Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 001) compared to the fungal community (P = 0. 014) with respect to impact of the pathogen (Fig. 3A). While the bacterial community was significantly altered by phosphorus availability (P = 1E-04), phosphorus availability did not significantly impact fungal communities (P = 0. 12) (Fig. 3A). Fig. 3Impact of phosphorus and pathogen inoculation on soil microbiome. Phosphorus stress gradually increased in the order of AP, UP, and −P due to different fertilizer treatments. The +RS groups indicated treatments inoculated with the pathogen. A Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot illustrating the Bray-Curtis distance of bacterial and fungal communities among various treatments. test evaluated differences due to soil compartment and pathogen inoculation, while the Mantel test assessed the effect of phosphorus gradient. B Cladogram displaying bacterial zOTUs correlated to phosphorus stress pooled at the genus level in the rhizosphere (Spearman correlation, P < 0. 05, each genus with at least six or more zOTUs). C Cladogram showing fungal zOTUs correlated to phosphorus stress in the rhizosphere (Spearman correlation, P < 0. 05, each phylum with at least six or more zOTUs). The red and black triangles represent microbial taxa enriched or decreased by pathogen inoculation in the −P, UP, or AP groups using the Wilcoxon test (P < 0. 05). The “nelogp” denotes the negative log-transformed P-value of the Spearman correlations between the microbial taxa and phosphorus stress. “RA” stands for relative abundance. The phylum classification is labelled around the cladogram. D The relative abundances of identified key microbial taxa responding to phosphorus stress and pathogen inoculation in rhizosphere soils. The numbers in boxplots in and H and for AMF correspond to the number of zOTUs included for the given taxonFull size imageSpearman correlations were conducted to assess the relationship between phosphorus stress and zOTU relative abundance in both soil compartments in the presence of the pathogen. Significantly correlated zOTUs (P < 0. 05) are depicted in Fig. S4, identified up to the phylum level. Subsequently, among these zOTUs, those successfully identified to the genus level were extracted for further analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: From the extensive interest in making reprogramming an efficient process, there have been a lot of remarkable results using different type of molecules that target chromatin enzymes. Thus understanding of the reprogramming process, including the timing of chromatin remodeling, interactions with transcription factors, increase or decrease of histone acetylation and most important, the precise interconnection of factors that break the epigenetic barrier, will give us a base line to design a better protocol for the develop of iPSCs. There will come a point where researchers will manipulate chromatin kinetics in order to promote the reprogramming of somatic cells into iPSCs. This achievement will bring a cell that reprograms efficiently; in a short period of time, which will have an epigenetic signature identical to ESCs. In the future, with a better understanding of chromatin not only in reprogramming but also in differentiation, the iPSC field could become an area of synthetic biology. In any case, the iPSC field still has a long way to go before it is fruitful. A clearer understanding of the epigenetics of the reprogramming must come forward before iPSCs can be fully accepted for regenerative medicine. 1. jury and executioner of stem cell fate. 2012 in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 198158191546 ThomsonJ. AOdoricoJ. SHuman embryonic stem cell and embryonic germ cell lines. 2000 VermaAVerma N: Induced pluripotent stem cells and promises of neuroregenerative medicine. 2011 Park In-and Q. Disease-Cells. Cell 2008134110 of Induced Pluripotency: A two-Stem Cell. Rev and Rep 20095204223 --of Model with iPS from Autologous Skin. Science 2007 and Contribution. Cell 200715570 HochedlingerKPlathKEpigenetic reprogramming and induced pluripotency. Development 2009136450923 : Returning to the stem state. Epigenetics of recapitulating pre-differentiation chromatin structure. BioEssays 201032791799 ölerH. Rand DingSInduction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts by Oct4 and Klf4 with small-molecule compounds.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: 또한 논문에 치료 방법을 기술한 9예에서 ChatGPT는 1예는 제대로 알려주지 못하였고, 4예에서는 적절치 못한 내용이 포함되어 있고, 4예에서만 적절한 방안을 제시하였다(Table 1). 이 10개 증례에 대한 ChatGPT의 답은 앞에 언급한 미국의 33명 의사가 출제한 284문항, 내과 전문의가 제작한 흔한 증상으로 구성한 10개 증례보고에서와 차이가 나게 낮은 수준이다. 그 이유는 이번 10개 증례가 흔히 볼 수 있는 예가 아니고 또한 현재 ChatGPT 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: We also found that a group of 14 zOTUs in the phylum Glomeromycota that decreased in response to the pathogen in AP (P = 0. 00020) remained unchanged in UP (P = 1), and increased in −P (P = 0. 0083), thus showing a significant increase with rising phosphorus stress in the presence of the pathogen (Fig. 2 C and D). Potential disease-suppressive microbial taxa promoted by phosphorus are influenced by plant root function and root metabolitesPCoA plots revealed a significant influence of phosphorus stress on both plant root transcriptome (P = 1E-04) and metabolome (P = 1E-04), but not statistically significantly for pathogen inoculation (P = 0. 091, P = ns, Fig. 4A). Notably, a transcriptional shift in response to pathogen inoculation was more pronounced in the AP and UP treatments, compared to the −P. We first identified the 1111 pathogen-related genes and 139 phosphorus starvation genes based on the function annotation using KEGG and GO databases (Tables S7 and 8). Then as expected, in plant roots, these phosphorus starvation genes showed an increase with increasing phosphorus stress (+RS: P = 9. 585E-05, r = 0. 95; −RS: P = 9. 585E-05, r = 0. 95) (Fig. 4B). Importantly, pathogen-related genes were significantly upregulated by pathogen inoculation (P = 0. 024), and they showed a significant reduction with increasing phosphorus stress (+RS: P = 0. 0043, r = −0. 84; −RS: P = 0. 011, r = −0. 79) (Fig. 4B). This suggests phosphorus stress is related to the reduced level of pathogen response regulon. Fig. 4Impact of phosphorus and pathogen inoculation on plant transcriptome and metabolome. Phosphorus stress gradually increased in the order of AP, UP, and −P due to different fertilizer treatments. The +RS groups indicated treatments inoculated with the pathogen. A PCoA plot illustrating the distance of the plant transcriptome and metabolome in different treatments. test evaluated differences due to pathogen inoculation, while the Mantel test assessed the effect of the phosphorus gradient.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Cell 2008 TakahashiKYamanaka S: Induction of Cells from Cultures by Defined Factors. Cell 2006126663676 chromatin. in Biochemistry and 2012119 of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 200731586172 WaddingtonCThe strategy of the genes; a discussion of some aspects of theoretical biology. London, Allen and Unwin 195716. YamanakaSElite and stochastic models for induced pluripotent stem cells generation. Nature 20094604952 of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2007 MaheraliNHochedlingerKGuidelines and Techniques for the Generation of Stem Cells. Cell 20083595605 : regulation through repression. Science 1999288481486 StrahlB. Dand AllisC. DThe language of covalent histone modifications. Nature 20004034145 connections to pluripotency and cellular reprogramming. Cell 2011 HanJ WYoonY-s. u. pof pluripotent stem cells. Antioxidants & 201217205223 of Chromatin during Transcription. Cell 2007128707719 -dependent chromatin remodeling genetics, genomics and mechanisms. 201121396420 of a core chromatin remodeling complex from SWI/SNF subunits. 19993247253 remodeling through directional DNA translocation from an internal nucleosomal site. 200512747755. embryonic stem cell chromatin remodeling complex, esBAF, is essential for embryonic stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency. 200910651815186 úzo-bravoölerH RChromatin-remodeling components of the BAF complex facilitates reprogramming. Cell 2010141943955 -. Human but not yeast CHD1 binds directly and selectively to histone H3 methylated at lysine 4 via its tandem chromodomains. J 20052804178941792 Gaspar-maia--Santos M. Chd1 regulates open chromatin and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Nature 2009460863868 of external signalling pathways with the core transcriptional network in embryonic stem cells. Cell 200813311061117. Annu. Rev. Biochem.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: 이번에 활용한 증례는 우리가 흔히 보는 것이 아닌 매우 드문 경우이기에 흔히 볼 수 있는 증상을 진단하는 것과 차이가 있을 수 있다. ChatGPT는 매우 일반적인 지식을 제공하는 것은 가능하고, 질문의 맥락에 맞추어 답을 하지만, 그 답이 얼마나 신뢰할 수 있느냐는 오로지 전문가의 판단에 달려 있다. 즉, 인공지능 챗봇을 활용할 때 핵심은 사용자의 전문적인 지식이다. 어떤 답이 신뢰할만한지는 전문가만이 제대로 파악할 수 있기 때문이다.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: B The transcripts per million (TPM) of pathogen-related genes and phosphorus starvation genes in different treatments and their correlations with phosphorus stress. Error bars represent standard errors with three replicates. Significance was determined using the Scheirer-Ray-Hare test and Spearman correlations. C Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) network of pathogen-related genes, phosphorus starvation genes, and all root metabolites. Members with similar trends were clustered and further divided into several modules with a minimum member size of 200, which were represented by the colors below. D Dendrogram depicting the key module eigengenes (ME) affected by phosphorus stress and pathogen inoculation. The histogram showing the abundances of key metabolites in the corresponding modules. Error bars represent standard errors with three replicates. “r” stands for Spearman correlation coefficient; P denotes phosphorus. Significance levels are denoted as follows: “ns,” not significant, “. ”P < 0. 1, “*”P < 0. 05, “**”P < 0. 01, and “***”P < 0. 001Full size imageWe constructed a WGCNA network to identify potential metabolites involved in phosphorus-affected plant defense to further explore their corresponding influence on rhizosphere microorganisms (Fig. 4C). The network was divided into several modules, each comprising at least 200 members, with the important modules identified and depicted in the heatmap (Fig. 4D). The module eigengenes of turquoise module increased with increasing phosphorus stress, whereas those of the yellow and blue modules increased with decreasing phosphorus stress (Fig. 4D). Additionally, several key metabolites were identified in the histogram (Fig. 4D). Acetoxyacetic acid (organic acids), L-tryptophan (amino acids and derivatives), O-phosphorylethanolamine (alkaloids), methoxyindoleacetic acid (alkaloids), mangiferin (flavonoids), phenylpyruvic acid (organic acids), and xanthosine (nucleotides and derivatives) were associated with the yellow and blue modules and were promoted by phosphorus supply (Fig. 4D), consistent with the trends observed in plant pathogen-related functions (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 200710443954400 demethylation in zebrafish involves the coupling of a deaminase, a glycosylase, and gadd45. Cell 200813512011212 -jones. Global transcription in pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Cell 20082437447 and Function. 2012116 úzo-bravoölerH RDirect reprogramming of human neural stem cells by Oct4. Nature 2009 regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 2005122947956 repair complex functions as an Oct4/Sox2 coactivator in embryonic stem cells. Cell 2011147120131 4 dependence of chromatin structure within the extended Nanog locus in ES cells. 