Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: Investment costs(comparison with TPP Šoštanj 6) a 1000 EUR/MW(cheaper-use of existing components) 905 EUR/kW(cheaper) 750 EUR/kW(much cheaper) 1750 EUR/kW(slightly lower) Electricity price(comparison with TPP Šoštanj 6) b 50-60 EUR/MWh(lower, lignite price is the same 2,7 EUR/GJ) Dependent on fuel mix(lower) Natural gas price is 2,4 EUR/GJ(currently lower) 75 EUR/MW(approximately the same, dependent on energy mix) Emission estimation(compared with TPP Šoštanj 6) Approximately the same Lower (dependent on fuel mix) to zero Efficiency(compared with TPP Šoštanj 6) c 2%–3%(lower) 7%(higher) 13%(higher) Not comparable Use of local resources Yes (fossil) Yes (fossil and renewable) (renewable) investmentUse of lignite from a local mine Detachment to a single energy source Low investmentEasy to implement Low environmental impactSocial benefits (health and employment)Rural development a transitory solution Unfamiliarity with technology Volatile gas price Unreliability of wind and solarHard to implement a Investment costs of TPP Šoštanj 6 are 2000 EUR/MW. b Price of electricity produced in TPP Šoštanj 6 is evaluated on 70–80 EUR/MWh. c Efficiency of TPP Šoštanj 6 is 43%. As presented in Table I, all the proposed alternatives for electricity production in Slovenia are less expensive than the construction of the new lignite powered TPP Šoštanj. All of them also have lower (or app. the same) emissions by 2020. Alternative 1, 2, and 4 also enable the use of local renewable resources, which plays an especially important role in the transition to sustainable energy production and use. The most important finding is that all the studied alternatives enable softer transition to a sustainable future than the lignite-powered TPP Šoštanj 6 and the achievement of the 20/20/20 objectives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 0 Skip to content 0 Publications A-Z Journals A-and and Developmental BiologyChemical and and and Planetary SciencesEcology, Evolution, and SystematicsEconomicsEntomologyEnvironment and and TechnologyGeneticsGenomics and Human GeneticsImmunologyLaw and and P10. 1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105020 Copyright © 2021 by Annual Reviews. This work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this 10. 1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105020 2021-04-01 2024-10-08 Download as Powertext loading. . . /deliver/fulltext/publhealth/42/1/annurev-publhealth-012420-105020. html? itemId=/content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105020&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah 1. . 2020. Toxicomicrobiomics: the human microbiome versus pharmaceutical, dietary, and environmental xenobiotics. Front. Pharmacol. 11:390 [2. 2006. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N. Engl. J. Med. 355:763–78 [3. 2016. Associations of oral α-, β-, and γ-human papillomavirus types with risk of incident head and neck cancer. JAMA Oncol 2:599–606 [4. . 2012. Oral microbiome and oral and gastrointestinal cancer risk. Control 23:399–404 [5. 2013. Human gut microbiome and risk for colorectal cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 105:1907–11 [6. . 1995. Toward understanding the association of socioeconomic status and health: a new challenge for the biopsychosocial approach. Psychosom. Med. 57:213–25 [7. . 2009. Monitoring bacterial community of human gut microbiota reveals an increase in Lactobacillus in obese patients and Methanogens in anorexic patients. 4:e7125 [8. 2011.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 9. 6] [Analysis (0)] 57. Apostolou E, Hochedlinger K. Chromatin dynamics during cellular reprogramming. Nature. 2013;502:462-471. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 26. 4] [Analysis (0)] 58. . Lin28 modulates cell growth and associates with a subset of cell cycle regulator mRNAs in mouse embryonic stem cells. RNA. 2009;15:357-361. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 10. 6] [Analysis (0)] 59. el-. WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression. Cell. 1993;75:817-825. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 201. 8] [Analysis (0)] 60. . Promoting reprogramming by FGF2 reveals that the extracellular matrix is a barrier for reprogramming fibroblasts to pluripotency. Stem Cells. 2013;31:729-740. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 3. 6] [Analysis (0)] 61. . Conversion of ancestral fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells. 2010;28:213-220. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 62. . Senescence impairs successful reprogramming to pluripotent stem cells. Genes Dev. 2009;23:2134-2139. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 32. 2] [Analysis (0)] 63. ñamero. The Ink4/Arf locus is a barrier for iPS cell reprogramming. Nature. 2009;460:1136-1139. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 50. 0] [Analysis (0)] 64. . Immortalization eliminates a roadblock during cellular reprogramming into iPS cells. Nature. 2009;460:1145-1148. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 43. 5] [Analysis (0)] 65. ías. The metabolome of induced pluripotent stem cells reveals metabolic changes occurring in somatic cell reprogramming. Cell Res.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: The combination of various alternatives is also an interesting option, with the goal of reducing the need for a large TPP, reducing the environmental impact of energy production, and lowering investment costs. If the new wind power plants, small hydro, biogas plants, and solar power plants, for example, are built as presented in this paper, Slovenia could gain an additional 290 MW of RES power to the value of 510 × 106 euros, which could mean at least a reduction of TPP Šoštanj 6 output to the same level. With an average of 1. 75 × 106 euros per MW or approximately 250 000 euros less per MW than planned in TPP Šoštanj 6, this would be less capital-intensive and more environmentally friendly. However, this also means that Slovenia does not need new TPPs for the transitional period by 2025, because energy demand can be sufficiently and reliably covered with the existing TPPs, as their installed power is high enough and would be even higher if renovated. All the proposed alternatives also have lower investment costs than TPP Šoštanj 6. The lowest investment costs can be seen in alternative 3, followed by alternative 2 and alternative 1. Even alternative 4, a combination of various power plants powered by renewables, has more than 10% lower investment costs. In addition to the lower investment costs, alternative 1, 2, and 3 are also better from the perspective of operating costs that were, however, not studied in detail. The production costs of alternative 4 are highly dependent on the included renewables and local geographic specifics. As calculated, the evaluated production costs for alternative 4 would be approximately the same as TPP Šoštanj 6 production costs. However, the environmental impact of TPP Šoštanj 6 is much higher than the environmental impact of Alternative 4. Therefore, we believe external costs will have a significant influence on the future economics of TPP Šoštanj 6 when included in the production costs. The transition to renewable energy sources will undoubtedly take some time. At this point, it is most important that we understand how to integrate more sustainable systems that exploit renewable energy into the overall energy infrastructure. The costs of electricity produced from wind and solar sources will more likely continue to decline while the costs of fossil fuels will most likely continue to rise.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Effect of alcohol on the oral mucosa assessed by quantitative cytomorphometry. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 28:216–20 [78. O'. 1992. Candida albicans as a promoter of oral mucosal neoplasia. Carcinogenesis 13:783–86 [79. O' 2015. Fat, fibre and cancer risk in and rural Africans. Nat. Commun. 6:6342 [80. Olsen I, Yilmaz O. 2019. Possible role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in orodigestive cancers. J. Oral Microbiol. 11:1563410 [81. Parkin DM. 2006. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int. J. Cancer 118:3030–44 [82. . 2014. Microbial determinants of biochemical individuality and their impact on toxicology and pharmacology. 20:761–68 [83. . 1992. Longitudinal study of bone metabolism after ethanol withdrawal in alcoholic patients. J. Bone Miner. Res. 7:383–87 [84. Perera M, Al-. 2016. Emerging role of bacteria in oral carcinogenesis: a review with special reference to perio-pathogenic bacteria. J. Oral Microbiol. 8:32762 [85. 2016. The gut microbiome in conventional and serrated precursors of colorectal cancer. Microbiome 4:169 [86. -et al. 2018. A taxonomic signature of obesity in a large study of American adults. Sci. Rep. 8:9749 [87. 2017. Oral microbiome composition reflects prospective risk for esophageal cancers. 77:236777–87 [88. . 2003. Alcohol consumption increases periodontitis risk. J. Dent. Res. 82:509–13 [89. 2018. The pancreatic cancer microbiome promotes oncogenesis by induction of innate and adaptive immune suppression. 8:403–16 [90. 2012. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490:55–60 [91. Queipo-Ortuño MI, Boto-Ordóñez M, Murri M, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Clemente-et al. 2012.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Tang Y, Tian XC. JAK-STAT3 and somatic cell reprogramming. . 2013;2:e24935. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 2. 5] [Analysis (0)] 75. Yang J, van. Stat3 activation is limiting for reprogramming to ground state pluripotency. Cell. 2010;7:319-328. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 13. 9] [Analysis (0)] 76. . Stage-specific regulation of reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells by Wnt signaling and T cell factor proteins. Cell Rep. 2013;3:2113-2126. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 5. 8] [Analysis (0)] 77. van. Nanog is the gateway to the pluripotent ground state. Cell. 2009;138:722-737. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 50. 9] [Analysis (0)] 78. . Highly coordinated proteome dynamics during reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. Cell Rep. 2012;2:1579-1592. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 18. 1] [Analysis (0)] 79. . A molecular roadmap of reprogramming somatic cells into iPS cells. Cell. 2012;151:1617-1632. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 54. 7] [Analysis (0)] 80. . Sequential expression of pluripotency markers during direct reprogramming of mouse somatic cells. Cell. 2008;2:151-159. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 37. 6] [Analysis (0)] 81. . A late transition in somatic cell reprogramming requires regulators distinct from the pluripotency network. Cell. 2012;11:769-782. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 11. 1] [Analysis (0)] 82. -Zalcenstein D, Maza I. The H3K27 demethylase Utx regulates somatic and germ cell epigenetic reprogramming. Nature. 2012;488:409-413.