Input: Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: 1 Modelling the information acquisition process under uncertainty The order in which probabilistic cues are to be searched depends on the individual weight of the cue parameters (at least cue validity and discrimination rate, i. e. the proportion of occasions on which a cue value is different for two objects in a two alternative comparison task; see Reference Martignon, Hoffrage, Gigerenzer and ToddMartignon & Hoffrage, 1999; Reference Newell, Rakow, Weston and ShanksNewell, Rakow, Weston & Shanks, 2004; Reference Dieckmann, Todd, Forbus, Gentner and RegierDieckmann & Todd, 2005; Reference Läge, Hausmann, Christen and DaubLäge, Hausmann, Christen & Daub, 2005; Reference Todd, Dieckmann, Saul, Weiss and BottouTodd & Dieckmann, 2005). Whenever the discrimination rate is not relevant, only two search strategies are reasonable: a cue search in descending order of validities (as specified in TTB) or a random selection strategy of cues which has been called the Minimalist search rule (Reference Martignon, Hoffrage, Gigerenzer and ToddMartignon & Hoffrage, 1999). The decision maker’s knowledge about cue validities determines which of these two search rules is adaptive: TTB search rule is normatively required when cue validities are known, whereas Minimalist search rule is the only possible search strategy when cue validities are unknown. In both cases, the crucial question is about the stopping rule: at which point do people stop their search for information? When focussing on the decision rules (ORDM versus information integration in MRDM), the answer should be related to the general strategy of decision making that an individual prefers (one-reason stopping after the first discriminating cue versus more-reason stopping depending on the specific integration model). Focussing on the information acquisition process, however, an alternative answer would be that people will (ideally) terminate search when they have subjectively collected enough information, which means they have enough evidence to determine which of the options is the right or the best one.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Thus, these studies collectively show that tooth-derived stem cells are a highly proliferative, multi-potent, and self-renewing ecto-mesenchymal stem cell-like population that actively secretes a broad repertoire of trophic and immunomodulatory factors. Advertisement 3. Brief overview of the pathophysiology of SCIThe development of effective treatments for SCI has been stifled by this injury’s complicated pathophysiology. During the acute phase, a primary mechanical insult disrupts tissue homeostasis. This triggers a secondary response, in which activated resident microglia and infiltrating blood-derived macrophages initiate severe inflammation by releasing high levels of multiple neurotoxic factors that induce the necrotic and apoptotic death of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This response spreads beyond the initial injury site, and leads to irreversible axonal damage and demyelination (Schwab et al. , 2006, Popovich and Longbrake, 2008, Rowland et al. , 2008). Subsequently, reactive astrocytes and oligodendrocytes near the site of the injured spinal cord (SC) respectively produce chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) and myelin proteins (including myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and Ephrin). These extracellular molecules function as axon growth inhibitors (AGIs), acting through the intracellular Rho GTPase signaling cascade (Silver and Miller, 2004, Yiu and He, 2006). Thus, multiple pathogenic signals act to synergistically accelerate the progressive neuronal deterioration following SCI. Therefore, therapeutic strategies for functional recovery from SCI must exert multifaceted reparative effects targeting a variety of pathogenic mechanisms (Schwab et al. , 2006). Advertisement 4. Multifaceted neuro-regenerative activities of pulp stem cells4. 1. Anti-inflammatory activityUnder various pathogenic conditions, macrophages differentiate into polarized pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) states, and direct either detrimental or beneficial effects on tissue healing (Gordon, 2003, Mosser and Edwards, 2008).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: 056 0. 501 0 0. 003 0. 006 6TH 0. 878 0. 02 0. 931 0. 177 0. 864 0. 012 0. 093 0. 915 7TH 0. 891 0. 02 0. 969 0. 682 0. 656 0 0. 845 0. 824 Table 3 Shapiro- Wilk test results for CWNH Following this, test (non- parametric test) was applied to compare the three standards for scores of all 4 tasks. The Kruskal-test indicated that there is a significant difference in the scores between standard 5th, 6th and 7th for phonetic scores, short reading comprehension passage, long reading comprehension passage whereas no significant difference was found for non-phonetic scores (Table 4). Task p value Phonetic scores 0 Non-phonetic scores 0. 019 Short reading passage scores 0. 016 Long reading passage scores 0. 275 Table 4 Kruskal- Wallis test results for analysis using the U test for the 3 tasks depicting a significant difference in the test (phonetic scores, short reading passage scores, long reading passage scores) there was a significant difference between the scores of standard 5 and 6, standard 6 and 7 but not between standard 5 and 7 on all 3 tasks (Table 5). Task 5th and 6th 6th and 7th 5th and 7th Phonetic scores 0 0. 016 0. 134 Short reading passage scores 0. 011 0. 03 0. 433 Long reading passage scores 0 0. 027 0. 816 Table 5 Mann- Test results for CWNH Children with (CWCI) For children with cochlear implantation the process was similar. Statistical analysis began with analysing each of the 4 categories for normal distribution. The Shapiro-Wilk test of normality revealed normal distribution across all standards for phonetic reading scores as well as for long reading passage comprehension scores. While Non-phonetic reading scores did not demonstrate normal distribution for standard 7 whereas normal distribution for standard 5 and 6, short reading passage comprehension scores were normally distributed only for 6th grade and not for 5th and 7th grade (Table 6). words Non-phonetic words Short passage Long passage w value p value w value p value w value p value w value p value 5TH 0. 945 0. 904 0. 764 0. 096 0. 629 0. 017 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: This assumption can be based on experimental findings that show a very clear relation between stopping behaviour and estimated cue validity in a learning experiment conducted by Hausmann, Christen, and Läge (2005): over a learning period of 50 trials, people observed the ratio of correct/incorrect answers from four experts who gave advice in a quiz show. In a second stage, they became participants of that quiz show and were able to seek advice from one or more of these experts. As to be expected, people started their search with the expert they had perceived to give the most valid answers. The stopping rule, however, very much depended on the perceived validity of this best adviser: the higher the perceived validity was, the higher the tendency towards ORDM. 1. 0. 2 Models with an explicit level of confidence as a stopping rule Approaches that place the stopping rule in the foreground and make it dependent on the quality of the searched cue information have been called evidence accumulation, or evidence accrual, or sequential-sampling process models, for they consist of an evidence threshold, the reaching or exceeding of which results in the termination of the information search (for a list of specific models according to this class of approaches, see and CumminsLee & Cummins, 2004, p. 346; Reference RouderRouder, 2001, p. 335; or Leth-Steensen & Marley, 2000, p. 65). The direction of the decision (the preferred option) has already crystallized and the effective choice (the decision rule) therefore remains trivial. The “satisficing principle” of (1955; 1956) was an early threshold model in decision making theories, intended as a direct rejection of the a priori normative view provided by the utility maximization principle of Utility theory. Rather than maximizing the overall utility of all available options, Simon postulated that people search for options only until the first one met or exceeded an aspiration level. had focused on the search for options and the evaluation of their overall utilities, one can assume a “sufficiency” principle for the search for probability cue information when options are given: how much cue information do people need to make a good or correct decision? People perhaps want to find out not only what the best decision is, but they also want to reach a certain level of confidence before making their final decision.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: In the acute phase of SCI, the majority of accumulating microglia/macrophages are of the M1 type, and few M2 macrophages are seen throughout this period (Kigerl et al. , 2009, David and Kroner, 2011). The activated M1 macrophages secrete high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic factors, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, glutamate, and reactive oxygen species (Hausmann, 2003, Donnelly and Popovich, 2008). These neurotoxic factors accelerate glial scar formation (Popovich and Longbrake, 2008), and they induce neuronal cell death (Takeuchi et al. , 2006, Block et al. , 2007) and the retraction of damaged dystrophic axons (Horn et al. , 2008, Busch et al. , 2009). In contrast, M2 cells counteract the pro-inflammatory M1 effects and promote tissue remodeling by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines (e. g. IL-10 and TGF-β), and scavenging cellular debris (Gordon, 2003, Mosser and Edwards, 2008, David and Kroner, 2011). Thus, macrophage polarity has the potential to determine the level of inflammation and the resultant prognosis following SCI. Recent studies have demonstrated the induction of M2 macrophage polarization following SCI, and some of the underlying mechanisms are beginning to be elucidated. CSPG, a major component of the glial scar that is mainly known for its ability to inhibit axonal growth, has recently been shown to promote M2 polarization of infiltrating blood-derived macrophages (Rolls et al. , 2008, Shechter et al. , 2009, Shechter et al. , 2011). In addition, recent reports have shown that BMSC transplantation using SCI or brain ischemia models leads to M2 induction (Ohtaki et al. , 2008, Nakajima et al. , 2012). BMSC-mediated M2 induction requires both the pre-sensitization of BMSCs by pro-inflammatory factors, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and LPS, and direct cell-to-cell contact (Nemeth et al. , 2009, Singer and Caplan, 2011).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: 972 0. 995 6TH 0. 988 0. 999 0. 965 0. 965 0. 922 0. 613 0. 908 0. 495 7TH 0. 814 0. 067 0. 749 0. 02 0. 774 0. 031 0. 854 0. 149 Table 6 Shapiro- Wilk test results for test indicated that there is a non-significant difference in the dependent variable between standards 5th, 6th and 7th for all 4 tasks of assessment, namely, phonetic reading scores, non-phonetic reading scores, short reading comprehension passage scores, long reading comprehension passage scores (Table 7). Task p value Phonetic scores 0. 414 Non-phonetic scores 0. 594 Short reading passage scores 0. 204 Long reading passage scores 0. 697 Table 7 Kruskal- results for CWCI Since no significant difference was seen within the groups on H test, analysis was not required for the CI sample analysis. CWNH vs. CWCI Final comparison was made between CWCI and CWNH grade wise for each of the 4 tasks using the U Test. On analytical comparisons, no statistically significant differences were seen between 5th, 6th and 7th standard peers of CWNH and CWCI for phonetic reading skill scores, non-phonetic reading skill scores and long reading passage comprehension scores. With reference to short reading passage comprehension scores, while there continued to be no statistical significance between 5th graders as well as 6th graders of the two groups, there was a significant difference between scores obtained by 7th standard participants of CWNH and those of CWCI (Table 8). TASK 5th standard 6th standard 7th standard Phonetic scores 0. 