Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: In the context of this study, the impact of wind farms is a conservation issue, as birds and other flying animals moving too close to the turbines and associated infrastructure run the risk of being disturbed or killed (Percival2005, Drewitt and Drewitt and Langston2006, Fox et al. Reference Fox, Desholm, Kahlert, Christensen and Petersen2006). Despite methodological difficulties, it is possible to explore the link between certain features of wind farms (e. g. number, distribution and type of turbines) and their impact on local wildlife populations (Fox et al. Reference Fox, Desholm, Kahlert, Christensen and Petersen2006, Band et al. and Ferrer2007, Morrison et al. and Ferrer2007, Steward et al. Reference Steward, Pullin and Coles2007). However, evaluating the cumulative effect of these structures on migratory birds is more difficult because of the distances flown between breeding grounds and wintering areas. It has therefore been proposed that, rather than focusing on local effects, an attempt should also be made to assess the cumulative impact of wind farms on birds throughout their migratory routes (Fox et al. Reference Fox, Desholm, Kahlert, Christensen and Petersen2006). This approach implies understanding how birds move along the flyways (Desholm and Desholm and Kahlert2005), and identifying areas where they may be particularly exposed to the effects of wind farm structures, such as migratory bottlenecks. Each autumn, millions of birds migrate from their breeding areas in western Europe towards their wintering grounds in the and Africa. These massive flows of migrant birds become especially concentrated at geographical bottlenecks, such as coastlines and mountain passes (Alerstam1990). Birds converge over the Atlantic coast of France and reach Spain through the western Pyrenees, which is the main gateway for migrants entering the (Moreau1956, Bernis1966–1971). The importance of this flyway for European migrant birds, which range from the more conspicuous species, such as Columba palumbus, Ciconia nigra and Grus grus to the many small passerines (Bernis 1966–Reference Bernis1971, Fernández-Fernández-Cruz1981, Madroño et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bilingualism has cognitive benefits, such as improved memory and multitasking. [SEP] Text: 1Typical trial sequences in the free-choice blocks of Experiments 1a and 1b. Stimuli were always presented within the fixation rectangle, but only the stimulus of the previously unselected task was presented immediately after the fixation time of 250 ms. The stimulus of the previously selected task was presented with a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) that depended on (a) the previous task choice history (i. e. , how often this task had been selected before) and (b) the experiment-specific SOA increase (i. e. , 50 ms in Exp. 1a and 33 ms in Exp. 1b). The intertrial interval (ITI) was 500 ms following correct responsesFull size imageExperiment 1b was similar to Experiment 1a, except that the SOA increase was set to 33 ms per repetition, to see whether a smaller SOA increase would also induce switches and to allow for a more fine-grained measurement of switch SOAs. In the following sections we will describe the methods of these two experiments together and then separately present the results of each experiment. Within the results section of Experiment 1b, we will also provide a comparison of the main measures between the experiments, to show how participants adapted to the slightly different task environments and to check the robustness of the results of Experiment 1a. 1a, 31 native German speakers (23 female, eight male) were individually tested at the University of Freiburg, Germany. They ranged in age from 19 to 39 years (M = 24. 81), and 30 were right-handed. 1b, a fresh sample of 32 participants (23 female, nine male) from the same pool was tested. They ranged in age from 19 to 40 years (M = 24. 19), and 31 were right-handed. Two additional participants in Experiment 1a and one additional participant in Experiment 1b were tested, but one participant in Experiment 1a was excluded due to accuracy below 60%, and the other two participants did not understand the instructions (assessed by self-report during and after the experiment) and were eliminated prior to any data analysis. Apparatus and stimuli Stimulus presentation and the recording of responses were controlled by E-Prime software running on a P920 computer with 24-in. monitor. All stimuli were presented in white 25-pt font on a black background; the stimuli were approximately 7 mm in height and 5 mm in width.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Raster plots of circadian profiles are demonstrated as in Figure 3. The phase and period distributions of Per1-luc (c,d) and PER2::LUC (f,g) rhythms are illustrated for the control (open column) and for Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (filled column). The phase distribution was significantly larger in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (adjusted s. d. , number of rhythm-positive neurons/number of neurons examined; Per1-luc, 5. 7 h, 171/183 and PER2::LUC, 5. 8 h, 143/152) than in the controls (Per1-luc, 1. 7 h, 187/187 and PER2::LUC, 2. 3 h, 129/129). The period distribution was also significantly larger in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (Per1-luc, 22. 2±5. 2 h, n=171 and PER2::LUC, 21. 6±4. 6 h, n=143) than in the controls (Per1-luc, 23. 3±1. 0 h, n=187 and PER2::LUC, 24. 6±1. 