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: These price changes have already been clearly visible since 2010, a period in which we have witnessed a huge decrease in the investment costs of solar and wind energy production equipment and a large increase in fossil fuel prices. At some point, renewables will be the cheaper source of power generation, which means that now is the time to ascertain how to integrate them into the grid and establish which storage solutions will set us on the path to reliable and secure all-day, year-round power supply. V. examined and presented in the paper, there are many alternatives to the current energy strategy. The research has shown that some of the alternatives are much more appropriate from the environmental perspective, since they produce fewer GHG emissions, require smaller use of imported fossil fuels and enable the increased use of local renewable resources. The short-term losses of electricity that could result from the proposed transition to more sustainable energy production and consumption should be replaced with possible short-term energy imports or less exports. We evaluate that the short term importing of energy is, due to reduced energy use, possible and rational. More sustainable energy production and use has other benefits as well, such as lower environmental costs, less pollution, smaller penalties for failure to meet the Kyoto targets, the achievement of 20/20/20 objectives, additional income from the sale of emission allowances, the use of local resources, sustainable economic and social development, etc. As calculated in the paper, if TPP Šoštanj 6 were not realized, the reduction of GHG emissions that Slovenia could reach with the implementation of the proposed energy policy is estimated at 1. 7 × 106 tons of CO2eqv per year over the next 44 years. The calculation has also shown that the estimated energy production in the existing blocks of TPP Šoštanj and the new block (TPP Šoštanj 6) by 2020 is approximately the same. This means that the Slovenian energy sector would remain self-sufficient also if the proposed energy strategy were applied, but at lower cost and with fewer environmental constraints. Another of the presented calculations has shown that TPP Šoštanj operating at its current capacities with existing block 4 and 5 would produce 43 TWh of energy and 50. 5 × 106 tons of CO2eqv emissions by 2025. The construction of TPP Šoštanj 6 would increase production to 52 TWh of energy by 2025 and result in 49.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Socioeconomic status, race, and mortality: a prospective cohort study. Am. J. 104:e98–107 [106. . 2010. Drinking habits are associated with changes in the dental plaque microbial community. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48:347–56 [107. Singh RK, Chang H- 2017. Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J. Transl. Med. 15:73 [108. Soliman GA. 2019. Dietary fiber, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients 11:1155 [109. . 2014. Starving our microbial self: the deleterious consequences of a diet deficient in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates. 20:779–86 [110. Sopori M. 2002. Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2:372–77 [111. . 2016. The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 14:273–87 [112. 2016. Innate immunity and asthma risk in Amish and Hutterite farm children. N. Engl. J. Med. 375:411–21 [113. . 1997. Role of CYP3A4 in human hepatic diltiazem N-demethylation: inhibition of CYP3A4 activity by oxidized diltiazem metabolites. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282:294–300 [114. Szabo G. 1999. Consequences of alcohol consumption on host defence. 34:830–41 [115. . 1996. Regulation of human monocyte functions by acute ethanol treatment: decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and elevated interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-beta production. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 20:900–7 [116. 2014. Fusobacterium in colonic flora and molecular features of colorectal carcinoma. 74:1311–18 [117. 2016. Bacterial diversity in saliva and oral health-related conditions: the Hisayama Study. Sci. Rep. 6:22164 [118. Tap J, Furet J- 2015.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 22. 3] [Analysis (0)] 83. Plath K, Lowry WE. Progress in understanding reprogramming to the induced pluripotent state. Genet. 2011;12:253-265. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 16. 0] [Analysis (0)] 84. Nichols J, Smith A. Naive and primed pluripotent states. Cell. 2009;4:487-492. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 87. 5] [Analysis (0)] 85. -. Derivation of novel human ground state naive pluripotent stem cells. Nature. 2013;504:282-286. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 71. 7] [Analysis (0)] 86. Chang KH, Li M. Clonal isolation of an intermediate pluripotent stem cell state. Stem Cells. 2013;31:918-927. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 2. 1] [Analysis (0)] 87. . Novel cell lines isolated from mES cells exhibiting de novo methylation of the E-cadherin promoter. CMB. 2014;In press. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 88. Smith AG. Embryo-derived stem cells: of mice and men. Biol. 2001;17:435-462. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 38. 2] [Analysis (0)] 89. Huangfu D, Induction of pluripotent stem cells by defined factors is greatly improved by small-molecule compounds. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26:79-797. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 73. 9] [Analysis (0)] 90. Ichida JK, A small-molecule inhibitor of Tgf-β signaling replaces Sox2 in reprogramming by inducing Nanog. Cell. 2009;5:491-503. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 91. Lyssiotis CA, Reprogramming of murine fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells with chemical complementation of Klf4. Acad Sci.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: 5 × 106 tons of CO2eqv emissions. Thus, the difference in the amount of CO2eqv emissions is only 1 × 106 ton. However, the total costs for allowances are much lower if the proposed energy strategy is realised without TPP Šoštanj 6, because Slovenia can sell it after 2025 when block 5 ceases operations. This means that we have discredited the argument that TPP Šoštanj 6 will reduce GHG emissions concerning lignite combustion by 30%, as presented in TPP Šoštanj 6 documentation. The annual level of GHG emissions will be lower, but the total GHG emissions will be much higher, because TPP Šoštanj 6 would be operating for a much longer period and with higher installed power (from 2020 to 2025 - after closure of block 4). The gap in energy production should be filled with other RES, as proposed. We ascertained that this is the result of (1) the closure of some of the existing blocks of the existing TPP Šoštanj and (2) the annual reduction of TPP Šoštanj 5 emissions (387 MW or approximately 435 MW after reconstruction) after 2020, as they would annually be 0. 8 × 106 tons lower than the emissions of the new TPP Šoštanj 6. However, approximately 9 TWh less energy is produced without TPP Šoštanj 6. This gap should be filled with other RES, as proposed. In this paper, we have demonstrated that the competitive possibilities for investing in more sustainable renewables exist in Slovenia, mainly in the form of hydro PPs. From the trapezoidal energy consumption aspect, pump-storage hydro PPs are the most suitable, while small hydro PPs are the most suitable from the environmental and social point of view. In other words, the latter impact minimally on the environment and facilitate the development of rural areas alongside the exploitation of unused water sources. However, large hydro PPs still remain the largest energy producers from RES in Slovenia. Moreover, this paper has proven that if the output of the new large hydro PP and gas-steam PP is added, the new TPP Šoštanj block is unnecessary and inadequate from the environmental, economic and social perspectives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105020 dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution 4 4 1. . 2020. Toxicomicrobiomics: the human microbiome versus pharmaceutical, dietary, and environmental xenobiotics. Front. Pharmacol. 11:390 [2. 2006. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N. Engl. J. Med. 355:763–78 [3. 2016. Associations of oral α-, β-, and γ-human papillomavirus types with risk of incident head and neck cancer. JAMA Oncol 2:599–606 [4. . 2012. Oral microbiome and oral and gastrointestinal cancer risk. Control 23:399–404 [5. 2013. Human gut microbiome and risk for colorectal cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 105:1907–11 [6. . 1995. Toward understanding the association of socioeconomic status and health: a new challenge for the biopsychosocial approach. Psychosom. Med. 57:213–25 [7. . 2009. Monitoring bacterial community of human gut microbiota reveals an increase in Lactobacillus in obese patients and Methanogens in anorexic patients. 4:e7125 [8. 2011. Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 343:d6617 [9. 2019. The fungal mycobiome promotes pancreatic oncogenesis via MBL activation. Nature 574:264–67 [10. Bäckhed 2004. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. PNAS 101:15718–23 [11. . 2013. Periodontitis: a host-mediated disruption of microbial homeostasis. Unlearning learned concepts. Periodontol 2000. 62:203–17 [12. Berrington de 2010. Body-mass index and mortality among 1. 46 million white adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 363:2211–19 [13. Blaser MJ.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/55983 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation by From the by and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionIn general stem cells have to fulfill two characteristics: self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into different cell/tissue types. Depending on their limitations in differentiation (pluripotent vs. multipotent) stem cells can be divided in embryonic or adult stem cells, depending on their limitations in differentiation [1]. This 2. Induced pluripotent stem cellsIt was recently discovered that a terminally differentiated cell could be reprogrammed into an ESC-like cell using four transcription factors. Having pluripotent characteristics, these iPSCs are capable of becoming one of more than 200 cell types [12].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: It is also socially inappropriate, as there is much more scope for new jobs in the renewable energy industry than in the coal industry and the use of RES can minimize or even completely solve the social and societal issues of the Šaleška Valley. We can conclude that the development and transition of the Slovenian energy industry into a more sustainable one is cost competitive and sensible. At a time when we are beginning to fully grasp the global environmental constraints, we are still basing our development on a quantitative increase in the use of raw materials and energy. We have to move away from restrictive assumptions and change our patterns of thinking with regard to the energy sector and to our everyday lives, as this is the only way to a sustainable energy policy. A fundamental change is needed in the mindsets of the energy policy planners as well as of the public. Therefore, energy policy development and energy consumption should be founded on the promotion of reduced and efficient use of energy and on the awareness that increasing consumption will undoubtedly exceed sustainable development. 1. Office, (Office, Ljubljana, 2009). 2. and Projections in Europe 2007 – Country Profile; Slovenia (EEA, 2007), 39. 3. Ministry of the (Ministry of the Economy, Ljubljana, 2010), 82. 4. Institute of Jožef Štefan (IJŠ), Program - 2010 Long-Balance 2010 to 2030 (Ministry of the Economy, Ljubljana, 2010), 188. 5. Y. Kaya and K. Yokobory, Environment, Energy and Economy – Strategies for Sustainability (University Press, Tokyo, 1997). 