624 0. 44 0. 156 Non-phonetic scores 0. 294 0. 235 0. 663 Short reading passage scores 0. 839 0. 28 0. 037 Long reading passage scores 0. 576 0. 051 0. 477 Table 8 U Test results for CWNH vs. findings of this paper combined with those of previous studies give out some interesting topics of discussion. When comparing the various groups in the 4 domains of assessment it can be easily decoded that children who undergo cochlear implantation at a young age and have a significant hearing age perform almost at par, if not at the same level, of their typically developing peers.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: The expectation of the error distributions in accordance with three decision models (and MRDM) and one random model (expecting a uniform distribution of correct predictions and errors) is presented in Figure 2. Out of the 440 trials (20 trials for 22 participants), the DLC model predicted 400 trials correctly (91%). The superiority to the other models is evident: ORDM correctly predicted only 214 trials (49%), MRDM 226 trials (51%). Therefore, no more than 9% errors clearly speak in favour of a preferred and consistent use of a confidence threshold model (DLC) at a group level. Figure 2: The four examined models and their predictions. A pure ORDM-model would predict stopping after the first uncovered cue (= ORDM-stopping behaviour) for all testing trials per person (N = 20) independent of the degree of the validity of the first uncovered cue. A pure MRDM-model would predict a further search (no stopping after the first cue) for all trials (= MRDM-stopping behaviour). A threshold model with an individual desired level of confidence (DLC) would predict a stopping of information search as a function of the degree of validities: showing an ORDM-stopping behaviour if the validity of the first uncovered cues reaches or exceeds the DLC and correspondingly a MRDM-stopping if the validity is lower than the DLC. In comparison, a random model would result in an unspecific stopping behaviour. Results (on the third line) support the threshold model with only 4% (M = 0. 77, SD = 1. 11) errors of Type 1 (1 first cue validity wrongly accepted) and 5% (M = 1. 05, SD = 1. 46) errors of Type 2 (2 first cue validity wrongly ignored), with a total of 22 participants. On an individual level, each single participant can be classified as a user of his or her confidence threshold (binomial test, α =. 05, which means that at least 15 out of the 20 trials had to follow the DLC prediction). The same tests for the alternative models (ORDM and MRDM) failed for all participants: only in the case of one participant could it not be ruled out that she followed an inconsistent MRDM-stopping rule (15 hits out of the 20 trials for both, MRDM prediction and DLC prediction). In conclusion, people behave significantly according to the measured DLC. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Thus, CSPG together with pro-inflammatory factors in the injured SC may be involved in the pre-sensitization of engrafted BMSCs to activate their M2-inducing machinery. As described in the previous section, SHEDs also exhibit strong immunosuppressive properties that effectively ameliorate several autoimmune diseases, including SLE and colitis (Yamaza et al. , 2010, Ma et al. , 2012, Zhao et al. , 2012). Importantly, intravenously administered SHEDs express Fas-Ligand, which induces T-cell apoptosis, thereby triggering immune tolerance (Zhao et al. , 2012). This elevates the ratio of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to pro-inflammatory T cells, resulting in anti-inflammatory conditions (Yamaza et al. , 2010). We also found that, in the mouse hypoxic ischemia model, both intracerebral transplantation of SHEDs, and administration of serum-free conditioned media (CM) derived from SHEDs (SHED-CM), generates anti-inflammatory conditions and promotes functional recovery (Yamagata et al. , 2013). Thus, tooth-derived stem cells have strong immunoregulatory properties that promote tissue regeneration in the injured CNS. 4. 2. Regeneration of the injured axonBoth axonal regeneration and the re-formation of appropriate neuronal connections are required for functional recovery from SCI. However, multiple AGIs block the inherent regenerative capacities of injured axons (Silver and Miller, 2004, Schwab et al. , 2006, Yiu and He, 2006, Rowland et al. , 2008). It is well known that AGIs constitute an intricate molecular network in the extracellular space of the injured CNS, where they activate a common intracellular signaling mediator, Rho GTPase, and its effector, Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) (Maekawa et al. , 1999, Winton et al. , 2002, Dubreuil et al. , 2003, Monnier et al. , 2003, Yamashita and Tohyama, 2003). Activation of the Rho-ROCK cascade induces growth-cone collapse and axonal repulsion (Hall, 1998).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: A growing body of literature has shown that sensory restoration can benefit the acquisition of several speech skills such as suprasegmental features, vowels, consonants, as well as intelligibility and conversational abilities. 6 In a recent large-scale study on the reading skills of deaf Dutch children, it was reported that the average reading comprehension scores of deaf children and adolescents were ‘‘shockingly low’’. The average reading comprehension for children in the ages of 7–20 years was at a level of first grade of primary education. 7. Geers8 reported in her study that normal speech and language development is possible for many children who experience only a short period of auditory deprivation during the critical language learning years. It is likely that an even greater proportion of children who receive auditory stimulation before a language delay has been established (i. e. , prior to age 2 years), will exhibit normal spoken language when they reach elementary school age. The findings of this study are similar to those mentioned in others. CWCI performed at par with CWNH on almost all areas of assessment, namely, reading comprehension and reading skills which suggests that cochlear implantation helps to establish near normal reading abilities. While conducting interviews with caregivers, almost all pointed out the critical factor of the COVID-19 impact on their learning. With a shift in the mode of education to online mediums, all parents expressed serious concerns of deteriorating skills due to limited exposure to schooling in the online mode for the 2 years of lockdown. Subjects targeted by parents mainly included language (English) and mathematical skills of their ward. These concerns lead us to believe that there is a possibility of higher scores in CWCI groups on the assessment tasks had it not been for the lockdown. Qualitative differences were found between the two groups (CWNH and CWCI) especially with reference to the reading skills task. Resonance was affected for most of the CWCI participants as they demonstrated a relatively nasal voice, similar to cul-de-sac nasality. Errors in production of words were phonological for CWCI group and they showed higher prevalence of SODA errors (Substitutions, Omissions, Distortions, and Additions) as opposed to the mispronunciation errors in CWNH. children with normal hearing, it can be concluded that non-phonetic reading skills are equally good across all grades (5th, 6th and 7th).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: 61) which indicates that the more a participant behaved according to the ORDM stopping rule the more money he or she could earn. 3 of the advantages of the sequential evidence accumulation approach is that researchers will have a more precise view of the individual decision making process. Classification into the three building blocks (search, stopping and decision rule) (Reference Hausmann, Christen, Läge, Gula, Alexandrowicz, Strauss, Brunner, Jenull-Schiefer and VitouchGigerenzer, Todd & the ABC Research Group, 1999) has already proved to be a useful instrument in describing individual decision behaviour in multi-attribute settings with probability cues. Although the decision rule has been predominant for a long time in the research history of decision making, the empirical support for an evidence accumulation approach reveals that the stopping rule is crucial indeed: it expresses the need for people to know at which point they have accumulated sufficient information on the pending decision problem. If they reach this point by accumulating evidence, they already “know” how they have to decide because in most of the cases it is obvious. As in the best case, with only one discriminating cue, the decision rule becomes trivial: “decide in the direction the cue points to” (see and CumminsLee & Cummins, 2004). 3. 1 Empirical indications for a DLC 1, we tested the desired level of confidence (DLC) with a very simple and direct method on the basis of the first uncovered cue. The horse race experiment showed very clear empirical data confirming the hypothesis of individual confidence thresholds (with a mean DLC of. 73 in Experiment 1). The “inconsistent” behaviour Newell and other colleagues noted earlier can now be seen as a systematic search and decision pattern in nearly all of the tested participants: if the evidence from the first uncovered cue (validity) reached or exceeded the DLC, participants followed an ORDM, and if the value of the current cue validity was lower than the DLC, participants correspondingly searched for further information (violation of the stopping rule of ORDM) in order to increase their confidence. At present, we still know very little about how people deal with conflicting information or, generally, what they do by continuing to search after discriminating cues have been found.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: In contrast, inactivation of either Rho by C3 transferase, or ROCK by the kinase inhibitor Y-27632 down-regulates AGI signaling and promotes functional recovery after SCI (Lehmann et al. , 1999, Dergham et al. , 2002, Fournier et al. , 2003). Thus, Rho-ROCK signaling is an important target for SCI treatments; however, few studies have investigated the effect of stem-cell transplantation on regulating AGI/Rho-ROCK signaling cascades. Importantly, engrafted SHEDs were recently shown to promote the regeneration of two major types of descending axons (CST and 5-HT) beyond the lesion epicenter, and to concomitantly inhibit SCI-induced Rho activation. Furthermore, both SHED-CM and DPSC-CM (but not BMSC-CM) promote neurite extension by primary cerebral granular neurons (CGNs) cultured on two different AGIs (CSPG and MAG) (Sakai et al. , 2012). Thus, tooth-derived stem cells promote the regeneration of transected axons through the direct inhibition of multiple AGI signals by paracrine mechanisms. In addition, the engraftment of DPSCs into avian embryos results in the chemoattraction of trigeminal ganglion axons via the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor, CXCR4 (Arthur et al. , 2009). DPSCs and SHEDs express several neurotropic factors that promote neurite extension (de Almeida et al. , 2011, Sakai et al. , 2012). Our preliminary analysis showed that these trophic factors, when applied individually, failed to promote the neurite extension of CGNs cultured on CSPG-coated dishes; however it is possible that they may promote axonal regeneration in a synergistic manner. 4. 