8 h, n=129). The circadian amplitudes of Per1-luc (e) and PER2::LUC (h) rhythms in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice were significantly lower than those in the respective controls (*P<0. 01, Mann–Whitney U-test). All data are given as the mean±s. d. These SCN slices were harvested from 8- to 12-week-old mice. Full size imageRaster plots illustrate the desynchronized character of cellular circadian rhythms within the same SCN slice of Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (Fig. 4a). The distributions of circadian peak phase in both Per1-luc and PER2::LUC on the first culture day were much larger in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice than those in the control (Fig. 4c). Similarly, the circadian periods of the Per1-luc and PER2::LUC rhythms were distributed widely in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Reference Madroño, Palacios and De Juana1992, Galarza and Tellería and Tellería2003, Urcun2003) has long been recognised. The expansion of wind farms in Spain is set to continue. In 2007, there were 530 wind farms capable of producing 14,145 MW. The aim envisaged in the five-year for is to reach 20,155 MW in 2010 (Energy Association, www. aeeolica. org). Not only are these infrastructures occupying increasingly larger areas of the country, many of them are located in areas crossed by the migratory flyway through the western Pyrenees (e. g. Laiolo and Tella 2007), which may create barriers for bird movements. This paper aims to illustrate the potential impact of these structures on birds moving along this migratory flyway by exploring the relationships between the movements of migratory and the distribution of wind farms in northern Spain. Along with other migratory birds, several million central Pigeons cross the western Pyrenees every year to winter in the south-western quarter of the (Purroy and Tellería1988, Bea et al. Reference Bea, Beitia and Fernández2003). recoveries of extra-Iberian migratory provided by the Scheme (n = 165) were used to sample distribution along the Atlantic migratory flyway across the Iberian Peninsula. are actively hunted in Spain during the autumn migration and in winter (there are more than one million hunters throughout the country) so it can be assumed that the distribution of ringing recoveries will reflect the true distribution of migratory flyways and wintering areas (Bairlein2001). The geographical pattern of wind farms, together with the number of turbines and power output per farm (in MW), was obtained from the official website of the (www. aeeolica. org). Both the ringing recoveries and the distribution of wind farms were updated to September 2007. After the pigeon recoveries and wind farms had been mapped, a series of parallel belts 50 km wide was drawn, following the SW direction taken by migratory pigeons. This made it possible to define a number of migratory belts to compare the intensity of pigeon movements (assessed by the number of ringing recoveries per belt) and the accumulated risk of interferences from wind farms (assessed by the number of wind farms, turbines or installed power per belt).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Apps like Duolingo and Babbel offer accessible ways to learn languages. [SEP] Text: An exploratory study on smartphone use among people with visual impairment shows that more than 90% of respondents used their mobile for activities such as calls, sending and receiving message, browsing the web, reading emails; 70–80% of them used smartphone for calendar functions, listening music and social media, and networking; 60 to 70% of them used for reminders and to take photos for reading with Recognition [18]. This study also shows that 80% of participants used a smartphone for outdoor GPS navigation. An online survey conducted in a developed country in 2014 reported that 81% of respondents with a visual impairment used smartphone apps for various routine activities [19]. In a global survey on the use of accessible apps, more than 95% of people with visual impairment reported that these special apps were useful, and being used to accomplish their daily activities [20]. The most frequently use apps were followed by screening reading and writing apps, e. g. . The study population of this global survey highlighted about the satisfaction of these special accessible apps of smartphones. In many cases, the smartphones apps can function for multipurpose tasks that facilitate independence living. Natalina et al. study also highlighted that the smartphones are replacing many traditional assistive solution to a great extend in doing daily activities [18]. A few studies reported that participating in digital arenas and accessing digital technology, including smartphones, reduce loneliness feeling, improve social contact, information sharing, gaining a better interaction with friends and family [21, 22, 23]. A study on tele-rehabilitation services for visually challenged students, in which smartphones were used exclusively, reported that smartphones based tele-health services offer a safe and an efficient way of providing all reliable information of COVID-19 pandemic, including various preventive strategies among students with visual disability. Such a tele- health services help to avoid the direct face to face contact between providers and patients. The study also highlighted such a platform helps in psychological counseling for fear and panic, facilitating and addressing the many unseen challenges faced by visually disabled people during the lockdown and pandemic period [24]. Advertisement 6. Advantages in using accessible features and applicationsConventionally, patients with low vision and blind receive optical and non-optical vision rehabilitation services using various traditional assistive devices such as magnifiers (both near & distance) and Braille, (DASIY) book and video magnifiers or Television -CCTV (Figure 8).