6. C. Cormio, M. Dicorato, A. Minoia, and M. Trovato, “A regional energy planning methodology including renewable energy sources and environmental constrains,” Energy Rev. 7, 99–130 (2003). 7. T. Wehnert, J. P. J. P. L. Araguás, O. Bernardini, L. Jaworski, B. H. Jørgensen, W. Jörß, O. Nielsen, A. Ninni, A. Oniszk-Poplawska, and D. Velte, Futures 2030 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2007). 8. N.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Phosphorus availability influences disease-suppressive soil microbiome through plant-microbe interactions access Published: 28 September 2024 Phosphorus availability influences disease-suppressive soil microbiome through plant-microbe interactions Yifan Cao1 na1, Zongzhuan Shen1 na1, Na Zhang1, Xuhui Deng1, Linda S. Thomashow2, Ian Lidbury3, Hongjun Liu1, Rong Li1, Qirong Shen1 & …George A. Kowalchuk4 Show authors Microbiome 15. 4 °C and an average annual precipitation of about 1106 mm. The soil is developed from a loess parent material with a clay loam texture and is classified as moisture soil. The trial was carried out in a greenhouse previously dedicated to the cultivation of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum Mill. cv. Shijihongguan) afflicted by bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum. Four distinct fertilization treatments were implemented: (1) CK — no fertilizer applied, (2) CF — application of chemical fertilizer, (3) OF — application of organic fertilizer, and (4) BF — application of bio-organic fertilizer. The latter three treatments were adjusted to an equivalent amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium using chemical fertilizer. The experiment employed a completely random block design, with three replication plots designated for each treatment a total of 12 plots. Each plot covered an area of approximately 8 m2, accommodating 40 tomato plants. Two tomato planting seasons occurred annually from March 2013 to July 2019. The spring season was from March to June, while the autumn season was from August to November. Over the course of 13 consecutive seasons, only the spring seasons were sampled, with the first season excluded due to the absence of bacterial wilt outbreaks across all four treatments. Approximately 2-month post-transplantation of tomato seedlings to the field, the recording of disease incidence in each plot commenced. Plants displaying typical symptoms of bacterial wilt were identified as diseased and recorded until the end of the tomato harvest. Disease incidence was calculated as the number of diseased tomato plants in a plot divided by the total number of tomato plants in that plot. Soil samples were collected at the time of tomato harvest, with a portion sieved through a 20-mm mesh for nutrient property determination.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In order to be consider ESCs, they must fulfill certain criteria: (1) to express pluripotency factors such as Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and SSEA1, however this criteria only apply for mouse ESCs, since in human 3 and SSEA4 are expressed in stead however this criteria only apply for mouse ESCs, since in human 3 and SSEA4 are expressed in stead (2) in female cells there must be the reactivation of the inactive X chromosome, (3) they should be able to differentiate into the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm) and in the case of mouse, be able to generate chimeras upon blastocyst implantation and pass through germline [13]. Takahashi and Yamanaka (2006) were the first that found a way to circumvent two of the most important drawbacks when using ESCs related to immune rejection and ethical. In their study they first hypothesized that the factors that play a role in maintaining ESC pluripotency could potentially turn somatic cells back into a pluripotent state. Starting with 24 candidate genes known to be involved in pluripotency and a herculean combinatorial effort they reduced this original 24 down to four factors: Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2, and c-Myc able to reprogram mouse fibroblasts into an ESC-like state. Yamanaka and colleagues also reported the same results one year later for the human (2007) when using this same combination of factors [14]. After the four factor derivation of the iPSCs, much interest was focused on the process of somatic cell reprogramming. Although still not well understood, Scheper and Copray (2009) proposed one approach that divided reprogramming in two broad stages. First Oct4 and Sox2 repressed genes associated with the host cell lineage and reset the epigenome of the cell towards a permissive chromatin mode putting the cell in an embryonic-like state. The second stage allowed the reprogramming factors to reactivate the endogenous autoregulatory loop that triggers the pluripotency transcriptional network [6] (Figure 1). Figure 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: Smrekar-Iskrič and L. Dakić, “Do not even thing about increasing electricity price,” Finance 19, 2–3 (2013). 22. J. Likar, “Coal will be more expensive,” Finance - 14, 13 (2013). 23. See for Why is there no lignite market? 24. S. Malovrh, J. Blavdaž, and V. Kovačič, in the Past (Delo, 2011). 25. E. Primorska, in Renewable in Slovenia (Elektro Primorska, Koper, 2010). 26. M. Obrecht, “Study of factors in sustainable energy development modeling,” Ph. D. dissertation (University of Maribor, 2013). 27. M. Obrecht, M. Denac, P. Furjan, and M. Delčnjak, in Evaluation and Analysis of in Slovenia and Examination with : Proceedings of the 2011, Linköping, Sweden, 8–13 May 2011. CrossrefSearch ADS 28. D. Raner and D. Žebeljan, “Hydropower as a strategic advantage of Slovenia,” in RES in Slovenia (Fit media, Celje, 2009), 36. 29. A. Žumbar, of Small Hydro-Plants (Energetika. NET, 2006). 30. M. Obrecht and M. Denac, “Biogas - A sustainable energy source: New possibilities and measures for Slovenia,” J. Energy Technol. 4, 11–24 (2011); online at 31. LandesEnergieVerein, in Styria and Slovenia (LEA, 2003). 32. See for geographic information system for RES. 33. TPPŠ, Data on Emissions of (TPPŠ, 2011). 34. Industry of Serbia, Strategic and of the Industry of Serbia (Industry of Serbia, Belgrade, 2011). 35. M. Tomšič, State of the Technique of Plants and Fuel (Energetika. NET, 2010). 36. See for energy & oil prices. 37. Elektrarne (HSE), Data and News about Hydro-(Elektrarne, Ljubljana, 2011).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Tomatoes were cultivated for 3 months per season, adhering to standard agronomic management practices, except for variations in the fertilizer managements. Basic information of tested soil, tomato cultivar, and pathogen in pot experimentThe soil with low phosphate availability used in our pot experiments was collected from a poplar plantation located in (119° 36′E, 33° 21′N). The collected soil represents a typical fluvo-aquic soil, with the following characteristics: organic matter content of 8. 75 g kg−1, available phosphorus content of 10 mg kg−1, total nitrogen content of 0. 49 g kg−1, and available potassium content of 223 mg kg−1. The tomato cultivar 'Micro-Tom' (Solanum lycopersicum L. ) was selected for this study. Tomato seeds were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 1 min and then soaked in 1% NaClO for 10 min, after which they were rinsed five times with sterile water. Tomato seeds were germinated on moist filter paper in petri dishes for three days at 30 °C. Budded seeds were sown in sterilized commercial nursery substrate (Technology Co. , Ltd. , Jiangsu, China) and then incubated to the two-leaf stage before being transplanted into pots. Plant growth conditions consisted of 14-h light and 10-h dark at 28 °C. R. solanacearum strain QL-Rs1115 (GenBank accession GU390462) was used as a model soil-borne pathogen. The stain was isolated and stored in our laboratory. The pathogen suspension was prepared according to a previous method [26]. R. solanacearum was grown in (NB) medium (glucose 10. 0 g L−1, peptone 5. 0 g L−1, yeast extract 0. 5 g L−1, beef extract 3. 0 g L−1) at 30 °C for 2 days with shaking at 170 rpm. The culture was then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 8 min, and the resulting cell pellet was resuspended in sterile water. The final density of the prepared R. solanacearum inoculation was 1 × 108 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Two state process for reprogramming somatic cells (Adapted from 6)After the first proposed cocktail to reprogram differentiated cells into iPSCs, many researchers started to ask the question of how these factors were interacting in order to modify existing epigenetic marks and return to a pluripotent state. To date it has been reported that differentiated cells have been successfully reprogrammed by substituting some of the factors such as Klf4 or c-Myc with other transcription factors such as Nanog or Lin28 or molecules (valproic acid or Wnt ligand). It tells us that there are different pathways involved in this process and that epigenetic enzymes are being activated in every case [9] all to one endpoint of pluripotency. Waddington referred to epigenetics for the first time as genetic interactions that can affect the phenotype. Later, he proposed a model based on how cells followed a developmental differentiation path much like traveling down a series of canals that start from a fertilized totipotent embryo and ending up as a specific lineage committed cell [15]. In this model, cells committed to a specific lineage cannot be recommitted to another lineage or canal. However, with the recent milestone of iPSC generation, Yamanaka suggested that cells could be pushed back up the canal towards the pluripotent state. During reprogramming, cells can experience other events. They can be stopped by some epigenetic bump and remain incompletely reprogrammed. In this situation cells return to their specific lineage or transition to another lineage. Finally, instead of moving they can undergo apoptosis or cellular senescence. This model proposed by Yamanaka (2009) is known as the stochastic model of iPSC generation [16] (Figure 2). Since the development of iPSCs, many researchers have focused their attention on the epigenetics changes that iPSCs acquire, together with the chromatin dynamics that occurs during cellular reprogramming. It has been already proposed that one way to ease cell destiny is by having less lineage epigenetic patterns [17]. The most used protocol for the production of iPSCs is the one that involves the application of the four transcription factors previously described by Yamanaka (2006) [15]. Thus initial studies have focused on how these four factors worked together to initiate the reprogramming cascade.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture will always have a smaller carbon footprint than other structures. [SEP] Text: The primary endpoints for 96 percent of the pivotal trials for precision medicines were surrogate measures, compared to 49 percent of the trials for nonprecision medicines. In sensitivity analyses, similar results (presented in 4. 83—c6. 74—c5. 10—c8. 03—c Development time (years)****4. 16—c6. 07—c4. 75—c7. 35—c Review time (months)****7. 25—c10. 00—c6. 67—c11. 10—cNumber of pivotal efficacy trials supporting approvalb **2—c1—c1—c2—cProportion of total participants receiving treatmentb ****1. 00—c0. 66—c0. 67—c0. 62—cBreakthrough (n = 38)Non-breakthrough (n = 36)Breakthrough (n = 37)Non-breakthrough (n = 244)Pivotal trial characteristicsdNo. %No. %No. %No. %Number of participants enrolledb ****267—c315—c185—c615—cNumber of participants in treatment armsb ****234—c196—c124—c393—cProportion of participants in treatment armsb ****1. 