Input: Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Chilean population aged 2 years or over (2010) results of the current study showed that ultra-processed foods made almost 30 % of the average total energy intake in Chile (in 2010) ranging from 3·8 % in the lowest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption to 60·1 % in the highest quintile. As the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods increased across quintiles, all the three remaining NOVA food groups and most subgroups within these groups decreased. They also showed the multiple unhealthier features of ultra-processed foods when their content in NCD-promoting nutrients (energy, free sugars, saturated fats, trans fats, total fats and Na) and NCD-protective nutrients (fibre and K) are compared with the same content existing in the three other NOVA food groups (unprocessed or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients and processed foods) taken together. Furthermore, after adjusting for potential sociodemographic confounders, increases in the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods (quintiles) were shown to be linearly associated with increases in the dietary content of NCD-promoting nutrients (except Na) and decreases in the dietary content of NCD-protecting nutrients. The same trend was observed regarding the generally very high prevalences of dietary nutrient inadequacies between 30 and 80 % for most nutrients. Accordingly, these prevalences would be substantially reduced – in most cases between one-third and three-fourths – in the counterfactual scenario of a lower consumption of ultra-processed foods (first quintile of the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods). The average dietary share of ultra-processed foods in Chile in 2010 is higher than in other middle-income countries in the regions such as Colombia (15·9 % in 2005)(Reference Khandpur, Cediel and Obando39) and Brazil (20·4 % between 2008 and 2009)(Reference Louzada, Ricardo and Steele10) but still much lower than in high-income countries such as Canada (48·0 % in 2004)(Reference Moubarac, Batal and Louzada12), the UK (56·8 % between 2008 and 2014)(Reference Rauber, da and Steele40) and the USA (57·5 % between 2009 and 2010)(Reference Martínez Steele, Popkin and Swinburn11).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: MethodsStudy ParticipantsCase histories, ophthalmological examinations, and a melatonin suppression test were performed in 18 healthy, blind patients, including 15 with at least 1 natural eye present (8 male, 7 female) and 3 bilaterally enucleated male patients (Table 1). The test was performed within a broader research study of circadian rhythms in the blind, including assessment of circadian entrainment using field-based techniques. 19 All but 5 of the participants had confirmed non–24-hour rhythms in urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) (24. 10–24. 79 hours). The other 5 individuals had confirmed 24-hour rhythms in aMT6s (1492, 22CS, 23CM, 2740, 2811). Four of the 18 participants tested were assessed for melatonin suppression on 2 or more occasions (1451, 1492, 22CS, 23CM). Some results have been reported previously in 4 participants (1451, 1492, 22CS, 2811; participant 1451 [with eyes present] was reported as participant no. 9 in Czeisler et al in 1995,14 as 1451 in Klerman et al in 1998,15 and as participant no. 2 in Klerman et al in 200216; participant 1492 was reported as participant no. 5 in Klerman et al in 2002,16 and participant no. 3 in Vandewalle et al in 201326; participant 22CS was reported as the single blind male participant in experiment no. 1 in Zaidi et al in 2007,24 as the single blind male participant in Gooley et al in 2012,25 and as participant no. 2 in Vandewalle et al in 201326; participant 2811 was reported as participant no. 1 in Vandewalle et al in 201326). Only the results from the most recent melatonin suppression assessment are included in this report. No. Sub I. D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: v. 16(4); Aug 2022 10. 4162/nrp. 2022. 16. 4. 476 Pract. 2022 Aug;16(4):476-488. English. Published online Dec 23, 2021. ©2022 and the of Original 2021. This is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Go to:sugars intake worldwide is stable or decreasing, but overall sugars intake remains above the recommended level. Some studies suggest that ultra-processed foods (UPFs) drive excessive sugars intake. However, UPF consumption in Korea and its association with sugars intake have not yet been studied. This study aimed to estimate the contribution of UPF consumption to total sugars intake and to investigate the association between UPF consumption and total sugars intake in Koreans. /from the Health and Survey 2016–2018 were used, and included data on 21,075 participants aged 1+ years completed a 24-h recall. Food items reported in the 24-h recall were classified according to the NOVA system as UPFs, processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, or unprocessed or minimally processed foods. average daily energy intake was 1,996 kcal, and UPFs accounted for 26. 2% of the total energy intake (% TE). The average total sugars intake was 63. 1 g (13. 0% TE), and 44. 9% of total sugars intake came from UPFs. Among the entire population, 15. 8% exceeded the recommended limit for total sugars within 20% TE, and excessive total sugars intake was more prevalent among females (19. 5%) and children (21. 1%). The prevalence of excessive total sugars intake showed a significantly increasing tendency across the quartiles of UPF energy contribution, ranging from 11. 9% in the lowest quartile to 23. 2% in the highest quartile. Even after adjustment for sociodemographic variables, UPF consumption was positively associated with the prevalence of excessive total sugars intake (P for trend < 0. 001). This association was similar in subgroup analyses by sex and age. study suggests that UPF consumption may drive excessive intake of total sugars in the Korean diet. Our findings conclusively establish that restricting UPF consumption may be an efficient way to reduce sugars intake in Korean population.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: These data, combined with the low dietary share of minimally processed foods (33·8 % compared with 69·5 % from Brazil and 63·3 % from Colombia) and culinary ingredients, suggest that at that time Chile was in an advanced phase of the nutritional transition but not as advanced as many industrialised countries. However, time trends in the sales of ultra-processed foods point to rapid increases in Chile (and other middle-income countries) and slower increases in high-income countries(Reference Monteiro, Moubarac and Cannon3). Sales of ultra-processed foods and drink products in Chile increased 59·8 % between 2000 and 2013 (from 125·5 to 200·6 kg per annum)(Reference Moubarac41), suggesting that the 2010 dietary data may be underestimating the current impact of ultra-processed foods in the Chilean diet. Similar analyses in more updated dietary data are needed; unfortunately, the last version of the ENCA was in 2010 (when national prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults reached 64 %)(42). The negative impact of ultra-processed food consumption on the dietary content of NCD-related nutrients shown in Chile confirms the findings from similar studies conducted in Brazil, Canada, the UK and the USA(Reference Martínez Steele, Popkin and Swinburn11,Reference Khandpur, Cediel and Obando39,Reference Rauber, da and Steele40,Reference Louzada, Martins and Canella43). As in Brazil, the USA and Canada(Reference Martínez Steele, Popkin and Swinburn11,Reference Louzada, Martins and Canella43,Reference Moubarac, Batal and Louzada44) but not in the UK(Reference Rauber, da and Steele14), the dietary content of Na in Chile was not associated with the intake of ultra-processed foods. In Chile, other dietary sources of Na may have relevance. The 24-h recall used for the ENCA specifically asked about salt addition in culinary preparations, but the estimation based on dietary surveys has little correlation with biomarkers measurements(Reference Mercado, Cogswell and Valderrama45). Unfortunately, the ENCA did not include urinary Na assessment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Age, yrs/SexCause of BlindnessAge (yrs) Vision ImpairedAge (yrs) of Anterior ChamberView of Fundusto LightPotentialsMelatonin-Suppression Result122CS56/MRetinitis pigmentosa3535OU: external adnexa clear and healthy, posterior subcapsular cataracts, cornea clear, pale discs, atrophy of RPE throughout fundi; OS: dense diffuse bone spicules, asteroid hyalosis, attenuated vessels, exotropia ∼25–30 prism DYes (OU)Yes (OU)Not detectableNot detectablePositive2281166/FRetinitis pigmentosa2058OU: normal conjunctiva, cornea and anterior chamber, few pigmented cells in vitreous, IOL implant (some posterior opacification), aphakia, waxy pallor to optic nerve, bone-spicule pigmentation throughout retina, maculae showed chorioretinal degeneration and vessels severely attenuated, miotic pupilsYes (OU)Yes (OU)Miotic (OU)Not detectablePositive322J756/FRetinal detachments1021OS: cornea clear with scarring, nonreactive miotic pupil (1 mm), opaque membrane behind pupilOD: exophthalmic, phthisis bulbi, opaque cornea, cataractYes (OS); no (OD)Yes (OS); no (OD)Miotic (OS); pupil not observable (OD)Not testedPositive4149258/MRetinopathy of prematurity<1<1OU: moderate corneal opacities with mature cataracts, corneal cloudingNo (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot testedPositive523CM29/FRetinopathy of prematurity<114OS: phthisical, corneal scarring, band keratopathy, posterior synechiae of iris to anterior capsule, mature cataractOD: prosthesis; enucleated age 14 due to glaucomaBarely (OS); n/a (OD)No (OS); n/a (OD)Pupil not observableNot detectablePositive622A648/MRetinopathy of prematurity<1<1OS: band keratopathy, corneal opacityOD: diffuse corneal opacityNo (OU)No

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: processing; dietary sugars; nutrition surveys; diet surveys Go to: sugars intake has been shown to be detrimental to human health [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Dietary Sugars, which refer to monosaccharides and disaccharides, are consumed in the form of sugars naturally present in foods and also those added to foods during food processing by the manufacturer, food preparation by the cook, or at the table by the consumer [6]. There is no evidence that the consumption of natural sugars or foods high in natural sugars (e. g. , milk and fruits) has adverse effects on health, but excessive consumption of added sugars has been reported to increase the risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer [2, 3, 4, 5]. Therefore, the Organization strongly recommends reducing the intake of free sugars, including all sugars added to foods plus those naturally present in honey, syrup, and fruit juices, to less than 10% of total energy intake (% TE) [3]. The US recommends that added sugars intake should be reduced to less than 10% TE [7]. In contrast, the Intakes for Koreans suggests that total sugars, including both natural and added sugars, should be within 10–20% TE [8]. Although the terminology used in guidelines varies and the cutoffs are slightly inconsistent, health authorities and governments are currently making efforts to reduce dietary sugars intake. A recent study that reviewed multiple national nutrition surveys showed that, although worldwide dietary sugars intake is decreasing or remains stable, it still remains above recommendation [9]. Although for Koreans the mean intake of total sugars is within the recommended range, the intake exceeds the cutoff in some subgroups (e. g. , children and young adults), highlighting the need for intervention [10]. Ultra-processed foods have been demonstrated to drive excessive sugars intake [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. These foods are industrial products manufactured from substances extracted from foods or derived from food constituents and synthesized from organic sources, with little or even no whole food [16]. They include sugar-sweetened drinks, snacks and cookies, chocolate, candies, breads and cakes, breakfast cereals, and diverse types of instant foods and ready-to-eat products. These foods are typically high in sugars, fat, and salt, energy density, and low in fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins [16, 17].