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 4d), which may explain the wide range of phase distribution. The circadian amplitudes of Per1-luc and PER2::LUC rhythms were significantly lower in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice than the control (Fig. 4e). The cellular circadian rhythms in the Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN (Fig. 4a) were low in amplitude with superimposed small spikes. They sometimes exhibited a secondary peak in both Per1-luc and PER2::LUC, which could partly be due to a lack of rhythm synchrony. The cellular rhythms could be contaminated by bioluminescence from desynchronized surrounding cells, when the reinforcing effect of SCN cell networks is lost in adult Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. However, alteration of the cellular circadian oscillation due to Cry double deficiency is not excluded. Circadian rhythms in isolated SCN cells in dispersed cultureThe presence of cell-autonomous circadian rhythms and their independence from SCN network properties were further confirmed in dispersed cell cultures of the neonatal SCN from Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. Significant circadian rhythms in Per1-luc, PER2::LUC and spontaneous firing were detected in isolated SCN cells at two different cell densities: low cell density (1,100±500 cells mm−2) (Fig. 5a) and very low cell density (250±80 cells mm−2) (Supplementary Fig. S9). Most of the isolated Per1-luc and PER2::LUC positive cells exhibited circadian rhythms, which were indistinguishable in appearance from those in single cells of adult SCN slices from Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. The circadian periods of Per1-luc (Fig. 5c), PER2::LUC (Fig. 5e) and spontaneous firing (Fig. 5g) also distributed in a larger range in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice than in the control. The circadian amplitudes of Per1-luc and PER2::LUC were significantly lower in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice than in the respective control (Fig. 5d), but that in spontaneous firing was slightly larger in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice than in the control (Fig. 5h).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Although the use of surrogate species is a matter of some discussion (Caro and O´Caro and O'Doherty1999), the results from the study describe the already-known general pattern of bird movements in the western Pyrenean corridor (see Introduction) and support the view that this area may be considered a migratory bottleneck which puts both this particular species and other migratory birds potentially at risk due to the ongoing expansion of wind farms. From a conservation perspective, three main conclusions can be drawn from this information. The first concerns the concentration of wind farms in a key region for birds moving across the Iberian Peninsula. While the effects of wind farms on migratory land birds are not yet fully understood, it is commonly accepted that these will vary according to the particular location and the species. For instance, Barrios and Rodriguez (and Rodriguez2004) and et al. (and Ferrer2007) reported that raptors moving across the Strait of Gibraltar (a bottleneck for soaring birds with a high density of wind farms; Figure 1) had a certain ability to detect turbines, and collision rates were low. However, Lekuona and Ursúa (Reference Lekuona, Ursúa, De Lucas, Janss and Ferrer2007) reported that several migratory species (Milvus milvus, Black Stork, Vanellus vanellus, Turdus philomelos, Fringilla coelebs and Carduelis cannabina) face situations of high risk when flying near wind farms in northern Spain (Belt D, Figure 1). In fact, for all species in this zone, both migratory and sedentary, collision rates ranging from four to 64 birds/turbine/year have been reported (Lekuona2001, Onrubia et al. Reference Onrubia, Villasante, Balmorí, Sáenz de Buruaga, Canales and Campos2002). This could produce a significant loss of individuals in a sector where many migratory birds move twice a year across several 50-km wide belts occupied by more than 1,000 turbines (Figure 1). The cumulative effect of collisions on rare or endangered species is one of the most recurrent concerns when assessing the negative effect of wind farms on wildlife (Drewitt and Drewitt and Langston2006, Hüppop et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Many languages share roots, making them easier to learn in related groups. [SEP] Text: These associations show that the brain has an intrinsic ability to select certain properties of an object or taste and map them onto meaningless words based on some common features (see sources). Could people with speech and language issues who demonstrate a reduced bouba-kiki effect show diminished word-taste effects as well? Future research that indicates this would again reinforce the idea of using multisensory cues in language intervention. For example, word-learning tasks in which clients are trained to associate nonwords such as “bouba” with congruent images (round objects) and with congruent tastes (sweet) could enhance learning and retention of similar sound-symbolic words. Support for