00—c0. 66—c0. 67—c0. 66—cNumber of armsb ****2—c2—c2—c3—cPhase**** I, I/II, or II1437261643146 II/III or III24633494215723094Blinding**** Double14372672205421186 Single00000052 None (open label)2463102817462811Randomization**** Randomized26683186277323898 Nonrandomized1232514102762Comparator**** Activee61613367196928 Placebo10261850184916869 Neither2258514123273Endpoint**** Clinical outcome00386168133 Clinical scale00008224820 Surrogate measure381003392236211547 ’ analysis of data from Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA (see note 28 in text). trials are those relied on for the approval decision. Significance refers to differences among all four categories of precision and nonprecision medicines within a group of product or pivotal trial characteristics. Percentages might not sum to 100 because of rounding.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Greenhouse experiment design examining soil microbial functions in relation to disease suppressionWe aimed to investigate how soil microbial functions potentially related to disease suppression responded to varying levels of phosphorus. A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of University, Nanjing, China (118. 847 °E, 32. 036 °N). The experiment included six treatments and a control. The six treatments were as follows: (1) AP, soil amended with calcium superphosphate as a source of relatively available phosphorus; (2) UP, soil amended with calcium phosphate as a source of relatively unavailable phosphorus; (3) −P: soil without application of external phosphorus supply; (4) AP+RS, AP with pathogen inoculation; (5) UP+RS, UP with pathogen inoculation; and (6) −P+RS, −P with pathogen inoculation. The control (CK) treatment consisted of soil without any fertilization or pathogen inoculation. The total phosphorus input was kept consistent across the +RS, and UP+RS treatments. Each treatment had six replicates, with each replicate containing three tomato seedlings in three pots filled with 500 g of the test soil. The pots were arranged using a completely randomized block design. The phosphorus stress gradient in the soil was created by the application of calcium superphosphate (AP, AP+RS), calcium phosphate (UP, UP+RS), and the absence of any phosphorus fertilizer (−P, −P+RS). Urea and potassium sulfate were provided as nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in all treatments except the control (CK), and phosphorus fertilizers were applied according to the experimental design (Table S1). Prior to the second season, approximately half of the initial fertilizer amount was replenished to compensate for the nutrient loss after harvest. Tomato plants in the AP+RS, UP+RS, and −P+RS treatments were inoculated with R. solanacearum at a density of 1 × 107 CFU g−1 soil, 3 days after transplanting. The pathogen was subsequently added two additional times, once at the flowering stage and once at the fruiting stage. For treatments without pathogen inoculation, an equal volume of sterilized water was provided. The experiment was repeated twice. The first season started on October 22, 2020, and ended on January 13, 2021, and the second season started on March 21, 2021, and ended on June 12, 2021.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In this regard it has been proposed that Oct4 and Sox2 are totally indispensable for reprogramming while Klf4 and c-Myc enhance the efficiency and alter the structure of the chromatin to enable Oct4 and Sox2 to target more genes that are important for pluripotency [15]. Figure 2. Stochastic model for iPSC generation. All of the cells initiate reprogramming, but only a few can achieve complete reprogramming. (Adapted from 16)Finally, it is crucial to find the best method of reprogramming in order to approximate ESCs as much as possible. For this purpose, there are several variables that have to be taken into consideration in order to have reproducible and efficient reprogramming. First is the selection of reprogramming factors where the combination (and efficiency) can vary depending on the cell type. Second is the type of method used for factor delivery, be it viral vectors, RNA, protein, or small molecules, among others. Third is the selection of cell type, since the efficiency and kinetics reprogramming changes between cell types. Understanding how reprogramming factors coordinate the cascade to orchestrate reprogramming means it is important to know the right timing and stoichiometry for optimal reprogramming. Culture environment likewise is very important. Finally the selection of a method to identify and characterize iPSCs is very critical (Figure 3) [18]. Advertisement 3. EpigeneticsEpigenetics is defined in general as heritable changes in gene expression that do not affect DNA-sequence [19, 20]. In the nucleus DNA is wrapped into a protein complex known as chromatin. This protein complex, known as the nucleosome, is formed by proteins called histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) (Figure 4) [21] into a structure resembling beads on a string. Histone H1 in turn play a role in assembling higher order chromatin structure by interacting with the “inter-bead” regions of chromation. Via changes in histone post-translational modifications (acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation), chromatin becomes very dynamic, controlling the expression or repression of specific genes in specific cells, as well as during the cell cycle or in response to environmental cues.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Green buildings require no maintenance once constructed. [SEP] Text: ASTM reserves the right to terminate this License, upon written notice, if Licensee materially breaches the terms of this Agreement. fails to pay ASTM any license or subscription fees when due, ASTM will provide the Licensee with a 30-day period within which to cure such breach. No cure period will be provided for material breaches relating to violations of Section 3 or any other breach likely to cause ASTM irreparable harm. If Licensee's subscription to an ASTM Product terminates, further access to the online database will be denied. or materially breach this License or make prohibited uses of material in any reserves the right to deny Licensee any access to the ASTM Product, in ASTM's sole discretion. 6. and Service. A. use standard Internet HTML format. ASTM reserves the right to change such format upon three [3] months' notice to Licensee, although ASTM will make reasonable efforts to use commonly available formats. and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Soil sampling and DNA extractionSoil sampling was conducted 80 days after tomato transplantation. Soils were collected from each pot at five different points and then combined to obtain a bulk soil sample. Soil loosely attached to the plant roots was removed by manually shaking, and the soil that remained tightly adhered to the roots was considered the rhizosphere compartment. The roots were submerged in sterilized water and shaken at 170 rpm for 30 min at 30 °C. The resulting soil suspension was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min to collect the rhizosphere soils. The rhizosphere soils from three plants within one replicate were combined to form a single sample (n = 6 in total). A portion of the bulk soil was air-dried for soil chemical property assessment. Soil samples were stored at −80 °C for subsequent microbial community analysis, with a portion of the rhizosphere soil was preserved in glycerol for the culture-dependent analysis. Soil genomic DNA was extracted from 0. 3 g of soil using the DNeasy® PowerSoil® Kit () following the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA extracts were quantified using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (ND2000, ). Quantitative PCR of R. solanacearum and functional genesThe R. solanacearum abundance was determined by targeting the fliC gene [27]. Microbial genes related to disease suppression, including hcnAB, and phlD, were determined with the primer sets A3F/A7R [28], KS2F/KS2 [29], PM2/PM7-26R [21], and BPF2/BPR4 [21], respectively. For relative quantification, the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, as amplified by the primer pair of F515/R907, was used as a reference gene as previously described [30]. The detailed information describing the primers used is given in Table S2. Quantitative gene abundance was defined as the proportion of target gene abundance to 16S rRNA gene abundance. Mathematical model ΔΔCt was used in relative quantification data processing [31]. All qPCR amplifications were performed using a QuantStudio™ 6 Flex Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: However, the purpose of UHRF is not to repress transcription, but actually to aid DMNT, especially during DNA replication, in order to conserve and maintain the DNA methylation [46]. Figure 8. Active and passive DNA methylation mechanism (Adapted from 1)DNA methylation can be achieved via two mechanisms, either actively or passively (Figure 8). Passive demethylation involves the inhibition of the DMNT protein during DNA replication and allows for newly synthesized cytosine to escape methyl imprinting from its parent DNA strand. This process usually occurs during cellular replication. Active demethylation can occur in both dividing and non-dividing cells [47]. Currently, there is no known enzyme that is able to remove the strong covalent bond of the methyl group from the cytosine residue. Instead, the methylated cytosine is thought to undergo a series of further modifications (AID/) that ultimately change the 5mC into a thymine [48]. This elicits a base mismatch and activates the base excision repair pathway to replace the residue with a naked cytosine. Another proposed demethylation pathway involves the use of the ten-eleven translocation (Tet) enzymes. This family of proteins are able to add a hydroxyl group onto the methyl moiety of 5mC to form 5hmC. Once in this state, 5hmC can return to an unmodified cytosine residue through either further oxidation by Tet enzymes or deamination by AID/. Unlike the deacetylation and demethylation of histones, DNA demethylation is much more complex and involves a number of enzymatic processes which has contributed to the great deal of debate about which pathway is more dominant [50]. Advertisement 5. Epigenetic reprogrammingIn order to understand the interactions and mechanisms involved in reprogramming a differentiated cell into an iPSC, a great effort has been made to study the ESC pluripotent state, in particular the means by which pluripotency transcription factors interact with each other or with other proteins such as chromatin remodeling enzymes and histone modifying enzymes. Moreover researchers have focused on finding the networks in iPSCs once the endogenous pluripotency factors have been activated by the exogenous Yamanaka factors [13].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can help diagnose diseases by analyzing medical images. [SEP] Text: PresepsinPresepsin is a soluble fragment of the cluster of differentiation marker protein 14 (CD 14) involved in pathogen recognition by innate immunity [30]. Presepsin is emerging as a novel circulating biomarker of sepsis as it should be used for accurate and timely prediction of abnormal host response at an early stage thus allowing a safe treatment of patients and, similar to PCT, may be suited for monitoring appropriate antibiotic therapy [30, 31]. According to recent studies, the measurement of presepsin levels provides independent diagnostic and prognostic information in patients with sepsis and septic shock during the first week of intensive care treatment [32]. In particular, the diagnostic capacity to diagnose severe sepsis and septic shock at days 1, 3 and 8 in patients admitted to an ICU was very high (range of diagnostic area under the curves 0. 