: 20-59. 51 This research Limits values Edible parts of vegetables 2. 3* 40** - 500* 100** *(WHO 2001) **(WHO 1995) It is important to note that the consumption of L. sativa and B. oleracea plants cultivated in the urban gardens in can contribute to the daily ingestion of the trace elements Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn (Table 6). Table 6. The concentrations of trace elements supplied by the daily consumption of L. sativa and B. oleracea plants grown in urban gardens, based on the mean annual consumption of 0. 69 kg. Species (source) Trace elements sativa Daily consumption (mg. kg-1. d-1) 0. 002 0. 014 0. 291 0. 028 0. 118 Dietary contribution (%) 0. 71 10. 37 10. 77 0. 11 0. 10 Brassica oleracea Ingestão diária (mg. kg-1. d-1) 0. 002 0. 043 0. 005 0. 030 0. 081 Dietary contribution (%) 0. 64 32. 35 0. 18 0. 12 0. 07 *The daily ingestion calculation is based on the mean concentrations of trace elements among all of the gardens evaluated. **Values obtained according to Brasil (2018). Chrome is an essential element for humans – being required for the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids (Nali et al. 2009). The consumption of Cr in human diets, however, is often sub-optimal as most diets contain less than 60% of the suggested minimum daily intake of that trace element for adults (0. 005 mg. kg-1) (Nali et al. 2009). Considering that the mean annual consumption of L. sativa and B. oleracea by a 70 kg person is 0. 69 kg (HFBrasil 2021) and the mean concentration of Cr in plants produced in the urban gardens analyzed here, the consumption of L. sativa and B. oleracea contribute to the daily ingestion of only 0. 002 mg. kg-1, equivalent to only 0. 71% and 0. 64%, respectively, of the daily recommended intake of that trace element (Table 6) – although it represents a contribution to the suggested daily consumption well above that provided by L. sativa plants sold in supermarkets (Chang et al. 2014). The recommended minimum daily consumption of Cu by adults is 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Modern cities are open and oriented to adopt innovative technologies to improve their operation, services, transportation, water, electricity, data transmission, supply chain, and overall system resilience. Implementing embedded security systems, Firewalls, cryptography, and more are mandatory to protect this rich digital environment. Smart cities become vulnerable to cyber-attacks due to their widespread connectivity and remote-control operations using communication networks, which are public and may be accessed by cyber-attackers [4]. Smart cities are expected to detect any cyber-attacks, such as DDoS, and react immediately, stopping their progress and recovering damages. A city cyber-attack could exploit an IoT device and use it as a gateway, penetrating the attacked subject and changing, corrupting, and erasing data. It may also stop or manipulate system operations such as traffic lights, public transportation, street lighting, power grids, water supply, and other services. Regardless of how emerging technologies alter these essential systems. Smart cities use analytics to automate and optimize the synchronization of a wide range of services, monitor the surrounding impact, and improve city performance. This information is required for the applications that centrally oversee intelligent and public area lighting, using distributed IoT and sensor inputs. Good lighting helps improve residents’ safety and traffic management, reduce accidents, better parking, and reduce crime. The following are listed vulnerabilities per service. Traffic management: Using cameras to provide traffic balance, reduce traffic congestion, allow instant changes in traffic lights, close roads, provide detour alternatives, and prioritize emergency navigation. Parking: Provide available parking, reservation information, payment, discover violations, messaging and warning drivers, and automatic ticketing. Real-time and AI-based distributed systems targeting immediate reactions to citizens’ requests and emergency calls. A research team hacked and manipulated wireless traffic lights. A polish teenager hacked the city’s tram, and four have been injured. Active and passive cyber-attacks compromise the security of smart cities’ applications. Sabotage, manipulation, and espionage are the main motivations of cyber-attacks. A passive attack aims to get information, such as the configuration and behavior of the system and its architecture of the victim’s system, without changing it. Active attacks affect the system’s operation by modifying and injecting malicious data. This section outlines security vulnerabilities in various smart city applications. In the next section, we outline mitigation concepts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: So, what he was pointing out is we also need a similar kind of system for how often do we screen, how often do we test, how do we make this less deadly when people start getting back together and what if the dorms fill up again? There needs to be some kind of evidence-based system for stopping the spread of COVID within those groups. Noah BakerAbsolutely, I know here in the UK, so much of how any kind of large-scale and centrally controlled response to anything is based around a postcode. It’s sort of part of our system. You need to have an address in order to be able to access everything. Like even in my life, I mentioned on the podcast last week that I live on a narrowboat, so that means that in London that I have no fixed address, and so I have no postal code and so I can’t register at a doctors. They won’t let me because the whole system is based around a postal code, and it’s the same for people who have no fixed address in London because they are homeless, for example. Amy MaxmenOh, that’s interesting. For this story, I had actually reached out. Borders is working with the NHS to, I think, have homeless clinics, but I wasn’t able to find out much more about how they’re working more broadly. I think it might just be on the clinical side of it. Noah BakerAnd don’t get me wrong, we do have a social care system which does have ways to get around this, but it’s still hard when you want a big, global response to try and get around these sorts of problems. Amy MaxmenFor sure. Benjamin ThompsonWell, let’s bring it home again, team. Let’s talk about good things this week, and I think it’s probably my turn to go first this time, and my good thing this week is a personal one, I have to say, and here we are in, what is it, week eight or nine of lockdown, and my darling wife said to me, ‘Let’s go on a date. Where do you want to go? ’ To which I obviously looked at her quizzically like, ‘Somewhere else in the flat? ’ And she said, ‘No, anywhere you want.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: 135 mg (Brasil 2018). The L. sativa and B. oleracea plants cultivated in the urban garden studied here therefore contribute to daily ingestions of 0. 014 mg. kg-1 and 0. 043 mg. kg-1 of Cu (approximately 10% and 32% of the recommended minimum daily requirement respectively) (Table 6). Finally, considering the recommended minimum daily requirement of Fe (2. 7 mg), Mn (24. 5 mg), and Zn (115. 5 mg) by a 70 kg person (2018), the L. sativa plants grown in the urban gardens studied here can contribute approximately 10%, 0. 11%, and 0. 