200822575580 and Oct4 associate with unique transcriptional repression complexes in embryonic stem cells. Biol 200810731739 regulation and epigenetic remodeling in murine embryonic stem cells by c-myc. 2009e7839. network accounts for similarities between embryonic stem and cancer cell transcription programs. Cell 2010143313324 StadtfeldMHochedlingerKInduced pluripotency: history, mechanisms, and applications. Genes Dev. 2010242022392263. . c-Myc regulates transcriptional pause release. Cell 2010141432445 parallel circuit of LIF signalling pathways maintains pluripotency of mouse ES cells. Nature 2009460118122 PawlakMJaenischRDe novo DNA methylation by Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b is dispensable for nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells to a pluripotent state. Genes & Development 20112510351040 ZhuJ-by DNA Glycosylases. Genet 200943143166 BenderJDNA methylation and epigenetics. 2004554168 BirdADNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. 200216621. -based reprogramming of human B lymphocytes for pluripotency requires Oct4 but not Sox2. PLoS Genet 2008e1000170. proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. Science 201133313001303 bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: 진단보다는 치료 방법은 조금 더 나은 수준으로 제공한다. 치료 방법은 대개 안전하다고 이미 잘 알려진 것을 임상 현장에서 시행하므로 진단과는 다른 차원이다. 그러므로 비전문가가 인공지능 챗봇을 활용하여 답을 얻는 것은 비록 일부 제대로 답하는 내용이 있다고 하더라도 권장할 수 없다. 인공지능 챗봇의 답이 앞으로 더욱 많은 훈련 과정을 통하여 조금 더 수준이 올라갈 수 있을 것이다.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 4B) and soil microbial disease-suppressive functions in the rhizosphere (Fig. 2D). and quercetin (flavonoids), present in the turquoise module, were promoted by phosphorus deficiency and also stimulated by the presence of the pathogen in the −P treatment (Fig. 4D). The detailed information of these metabolites is given in Table S9. Next, we were able to recover isolates that corresponded to the key zOTUs that promoted by phosphorus supply and stimulated by pathogen inoculation (Figs. 3D and 5A). Four of these isolates were identified as Chryseobacterium (Y14 and Y35) (Fig. S8), Dyadobacter (Y33) (Fig. S9), and Paenibacillus (R16) (Fig. S10). Y33 and R16 were selected because they were the only Dyadobacter or Paenibacillus among our 126 isolates. For Chryseobacterium, we recovered eight isolates that clearly separated into two different species based on phylogeny and morphology (Fig. S11). We selected one isolate from each of these species, Y14 and Y35, for the subsequent assay. The relative abundances of the zOTUs that are most related to the isolated key bacteria are given in Fig. S12. Pairwise co-culture growth experiments were conducted to individually assess capacity of these isolates to inhibit the growth of bacterial pathogen R. solanacearum, (Fig. 5B). In the absence of root metabolites, Chryseobacterium strains Y14 and Y35 showed significant inhibition of the pathogen, with Y35 being more inhibitory than Y14. Paenibacillus strain R16 showed no inhibition, and Dyadobacter strain Y33 even promoted pathogen growth, with significant results shown in Table S10. Fig. 5Plant root exudates enhance the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa in the rhizosphere against the pathogen R. solanacearum. A Schematic of the isolation experiment. Key bacteria Y14, Y35, Y33, and R16 were selected for further experimentation. These four isolates, along with the root exudates used in subsequent experiments, were all promoted by improved phosphorus availability. B Growth of the pathogen R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Cell 2006125315326 5 mediates self-renewal and reprogramming via the embryonic stem cell core transcriptional network. Cell 2011145183197 finger of NURF couples histone H3 lysine 4 Trymethylation with chromatin remodeling. Nature 20064428690 regulation by polycomband trithorax proteins. Cell 2007128735745. 1 mediates methylation on histone H3 lysine 27 and complements EZH2 in maintaining stem cell identity and executing pluripotency. 200832491502 complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cells. Nature 2006441349353 -zalcenstein-saban27 demethylase Utx regulates somatic and germ cell epigenetic reprogramming. Nature 2012 ölerH RDingSA combined chemical and genetic approach for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell, 22008b525528 DoyonYCotéJThe highly conserved and multifunctional NuA4 HAT complex. 200414147154 -rafiniaMWestphalHMeshorerE. HK9 histone acetylation predicts pluripotency and reprogramming capacity of ES cells. Nucelus 2011 epigenetic changes during somatic cell reprogramming to iPS cells. J Biol 20113341350 facilitates pluripotency by conditioning the genome for LIF/STAT3 signalling and by regulating polycomb function. Biol 201113903913 OnderT. -modifying enzymes as modulators of reprogramming. Nature 2012483598602 stem cell-specific microRNAs promote induced pluripotency. Nat. Biotechnol 200927459461 LinS-. SRegulation of somatic cell reprogramming through inducible mir-302 expression. Research 20113910541065 embryonic stem cells express a unique set of microRNAs. Dev. Biol. 2004270488498 information 1. Introduction2. Induced pluripotent stem cells3. Epigenetics4. Chromatin phases (epigenetic regulation)5. Epigenetic reprogramming6. Conclusion 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI will soon fully replace doctors in making medical diagnoses. [SEP] Text: AI replace doctors’ ‘gut instincts’? Published on December 20, 2023 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? Use + rapid advances in the field, AI won’t supplant human healthcare workers in 2024. : Pexels: to use -Edquist DOI 10. 54377/02d2-eea4 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? The value of healthcare workers’ intuition in effective clinical care has been verified by reports around the world again and again. From doctors’ ability to spot sepsis in critically ill children, to ‘nurse worry‘ as a ‘vital sign’ predictive of patient deterioration, to helping GPs navigate complex patient care — intuition appears to play a large role in supporting high risk patients — even when data or computer outputs suggest another treatment approach. (AI) has already begun to transform healthcare, and the health sector will only continue to consider AI innovations in 2024 and beyond. In this increasingly technological world, questions swirl on what is the role of these human hunches in healthcare practice and whether AI is about to overtake doctors’ ‘gut feelings’ entirely. What is AI in healthcare and when is it used? Davenport from and Deloitte consultant explain elsewhere, AI healthcare includes ‘rule-based expert systems’, which use prescribed knowledge-based rules to solve a problem, and ‘robotic process automation’, which uses automation technologies to mimic some tasks of human workers. Such technology can help with automated patient monitoring, where alerts are signalled once a rule criterion is met, patient scheduling reminders and medicine management. Other forms of AI used in healthcare include robots, natural language processing and machine learning. Robots can help move and stock medical supplies, lift and reposition patients and assist surgeons. hospital has launched a €7 billion project, set to be completed in 2028, which will engage robots to collect patient data typically reliant on human physical touch: from measuring pulse, to taking temperature and calculating oxygen saturation. The release of ChatGPT in 2023 marked a leap forward for AI in popular consciousness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: solanacearum was quantified by measuring fluorescence intensity in the presence or absence of the key bacterial isolates. Water or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added to the system as a control group for root exudates soluble in water or DMSO, respectively. C Growth of the pathogen R. solanacearum was quantified by measuring fluorescence intensity in the presence or absence of the key bacterial isolates and supplementation with key root exudates detected in our pot experiment. Additionally, the growth of strain Y14 when supplemented with L-tryptophan at a concentration of 2 mmol L−1 is provided (small inset plot, right). Significance was determined using the Scheirer-Ray-Hare test, as described in the supplementary materials. Error bars represent standard deviations with six replicates. RS denotes R. solanacearum. OD600 denotes absorbance value at a wavelength of 600 nmFull size imageWe repeated these co-culture experiments, this time individually supplementing the identified root exudates into the growth medium at differing concentrations (Fig. 5C and Figs. S13 to 19). Root metabolite treatments influenced the degree of pathogen inhibition, in some cases even without the beneficial bacteria, for example, O-phosphorylethanolamine (Fig. 5C). Chryseobacterium strain Y35 exhibited inhibitory activity under all conditions, which was marginally enhanced by mangiferin (0. 4 mmol L−1) (Fig. 5C). In the case of Chryseobacterium strain Y14, its inhibitory capacity was promoted by L-tryptophan (2 mmol L−1), acetoxyacetic acid (0. 4 mmol L−1), methoxyindoleacetic acid (0. 4 mmol L−1), O-phosphorylethanolamine (10 mmol L−1), and mangiferin (0. 4 mmol L−1). And there was a potential link between L-tryptophan (2 mmol L−1)-triggered inhibition and the growth promotion of Y14 induced by the same compound (Fig. 5C and Table S11). Paenibacillus strain R16 exhibited inhibitory effects under treatment with L-tryptophan (0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: As ESC chromatin is more transcriptionally permissive, it is also more sensitive to nuclease activity. This may also be in part due to differences that are seen in the chromatin localization in the nucleus. For instance, one study using the DamID (DNA adenine methyltransferase identification) technique showed that pluripotency genes, including Oct4 and Nanog, move to the nuclear lamina and are silenced while lineage-specific genes disassociate from the lamina and are expressed. This was specifically shown during the differentiation of mouse ESCs into terminal astrocytes which demonstrated cell type-specific relocations of these areas during differentiation [11]. These areas near the nuclear periphery were called Domains (LADS). Further study showed that these areas were enriched with repressive histone modifications, H3K9me2 and H3K27me3 which had tissue-specific distributions. Additionally, they consisted of few, minimally expressed genes, which were also marked by these repressive histone modifications [11-13]. Genome-wide ChIP analyses have also described other lamina associated domains with significant overlap with the LADS domains. These regions referred as Chromatin domains of H3K9me2 or LOCKS, which are also hallmarked with increased H3K9me2 marks, gene-poor and increased in size and abundance from ESCs to differentiated cells (from 4% genome coverage in mouse ESCs to at most 46%, in liver cells) [14]. Wen, Wu et al. described these LOCKs as large regions with K9 modifications up to 4. 9 Mb that are conserved between human and mouse. also show tissue-specific distributions and inversely correlate with gene expression. Specific knockouts of the H3K9 methyltransferase, G9a, abolished LOCK formation in mouse ESCs and caused gene derepression without any peripheral localization alteration [14, 15]. Although LADS and LOCKS are similar in their effects on gene expression and localization, the relationship between them and their function at the nuclear periphery is presently unclear. 2. 2. BivalencySince the discovery of generating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, the ability to reprogram a differentiated cell back towards a more embryonic-like state, it has been shown by a variety of laboratories that there is an extensive amount of epigenetic variability between different iPS lines and even among different clones.