72–0. 84). Also in the long term, presepsin levels provided significant prognostic information for 30 days and 6 months all-cause of mortality [33]. Proadrenomedullin – a prognostic marker that may improve site of care decisionsAcute disease often leads to an inflammatory host response in patients characterized by the release of different active cytokines and hormone-like peptides into the blood stream. Among them, ProADM is the most potent vasodilator and becomes upregulated in inflammatory and infectious conditions. It belongs to the calcitonin peptide superfamily and is ubiquitously expressed in the body including sepsis, respiratory infections and pneumonia, and also heart failure and myocardial infarction [34, 35]. Importantly, ProADM has been shown to improve clinical pneumonia risk scores [36], and in a pilot intervention study, tended to decrease in length of stay without increased risk for readmissions by improving physicians admission and early discharge decisions [37]. Endothelial markers – mirror to the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms? The endothelium is an important component for the host reaction to acute disease. Endothelial dysfunction during sepsis and its association with adverse outcomes has been found to be an important contributor to sepsis morbidity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: PCR reaction for each sample (10 μL) contained 5 μL of TB Green™ Taq™ (RR420A, TaKaRa), 0. 2 μL of each primer (10 μM), 1-μL DNA template, 0. 1-μL bovine serum albumin (10 μg μL−1), and 3. 5-μL ddH2O. All qPCR amplifications were performed with an initial denaturation at 95 °C for 2 min, then 40 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 s, annealing at 58 °C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 30 s. All analyses were performed in duplicate, resulting in a total 12 parallel reactions for each treatment. The results were expressed as log2 fold change values (log FC) relative to the CK treatment. 16S rRNA gene and ITS amplicon sequencing and data processingBacterial and fungal sequencing libraries were amplified using the V4–V5 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene (515F/907R) and the fungal ITS region (ITS5-1737F/ITS2-2043R) (Table S3). PCR utilized the following thermocycling program: 5 min at 94 °C for initialization, 30 cycles of 30-s denaturation at 94 °C, 30-s annealing at 52 °C, and 30-s extension at 72 °C. The constructed libraries were sequenced using an Illumina Nova6000 platform (Biotechnology Co. , Ltd. Guangzhou, China). Raw sequences were processed according to the procedure of v. 9. 1. 1354, using a 2 algorithm to obtain zOTU table. The taxonomy predictions were made using the “sintax” command with a bootstrap confidence threshold of 0. 6, based on the silva_16s_v123 and UNITE 8. 2 databases [32,33,34]. Soil nutrient contents determinationSoil nutrient contents, such as organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium, were quantified using established methods [35, 36]. In brief, soil organic matter content was determined using the potassium dichromate-volumetric method. Total nitrogen content was measured using an element analyzer. Available potassium was assessed by extraction with ammonium acetate solution and quantification using a flame photometer.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Understanding the interactions between the core pluripotency transcription factors and the previously mentioned epigenetic enzymes will provide some advantages to the iPSC field. One such advantage is the possible discovery of new cocktails that enhance reprogramming. In addition, it could explain the chronology of the epigenetic events for reprogramming on a molecular level. This section will cover some of the known molecular interactions among the pluripotent transcription factors and some of the epigenetic enzymes. 5. 1. Pluripotency gene networksThe first event toward transition from a differentiated to an iPSC state is the establishment of a proper chromatin state. Once the cells have found the correct chromatin state, the second event is to maintain and inherit it as they divide and proliferate [14]. The natural state of an ESC chromatin is known as “open”, where the heterochromatin is disperse and dynamic, which at the same time reflects a hyperactive transcriptional status [49]. The molecular structure for ESC to maintain pluripotency requires an interconnection of transcription factors with epigenetic proteins that are also interacting with the DNA. Due to fact that iPSCs are like ESC, they have to sustain the same molecular structure. In addition, they have to overcome an epigenetic barrier during the reprogramming process. The reprogramming process involves a chain reaction involving transcription factors, chromatin modifying enzymes and other histone related enzymes. An approach of how reprogramming occurs, suggests that the first step maybe interaction of transcription factors with the naked DNA, via histone modifiers or together with chromatin remodeling factors [14]. There are not time points or an order to follow for each specific transcription factor. Certain transcription factors are able to interact with DNA or with a chromatin remodeling enzyme depending what gene is activating. This molecular mechanism is determined by the locus, the type of transcription factor and on the context [14]. Hence the function of the four Yamanaka factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc, [13] is crucial. It has been reported that Oct4 is indispensable in the reprogramming process. In some cases, such as what has been observed in neural stem cell reprogramming, the presence of Oct4 is sufficient for reprogramming in [51]. Moreover, as Oct4 can work alone, it also has a great effect in reprogramming when combined with Sox2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: [41] evaluated the data-gathering function of eight chatbot symptom-checkers and found that the overall recall rate for all symptom-checkers was 0. 32 (2280/7112; 95% CI 0. 31–0. 33) for all pertinent findings. These results suggest that the data-gathering performance of currently available symptom checkers is questionable. As new chatbots become available, hypotheses about their future utility in medicine are limited only by researcher’s imagination. However, their current use should be limited to low-risk tasks with continued human oversight [11]. Regarding to scientific writing, several ethical issues arise about using these tools, such as the risk of plagiarism and inaccuracies, as well as a potential imbalance in its accessibility between high- and low-income countries, if the software becomes paying. For this reason, a consensus on how to regulate the use of chatbots in scientific writing will soon be required [42•]. Resistance to New TechnologyChatbots in healthcare face the challenge of resistance from patients and healthcare providers who are unfamiliar with new technology or prefer face-to-face interactions. To overcome this challenge, chatbots need to be designed to be user-friendly and easily integrated into existing workflows. Healthcare providers should also receive training on how to effectively use and recommend chatbots. et al. [25] indicated, frequent reasons for not activating the chatbot included misplacing instructions for chatbot use, relying on follow-up with clinic or discharge materials, inability to activate chatbot, and inability to text. Moreover, they are not capable of empathy, notably to recognize users’ emotional states and tailoring responses reflecting these emotions. The lack of empathy may therefore compromise the engagement with health chatbots [43]. Limitations of Our ReviewOur review has some limitations that need to be addressed. Firstly, we focused only on AI-based Chatbots, and incorporating other types of chatbots could expand their clinical application. Secondly, we conducted a qualitative assessment of the literature without collecting all identifiable 75. Pub71. PMID: 30418425. 3576. 83. Urological technology: where will we be in 20 years’ time? Urol. 2018;10:235–42. p. 311–22. Huri E, Hamid R. Technology-based management of neurourology patients in the COVID-19 pandemic: is this the future?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Available phosphorus was assessed by extraction with sodium bicarbonate solution and the molybdenum antimony anti-colorimetric method. All results are given in Fig. S1 and Table S4. Greenhouse experiment for tomato root transcriptome and metabolome analysesWe aimed to investigate the impact of root transcription and root exudates on microbial function related to disease suppression in the rhizosphere under different phosphorus levels. To this end, a pot experiment similar to the one described above was conducted, but the soil was changed to a mixture of soil and sand (weight 1:1) to facilitate root sampling. The experiment consisted of three replicates with two tomato seedlings in each replicate. This experiment was carried out from September 15 to November 28, 2022. The tomato roots were sampled by pooling two plants into one replicate as follows. Briefly, tomato plants were carefully pulled out and shaken gently to remove adhering soil. Then they were shaken in sterile water for 10 s to remove rhizosphere soil, followed by a quick separation of the aboveground part and root by sterile scissors on a tinfoil platform that had been wiped with alcohol. The roots were cut into 3-cm pieces, approximately 5 g of which were placed into a 15-ml centrifuge tube and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. This process was quickly completed, within 10 min, for each sample. Plant transcriptome sequencing and widely targeted metabolome analyses were conducted by Co. , Ltd. (Wuhan, China). For transcriptome analysis, total RNA was extracted, quantified, and qualified. Subsequently, 1 μg of RNA per sample was used for library preparation using the NEBNext® for Illumina® () according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The prepared libraries were then sequenced on an Illumina platform. Quality control was performed using fastp v0. 19. 3, and clean reads were aligned to the reference genome ftp://ftp. ensemblgenomes. org/pub/plants/release-52/fasta/solanum_lycopersicum/dna/ using HISAT v2. 1. 0. New transcript predictions were made using StringTie v1. 3. 4d, and gene expression levels were estimated using TPM (transcripts per million). The genes were annotated using the of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and (GO) databases.