10% of those requirements respectively (Table 6). The B. oleracea plants from those gardens can contribute approximately 0. 18%, 0. 12%, and 0. 07% of the recommended daily requirement of Fe, Mn, and Zn respectively (Table 6). agriculture has become a common practice in developing countries, but the food safety of those products must be constantly monitored to minimize any risks to public health. We analyzed here the quantities of some trace elements (and Zn) to provide a measure of the food security of vegetables produced in community urban gardens in Curitiba City, PR, Brazil. Food contaminants, especially trace elements, can represent significant health risks, depending on the types of vegetables produced (which demonstrate different accumulation patterns) and the quantities of those chemicals present in the soil and irrigation water. The soils of the community gardens evaluated, and the water used to irrigate them, are in conformity with the maximum recommended limits. In terms of the presence of and Zn, the L. sativa and B. oleracea plants produced in the urban gardens and in the agroecology site were found to be secure for human consumption, as the trace element levels found in the samples were well below the maximum recommended limits. The expansion of urban gardens is associated with a wide range of benefits, including: food security, healthy diets, recycling of organic residues through composting, as biodiversity refuges, spaces for environmental education activities, and the creation of environments for leisure and social integration. The periodic monitoring of trace elements in edible vegetables is extremely important for the identification of possible sources of pollution (e. g. , atmospheric, soil, and irrigation water) and can eliminate or reduce the exposures of plants, animals, and humans to high levels of those contaminants. DeclarationsAuthor contributions M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: of Service (DDoS): The purpose is to prevent the system’s normal operation and destroy its availability in smart cities. The attacker tries to overwhelm the network’s resources with bandwidth-consuming attacks such as attacks. In smart cities, the impacts of DoS attacks on any system that provides centralized monitoring. Malware: applications whose testing stage is incomplete, are utilized to bypass security measures and access control gates, take control of the central monitoring system, damage system machinery, and manipulate system parameters. Eavesdropping: Unauthorized sniffing and manipulating of the transmitted data over the institution network, stealing the institute network map, and applying changes to the traffic behavior, weakening network integrity and security, causing users confusion, privacy violation, wrong decision making, and causing financial damages. Masquerading: The attacker tries to steal, change, or damage data. False information (FI): Attackers spread fake messages on social media, impacting people’s behavior. Message modification: The attacker is manipulating transmitted messages, distorting inter-user conversations, and spreading wrong data causing uncertainty leading to dangerous actions that may be taken at the personal and community levels. Traffic analysis (TA): Attackers attain critical traffic information, such as timetables and routing maps, and intentionally disrupt the normal behavior of the transportation system. Data injection attack (FDIA): Occurs when attackers manage to get operational measurements from various critical smart city systems, such as public transportation schedules and power plant monitoring thresholds, and make changes impacting the normal systems’ behavior, causing service disruptions. Exploitation of home security loopholes: Home devices, smart living gadgets, and IoT may compromise security, enabling hackers to attack or violate privacy and expose account information. People control their smart homes, making them a valuable database for hackers. To cope with it, mapping and analyzing the hazards identify the risks associated with smart home systems and ways to reduce risks. Embedded IoT devices: They collect data, such as traffic management and real-time response systems, to improve city operations. They are balancing smart cities and cybersecurity. IoT devices could be better with built-in security mechanisms due to their limited computing power. Objects can be scanned or sensed, such as thermostats, domestic appliances, security cameras, and lighting systems connected to the public communication network, remotely monitored and accessible to attackers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Where do you want to go? ’ So, we spent the evening going to the and we went to the Colosseum in Rome, we went to the Louvre. in Amsterdam has an amazing app where you can have a little look around some of the art there, and it was nice to spend an evening with some aesthetic beauty, and looking at Rembrandt’s on an iPad mini, that’s the way to look at that painting, right? I mean it’s one of the greatest paintings of all time and looking on a screen that’s about three inches across is definitely the way to take it in. But just for a sweet couple of hours, it was nice to remember that there is a world outside of the flat. Amy MaxmenThat’s cute. I love it. Benjamin ThompsonAmy, how about you? What have you got for us this week? Amy MaxmenWell, I have to admit I secretly like enjoy dark humour. I just do. I’ve reported Ebola in a couple of places and I have heard some funny jokes, and I think somebody once told me during the Ebola outbreak, ‘If we’re not laughing, we’re crying. ’ So, I got a text from a friend that I had met in Nigeria and she texted me this new list of words to introduce to the Dictionary and it’s funny so I’ll read a couple of them. Coronacoaster – the ups and downs of your mood during the pandemic. Quarantinis – experimental cocktails from whatever random ingredient you have left in the house. Benjamin ThompsonOh, I have had a coronatini or two in the last few weeks, don’t get me wrong. Noah BakerI actually want to interrupt you because my one good thing is coronatinas. That is it. have to say, I’ve been working an awful lot more than regularly this week and my coronatini at the end of my day has been amazing, and we’ve been having to get more and more creative, shall I say, with what goes into the coronatini because we’ve been running out of spirits, and I actually found a bottle of honey rum. It is very sweet. Amy MaxmenThat’s perfect. Noah BakerBut it worked. It was delicious.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: Original • 32 • 2019 • copy The experience of community urban gardens: Social organization and food security A experiência das hortas urbanas comunitárias: organização social e segurança alimentar characterize Salvador-Bahia community gardens, with regard to social organization, work, supply and access to food, in line with the concept of Food Security. cross-sectional, exploratory study was carried out involving information collection, identification and selection of community gardens. Seven community gardens were located, although only five participated, with data collected through the application of semi-structured questionnaires, used with 13 horticulturists. of the gardens (80. 0%) were located in popular neighborhoods and had been in place for less than five years; they operated with no land legalization (80. 0%), in assigned areas (80. 0%) and without any technical support (100. 