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI will soon fully replace doctors in making medical diagnoses. [SEP] Text: This type of AI, which requires training on large data sets (supported by human feedback), focuses on giving computers the ability to read, support and manipulate human language. Such natural language processing has changed the communication landscape with its language mimicry. While some note that the hype hasn’t quite been reflected in reality, professionals in a range of sectors — including healthcare — now use ChatGPT for correspondence, such as with drafting “sick notes”, medication management, or to manage healthcare information. There are predictions that healthcare Processing will be a $USD7. 2 billion business by 2028, with this type of AI being deployed to help translate complex published papers for public consumption, for analysis of electronic health records to help identify at-risk patients, and to interact with patients to help with triage or answer healthcare questions. In 2024, some say this type of AI is likely to focus on more sophisticated language models that power chatbots and virtual assistants, and will be built into word processing programs. gives computers the ability to learn without explicitly being programmed for a given task. The algorithms driving these types of AI are based on statistical and predictive models. often relies on ‘training’ from existing data sets, which have been human reviewed and annotated. Essentially, doesn’t automatically know what to look for, and without human-informed training this type of AI tends to provide lots of noise and useless predictions. Once trained, can take previously unseen patient information and apply its prior ‘training’ to analyse the data and predict outcomes, or make recommendations. In healthcare, can recognise patterns which may be missed by humans such as described for AI’s role in patient survival of gastric cancer, identification of primary causes of cancers, and reducing breast cancer false positives. In 2024, algorithms are likely to continue to be used for probing healthcare data analytics, with vast medical data provided by wearables, medical devices and electronic health records. With all forms of healthcare AI — it is clear that humans are still needed for AI training, evaluation of outputs, and considering the impacts of the AI recommendation. Artificial versus human intelligence: Who has the edge? Given the global healthcare workforce shortages, the proverb may be true: Necessity breeds invention.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Additionally, exposure to methoxyindoleacetic acid, O-phosphorylethanolamine, and L-tryptophan induced inhibitory effects on the pathogen by Paenibacillus R16 or Dyadobacter Y33. Moreover, previous results have shown that certain organic acids and flavonoids like mangiferin [56] can boost plant immunity by modulating plant-microorganism interactions in rhizosphere [57, 58]. Notably, Bacteroidetes, to which Chryseobacterium and Dyadobacter belong, have been reported to utilize phosphorylated compounds as carbon and energy sources, providing a competitive advantage when inhabiting zones of high microbial activity and nutrient demand [59]. In summary, certain root metabolites can improve control of the pathogen by recruiting disease-suppressive microbes, and improved soil phosphorus nutrient status facilitates this process. Moreover, phosphorus-starved plants, despite a weakened disease-suppressive function in rhizosphere, can form symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in response to pathogen inoculation [60, 61], serving not only for defense but also for phosphorus acquisition [62, 63]. Similar to this strategy, previous studies have shown that plants favor relationships with ectomycorrhizal fungi under phosphorus deficiency. While this choice may result in lower phosphorus acquisition efficiency, it contributes more significantly to plant defense compared to alternative options [4, 64]. Our study indicates an AMF-based strategy for disease suppression is a favorable choice, and this symbiosis is further supported by the presence of key root exudates such as blumenol A and quercetin [65,66,67]. Our results were obtained under controlled conditions with consistent pathogen inoculation, which is different from field conditions. While phosphorus supply promotes plant defense and soil disease suppression in the rhizosphere, it may also promote pathogen proliferation in bulk soil, consequently heightening the risk of future infections. It remains to be seen to what extent this disparity of pathogen control between bulk and rhizosphere soils impacts the dynamics of disease incidence over time in the field. Future research should explore the optimal phosphorus levels for disease control and agricultural output, balancing benefits with the risks of excessive phosphorus. ConclusionsOur 6-year field trial highlighted phosphorus availability as the primary factor influencing the control of tomato bacterial wilt by R. solanacearum.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: As a result, much research has been involved in understanding the global demethylation and methylation patterns in ESC to identify particular epigenetic marks and their effected genes to study their role in pluripotency and reprogramming. Methylation of DNA cytosine residues (mCG), particularly in CpG islands of promoters, is a well-established mechanism that represses gene transcription in adult cells [16]. Several studies have specifically shown in ESCs, that loss of DNA methyltransferases also compromises their ability to differentiate into mature cells without affecting their self-renewal [17]. In embryonic stem cells, lineage-specific gene expression program regulators are repressed, but poised for a rapid response to differentiate [18]. These areas of chromatin, have so called bivalent domains, consist of opposing chromatin marks; i. e. H3K4me for activation and H3K27me for silencing. In ESCs, these domains are believed to be responsible for preventing the transcription responsible for their early differentiation to a specific lineage while priming the area for activation when the appropriate cues are expressed. Consistent with this belief is the findings that the bulk of the protein-encoding genes of human ESCs, including transcriptionally inactive genes have H3K4me, H3K9ac and H3K14ac rich promoter regions in areas of the nucleosome adjacent and downstream of transcription start sites [19, 20]. Moreover, in ESCs, genes with bivalent gene promoters tend to have unmethylated CpG islands [21]. The initial step of active DNA demethylation in mammals occurs by the conversion of 5-methylcytosine of DNA (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). A prime example of this in pluripotent stem cells has been shown in regulating the expression of the stem cell transcription factor, Nanog. Here, the demethylated state is critical for the upregulation of Nanog which is an essential regulator of ESC pluripotency and self-renewal, while its downregulation attributed to methylation of its promoter is required for ICM specification [22].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI will soon fully replace doctors in making medical diagnoses. [SEP] Text: It may not be long until healthcare includes integrated AI forms where a robot greets you in your native language for your annual check-up using Processing, takes your vital signs, and sends a recommendation to the doctor on which patient to prioritise and what investigations need to be ordered using algorithms designed to analyse collected vital signs. What AI can’t do is replace the natural ‘gut feel’ of a healthcare professional. And this won’t change in 2024. The clinical reasoning and thinking process that healthcare providers engage is so complex, and the sources of information that the human brain considers in patient care are too numerous to capture with current algorithms. The implicit knowledge an expert relies on for effective clinical care is so deeply embedded in human automation, that methods to get at these data points often fail. On top of this, AI-accessible data and the AI algorithms themselves can have flaws. Machine learning can be overly sensitive, leading to over-diagnoses in some patients. Processing AIs can act as healthcare trojan horses, where the technology is so convincing in its communication approaches that it tricks the user into thinking it is knowledgeable in the same way a human is. There are also privacy concerns with such AI applications. AI typically relies on data input to continue learning — and the clarity about what happens to confidential patient information when input into AI remains an open question for many platforms. There are also challenges that the healthcare AI field is tackling related to bias and responsibility, and questions about what we consider ‘mundane’ and ‘repetitive’ tasks which AI can truly take off humans. In reality (ironically), all existing AI is devoid of the necessary context within which healthcare occurs. It misses the complexity, the empathy, and important data points that human intelligence has access to, and can therefore only replicate specific human tasks. Our healthcare future: Humans leading, AI supporting A better description of the role of AI in healthcare in the future might be: “AI won’t replace the doctors, but those doctors will be replaced who don’t use Artificial Intelligence,” as Reddy, director at India’s Apollo, has put it. Healthcare AI is increasingly taking on roles of “clinical decision-making support”, meaning the healthcare provider is in charge and human intelligence is prioritised, while AI augments this.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Pot experiments confirmed that adequate phosphorus activates plant immunity, improving rhizosphere microbiome function related to disease suppression, but not in the bulk soil. Adequate available phosphorus in the rhizosphere alleviates the trade-off between defense function and phosphorus acquisition in plants, promoting the production of root exudates, such as L-tryptophan and O-phosphorylethanolamine, which enhance key microbial groups, such as Chryseobacterium, and their disease suppression capabilities in the rhizosphere. Plant selection emerges as the driver of the discrepancy between effects in bulk versus rhizosphere soil. In total, our study provides novel insights into the influence of phosphorus availability on the disease-suppressive functions of the rhizosphere microbiome. Understanding of how plant trade-offs between defense and phosphorous acquisition impact microbiome recruitment and function will help inform future strategies to optimize plant nutrition and natural biological control of plant pathogens. Availability of data and materials Raw amplicon sequencing data was deposited at the for (NCBI) under the accession number of PRJNA979018, PRJNA978981 and PRJNA1077633. AbbreviationsITS: Internal transcribed spacer NRPS: Nonribosomal peptide synthases PKS: Polyketide synthases CFU: Colony-forming units NB: zOTU: Zero-radius operational taxonomic units TPM: Transcripts per million OD: Optical density PCoA: Principal coordinates analysis WGCNA: Weighted gene co-expression network analysis ME: Module eigengenes DI: Disease incidence AVP: Available phosphorus SOM: Soil organic matter DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide 9. 23. 92. 21. 1005. 8. 29. 17. 9. 12. 3. 11. 63. 99. 33. 6003. 2005. 62. 8. 100. 75. 42. 62. 11. 94. 20. 56. 90. 1904. 62. 2. 1257. Edgar RC. : a simple non-Bayesian taxonomy classifier for 16S and ITS sequences. Biorxiv. 2016;074161. wilt disease incidence is influenced by shifts of soil microbial communities under different monoculture spans. Microb Ecol. 2018;75:739–50. 2013. 10. 70. 77. 1005. 81. 46. 50. 2008.