this proposal comes from a recent finding that exposure to flavor-based cues in healthy older adults were effective in memory retrieval. Despite the advantages offered by sound-symbolism, languages are still primarily arbitrary, a feature that must have conferred advantages in our evolutionary history. Relying heavily on iconic units may have hindered creative freedom, limited the infinite possibilities of language use, and led to confusion (for example, a word like “bouba” could refer to a “round object” or “frowning person” or “blueberry jam”). Arbitrariness facilitates linguistic diversity (for instance, we have different words for the same referent). Despite this diversity, sound symbolism unites us, whether it is by helping us to guess (accurately) the meanings of iconic words in foreign languages or to perform in uncannily similar ways on bouba-kiki tasks. It is from this foundational aspect that people learning or regaining language may benefit. Vijayachandra Ramachandra, PhD, is a professor in the and director of the Communication and at in Scranton, Pennsylvania. [email protected] Sethu Karthikeyan, PhD, is an associate professor in the in the College of at in City and a visiting scholar in the Lab at of New York, New Paltz. [email protected] Sources Crespi, B. (2021). Pattern unifies autism. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12(59). 10. 3389/fpsyt. 2021. 621659 Gallace, A. , Boschin, E. , & Spence, C. (2011).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Therefore, a loss of coherent circadian rhythms in the adult Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN is due to a failure of development of cell networks, which subserve rhythm synchrony without the neonate specific diffusible factor(s) in the SCN. Thus, CRY1/CRY2 are most likely involved in the development of adult type cell networks. The switch from CRY1/CRY2-independent to -dependent cell networks takes place at around P14—P21 (Supplementary Fig. S10). The neonatal SCN from Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice was less effective in restoring rhythms in host SCNs, suggesting that the putative diffusible factor(s) is less effective compared with WT slices. CRY1/CRY2 may also be involved in the function of this diffusible factor(s). Several molecules have been suggested to mediate cellular coupling in the SCN. The SCN was shown to respond to an agonist of D1 dopamine receptors only during the early postnatal period24. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was reported to be involved in the cellular coupling of SCN25. However, the roles of CRY1 and CRY2 in the dopamine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide signalling are not known in the SCN. Recently, a new role for CRY1 was proposed in the mouse liver, where CRY1 suppressed the action of adenylate cyclase by interrupting the association of Gs proteins26. This is a possible mechanism which links CRY double deficiency to a failure of development of cell networks for synchronized rhythm expression in the adult SCN. Substantial differences in the circadian rhythms were observed between Per1-luc and PER2::LUC at both the cell and tissue levels (Figs 1 and 3 and Supplementary Fig. S7). These differences are unlikely to be due to the difference in the reporter system used. This is because in the control mice, the developmental changes are essentially the same for both measures, whereas in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice, several features of the circadian rhythm, such as the amplitude and distribution of phase and period, differed between them (Supplementary Fig. S1a,b and Fig. 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydropower is entirely safe for all fish species in rivers. [SEP] Text: Rani, Mohale of Shengdi-on Patients with and Provisional PDF Effects of on Occupancy of Boxes by the (Parus major): A Dong-Ho Lee, Tae-Kyung Eom, Jae-Kang Lee, Hyeongyu Ko, Joo-Hee Kim, Sung-and Shin- of Factor on 5 of PC12 in 2and Kerachian Provisional PDF Effects of Factor on Diarrhea, in Healthy and Piglets with and Provisional PDF 16 May, 2024 Effect of a Rinqingchangjue on in and Provisional PDF Serological identification of Toxoplasma gondii in Goats and their in of and Provisional PDF 03 May, 2024 Effects of Feeding on Larval Growth, Cocoon Production, and of and Shah and of an SOS Inducible mand Sarfraz A. Tunio Provisional PDF Effects of on -IR, and HbA1c Levels in Patients with and in Patterns of Antilope cervicapra in Captivity of Antilope cervicapra in and of and their Relationship with Prognosis in Late--1 and Provisional PDF 01 May, 2024 Milk Yield, Composition and of Indigenous and F1 Crossbred (Bos indicus with Bos taurus) Cows in and and Khan Provisional PDF In-Vitro and In-Effects of in and Provisional PDF Studies on the Identification of Variants in Ribosomal RNA Genes in Families: and ul Ghafoor, Aziz-ud-Din, Khushi Muhammad, Inamullah and Abid ul Ghafoor of miR-155 and miR-21 Alone and in Combination for Diagnosis of and Provisional PDF Comparison of Floored and Farms for Energy and in Pakistan: A of Broiler Breeder’s Farm in -and Provisional PDF 29 Apr, 2024 Studies on the Mitochondrial tRNA in Patients with Disease and by in silico. and Nadeem Provisional PDF Effect of Ginseng on Profile, Quality of Aged BALB/-ur-and Provisional PDF Genotoxicity and Anti-of Tamoxifen and Chitosan Nanop10. 17582/journal.