0%). No social organization was available in most of the initiatives (60. 0%). The greatest difficulties included: lack of funding (80. 0%) and volunteers for work (80. 0%), as well as water use restrictions (80. 0%). The crops included different fruits and vegetables, for self-consumption (80. 0%), donation (60. 0%), and/or commercialization (40. 0%). Horticulturists included women (50. 0%) and men (50. 0%), mean age 44. 8 years, education between illiterates (25. 0%) and upper level (37. 5%), rural migrants (50. 0%) and experienced farmers (62. 5%). Positive aspects included the production and access to natural food and the pleasure of working with earth. policies limited technical support and financing were observed in this segment, although there were contributions to the generation of work opportunities, supply and access to food. The study showed a strong link between community gardens and strategies to promote Food and Nutrition Security. KeywordsFood and Nutrition Security; Food Offer; Food Supply; Poverty; as hortas urbanas comunitárias de Salvador-Bahia, quanto à organização social, ao trabalho, à oferta e o acesso aos alimentos, em alinhamento ao conceito de Segurança Alimentar.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: The security of IoT could be better due to the lack of computing power, memory, and storage, which allows very minimal security protection. Its spread generates a large attack surface and multiple vulnerabilities, inviting attackers who take over the control of a lighting system, raising severe consequences for personal safety. Advertisement 3. Securing smart citiesConnected devices are expected to be protected by comprehensive IoT security solutions. Practical, simple, yet secure solutions that OEMs and services can easily and widely adopt seem adequate based on their assurance of executing code solely generated by the device OEM or a trusted party. Secure boot technology is used to avoid the replacement of firmware with harmful devices. It ensures that IoT devices can only communicate with authorized services. Mutual authentication is applied when any device connects to the system, ensuring the data comes from a legitimate and authenticated source. The data is then analyzed to detect security violations. Frequent key replacement prevents service disruption. of Service attacks are critical security threats and attacks on smart cities. BoT-IoT with embedded random forest (RF) and decision tree (DT) is a recommended detecting tool for DDoS attacks, achieving 91% success. According to NIST, an IoT-enabled framework in smart cities addresses cybersecurity and data protection. Clear IoT data use and privacy policies improve security awareness to prevent cyber-attacks. At the same time, there must be boundaries around. Secure privacy in smart cities oversees the data of all its residents; synchronized credentialing is mandatory to avoid weak points and protect all residents’ personal information. City staff should define how connected devices behave. When devices are activated, their encryption measures should be active at all links up to the destination. Smart technology, connectivity, and applications should be able to meet residents’ needs where cybersecurity is well-considered and managed. Smart transportation systems improve the safety, speed, and reliability of accessibility. Modern and sustainable transportation systems provide scheduling, selection of the optimized route, driver’s license recognition, car parking searching, and safety-related applications in smart transportation facilities, which are more likely to be crowded due to their high living style. IoT reduces accidents due to initiative-taking actions in detecting human errors, and affordable IoT systems for estimating road network safety are implemented; some even use IoT technologies for smart mobility in smart city scenarios. IoT-based solutions, such as smart traffic, parking, and mobility solutions, are employed in transportation leading to safer streets.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: So, I have surprise coronatini every day at the end of the day and it is bringing me joy. Amy MaxmenThat is hilarious. That is super hilarious. Let’s see if she has any other funny ones here. There’s a whole bunch of them. Furlough Merlot, which needs no explanation. Coronadose – when you’ve overdosed from bad news from consuming too much media on the pandemic. This is me. The elephant in the Zoom – the issue during a video conferencing call that nobody mentions that one participant has dramatically put on weight. Benjamin ThompsonGoodness me. Noah BakerThat’s also me. You just keep listing me. Amy MaxmenLaughs. Have you noticed I don’t use video for our calls? Noah BakerLaughs. Oh dear. Benjamin ThompsonWonderful, well, let’s leave it at that then, both. Amy and Noah, thanks so much for joining me and look forward to talking to you both next week for episode nine of Coronapod. Amy MaxmenThank you. Benjamin ThompsonMore from Amy next week. Up next now, Noah’s back and he’s been finding out how the pandemic has affected substance misuse treatments and research. Noah Bakeris the head of the on Drug Abuse, or NIDA, in the USA. NIDA’s mission is to develop interventions which can prevent and treat addiction and drug use disorders. But since the COVID-19 outbreak hit, the research they fund has been really significantly impacted, and Nora herself is deeply concerned about how the coronavirus could impact those with drug use disorders. I called her up to find out a bit more, and started by asking her specifically about those concerns. Yes, certainly, I mean I think there are two components to it. One of them is the scientific component. I mean we’re a scientific agency. But the other side of it is the consequences that COVID has for people suffering the diseases that were studying, the people that are out there right now living this sort of nightmare. Noah BakerOkay, so, first off, how is the science being impacted, the research projects that NIDA funds? Many of the laboratories have had to close down.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: Métodos Realizou-se estudo transversal, exploratório, envolvendo levantamento de informações, identificação e seleção das hortas comunitárias. Sete hortas comunitárias foram localizadas, das quais cinco participaram, com coleta de dados por meio da aplicação de questionários semiestruturados, junto a 13 horticultores. maioria das hortas (80,0%) localizava-se em bairros populares, tinha menos de cinco anos de existência, funcionava sem legalização da terra (80,0%), em áreas cedidas (80,0%) e sem apoio técnico (100,0%). Observou--se ausência de organização social, na maioria das iniciativas (60,0%). As maiores dificuldades incluíram: falta de financiamento (80,0%), de voluntários para o trabalho (80,0%) e limitações no uso da água (80,0%). Os cultivos compreenderam variedades de frutas e hortaliças, destinadas ao autoconsumo (80,0%), à doação (60,0%), e/ou à comercialização (40,0%). Os horticultores incluíram mulheres (50,0%) e homens (50,0%), média de idade de 44,8 anos, escolaridade entre analfabetos (25,0%) e nível superior (37,5%), migrantes rurais (50,0%) e com experiência na agricultura (62,5%). Como aspectos positivos do trabalho, constaram a produção e o acesso a alimentos naturais e o prazer pelo trabalho com a terra.