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Recent studies demonstrate that demethylation of Nanog is in part contributed to the expression of the Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) enzyme which is a TET family member of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of 5mC to 5hmC. This enzyme has been found to demethylate Nanog promoter sites in mouse ES cells [23, 24]. Both TET1 and TET2 expression have also been shown to be regulated by Oct4 expression in mouse ES cells, downregulated following differentiation alongside other stem cell markers, and is induced concomitantly with 5-hmC during fibroblast reprogramming into iPS cells [25]. In addition to promoter regulation, methylC-Seq genome-wide analysis has also discovered novel types of DNA methylation regulation at non-CG sites (CHG and CHH sites where H = A, C, or T residues). These analyses showed that non-CG methylation accounted for 25% of the total ESC methylome and that these sites were more commonly found within gene bodies than within promoter sites [26]. Furthermore, the methylation of these sites was lost when differentiation was induced in ESCs, and restored during the generation of in induced pluripotent stem cells. This included many differentially methylated regions associated with genes involved in pluripotency and differentiation. 2. 3. Polycomb and trithorax group proteins in pluripotent stem cellsRecent studies have established that developmental gene priming and bivalency are crucial for pluripotency whereby the chromatin of pluripotent stem cells are transcriptionally permissive, with normally silent DNA repeat regions, transcriptionally related histone modifications such as H3K9ac, H3K4me3, H3K36me3 and low stochastic transcription of lineage-restricted genes [8, 9]. The poised state is believed to inhibit the activity of () and thereby deregulate elongation. In the poised state, demonstrates high Ser5 phosphorylation and low levels of Ser2 phosphorylation which is in part controlled by a number of complexes involved in this process. For this, several groups or families of complexes involved in epigenetic regulation have been studied in pluripotent stem cells.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI will soon fully replace doctors in making medical diagnoses. [SEP] Text: Under this model, AI could be programmed to alert the healthcare provider on all the variables not considered in an algorithm, to help the healthcare provider explore to what extent the AI recommendations can be valuable in a specific context or with a specific patient. For instance, if an AI is recommending antidepressants for a patient who is also pregnant, it would alert the doctor that such medications aren’t yet tested in this population — allowing the doctor to consider other data points in deciding the next best step. To support this model — in which humans lead, but AI support — the AI-integrated future shouldn’t just focus on improving AI. An AI-augmented healthcare system must include healthcare worker training and support in both AI literacy and human intelligence literacy. Education can also focus on helping healthcare providers recognise when to question patterns; how to challenge predictions; and the value of trusting intuition — essentially building capacity to tolerate uncertainty. This future-protecting healthcare education would help reduce the risk of “automation bias,” whereby humans allow the AI to work autonomously and the algorithm is trusted, even in the face of clear evidence that it’s wrong. AI has given us a valuable gift: the opportunity to explore what aspects of human intelligence are critical in healthcare, and which tasks can be enhanced with technology. After all, both human brains and AI are wired for prediction, but humans have the power to interrogate, question and evaluate these predictions while AI has computing power beyond a human brain. Both are needed to manage the complexities of patient care. Michelle D. is the Director of the Centre for Education and of the Centre for Scholarship in at in Australia. She is an award-winning educator, having received the ‘Teaching Excellence’ award amongst others, and is the author of the “Effect: How to Survive and Thrive through the Unexpected“. Originally published under by 360info™. Enjoy this 2024. Here’s why. Focus on 2024 It’s a wonderful year for a Moon dance Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Focus on 2024 Hydrogen makes itself at home The UK and US have both approved a gene editing therapy to overcome the genetic mutation that causes sickle cell disease, but the treatment is expensive.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Niche-adaptation in plant-associated Bacteroidetes favours specialisation in organic phosphorus mineralisation. ISME J. 2021;15:1040–55. 49. 107. CAS PubMed 37. 56. 51. 48. 86. 7336. 9200. 9102. 17. 2479. 154. 2119. 7372. 612. 1266. 16. 57. 7093. 74. 91. 1. Information of field trial. (A) Overview of soil nutrient properties and disease incidence over the course of the continuous six-year trial. (B) Results of unary linear regression analysis depicting the relationship between soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium contents and disease incidence. Fig. S2. Information of pot experiment. (A) Line graph displaying soil available phosphorus levels in different treatments during seasons 1 and 2, with error bars representing standard deviations. The results of significance test were in 3. (B) The violin plot illustrating the fold change of the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum in bulk and rhizosphere soils compared to the CK group. Hare tests were conducted. Fig. S3. Detailed results of individual genes related to disease suppression. The boxplot depicting the fold change of disease-resistant genes and hcnAB compared to the CK group in bulk soil (top row) and rhizosphere soil (bottom row). + RS denotes R. solanacearum inoculation. Fig. S4. Shannon diversity of soil microbiome and microbial zOTUs responding to phosphorus stress. (A and B) Boxplot showing the Shannon diversity of soil microbial community in different treatments. Kruskal wallis test was conducted for the significance here. Manhattan plot showing the bacterial and fungal zOTUs significantly correlated with phosphorus stress (Spearman correlation, P < 0. 05) in both bulk and rhizosphere soils. Fig. S5. Microbial taxa responding to phosphorus stress in bulk soil. (A) Butterfly plot illustrating bacterial zOTUs significantly correlated to phosphorus stress (Spearman correlation, P < 0. 05). (B) Butterfly plot illustrating fungal zOTUs significantly correlated to phosphorus stress (Spearman correlation, P < 0. 05). The numbers next to the histograms indicate the number of zOTUs in the corresponding genus. The "r" represents the correlation coefficient. Fig. S6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Initial steps in stem cell reprogramming involves the recruitment of histone deacetylase by activity of the PRC2 complex, which causes local deacetylation of chromatin and subsequent methylation of K27 of histone H3. This H3K27 methylation then recruits the Bmi-1 complex to the site, which leads to the monoubiquitination of Lys119 histone H2A, and in turn suppresses gene expression [36]. The coordinative action of these two complexes plays an important role in the regulation and maintenance of gene expression during development and contributes to the epigenetic memory of stem cells [37, 38]. Figure 1. Chromatin remodeling factors of the TrxG, PRC1/2 and BAF complexes work together to regulate stem cell status. In pluripotent stem cells, genes necessary for lineage-specific regulation consist of ‘bivalent’ chromatin domains that contain repressed H3K27me3 marks, as well as active H3K4me3 marks. These genes are then ‘primed’ for rapid induction of expression upon receiving differentiation cues. Proteins of the TrxG family tri-methylate H3K4 leading to active chromatin marks. PRC2 activity leads to repressive tri-methylation of H3K27 and subsequent recruitment of PRC1 to the nucleosome region. Upon recruitment, PRC1 transfers a mono-ubiquitin residue to histone 2A (H2AK119). Together, the binding of PRC1 and the ubiquitylation of H2AK119ub silences gene expression. BAF complexes directly unwind nucleosomal DNA by using ATP and helicase-like subunits. Together, these complexes coexist and/or work hierarchically to regulate pluripotency and bivalency in stem cells. Polycomb repressive complexes have been shown associated with many developmental regulator regions in ESCs, and many of the PcG repressed targets of ESCs are also ‘bivalent’ [30, 39]. For instance, PRC2 target genes have been shown to be preferentially turned on during ESC differentiation and that the pluripotent stem cell regulating genes Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog co-occupy a significant subset of these genes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All hospitals will adopt AI-driven tools within the next few years. [SEP] Text: Understanding the control properties of these systems is critical not only for the study of evolutionary developmental biology [4]–[8], but also for comprehending and intervening in various disease states, including cancer [9]–[11], and for the construction of novel synthetic biologicals in bioengineering contexts [12]–[16]. Thus, much work has gone into mathematical modeling and computational inference of both protein pathways and gene regulatory network models [17]–[20], which has resulted in the development of large collections of publicly-available models such as the Biomodels database [21], [22]. Yet, despite the wealth of available models, scientists still largely lack an effective understanding of the range of possible behaviors that these models can exhibit under different initial conditions and environmental stimuli, and are in search of systematic methods to reveal and optimize those behaviors via external interventions. The full extent of the computational and control properties of such networks are not yet well-understood; while dynamical systems theory has been extensively used to characterize their behavior [23], [24], it is not known what other sets of tools might reveal and exploit interesting properties of this ubiquitous biological substrate. The field of diverse intelligence (also known as basal cognition) has suggested that strong functional symmetries between pathway networks and neural networks could imply the existence of learning and other kinds of behavior in this unconventional substrate [25]–[29]. Specifically, it has been hypothesized that gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and other molecular networks could be endowed with surprising navigation competencies allowing them to robustly reach diverse homeostatic or allostatic states despite a wide range of perturbations [30]–[33], and that exploiting these innate competencies could provide a promising roadmap for the design of interventions in regenerative medicine and bioengineering contexts [34], [35]. However, significant challenges remain in practice for the exploration and behavior-shaping of these innate competencies, which presents a barrier to the use of these ideas in regenerative medicine and bioengineering. Because of the non-linearity and redundancy in pathway dynamics, passive exploration strategies such as random screening are likely to either fail in uncovering the full range of potential behaviors or require time and energy beyond the available resources. Here, we formalize and investigate a view of gene regulatory networks as agents navigating a problem space.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Bacterial taxa responding to phosphorus stress and pathogen inoculation in rhizosphere. (A) Cladogram displaying bacterial zOTUs negatively correlated to phosphorus stress pooled at the genus level in the rhizosphere (Spearman correlation, P < 0. 05, each genus with at least 6 or more zOTUs). (B) Cladogram displaying bacterial zOTUs positively correlated to phosphorus stress pooled at the genus level in the rhizosphere (Spearman correlation, P < 0. 