3. Anti-apoptotic activityPharmacological blockade of neuron and/or oligodendrocyte apoptosis by a number of agents promotes functional recovery after SCI. These agents include the following: erythropoietin (Celik et al. , 2002, Gorio et al. , 2002), inhibitors of purine receptor P2X7 (OxATP and PPADS) (Wang et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: With reference to phonetic reading, short passage and long passage reading comprehension skills, it was seen that standard 5 as well as standard 7 students performed better than students of standard 6. It was observed that for all 3 assessment tasks the performance of 5th graders and 7th graders was relatively same. For children with cochlear implantation, the performance level of children across all 3 grades 5th, 6th and 7th was relatively on the same level for all 4 assessment tasks, i. e. phonetic reading skills, non-phonetic reading skills, short reading comprehension passage and long reading comprehension passage. On comparing the participants of the two groups (CWNH and CWCI) standard wise for all 4 assessment tasks it can be written that the performance of 5th graders of CWNH and CWCI as well as 7th graders of the two groups for all 4 tasks (phonetic reading, non-phonetic reading, short reading comprehension, long reading comprehension) was comparable. For 6th standard participants, both CWNH and CWCI performed equally well in the phonetic reading, non-phonetic reading and long passage reading comprehension tasks. However, it was observed that 6th graders of CWNH group had significantly better scores in the short reading comprehension tasks as compared to those in the CWCI group Reading was chosen because for young children reading skills play an important role and form the basis of advanced learning as they grow. CWNH are enrolled into schools according to their chronological age but that is not the case for CWCI. Hence, this study assessed if CWCI can adapt to the complexity of skills needed as their grade increases. This study shows that comparable performances were seen for all major tasks between CWNH and CWCI indicating that CWCI can perform at higher levels of complexity. The major limitation of this study is the sample size of the CWCI group and the inequality between CWNH and CWCI group. Another drawback of this study is its period of occurrence. This study was conducted during the COVID- 19 pandemic and in the midst of a lockdown. As a result of this, online mode of communication was used to interact with the participants and close monitoring was maintained throughout the course of each session conducted. Additional behavioural observations which could have been possible in person were not plausible in the online mode. Lastly, this study was conducted only for 3 levels of schooling, i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: It seems as if most people attach greater importance to confidence (“most probably I am correct”) than to normative behaviour (“I am significantly better than the base rate”) when making their decisions. 3. 2 Theoretical indications for a DLC: evidence accumulation and threshold models In general, sequential sampling models assume an accumulation of information until there is sufficient evidence to favour one option. More or less independently from each other, different authors have similarly termed such an internal confidence threshold: “level of aspiration” (and KanareffLanzetta & Kanareff, 1962), “desire to produce an accurate response” (and KleinmuntzHulland & Kleinmuntz, 1994), “desired level of judgmental confidence” (and ChaikenEagly & Chaiken, 1993), “desired level of confidence” (Reference Hausmann, Läge, Opwis and PennerHausmann & Läge, 2005), or “evidence accrual” (and CumminsLee & Cummins, 2004). 3. 2. 1 Heuristic and systematic information processing and the Principle of Sufficiency within and beyond the persuasion context The “heuristic-systematic model” (HSM) from Reference Chaiken, Liberman, Eagly, Uleman and BarghChaiken, Liberman, and Eagly (1989) distinguishes between two different modes of information processing: systematic information processing on the one hand needs a considerable cognitive effort in comprehending, evaluating und integrating the message’s arguments in forming a final judgment, whereas on the other hand heuristic processing is less effortful and can include specific simple decision rules, schemata, or heuristics that mediate people’s attitudes such as, for example, the use of heuristic cues as source expertise (“experts’ statements can be trusted”), source likeability, message length, and consensus information. One basic assumption of the model (in persuasion settings) is that people must be motivated to engage in systematic processing, because people — as economy-minded souls — prefer less effortful to more effortful modes of information processing. But the “sufficiency principle” (the underlying motivation to hold accurate and valid attitudes) forces efficient information processors to strike a balance between minimizing their processing efforts and maximizing their judgmental confidence.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: , 2004), a neutralizing antibody against CD95 (FAS) antigen (Demjen et al. , 2004), and minocycline (Stirling et al. , 2004, Teng et al. , 2004). Engrafted SHEDs suppress the apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes, resulting in the remarkable preservation of neurofilaments and myelin sheaths in the region surrounding the lesion epicenter (Nosrat et al. , 2001, de Almeida et al. , 2011). Intracerebral transplantation of DPSCs from rhesus macaques promotes proliferation, cell recruitment, and maturation of endogenous stem/progenitor cells by modulating the local microenvironment (Huang et al. , 2008). Notably, SHEDs also strongly inhibit the apoptosis of astrocytes recruited to the lesion (Sakai et al. , 2012). Classically, reactive, CSPG-generating astrocytes have been considered an obstacle to axonal regeneration; however, recent genetic studies in mice indicate that the conditional ablation of astrocytes after SCI results in larger lesions, failure of blood-brain-barrier repair, increased inflammation and tissue disruption, severe demyelination, and profound cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes (Bush et al. , 1999, Faulkner et al. , 2004, Okada et al. , 2006, Herrmann et al. , 2008, Rolls et al. , 2009). Thus, the collective evidence demonstrates that, in addition to their anti-regenerative activity, astrocytes also play an important role in neuro-protection during the acute phase of SCI. SHEDs can suppress astrocyte apoptosis and minimize secondary injury, as well as inhibit the AGI activity of CSPG derived from astrocytes. Thus, SHEDs have the potential to promote functional recovery after SCI through two distinct mechanisms involving astrocyte regulation. 4. 4. Cell-replacement activityUndifferentiated rat and human pulp stem cells can form neurospheres in vitro (Sasaki et al. , 2008, Wang et al. , 2010) and simultaneously express multiple neural stem/progenitor markers (Gronthos et al. , 2002a, Miura et al. , 2003, Sakai et al. , 2012).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: Most manual letters are produced with the wrist extended or slightly hyperextended, elbow flexed past 90 degrees, and the forearm rotated such that the palm is facing outward. Several letters are produced with a different orientation that does not conform to this default. The letters -g-, -h-, -p-, and -q- face inward and -p- and -q- also face downward. Additionally, as with all parts of language, this phonological representation must be executed by the body through an interface between the abstract units (the phonology) and the physical reality (the phonetics). Again, as with all language, there can be, and often is, a divergence from phonological specification – or the citation form which is (more) closely tied to the phonological specification – and phonetic implementation due to a host of factors including coarticulatory effects, reduction, and effects of production rate. This 1. Will students who receive explicit training improve more on a comprehension measure than students receiving implicit fingerspelling training? 2. Will the efficacy explicit training interact with the experimental conditions? Specifically, will the training result in more or less improvement on fingerspelling comprehension when holds are masked, when transitions are masked, or in the control conditions where nothing is masked? II Methods1 ParticipantsEighteen students in their third semester of language learning participated in this experiment in exchange for course credit. The class was split into two groups; one received the explicit fingerspelling training, while the other received the implicit training. Groups were balanced for grades received in students’ highest completed level of ASL at the time of study as a proxy for language proficiency. Table 1 presents additional characteristics demonstrating that groups were also balanced with respect to age, age of acquisition, and gender. Table 1. Participant characteristics by group. CharacteristicExplicit trainingImplicit trainingGenderf = 8, m = 1f = 6, m = 3ASL 2 gradeA = 3, A– = 2, B+ = 3, B = 1A = 3, A– = 2, B+ = 3, B = 1ASL required for major21Average age of ASL acquisition (years)2221Average age at time of study (years)24242 Delivery and timelineUsing the survey delivery system Qualtrics (Qualtrics, 2016), participants entered a unique study identification number to complete a pre-test and post-test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: The effected processing efforts (heuristic versus systematic) can therefore be viewed as a function of the discrepancy that exists between actual and desired levels of confidence (and ChaikenEagly & Chaiken, 1993): “… that people will exert whatever level of effort is required to attain a sufficient degree of confidence that they have satisfactorily accomplished their processing goals” (Reference Chaiken, Liberman, Eagly, Uleman and BarghChaiken et al. , 1989, p. 221). Although the underlying searching and stopping processes haven’t been tested empirically, Eagly, Chaiken, and their co-authors, have — within the field of social psychology — developed the idea of an individual confidence threshold (criterion point of sufficient or desired confidence) which can vary as a function of individual difference and situational factors. In his 3. 2. 2 Alternative threshold models under uncertainty Evidence accumulating approaches commonly try to model the individual decision process to include a stage of sequential gathering of information (search rule), the reaching of a threshold (stopping rule) and the decision for one of the options (a simple decision rule). For nearly all of these models, the termination of information search when reaching a threshold (stopping rule) is crucial. Apart from the two extremes (“search as much as you will find” and “search for one good reason”), many assumptions have been made and numerous investigations about different types of stopping thresholds have been conducted. In general, there could be more than one stopping mechanism (Newell’s “adjustable spanner” [2005] assumes a certain degree of flexibility), especially when considering that strategies are adapted to environments and circumstances. Time pressure (adhering to deadlines) can be mentioned as an external threshold, as well as cost arguments or other constraints (search costs, limited cognitive or material resources) (Reference SimonSimon, 1956). 3. 2. 3 Cost-benefit analysis as a stopping rule The most explored threshold is probably that in cost-benefit models. The selection of different decision strategies has been seen as a result of a cost-benefit analysis in the way that people choose the strategy that requires the least investment for a satisfactory solution (Reference Aschenbrenner, Albert and SchmalhoferBeach & Mitchell, 1978; and KanareffPayne, Bettman & Johnson, 1988).