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: regulation is not based on the NOVA classification; however, foods that are under the scope of the regulation overlap greatly with foods under processed and ultra-processed groups defined by NOVA, with the exemption of foods that have no addition of critical nutrients (and therefore are not under the scope of the Chilean regulation), but are ultra-processed based on their content of food additives (e. g. , beverages with no added sugars but using non-nutritive sweeteners). Both policies should impact the influence of ultra-processed food consumption in the nutrient content of the Chilean diet. In turn, the food labelling and marketing regulation, together with other initiatives under discussion such as taxing foods with high content of energy, sugars, Na and saturated fats(Reference Agostini, Corvalán and Cuadrado49) or improving the availability and prices of minimally processed foods, could decrease the dietary share of ultra-processed foods. In concordance with these strategies, our results show that most prevalence of inadequacy of nutrients related to NCD would be substantially reduced in the scenario of lower consumption of ultra-processed foods. Furthermore, our findings support actions to regulating the content of critical nutrients in the food supply such as the voluntary agreements with bread producers to reduce Na/salt content(50) and the law to reduce trans fats in the food products that could explain the low inadequacy intake in the population (3·1 % exceed the upper limit of ≥1 %)(6). They also support the promotion of fruit and vegetable consumption in the Chilean population through the ‘five a day’ programme(Reference Zacarías, Pizarro and Rodríguez51) and the message about reducing table salt in the dietary guidelines(52). In the light of our results, it might be convenient to include in such dietary guidelines recommendations according to the degree of food processing and to take into consideration nutrients, foods, combinations of foods, dishes and meals, and the social and cultural dimensions of eating and dietary patterns in concordance with the proposals of Brazil and Uruguay(53,54). The current study is not without limitations. The 24-h dietary recalls are subject to errors(Reference Shim, Oh and Kim55). To improve the reliability of data obtained by these recalls, the multiple-pass method was used, which improves the report of items frequently omitted by those interviewed(27).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text:  (OU)Pupils not observableNot testedNegative722J253/MRetinopathy of prematurity<1<1OU: band keratopathyOS: leukocoria, total synechia of irisOD: phthisis bulbi, opaque corneaBarely (OS); no (OD)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot testedNegative827A856/FRetinopathy of prematurity<1<1OS: anterior synechiaeOD: mild phthisis bulbi, dense band, keratopathy, corneal neovascularizationNo (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot detectableNegative923BP33/MRetinitis/retinopathy (measles)212OU: phthisis bulbi, dense corneal scarring with vascularization, marked exotropiaOD: cornea irregularly thinned nasallyNo (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot detectableNegative10274043/FRetinopathy (congenital rubella syndrome) and glaucoma (17 yrs)prenatal∼20OU: phthisis bulbi, scarred and opacified cornea, dense cataracts, scleromalacia (sclera diffusely thin)Yes (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot detectableNegative1126Q539/FCongenital glaucoma<17–8OU: phthisis bulbi, cornea diffusely opaque, scarred and slightly vascularized corneaNo (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot detectableNegative12234768/MOptic neuritis (spinal meningitis)27–8OU: phthisis bulbi, corneal surface completely scarredNo (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot testedNegative1327Q243/FOptic neuropathy w/moderate retinopathy33OU: normal conjunctiva, cornea, and anterior chamber; optic nerves completely white; dense macular scarring; scattered retinal scarsOD: 1 small circular zone of posterior subcapsular cataract superior to visual axis, slightly out-of-round pupilYes (OU)Yes (OU)Not detectableNot testedNegative1426Q643/MCause unknown

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: There is growing evidence of a significant positive, linear association between ultra-processed food consumption and added or free sugars intake [11, 12, 13, 14, 15], thereby suggesting that reducing ultra-processed food consumption could be an effective way of limiting excessive sugars intake. However, there is no evidence on the ultra-processed food consumption of Koreans and its association with dietary sugars intake. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the contribution of ultra-processed food consumption to total sugars intake, and to investigate the association between ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake in Koreans. Go to: population This study used data from the Health and Survey (), 2016–2018. is a continuous, nationwide, cross-sectional survey that provides diverse information about the health and nutrition status of Koreans aged 1 year or older. consists of health interviews, health examinations, and nutrition surveys. The survey protocols and procedures were approved by the Board (2018-01-03-P-A) of the Control and (KDCA). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. In the 2016–2018, a total of 31,639 individuals aged 1 year or older were sampled. Among them, 24,269 (76. 6%) participated in at least one of the three component surveys. Of these, 21,271 completed a 24-h dietary recall of the nutrition survey. This study included 21,075 participants for which 24-h dietary recall data was available and were not pregnant or breastfed at the time of the survey. Dietary assessment Dietary intake was assessed via a 24-h recall. A trained dietitian surveyed details of foods and beverages consumed on the recall day using the multi-pass method, similar to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Automated Multi-[18]. Individuals provided information on food description, quantity, and preparation method of each food item they consumed both within and outside the home, as well as additional details including time, place, accompanying meals, and so on. All food items were coded and edited. For a dish (i. e. , multi-ingredient food such as Bibimbap), dietary information was disaggregated into individual ingredients by applying the participant’s home recipe for the dish or the standard recipe developed for the [19, 20, 21]. Dietary energy and nutrient intake were calculated by applying the food composition database to food intake data [19, 20, 21].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Its results also reinforce the merit of a set of regulations conducted by the Chilean government aimed to improve diet quality and provide baseline information to evaluate these policies(Reference Corvalán, Marcela and Maria Luisa48). the Chile diet, an increased dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods was associated with an unhealthy nutrient content, with high dietary content of NCD-promoting nutrients (i. e. , energy density, free sugars, total fats, saturated fats, trans fats and Na:K ratio) and low content of NCD-protecting nutrients (i. e. , K and dietary fibre). Furthermore, the high prevalence of dietary nutrient inadequacies would be substantially reduced in the counterfactual scenario of a lower consumption of ultra-processed foods (the 20 % lowest consumers of ultra-processed foods – first quintile – represented 3·8 % of the total energy intake ranging from 0 to 9·3 %). This evidence suggests that decreasing the dietary share of ultra-processed foods in Chile is a potentially effective way to achieve recommendations on the intake of NCD-related nutrients and to promote eating in accordance with the international goals for a healthy diet. Acknowledgements Acknowledgements: of Health of Chile supplied the Database (Dietary Survey, 2010). Information from nutrients fact panels obtained from packaged foods in 2015 was supported by the Research Center. Financial support: The analyses were supported by the Fundaçâo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (grant number 2015/14900-9, G. C. is beneficiary of Postdoctoral fellowship, -Process 2016/13522-3). Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Authorship: G. C. and C. A. M. designed the research. G. C. and M. R. took care of data management and analyses. G. C. , C. A. M. , M. R. , C. C. , R. B. L. and R. U. interpreted the data. G. C. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors read, edited and approved the final manuscript. Ethics of human subject participation: Not applicable. Supplementary material For supplementary material accompanying this paper visit 17. CrossRef941. CrossRef28. CrossRef27. CrossRef87. CrossRef1. pdf (accessed January 2018). 31.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 1519OU: phthisis bulbi, cornea diffusely scarred and partially vascularized, dense white cataractBarely (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot detectableNegative15280563/MCause unknown; possibly due to inflammation of retina/optic nerves (Beriberi disease)356OU: band keratopathy, cornea completely opaque with pannus across much of central cornea and vascularized at the peripheryOS: abnormal globe contour with slight conical cornea, calcific deposits centrally in corneaOD: phthisis bulbi, retinal detachment (via ultrasound)No (OU)No (OU)Pupils not observableNot detectableNegative16145140/MEnucleation due to atrophia bulbiprenatal7–8OU: retinopathy (congenital rubella syndrome); prosthesis; bilateral enucleation at age 38 due to atrophia bulbiN/AN/AN/AN/ANegative1722K449/MEnucleation due to ocular trauma3333OU: prosthesis; bilateral enucleation at age 33 as a direct consequence of severe bilateral ocular traumaN/AN/AN/AN/ANegative18230653/MEnucleation due to retinoblastoma12OU: prosthesis; bilateral enucleation at age 2 for treatment of retinoblastomaN/AN/AN/AN/ANegativeTable 1Details of 18 for a Light-Suppression ResponseD = diopters; IOL = intraocular lens; LP = light perception; N/A = not available; OD = right eye; OS = left eye; OU = both eyes; RPE = retinal pigment epithelium.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Ultra-processed foods include sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), soft drinks, packaged snacks, confectionaries, and diverse types of instant foods. Sociodemographic variables This study included sex, age, residential area, and income as sociodemographic variables. Sociodemographic variables were categorized as follows: sex (male and female), age (1–18 years, 19–49 years, 50–64 years, and 65 years or older), residential area (urban and rural), and income (lowest: quartile 1–highest: quartile 4). Statistical analysis We estimated dietary energy and total sugars intake for the entire population according to the NOVA food groups and subgroups. Energy intake from each food group was expressed as absolute (kcal/day) and relative intake (% TE). Total sugars intake was expressed as absolute intake (g/day), relative intake (% TE and % of total sugars intake), and the proportion of energy from total sugars among energy intake within each food group (%). We also compared the average intake of energy and total sugars according to the four NOVA food groups by sex and age groups and tested whether the intake differed by sex and age groups. Next, we estimated total sugars intake (% TE) and the prevalence of excessive total sugars intake (≥ 20% TE from total sugars) across quartiles of dietary energy contribution of ultra-processed foods. This cutoff (≥ 20% TE from total sugars) is the upper limit recommended by the Society (KNS) [8]. Crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between quartiles of ultra-processed foods (% TE) and the prevalence of excessive total sugars intake. In the adjusted models, sex, age group, residence area, and income were included as cofounding factors. Linear trends were tested using the median value of ultra-processed food consumption (% TE) for each quartile. We additionally assessed whether the total sugars intake (% TE) increased across quartiles of ultra-processed foods using linear regression analyses. All analyses were stratified by sex and age. For subgroup analyses, sex- and age-specific quartiles of ultra-processed food consumption were used.