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Oct4 and Sox2 form a heterodimer that interact with some promoters. In addition this heterodimer has been shown to interact with Nanog. Nanog is another transcription factor that participates in the ESCs regulatory circuitry together with Oct4 and Sox2 to maintain pluripotency [52]. In this context they activate transcription in a chromatin independent manner by interacting with transcriptional co-activators [53, 54]. Moreover, it has been shown in mouse ESCs that Oct4 and Nanog can repress gene expression through interaction with histone deacetylase such as Mta1 [55]. It has been elucidated that in the first stage of reprogramming, a cascade of differentiation genes are turned off, while pluripotency genes progressively become upregulated in order to push the differentiated cell toward an ESC-like state. c-Myc is an important participant in recruiting multiple chromatin modifications, such as histone acetyltransferases (GCN5, p300) and histones deacetylases (HDACs). In this regard, c-Myc increases the methylation site H3K4me3 and the global acetylation [56]. In the reprogramming process c-Myc activates its target before other core pluripotency transcription factors are activated, facilitating the opening of the chromatin for other factors [57, 58]. An example of c-Myc’s potential in opening chromatin is its association with Tip60-p400 complex, which acetylate and remodel nucleosomes respectively. p400 is a member of the Swi2/Snt2 family which is well known among the ATPase chromatin remodelling enzymes, exchanging histones H2AZ-H2B within nucleosomes [57]. It also functions to release paused RNA polymerase from about one-third of the genes that are being actively transcribed. This activity could enhance cellular reprogramming [59]. At the same time, the transcription factor Klf4, activates the transcription of Sox2 which participates in the pluripotency cascade [60]. 5. 2. Chromatin remodellingBased on the Yamanaka’s stochastic model (Figure 2), cells need to overcome the epigenetic barrier in order to become pluripotent [16, 17].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: However, OpenAI is a private, for-profit company whose interests and commercial imperatives do not necessarily follow the requirements of HIPAA and other regulations, such as the European Union’s Protection Regulation. Therefore, the use of AI chatbots in health care can pose risks to data security and privacy. There is an urgent need to address the security and privacy issues of AI chatbots as they become increasingly common in health care. The importance of security and privacy issues in health care is well recognized by previous research [3-12]. Although several studies have attempted to address the security and privacy issues in big data and the Internet of Things from a technological standpoint [13-17], literature specifically on policy considerations of AI chatbots in health care is quite limited. This paper addresses the gap by identifying the security risks related to AI tools in health care and proposing some policy considerations for security risk mitigation. AI Chatbots in Health CareSince its launch on November 30, 2022, ChatGPT, a free AI chatbot created by OpenAI [18], has gained over a million active users [19]. It is based on the GPT-3. 5 foundation model, a powerful deep learning algorithm developed by OpenAI. It has been designed to simulate human conversation and provide human-like responses through text box services and voice commands [18]. OpenAI officially released GPT-4 on March 13, 2023. GPT-4 surpasses ChatGPT in its advanced understanding and reasoning abilities and includes the ability to interact with images and longer text [20]. At present, GPT-4 is only accessible to those who have access to ChatGPT Plus, a premium service from OpenAI for which users have to pay US $20 a month. As an AI chatbot, ChatGPT is designed to interact with humans and respond to their conversations and requests. It can be used to answer questions; write essays, poetry, or music; and compose emails and computer code. It is used by entities in a wide variety of industries, such as customer service, e-commerce, and health care. In health care, it can be used to schedule appointments, answer medical questions, and do paperwork. Dr ChatGPT [21] can potentially help create a personalized treatment for patients by considering their medical history, symptoms, social drivers, genomic data, health monitoring information, and other factors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: For metabolome analysis, freeze-dried root samples were powdered, and 50 mg of the powder was used for metabolite extraction. The extracted samples were analyzed using an UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system (™ AD, MS, 6500 QTRAP, Metabolite identification was performed using the MWDB (Metware database) provided by Co. , Ltd. (Wuhan, China). Isolation of key microorganisms from the rhizosphere and resistance testing against pathogens in the presence of root metabolitesWe isolated and identified potential disease-suppressive microorganisms influenced by phosphorus status. Frozen rhizosphere soils in 30% glycerol from the AP+RS treatment were recovered from soil suspensions and used to make serial diluted and plated on modified R2A culture medium, following the method described by Nishioka et al. [37]. To avoid the formation of compounds that may be inhibitory to some sensitive bacteria, phosphate compounds were autoclaved separately from the agar, with the culture medium being prepared as two separate solutions. (500 ml) was prepared using yeast extract 0. 5 g, tryptone 0. 25 g, peptone 0. 75 g, starch 0. 5 g, glucose 0. 5 g, agar 15 g, and deionized water 500 ml. (500 ml) was prepared using K2HPO4 0. 3 g, MgSO4·7H2O 0. 0462 g, sodium pyruvate 0. 3 g, and deionized water (500 ml). and B were autoclaved separately and mixed together before use. After incubating the plates at 28 °C for 1 week, a total of 133 isolates were randomly selected and purified. The isolates were taxonomically classified through the NCBI pipeline, based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences after the colony PCR method with primers 27F and 1492R [38]. One-hundred twenty-six isolates were identified in total (Table S5). To investigate the pathogen inhibitory capacity of key isolates in the absence or presence of the key root exudates identified from the root metabolome analyses, co-culture experiments with the pathogen R. solanacearum (RS) were conducted.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Nowadays, one of the major focuses in the iPSC field is to understand the epigenetic molecules that orchestrate chromatin remodelling in order to organize it into a pluripotent state similar to ESCs. While some somatic cell reprogramming mechanisms are being unveiled, many are still yet unknown [9]. DNA methylationOnce the differentiated cells have been reprogrammed, the epigenetic marks in iPSCs resemble ESCs [61]. For a great amount of eukaryotic DNA methylation is a mark that serves to define different cellular functions such as X chromosome inactivation, aging, imprinting, genome stability, tissue specific gene regulation, and so on [63, 64]. DNA methylation is one of the epigenetic marks that is modified during reprogramming (Figure 9). In this case, the process of demethylation is most common taking the methyl group from the promoters of some genes that are responsible for pluripotency which in turn allows them to return to a pluripotent state. Currently there is not too much evidence about the process of demethylation and the enzymes that catalyze this event. However, DNA demethylation events have been classified as passive or active. Passive DNA demethylation occurs during the process of DNA replication when maintenance methytransferases are inactive, and thus they are not able to methylate newly released strands [62]. On the other hand for active DNA demethylation, the main protagonists are enzymes that work regardless of DNA replication [62]. Figure 9. DNA demethylation as a reprogramming process when going to iPSC (Adapted from 13)An example of an active DNA demethylation event is shown by Pereira and colleagues (2008), where they have studied the efficiency of reprogramming of human lymphocytes by fusing them with mouse ESCs. They found that one of the first events occurring was the demethylation of the Oct4 gene. They suggest that this event is a result of an active chromatin remodeling locus before its actual expression [65]. Two mechanisms have been proposed as candidates for the active DNA demethylation mechanism. The first one involves the deamination of 5-methylcytosine in DNA by an enzyme called activation-induce deaminase (AID) [62].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: Given personal health information is among the most private and legally protected forms of data, AI chatbots, like any other technology used in the health care industry, should be used in compliance with HIPAA. This includes ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of PHI as it is collected, stored, and shared. Since the current free version of ChatGPT does not support (nor does it intend to support) services covered under HIPAA through accessing PHI, the use of ChatGPT in health care can pose risks to data security and confidentiality. Figure 1. Inputs and outputs of an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot. can have several security risks. First, the model is trained on billions of data points, which means it has access to a vast amount of people’s data without their permission [25]. This is a clear violation of data security, especially when data are sensitive and can be used to identify individuals, their family members, or their location. Moreover, the training data that OpenAI scraped from the internet can also be proprietary or copyrighted. Consequently, this security risk may apply to sensitive business data and intellectual property. For example, a health care executive may paste the institution’s confidential document into ChatGPT, asking it to review and edit the document. In fact, as an open tool, the web-based data points on which ChatGPT is trained can be used by malicious actors to launch targeted attacks. Second, sensitive information can be leaked into the public domain when using ChatGPT. When users ask ChatGPT to answer some questions, they may inadvertently hand over sensitive patient or business information and put it in the public domain. Therefore, using ChatGPT can put users at risk of losing control of sensitive patient information, source code, and more. Potential data leakage has led companies, such as JP& Co, Verizon Communications, and Amazon to limit and ban their employees from using it [26]. More importantly, the integration of ChatGPT into existing health care systems could potentially require the use and disclosure of vast amounts of PHI; however, this may cause data leaks involving a variety of unintended entities and applications. According to its privacy policy, OpenAI may disclose users’ personal information to its business partners, law enforcement officials, other third parties, and other users [24]. Third, another concern is the lack of transparency regarding the origin of the sensitive data used to train the model.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: The four treatments were as follows: (1) RS + key microbe + exudate, (2) RS + key microbe, (3) RS + exudate, and (4) RS. The fluorescence intensity of R. solanacearum was determined on BioH1 (excitation: 561 nm, emission: 600 nm). The system consisted of 100-μL 1/2 NB culture medium, 10 μL of a RS suspension (OD600 (optical density) = 0. 1), 10 μL of a suspension of the key microbe (OD600 = 0. 1), and 30 μL of a root exudate solution. Three concentration levels 10 mmol L−1, 2 mmol L−1, and 0. 4 mmol L−1 were tested for root exudates that were soluble in water, such as L-tryptophan, O-phosphorylethanolamine, and acetoxyacetic acid [39,40,41]. One concentration level (0. 