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: In addition, DPSCs can differentiate in vitro toward functionally active neurons, which express voltage-gated Na+channels, and in vivo toward neuron-like cells 48 hours after transplantation into the mesencephalon of avian embryos (Arthur et al. , 2008). Furthermore, simultaneous PKC and cAMP activation induces the differentiation of DPSCs into functionally active neurons (Kiraly et al. , 2009). Thus, pulp stem cells display a capacity for neuronal differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. Recently, three independent groups reported that pulp stem cells show neuro-regenerative activity in rodent SCI models. Interestingly, engrafted pulp stem cells promoted significant functional recovery in all three studies, but exhibited variable capacities for differentiation. In the first study, DPSCs were transplanted into the compressed mouse SC at day 7 (sub-acute phase) or day 28 (chronic phase) after injury, and the engrafted DPSCs differentiated into glia cells expressing S-100 and GFAP (de Almeida et al. , 2011). In the second study, undifferentiated or neural-phenotype induced SHED (iSHED) were transplanted into the contused rat SC at 7 days after injury. Engrafted SHED and iSHED differentiated primarily into MAP2+mature neurons and GFAP+astrocytes, and to a lesser extent into MBP-and NG2-expressing oligodendrocytes (Taghipour et al. , 2012). In the third study, from our group, undifferentiated SHEDs were transplanted into the completely transected rat SC immediately after the surgery. The engrafted SHEDs survived well following SCI: more than 30% of the engrafted SHEDs survived as a cell mass in the injured SC 8 weeks after transplantation and more than 90% of the engrafted SHEDs differentiated toward mature oligodendrocytes, expressing APC and MBP (Sakai et al. , 2012). Taken together, these experimental data suggest that the microenvironment of the transplanted stem cells significantly affects their capacity for differentiation. In the acute phase of SCI, the injured SC contains high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. Thus these factors may activate the oligodendrocyte-specific differentiation cascade of pulp stem cells. Advertisement 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: These tests included the same content and basic design as those used in Keane and Geer (2016). Data were collected over a three-week period during a summer semester. Participants had one week to complete the pre-test, during which time they did not have access to the explicit training or implicit training (which they knew as respectively). In the following week they gained access to their training. In the week after the training, they completed the post-test, again, during which time they could not access the training. Participants were naive to the purpose of the study and to the differences in training design. 3 StimuliVideo stimuli for this project consisted of fingerspelling video clips from the corpus collected and annotated by Keane and colleagues (Keane, 2014; Keane, Brentari, & Riggle, 2013a, 2015, Keane, Riggle, & Brentari, 2013a). In their corpus, researchers identified stable hand configurations, which they termed apogees, as periods in which the velocity of the hand was zero or approached zero (see §3. 2. 2 of Keane, 2014, for more detailed information about segment identification in this corpus). In other words, the portion of the signal where the hand is as still as possible is the hold portion. The portions in between held postures are transition segments. Raw video footage was modified in the following ways for this experiment:•slowed to half-speed (all);•black screen masks inserted into the transition portions of each of the clips to create the holds-only condition (30 items); and•black screen masks inserted into the hold portions of each of the clips to create the transitions-only condition (30 items). The stimuli were all slowed to half speed to avoid a floor effect. Before data collection for the study reported in Geer and Keane (2014) began in earnest, several students volunteered to test project stimuli. At normal speed, students were unable to comprehend fingerspelled stimuli, even without masking. To combat this issue but still examine relevant cues in the fingerspelling stream, video clips were slowed to facilitate student testing. Crucially, half-speed stimuli retain their timing properties. For example, consider Figure 1. In this particular token, the hold portions are longer than the transition portions. Even when the item is slowed to half speed, this remains true. Instead of -c- lasting 149 ms, its duration would be double that, or 298 ms.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: There are several studies combining some of these factors, for example Lanzetta and Kanareff (1962; cost, payoff, aspiration), and Hulland and Kleinmuntz (1994; cost, time pressure, payoff, and experience). Other factors such as information costs, amount of payoff, time pressure, complexity, importance, experience, etc. are thought to be able to change the DLC in a specific decision task and can therefore indirectly influence the stopping of information search. The concept of the desired level of confidence as a stopping rule in evidence accumulation tasks needs to be investigated in more detail, especially in other experimental settings. We are confident that further research in the field of sequential evidence accumulation, especially on the investigation of factors influencing the setting or the adjustment of the desired level of confidence, could be the key to helping us reveal and understand the complex connections contexts and mechanisms of decision behaviour under uncertainty. 2. The table on the next page shows participants’ stopping behaviour in Experiment 2 (n = 36) in the Minimalist condition (uncovered cue validities were randomly distributed) and the TTB condition (cue validities were structured in a decreasing order). For both conditions the number of ORDM (information search stopped after the first uncovered cue) and MRDM (search continued after the first uncovered cue) is shown (amounting to a total of 29 trials for each condition). The desired level of confidence (DLC) was calculated for both conditions separately (level with the minimal sum of error values; for details see Experiment 1 or Hausmann & Läge, 2005). The number of DLC hits was calculated from the number of correctly used ORDM (when the first uncovered cue validity was equal to or higher than the calculated DLC) and the number of correctly used MRDM (when the first uncovered cue validity was lower than the calculated DLC). The classification of a DLC-stopping strategy was deduced if the number of DLC hits was equal to or larger than 21 (binomial test, α =. 50); a non-significant number (< 21) was classified as “none” strategy. A classification of an MRDM-stopping strategy was deduced if the number of MRDM was 29 (100% of the trials), and an ORDM-stopping strategy would have been resolved if the number of ORDM was 0. Notes on the table: S = Participant number Seq.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: ConclusionRecent experimental data from a number of studies reveals that engrafted SHEDs provide a number of distinct therapeutic benefits for treatment of SCI: (1) the suppression of the early inflammatory response; (2) inhibition of the SCI-induced apoptosis of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, which promotes the preservation of neural fibers and myelin sheaths; (3) regeneration of the transected axon through the direct inhibition of multiple AGI signals (including CSPG and MAG) by paracrine mechanisms; and (4) cell replacement in the damaged SC through the SHEDs’ capacity for differentiation towards oligodendrocytes, neurons and astrocytes. Thus, we propose that tooth-derived stem cells may provide significant therapeutic benefits for treating SCI through both cell-autonomous and paracrine/trophic regenerative activities. Advertisement 1. -verdugoJ. . ASepulvedaP2009Cardiac differentiation is driven by NKX2. 5 and GATA4 nuclear translocation in tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells. Dev 18907918-(2009) Cardiac differentiation is driven by NKX2. 5 and GATA4 nuclear translocation in tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells. Dev 18:907-918. 2. . AGronthosS2008. 2617871795(2008). 26:1787-1795. 3. (2009Implanted adult human dental pulp stem cells induce endogenous axon guidance. 2722292237(2009) Implanted adult human dental pulp stem cells induce endogenous axon guidance. 27:2229-2237. 4. . WFisherL. WGronthosSRobeyP. GShiS2003Comparison of stem-cell-mediated osteogenesis and dentinogenesis. J 82976981(2003) Comparison of stem-cell-mediated osteogenesis and dentinogenesis. J 82:976-981. 5. BlockM. LZeccaLHongJ. S2007Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Neurosci 85769(2007) Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Neurosci 8:57-69. 6. 2009Overcoming Macrophage-. J Neurosci 29:9967.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: Crucially, however, specific rules about fingerspelling were not explained to participants, nor could they infer one based on the training (DeKeyser, 2003). The control group’s training was meant to be a review of how fingerspelling is generally taught in ASL curricula. It included information about formation of the citation forms of each of the letters in the manual alphabet. This training included still images of each of the manual letters, except for -j- and -z-, which were presented with short video clips since their production involves movement. In addition, participants were reminded that while most letters are produced with the palm facing away from them, there are some exceptions to this generalization. They were shown still images of two angles of letters produced with non-default palm orientation. The training concluded with reminders of how to produce double letters in fingerspelling and that fingerspelling should be produced smoothly and without jerking movements. This training, like the first, lasted approximately 30–40 minutes. 5 Summary of training programsThe validity of this experiment rests on the fact that these training programs are as similar as possible, except for the obvious ways in which they have to differ with respect to explicit versus implicit instruction. Both training programs had the same number of slides and took roughly the same length of time. Most of the media (all videos and most of the still images) included in the explicit training was also included in the implicit training, but participants’ attention was not drawn to specific aspects of still images or videos. Here are two examples of the ways in which the same media were incorporated into both trainings. The explicit training details exactly what the difference is between hold and transition segments using Figure 2. In the implicit training, Figure 2a appears after seeing an example of fingerspelling (the word s-o-r-t) and the text reads ‘Here is a series of still images of the word you just saw’ (Geer, 2016, p. 144). The explicit training directed the learners’ attention to the production of the u-r bigram discussed above and pictured in Figure 3. The way in which this bigram’s production differs from the citation form of each of the letters is explained as is the phonetic environment in which this particular production is found. Students then see videos of words with u-r sequences.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social mobility varies based on economic and policy factors. [SEP] Text: 2015년도 새누리정보 DB 자료를 이용하여 Baron&Kenny(1986)이 제안한 매개변수 효과를 검증하는 방법을 적용하였다. 분석결과, 사회적 성과인 1인당 참여개월 수에 신규여부, 계획예산총액, 사업운영개월 수, 수행기관사업단 수가 경제적 성과를 높이면서 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 또 다른 사회적 성과인 1인당 월평균 보수에 전담인력수가 경제적 성과와 함께 높이는데 영향을 주었다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: (2009) Overcoming Macrophage-. J Neurosci 29:9967. 7. BushT. GPuvanachandraNHornerC. . NMuckeLJohnsonM. HSofroniewM. V1999Leukocyte infiltration, neuronal degeneration, and neurite outgrowth after ablation of scar-forming, reactive astrocytes in adult transgenic mice. Neuron 23297308(1999) Leukocyte infiltration, neuronal degeneration, and neurite outgrowth after ablation of scar-forming, reactive astrocytes in adult transgenic mice. Neuron 23:297-308. 8. 2002Erythropoietin prevents motor neuron apoptosis and neurologic disability in experimental spinal cord ischemic injury. 9922582263(2002) Erythropoietin prevents motor neuron apoptosis and neurologic disability in experimental spinal cord ischemic injury. 99:2258-2263. 9. d(2007Human postnatal dental pulp cells co-differentiate into osteoblasts and endotheliocytes: a pivotal synergy leading to adult bone tissue formation. Differ 1411621171d'(2007) Human postnatal dental pulp cells co-differentiate into osteoblasts and endotheliocytes: a pivotal synergy leading to adult bone tissue formation. Differ 14:1162-1171. 10. DavidSKronerA2011Repertoire of microglial and macrophage responses after spinal cord injury. Neurosci 12388399David S, (2011) Repertoire of microglial and macrophage responses after spinal cord injury. Neurosci 12:388-399. 