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Ultra-processed foods: a fit-for-purpose concept for nutrition policy activities to tackle unhealthy and unsustainable diets Published online by Press: 14 December 2022 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Mark Lawrence* Affiliation: Institute for and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia email lawrence@deakin. edu. au 0. 14 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] nutrition science began approximately 100 years ago in the context of nutrient deficiency diseases. Nutrition research and policy activities were framed mostly within a reductionist paradigm in which foods were analysed as being a collection of their constituent nutrients. Today, nutrition problems extend to all forms of malnutrition as well as environmental sustainability considerations and are associated with food and dietary pattern exposures. In 2009, researchers investigating the nutrition transition in Brazil proposed that industrial food processing was a key determinant of nutrition problems. The NOVA food classification system which is based on the nature, extent and purposes of food processing was developed to operationalise this proposition. The ultra-processed food (UPF) concept within NOVA is receiving much attention in relation to nutrition research and policy activities. This commentary describes the UPF concept as being fit-for-purpose in providing guidance to inform policy activities to tackle unhealthy and unsustainable diets. There is now a substantial body of evidence linking UPF exposure with adverse population and planetary health outcomes. The UPF concept is increasingly being used in the development of food-based dietary guidelines and nutrition policy actions. It challenges many conventional nutrition research and policy activities as well as the political economy of the industrial food system. Inevitably, there are politicised debates associated with UPF and it is apparent a disproportionate number of 10. 1017/S000711452200280X [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2022. Published by Press on behalf of nutrition policy challenge Modern nutrition science began approximately 100 years ago within the context of nutrient deficiency diseases(Reference Mozaffarian, Rosenberg and Uauy1). A ‘Nutrient Deficiency’ era of nutrition science prevailed over the following decades(Reference Ridgway, Baker and Woods2).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Note that 1 participant (23CM, no. 5) has 1 eye enucleated and 3 participants (1451, 22K4, and 2306; no. 16, 17, 18, respectively) are bilaterally enucleated. All other participants (n = 14) have 2 natural eyes present.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: According to the comprehensive action plan for reducing sugars consumption launched by the of Food and (KMFDA) in 2016, sugars intake should be less than 10% TE from processed foods. Thus, we additionally analyzed the association between ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake based on the standards recommended by the KMFDA. We calculated the total sugars intake from both processed and ultra-processed foods (% TE) of NOVA food groups and estimated the prevalence of excessive total sugar intake, defined as ≥ 10% TE from total sugars from both processed and ultra-processed foods. Total sugars intake and the prevalence of excessive total sugars intake from processed and ultra-processed foods were presented according to quartiles of energy contribution of ultra-processed foods. Crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to assess whether the prevalence differed across quartiles of ultra-processed foods. Adjustments were made for sex, age group, residence area, and income. Linear trends were tested using the median of ultra-processed food consumption (% TE) of each quartile. Linear regression analyses were used to assess whether the total sugars intake from processed and ultra-processed foods (% TE) increased across quartiles of ultra-processed foods. Subgroup analyses were performed in a similar manner. Sample weights and survey designs were considered in all analyses. and procedures were used. Data analyses were performed using SAS software (version 9. 4; ), and results were regarded as significant at a P-value < 0. 05. Go to: -weighted proportion of the study population are depicted in Table 1. Table 1 Distribution of study population Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file Dietary intake of total energy and total sugars by food groups The average daily energy intake among Koreans aged 1 year or older was 1,996 kcal, with 26. 2% TE arising from ultra-processed foods (Table 2). The average total sugars intake was 63. 1 g and total sugars accounted for 13. 0% TE. Nearly half of the daily total sugars intake (44. 9%) came from ultra-processed foods. The contribution of total sugars to energy intake in each food group was 9. 4% TE in unprocessed or minimally processed foods, but that within ultra-processed foods was up to 25. 0% TE.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: The theory proposed that industrial food processing was a core influence on the structure and operation of food systems around the world and consequently a key determinant of dietary patterns and diet-related health outcomes. Critically, to operationalise the theory he introduced the innovative NOVA food classification system which is based on the nature, extent and purposes of food processing. NOVA classifies foods into four groups: group 1 – unprocessed and minimally processed foods; group 2 – processed culinary ingredients; group 3 – processed foods and group 4 – ultra-processed foods (UPF). It is the concept of UPF (Group 4) which has become the most germane component of the NOVA food system in its application to nutrition research and policy activities. UPF are defined as ‘formulations of ingredients, mostly of exclusive industrial use, that result from a series of industrial processes’(Reference Monteiro, Cannon and Levy6). Examples of such products include, margarines, soft drinks, preprepared frozen meals, instant noodles and confectionery. In a letter which the journal had invited me to submit in response to Monteiro’s commentary I supported the proposed theory and briefly mentioned it also had relevance to sustainability considerations in the context of the association between energy use and degree of food processing and packaging(Reference Lawrence7). Monteiro concurred saying ‘this is another reason to avoid ultra-processed foods’(Reference Monteiro8), p. 1968. Since 2009, recognition of the UPF concept’s relevance to sustainable diets has grown substantially(and Rock9,Reference Seferidi, Scrinis and Huybrechts10). As the twenty-first century unfolds, a rapid proliferation in the manufacture and consumption of UPF globally, regionally and nationally is being observed(Reference Baker, Machado and Santos11). Although the volumes and variety of UPF are highest in higher income countries, where it is estimated they now contribute more than half of the population’s dietary energy intake(12), the rate of change in consumption is especially dramatic in highly populated middle-income countries. These findings are linked with the industrialisation of food systems and consistent with the proposition that UPF are a powerful marker of the global nutrition transition(Reference Baker, Machado and Santos11). Evidence supporting the concept There is now a substantial body of evidence linking UPF exposure with adverse population and planetary health outcomes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: Open table in a new tabParticipants were recruited from the community via newspaper, newsletter, and radio advertisements placed through numerous institutions, associations, and groups for visually impaired and blind persons across North America. Each participant provided written informed consent before participating in both the screening procedures and inpatient protocol, and each participant was provided a copy of the text of the research study consent form in Braille, computer text, or audio CD format as requested. Board approval was obtained for all study procedures by the Research Committee. The experiment was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants were required to be ambulatory, to be taking no prescription medications, and to have no major health, psychologic, or neurologic disorders other than complete blindness and sleep disruption associated with their blindness. 27,28 Participants were healthy based on a comprehensive physical and psychologic examination, blood and urine tests, and electrocardiogram. Urine toxicology (i. e. , for caffeine, nicotine, narcotics) tests confirmed that all participants were drug-free during screening and on admission to the inpatient study. Participants completed the Questionnaire. 29 All were negative for risk of sleep apnea; 2 participants (23BP, 26Q5) met the criteria for narcolepsy risk; 2 (22A6, 26Q5) for sleep disruption associated with psychiatric disorders; and 7 (22J2, 27A8, 23BP, 2347, 27Q2, 26Q5, 2306) for nocturnal myoclonus, interpreted as general sleep interruption. 29 Participants reported no history of working night shifts or long-distance travel across 1 or more time zones in the last 3 years before their screening. Ophthalmologic TestingOn initial screening, participants reported having no conscious light perception. Participants were studied regardless of the cause of blindness (with the exception of cortical blindness), age and rapidity of vision loss, presence or absence of eyes, or self-reported sleep disturbances. An ophthalmologic assessment was performed in all blind participants with eyes before or after the inpatient study. As part of the eye examination, the following descriptions were noted for each eye: history of vision loss, description of appearance of globe/optics, ocular motility, a fundoscopic examination, and pupil reflex to light was examined with a slit lamp with the brightest light of an indirect ophthalmoscope.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Dietary intake of total energy and total sugars according to NOVA food groups and subgroups Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file Table 3 shows the dietary intake of total energy and total sugars according to the four NOVA food groups by sex and age groups. The consumption of ultra-processed foods (% TE) was higher in males and in the younger population (both P < 0. 001). The absolute intake of total sugars was slightly higher in males, but the relative intake to total energy (% TE) was higher in females (both P < 0. 001). Males consumed nearly half (47. 9%) of daily total sugars from ultra-processed foods, whereas females presented a total sugars intake from ultra-processed foods lower than that of males (41. 9%) and instead consumed more total sugars from unprocessed or minimally processed foods (all P < 0. 001). By age group, both absolute and relative intake of total sugars were higher in the younger population (all P < 0. 001). Table 3 Dietary intake of total energy and total sugars according to NOVA food groups by sex and age groups Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file Association between ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake Among the entire population, 15. 