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: People can become fluent in a new language in just a few days with the right app. [SEP] Text: So it’s not like ‘Oh my god, I’m just going to do the cheaper bed’ because I just explained to them why it’s not going to help you. ” (Interview 6)Jessica shared that although she typically only pitched memberships to guests who clearly planned to tan for multiple months at a time, salon management encouraged associates to sell as many memberships as possible and only sell single sessions as a last resort. Several aspects of the memberships made them difficult to cancel and served to keep newly enrolled guests returning. For example, her salon’s policy was that memberships could not be canceled within the first 30 days, which effectively automatically enrolled those who purchased new members into at least a 2-month commitment. Some salons also established cancellation policies that involved writing letters or making phone calls to cancel memberships. Further, guests who had canceled their monthly memberships in the past were required to pay an additional enrollment fee each time they signed up for a new membership. Instead of canceling their memberships in times of non-use, which would incur new enrollment fees, users could freeze their membership by paying a small monthly deactivating fee and reactivating it at a later date. Jessica described how being enrolled in a membership may also pressure IT users into going tanning even when they might not feel the desire to go so they would feel like they were getting their monies worth. “… today I did not feel like it so I did not go tanning but I wanted to yesterday and then today I was like I don’t really feel like it so I didn’t go. was too lazy to go so I guess the ones that do come frequently are not lazy. Probably want their monies worth. [Interviewer question: Their monies worth? ] Yeah, I tell myself, I haven’t gone in September and it’s September 17 so I paid for the month and I haven’t gone for 17 days so I’m like I should really get my monies worth so then yesterday I’m like ‘Ok I’m going to go’. ” (Interview 6) Specials and deals describe a variety of sales and discounts designed to either attract first time tanners by discounting single session pricing surrounding prom season or temporarily reducing the price of memberships.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Circadian rhythms in Per1-luc seem to be more sensitive to CRY double deficiency than those in PER2::LUC. Furthermore, the phase distribution was different even in the control SCN between Per1-luc and PER2::LUC rhythms, which suggest the intrinsic nature of circadian rhythms is different between them. Parameters of the circadian rhythm in spontaneous firing were more similar to PER2::LUC than to Per1-luc rhythms in both genotypes (Fig. 3). The firing pattern of the SCN neuron was reported to differ between the cells which expressed Per1-GFP and those which did not27. These findings suggest that the cell networks of the SCN differ for the cell populations expressing Per1-luc and PER2::LUC. Different cell networks may build-up different regional pacemakers of different function as suggested previously28. We conclude that the cellular couplings that are responsible for the expression of coherent circadian rhythms differ in the neonatal and adult SCN in mice. The cellular couplings for rhythm synchrony are relatively independent of CRY1/CRY2 in the neonatal SCN, whereas dependent on these molecules in the adult SCN. CRY1/CRY2 is involved in the development of cell networks from the neonatal type to the adult. MethodsAnimalsCry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice were acquired from the Tohoku University29, and bred with Per1-luc mice carrying a Per1 luciferase reporter30 or PER2::LUC mice carrying a PER2 fusion luciferase reporter31. They were backcrossed with C57BL/6J mice for more than 13 generations. Cry1+/+/Cry2+/+ Per1-luc transgenic mice29 and Cry1+/+/Cry2+/+ PER2::LUC knock-in mice31 on the C57BL/6J background were used as the control. For the measurement of bioluminescence, the transgenic mice were used without discrimination between the homozygote and heterozygote. Although the intensity of the bioluminescence in the homozygote was approximately twice as high as that in the heterozygote, the circadian amplitudes of bioluminescent rhythms were standardized (see data analyses section), and no difference was observed in the standardized circadian amplitudes between the two genotypes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fiber intake is essential for maintaining digestive health. [SEP] Text: Dietary fiber, such as nondigestible carbohydrates and the complex polymer, lignin, plays a critical role in our daily diet, is abundant in plants and has important biological features [9]. Based on its physical and chemical properties, dietary fiber can be divided into insoluble and soluble types [10, 11]. Insoluble dietary fiber is found mainly in bran and whole grain breads and cereals, and soluble dietary fiber is often found in grains such as oats and barley, legumes, and most fruits and vegetables [12, 13]. Soluble fibers are beneficial for reducing serum lipid levels, and insoluble fibers can promote laxation [14]. Many studies have revealed that dietary fiber protects against the development of cardiovascular disease [15], diabetes [16], and even cancer [17]. The association between fiber intake and prostate cancer risk has long been examined in many cohort and case-control studies in different populations [18,19,20,21]. Deschasaux et al. revealed an inverse association between dietary fiber intake and PCa risk in their 12. 