11. De AlmeidaF. MMarquesS. (2011Human dental pulp cells: a new source of cell therapy in a mouse model of compressive spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2819391949de (2011) Human dental pulp cells: a new source of cell therapy in a mouse model of compressive spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 28:1939-1949. 12. -villalbaA2004Neutralization of CD95 ligand promotes regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. 10389395-(2004) Neutralization of CD95 ligand promotes regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. 10:389-395. 13. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: Students in the implicit training group see the same video but are not directed to attend to any specific aspect of the phonetic realization of the words. III ResultsResponses in this experiment were counted as correct or incorrect. To be counted as correct, the typed response participants provided had to match the target word exactly. For example, if the fingerspelled target word were e-f-f-e-c-t, the typed response would have to be effect. Responses which were close – diverging from the target by only one or two letters– were counted as incorrect. This type of data is known as categorical because there are no in-between values, and binary because there are two potential outcomes (correct or incorrect). Table 2 presents the mean proportion of correct responses in each condition, for each test, and for each group of participants. Table 2. Mean proportion of correct responses and standard deviations by test type, condition (block), and training. BlockTest typemean (SD)Explicit mean (SD)APre-test0. 30 (0. 46)0. 39 (0. 49) Post-test0. 30 (0. 46)0. 66 (0. 45)Holds-onlyPre-test0. 42 (0. 49)0. 42 (0. 494) Post-test0. 45 (0. 50)0. 61 (0. 49)Transitions-onlyPre-test0. 19 (0. 39)0. 19 (0. 39) Post-test0. 24 (0. 426)0. 29 (0. 45)BPre-test0. 56 (0. 50)0. 56 (0. 50) Post-test0. 48 (0. 50)0. 67 (0. 47)Several trends can be noted in these data:•Performance overall was poor. On the pre-test, scores averaged approximately 37% across all conditions. •Performance is better in the holds-only condition versus transitions-only condition for both groups of participants. Average performance for holds-only was in the 40%-accuracy range, while average performance for transitions only was below 20%. •Performance is better in the allClearB condition (second control condition) than the other conditions (for both groups of participants).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social mobility varies based on economic and policy factors. [SEP] Text: 그러나 여성참여자 수는 1인당 참여개월 수에 매개효과를 보이며 영향을 주었고, 평균연령은 부적인 관계(-)에서 매개효과를 가지며 1인당 월보수 수준을 낮추는데 영향을 미쳤다. 자체지출총액은 경제적 성과에는 부적인 영향을 미치며 1인당 월보수 수준을 높이는데 기여하였다. This study analyzed the factors affecting on social performance and their causal relationship when economic performance was assumed a mediating variable. With using we adopted the method of testing mediating effect, which was proposed by Baron and Kenny(1986). Our results showed that the length of participating months per person, total planning budget, the number of months in running business management, and the number of organizations for performing this project contributed to improve economic performance rate. In addition, the average monthly wage per person and the number of full-time specialists resulted in increasing economic performance level. By contrast, the number of women participants showed a significant mediating effect on the number of participating months per person. The mean age of participants exhibited a mediating effect with negative association, while it led to depress monthly paycheck level per person.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: DMckerracherL2002Rho signaling pathway targeted to promote spinal cord repair. J Neurosci 2265706577(2002) Rho signaling pathway targeted to promote spinal cord repair. J Neurosci 22:6570-6577. 14. DonnellyD. JPopovichP. G2008Inflammation and its role in neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. 209378388(2008) Inflammation and its role in neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. 209:378-388. 15. 2003Rho activation patterns after spinal cord injury and the role of activated Rho in apoptosis in the central nervous system. J 162233243(2003) Rho activation patterns after spinal cord injury and the role of activated Rho in apoptosis in the central nervous system. J 162:233-243. 16. FaulknerJ. RHerrmannJ. EWooM. JTanseyK. EDoanN. BSofroniewM. V2004Reactive astrocytes protect tissue and preserve function after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2421432155(2004) Reactive astrocytes protect tissue and preserve function after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 24:2143-2155. 17. FournierA. ETakizawaB. TStrittmatterS. M2003Rho kinase inhibition enhances axonal regeneration in the injured CNS. J Neurosci 2314161423(2003) Rho kinase inhibition enhances axonal regeneration in the injured CNS. J Neurosci 23:1416-1423. 18. GandiaCArminanAGarcia-verdugoJ. . DSanchez-torrijos-uberosFLlopMMonteroJ. ASepulvedaP2008Human dental pulp stem cells improve left ventricular function, induce angiogenesis, and reduce infarct size in rats with acute myocardial infarction. 26638645Gandia C, Arminan A, Garcia---(2008) Human dental pulp stem cells improve left ventricular function, induce angiogenesis, and reduce infarct size in rats with acute myocardial infarction. 26:638-645. 19. GordonS2003Alternative activation of macrophages.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: In allClearA (first control block), average performance on the pre-test was 35% while performance in allClearB was 56%. •Participants in the implicit group performed equally on the pre- and post-tests across conditions. •Participants in the explicit group improved from pre- to post-test. A commonly used statistical measure in the social sciences is the Analysis of Variance or ANOVA. However, problems with ANOVA for categorical data, such as these, is well documented (for summaries of these issues, see Agresti, 2002; Hogg & Craig, 1995). To combat these issues, data collected here were submitted to a mixed effects logistic regression model computed in R (R Core Team, 2013) with the package lme4 (v. 1. 1-7; Bates, Mächler, Molker, & Walker, 2015), which Jaeger (2008) advocates for in place of the ANOVA. The findings address the two research questions posed earlier in this section. The significant portions of the output of the mixed effects model can be found in Table 3. The text that follows will help the reader interpret this table. For readers interested in the complete output of the statistical model, it can be found in 1. Table 3. Significant output of the mixed effects logistic regression model. Coefficient β (standard error)(Intercept)−1. 26 (0. 53)*PostTraining1. 68 (0. 68)*Note. *p < 0. 05. 3, a positive value for a predictor indicates that that it is correlated with relatively more correct answers; a negative value for a predictor correspondingly correlates with relatively fewer correct answers. The magnitude and direction correspond to the relative likelihood of a correct answer. Thus, a bigger positive number means the answers are more likely to match the target while a bigger negative number means the answers are less likely to match. The intercept represents the prediction for all reference levels, so in this model the value is the prediction for the implicit training group in the pre-test in the clear A condition. This value is listed as significant in the table. The significance indicates that overall performance in this group was poor and correct answers were provided less than 50% of the time. This has no bearing on either research question so the intercept will not be discussed further except to note that it demonstrates the extent to which students struggle with fingerspelling comprehension.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social mobility varies based on economic and policy factors. [SEP] Text: 분석결과, 사회적 성과인 1인당 참여개월 수에 신규여부, 계획예산총액, 사업운영개월 수, 수행기관사업단 수가 경제적 성과를 높이면서 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 또 다른 사회적 성과인 1인당 월평균 보수에 전담인력수가 경제적 성과와 함께 높이는데 영향을 주었다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Immunology 32335(2003) Alternative activation of macrophages. Immunology 3:23-35. 20. (2002Recombinant human erythropoietin counteracts secondary injury and markedly enhances neurological recovery from experimental spinal cord trauma. 9994509455(2002) Recombinant human erythropoietin counteracts secondary injury and markedly enhances neurological recovery from experimental spinal cord trauma. 99:9450-9455. 21. . (2002aStem cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells. J 81531535(2002a) Stem cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells. J 81:531-535. 22. . . GShiS2002bProperties of Cells. J 81531535(2002b) Properties of Cells. J 81:531-535. 23. . GShiS2000Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. 971362513630(2000) Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. 97:13625-13630. 24. HallA1998Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science 279509514(1998) Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science 279:509-514. 25. HausmannO. N2003Post-traumatic inflammation following spinal cord injury. 41369378Hausmann ON (2003) Post-traumatic inflammation following spinal cord injury. 41:369-378. 26. HerrmannJ. . KKorsakR. . V2008STAT3 is a critical regulator of astrogliosis and scar formation after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2872317243(2008) STAT3 is a critical regulator of astrogliosis and scar formation after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 28:7231-7243. 27. 2008to Regeneration in the CNS: Retraction of through Interactions. J Neurosci 28:9330. (2008) to Regeneration in the CNS: Retraction of through Interactions. J Neurosci 28:9330. 28. HuangA. H-CSnyderB. RChengP-HChan AWS (2008Putative dental pulp-derived stem/stromal cells promote proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural cells in the hippocampus of mice.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: For the group predictor, the implicit training group (group B), is the reference level because the study is testing whether the explicit training group (group A), will diverge from the assumed baseline that group B represents. The condition has four levels. is the reference level, which means that all comparisons are related to the first block of the experiment. Positive values represent performance better than the reference level and negative values represent performance worse than on the reference level. The hypothesis then (based on Geer & Keane, 2014; Keane & Geer, 2016) is that the values would be equal or positive in the holds-only condition and negative in the transitions-only condition. Table 5. Mixed effects logistic regression coefficient estimates and standard errors. Coefficient β (std error)(Intercept)−1. 26 (0. 53)*conditionClearB1. 42 (0. 76)conditionholdsOnly0. 68 (0. 56)conditiontransOnly−0. 91 (0. 56)testTypePostTest−0. 26 (0. 51)groupA0. 68 (0. 50)conditionclearB:testTypePostTest−0. 24 (0. 56)conditionholdsOnly:testTypePostTest0. 44 (0. 47)conditiontransOnly:testTypePostTest0. 18 (0. 50)conditionclearB:groupA−0. 62 (0. 57)conditionholdsOnly:groupA−0. 59 (0. 43)conditiontransOnly:groupA−0. 38 (0. 47)testTypePostTest:groupA1. 68 (0. 68)*conditionclearB:testTypePostTest:groupA−0. 58 (0. 75)conditionholdsOnly:testTypePostTest:groupA−0. 98 (0. 62)conditiontransOnly:testTypePostTest:groupA−1. 18 (0. 65)AIC2,636. 29BIC2,912. 04Log Likelihood−1,271. 14Num. obs. 2,610Num. groups: qNumber90Num. groups: word90Num. groups: group:subjCode16Variance: qNumber. (Intercept)0. 00Variance: word. (Intercept)2. 01Variance: word. conditionclearB0. 30Variance: word.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social mobility varies based on economic and policy factors. [SEP] Text: 셋째, 신용카드 채무에 영향을 미치는 가구특성 요인은 가구주의 연령(-), 교육수준(-), 가구규모(+), 이혼(+), 임시･일용직종(+), 자영업종(+), 보험･대리･택배업종(+), 월세거주(+), 금융저축(-), 신용카드 이자상환비율(+)이었으며, 이들 중 일부의 영향력은 계층별로 상이했다. 결론적으로, 이러한 분석결과는 신용카드 채무가 저소득층의 빈곤유발 그리고 중산층 이상의 계층하락 요인임을 알려준다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: 2626542663Huang AH--H, Chan AWS (2008) Putative dental pulp-derived stem/stromal cells promote proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural cells in the hippocampus of mice. 26:2654-2663. 