8% exceeded the upper limit for total sugars (20% TE) recommended by the KNS (Table 4). Excessive total sugars intake was more prevalent among females (19. 5%) and children (21. 1%). The prevalence of excessive total sugars intake showed a significant increasing tendency across the quartiles of ultra-processed food energy contribution, ranging from 11. 9% in the lowest quartile to 23. 2% in the highest quartile. After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, ultra-processed food consumption was positively associated with the prevalence of excessive total sugars intake (P for trend < 0. 001). The adjusted PR of excessive total sugars intake was 2. 40 (95% CI, 2. 10–2. 75) in the highest quartile of ultra-processed food energy contribution compared with the lowest. Similar associations were observed in all subgroup analyses stratified by sex and age.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: The evidence has been collected from observational, experimental and mechanistic studies conducted in a diversity of countries. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis reported that UPF consumption was associated with increased risk of obesity, all-cause mortality, the metabolic syndrome, depression, cardiometabolic diseases and frailty among many other chronic diseases in adults as well as the metabolic syndrome in adolescents and dyslipidaemia in children(Reference Lane, Davis and Beattie13). Importantly, the observed associations between UPF and these diseases are not just the result of poor nutrient profiles. A randomised controlled trial conducted by Hall and colleagues showed that consuming an ultra-processed diet matched for macro-and micro-nutrient composition with the control diet caused a significant increase in ad libitum energy intake and consequent weight and body fat gain(Reference Hall, Ayuketah and Brychta14). Evidence from mechanistic studies is lending biological plausibility to the observed associations by showing how the novel chemical compositions and/or food matrix structures of UPF might be acting through one or more physiological, immunological, hormonal or neurobiological pathways(and Astrup15,Reference Srour, Kordahi and Bonazzi16). In relation to dietary sustainability metrics, a review which summarised the magnitude and types of environmental impacts resulting from each stage of the UPF supply chain reported three core findings(Reference Anastasiou, Baker and Hadjikakou17): (i) UPF production uses significant finite environmental resources; (ii) UPF are responsible for significant environmental degradation and waste; and (iii) findings (i) and (ii) are all the more egregious from a sustainability perspective when it is considered that UPF are superfluous to basic human needs. There are three characteristics of the body of evidence linking UPF exposure with adverse population and planetary health outcomes which have particular salience for the utility of the concept in guiding the formulation of nutrition policy activities: The risk exposure is a combination of increased dietary intake of UPF and reduced dietary intake of NOVA groups 1 and 3 (displaced by UPF). UPF refers to a heterogeneous group of products in relation to their health and sustainability effects, and it is the overall dietary pattern (amounts and combinations of individual UPF) rather than the intake of individual UPF which is relevant to explaining and predicting health and sustainability outcomes(Reference Osté, Duan and Gomes-Neto18).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 75 and 15. 50 hours after scheduled waketime) as the result of CBT minimum calculation error. Participants were seated 1. 5 hours before the initiation of a 6. 5-hour LE and remained seated for 9 hours. During the bright LE, participants remained seated and were instructed to keep their eye-lids open. Participants wore clear U-Vex goggles during the bright LE to block any residual ultraviolet light (U-Vex, Boston, MA). All room contents were covered with white bed sheets. Participants were instructed by the technician to maintain a fixed or free gaze at predetermined, equal intervals during the bright LE (18 minutes fixed, 18 minutes free, 6 minutes fixed, 6 minutes free, 6 minutes fixed, 6 minutes free, repeated hourly). During the fixed gaze intervals, participants were instructed to orient their face forward in the same direction that they were sitting with their chin slightly elevated upward and to refrain from turning their head to the left or to the right or up or down. During the free-gaze interval of the bright LE, participants were allowed to move their heads in any direction. The technician sitting in the room during the LE session was instructed not to discuss light levels with the participant. Lighting ConditionsAmbient room lighting was generated using standard, broad-spectrum ceiling-mounted fluorescent lamps (4100K, Philips Lighting, the Netherlands) controlled with digital ballasts and transmitted through an ultraviolet-stable filter (Lextran 9030 with prismatic lens; ). Daily light intensity readings were taken and recorded by technicians approximately 2 hours after scheduled wake time to verify predetermined light settings in the room for CR (days 3–4, 4–5 or 34–35) and LE (days 5, 6, or 36). A separate light reading was taken at the center of the room with the light meter fixed to a pole 183 cm from the floor pointing at wall of the square room (vertical plane). In addition, a technician sitting in the room during the bright LE measured light intensity levels after (1) every other fixed gaze interval with a light meter attached to a pole 137 cm from the floor pointing toward the wall placed approximately 64 cm in front the participant's face and (2) after each fixed and free gaze interval measured from the participant's forehead toward the approximate direction of the participant's fixed gaze and free gaze. Light intensity levels (lux) were measured with an IL-1400 photometer ().

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Table 4 Associations between dietary contribution of UPF and total sugars intake Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file Association between ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake from both processed and ultra-processed foods Table 5 shows the association between ultra-processed food consumption and excessive total sugars intake based on the recommendation of the KMFDA. Among the entire population, 22. 1% consumed more than 10% TE from total sugars from both processed and ultra-processed foods. Excessive total sugars intake from both processed and ultra-processed foods was more prevalent in females (21. 3%) and children (37. 3%). Table 5 Associations between dietary contribution of UPF and total sugars intake from PF and UPF Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file The prevalence of excessive total sugar intake from both processed and ultra-processed foods showed a significantly increasing tendency across the quartiles of ultra-processed food energy contribution, ranging from 0. 9% in the lowest quartile to 47. 2% in the highest quartile. After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, ultra-processed food consumption still had a strong positive association with excessive total sugars intake from both processed and ultra-processed foods (P for trend < 0. 001). Go to: study estimated the contribution of ultra-processed food consumption to total sugars intake and assessed whether ultra-processed food consumption is associated with total sugars intake using data from a recent national nutrition survey. In the Korean diet, the mean consumption of total sugars was 13. 0% TE, and nearly half (44. 9%) of total sugars intake came from ultra-processed foods. Among the entire population, 15. 8% consumed more than the recommended limit of 10% TE from total sugars. Ultra-processed food consumption had a significantly positive linear association with total sugars intake as well as excessive intake of total sugars. Such associations were similarly found regardless of sex and age groups. Excessive dietary sugars intake is a worldwide problem, although sugars intake seems to be slightly decreasing or stable in some countries and regions [9]. A previous study using data from the Survey 2011–2018 reported the average added sugars intake of the US population to be 67. 8 g/day, corresponding to 12. 7% TE [24]. The UK 2008–2014 found that 12. 4% of total energy was obtained by consuming free sugars [11].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All processed foods are inherently unhealthy. [SEP] Text: Humans have not evolved with the ability to efficiently metabolise the novel chemical compositions and physical structures of many UPF(and Leitzmann4). The utility of ultra-processed foods as a fit-for-purpose concept for nutrition policy activities Nutrition policymakers are increasingly embracing the UPF concept for its fit-for-purpose guidance in formulating nutrition policy activities to tackle unhealthy and unsustainable diets. Recommendations to avoid or reduce UPF consumption have been incorporated into national dietary guidelines published in Brazil, Uruguay, Peru, Ecuador, Israel and Malaysia(Reference Monteiro, Lawrence and Millett19) and in France a target was set to reduce UPF consumption by 20 % between 2018 and 2021(20). Similarly, dietary guidance from the Association recommends avoidance of UPF(Reference Lichtenstein, Appel and Vadiveloo21). In a follow-up to the 2021 Summit, the ‘Workplan of the Coalition of Action for from Systems for Children & All’(22) has recommended avoidance of UPF in its special project on food-based dietary guidelines incorporating sustainability. A special report on UPF published by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization(12) as well as a number of expert commentaries(Reference Monteiro, Lawrence and Millett19,Reference Khandpur, Neri and Monteiro23,Reference Adams, Hofman and Moubarac24) have drawn attention to the need for nutrition policy actions to support the implementation of UPF-related dietary guideline recommendations. Commonly identified policy actions to help reduce the consumption of UPF include front-of-pack labelling information, taxes, media campaigns and marketing restrictions. Conversely, policy actions directed towards amending the decision-making processes which facilitate the entry of UPF into the food supply receive limited attention. For example, reforming the nature and scope of the risk assessment process used in the setting of food standards which relate to the preparation and marketing of UPF. The UPF concept is yet to be formally recognised within the risk assessment activities of the Commission and national food standards agencies. Several researchers are now calling for risk assessment procedures in the setting of food standards associated with UPF to extend from their current focus on food safety to also address broader social, ecological and public health considerations(Reference Lawrence, Pollard and Weeramanthri25,and Parker26).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: The catheter was connected to a 12-foot small-lumen tube, which could be passed through a porthole to allow blood sampling outside the participant's room during CR and LE. Between samples, a solution of 0. 45% saline with 5000 IU/L of heparin was infused at a rate of 40 to 51 ml/hour depending on the sampling rate to maintain patency. Approximately 1 ml of blood was aliquoted into a 3-ml Vacutainer containing the anticoagulant ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for each sample taken. Samples were placed on ice for less than 45 minutes before being spun for 10 minutes in a centrifuge at +4°C at 2200 to 2800 revolutions per minute. Plasma was transferred into a 2-ml aliquot tube and frozen at −20°C. All plasma and saliva samples were assayed for melatonin at Pharmasan, Inc (Osceola, WI), using a commercial radioimmunoassay kit () that uses I125-melatonin as a tracer and reported as pg/ml. Sensitivity of detection for plasma melatonin was 0. 