4 mmol L−1) was tested for exudates soluble in 4% DMSO, but not in water, such as mangiferin, methoxyindoleacetic acid, xanthosine, and phenylpyruvic acid. This was because that higher exudate concentrations would have required higher DMSO concentrations, which would have inhibited bacterial growth. In total, there were 75 treatments with 6 replicates of each treatment. Cultures were grown in a black microtiter plate (200 μL well−1) at 30 °C with agitation at 170 rpm. The pathogen’s fluorescence intensity was recorded every 12 h for 96 h. Additionally, the effect of key exudates on key microbes was tested on BioH1 (OD600) with the same set of concentrations as described above. Statistical analyses and visualizationStatistical analyses were carried out using R (version 4. 0. 4) software. To investigate the impact of soil nutrient properties on disease incidence, we employed unary linear regression, standardized multiple linear regression, and the random forest method. These analyses utilized the “randomForest,” “rfPermute” packages, “lm,” and “scale” functions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: It has been already mentioned that ESCs and iPSCs are known to have bivalent chromatin bearing both the active mark H3k4me3, and the repressive mark H3k27me3. One of the mechanism that controls the bivalency is through the activity of the polycomb proteins found in two major complexes PRC1 and PRC2 [70]. It is thought that PRC1 and PRC2 act as antagonists and are intrinsically involved in establishing the fate of ESC development. PRC2 is in charge of the H3k27me3 mark [71] and known to silence the HOX genes used and other regulators during ESC differentiation [72]. One of the basic mechanisms in ESC/iPSC differentiation is the demethylation of this H3k27me3 mark. Utx demethylase has been reported to be a significant regulator of cellular reprogramming [73]. Utx is encoded by an X-chromosome gene and belongs to the small family of Jmjc proteins, mediating the demethylation of H3k27 tri- and di-methyl repressive chromatin marks. In this study, it was found that Utx was dispensable for the maintenance of pluripotency, since pluripotency marker expression was maintained in knockout ESC lines. However fibroblasts derived from Utx knockout mice failed to be reprogrammed. This result indicated that the absence of Utx prevented the demethylation of H3k27me3 marks needed to re-establish pluripotency in vitro [73]. H3K9me3 and H3k79me2 have also been reported to be important for the maintenance of pluripotency in ESCs. These marks are usually left by repressive methyltransferases via the identification of specific motifs in heterochromatin. Reprogramming has been facilitated by the inhibiting two methyltransferases (GLP and G9a) that methylate H3k9 [74]. Histone acetylation is another important histone mark that has usually been correlated with gene activation (Figure 10). This mark has been reported to transform chromatin during reprogramming. Little is known about histone acetyltransferases for pluripotency maintenance or reprogramming, however Tip60/p400 has been reported as a histone acetyltransferase important for maintaining the ESC state.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: Patients and medical researchers alike were skeptical about the use of chatbots for mental health support, citing concerns about the lack of empathetic communication and the potential for the chatbot to misunderstand their emotional states [18,19]. Research on voice-based chatbots for health management is also in its infancy. Medical professionals’ views on voice-based chatbots echo views on text-based chatbots in terms of the technology’s potential and limitations. A 2-round Delphi study [20] surveying experts on the future of voice-controlled AI agents in health care anticipates significant technological development and increased user trust. The study focused on how voice-controlled agents could support health care professionals through applications like remote real-time interviews with patients, hands-free instructions for medical staff, and communication between staff and patients. However, the authors concluded that chatbots are not expected to outperform or replace human health care workers despite a more intuitive speech interaction. A systematic review conducted in 2020 examining the literature on voice-based conversational agents for chronic health conditions only found 12 papers [21]. In another scoping review conducted in 2021, only 4 studies among 32 reviewed focused on voice-based chatbots in health care [11]. The consensus in the literature seems to be that the technology shows feasibility and acceptability for managing chronic diseases, but more research is still needed on their real-world efficacy. Importantly, these literature reviews highlight several limitations in the literature such as small sample sizes, questionable sample compositions (healthy or convenience samples instead of samples of patient groups), and not controlling for participants’ previous experience with voice-based intelligent agents. In summary, AI chatbots have the potential to provide targeted support and improve the management of various chronic diseases, but only if they are designed to meet the specific needs and p4. 2. 3 (Foundation for Statistical Computing) for frequency, crosstabulation, and regression tests. The survey contained 30 questions: 24 closed questions, 2 open questions, and 4 demographic questions. Participant consent was provided at the start of the survey before completion. Quantitative information (closed and multiple-choice questions) was collected on four topic areas: (1) demographic characteristics; (2) long COVID symptoms and clinical diagnoses; (3) health apps, websites, and chatbot use; and (4) opinions about chatbots.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Microbial community analysis was conducted using the “Vegan” package, which included principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) based on Bray-Curtis distance, also for the transcriptome and metabolome analysis of plant root. test and test were used to evaluate the effects of phosphorus stress and pathogen inoculation on microbial composition. For different data analysis, the Scheirer-Ray-Hare test, Wilcoxon test, and test were applied, using the “rcompanion,” “stats,” and “agricolae” packages. Spearman correlations were computed using the “cor. test” command. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed using genes associated with pathogen response and phosphate starvation in the roots, along with all metabolites. The “WGCNA” package was utilized, and network modules were defined with a minimum of 200 members per module. Data processing involved the following packages: “reshape2,” “xlsx,” “agricolae,” “dplyr,” and “rstatix. ” Cladogram construction was performed using the “microbiomeViz,” “ggtree,” “treeio,” “ggtreeExtra,” “ggnewscale,” and “ggstar” packages. Other graphical representations were generated using the “ggplot2,” “ggbeeswarm,” “RColorBrewer,” “corrplot,” “pheatmap,” and “circlize” packages. ResultsThe influence of soil nutrient content on bacterial wilt incidenceThe 6-year-old tomato monoculture field trial was established to examine the relationship between a range of soil nutrient properties and the incidences of bacterial wilt disease (DI) caused by R. solanacearum (Fig. 1A). Multiple linear regression, focusing on standardized nutrient properties and DI, revealed soil available phosphorus (AVP) as the primary influential factor on disease incidence (estimate = −0. 55, P = 2. 65E-05), followed by soil organic matter (SOM) content (estimate = −0. 23, P = 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Here Tip60/p400 also works as a chromatin remodeling enzyme, since it has a SWI2/SNF2 subunit [75]. Figure 10. Histone acetylation as an activating mark for reprogramming. (Adapted from 13)On the other hand the histone deacetylases (HDACs) are known to repress the expression of genes, therefore there is an increased interest on their inhibition. An example of their importance in reprogramming of somatic cells was shown by and collaborators (2011) [76]. In this study they used hybrid cell lines by fusing mouse embryonic fibroblast with ESCs and found that low H3k9 acetylation correlated with low reprogramming capacity. When they tried to overcome this effect using histone deacetylase inhibitors, they found an increase in the reprogramming efficiency. They reported that genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) activity were enriched during reprograming and concluded that H3K9ac is a mark intrinsically related to pluripotency and that promoting its increase using HDACs inhibitors promote ECM activity, which co-relates positively affect pluripotency and self-renewal [76]. Most epigenetic reprogramming studies have focused on isolated chromatin marks, revealing the down regulation of somatic genes. However there are more than some marks that lead to an “open” dynamic chromatin. and colleagues [77] presented a study where for the first time they showed chromatin dimensions as global changes occurring during reprogramming. They analyzed a battery of histone modifications (H3ac, H4ac, H4k5ac, H3k27ac, H3k4me3, H3k36me2, H3k9me3, and H3k27me3 also γH2AX, HP1α and lamin A, by immunofluorescence and biochemical fractionations comparing mouse ESCs to fully- and partially-reprogrammed mouse iPSCs. They first identified that H3k36me2, H4k5ac and H3k4me3 have the highest correlation with pluripotency.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: In relation to chronic health conditions, almost half of the 888 respondents reported having type 2 diabetes (n=437, 49. 2%). Table 1 provides an overview of the top 10 chronic conditions identified in the survey responses, plus long COVID. Of the 740 individuals who responded to the question “Would you describe yourself as having” 170 (23%) answered yes. While a majority of the respondents utilized health apps (n=500, 73. 5%), a much smaller portion (n=259, 38. 1%) made use of voice-assisted apps or devices like Amazon Alexa. Table 1. Most common chronic health conditions (n=888). Frequency rankConditionFrequency, n (%)1Type 2 diabetes437 (49. 2)2High blood pressure/hypertension330 (37. 2)3Alzheimer’s disease240 (27. 0)4170 (19. 1)5Arthritis195 (22. 0)6Allergies187 (21. 1)7Anxiety157 (17. 7)8Depression137 (15. 4)9Asthma114 (12. 8)10Type 1 diabetes106 (11. 9)11Chronic pain102 (11. 5)Health ChatbotsAlthough the survey was conducted at a time when ChatGPT was beginning to receive wide public attention, a significant number of respondents were “not familiar at all” (n=272, 40. 5%) or only “slightly familiar” (n=175, 26%) with AI chatbots. There was an overall hesitancy about using a health chatbot, with less than one-third of respondents (n=203, 30. 1%) indicating that they were “somewhat likely” or “very likely” to use a health chatbot in the next 12 months if available. However, a deeper dive into the survey data reveals a more nuanced picture. There seems to be a great deal of uncertainty among people about AI chatbots’ capability of providing accurate medical advice. When asked if they believe chatbots have the capability of providing accurate medical advice, 396 of 677 (58. 5%) respondents answered “unsure,” while only 77 (11. 4%) answered “yes” and 204 (30. 1%) chose “no.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 084) (Fig. 1B). The resulting model had an adjusted R-squared value of 0. 3704 and a P-value of 3. 88E-07. Consistently, the outcomes of the random forest prediction indicated AVP as the most significant factor influencing DI, followed by SOM, total nitrogen, and available potassium, explaining 46. 