29. 2013Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous tooth-derived conditioned medium enhance recovery of focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Tissue engineering 192429(2013) Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous tooth-derived conditioned medium enhance recovery of focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Tissue engineering 19:24-29. 30. -parsonsG. (2006Isolation and characterization of a population of immature dental pulp stem cells expressing OCT-4 and other embryonic stem cell markers. Organs 184105116-(2006) Isolation and characterization of a population of immature dental pulp stem cells expressing OCT-4 and other embryonic stem cell markers. Organs 184:105-116. 31. KigerlK. AGenselJ. CAnkenyD. PAlexanderJ. KDonnellyD. JPopovichP. G2009Identification of two distinct macrophage subsets with divergent effects causing either neurotoxicity or regeneration in the injured mouse spinal cord. of neuroscience 291343513444(2009) Identification of two distinct macrophage subsets with divergent effects causing either neurotoxicity or regeneration in the injured mouse spinal cord. of neuroscience 29:13435-13444. 32. . 2009Simultaneous PKC and cAMP activation induces differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells into functionally active neurons. 55323332(2009) Simultaneous PKC and cAMP activation induces differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells into functionally active neurons. 55:323-332. 33. LehmannMFournierASelles-navarro1999Inactivation of Rho signaling pathway promotes CNS axon regeneration. J Neurosci 1975377547Lehmann M, Fournier A, Selles-(1999) Inactivation of Rho signaling pathway promotes CNS axon regeneration. J Neurosci 19:7537-7547. 34. LeongW. KHenshallT. LArthurAKremerK. LLewisM. DHelpsS. CFieldJHamilton-bruceM. . A2012Human adult dental pulp stem cells enhance poststroke functional recovery through non-neural replacement mechanisms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neurolinguistic programming explores the connection between language and thought. [SEP] Text: Loading. . . in With Username/your institution Basket en de fr Publish with us Submit your Proposal 2024 Competition 2024 & Events and & Law, Economics & Media & Society & & & and in × Zitatvorschau in to clipboard. ris BibTeX Zotero. bib EndNote. enw in the Contex of Determinants of by Róbert Štefko (Author) Zuzana Birknerová (Author) ©2023 170 and Communication eBook for US$ 45. 95 Download immediately. Incl. VAT Format: PDF and ePUB – for all devices Softcover for US$ 45. 95 Shipping in approx. 10 working days national, international shipping possible Add to cart book focuses on the conceptualization of sensory marketing and neurolinguistic programming as potential tools for implementing neuromarketing, as well as the evaluation of its feedback in relation to factors influencing business behavior. The primary objective of the book is to clarify specific aspects of neuromarketing and neurolinguistic programming in the context of business behavior and to compare how subjectively businesspeople and customers perceive these aspects. It is dedicated to experts in the field of scientific research who engage in the study of neuromarketing and neurolinguistic programming in various contexts, especially in connection with sensory marketing in business behavior. Possibilities of using the presented methodologies, as well as theoretical and methodological knowledge, can be found in the preference of people for work, also in the education, coaching, and training of salespeople, employees, and people in general. the author About the book This eBook can be cited 1 Business behavior 1. 1 Personality of businessman 1. 2 Purchasing and consumer behavior 1. 3 Negative factors of business behavior 1. 4 Business behavior and marketing 2 Marketing and sensory marketing 2. 1 Feeling versus perception 2. 2 Areas of sensory marketing 2. 2. 1 Visual marketing 2. 2. 2 Audio marketing 2. 2. 3 Aroma marketing 2. 2. 4 Haptic marketing 2. 2. 5 Taste marketing 3 Neuromarketing 3. 1 Neuroscience 3. 2 Techniques in neuromarketing 3. 2. 1 Resonance (fMRI) 3. 2. 2 Electroencephalography (EEG) 3. 2. 3 Magnetoencephalography (MEG) 3. 2. 4 (CT) 3. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social mobility varies based on economic and policy factors. [SEP] Text: 또한 향후 신용카드 채무 관련 정책들이 보다 다양한 가구특성을 반영하고 계층별로 차별화된 접근을 시도해야 함을 시사한다. Using data collected in the 2010 Survey of Household Finance, this study conducted tobit regression analyses of the determinants of household credit card debt, focusing on socio-economic and demographic factors. The major findings are as follows: First, around 6. 6% of the total households have credit card debts. Secondly, having any amount of credit card debts, the equivalenced credit card debt accedes 789 million won in the lowest, 458 million won in the second, 227 million won in the middle, 252 million in the fourth and 364 million won in the highest income quintile; moreover, if the credit card debts are taken into consideration, households around 34. % from the second, 28. 3% from the middle, 34. 5% from the fourth and 22. 0% from the highest income quintile fall down into lower income groups respectively. Thirdly, the level of credit card debt is influenced by the age(-), education level of the household head(-), the number of households(+), divorce(+), temporary or daily employee(+), self-employee(+), employees as an insurance agent, designated driver for hire or home delivery man(+), monthly rent(+), financial saving levels(-), and the level of credit card interest; however, many of these effect on credit card debts varies across income levels of household. Based on these findings, this study suggests that the credit card debt is not only the determinant of poverty among the poor or low income household but also the determinant of class collapse among middle class or above.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Stem cells translational medicine 1177187-(2012) Human adult dental pulp stem cells enhance poststroke functional recovery through non-neural replacement mechanisms. Stem cells translational medicine 1:177-187. 35. 2006Dental pulp stem cells. 41999113(2006) Dental pulp stem cells. 419:99-113. 36. 2012Cryopreserved dental pulp tissues of exfoliated deciduous teeth is a feasible stem cell resource for regenerative medicine. PLoS One 7:e51777. (2012) Cryopreserved dental pulp tissues of exfoliated deciduous teeth is a feasible stem cell resource for regenerative medicine. PLoS One 7:e51777. 37. 1999Signaling from Rho to the actin cytoskeleton through protein kinases ROCK and LIM-kinase. Science 285895898(1999) Signaling from Rho to the actin cytoskeleton through protein kinases ROCK and LIM-kinase. Science 285:895-898. 38. . WRobeyP. GShiS2003SHED: stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. 10058075812(2003) SHED: stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. 100:5807-5812. 39. MonnierP. PSierraASchwabJ. MHenke-fahleSMuellerB. K2003The Rho/ROCK pathway mediates neurite growth-inhibitory activity associated with the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of the CNS glial scar. Neurosci 22319330-Fahle S, Mueller BK (2003) The Rho/ROCK pathway mediates neurite growth-inhibitory activity associated with the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of the CNS glial scar. Neurosci 22:319-330. 40. MosserD. MEdwardsJ. P2008Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Immunol 8958969(2008) Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Immunol 8:958-969. 41. (2012Transplantation of the of after Injury. J Neurotrauma. (2012) Transplantation of the of after Injury. J Neurotrauma. 42.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neurolinguistic programming explores the connection between language and thought. [SEP] Text: The salesperson should be energetic, enthusiastic, persistent, proactive, self-confident, and devoted to his work. Selling means a certain way of life for the salesman. Furthermore, he should be independent, internally motivated, friendly, honest, hardworking, disciplined, enthusiastic, and should be able to build relationships with customers (Kotler, 2007). Sales teams are also an important aspect of successful sales. Sales teams are a part of the marketing mix, which are very effective in achieving marketing goals and implementing marketing activities, such as finding and contacting new customers, sales, service, and gathering information. The high costs of sales teams require an effective sales management process. The company must proceed very carefully when choosing traders. When dealing with a customer, the marketer should be driven by a broader concept of relationship marketing. The relationship between the seller and the customer should be built on value and trust (Kotler, 2007). Regardless of the title, sales team members in modern organizations play a key role in the marketing mix. Sellers represent the only direct contact with the customer. Sales teams deal with wholesalers and retailers, seek support and help traders to sell products appropriately. The profession of trader requires professional knowledge and communication skills. A professional trader can keep his boundaries while respecting the customer’s boundaries in a way that he understands the customer’s requirements and wishes related to the product and his needs. Building trust is a part of quality services. Empathy, product knowledge, and a trustworthy approach while the entire sales process are essential components of a professional trader (Sedláková, 2004). Bělohlávek (2009) claims that every trader should have a personal vision. It is an active idea of the future state hence achieved results, position, or way of life. This vision guides him on his life path, helps him make decisions, and gives him the energy to work. Traders with a clear vision achieve significantly better results, whether at work or in personal life. According to Bedrnová and Nový (1998), the effective use of psychological knowledge enables the consolidation and creation of long-term business relationships so that both parties achieve the desired success. It is consequential to have knowledge about the personality of the trader, but also about the business activity itself and its process. It requires good interaction, communication, and also the application of psychological knowledge during the sale.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social mobility varies based on economic and policy factors. [SEP] Text: 셋째, 신용카드 채무에 영향을 미치는 가구특성 요인은 가구주의 연령(-), 교육수준(-), 가구규모(+), 이혼(+), 임시･일용직종(+), 자영업종(+), 보험･대리･택배업종(+), 월세거주(+), 금융저축(-), 신용카드 이자상환비율(+)이었으며, 이들 중 일부의 영향력은 계층별로 상이했다. 결론적으로, 이러한 분석결과는 신용카드 채무가 저소득층의 빈곤유발 그리고 중산층 이상의 계층하락 요인임을 알려준다.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: LShiodaSProckopD. J2008Stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow decrease neuronal death in global ischemia by modulation of inflammatory/immune responses. 1051463814643(2008) Stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow decrease neuronal death in global ischemia by modulation of inflammatory/immune responses. 105:14638-14643. 49. 2006Conditional ablation of Stat3 or Socs3 discloses a dual role for reactive astrocytes after spinal cord injury. 12829834(2006) Conditional ablation of Stat3 or Socs3 discloses a dual role for reactive astrocytes after spinal cord injury. 12:829-834. 50. PopovichP. GLongbrakeE. E2008Can the immune system be harnessed to repair the CNS? Neurosci 9481493(2008) Can the immune system be harnessed to repair the CNS? Neurosci 9:481-493. 51. -hirsch2008Two faces of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in spinal cord repair: a role in microglia/macrophage activation. PLoS Med 5:e171. -(2008) Two faces of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in spinal cord repair: a role in microglia/macrophage activation. PLoS Med 5:e171. 52. 2009The bright side of the glial scar in CNS repair. Neurosci 10235241(2009) The bright side of the glial scar in CNS repair. Neurosci 10:235-241. 