7 pg/ml. Assessment of Salivary MelatoninParticipants were asked to fill at least half of a 7-ml plastic sample tube within 5 minutes every 60 minutes during CR and LE for melatonin assay. Salivary melatonin was only analyzed and reported here for 3 participants (nos. 7, 8, and 10), because blood samples could not obtained. For 1 participant (no. 7), saliva samples were obtained every 30 minutes during LE. Samples were placed on ice for less than 45 minutes before being frozen at −20°C. Sensitivity of detection for salivary melatonin was 0. 2 pg/ml. AnalysisMelatonin SuppressionPlasma and salivary melatonin concentrations during the bright LE were compared with melatonin levels at the corresponding clock times 24 hours earlier during dim LE on CR day except in 1 case (27Q2, no. 13), in whom data from 48 hours earlier were used due to a spontaneous phase change before LE that skewed the suppression assessment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: In recent epidemiologic studies of eight countries, the mean total sugars intake was 99. 4 g/day, which accounted for 20. 1% TE, and 65. 9% (65. 5 g/day) came from added sugars, which accounted for 13. 2% TE [25]. Although the total dietary sugar intake of Koreans estimated in our study was not as high as that of other countries, it was not lower than that of the 2008–2011 (12. 8% TE) [10]. In addition, both higher intake of dietary sugars and foods high in sugars among children and adolescents were observed [10, 22]; thus highlighting the need for tightly monitoring sugars intake in these risk populations. To date, the relationship between dietary sugars intake and human health has mainly been investigated at the level of SSBs, which are the main source of dietary sugars [26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. SSBs have poor nutritional profiles, less satiation, and excessive caloric value; thus, they have been targeted for public health intervention [31]. However, recently, various types of highly processed foods have infiltrated into the human diet and are widely consumed [32], which has aroused attention to the overall consumption of ultra-processed foods other than SSBs. Several studies have evaluated the levels of food processing and the excessive consumption of dietary sugars. In the US diet, ultra-processed foods contributed 57. 9% of the total energy and comprised 89. 7% of added sugars. Additionally, consumption of added sugars increased linearly across quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption from 7. 5% TE in the lowest quintile to 19. 5% TE in the highest [12]. Similar associations have been observed in other countries. In the UK, ultra-processed foods accounted for 56. 8% of total energy and 64. 7% of total free sugars, and Australians consumed 42. 0% of total energy and 73. 8% of total free sugars from ultra-processed foods [11, 14]. Statistically significant positive associations were found between quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption and both the mean free sugars intake and the prevalence of excessive free sugars intake among almost all age groups [11, 14]. These tendency was similar in countries with relatively low levels of ultra-processed food consumptions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Video lectures allow students to review material at their own pace. [SEP] Text: of (UFMG): Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Doctorate of Philosophy Thesis; 2021. 36. Cardoso-Júnior A, Faria RMD de. Psychometric assessment of the (IMMS) instrument in a remote learning environment. Educ Med. 2021;45. 37. ’Flynn S, et al. Relevance of anatomy to medical education and clinical practice: perspectives of medical students, clinicians, and educators. Educ. 2016;5:338–46. 38. . Measuring medical students’ motivation to learning anatomy by cadaveric dissection. Educ. 2017;10:363–71. 39. . Novel and to in an During a Pandemic. Educ [Internet]. Springer US; 2021;31:1703–13. Available from: 40. . Digital lectures for learning gross anatomy: a study of their efficacy. Med Educ. 2017;29:27–32. 41. -’Keeffe GW. Anatomy education for the YouTube generation. Educ. 2016;9:90–6. 42. Keller JM. Motivational design for learning and performance: The ARCS model approach. Motiv. Des. Learn. Perform. . Springer US; 2010. 43. Student satisfaction and learning outcomes in asynchronous online lecture videos. . 2019;18:1–14. 44. . Gender and motivation. J Sch Psychol. 2006;44:351–73. 45. Bećirović S. The relationship between gender, motivation and achievement in learning english as a foreign language. Contemp Educ. 2017;6:210–20. 46. Hu Y. Motivation, usability and their interrelationships in a self-paced online learning environment [Internet]. University: Blacksburg, VA. Doctorate of Philosophy Dissertation; 2008. Available from: LA - English 47. Ozan O, Ozarslan Y. Video lecture watching behaviors of learners in online courses. . 2016;53:27–41. 48. Cuschieri S, J. Spotlight on the shift to remote anatomical teaching during Covid-19 pandemic: Perspectives and experiences from the University of Malta. Educ. 2020;13:671–9. 49. . Association of COVID-19 pandemic with undergraduate medical students’ perceived stress and coping. Behav Manag.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: The area under the curve (AUC) for melatonin concentrations for CR (CRAUC) and LE (LEAUC) during corresponding clock times relative to the bright LE (to Lights Off) was calculated by summation of the areas between time points using the trapezoidal method. Calculation of AUC began with the first melatonin time point after and last sample before Lights Off. If sampling stop prematurely during CR or LE, the calculation of AUC ended at the corresponding time point during LE or CR, respectively. The magnitude of melatonin suppression was defined as the percent difference (% suppression) between the CRAUC and LEAUC plasma melatonin concentrations during the corresponding clock times of the LE. Participants had to reach a threshold of 33% suppression to be considered a positive responder. Percent suppression was determined by dividing the difference between the CRAUC and LEAUC plasma melatonin levels by CRAUC:%Suppression=CRAUC−×100Melatonin OnsetThe 25% dim light melatonin onset (DLMO 25%) was calculated for melatonin profiles on CR and LE days. The DLMO was defined as the interpolated time point at which plasma melatonin levels exceeded 25% of peak to trough of CR melatonin profile. The amplitude of the melatonin profile during CR was calculated by fitting a 3-harmonic regression model33 to melatonin data during the CR, excluding the first 5 hours and the last 30 minutes of data during CR. An estimate of DLMO 25% was excluded if there was 3 hours of missing data between 2 consecutive data points. ResultsOphthalmologic EvaluationDetails of each participant's neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation are provided in Table 1. The ophthalmologic examination revealed multiple etiologies of blindness, although a definitive cause of blindness could not be obtained in 2 participants (26Q5 and 2805, nos. 14 and 15, respectively), because the participant did not know nor could it be determined during the exam (i. e. , fundus not observable).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: and Chile, ultra-processed foods accounted for one-third of TE, but individuals in the highest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption were three to four times more likely to exceed the 10% TE upper limit for added sugars [13, 15]. Our results are consistent with these results found in previous studies. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods and examine its relationship with total sugars intake in Korea. Although both the levels of ultra-processed food consumption and dietary sugars intake were not as high as those in other countries [9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 24], it seems reasonable that the consumption of these foods drives excessive sugars intake, suggesting that limiting the consumption of ultra-processed foods could be an effective way of reducing dietary sugars intake. Our study had several strengths. We used data from nationwide representative samples of Koreans aged 1 year or older, which increases the generalizability of our findings. We analyzed dietary intake data obtained by the 24-h recall method, which assesses individuals’ actual food consumption over the previous day. Thus, the actual dietary intake of food and nutrients could be assessed, unlike other studies using household expenditure surveys [15, 33]. In our study, all food items reported in the 24-h recall were classified according to the NOVA system. This food classification system has been widely used to categorize foods according to the nature, extent, and purpose of food processing [16, 23]. Moreover, three researchers independently categorized foods according to the concept and guidelines of the NOVA classification system, and discrepancies in classification were resolved through discussion, as described in our previous studies [17]. However, our study also presents several limitations. First, the dietary data we used were data on single-day intake assessed by self-report. Thus, the ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake estimated in our study may not reflect individuals’ usual intake [34]. In addition, ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake may be underestimated because of the tendency of under-reporting of unhealthy foods [35], although it is unlikely that this may affect the association between ultra-processed food consumption and total sugars intake. Finally, we estimated the dietary intake of total sugars, including both natural and added sugars, rather than added or free sugars, which is commonly considered more important to human health.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Online education is always more effective than traditional education. [SEP] Text: Kinematic real-time feedback is more effective than traditional teaching method in learning ankle joint mobilisation: a randomised controlled trial 8. G2: placed in front of a station where, while they performed the manoeuvre, they received a KRTF on a laptop. Outcome measures: total time of mobilisation, time to reach maximum amplitude, maximum angular displacement in the three axes, maximum and average velocity to reach the maximum angular displacement, average velocity during the mobilisation. ResultsAmong the pre-post intervention measurements, there were significant differences within the two groups for all outcome variables, however, G2 (KRTF) achieved significantly greater improvements in kinematic parameters for the two mobilisations (significant increase in displacement, velocity and significant reduction in the mobilisations runtime) than G1. Ankle plantar flexion: G1′s measurement stability (post-intervention) ranged between 0. 491 and 0. 687, while G2′s measurement stability ranged between 0. 899 and 0. 984. Ankle dorsal flexion mobilisation: G1 the measurement stability (post-intervention) ranged from 0. 543 and 0. 684 while G2 ranged between 0. 899 and 0. 974. ConclusionKRTF was proven to be more effective tool than traditional teaching method in the teaching - learning process of two joint mobilisation techniques. Trial registration NCT02504710. reports BackgroundDuring the process of learning and acquiring motor skills, it is normal that a student makes mistakes [1]. The identification of these errors and their correction is essential in order that the student remains engaged in the training of this ability and a transfer of learning takes place [1, 2]. In the process of the acquisition of skills four different stages, which are interconnected, are generated, namely learning, error detection, error correction and training [2]. The traditional teaching method in which the professor gives a demonstration and the student repeats what he or she observes has some limitations: the identification of errors and subsequent corrections that the student receives depends on the professor-student ratio, and the information received by the student is always subjective [2, 3]. To overcome these limitations, new teaching-learning strategies to acquire new abilities/skills are being developed based on the use of instruments that provide feedback in real time with objective information, according to specific and useful parameters of the ability/skill [4–6].