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Here are a few projects: a transportation system that recognizes and monitors buses by inter-messaging. It uses IoT, radio frequency identification (RFID), general packet radio services (GPRS), (GIS), and (GPS). Another project embeds temperature and humidity sensors to monitor automobiles and buses. A recent project suggests a real-time traffic monitor using collected data to identify roadway issues. An intelligent application with embedded IoT, using minimizes the damaged packets and incorporates encryption for decreasing surface attacks. One more project integrates D-switches and software-defined networking (SDN) and inserts a high volume of deterministic virtual private networks (DVPN), preventing congestion, interference, and DDOS, reducing buffer size in D-switches, improving speed communications, and encrypted packets within a DVPN are quantum-safe encryption due to the use of lengthy encryption keys. Integrate transportation safety applications, creating a vehicular ad hoc network (Vanet), complemented with secured privacy applications, provides a communication platform interconnecting vehicles reporting congestion, accidents, and road surface conditions to other cars. However, there are several security and privacy problems, particularly location privacy. We may add Group signatures to provide conditional privacy preservation. The vehicle’s previous communications and positions are unlikable and saved—a simple conditional privacy-preservation system using hash-chain algorithms to provide identity monitoring using on-road instant local revocation verification. A vehicle receiving a message from another vehicle authenticates the sender’s certificate. The receiver requests the roadside unit to review the message if the sender lacks credentials. The roadside unit will issue a valid certificate if the information is correct. Otherwise, the vehicle is added to the revocation list. Another tool is a multi-level architecture that reduces attacks on the road communication system. Autonomous cars also manage new attack types like Ransomware, IoT, Botnet, and DDoS. Because cars are interconnected, attacks spread further, increasing the overall risk. Developing secured traffic systems, modeling the secured integration of automated vehicles and road infrastructure, engaging vehicles with pedestrians where traffic signals are missing, and interconnecting vehicles via wireless communications. Interconnect vehicles using wireless communication are exposed to cyber-attacks, such as the “Sitbit” attack, where fake identities are placed to change traffic light timing by utilizing existing flaws in traffic signal control systems, causing significant delays, excess fuel consumption, air pollution, and traffic congestion.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Many of the clinical projects are, right now, on hold because they cannot recruit patients because their hospital systems cannot accommodate for research. So, from the perspective of research, this is slowing us down enormously. But even more urgent and tragic is the reality that people that are suffering from addictions, and their families, are having to struggle with COVID. Drugs – whether it’s legal like alcohol or tobacco smoking or illegal like cocaine, methamphetamine or heroin – produce marked damage to our body, and particularly vulnerable are our lungs and our heart and our cardiovascular system and our immune system, all of which are basically targets of COVID-19. And as a result of that, there is an enormous concern that people that are addicted to these drugs, that are taking them regularly, are at a greater risk of having much worse outcomes, much more adverse outcomes. Noah BakerThe concerns are there. Are there people in NIDA or elsewhere that are trying to study that clinically at the moment? We are asking for urgent submission of supplements among grantees that can start to look at this because the epidemic is too new for us to understand how someone that has substance use disorders is responding to the COVID infection itself. The substance that has been studied the most is cigarette smoking. So, we have several reports from China. There have been a couple of reports that have started to emerge from other countries. The data is very mixed. Overall, if you look at it, it does appear that people that have COVID that were smokers have higher mortality rates and worse outcomes. But then there are some papers that are hinting at the possibility that the risk of infection may be lower among those that are smoking cigarettes, perhaps because nicotine could have a preventative effect, and that’s an interesting theory that needs to be investigated. Noah BakerAnd what about other drugs? Do you have any data on things like opioids? We have no data on opioids, the same thing with methamphetamines or cocaine. These are drugs that produce massive vascular constriction, so we’re specifically, right now, requesting researchers to put supplements to their current grants so they can start to evaluate how COVID his affecting their patients, and we want this to emerge rapidly because there is an urgency to gain this knowledge so that we know how to treat it.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: Conclusão Verificou-se insuficiência de políticas para o segmento, reduzido apoio técnico e financiamento, conquanto houvesse contribuições para a geração de trabalho, a oferta e o acesso aos alimentos. O estudo revelou forte vinculação entre hortas comunitárias e estratégias de promoção da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Palavras-chaveSegurança Alimentar e Nutricional; Oferta de Alimentos; Abastecimento de Alimentos; Pobreza; and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA) has been identified as an initiative that can potentially respond to urban problems in different dimensions. In developing countries, UPA has persisted for food subsistence reasons, while in developed countries there are both constraints and growth, contributing to the strengthening of Food and (FNS) and to healthier environment [11 ógus CM. Hortas comunitárias como atividade promotora de saúde: uma experiência em Unidades Básicas de Saúde. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2015;20(10):3099-110. 2. Agriculture and the city: A method for sustainable planning of new forms of agriculture in urban contexts. Policy. 2014;41:290-303. -33. Strawberry fields forever? Urban agriculture in developed countries: A review. Sustain. 2014;34:21-43. ]. Despite the political and economic scenario, UPA initiatives have continued in Brazilian regions [44 Schneider T, Niederle P, Vecchio-de LM. Agricultura urbana como crítica e alternativa: práticas comunicativas em torno da alimentação no contexto de crises socioambientais. RP. 2017 [citado 2019 jan 22];20(3_94):723-59. Disponível em: Disponível em: ].