6-year follow-up study [22]. In addition, Sawada et al. reported that insoluble dietary fiber was associated with decreased PCa risk [23]. However, another study indicated that dietary fiber intake had no significant association with PCa risk [24]. Given the inconsistent epidemiological evidence on the associations between fiber intake and PCa risk, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary fiber intake and the risk and prognosis of PCa using data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, Ovarian (PLCO) Trial. We intended to perform a more systematic analysis to evaluate the factors associated with the effect of daily dietary fiber intake on PCa risk. Materials and methodsStudy populationThe design of the PLCO trial has been described online and additional methods can be found on the following website: [25]. 1993 and July 2001, nearly 155,000 participants aged 55–74 years were registered at ten clinical centers throughout the U. S. Individuals were randomly allocated to the intervention arm or the control arm. Participants were excluded if they did not respond to the baseline questionnaire (BQ), dietary history questionnaire (DHQ) or dietary questionnaire (DQX) at baseline. Participants in the control arm were offered standard treatment, while those in the intervention arm were invited to undergo PCa screening tests.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: Loading. . . in With Username/your institution Basket en de fr Publish with us Submit your Proposal 2024 Competition 2024 & Events and & Law, Economics & Media & Society & & & and in × Zitatvorschau in to clipboard. ris BibTeX Zotero. bib EndNote. enw Contributions of Experiences to Young-adult Bilinguals by (Author) ©2016 Thesis 221 Series: Linguistic Insights, eBook for US$ 99. 10 Download immediately. Incl. VAT Format: PDF and ePUB – for all devices Softcover for US$ 104. 70 Shipping in approx. 10 working days national, international shipping possible Add to cart question whether bilingualism is linked to benefits in cognitive control (executive functions) is intensely debated among linguists. While some studies come to the conclusion that bilingual individuals consistently outperform their monolingual counterparts on tasks involving cognitive control, other studies argue that there is no coherent evidence showing that bilingual advantages actually exist. This opposing view results from two inadequately investigated perspectives, namely the complexities of bilingualism and the multifaceted nature of cognitive control. This publication combines these two perspectives and presents a new approach towards the analysis of bilingual advantage. It discusses the results of a combined analysis of both specific bilingual experiences and specific aspects of cognitive control. the author About the book This eBook can be cited 1. 1 Introduction 1. 2 Definition of Terms 1. 3 Motivation 1. 4 1. 5 2. 1 2. 1. 1 Processing 2. 1. 2 Selection 2. 1. 3 Mechanism 2. 2 of Bilingualism 2. 2. 1 2. 2. 2 2. 3 in 2. 3. 1 Measurement of 2. 3. 2 Evidence of 2. 3. 3 Control 2. 4 Summary 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 Summary 4. 1 Introduction 4. 2 4. 3 Method 4. 3. 1 Participants 4. 3. 2 Materials and Procedure 4. 4 Result 4. 4. 1 4. 4. 2 4. 4. 3 Task 4. 4. 4 WCST 4. 5 Discussion 4. 6 Conclusion 5. 1 Introduction 5. 2 5. 3 Method 5. 3. 1 Participants 5. 3. 2 Materials and Procedure 5. 4 Result 5. 4. 1 5. 4. 2 5. 4. 3 Task 5. 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Mice were reared in our animal quarters where environmental conditions were controlled (lights-on 0600–1800 hours; light intensity ~100 lx at the bottom of cage; humidity 60±10%). Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice were born to Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− parents and were raised by their original mother. Both male and female mice were used. The day of birth was designated as the postnatal day 0 (P0). Animals were euthanized to harvest the SCNs between 0800 and 1600 hours. Experiments were conducted in compliance with the rules and regulations established by the of under the ethical permission of the Committee of (approval no. 08-0279). SCN slice culturePer1-luc and PER2::LUC bioluminescence at the SCN tissue level was measured with a photomultiplier tube (Actimetrics: Lumicycle). Coronal SCN slices of 300 μm were made with a tissue chopper (Mcllwain) from mice harvested at P1 or P7, and with a DSK Microslicer (DTK-1000; Dosaka EM) from mice harvested at P14, P21, or adult (8–16 weeks old). The SCN tissue was dissected at the mid rostrocaudal region and a paired SCN was cultured on a Millicell-CM culture insert (Millipore Corporation) as previously reported30. In coculture experiments, 200-μm-thick SCN slices were obtained from adult Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice carrying the PER2::LUC reporter and precultured for 4 or 5 days. Bioluminescence was continuously monitored using a photomultiplier tube (Atto: Kronos). Graft was prepared from mice without the reporter system. Graft SCN slices of 200 μm were obtained from the control mice of different ages (P1, P7, P14 and P21) or from Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice at P7. The graft SCN was precultured for one day before coculturing. A cortex slice from the control mice at P7 was also used as a graft.