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 1979; 174:245-262CrossrefScopus (531)PubMed6. Gooley, J. J. ∙ Lu, J. ∙ Fischer, D. . . . A broad role for melanopsin in nonvisual photoreceptionJ Neurosci. 2003; 23:7093-7106CrossrefPubMed7. Hannibal, J. ∙ Hindersson, P. ∙ Ostergaard, J. . . . Melanopsin is expressed in PACAP-containing retinal ganglion cells of the human retinohypothalamic tractVis Sci. 2004; 45:4202-4209CrossrefScopus (165)PubMed8. Gooley, J. J. ∙ Lu, J. ∙ Chou, T. C. . . . Melanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tractNat Neurosci. 2001; 4:1165CrossrefScopus (475)PubMed9. Berson, D. M. ∙ Dunn, F. A. ∙ Takao, M. Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clockScience. 2002; 295:1070-1073CrossrefScopus (2794)PubMed10. Hannibal, J. ∙ Hindersson, P. ∙ Knudsen, S. M. . . . The photopigment melanopsin is exclusively present in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-containing retinal ganglion cells of the retinohypothalamic tractJ Neurosci. 2002; 22:RC191CrossrefPubMed11. Hattar, S. ∙ Liao, H. W. ∙ Takao, M. . . . Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivityScience. 2002; 295:1065-1070CrossrefScopus (2165)PubMed12. Dacey, D. M. ∙ Liao, H. W. ∙ Peterson, B. B. . . . Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGNNature.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Information on the content of added sugars in food is not yet available in Korea, thereby hindering the calculation of their contribution to total intake. Thus, we additionally estimated the intake of total sugars from specific food groups, such as processed and ultra-processed foods, and investigated the association between ultra-processed foods and dietary sugars intake from specific food groups and found strong relationships between them. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the mean total sugars intake of Koreans accounted for 13. 0% of TE, and ultra-processed foods contributed to one-fourth of the total energy and nearly half of the total sugars intake. The mean total sugars intake was below the limited level among all sex and age groups, but higher consumption of ultra-processed food was significantly associated with increased intake of total sugars and increased prevalence of excessive total sugars intake in all groups. This study demonstrates that restricting ultra-processed food consumption may be an efficient way to reduce sugars intake in the Korean diet. Go to: Notes Funding:This research was supported by through the Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2020R1I1A1A01064904). Conflict of Interest:The author declare no potential conflicts of interests. Go to: 1223. -ësse C, Druesne- Total and added sugar intakes, sugar types, and cancer risk: results from the prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort. 2020;112:1267–1279. . Guideline: for Adults and Children. Geneva: Organization; 2015. . of (NutriCoDE). Estimated global, regional, and national disease burdens related to sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in 2010. Circulation 2015;132:639–666. . Dietary sugar and body weight: have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes? : health be damned! Pour on the sugar. 2014;37:950–956. PubMed CrossRef Sigman-Grant M, Morita J. Defining and interpreting intakes of sugars. 2003;78:815S–826S. . for Americans, 2020. 8th ed. Washington, D. C. : US Office; 2020. Society, Ministry of Health and Welfare. Intakes for Koreans 2020. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2020. Wittekind A, Walton J. Worldwide trends in dietary sugars intake.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Online education is always more effective than traditional education. [SEP] Text: These new strategies could be used by all health professionals because they allow the student to identify errors in the implementation and to correct them, increasing their competence and autonomy during the learning process [6]. Previous studies have used different tools/instruments to provide real-time feedback, such as instrumented treatment tables [6–13], handheld force transducers [6–14], instrumented manikins [8, 15] and inertial sensors (IS) [5]. IS offer three-dimensional kinematic variables and could provide very good real-time feedback to teach/learn manual skills that have to be performed accurately and swiftly [5, 16–19]. An example of these kinds of skills could be manual therapy techniques on peripheral joints. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of kinematic real-time feedback (KRTF) when learning two ankle joint mobilization techniques (dorsiflexion and plantar flexion with talus displacement towards anterior and posterior, respectively), comparing the results with those of a traditional teaching method, such as mobilization. The hypothesis is that KRTF promotes greater development in the learning of the two ankle joint mobilization techniques analysed in this study compared with the traditional teaching method. MethodsDesignA double-blind randomized trial compared the effect of KRTF with the traditional teaching method when learning two ankle joint mobilization techniques (dorsiflexion and plantar flexion with displacement of the talus). Data collection of the study was conducted between 15 September 2015 and 30 November 2015 at a Faculty of Health Sciences. ParticipantsThe inclusion criteria to select participants was undergraduate students with no experience in manual therapy. Having some experience in manual therapy, even using different techniques than those chosen in this study, was the only exclusion criterion. A software that generates random numbers was used and students were randomized into two distinct groups, with one group to use the traditional teaching method (G1: control group), and the other to use KRTF (G2: experimental group) (Fig. 1). The participants’ assignment in each group was conducted by a blinded investigator. Fig. 1Design and flow of participants through the trialFull size imageEthical approval statementBefore starting the protocol, participants gave informed consent and were informed that their rights were protected. The study was conducted according to the ethical principles of the (for Subjects) and was approved by he of the University of Malaga.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 12. 19). There were slightly more nursing staff that participated from one health service (n = 56) than the other health service (n = 52). Participants worked fixed day shift (n = 37), fixed night shift (n = 13) and rotating day and evening shift (n = 58). Most of the participants had been working their shift type for 3 years or more (n = 88, 82%) and had been with their organisation for over 3 years (n = 76, 70%). The majority of participants worked in critical care (44%) or surgical (20%) areas and were full time (42%) or part time (58%) employees. The participants were front-line employees (67%), supervisors (22%), managers (9%) or casual staff (2%). Approximately 1500 nurses received the invitation to participate in the study (approximately 7% response rate). However, the actual response rate is hard to determine, due to email inbox technical difficulties and unknown numbers of staff who are on leave or absent for other reasons. ProcedureTwo metropolitan healthcare centres (Site 1, Site 2) agreed to participate and data was collected during 2013. Low risk ethical approval and consent was obtained from both health services; Research and (LR74/1213); (LR114–13) and the (2013–113). Consent from all three committees was received in written form. Participants were instructed through the Statement and the online survey that completion of the survey documented their consent to participate. This form of participant written consent was approved by the ethics committees. Participation was anonymous. Participants were invited to complete the online questionnaire in two ways, either via an email invitation distributed by an independent third party in the organisation or through an advertisement in the organisation’s newsletter. One of the healthcare centres requested a combined approach utilising online and hard copy methods. Therefore 224 hard copy questionnaires with reply-paid envelopes were distributed to the nurse managers on each of the wards. MaterialsOrganisational climate– Real (WES-R) [17] consists of 90 statements requiring a “yes” or “no” response, which measure 10 organisational climate factors: involvement, co-worker cohesion, supervisor support, autonomy, task orientation, work pressure, clarity, control, innovation and physical comfort. The WES-R subscales have demonstrated adequate validity and reliability [18].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Rev 2014;27:330–345. . Dietary total sugar intake of Koreans: based on the Health and Survey (), 2008–2011. J 2014;47:268–276. . Ultra-processed foods and excessive free sugar intake in the UK: a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2019;9:e027546 PubMed CrossRef Martínez. Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2016;6:e009892 da án C, Uauy R. Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the Chilean diet (2010). Nutr 2018;21:125–133. . Ultra-processed food consumption drives excessive free sugar intake among all age groups in Australia. Nutr 2020;59:2783–2792. . Added sugars and ultra-processed foods in Spanish households (1990–2010). 2018;72:1404–1412. -Steele E, et al. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Nutr 2019;22:936–941. . Association between ultra-processed food consumption and dietary intake and diet quality in Korean adults. J Diet. 2021 Forthcoming. . The USDA automated multiple-pass method accurately estimates group total energy and nutrient intake. J Nutr 2006;136:2594–2599. . Data resource profile: the Health and Survey (). Epidemiol 2014;43:69–77. PubMed Crossof Health and Welfare, for and Prevention. Guidelines for Nutrition Survey: Health and Survey 6th (2013–2015). Cheongju: for and Prevention; 2015. for and Prevention. 2016–2018 Guidebook for Using the Data from Health and Survey. Cheongju: for and Prevention; 2020. . The daily dietary sugar intake in Korea, 2018. 2020;13:359–363. . The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing. Nutr 2018;21:5–17. . Sources of added sugars intake among the U. S. population: analysis by selected sociodemographic factors using the Survey 2011–18. 2021;8:687643 ómez ía - Total and added sugar intake: assessment in eight Countries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Online education is always more effective than traditional education. [SEP] Text: Comparing the KRTF method with the traditional teaching method, the students who used KRTF were significantly different from students who used the traditional method, as seen in the kinematic variables, such as stability measures. Thanks to the results obtained, the aim of this study was achieved and the hypothesis was confirmed. While to the best of the authors’ knowledge this is the first study to use real-time feedback in the teaching-learning of peripheral joint mobilizations, the results obtained were consistent with previous studies that used real-time feedback with high-speed and low amplitude techniques on the spine. Both study groups achieved improved kinematic parameters of mobilizations (Tables 1 and 2), however G2 (KRTF) achieved significantly greater improvements in the kinematic parameters for the two mobilizations (significant increase in displacement and velocity, and a significant reduction in the mobilizations’ runtime) than G1 (traditional method) (Fig. 3). Also in the kinematic parameters’ modification of the peripheral joint mobilization, there was an increased stability of the execution in all outcome variables (Fig. 4). Consistency of measuresThe consistency obtained in both groups in the measurements recorded during pre-intervention mobilizations reached levels between poor and moderate (Fig. 4) [20]. However, after the intervention, the consistency of measures in both groups changed considerably. Thus, for G1 (traditional method), the consistency of measures improved slightly, ranging from moderate to good. On the other hand, consistency values observed in G2 (KRTF) were excellent [20], due to all kinematic variables reaching values of Cronbach’s alpha (95 % CI) greater than 0. 