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: An assessment model for cyber-attacks on autonomous vehicles is proposed to evaluate the transportation system’s performance, considering the following parameters: number of attacked cars, intensity, efficiency, safety, emissions, and fuel consumption. It concludes that the negative impact on traffic flow grows as the number of cyber-attacked vehicles and the severity of attacks increases. It reduces capacity and increases rear-end collision risk, air pollution, and fuel consumption. Trains are the most used in modern cities. With the automation of railway operations, the increase in the number of passengers, and the integration with other transportation methods, the railway industry is experiencing adaptation changes in its operation processes and infrastructure. It is transitioning from a standalone system to an open platform, using off-the-shelf standard elements and increasing networked control and automation systems accessible remotely via networks. This change raises its vulnerability to cyber-attacks and its attractiveness to cybercriminals to focus on ticket machines, WiFi communication, and passenger information screens. Safe traffic assumes complete visibility, identification, and mitigation of threats to the signaling system, telecommunication, and operations management. For example, we may locally disconnect the system from its cables by adding an SDN switch. The SDN switch should detect ARP spoofing, and the system remains undiscovered to man-in-the-middle attackers. Railways are exposed to physical attacks, and hence, they are equipped with a tamper resistance box that encapsulates the hardware and controls the equipment against cyber-attacks. Smart environment applications quantify and analyze vast parameters such as climate, green spaces, city cleanliness, movement initiatives, contamination level, optimal resource management, and environmental actions. Results show quality improvements in public spaces, facilities, and life and strengthen security in areas. Smart cities collect traffic congestion, energy utilization, air, and building quality, analyze it, and issue a corresponding pollution report. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) monitor the natural environment, detect natural disasters, and enhance security awareness. Voice-activated devices are used everywhere and at home, allowing disabled and older people to operate with minimum energy [5], or using mobile phones to interpret voice commands [6]. Table 1 outlines the generic mitigation methods to cope with each security risk dimension. In this 1. Security dimensions and their corresponding generic mitigation methods [7]. Advertisement 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Noah BakerAnd beyond the physiological impacts, there’s also a real risk to people that are currently undergoing treatment for substance use disorders. Trying to access that treatment is pretty tricky at the moment. As part of social distancing, the support systems that normally holds them together, helps them hold together – including syringe change programmes, including group therapy like – are basically no longer present. Also, the support systems that provide them with their therapy, for example, whether it is methadone, the methadone clinics are actually curtailing the number of patients that they can see on a given day. These are structural factors that have changed the social systems that we rely on that are very important for all of us but crucial for people that are fighting with a problem with substance use disorders and that are aiming to achieve or are in recovery, and indeed, we are getting reports in treatments programmes that patients that have been stable for a long time are relapsing. Noah BakerAnd there’s one more potential risk which you have highlighted which is really about the overlap between those with substance use disorders and other social factors. Tell me about that. When you take drugs, you actually undermine not just your social systems but actually your standing in a society, and as a result of that, the likelihood of you becoming homeless is much greater and also the likelihood to be engaged in the justice settings. Whether it is homeless or you are in prison or jail, those are environments where infections actually can very rapidly disseminate. Noah BakerRight now, around the world, epidemiologists are modelling the impacts of COVID-19. They’re trying to find out more about the way the virus is spreading. Is there much of an understanding of how people with substance use disorders might fit into modelling like that? That type of modelling has been done for infectious diseases, including the substance using population, most notably for HIV and the other one for which there has been a lot of modelling done is for hepatitis C. For both of these infectious diseases, drug use, most notably injection drug use but not just limited to injection drug use, are very significant sources for fast dissemination of an epidemic. But what is it for COVID in drug using populations? The risk for infection is, to my knowledge at this point, unknown as it compares to that of other populations that are not taking drugs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: of information and location of gardens At the state level (SDR), there were records of Family Agriculture; however, there were no records in connection with urban agriculture. At the municipal level (), records of the urban gardens were identified, consisting of 42 initiatives (41 private and one community). In contact with key informants, the origin of most of the fruits and vegetables of cities of the interior was registered. According to the street retailers, urban agriculture activities have declined, and some said they knew “a few urban farmers”. From the set of information gathering and community gardening initiatives location, it was possible to visit 16 green areas (Figure 1), of which 75% (n=12) were active – seven of them worked in the community mode and five were private. Figure 1 Areas (neighborhoods) visited with the indication of urban gardens. Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. Out of the seven active community gardens (58. 33%), one vegetable garden had not yet been harvested and one refused to participate in the survey, due to a concern to give out information, and was therefore not included in the study. Considering the historical division of the city into two altitude levels (), it was found that out of the five active gardens, four (80%) were located in (districts considered lower middle class, far from the city center and in peripheral areas). The other vegetable gardens (20%) were in the (region of the upper class neighborhoods and near downtown). Table 1 presents an initial characterization of the identified community gardens. As for social organization, although all gardens were of a community nature, in only two cases (40%), there was an organized social structure, in the form of collective and religious community organization. 1 Characteristics of five community gardens. Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. In the in loco observations, the use of agrochemicals, chemical fertilizers or the like was not noticed. Standing out, CG3 maintained a specific area for composting, using tarpaulins and organic fertilizer preparation stages, as well as drying and grinding of pods, eggs and the use of ash. In all the gardens, water was available, with 80% using it from the public water grid, and 60% water from the well, but without treatment. However, water supply is a limiting factor for the production and for continuation of the activities, which worsened during dry spells.