05, each genus with at least 6 or more zOTUs). The red and black triangles represent microbial taxa enriched or decreased by pathogen inoculation in the –P, UP, or AP groups using the (P < 0. 05). The “nelogp” denotes the negative log-transformed P-value of the Spearman correlations between the microbial taxa and phosphorus stress. “RA” stands for relative abundance. The classification (g: genus and phylum) is labelled behind the cladogram. Fig. S7. Fungal taxa responding to phosphorus stress and pathogen inoculation in rhizosphere. (A) Cladogram displaying fungal zOTUs negatively correlated to phosphorus stress pooled at the genus level in the rhizosphere (Spearman correlation, P < 0. 05, each phylum with at least 6 or more zOTUs). (B) Cladogram displaying fungal zOTUs positively correlated to phosphorus stress pooled at the genus level in the rhizosphere (Spearman correlation, P < 0. 05, each phylum with at least 6 or more zOTUs). The red and black triangles represent microbial taxa enriched or decreased by pathogen inoculation in the –P, UP, or AP groups using the (P < 0. 05). The “nelogp” denotes the negative log-transformed P-value of the Spearman correlations between the microbial taxa and phosphorus stress. “RA” stands for relative abundance. The classification (c: class, o: order, f: family, g: genus and phylum) is labelled behind the cladogram. Fig. S8. Phylogenetic relationship and morphology of the isolated key bacteria Y14 and Y35.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In addition to PcG complexes, core members of the TrxG and BAF chromatin remodeling complexes have also been shown to contribute to the bivalent mark in stem cells by acting in concert to establish and preserve H3K4me3 [48, 49]. Another core member, WD repeat domain 5 (Wdr5) of the TrxG complex, has also been associated with the undifferentiated state and shown to regulate self-renewal in mouse ESCs [50]. This study went further to show that Wdr5 expression can promote efficient derivation of pluripotent iPS cells. Along with PcG and TrxG complexes, other chromatin remodeling complexes have been shown to have crucial roles in maintaining pluripotency. For instance, it has been shown that ESCs contain a unique BAF complex, which distinguishes them from differentiated cell types. This ESC complex consists of BAF60a, BAF155 and BRG subunits in the absence of BAF60c, BAF170 or BRM [48, 51]. Components of this complex also appear in RNAi screens for pluripotent genes [52, 53]. In mouse ESCs, it was also shown that BRG removal causes decreased self-renewal and aberrant differentiation, whereas BRG withdrawal from differentiated cells had very little effect [51]. Additionally, the pluripotency regulator genes Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog, have been shown to be targeted by components of the ESC-specific BAF complex [48, 51, 54-56] as well as facilitate IPS cell reprogramming [33]. Advertisement 3. Epigenetic control in primordial germ cells and pluripotent embryonic germ cellsPrimordial germ cells (PGCs) are the progenitors of sperm and egg. In humans, these cells first appear around the fifth week after conception and in mouse, during embryonic day (E) 5. At this time, PGCs emerge from differentiated epiblast cells which have already begun to undergo major epigenetic changes including DNA methylation and X inactivation [57]. Thus, epigenetic regulation or reprogramming must occur in PGCs in order to achieve an undifferentiated totipotent-like state [57, 58].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space tourism faces challenges related to safety, cost, and environmental impact. [SEP] Text: (2013), the global car industry stands to lose $100 billion in earnings as a result of this. DiscussionResearch shows that consumers are more likely to have a favorable impression of a business and to buy its products if the firm has an active CSR strategy. Putting off fulfilling social obligations may be seen as an avoidant or passive reaction to such obligations. Or, firms can be forced to behave ethically as a result of public pressure. Delaying a company’s operational CSR time will lead consumers to assume that the company’s original objective of demonstrating social responsibility is incompatible with the actions taken, as stated. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) effectiveness may muddy the waters when a company is under fire from the public. According to Umair and Dilanchiev (2022), this is the “CSR moment,” which is characterized by an optimistic view of corporations’ social responsibilities. At certain points in time, businesses may take part in social responsibility initiatives. However, there has been no investigation on whether or not customers are more or less likely to buy prepaid products depending on whether a firm engages in CSR activities. Prepaid purchases are made before the usage of services and commodities, and prepaid payments are removed after consumers have utilized their purchases. Pre-purchase has been found to boost a company’s profit when the worth of the assets to be acquired is unclear. Customers assess the product throughout the sales time. If the quote is lower than the commodity’s price, they will not buy it. However, if they are unclear about the manufacturer’s future value, they may pre-purchase it. Prepaid approaches have been shown to increase profits for enterprises, particularly in times of market volatility and uncertainty (Taghizadeh-Hesary et al. 2021). One of the first studies to evaluate the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives found that customers were both motivated and efficient (Zhang et al. 2020). As it has been shown that CSR initiatives have an impact on how customers feel about a company, it stands to reason that when they are implemented, it might also affect the results (for example, prepaid purchase intentions). It may happen. -19 consumers had a greater awareness of the seriousness of the outbreak than later (post-epidemic) consumers (Haleemunnissa et al. 2021).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Phylogenetic tree depicting the relationships between Y14 and Y35, isolated from rhizosphere soil, and key identified Chryseobacterium zOTUs. Images display the morphology of Y14 and Y35 after culturing for 3 or 14 days. The tree was generated using MEGA 11. Fig. S9. Phylogenetic relationship and morphology of the isolated key bacteria Y33. Phylogenetic tree depicting the relationships between Y33, isolated from rhizosphere soil, and key identified Dyadobactor zOTUs. Images display the morphology of Y33 after culturing for 3 or 14 days. The tree was generated using MEGA 11. Fig. S10. Phylogenetic relationship and morphology of the isolated key bacteria R16. Phylogenetic tree depicting the relationships between R16, isolated from rhizosphere soil, and key identified Paenibacillus zOTUs. Images display the morphology of R16 after culturing for 3 or 14 days. The tree was generated using MEGA 11. Fig. S11. Phylogenetic relationship and morphology of the 8 Chryseobacterium isolates. Phylogenetic tree depicting the relationships between the 8 Chryseobacterium isolates from rhizosphere soil. Images display the morphology of these isolates. The tree was generated using MEGA 11. Fig. S12. Relative abundances of the zOTUs that are most related to the isolated key bacteria. The zOTU1472 was most related to the isolated Chryseobacterium Y14; The zOTU13507 was most related to the isolated Chryseobacterium Y35; The zOTU11626 was most related to the isolated Paenibacillus R16; The zOTU13652 was most related to the isolated Dyadobacter Y33. Fig. S13. The influence of root exudate L-tryptophan on the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa against the pathogen. Line graph displaying the fluorescence intensity of pathogen affected by the key bacteria and L-tryptophan. Additional line graph plotting the OD600 of key bacteria influenced by L-Tryptophan. RS denotes Ralstonia solanacearum. OD600 is the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm. Fig. S14.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: X activation and demethylation in PGCs is similar to that seen in the process of generating ESCs and reprogramming somatic cells into pluripotent iPS cells [59]. Together, these epigenetic changes in germ cell development is to prevent the transmission of aberrant epigenetic modifications to the next generation and to promote epigenetic equivalency in the germ line of male and female embryos, which is necessary for proper imprinting. This is the only time in which homologous chromosomes are epigenetically indistinguishable and in PGCs occurs primarily in the developing embryonic gonad [60, 61]. Key initiators of PGC induction in the epiblast include the Blimp1 (B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1), also known as PR domain zinc finger protein 1 (Prdm1), Prdm14 and protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (Prmt5). These factors have been shown to initiate epigenetic reprogramming and induce repression of the somatic program during germ cell specification [62-64], and in a similar fashion to facilitate somatic cell reprogramming in iPS cells and in epiblast stem cell generation [65, 66]. Their effects occur through both direct and indirect targets. For instance, it is known that BLIMP1 associates with the arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 to reduce expression of Hox-family genes and other somatic genes in PGCs via H2A/H4 R3 methylation [67]. In addition to pluripotent associated genes, early germ-cell development and imprinted genes also undergo demethylation during this time. These include well-established postmigratory germ cell genes Mvh (also known as Ddx4), Sycp3 (synaptonemal complex protein 3) and Dazl (deleted in azoospermia-like). These genes are demethylated in germ cells and repressed in somatic cells. This demethylation occurs during the migration of PGCs into the gonad at CpG islands of their promoters as well as at differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of imprinted genes [68, 69]. Whether DNA methylation in PGCs is erased by an active or a passive mechanism is currently unclear.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The high cost of space tourism limits its accessibility to wealthy individuals. [SEP] Text: Thanks to this approach, information could be sent back to the RASA framework indicating whether the patient is present. to Issue 1 Figure 6 illustrates the solution proposed by our research team using an eye-tracker. The system activates the microphone, analyzes the patient’s response, and verifies the presence of the patient’s eye-tracking signal. According to this information, a better-adjusted intent for Terabot’s utterance is chosen. Fig. 6Proposed solution to Issue 1: the vertical gray arrows indicate that an utterance has been selected for Terabot’s speech. The vertical green arrow shows that the eye-tracking signal can give additional feedback to the RASA framework. Based on this, the utterances chosen for the following action of Terabot might be appropriately changedFull size imageWe evaluate four hypothetical situations: (1) Speech signal and eye-tracking signal provided: The patient answers, and the microphone receives the patient’s speech. In that case, providing feedback to the RASA by the eye-tracker signal would provide actual information that the patient is currently present in front of Terabot’s interface. That would indicate that the patient actively participates in the discussion. It is noteworthy that maintaining 100% eye data signal (eye contact) is unnecessary, as such a large number is also uncommon in human-to-human conversations. A smaller amount of data retrieved from the eye-tracker is sufficient to classify whether the patient is present. If the patient gazes at Terabot occasionally while thinking or talking, the dialogue system might receive enough data for confirmation. On the other hand, when the waiting time for the patient’s response takes too long, then initiation of another special utterance (acknowledging the patient) might be activated, e. g. , utterance Long_no_gaze: “What are you thinking about? repeat the question? ” (2) Only speech signal provided: The patient answers, so the microphone receives the patient’s speech, but there is no signal from the eye-tracker. In this situation, another additional utterance could activated that can inquire about the patient’s condition, e. g. , utterance Why_no_gaze: “Is something wrong? Why don’t you look at me at all?