901 (total mobilization time) and 0. 899 (time to reach maximum displacement) during ankle plantar flexion and ankle dorsiflexion, respectively. A previous study showed consistency levels comparable to those demonstrated by two therapists with over 7 years’ experience in manual therapy [16], with inter-class correlation values between 0. 808 and 0. 928, although these values were achieved by manipulation of the cervical spine. Measures of consistency are very important because they are evidence that, in the same situation, the therapist is able to always provide the same answer, one of the principal characteristics that distinguish expert manual therapists [4].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: In this study, the reliability estimates for the autonomy (. 44) and control (. 47) subscales were inadequate (< 0. 6) and therefore omitted. Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0. 62 to 0. 74 for the remaining climate factors, similar to previous research [12, 19]. The reliability estimates were as follows: involvement (. 69), co-worker cohesion (. 63), supervisor support (. 74), task orientation (. 65), work pressure (. 62), clarity (. 68), innovation (. 73) and physical comfort (. 72). Health(GHQ-28) [20, 21] assessed the general wellbeing of participants. The GHQ-28 consists of 28 items that are positively (n = 7) or negatively (n = 21) worded. The GHQ-28 produced a total score representing overall psychopathology, and four subscale totals (somatic complaints, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression). A total score of above 13 was considered to be “acutely distressed” [22]. Cronbach’s alpha-estimated reliability of the GHQ ranged from 0. 80 to 0. 92 for the present study, consistent with prior research [12, 23]. The studied applied several statistical analyses which included logistic regression, and Roy–Bargmann stepdown analysis. ResultsData screeningPreliminary data screening revealed missing values distributed randomly across the items and participants; Little’s MCAR χ2 = 1922. 161, p > 0. 05. Expectation maximisation was used to replace missing values. Scale totals were constructed from item level responses and were subsequently screened for violations of normality and evidence of outliers. All variables exhibited acceptable levels of skew and kurtosis [24]. Univariate outliers (> ±3. 29 standard deviations from the mean) were identified for the social dysfunction subscales of the GHQ. These scores were within the possible range of scores and had negligible effects on parameter estimates when comparing analyses with and without the cases; therefore, the decision was made to retain these cases without transformation. An examination of Mahalanobis distance revealed no multivariate outliers (p < 0. 001). Health outcomes by shift typeThe results show that shift types differed in their mean scores on each of the health outcomes and organisational climate (see Table 1). On average, day shift staff exhibited a lower score on two of the five indices of health: social dysfunction and depression.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: in via InstitutionLog in via Openin using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? for this keyword Advanced search Latest content authors by collection Search for this keyword Advanced search Main menu Latest content authors by collection Log in in via InstitutionLog in via Openin using your username and password For personal accounts OR managers of institutional accounts Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Register a new account? Forgot your user name or password? BMJ are here, Issue 3 Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study Email alerts 2010. evaluated 9317 participants aged 1+ years with at least one 24 h dietary recall. Main outcome measures Average dietary content of added sugars and proportion of individuals consuming more than 10% of total energy from added sugars. Data analysis Gaussian and Poisson regressions estimated the association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and intake of added sugars. All models incorporated survey sample weights and adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, family income and educational attainment. Results Ultra-processed foods comprised 57. 9% of energy intake, and contributed 89. 7% of the energy intake from added sugars. The content of added sugars in ultra-processed foods (21. 1% of calories) was eightfold higher than in processed foods (2. 4%) and fivefold higher than in unprocessed or minimally processed foods and processed culinary ingredients grouped together (3. 7%). Both in unadjusted and adjusted models, each increase of 5 percentage points in proportional energy intake from ultra-processed foods increased the proportional energy intake from added sugars by 1 percentage point. Consumption of added sugars increased linearly across quintiles of ultra-processed food consumption: from 7. 5% of total energy in the lowest quintile to 19. 5% in the highest. A total of 82. 1% of Americans in the highest quintile exceeded the recommended limit of 10% energy from added sugars, compared with 26. 4% in the lowest. the consumption of ultra-processed foods could be an effective way of reducing the excessive intake of added sugars in the USA. ultra-processedadded sugarsdietary intakeis an 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Online classes require no time management or self-discipline skills. [SEP] Text: Take language assessment easy: the mediator impacts of self-assessment, test-taking skills in predicting student evaluation apprehension, foreign language learning self-esteem, and language achievement in online classes access Published: 04 July 2023 Take language assessment easy: the mediator impacts of self-assessment, test-taking skills in predicting student evaluation apprehension, foreign language learning self-esteem, and language achievement in online classes : orcid. org/0000-0001-9921-476X1,2, : orcid. org/0000-0002-5703-256X3, : orcid. org/0000-0002-4400-23104 & …Barana Belton5 Show authors in Asia 0. 844 to 0. 874. The participants’ levels of evaluation apprehension were measured using the (SEAS). Jaheidzadeh and Ghanizadeh (2021) designed and verified this scale. Twenty statements are included in SEA, each with a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (“definitely disagree”) to 5 (“definitely agree”): reading commotion, presentation in the classroom, and participation in classroom discussions/question and answer exchanges. The SA levels of students were evaluated by Judge et al. (2003) utilizing the Core of Self‑assessments Questionnaire (CSAQ). A Likert scale from 1 to 5 is used for each of the 12 questions, with 1 indicating strong disagreement and 5 indicating strong agreement. On this scale, students obtained grades ranging from 12 to 60. A high score on this scale indicates that the respondent has a positive opinion of themselves. The findings of this study indicate that the CSEQ is reliable, with a coefficient of reliability of 0. 878, which meets the necessary requirements for use in practice. Using the Learning Self-esteem Scale (FLLSE), the researchers analyzed the level of confidence among university-level EFL students. Using a 5-point Likert scale (from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree)), Rubio (2007) created this measure. Twenty-five measures make up FLLSE’s four dimensions, which are (1) language capability, (2) real in-class language utilization, (3) in-class correlations, and (4) attitude toward/behavior in the class of foreign language.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: In comparison, rotating shift workers exhibited the highest levels of psychological distress (as indicated by the GHQ total score), levels of anxiety and somatic symptoms. Moreover, night shift workers exhibited the highest scores relating to social dysfunction. However, the different shift types (rotating, night and day) revealed no significant differences for health outcomes subscales (p > 0. 05). The within-group variability on each of the health indices were similar for each of the shift types. Table 1 Mean scores (SD) for health outcome and organisational climate by shift typeFull size tableThirty eight percent of day and night shift staff were classified as “acutely distressed”. In comparison, 47% of rotating shift respondents were classified as “acutely distressed”. Logistic regression using distress status (acute vs. not acute) as the dependent variable (DV) and dichotomised shift work variables (day vs. night, day vs. rotating) as independent variables (IV) failed to demonstrate significant odds ratios (B = 0. 143, p > 0. 05, odds ratio = 2. 32). Organisational climate profile across shift typesOrganisational climate factors varied across shift type (see Table 1). Rotating staff exhibited the most positive perceptions of their work environment, reporting the highest levels of job involvement, co-worker cohesion, task orientation, and role clarity (Table 1). The within-group variability in levels of role clarity was shown to differ significantly among shift types (F(2,105) = 4. 22, p < 0. 05). and Roy–Bargmann stepdown analysis examined whether organisational climates differed across shift types. Given that the current study is a replication of a previous study [12] a similar order of priority was allocated to the DVs. The climate factors that were assigned the highest priority included coworker cohesion, job involvement, task orientation and innovation. These factors were followed by supervisor support, work pressure, role clarity and physical comfort, as studies have shown inconsistencies in whether they exhibit cross shift differences [12]. The results from this analysis are provided in Table 2. Table 2 The univariate effects exhibited by each organisational climate factorFull size tableThe multivariate effect for shift type was significant (Roy’s largest root = 0. 20, F(8, 99) = 2. 52, p = 0. 02).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: 23–25 This classification includes four groups: ‘unprocessed or minimally processed foods’ (such as fresh, dry or frozen fruits or vegetables, grains, legumes, meat, fish and milk); ‘processed culinary ingredients’ (including table sugar, oils, fats, salt, and other substances extracted from foods or from nature, and used in kitchens to make culinary preparations); ‘processed foods’ (foods manufactured with the addition of salt or sugar or other substances of culinary use to unprocessed or minimally processed foods, such as canned food and simple breads and cheese) and ‘ultra-processed foods’ (formulations of several ingredients which, besides salt, sugar, oils and fats, include food substances not used in culinary preparations, in particular, flavours, colours, sweeteners, emulsifiers and other additives used to imitate sensorial qualities of unprocessed or minimally processed foods and their culinary preparations or to disguise undesirable qualities of the final product). A detailed definition of each food group and examples of food items classified in each group are shown in online supplementary table S1. The rationale underlying the classification is described elsewhere. 