53. RowlandJ. (2008Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: promise on the horizon. 25:E2. (2008) Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: promise on the horizon. 25:E2. 54. 2012Human dental pulp-derived stem cells promote locomotor recovery after complete transection of the rat spinal cord by multiple neuro-regenerative mechanisms. of clinical investigation 1228090(2012) Human dental pulp-derived stem cells promote locomotor recovery after complete transection of the rat spinal cord by multiple neuro-regenerative mechanisms. of clinical investigation 122:80-90. 55. 2008Neurosphere generation from dental pulp of adult rat incisor.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neurolinguistic programming explores the connection between language and thought. [SEP] Text: In today’s modern age, using psychological knowledge and methods helps traders to resolve conflicts in the work environment. It is confirmed that in order to achieve the required work success, it is significant to get to know the person as such and his mental health. Quality employees form the basis of a successful company. Psychological knowledge and procedures are used by companies not only in the sale of products but also in the selection of the right employees (Szarková, 2007). According to Armstrong (1999), a businessman who wants to manage a company successfully should have quality personality traits which include regulating behavior and emotions, the ability to solve problems and take responsibility for them, making the right decisions in critical situations, finding the best solution, assertiveness, effort to promote the organization and its products and insist on professional opinion. For a trader to be successful, he must use various interpersonal skills in his work. According to Bedrnová and Nový (1998), one of the qualities that helps traders succeed is extraversion. It is characterized by openness, sociability, interest in communication with people, adaptability, and networking. Compared to introverts, who are more focused on privacy and timid in making contacts, extroverts have a better chance of finding a job in this business. Ambition, perseverance, and responsibility are also essential. Openness and fairness help to build trust between the trader and another party in the business. 170 2023 ISBN (PDF) 9783631897874 ISBN (ePUB) 9783631897881 ISBN (Softcover) 9783631897867 DOI 10. 3726/b20600 Publication date 2023 (June) 2023. 170 pp. , 2 fig. col. , 4 fig. b/w, 12 tables. Biographical notes Róbert Štefko (Author) Zuzana Birknerová (Author) Róbert Štefko works as a dean of the Faculty of Management and Business of the University of Presov in Presov. Within the area of business economics and management, the author focuses on the research of marketing of intangible products, economics, and marketing management of organizations providing services and on related areas of the field. Zuzana Birknerová works as the Head of the Department of at the Faculty of Management and Business of the University of Presov in Presov.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social mobility varies based on economic and policy factors. [SEP] Text: 또한 향후 신용카드 채무 관련 정책들이 보다 다양한 가구특성을 반영하고 계층별로 차별화된 접근을 시도해야 함을 시사한다. KW - 신용카드 채무, 가계금융조사, 가구균등화지수, 토빗회귀분석 DO - 10. 15855/swp. 2012. 39. 1. 227 UR - ER - 장동호 (2012). 가계 신용카드 채무의 결정요인 분석: 가구특성을 중심으로. 사회복지정책, 39(1), 227 - 255. 장동호. 2012, “가계 신용카드 채무의 결정요인 분석: 가구특성을 중심으로”, vol. 39, no. 1, 255. Available from: doi:10. 15855/swp. 2012. 39. 1. 227 장동호.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Neurosci 27538548(2008) Neurosphere generation from dental pulp of adult rat incisor. Neurosci 27:538-548. 56. SchwabJ. MBrechtelKMuellerC. AFailliVKapsH. PTuliS. KSchluesenerH. J2006Experimental strategies to promote spinal cord regeneration--an integrative perspective. 7891116(2006) Experimental strategies to promote spinal cord regeneration--an integrative perspective. 78:91-116. 57. 2009Infiltrating blood-derived macrophages are vital cells playing an anti-inflammatory role in recovery from spinal cord injury in mice. PLoS Med 6:e1000113. (2009) Infiltrating blood-derived macrophages are vital cells playing an anti-inflammatory role in recovery from spinal cord injury in mice. PLoS Med 6:e1000113. 58. 2011The glial scar-monocyte interplay: a pivotal resolution phase in spinal cord repair. PLoS One 6:e27969. (2011) The glial scar-monocyte interplay: a pivotal resolution phase in spinal cord repair. PLoS One 6:e27969. 59. SilverJMillerJ. H2004Regeneration beyond the glial scar. Neurosci 5146156Silver J, Miller JH (2004) Regeneration beyond the glial scar. Neurosci 5:146-156. 60. SingerN. GCaplanA. I2011Mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of inflammation. Pathol 6457478(2011) Mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of inflammation. Pathol 6:457-478. 61. StirlingD. . TMcbrideC. BSteevesJ. DRamerM. STetzlaffW2004Minocycline treatment reduces delayed oligodendrocyte death, attenuates axonal dieback, and improves functional outcome after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2421822190(2004) Minocycline treatment reduces delayed oligodendrocyte death, attenuates axonal dieback, and improves functional outcome after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 24:2182-2190. 62. -esfahaniM.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Optical density was measured carefully to maintain the uniform population of bacteria in the broth at the time of inoculation. 2. 5. Characterization of isolates Root colonization was done by the method of Davis and Whitbread, (1989). For this, inoculated seeds were sown in glass jars containing sterilized sand, and the jars were kept in a growth chamber (18 °C, 70 % relative humidity, 16 hours daylight). After 7 days of germination, the roots were cut off, dipped in phosphate buffer, and were shaken vigorously to remove the bacteria. After 2 days of incubation at 28 °C the number of colonies (CFU/cm) was calculated. For the determination of phosphorus solubilizing activity Research Institute’s Phosphate growth medium (NBRIP) was used. Rhizobacterial strains were cultured and a loop full of each culture was placed on the plates (five per plate) and incubated at 28 °C for a week. A clearing zone around the colonies after a week was calculated as a positive for phosphate solubilization The formula of Premono et al. , (1996) was used for the determination of phosphate solubilizing index (PSI) of these rhizobacterial isolates. PSI = Colony diameter + Halozone diameter Colony diameter The ACC-deaminase activity was determined by the modified method of Honma and Shimomura, (1978) which measures the amount of α-ketobutyrate when the enzyme ACC-deaminase cleaves ACC. The auxin produced by rhizobacteria as indole acetic acid (IAA) in the presence and absence of L-tryptophan (L-TRP) was essayed by the method of Sarwar et al. , (1992). Some pertinent characteristics of the rhizobacterial isolates are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Characterization of rhizobacterial strains -ve = Absent, +ve = Present 2. 6. Determination of plant physical parameters The fresh and dry weight of the shoots and roots were determined with the help of an analytical balance. For dry weight plants were oven dried at 70 °C. 2. 7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urbanization trends influence resource distribution and infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Полученные результаты показывают значительное влияние исторических, экономических и социальных факторов на развитие урбанизации в Сибири, а также ключевую роль крупных нефтяных компаний в этом процессе. Выводы подчеркивают необходимость внедрения устойчивых технологий и комплексных подходов для обеспечения экологической безопасности и социального равенства в регионе. purpose of the study is to study the stages of urbanization of Siberia from the moment of its integration into the to modern neoliberal changes. The study applies historical-geographical analysis and theoretical approaches of Lefebvre, Brenner and Schmid.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: HBaharvandH2012Transplantation of undifferentiated and induced human exfoliated deciduous teeth-derived stem cells promote functional recovery of rat spinal cord contusion injury model. Dev 2117941802-Esfahani MH, (2012) Transplantation of undifferentiated and induced human exfoliated deciduous teeth-derived stem cells promote functional recovery of rat spinal cord contusion injury model. Dev 21:1794-1802. 63. 2006Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces neurotoxicity via glutamate release from hemichannels of activated microglia in an autocrine manner. J 2812136221368(2006) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces neurotoxicity via glutamate release from hemichannels of activated microglia in an autocrine manner. J 281:21362-21368. 64. TengY. DChoiHOnarioR. CZhuSDesiletsF. CLanSWoodardE. JSnyderE. YEichlerM. EFriedlanderR. M2004Minocycline inhibits contusion-triggered mitochondrial cytochrome c release and mitigates functional deficits after spinal cord injury. 10130713076(2004) Minocycline inhibits contusion-triggered mitochondrial cytochrome c release and mitigates functional deficits after spinal cord injury. 101:3071-3076. 65. 2010Stem cells from human-exfoliated deciduous teeth can differentiate into dopaminergic neuron-like cells. Dev 1913751383(2010) Stem cells from human-exfoliated deciduous teeth can differentiate into dopaminergic neuron-like cells. Dev 19:1375-1383. 66. 20042X7receptor inhibition improves recovery after spinal cord injury. 10:821-827. (2004) P2X7 receptor inhibition improves recovery after spinal cord injury. 10:821-827. 67. WintonM. JDubreuilC. 2002Characterization of new cell permeable C3-like proteins that inactivate Rho and stimulate neurite outgrowth on inhibitory substrates. J 2773282032829(2002) Characterization of new cell permeable C3-like proteins that inactivate Rho and stimulate neurite outgrowth on inhibitory substrates.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Determination of chlorophyll and carotenoids The method of Arnon, (1949) was used for the determination of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in the acetone extract (80% v/v) at 663, 645 and 480 nm for chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid, respectively. 2. 8. Macro and micronutrients in plant The H2SO4 titration method was used for the plant nitrogen (N) determination (Van-Schouwengerg and Walinge, 1973). For the measurement of the plant phosphorous (P) the method of Buresh et al. , (1982) was followed. The plant potassium (K) was determined by using the dry ashing method (Chapman and Pratt, 1961). The micronutrients i. e. Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, Zn+2, Cu+2 and Fe+3 were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after dry ashing (Chapman and Pratt, 1961). 2. 9. Plant enzymes activity For enzymes activity analyses plant samples were prepared by homogenizing 0. 5 g of frozen leaf material in 3 ml of cold solution containing 50 ×10-3 M Na phosphate buffer (pH 7. 8), 1×10-3 M Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 2% (w/v) Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone. The homogenate was centrifuged at 0 °C for 40 minutes at 13000 g. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) was essayed by the method of Habig et al. , (1974). The method of Nakano and Azada, (1987) was used for the spectrophotometric determination of peroxidase (POX) activity. Whereas, the spectrophotometric determination of catalase (Cata) activity was done by the method of Cakmak and Horst, (1991). 2. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urbanization trends influence resource distribution and infrastructure. [SEP] Text: The results obtained show the significant influence of historical, economic and social factors on the development of urbanization in Siberia, as well as the key role of large oil companies in this process. The findings highlight the need to implement sustainable technologies and integrated approaches to ensure environmental safety and social equality in the region. Ключевые слова: урбанизация Сибири, исторические этапы, экономическое развитие, экологические проблемы, социальное неравенство, устойчивое развитие. Keywords: urbanization of Siberia, historical stages, economic development, environmental problems, climatic climate, sustainable development. Введение Урбанизация Сибири представляет собой многослойный и динамичный процесс, претерпевший значительные изменения на протяжении различных исторических периодов.