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Attack detection and mitigation systems for smart citiesMost cybersecurity alert methods rely on attack detection methods, such as intrusion detection systems (IDS) and Firewalls. However, they could be more effective since detection rules are out-of-date and limited to single-step attacks [8]. The attackers developed workarounds, and the detection time increased. Deep learning and knowledge graph-based cyber-attack detection methods are less popular due to their lack of explanations. However, recent developments of XAI try to complement AI with s explanations such that AI will be comparable to other methods and will be reasonable and expected to some extent. Nevertheless, AI-based cybersecurity systems, deployed in smart cities, are popular. We can already find machine and deep learning that are integrated into cybersecurity defense systems. In parallel, attackers try hard to look for new attack strategies, methods, and technologies, which accelerates the need to react promptly. One of the advanced analysis models used is MDATA graph matching, a cyber-attack detection approach, incorporating a dynamic model using temporal-spatial data. It activates several modules, knowledge extraction, construction of MDATA graphs, vulnerabilities, and multi-stage attack identification. Experiments show its effectiveness of 90% and performance of 14ms. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a spreading and expanding concept and technology in modern times. It imitates the human brain to oversee real-life issues. It is implemented in many domains, such as robotics, smart cars, prediction, e-commerce, navigation, human resources, health care, agriculture, gaming, automobiles, social media, and marketing. AI security is leveraging AI to detect and respond to cyber threats and attacks early based on historical activities. AI embedded in drones and blockchain technologies enforces security in smart cities. Emerging technologies such as AI, blockchain, and drones are important in smart cities, especially regarding security and regional monitoring [9]. The use of drones supports the intelligent city concept with all its advantages. Drones are used in smart cities for assorted services, such as surveillance, traffic control, monitoring public areas, package delivery, detection of malicious activities, and more. AI-based drones enhance surveillance everywhere, assisting in detecting security-related events. Drowns with embedded machine-learning capabilities enable the prediction of jamming attacks by applying Q-learning [10, 11] and DQN [12].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 11 Jan 2024 | 11 Jan 2024 Technical note: Challenges of detecting free tropospheric ozone trends in a sparsely sampled environment Kai-Lan Chang, Owen R. and Brian C. McDonald Abstract. High quality long-term observational records are essential to ensure appropriate and reliable trend detection of tropospheric ozone. However, the necessity for maintaining high sampling frequency, in addition to continuity, is often under-appreciated. A common assumption is that so long as long-term records (e. g. , span of a few decades) are available, (1) the estimated trends are accurate and precise, and (2) the impact of small-scale variability (e. g. , weather) can be eliminated. In this study we show that the undercoverage bias (e. g. , a type of sampling error resulting from statistical inference based on sparse or insufficient samples, such as once-per-week sampling frequency) can persistently reduce the trend accuracy of free tropospheric ozone, even if multi-decadal time series are considered. We use over 40 years of nighttime ozone observations measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (representative of the lower free troposphere) to make this demonstration, and quantify the bias in monthly means and trends under different sampling strategies. We also show that short-term meteorological variability remains a cause for an inflated long-term trend uncertainty. To improve the trend precision and accuracy due to sampling bias, two remedies are proposed: (1) a data variability attribution of colocated meteorological influence can efficiently reduce estimation uncertainty and moderately reduce the impact of sparse sampling; and (2) an adaptive sampling strategy based on anomaly detection enables us to greatly reduce the sampling bias, and produce more accurate trends using fewer samples compared to an intense regular sampling strategy. How to cite. . , Petropavlovskikh, I. , Effertz, P. , Morris, G. , and McDonald, B. C. : Technical note: Challenges of detecting free tropospheric ozone trends in a sparsely sampled environment, EGUsphere [preprint], 2024.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: In most of the gardens, there was no evidence of sewage and large volumes of waste. All horticulturists reported that they did not receive any public technical assistance to perform their activities – the individuals most experienced in soil management tutored the new horticulturists. As for the cultivation, all the community gardens of Salvador exhibited a great variety of fruits, leafy and non-leafy vegetables (Figure 2). No horticulturist processed his/her cultivated products. In natura foods were intended for self-consumption (80%), donation (60%) and marketing (40%). Figure 2 Types of crops found in community gardens: fruits (A), leafy vegetables (B), non-leafy vegetables (C). Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. Regarding commercialization, 40% of the gardens (CG4 and CG5) sold these products “in loco”. The best-selling products included leafy vegetables (lettuce, Amazonian basil, coriander, arugula and kale) and roots/tubers (cassava and yam), and 40% of other products, such as medicinal herbs and ornamental plants. Every day, an average of 20 consumers visited CG4 and CG5. Table 2 shows the socioeconomic characteristics of horticulturists involved in garden activities. Among the interviewees, there was a balanced participation of women and men in the economically active age range, with education ranging from illiteracy (25. 0%) to higher education (37. 5%), coming from the interior of the state (50. 0%) and from the city (50. 0%), with previous experience in the activity (62. 5%). Among them, 37. 5% were beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família social program. 2 Socioeconomic characteristics of horticulturists in urban community gardens. Salvador (BA), Brazil, 2017-2018. The link with the gardens generally originated from volunteer work, contact with the earth, satisfaction in the planting of natural products, the possibility of donation and self-consumption and the use of agroecological practices. This characterization gave a distinct profile to the Salvador HCs, since studies in this field have reported educational level between illiteracy and elementary school, as well as the development of activities geared to commercialization and income generation [55 Lobato G, Lucas F, Tavares-.