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: The influence of root exudate O-phosphorylethanolamine on the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa against the pathogen. Line graph displaying the fluorescence intensity of pathogen affected by the key bacteria and O-phosphorylethanolamine. Additional line graph plotting the OD600 of key bacteria influenced by O-phosphorylethanolamine. RS denotes Ralstonia solanacearum. OD600 is the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm. Fig. S15. The influence of root exudate acetoxyacetic acid on the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa against the pathogen. Line graph displaying the fluorescence intensity of pathogen affected by the key bacteria and acetoxyacetic acid. Additional line graph plotting the OD600 of key bacteria influenced by acetoxyacetic acid. RS denotes Ralstonia solanacearum. OD600 is the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm. Fig. S16. The influence of root exudate methoxyindoleacetic acid on the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa against the pathogen. Line graph displaying the fluorescence intensity of pathogen affected by the key bacteria and methoxyindoleacetic acid. Additional line graph plotting the OD600 of key bacteria influenced by methoxyindoleacetic acid. RS denotes Ralstonia solanacearum. OD600 is the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm. Fig. S17. The influence of root exudate phenylpyruvic acid on the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa against the pathogen. Line graph displaying the fluorescence intensity of pathogen affected by the key bacteria and phenylpyruvic acid. Additional line graph plotting the OD600 of key bacteria influenced by phenylpyruvic acid. RS denotes Ralstonia solanacearum. OD600 is the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm. Fig. S18. The influence of root exudate xanthosine on the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa against the pathogen. Line graph displaying the fluorescence intensity of pathogen affected by the key bacteria and xanthosine. Additional line graph plotting the OD600 of key bacteria influenced by xanthosine. RS denotes Ralstonia solanacearum.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: However, two DNA deaminases, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 1 (1) may demonstrate a key role in this process. While both enzymes have been shown in vitro to deaminate 5-methylcytosine in DNA in mouse PGCs, deficiencies in AID expression has also shown that it is essential for erasure of DNA methylation [70]. Both, Aid and Apobec1 are located in a cluster of genes which comprise Stella, Growth differentiation factor 3 (GDF3) and Nanog. Stella, Gdf3 and Nanog are all expressed in pluripotent tissues as well as in germ cells. [71]. is a known constituent of germ cell development, Gdf3 and Nanog have important roles in conferring stem-cell identity on ES cells. It has also been suggested that in vivo targeting in the zygote of AID to the methylated DMR of the imprinted gene H19 results in efficient and substantial demethylation of this region [72]. Together these findings suggest an important role of AID in facilitating demethylation and reprogramming the pluripotent state. Similar to 1 and TET2 may also play a facilitative role in PGC demethylation as both TET enzymes are expressed in mouse PGCs during imprint erasure, concurrent with 5hmC enrichment [73]. Another important epigenetic process required for germ cell development and cellular reprogramming to the pluripotent state involves the X chromosome. In female adult cells, one of the two X chromosomes is inactivated to compensate for the differences in gene expression between sexes. For this purpose, X chromosome inactivation is initiated in early embryos by noncoding X-inactive specific transcript (Xist) RNA followed by chromatin modifications on the inactive X chromosome which leads to stable gene repression in somatic cells. Likewise, reactivation of the X chromosome is required for the totipotency of the female blastocyst and germ cell development. Reactivation of the X chromosome also occurs to establish pluripotency in iPS cells. During development, epigenetic reprogramming or re-activation of the inactive X-chromosome commences in PGCs during their migration through the hindgut along their route to the developing gonads where imprint erasure is completed [74].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The high cost of space tourism limits its accessibility to wealthy individuals. [SEP] Text: Regarding the level of interpretation of the work, these guidelines state that a AD that is too objective and focussed on the location of the visual elements hinders understanding, while one that is more evaluative and interpretative is more attractive to the visitor and helps to maintain their attention, as it reflects the process of contemplation of the work and helps to build a sense of it, for example through elements such as colour. In the publication, there is a comparison between two ADs. These two versions were presented to a group of visually impaired people to gauge their impressions. The first version focuses on form, without interpreting it. If we analyse the tools they use to describe the shapes, we realise that they rely heavily on the elements that have already been described, i. e. , some elements are understood in comparison with others, which is a kind of comparison or analogy at a figurative level. The second version includes a higher interpretative level. The first version was much more difficult to understand for the group, who also thought it was the longer of the two descriptions, although it is almost half as short. We can relate this idea to the abstraction of the work, which requires common elements in order to be understood. In addition, the second description was considered more immersive, providing more visual information about the work. The use of colours and qualifying words, such as adjectives, was considered helpful in creating a mental image and thinking about the meaning of the work. They also felt that, after listening to it, they had something positive to talk about. As for the analogies used, although we also found comparisons with elements already described, the most striking for our research and, according to the results obtained, for the users were those that compare, as recommended by Snyder in the guidelines of the of the Blind (Snyder, 2010), common and everyday elements with parts of the visual work, which transfer the experience of the work to the users’ life experience. 1. 2 Guidelines in SpainIn Spain, there are specific guidelines (AENOR, 2005) for the preparation of AD guides, which are set out below for comparison with those in the Anglo-Saxon context. They should contain the following: Instructions for handling the electronic device. Safety information (emergency exits), warning of places, or situations that may constitute a physical risk.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: OD600 is the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm. Fig. S19. The influence of root exudate mangiferin on the inhibitory capability of key isolated microbial taxa against the pathogen. Line graph displaying the fluorescence intensity of pathogen affected by the key bacteria and mangiferin. Additional line graph plotting the OD600 of key bacteria influenced by mangiferin. RS denotes Ralstonia solanacearum. OD600 is the absorbance at a wavelength of 600 nm. 40168_2024_1906_MOESM2_ESM. xlsx2: Table S1. Design of fertilization and pathogen inoculation in all treatments. Table S2. Primer sets in quantitative PCR experiment. Table S3. Primer sets in amplicon sequencing. Table S4. Soil nutrient properties during the pot experiment. Table S5. Identified bacteria isolates in rhizosphere (Similarty > = 97%). Table S6. Detailed information of individual bacterial zOTUs in Fig. 3. Table S7. Detailed information about pathogen-related genes in plant root. Table S8. Detailed information about phosphorus starvation genes in plant root. Table S9. Detailed information about key metabolites. Table S10. Significance test of co-culture experiment (referring to Fig. 5B). Table S11. Significance test of culture experiment (L-Tryptophan of 2 mmol L−1 on Y14). Table S12. Significance test of co-culture experiment (L-Tryptophan of 0. 4 mmol L-1 on R16). Table S13. Significance test of co-culture experiment (L-Tryptophan of 2 mmol L-1 on R16). Table S14. Significance test of co-culture experiment (L-Tryptophan of 10 mmol L-1 on R16). Table S15. Significance test of co-culture experiment (L-Tryptophan of 2 mmol L-1 on Y14). Table S16. Significance test of co-culture experiment (Acetoxyacetic acid of 0. 4 mmol L-1 on Y14). Table S17. Significance test of co-culture experiment (Methoxyindoleacetic acid of 0. 4 mmol L-1 on Y14).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In mouse PGCs, decreased Xist expression, and the displacement of PcG repressor proteins EED and SUZ12, results in the loss of the inactive X associated histone modification, H3K27me3 [74]. In humans, PcG proteins YY1, EZH2, and EED have also been found in the ovarian follicles, oocytes and preimplantation embryos. YY1 and EZH2 transcripts were additionally detected in human metaphase II oocytes suggesting they may be play a similar role in human germ cell reprogramming [75]. In vitro, PGCs cultured under specific conditions can also demonstrate epigenetic reprogramming with pluripotent cell-like characteristics. In these cases, PGCs form pluripotent stem cell colonies called embryonic germ cells (EGCs) which have notable similarities in their epigenomes [58, 76-82], and like have been shown to induce epigenetic reprogramming of somatic nucleus in hybrid cells [60]. Advertisement 4. MicroRNAs and stem cellsMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of non-protein coding RNAs with transcripts of ~20–25 nucleotides that play essential roles in regulating gene expression (see [83-85]. A subset of miRNAs have been shown to be preferentially expressed in undifferentiated stem cells and for some, have been shown to play essential roles in pluripotency, proliferation, and modulation of expression patterns that are related to differentiation [86-89]. The promoter regions of these miRNAs are often occupied by the pluripotency transcription factors, including Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog [90]. In addition, during ESC differentiation, proteins modulated by miRNAs [91] have also been shown to be modulated by PcG proteins [92]. For instance, Marson et al. showed that approximately one quarter of the Oct4/Sox2/Nanog/Tcf3-occupied miRNAs belonged to a set of repressed miRNA genes bound by Suz12 in murine ES cells [90]. Here, the PRC2 complex protein SUZ12 was bound to a subset of inactive miRNAs controlling differentiation in mouse ESCs [90].