04% of the variance (Fig. 1C). Unary linear regression clearly showed that the increase of AVP was significantly linked to reduced DI (Fig. 1D), and this effect was more pronounced compared to other nutrient properties (Fig. S1B). Detailed data on soil nutrient contents and DI are given in Fig. S1A. The consistent findings across these three methods strongly support the premise that elevating soil phosphorus status represents the primary nutrient factor related to disease suppression. Fig. 1Experimental design and the influence of soil nutrient properties on disease incidence. A Schematic of the field trial design, with each treatment comprising three replication plots, each containing 40 tomato plants. B The relationship between standardized nutrient properties and disease incidence (DI) caused by pathogen R. solanacearum, using multiple linear regression analysis. C The influence of soil nutrient properties on DI, predicted by random forest method. D Relationship between soil available phosphorus and DI, using unary linear regression analysis. E Schematic of the pot experiment design. Six replicates, each containing three tomato plants, were employed during seasons 1 (2020 October 22-2021 January 13) and 2 (2021 March 21-2021 June 12). Three replicates, each containing two tomato plants, were employed during season 3 (2022 September 15-2022 November 28). Seasons 1 and 2 corresponded to trials 1 through 4, while season 3 was dedicated to the 5th trial. All treatments depicted in this figure received equivalent nitrogen and potassium fertilization. The CK control, without any fertilization or pathogen inoculation, is not shown. Treatments include AP, soil applied with calcium superphosphate as relatively available phosphorus; UP, soil applied with calcium phosphate as relatively unavailable phosphorus with equivalent amount phosphorus to AP treatment; −P, soil with no phosphorus supply. Phosphorus stress gradually increased in the order of AP, UP, and −P. +RS groups were inoculated with pathogen at 1 × 107 colony-forming units g−1 soil. RS denotes R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: A previous study showed that overexpressing of esBAF in addition to the four Yamanaka was able to acquire a euchromatic chromatin by increasing the kinetics of Oct4, Nanog and Rex1 promoter demethylation. This facilitated the accessibility of the reprogramming factors and hence the process was enhanced [28]. Moreover, Onder and colleagues (2012) [79] focused on the study of chromatin-modifying enzymes during the reprogramming process in iPSCs. They used a loss of function approach with shRNA where they selected 22 genes involved in DNA and histone methylation pathways. From their results, they found that inhibition of the histone methyltransferase DOT1L, reprogramming was enhanced resulting in more iPSCs colonies. DOT1L inhibition does not enhance the upregulation of the pluripotency gene network but can be used to substitute for Klf4 and c-Myc during reprogramming. Inhibition of this molecule is associated with an increase of Nanog and Lin28, factors, which are necessary for reprogramming. Finally using ChIP-seq they found that the H3K79me2 mark was lost in genes that participate in epithelial mesenchymal transition. Among some of the mesenchymal regulators were SNAI1, SNAI2, ZEB1, ZEB2 and TGFB2, that at the same time where strongly repressed during reprogramming. Together with this, they also reported that epithelial genes such as CDH1 (E-cadherin) and OCLN were upregulated. The above was a clear example of how chromatin modifying enzymes are critical in the molecular process of reprogramming enhancing the cascade that begins with the four Yamanaka factors [79]. The above are just some of the studies of many that have been reported. They lead us to question whether remodeling enzymes are in charge of the major chromatin opening that occurs during reprogramming, or if histone marks lead the process. 5. 3. MicroRNAs in reprogrammingMicroRNAs (miRs) are small RNAs involved in the inhibition of the gene expression by destabilizing target RNAs. They are usually formed by the proteins Dicer and Drosha with its cofactor Dgcr8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: May 2011;48(5):514-519. [CrossRef] [Medline]. AI chatbots cannot replace human interactions in the pursuit of more inclusive mental healthcare. SSM Ment Health. Dec 2021;1:100017. [CrossRef] [Medline] Can chatbots help support a person’s mental health? Perceptions and views from mental healthcare professionals and experts. . Jul 15, 2021;2(3):1-15. [CrossRef]Ermolina A, Tiberius V. Voice-controlled intelligent personal assistants in health care: international Delphi study. J Res. Apr 9, 2021;23(4):e25312. [CrossRef] [Medline]Bérubé C, Schachner T, Keller R, et al. Voice-based conversational agents for the prevention and management of chronic and mental health conditions: systematic literature review. J Res. Mar 29, 2021;23(3):e25933. [CrossRef] [Medline]About Diabetes. co. uk. Diabetes. co. uk. URL: [Accessed 2024-02-19]. Supporting mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic using a digital behavior change intervention: an open-label, single-arm, pre-post intervention study. . Oct 6, 2021;5(10):e31273. [CrossRef] [Medline]Bernardi R, Wu PF. Online health communities and the patient-doctor relationship: an institutional logics perspective. Med. Dec 2022;314:115494. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Developing a formative scale to measure consumers’ trust toward interaction with artificially intelligent (AI) social robots in service delivery. Behav. May 2021;118:106700. [CrossRef]May R, Denecke K. Security, privacy, and healthcare-related conversational agents: a scoping review. Soc Care. Apr 3, 2022;47(2):194-210. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Influences on user trust in healthcare artificial intelligence: a systematic review. Res. 2022;7:65. [CrossRef]Seitz L, Bekmeier-Feuerhahn S, Gohil K. Can we trust a chatbot like a physician? A qualitative study on understanding the emergence of trust toward diagnostic chatbots. Stud.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: solanacearum; P denotes phosphorus. Significance levels are denoted as follows: “ns,” not significant, “. ”P < 0. 1, “*”P < 0. 05, “**”P < 0. 01, and “***”P < 0. 001Full size imageEffects of phosphorus on microbial functions related to disease suppression in bulk and rhizosphere soilsBased on our initial field trial, we next established a controlled pot experiment, whereby we manipulated a naturally low phosphorus soil (available phosphorus = 10. 34 mg kg−1), generating a phosphorus stress gradient (Fig. 1E; Fig. S2A). After fertilization, the soil available phosphorus contents averaged across all time points were 18 mg kg−1 in the AP treatment, 12 mg kg−1 in the UP treatment, 6 mg kg−1 in the −P treatment, and 7 mg kg−1 in the CK control (Table S4). Each phosphorus treatment was subjected to inoculation of the pathogen R. solanacearum at a density of 1 × 107 CFU g−1 soil (Fig. S2B), showing a consistent and effective pathogen inoculation across all levels of phosphorus stress. Next, we analyzed genes responsible for encoding disease suppression in bulk (Fig. 2 A, B, and C) and rhizosphere (Fig. 2 D, E, and F) soils using quantitative PCR approaches. The phlD gene was not detected and has therefore been excluded from further discussion. In both bulk and rhizosphere soils, strong positive correlations were observed for genes encoding enzymes, and hcnAB (Fig. 2 C and F). The data from the three highly correlated genes were pooled together to simplify downstream analyses, with detailed results of individual genes given in Fig. S3. Scheirer-Ray-Hare test results demonstrated significant influences of phosphorus stress and pathogen inoculation on disease-suppressive genes in general. In bulk soil samples, the abundance of disease-suppressive genes increased significantly with heightened phosphorus stress when under pathogen amendment (r = 0. 23, P = 0. 015) (Fig. 2A), with genes encoding NRPS and PKS enzymes contributing significantly to this effect (Fig. 2B). However, the opposite effect was observed in the rhizosphere.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: The importance of miRs arises from the observation that some miRs induce reprogramming of somatic cells into iPSCs [80]. Among some of the miRs found to positively regulate ESC pluripotency are: ESC cell-cycle regulating miR291a-3p, miR291b-3p, miR294, miR295 and miR302. Interestingly, miR302 has been reported regulate some of the epigenetic modifications that occur during reprogramming. miR302 is a family of four highly homologous microRNAs that are transcribed together and form a noncoding RNA cluster [81]. They are highly expressed in human ESCs and absent in differentiated cells. Lin and collaborators (2011) have focus in how the miR302 controls several enzymes that are involved in active demethylation [81]. MiR302 targets and represses AOF2/1 histone demethylases and MECP1/2 (methyl CpG binding proteins). At the same time it blocks cytosine methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). During reprograming miR302 coordinates DNA demethylation, together with a histone methylation on the active mark H3k4 that will alter the chromatin structure and the gene activity. The example above highlights the critical role of miRs in founding and sustaining pluripotency in cells [82]. Advertisement 6. ConclusionThe biology of pluripotent stem cells is still in a very early stage; even understanding what is the best way to obtain a true embryonic stem cell remains unclear. During reprogramming a number of changes occur in the cell. These changes start usually by the stimulation of exogenous transcription factors that consequentially trigger a large number of other reactions: signalling, gene transcription, and most importantly epigenetic changes, including chromatin remodeling, histone modification, and DNA methylation [1, 12, 13]. During reprogramming, chromatin changes to an “open” dynamic configuration resembling the epigenetic landscape as in ESCs. In order to reach this configuration, the somatic cell has to interconnect transcription factors, chromatin, and histone modifier enzymes. What is the kinetics of this process? This is one of the first questions that puzzle most researchers. While there is firm understanding that the exogenous transcription factors are first to prompt these changes, reprogramming is not an efficient process.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI-powered chatbots are increasingly used in patient support and care management. [SEP] Text: In one case, ChatGPT did not provide appropriate information about suitable treatment, and its response contained inappropriate content in 4 cases. In contrast, ChatGPT recommended appropriate measures in 4 cases. Discussion and Conclusion: ChatGPT’s responses to the 10 case reports could have been better. To utilize ChatGPT efficiently and appropriately, users should possess sufficient knowledge and skills to determine the validity of its responses. AI chatbots based on large language models will progress significantly, but physicians must be vigilant in using these tools in practice. Key Words: Artificial intelligence; Language; Physicians; Republic of Korea 찾아보기말: 인공지능; 언어; 의사; 대한민국 서론 2022년 11월 30일 OpenAI사에서 GPT-3. 5를 기반으로 한 ChatGPT를 출시한 뒤[1], 많은 사람들이 이 대형언어모형(large language model) 인공지능 플랫폼(artificial intelligence [AI] platform)을 사용하기 시작하였다. 특히 가장 관심을 가진 분야는 교육 현장으로 학생들이 essay를 제출할 때, ChatGPT를 활용하였다.

Output: contrast