26–29For all food items (Food Codes) judged to be a handmade recipe, the classification was applied to the underlying ingredients (Codes -SR Codes-) obtained from the Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and for (FNDDS) 5. 0. 30 Refer to online supplementary material (OSM) for further details. Assessing energy and added sugar contentsFor this study, we used energy values as provided by. For handmade recipes, we calculated the underlying ingredient (SR Code) energy values using variables from both FNDDS 5. 030 and for Standard Reference, Release 24 (SR24). 31 Refer to OSM for further details. Data on added sugars per and per SR Code were obtained by merging the (FPED) 2009–2010 and the Database (FPID) 2009–2010. 32 Added sugars are defined in these databases as “sugars that are added to foods as an ingredient during preparation, processing, or at the table. Added sugars do not include naturally occurring sugars (eg, lactose in milk, fructose in fruits).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Online classes require no time management or self-discipline skills. [SEP] Text: In addition, Jöreskog (1990) recommends setting the cutoff value for the and CFI at a value of 0. 90 or higher. The influence of SA and TTS on SEA, S-E, and LA was validated by standardized estimates and t-values, which are shown in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. The SA had a beneficial influence on SEA (β = 0. 92, t = 22. 28), FLLS-E (β = 0. 94, t = 25. 37), and LA (β = 0. 89, t = 20. 65). There was also a statistically significant positive impact that TTS had on SEA (β = 0. 59, t = 10. 21), S-E (β = 0. 72, t = 15. 63), and LA (β = 0. 81, t = 18. 54). Fig. 2A symbolic representation of the values of the path coefficients (model 1)Full size imageFig. 3 T values for path coefficient significance (model 1)Full size image4 summarizes, the chi-square/df ratio (2. 742), the RMSEA (0. 065), GFI (0. 924), NFI (0. 963), and CFI (0. 952) reached the acceptable fit thresholds. Table 4 Model fit indices (model 1)Full size tableFigures 4 and 5 show the route coefficient values for the correlations between SA, TTS (subfactors), SEA, S-E, and LA as calculated by model 2. It is possible to make conclusions about SA and SEA (β = 0. 92, t = 22. 41), FLLS-E (β = 0. 94, t = 25. 66), and LA (β = 0. 89, t = 20. 77). It was determined that the following factors are related to SEA and TTS (subfactors): before test (β = 0. 63, t = 11. 25), time management (β = 0. 58, t = 9. 74), during test (β = 0. 60, t = 10. 54), and after test (β = 0. 55, t = 8. 32). Furthermore, S-E was shown to be connected to before test (β = 0. 74, t = 16. 32), time management (β = 0. 69, t = 12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: Perceived level of cohesion was found to vary by shift type (F(2, 105) = 3. 31, p = 0. 041, η 2 = 0. 06). Post hoc comparisons revealed that this univariate effect was attributable to differences between night (M = 50. 77) and rotating (M = 57. 60) shift staff. Levels of physical comfort differed significantly according to shift type (F(2, 96) = 3. 16, p = 0. 047, η 2 = 0. 06). The night staff (M = 50. 08) reported higher levels of physical comfort than did rotating staff (M = 43. 55). Organisational climate and health outcomesIndividual regressions were conducted to evaluate the relative contributions of organisational climate factors for predicting the overall and four indices of psychopathology-somatic complaints, anxiety and insomnia, depression, social dysfunction (Table 3). Table 3 Regression results for health indicesFull size tableOverall, organisational climate factors made a significant contribution to the prediction of social dysfunction (ΔR2 = 0. 18, p = 0. 008), depression (ΔR2 = 0. 17, p = 0. 018), and GHQ total score (ΔR2 = 0. 17, p = 0. 009). Supervisor support made a significant unique contribution in predicting somatic complaints (B = − 0. 06, p = 0. 03), social dysfunction (B = − 0. 04, p = 0. 047), and GHQ total score (B = − 0. 16, p = 0. 04). The degree of task orientation was a significant unique predictor of social dysfunction (B = − 0. 04, p = 0. 047). None of the individual organisational climate factors predicted differences in levels of depression or anxiety and insomnia. DiscussionThe current study compared the organisational climate and health outcomes of nurses across different shift types. Shift-related differences in nurse health outcomesThe results revealed that scores on each of the health indices varied across shift types. Contrary to H1, the proportion of night and day staff classified as “acutely distressed” was the same. There were no statistical differences between shift groups for GHQ scores. This finding may be due in part to inadequate power from the small sample size of night staff.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Processed foods are generally higher in added sugars and preservatives. [SEP] Text: Examples of added sugars include brown sugar, cane sugar, confectioners’ sugar, granulated sugar, dextrose, white sugar, corn syrup and corn syrup solids, molasses, honey, and all types of syrups such as maple syrup, table syrups, and pancake syrup. ”32 These two databases express the content of added sugars in teaspoons per 100 g. Teaspoons were converted into grams using the factor 4. 2 g/teaspoon and into kcal using the factor 3. 87 kcal/g. Data analysisWe utilised all available day 1 dietary data for each participant. Food items were sorted into mutually exclusive food subgroups within unprocessed or minimally processed foods (n=11), processed culinary ingredients (n=4), processed foods (n=4) and ultra-processed foods (n=18), as shown in table 1. First, we evaluated the contributions of each of the NOVA food groups and subgroups to total energy and to the energy from added sugars. Next, we calculated the average content of added sugars in the overall US diet and in fractions of this diet composed by each of the NOVA food groups and subgroups. We also calculated the dietary content of added sugars in the group of unprocessed or minimally processed foods combined with the group of processed culinary ingredients, as foods belonging to these two groups are usually combined together in culinary preparations and therefore consumed together. View this table:View inline View popup Table 1 Distribution of the total energy intake and of the energy intake from added sugars according to food groups, and the mean content of added sugars of each food groupWe used Gaussian regression to estimate the association between the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and the dietary content of added sugars, each expressed as proportions of total energy. This association was also explored after adjusting for the proportion of added sugars in non-ultra-processed energy intake. The dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods was transformed using restricted cubic spline functions to allow for non-linearity. The average content of added sugars in the overall diet was compared across quintiles of the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods. Poisson regression was used to assess whether the percentage of diets with more than 10% or 20% of total energy from added sugars increased across quintiles. This increase was also evaluated across demographic subgroups in stratified analysis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Online classes require no time management or self-discipline skills. [SEP] Text: 87), during test (β = 0. 71, t = 14. 48), and after test (β = 0. 66, t = 11. 43). A similar pattern emerges when looking at the LA and TTS subfactors: before test (β = 0. 82, t = 19. 85), time management (β = 0. 80, t = 19. 13), during test (β = 0. 85, t = 20. 06), and after test (β = 0. 77, t = 16. 98). Fig. 4A symbolic representation of the values of the path coefficients (model 2)Full size imageFig. 5 T values for path coefficient significance (model 2)Full size imageThe second model’s fit indices are also included in Table 5. (0. 069) and chi-square (2. 985) ratios indicate a satisfactory match. In addition, the CFI (0. 923), NFI (0. 949), and GFI (0. 935) were all within reasonable ranges. Table 5 Model fit indicesFull size tableDiscussionThe purpose of this study was to probe into the effects that establishing and practicing and S-E on AE and LA while participating in online courses at academic institutions may have. In order to accomplish this objective, a qualitative study inquiry was carried out with EFL students who were enrolled in language schools in Turkey and were making use of online learning opportunities. According to the findings, students who participate in SA and TTS have greater levels of SEA and S-E and also have better exam scores. These results demonstrated the significant role that online courses and evaluation play in enhancing students’ emotional well-being and their desire to continue their education. The next part of this 28. L. F. (2015). Justifying the use of language assessments: Linking test performance with consequences. JLTA Journal, 18, 3–22. 29. (in press). R. , & Mentis, M. (2013). Self-assessment as a process for inclusion. of Inclusive Education, 17(8), 854–867. 68. S. F. , Hussain, M. , Kumar, T. , Goodarzi, A. , & Assefa, Y. (2022). The core of self-assessment and academic stress among EFL learners: The mediating role of coping styles. in Asia, 12, 21.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: The results suggest that supervisor support could mitigate negative health outcomes, such as somatic complaints including migraines, fever, and generally feeling run down. The finding aligns with previous studies [28], where social support (both co-worker and supervisor) was found to be preventative for somatic symptoms such as headaches and gastric problems. What remains unclear is how supervisor support has the ability to prevent somatic symptoms in employees. The potential role of stress as a mediator or moderator of this relationship could be explored in future studies. Social dysfunction was minimised by supervisor support. One indicator of supervisor support was whether participants felt they were able to be open with their supervisor about issues such as asking for a pay rise and discussing personal problems. It may be that the openness of the supervisor-employee relationship influences social functioning. Task orientation emerged as an additional organisational climate factor that significantly predicted lower social dysfunction. One explanation is that the more focused nurses are at work, the more efficient they are in completing the tasks as part of their role, and the less impact there will be on their social functioning. They are likely to be able to leave on time and have less work-to-family spillover. In contrast to previous findings by et al. [12], work pressure, involvement, and co-worker cohesion did not significantly predict any of the health indices. As the results of this study vary from those of von Treuer et al. [12] which suggests that the results from the earlier study cannot be considered generalisable, though findings may also reflect changes over time. Nevertheless, the findings of this study highlight the importance of an effective supervisor-employee relationship and uncovered significant gaps in current understanding about the impact of shift work on employee and organisational outcomes. LimitationsThe current study was a correlational study which prevents the ability to draw causal inferences about the relationship between organisational climate and health outcomes. The major limitation was small sample size, subsequent low power, and a potential type two error. Nurses are renowned for being an over surveyed population and this may also provide some insight into our response rate due to overexposure or ‘survey fatigue’. Furthermore, specific situational stressors may also impact findings. For example, one of the healthcare centres involved in the study was undergoing organisational accreditation during the recruitment phase of the study. Although some previous findings were replicated, a claim of generalization to Australian nurses more broadly would need to be tested.

Output: pass