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Attacks such as intrusion, DDOS, and traffic blockage are managed by a variety of algorithms [13, 14, 15]; while other research focuses on threats to private and agencies [16, 17]. Advertisement 5. Artificial intelligence-enabled (AI) cybersecurity defense for smart citiesDrones are equipped with quality software, wireless communication systems, and data exchange protocols, have cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and have a high probability of cyber-attacks, making them sensitive to cyber threats [18]. Despite this, reality proves that drones have limited computing resources, forcing the need to balance security and performance, and compromising cybersecurity. Drones rely on wireless protocols for communication with ground control stations and other connected devices, which hackers can target. Therefore, strong measures should be implemented to cope with potential cyber-attacks and sensitive data and maintain their reliability and security. Vulnerability to hacking is one of the primary concerns. Malicious actors attempt to gain access to drone systems, manipulate their flight controls, or compromise their onboard sensors and cameras. Drones suffer from all typical attacks applicable to their structure and behavior, such as MITM and DDoS. The evolving progress of drones has played a significant role in smart cities. However, at the same time, there are concerns related to cybersecurity, privacy, and public safety. Malicious entities can use drones for cyber-attacks and threats [19]. It is complicated to identify harmful drones. The dependency of drones on GPS makes it vulnerable to GPS spoofing, data stealing, change of date and time, and operations interference. GPS spoofing is transmitting distorted coordinates and false signals, deflecting the drone from its course, and synchronizing with the attacker’s signals, changing the drone’s GPS control system to be fully controlled by the attacker. Civilian drones are easy to attack due to their lack of authentication methods [20]. For example, a GPS spoofing attack forced a drone to follow a route set by the spoofer, proving that such an attack was technically and operationally feasible. Communications’ DDoS is applied by using the air-cracking script to perform the attack, sending a De-authentication key, and the drone memory fills the control. The controller avoided reconnecting to the system, causing the drone to crash. It is a DOS attack that crashes the drone in a configuration. Password cracking attacks against passwords have demonstrated an increase in more connected devices.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Received: 17 Nov 2023 – Discussion started: 11 Jan 2024 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 6848 KB) Notice on discussion status The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (6848 KB) Supplement (6853 KB) Download & links The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (6848 KB) Metadata XML Supplement (6853 KB) revised paper 10. 5194/acp-24-6197-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary A great majority of observational trend studies of free tropospheric ozone use sparsely sampled ozonesonde and aircraft measurements as reference data sets. A ubiquitous assumption is that trends are accurate and reliable so long as long-term records are available. We show that sampling bias due to sparse samples can persistently reduce the trend accuracy, and we highlight the importance of maintaining adequate frequency and continuity of observations. Hide Kai-Lan Chang, Owen R. and Brian C. Mcdiscussion Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Interesting statistical study on biases due to sparse sampling. ', #1, 15 Feb 2024 This is an interesting study showing how sparse sampling may affect trends and monthly means of ozone in the troposphere. We all have to live with the limitations of our observing system. This study explicitly shows some of them, and also gives some ideas about possible improvements, by using additional parameters, or additional observations at suitable times. All of this is scientifically interesting and I commend the authors for a well written and well illustrated paper. Unfortunately, we also know that many observing systems are controlled by factors much different from the statistical properties of the observed atmospheric property, e. g. ozone. So while the study is very good and interesting, I wonder how much change, e. g. in ozone sounding frequency it could, or should, generate. Hopefully not a reduction. Apart from this more general question, I don't really have any detailed comments.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: Diversidade de uso e aspectos socioambientais de quintais urbanos em Abaetetuba, Pará, Brasil. Agroecol. 2017 [citado 2019 jan 22];12(2):95-105. Disponível em: -77 çalves F. Avanços e desafios das hortas comunitárias urbanas de base agroecológica: uma análise do município de Sete Lagoas. Reg. 2017;14(2):61-80. ]. With regard to the positive aspects of the gardens, the most cited were: natural food production, product diversity, community participation, joint decisions, location near the residence and work opportunity. The negative aspects included the lack of investments and training and irregular water supply. connection with the information gathering and identification of gardens, due to the absence or shortage of official records, public inaction and questioning are emphasized, regarding normative actions, organization, government, technical and financial support [1212 de Salvador (Bahia). Lei nº9. 069/2016. Dispõe sobre o de do Município do Salvador – PDDU 2016 e dá outras providências. Salvador: Prefeitura de Salvador; 2016 [citado 2018 fev 24]. Disponível em:1313 de Salvador (Bahia). Lei nº7. 400/2008. Dispõe sobre o de do Município do Salvador – PDDU 2007 e dá outras providências. Salvador: Prefeitura de Salvador; 2007 [citado 2017 mar 30]. Disponível em: ], in addition to the impacts of urban expansion and the loss of urban agricultural land [33. Strawberry fields forever? Urban agriculture in developed countries: A review. Sustain. 2014;34:21-43. ]. The experience of the UA has contributed to the enhancement of community life bonds [44 Schneider T, Niederle P, Vecchio-de LM.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Password cracking in commercial drones disclosed positive security flaws, is an authentication intrusion, and this attack is an identity spoofing. An open WiFi attack relates to drones with free WiFi, providing many users access to the network and leading the team to hijack the drone successfully. In addition, the device allows multiple user connections so that multiple unauthenticated users can control the drone with no way to verify the drone’s owner. SDK threat disrupts the privilege escalation scheme by allowing access to inaccessible features for unauthorized users; attackers track user authentication information and modify some codes, allowing malicious users to execute the operations of legitimate drone users. Telnet attack occurs when the intruder is using Telnet, gaining direct access to the drone, and changing files and scripts to interfere and restart the drone by deactivating the motor, causing it to drop. The drone was deactivated by accessing the operating system file system via Telnet (Busy Box). The user ID and password and many drone executables identified the data. This attack demonstrates an interruption as an attempt to divulge information as sensitive data are collected and sent to the attacker by an authorized user to hijack the drone. Drone packet spoofing uses a Python script that mimics a drone controller. WiFi is the communication standard between the ground station and the drone, which can be hijacked due to the lack of encryption, allowing the drone to connect, hack, and perform remote man-in-middle attacks. A de-authentication attack on drones is done by using aircrackng20. A passive search for the wireless network is conducted. After a network is detected, packets from that wireless