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Keywords:: for trialsCIRMembryonic stem cellsfirst-in-human clinical trialspluripotent stem cells In 2004, California voters approved Proposition 71 [Citation1], the which authorized US$3 billion to fund stem cell research. Proponents had advocated for the measure to have the resources to speed the delivery of stem cell treatments and cures to patients with unmet medical needs, especially to fund embryonic stem cell research, which was not receiving sufficient federal funding. Institute for (CIRM) was established to administer the funds. CIRM has used the bond funds to make grants and loans to researchers, institutions and companies in California for basic research, training programs, the development of infrastructure and the support of clinical trials. This funding has launched California into the top ranks of stem cell science. CIRM currently has some 300 active stem cell programs in its portfolio and CIRM’s funded researchers have published over 3000 100. 5 million invested in 2018 alone [Citation4], as CIRM sought to accelerate the testing of candidate stem cell therapies in advance of returning to the voters in 2020 for a US$5 billion renewal of funding. The investment in the clinical trials necessary for the US FDA’s authorization to market the therapy reflects CIRM’s realization that testing cell-based therapies is far more complex than chemically based small molecule drugs and that the high costs associated with the trials are beyond the resources of the academic medical centers and small biopharmaceutical companies engaging in stem cell research [Citation4]. Moreover, the complexity of testing candidate stem cell-based biologics increases the uncertainties and risks inherent in early clinical trials, especially since most of these therapies are first-in-human clinical trials. 2011, CIRM funded its first clinical trial, which was also the first-in-human testing of a therapy developed from human embryonic stem cells. Some 7. 5 years later, in December 2018, CIRM’s Board approved funding for its 50th clinical trial [Citation5]. This 1. for first 50 clinical trial grants. might be expected, the majority of these 50 clinical trials are early phase trials, primarily trials designed to evaluate tolerability and safety and not to assess efficacy as later stage trials do. Of the 50 CIRM supported trials, 36 are either or Phase I/II, which are trials that can integrate the planning and transition from to Phase II.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Comparison of method for measuring the colonization of root system by fluorescent pseudomonads. Plant Soil. 116, 239-246. Dworken, M. , Foster, J. 1958. Experiment with some microorganisms which utilize ethane and hydrogen. J. Bacteriol. 75, 92-601. Etesami, H. , Hosseini, M. , Alikhani, HA. 2014. In planta selection of plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria for rice (Oryza sative L. ). J. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 14, 491-503. database of World Agriculture. 2006. Food and of the Statistics Division. database of World Agriculture. 2009. Food and of the Statistics Division. Glick, B. R. 2012. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Mechanisms and Applications. Corporation, Scientifica. 1974. Glutathion S-Transferases, the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. The J. Biol. Chem. 249, 7130-7139. Hassan, W. , Chen, W. , Huang, Q. , Mohamed, I. 2013a. Microcalorimetric evaluation of soil microbiological properties under plant residues and dogmatic water gradients in Red soil. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 59, 858-870. Hassan, W. , Akmal, M. , Muhammad, I. , Younas, M. , Zahaid, K. R. , Ali, F. 2013b. Response of soil microbial biomass and enzymes activity to cadmium (Cd) toxicity under different soil textures and incubation times. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 7, 674-680. Hassan, W. , Chen, W. , Cai, P. , Huang, Q. 2013c. Oxidative enzymes, the ultimate regulator: implications for factors affecting their efficiency. J. Environ. Qual. 42, 1779-1790. Hassan, W. 2013d. C and N mineralization and dissolved organic matter potentials of two contrasting plant residues: effects of residue type, moisture and temperature. Acta Agr. Scand. B-S P. 63, 642-652. Hassan, W. , David, J. 2014.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urbanization trends influence resource distribution and infrastructure. [SEP] Text: С момента интеграции в Российскую империю, через советскую индустриализацию, до современных неолиберальных изменений, каждый этап оставил свой след на урбанистическом ландшафте региона [3]. Современные урбанизационные процессы характеризуются как положительными аспектами, такими как экономический рост и развитие инфраструктуры, так и негативными, включая экологические проблемы и социальное неравенство.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Most of the CIRM-supported trials are designed to enroll small numbers of participants, ranging from 6 to 18 patients, but there are a few trials with as many as 57, 112 or even 156 patients targeted. A few of CIRM’s supported trials have progressed to Phase II and four have begun Phase III recruiting. These latter trials are the BrainTherapeutics (NY, USA) trial for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, (CA, USA) trial for kidney disease and one of Humacyte’s (NC, USA) two candidate therapies for kidney failure. III trials have been closed. (NJ, USA) terminated testing during a Phase III trial for an experimental therapy for melanoma skin cancer, ostensibly for business reasons. Also, Immuno(CA, USA) suspended its Phase III trial of a therapeutic for glioblastoma brain cancer, reportedly for lack of financial reasons. III trials have to enroll a greater number of patients than earlier phases, they are much more expensive. Many investigational products flounder at this stage, sometimes described as the ‘valley of death’, because of the financial expense and because of the difficulty of enrolling a sufficient number of patients. Even if CIRM receives a second round of funding by the voters, it will lack the resources to fully underwrite Phase III of the clinical trials it has previously supported and will need a partnership from other funders. CIRM has invested in stem cell work conducted both by academic institutions and small biotechnology companies in California. Although 91% of all CIRM’s funding to date has been allocated to academic institutions [Citation7], a substantial number of the CIRM-supported clinical trials are being conducted by small biotechnology companies. CIRM has made grants or loans to 16 such companies to conduct stem cell clinical trials and six of these companies have received CIRM support to conduct two clinical trials. Although the campaign for Proposition 71 stressed the need to have public funding to develop therapeutics from human embryonic stem cells, only five of the clinical trials CIRM has supported to date have tested candidate therapies derived from human embryonic stem cells. None of the CIRM supported clinical trials are as yet evaluating candidate therapies developed from human induced pluripotent stem cells which were first developed after the referendum.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Plant growth-promoting bacteria confer resistance in tomato plants to salt stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42, 565-572. Mia, M. A. B. , Shamsuddin, Z. H. , Wahab, Z. , Marziah, M. 2010. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on growth and nitrogen incorporation of tissue-cultured Musa plantlets under nitrogen-free hydroponics condition. Aus. J. Crop Sci. 4, 85-90. . , Arshad, M. , Shahzad, S. M. 2006. Variation in growth and ion uptake of maize due to inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria under salt stress. Soil Environ. 25, 78-84. Nakano, Y. , Azada, K. 1987. Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts: its inactivation in ascorbate depleted medium and reactivation by monodehydroascorbate radical. Physiol. 28, 131-140. Premono, H. . 1996. Effect of phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas putida on the growth of maize and its survival in the rhizosphere. Indonesian J. Crop Sci. 11, 13-23. Sarwar, M. , Arshad, M. , Martins, D. A. , Frankenberger, Jr. 1992. Tryptophan-dependent biosynthesis of auxins in soil. Plant Soil. 147, 207-215. Schalchli, H. , Pardo, F. , Hormazábal, E. , Palma, R. , Guerrero, J. , Bensch, E. 2012. Antifungal activity of wheat root exudate extracts on Gaeumannomyces graminis var. Tritici growth. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 12, 329-337. Shaharoona, B. , Arshad, M. , Zahir, Z. A. , Mahmood, M. H. 2003. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) enrichment: An effective approach to screen plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for maize. Pak. J. Agri.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Urbanization trends influence resource distribution and infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Основные задачи исследования включают: - Изучение исторических этапов урбанизации региона; - Анализ влияния крупных компаний, таких как "Роснефть" и "ЛУКОЙЛ", на урбанизационные процессы; - Рассмотрение современных архитектурных проектов и их роли в урбанизации; - Оценка экологических и социальных последствий урбанизации; - Разработка рекомендаций по внедрению устойчивых технологий и комплексного подхода для обеспечения сбалансированного р

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: The first clinical trial CIRM funded in 2011 was Geron Corporation’s trial to assess 1, a human embryonic stem cell-derived candidate therapy for treatment of severe spinal cord injuries. However, after five patients were injected, apparently without any suffering serious adverse effects or evidence of immune rejection of 1 even after the withdrawal of the immunosuppresive drug, Geron halted the trial. In a statement, the company claimed its decision was motivated by capital scarcity and uncertain economic conditions and not the lack of promise of stem cell therapies. Geron’s then recently appointed Officer, who apparently had a different set of priorities than his predecessor, indicated that the company had decided to focus on its novel cancer therapies which were further along in development [Citation8]. Geron eventually sold its stem cell research and intellectual property to (CA, USA), another small California-based biotechnology company. Asterias has also received funding from CIRM, for its Phase I/IIa trial with an expanded number of patients and approval from the US FDA for testing on more types of spinal cord injuries. Asterias has now treated 25 patients with no serious side effects and some encouraging results [Citation5]. Another CIRM grant for a human embryonic stem cell derived therapy went to researchers at the University of for a trial with a therapeutic being tested for age-related dry macular degeneration, a popular target for pluripotent stem cell researchers. Two other awards were given to Viacyte, Inc. (CA, USA) for its two trials of therapeutics for Type 1 diabetes. Viacyte is currently testing a human embryonic stem cell derived therapeutic to replace lost beta cells in persons with diabetes. The therapeutic is being administered by inserting it in a small pouch that is transplanted under the patient’s skin to protect it from the immune system. It might be asked why CIRM, which was ostensibly established to promote embryonic stem cell research, has supported so few clinical trials with pluripotent stem cells. My informal discussions with staff of CIRM in June 2018 affirmed that CIRM has been open, even enthusiastic, to funding research and clinical trials with therapies developed from human embryonic stem cells when given the opportunity to do so.

Output: contrast