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Everyone will have a chance to live on Mars within the next decade. [SEP] Text: They show that inputs such as drugs or vaccines, as important as they are to improving health, are not enough. Political commitment, capacity-building, human resources, education and communication, local adaptation and community involvement are critical. They also signal that strengthening and increased financing of underlying health systems and social services is key to ensuring a large-scale and more sustainable response. Six important characteristics of programmes that have succeeded to control diseases of poverty are identified: 1. political commitment at the highest level is key to achieving results and sustaining programmes; 2. successful disease and mortality prevention has often involved new ways of working, e. g. entering into partnerships with the private sector, nongovernmental organisations, and UN agencies; 3. innovation, born out of a pragmatic approach to achieving results, has made all the difference in some countries; 4. promoting the home as the first hospital helps reduces child deaths. In particular, the training and education of mothers has been a key to success; 5. widespread availability of supplies, medicines and other low-cost tools at community-level is essential; and 6. measuring results is key to planning control measures. The report is broken down into five sections: 1. Tuberculosis (TB). Almost 2 million people die from TB every year – 98 per cent of them in developing countries but anti-TB medicines are 95 per cent effective in curing TB and cost as little as US$10 for a six-month course of treatment. The report cites the example of Peru, where high-level political commitment has produced one of the most successful TB control programmes in the world. On current trends, the number of new TB cases could be halved every ten years. Diagnosis and treatment are provided free of charge and low-income families receive food packages to encourage compliance with treatment. In general, elements of successful TB control include government commitment to sustained TB control, detection of TB cases through sputum smear microscopy among symptomatic people, regular and uninterrupted supply of high-quality anti-TB drugs, six to eight months of regularly-supervised treatment and reporting systems to monitor treatment progress and programme performance 2. Malaria. Malaria kills over 1 million people per year, mostly in Africa, most of them children. Women are especially vulnerable to malaria during pregnancy, when the disease can lead to life-threatening anaemia, miscarriages and the birth of premature, low birth-weight babies.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: 2015;119(6):683-93. Biodiversity and biotechnological applications of psychrotrophic microbes isolated from regions. EC Microbiol. 2017;1:48-54. Endophytic bacterial diversity in rice (Oryza sativa L. ) roots estimated by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Microb Ecol. 2008;55(3):415-24 Promoting Bacteria: Biodiversity and for Sustainable Agriculture. Microbiol. 2017;5(5):1-16. Hot springs of Indian Himalayas: Potential sources of microbial diversity and thermostable hydrolytic enzymes. 3 Biotech. 2017;7(2):1-11 Archaea endowed with plant growth promoting attributes. EC Microbiol. 2017;8(6):294-98 Paul D, Nair S. Stress adaptations in a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) with increasing salinity in the coastal agricultural soils. J Basic Microbiol. 2008;48(5):378-84. Haloarchaea endowed with phosphorus solubilization attribute implicated in phosphorus cycle. Sci Rep. 2015;5:12293. Cold active hydrolytic enzymes production by psychrotrophic Bacilli isolated from three sub-glacial lakes of NW Indian Himalayas. J Basic Microbiol. 2016;56:294-307 quality draft genome sequence of a plant growth promoting and Enzymes producing psychrotrophic Arthrobacter agilis strain L77. Sci. 2016;11(1):54. Extreme cold environments: A suitable niche for selection of novel psychrotrophic microbes for biotechnological applications. Microbiol. 2017;2(2):1-4. Cold-Important Microorganisms. In: Maheshwari D. (eds) Bacteria. Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. 2010;273-96 Lim J-H, Kim S-D. Induction of Resistance by Multi-licheniformis K11 in Pepper. J. 2013;29(2):201-8. from Cyanobacteria: Source for Products of Pharmaceutical Importance. In: (eds) Foods and Nutraceuticals. & Sons, USA. 2017;21-37. Beneficial microbiomes: Biodiversity and potential biotechnological applications for sustainable agriculture and human health.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: During this process in pluripotent stem cells, active genes exhibit diminishing suppressive chromatin marks, an increase in H3K4me3, gain of H3K36me3 within coding sequences of DNA, and contain that carries high Ser5 phosphorylation and low levels of Ser2 phosphorylation near promoter and within coding regions. Moreover, inactive genes show loss of active chromatin marks while retaining repressive ones, and in some cases gaining CpG methylation (mCpG). Specific differences occur in the chromatin states between pluripotent stem cells, progenitor cells and more differentiated cell types which include active, repressed and poised states of chromatin. Several lines of evidence suggest that priming in the poised state enables genes to respond rapidly when differentiation cues are presented [30]. For example, during neural induction, several hundred genes including those required to maintain stem cell-ness become de novo mCG and therefore transcriptionally silenced. Furthermore, the observation was made that neural precursors that are derived from ESCs acquired more mCG than terminal neurons, suggesting that the transition from pluripotent to lineage-committed cells is associated with these changes [17, 21, 101, 102]. Polycomb group proteins also appear to play a unique role in defining the progenitor or adult stem cell state. It has been shown that the PRC1 complex protein Bmi-1 activates multiple pathways that are important for regulating the stem cell-like state. For example, it has been shown that Bmi-1 is potentially upregulated via the pluripotent stem cell marker SALL4 signaling and has been shown to regulate stem cell self-renewal by repressing Hox genes, as well as INK4a locus genes, p16INK4a and p19ARF. BMI1 has also been shown to facilitate stem cell-like features in adult stem cells such as increased telomerase activity, transcriptional factor GATA3, and NF-kB pathways. These pathways are associated with the prevention of senescence, differentiation and apoptosis, while promoting immortalization and proliferation (for review see [103]). Advertisement 6. Epigenetic dysregulation in cancer stem cellsCancer stem/initiating cells (CSC) have been defined as a subset of cancer cells that have clonal ability or self-renewal and are resilient against cancer therapies [104, 105].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space tourism companies can operate without government regulation. [SEP] Text: and government agencies propose nuclear reactors for space 28 May 2021 The technologies could help the US monitor the region between Earth and the Moon. DOI: Content License::1945-0699 Topics: Politics & Policy Credit: DARPA/2018 at the Security Site, scientists finished tests of the first new US nuclear reactor design in about 40 years. That new device wasn’t a typical reactor. Called Kilopower, it was meant not for use on Earth but for use in space. For a total of 28 hours, the reactor core sustained a controlled chain reaction involving uranium-235. That fission generated approximately 3 to 4 kilowatts of thermal energy, which flowed through heat pipes and into an electricity-producing Stirling engine. Someday, such a system could power and propel spacecraft or keep the lights on in lunar or Martian habitats. That sort of nuclear electricity source would be a major advance; no one has launched a fission reactor since 1965. A series of federal policy declarations has helped revive research on those devices, and the possibility has caught the eye of the US (USSF). Eric Felt, space vehicles director at the (which supports both the air and space forces), spoke to on behalf of the space force’s interests. The branch, he says, is monitoring developments in space-based nuclear reactors but not yet funding them. The recently established branch has no immediate plans to use off-Earth nuclear reactors and hasn’t determined if or how space fission fits into its portfolio. Felt says both the technological and policy barriers have shrunk; the obstacle that remains is to find a goal that needs nuclear fission. One place where nuclear technology could fit is cislunar space—the expanse between Earth and the Moon. The region is set to grow more populated in the coming decades. “When there was nothing up there, we were not as concerned about it,” says Felt. But as new satellites, spacecraft, and space debris occupy the region, the space force wants to keep track of it all, deter and respond to threats, and deal with emergencies that may arise, such as astronaut rescue scenarios. “For example, if the SpaceX Starship propulsion were to fail during a return journey from the Moon to the Earth, and Japanese billionaire needed to be rescued, the USSF would use whatever capabilities we have to assist,” Felt says.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: Can soil microbes improve agricultural sustainability? Published: August 15, 2023 Synthetic fertilisers are currently necessary for producing enough food for the global population to survive, but they are known to contribute to greenhouse gas levels, contaminate water sources and increase soil acidity. in the US, Boyer is a biochemist working to find a more environmentally friendly solution. — a fertiliser containing living microorganisms that naturally supports nitrogen fixation Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) — the natural process of plants converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia Diazotrophs — bacteria and microorganisms that convert nitrogen gas to ammonia Intracellular — located or occurring within a cell Legume — a plant that has its seeds in a pod, such as a pea or bean NifA — a protein that activates the expression of nitrogenase NifL — a protein that inhibits the activity of NifA Nitrogenase — an enzyme of various nitrogen-fixing bacteria that catalyses nitrogen fixation Symbiosis — any type of interaction between two different organisms that benefits them both Nitrogen gas makes up 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere and is crucial for life on our planet. It is found in soil, plants, water and air, is a key building block for DNA and proteins, creates chlorophyll to help plants with photosynthesis, and helps turn the plants we grow into food we can eat. However, even though there is plenty of nitrogen gas available, it is not in a form that plants can make use of right away. Instead, it needs to be converted into nitrates, nitrites and ammonia, through a process that scientists call nitrogen fixation. This is just one part of the nitrogen cycle, which allows nitrogen to move from the atmosphere to the soil and back again. (Nate) Boyer is focused on the role nitrogen plays in agriculture. “Nitrogen is commonly a limiting nutrient in crop growth,” says Nate. This means that there is often not enough fixed nitrogen to allow crops to grow as much as they otherwise could. In the early 1990s, two German scientists, found a way to convert nitrogen in the air to ammonia and so create nitrogen fertiliser that would help plants to grow. With a current world population of over 8 billion, many farmers now rely on those fertilisers to help increase crop yields so that we have enough food to eat.