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fiber intake is essential for maintaining digestive health. [SEP] Text: It has been reported that a higher intake of fiber is significantly associated with a decreased risk of peripheral artery disease [26], breast cancer [27], head and neck cancer [28] and colorectal cancer [29, 30]. However, the role of fiber intake in PCa risk remains controversial. According to compliance with the 2018 nutrition-based guidelines of the WCRF/AICR cancer prevention recommendations and prostate cancer, fiber intake has no relationship with PCa risk [31]. A large cohort study from Europe (n = 142,590) also demonstrated that dietary fiber intake was not significantly related to the risk of PCa [24]. However, another prospective study of 43,435 men in Japan revealed that insoluble fiber intake but not total or soluble fiber intake was associated with a decreased risk of PCa [23]. Our study also showed that only individuals with an insoluble fiber intake higher than 15. 7 g/day (Q4) had a markedly lower risk of PCa, which is consistent with the above results coming from Japan. Although epidemiological evidence shows a relationship between insoluble fiber intake and PCa risk, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. There are several possible underlying mechanisms. Some studies have demonstrated that dietary fiber improves insulin sensitivity and improves insulin-like growth factor (IGF) dysfunction [32, 33]. Notably, in vitro evidence has shown that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia contribute to a high risk of PCa by altering the biological function of IGF-1 or IGF-2 [34, 35]. Additionally, insoluble fiber can be fermented to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which play important roles in biological processes including chemotaxis, immune cell immigration, and programmed cell death [36]. Previous evidence has suggested that SCFAs are beneficial for host immunity and metabolism in various organs, such as the digestive system and prostate [36,37,38]. For instance, butyrate, a type of SCFA, is metabolized from insoluble fiber in the colon. It has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects [37], and previous studies have indicated that chronic inflammation is involved in the development of PCa [39]. Recent studies have demonstrated that an imbalance in the gut microbiota leads to tumorigenesis in extraintestinal organs, such as the prostate and lung [40, 41].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: 4 WCST 5. 5 Discussion 5. 6 Conclusion 6. 1 Introduction 6. 2 6. 3 Method 6. 3. 1 Participants 6. 3. 2 Materials and Procedure 6. 4 Result 6. 4. 1 6. 4. 2 6. 4. 3 Task 6. 4. 4 WCST 6. 5 Discussion 6. 6 Conclusion 7. 1 Introduction 7. 2 7. 3 Method 7. 3. 1 Participants 7. 3. 2 Materials and Procedures 7. 4 Result 7. 4. 1 7. 4. 2 7. 4. 3 Task 7. 4. 4 WCST 7. 5 Discussion 7. 6 Conclusion 8. 1 Summary of the Results 8. 2 and Aspects of 8. 2. 1 and Inhibition 8. 2. 2 Experience and 8. 2. 3 L2 Proficiency, Language Interpreting, and Shifting 8. 3 Problem 8. 4 Summary 9. 1 of the 9. 2 Theoretical and 9. 3 Limitations 9. 4 1. 1 IntroductionSome early studies (e. g. , Saer, 1923; Smith, 1923) report that learning two languages is detrimental to bilingual learners’ intelligence. In later years, it was reported that the vocabulary size of monolinguals is larger than that of bilinguals in that language (Pearson, Fernandez, & Oller, 1993). This result is also supported by a more recent study (Bialystok, Luk, Peets, & Yang, 2010), which finds that the mean standard of monolinguals is reliably higher than that of compared bilinguals. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that learning two languages may cause some disadvantages to bilinguals. However, more and more studies have shown that for bilinguals learning two languages, this learning has a significant and positive impact on their cognitive functioning. A study by Peal and Lambert (1962) initiated a significant trend of research on bilingual advantage. They found that bilinguals have an advantage on tests requiring symbol manipulation and reorganization. They suggest that having to switch ← 11 | 12 → between the two languages might be the reason that causes the enhanced mental flexibility, superiority in concept formation, and diversified mental abilities (Peal & Lambert, 1962). More recently, the effect of bilingualism on cognitive control has been an area of great interest.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The host SCN was cocultured with the graft tissue by turning over the graft and laying it on top of the host SCN. The bioluminescence was continuously measured for at least 14 days. Per1-luc or PER2::LUC bioluminescence at the single SCN cell level was measured with an EMCCD camera (ImagEM, Hamamatsu photonics; iXol, Andor). Coronal slices of 200 μm were prepared from neonates with a tissue chopper and those of 100 μm from adults with a microslicer. The SCN tissue was cultured as previously reported,30 except for the concentration of D-(0. 5 mM). TTX (treated 1/100 dilution of 50 μM, final concentration: 0. 5 μM) was applied on the culture day corresponding to the postnatal day 10th (cP10) with fresh medium. The spontaneous firing was measured by a MED system. Coronal brain slices of 200 μm thickness were obtained from 2- to 5-day-old pups using a tissue chopper. An SCN slice was placed on a collagen precoated MED and cultured as previously described32. Half of the culture medium was exchanged every day for the first several days of culturing and then every second day thereafter. The culture medium was not exchanged during the recording period except where indicated (Supplementary Fig. S2). Dispersed SCN cell cultureFour to eight paired SCNs from 2- to 5-day-old pups were dissected from coronal hypothalamic slices of 400 μm thick and then treated together with trypsin as described previously32. Dispersed cells were plated on a 35-mm Petri dish or a MED precoated with 0. 