network are filtered and analyzed to discover user addresses. Accordingly, the attacker executes a de-authentication attack, where the network users are de-authenticated, resulting in disassociating packets to connected users, disconnecting them, and losing the connection between the users and the drone, severely impacting businesses and residents who depend on drones for their ongoing lifestyle. Several immediate actions may reduce the impact. Having an alternate emergency communication network, cluster network stations, and applying strict inter-clustering message passing to delay the attack from further spreading, implementing penetration detection methods, monitoring the ratio of the number of de-authentication transactions per time frame, and having a hazard call when this number crosses a threshold, encrypt all transmitted messages. Advertisement 6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: I think the authors have done a very good job, probably with a few iterations. Citation: CC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2739', Raeesa Moolla, 28 Feb 2024 Overall, well written, in depth analysis, sound statistical methodological approach used. Minor comments:Page 3 - Line 19 - the word 'are' is missing (averages 'are' generally much smoother)Page 11 - section 3. 4 - Is it an option to increase frequency of reading and reduce spatial variability (i. e. less sondes, but more sampling days? Page 12 - line 4 - Why 2-7 days and not 2-5 days? focus has been on 2-5 days mostly, so why analyse the cost-benefit of an additional 2 days Citation: RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2739', #2, 05 Mar 2024 This paper is a comprehensive sensitivity study of the impact of sampling rate on the accuracy and precision of inferred long-term trends. The paper’s syntax and structure are clear, although from time to time, the excessive amount of details makes it more difficult to follow. The authors start with a high-elevation, multi-decadal surface ozone timeseries (Observatory, 19. 5N) known to have a high sampling frequency with very few gaps over several decades (the “perfect timeseries”), then design a number of scenarios in which only a fraction of all samples are used to compute the trends using classic multi-component LS and LAD fitting models (collocated dew point found to be the most critical proxy after deseasonalizing). The monthly mean bias, and trend bias and error are computed for all scenarios to assess which sub-sampling scenarios yield best agreement with the full-sampling results. The scientific approach is excellent and the authors try to address a very important and well-known aspect of atmospheric composition trend in general, which means that their findings are potentially applicable to a lot more studies beyond free tropospheric ozone. If there must be one main criticism, it is only to say that the results are extremely detailed, too detailed at times, to a point that many figures could be simplified in order for the reader to extract the essential information. For example, I suggest that the "without meteorological adjustment" figures be removed after section 3. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: Agricultura urbana como crítica e alternativa: práticas comunicativas em torno da alimentação no contexto de crises socioambientais. RP. 2017 [citado 2019 jan 22];20(3_94):723-59. Disponível em: ]. In addition, the presence of associations and cooperatives can help the continuity of the initiatives, if they offer a participative management. Moreover, active participation in social movements provides a socializing and dynamic character of such productive urban spaces [1414 Classens M. The nature of urban gardens: Toward a political ecology of urban agriculture. Values. 2015;32(2):229-39. 15 ómez AJ. Determinación de los niveles de resiliencia/vulnerabilidad en iniciativas de agroecología urbana en el suroeste andaluz. Idesia. 2016;34(2):5-13. -1616. How does your garden grow? An empirical evaluation of the costs and potential or urban gardening. Urban Gree. 2015;14(1):72-9. ], and sustainability is determined by the agents involved [1717 Winkler T, Álvarez Calling for a reappraisal of the impact of quinoa expansion on agricultural sustainability in the Andean highlands. Idesia. 2014;32(4):95-100. ]. Considering agroecological principles and practices found in community gardens, it is worth noting that successful experiences have been reported worldwide, with the Agroecological Fairs, efforts, Sustainability Projects, green manuring, among others [22. Agriculture and the city: A method for sustainable planning of new forms of agriculture in urban contexts. Policy. 2014;41:290-303. ,1818. Horta agroecológica como caminho para encontros. Cad Saúde Pública. 2016;32(11):1-2. 19 Ribeiro SM, Bógus. Agricultura urbana agroecológica na perspectiva da promoção da saúde. Saúde Soc. 2015;24(2):730-43.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Access control using biometric technologiesSmart cities have their systems interconnected and thus accessible to all city members based on their predefined rights and needs. This wide surface attack attracts attackers and becomes a challenge to smart city security personnel. To minimize this risk and prevent unauthorized people from accessing any smart city system, a strong access control system should be implemented. The best method for preventing unauthorized people from penetrating city systems is using biometrics technologies. There is a wide variety of reliable biometric methods that may fit to cope with many kinds of penetration attempts. The various biometric methods are divided into physical and behavioral as depicted in Figure 1. Fingerprint matching is the most used biometrics-based technology due to its convenient collection stage, reliability, and acceptance by the average person. Recent developments in biometrics suggest a fingerprint collection by a 1000DPI electronic reader, whose fingerprint image includes thousands of sweat pores, presented as white dots on top of the ridges. This addition of dots allows the digitization of the entire fingerprint-matching system. Its’ accuracy and reliability are much higher than in the classical pattern-recognition minutia-based approach. A face image matching method suggests collecting about 48 features from the image, such as inter-pupil distance, nose-to-chin distance, and more. Another proposal is using hyperspectral cameras to generate multilayer images, extracting attributes from each layer, and constructing a systematic unique code associated with the person appearing in the image. One more face authentication approach is by reconstructing a 3D image from two 2D images taken in parallel by two adjacent standard 2D cameras. The reconstruction process includes hidden attributes injected into the 3D final image. Figure 1. Taxonomy of biometrics technology. Table 2 associates each biometric technology with seven characteristics, enabling us to decide which technology is the best to be deployed in each situation. We can also use Table 2 to decide which biometric technologies complement each other and can be fused to generate a combined robust technology with improved accuracy. The fusion of technologies can be done in three levels, at the features collection stage or the decision stage. Biometric identifierthermogramgeometryvein2. Characteristics of biometrics. Advertisement 7.

Output: contrast