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In this case, EZH2 was shown to target a pro-differentiation tumor suppressor gene, retinoic acid receptor β2 (RARβ2) [120], which is reduced or lost in many human malignancies. Advertisement 7. ConclusionThe pluripotent stem cells have a chromatin that is hyperdynamic, with a preponderance of modified histones and chromatin remodelers that ensures low-level transcription and tight regulation. Losing pluripotency is accompanied with a more compact, repressive, chromatin structure, which leads to cellular differentiation. Chromatin architecture is regulated at multiple levels in conjunction with known pluripotent genes to constitute an interwoven pluripotency network. Although there are many gaps in our knowledge of how epigenetic modifications regulate the pluripotent state, it is known that PcG repressor proteins prevent the precocious expression of lineage-restricted gene expression in pluripotent stem cells and germ cells by contributing to a unique ‘primed’ bivalent state of the chromatin. Future studies will provide mechanistic insights into the signaling cues required to maintain this state and inhibit differentiation while iPS cells and adult stem cells provide a renewed opportunity to study the role of chromatin architecture for controlling the pluripotent state. This will include understanding the mechanisms that interplay between pluripotent transcription factors, epigenetic regulators, and miRNAs to balance self-renewal and differentiation, properties which regulate reprogramming and carcinogenesis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space tourism companies can operate without government regulation. [SEP] Text: “Nuclear thermal propulsion produces higher specific impulse—aka ‘gas mileage’—than chemical propulsion,” says Greiner. “That allows nuclear thermal propulsion to do large maneuvers quicker than chemical propulsion. ” Felt has met with the DRACO team and agreed to consider partnering with DARPA to transition the technology to the space force once it’s mature. The caveat—as with the Kilopower project—is that the space force must first find a “killer app” for it, says Felt. “Maybe ‘raison d’être’ would be more accurate,” he adds. Political considerations Should that application be found in the cislunar domain or elsewhere, recent policy developments will smooth its trajectory. In 2019 the Trump administration published Presidential Memorandum–20, which governs the launch of space nuclear systems. It states that nuclear power doesn’t have to be essential to a mission in order to be greenlighted. “You don’t have to go get special presidential approval and prove there’s no other way to do it,” says Felt. “kind of joke with the team, ‘Just because somebody’s going to let you do it doesn’t mean you should. ’ ” The 2019 launch memorandum was followed in 2020 by a space policy directive laying out a national strategy for space nuclear power and propulsion and in January 2021 by an executive order promoting small modular reactors for space. DARPA plans to take DRACO for a first flight in 2025. The SpaceNukes engineers have their own launch ambitions but are also helping with DARPA’s program. Poston is drawing up reference designs for DRACO, and McClure is developing launch safety protocols. Nuclear reactors in space are not without hazards. Accidents involving nuclear reactors could put Earthlings at more risk than with conventional spacecraft. And any technology involving uranium could stir international objections, especially if it uses highly enriched uranium (HEU), as Kilopower does. “The problem with HEU is it’s weapons-grade material,” says McClure. “There’s always the concern that, if we lost it on launch, some bad person would recover it and do nefarious things.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: These fertilisers are a huge part of farming processes – in fact, it is estimated that 48% of the world’s population is fed by the increase in yield that has resulted from synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. This means that, in 2015, 3. 5 billion people would have died, or would not have been born in the first place, if it were not for the invention of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. So, what is wrong with synthetic nitrogen fertilisers? Unfortunately, synthetic nitrogen fertilisers cause nearly as many issues as they solve. Firstly, the process of creating these fertilisers is an extremely energy intensive one, which requires nitrogen gas to react with hydrogen under high temperatures and pressures. “This process is reliant upon fossil fuels, consuming more than 1% of our global energy supply annually, while contributing to greenhouse gas emissions,” says Nate. As well as this, unused nitrogen fertilisers can leak into the environment, upsetting the normal balance of the nitrogen cycle and having negative consequences. “With synthetic fertilisers, most of the nitrogen is applied early in the growing season, and more than half of applied nitrogen fertilisers are washed away or evaporate before they can be used by crops,” says Nate. “This contaminates local water supplies with fertiliser run-off and emits nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide. ” Fertiliser running off into nearby water sources has led to the creation of ‘dead-zones’ – areas where little to no aquatic life can survive. On top of all this, using synthetic nitrogen fertilisers over a long period of time can also limit future crops from growing on the same land, as nitrogen fertilisers make the soil too acidic. Is there another solution? Nate is looking for ways to increase the input of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to help mitigate these issues. BNF is a natural process where microbes known as diazotrophs use the enzyme nitrogenase to convert nitrogen gas to ammonia themselves. “BNF shifts the heavy lifting to diazotrophs that live directly on crop roots, supplying nitrogen when and where crops need it throughout the growing season,” says Nate. However, BNF is complex and only a select few organisms are capable of surviving on atmospheric nitrogen. As with the production of nitrogen fertilisers, BNF is a very high energy process.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 2008 Jul 1;14(13):4085-95. 109. Decreased expression of the human stem cell marker, Rex-1 (zfp-42), in renal cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis. 2006 Mar;27(3):499-507. 110. Ben- An embryonic stem cell-like gene expression signature in poorly differentiated aggressive human tumors. Nat Genet. 2008 May;40(5):499-507. 111. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 2007 Nov 30;131(5):861-72. 112. Yu J, Vodyanik M, Smuga-Otto K, Antosiewicz- Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science. 2007;318(5858):1917. 113. In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state. Nature. 2007 Jul 19;448(7151):318-24. 114. . Module map of stem cell genes guides creation of epithelial cancer stem cells. Cell. 2008 Apr 10;2(4):333-44. 115. Cancer-with Reprogramming to Stem Cells. Cancer Research. 2010;70(19):7662. 116. Butyrate greatly enhances derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by promoting epigenetic remodeling and the expression of pluripotency-associated genes. Stem Cells. 2010 Apr;28(4):713-20. 117. -Sinha C, Sanda MG, et al. The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Nature. 2002 Oct 10;419(6907):624-9. 118. de group gene Ezh2 prevents hematopoietic stem cell exhaustion. Blood. 2006 Mar 1;107(5):2170-9. 119. . Suz12 is essential for mouse development and for EZH2 histone methyltransferase activity. Embo J. 2004 Oct 13;23(20):4061-71. 120. . Genome-wide mapping of Polycomb target genes unravels their roles in cell fate transitions. Genes Dev. 2006 May 1;20(9):1123-36. 121.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Space tourism companies can operate without government regulation. [SEP] Text: The sex of each fly was determined by eye, and females that had been stored either alone, or with no males were collected. In a head-to-head comparison of typical manual virgin-collecting (picking at the beginning and end of the work day from five vials) versus MAPLE virgin-collecting, virgin females were procured at a rate of 1. 5/min (including the time needed to bring vials from the incubator, anesthetization, etc. ) and 4. 9/min using MAPLE (including the time to set up the pupa vial, load the dispenser, manually sex and sort the flies, etc. ) (Figure 4B). In the future, we anticipate MAPLE will be able to sex flies without human intervention using the high-resolution imaging module, further decreasing manual work required. MAPLE reveals persistent fly social interaction networks and their sensory basis Lastly, we set out to see if MAPLE could conduct experiments that would be difficult using traditional manual methods. Specifically, we set out to measure social interaction networks (SINs; Schneider et al. , 2012; Pasquaretta et al. , 2016) between pairs of flies, and then determine if measures of pair-wise affiliation are preserved on the timescale of days (Figure 5). It is known from group behavioral experiments that individuals spend more time interacting with specific other individuals (Simon et al. , 2012), and such interaction-based SINs remain stable over tens of minutes in fruit flies (Schneider et al. , 2012). In other species, such as the forked fungus beetle Bolitotherus cornutus, these dyadic interactions are stable for days (Formica et al. , 2017). Because it is challenging to perfectly maintain individual identity through experiments in which multiple individuals are in the same compartment and subsequently retrieved, stored and retested, it is unknown if dyad-specific affiliative measures are stable over longer periods of time in flies. To assess this we devised a new high-throughput assay to measure affiliative behavior between pairs of flies (Figure 5A,B). This consisted of a 9 × 9 array of adjacent, approximately semi-circular arenas separated by an interchangeable barrier. MAPLE can load individual flies into each arena-half using a multi-position loading port (Video 11).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Soil microbes can enhance plant health by competing with pathogens. [SEP] Text: “Nitrogenase is quickly destroyed in the presence of oxygen,” says Nate. “Therefore, diazotrophs need to maintain tight control of nitrogenase expression and activity in response to the presence of intracellular oxygen in addition to cellular energy and nitrogen conditions. ” Currently, BNF in agriculture is mostly limited to legumes, as these crops have developed a close symbiotic relationship with diazotrophs, and BNF is done by diazotrophs that the legumes house in their roots. “Diazotrophs infiltrate the roots of a legume and stimulate the formation of root nodules that create an oxygen barrier to provide a suitable environment for BNF,” says Nate. This allows BNF to take place in an area without oxygen, preventing the nitrogenase from being destroyed. BNF is beneficial for both the legume and the diazotrophs. “The legume provides carbon fixed through photosynthesis to the diazotrophs in exchange for some of the nitrogen fixed by the diazotrophs,” explains Nate. What about plants that are not legumes? “Some free-living diazotrophs have been demonstrated to supply nitrogen to non-legume plants,” says Nate. Free-living diazotrophs are microbes capable of supporting BNF without needing the help of another organism, such as the roots of a legume. Nate hopes to find out as much about these diazotrophs as possible so that he can develop a sustainable, environmentally friendly solution to supply nitrogen to crop plants while minimising the negative impacts of synthetic fertilisers. “Using synthetic biology to increase BNF activity in these free-living diazotrophs has the potential to generate enhanced biofertilisers that are compatible with a wide variety of crop plants,” Nate explains. What happens inside free-living diazotrophs? In some of these free-living diazotrophs, nitrogenase gene expression is controlled by the interaction of two proteins, NifL and NifA (‘Nif’ stands for nitrogen fixation). Download the 10.

Output: pass