01% poly-L-ornithine in very low cell density (250±80 cells mm−2) or in low cell density (1,100±500 cells mm−2). Dispersed cells were plated on 1–3 dishes for the former and on a single dish for the latter. Medium composition was the same as that for the slice culture except for supplementation with 5% fetal bovine serum. Cell dispersion was performed twice for each cell density in both genotypes. The numbers of animals used for culture in the present study are summarized in S1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fiber intake is essential for maintaining digestive health. [SEP] Text: Insoluble fibers mainly include cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose, which reduce intestinal transit time and promote regularity of the digestive system. This may provide an excellent environment for the growth of the intestinal flora, promote internal microbiota balance and activate the immune system [42]. The subgroup analysis results of our study indicate that compared with participants who have a insoluble fiber intake in the lowest quartile (Q1), an intake in the highest quartile (Q4) and the following characteristics are significantly associated with decreased PCa risk: male sex, age > 65 years, nonsmoker or former-smoker status, education level of less than high school, non-Hispanic white ethnicity and no family history of PCa. Intriguingly, among current smokers, higher insoluble fiber intake is related to an increased risk of PCa (aHR = 1. 49). This is an interesting phenomenon that should be analyzed with a larger sample size as well as the study of underlying mechanisms in the future. In addition, the majority of the study subjects (89%) were white and non-Hispanic, and the number of individuals of other races was relatively small, which may be the reason that no significant associations were observed in the other race groups. Next, we investigated the combined outcome of insoluble fiber intake and other factors, such as age, smoking status and family history of PCa. We treated the high-risk group (elderly individuals and those with lower insoluble fiber intake) as the reference group, and the protective effects gradually became stronger for individuals with higher insoluble fiber intake (aHR = 0. 81) or aged ≤ 65 years (aHR = 0. 73) alone than for those with both factors (aHR = 0. 62). Similar combined outcomes of insoluble fiber intake and family history were also observed. In addition, smoking status had no remarkable combined effect with insoluble fiber intake on PCa risk. These results suggest that insoluble fiber, in addition to its own features, may enhance the protective effect of younger age or a lack of family history of PCa. Although no protective effect of dietary intake on prostate cancer mortality was found in our study, this does not mean that prostate cancer patients do not need an adequate dietary fiber intake. Daily intake of dietary fiber can ensure the healthy functioning of individuals and be of benefit to their quality of life [42].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: Much research suggests that bilinguals have advantage over their monolingual counterparts when they perform cognitive control tasks (Bialystok, 2011; Bialystok, Craik, Klein, & Viswanathan, 2004; Bialystok, Craik, Green, & Gollan, 2009; Bialystok, Craik, & Ryan, 2006). This cognitive control advantage has been detected among child bilinguals relative to their monolingual peers (e. g. , Bialystok, Barac, Blaye, & Poulin-Dubois, 2010) and among older adult bilinguals who showed delayed cognitive decline compared with their monolingual counterparts (e. g. , Bialystok, Craik, & Freedman, 2007). In fact, some studies have also shown that young-adult bilinguals have cognitive control advantage relative to their counterpart monolinguals, at least in some cognitive control tasks (Bialystok, 2009; Costa, Hernandez, Costa-Faidella, & Sebastian-Galles, 2009; Prior & Gollan, 2011; Prior & Macwhinney, 2010), although a few studies have failed to capture this advantage, particularly in behavioral measures under low cognitive demand (Bialystok, Craik, & Ryan, 2006; Costa et al. , 2009; Luk, Anderson, Craik, Grady, & Bialystok, 2010). Besides behavioral results, ERPs (Event related potentials) studies show that there is a language control mechanism required to regulate and control the use of different languages and to prevent interference between them. In a recent study, an inhibitory effect (N200) was detected in on-line bilingual processing (Moreno, Rodrıguez-Fornells, & Laine, 2008). Moreover, in functional and structural neuroimaging studies (fMRI) (e. g. , Abutalebi et al. , 2012; Hervais-Adelman, Moser-Mercer, Michel, & Golestani, 2014) it is demonstrated that a structure tightly bound to domain-general cognitive control functions (e. g. , dorsal anterior cingulate cortex ACC, the caudate nucleus), is a common locus for language control and resolving nonverbal conflict.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Bioluminescence recordingBioluminescence at the SCN tissue level was measured by a photomultiplier (Lumicycle; Actimetrics) at 10-min intervals with an exposure time of 1 min in a single run of 10–30 days, as previously described30. The intensity of bioluminescence was expressed in relative light units (counts per min). Bioluminescence at the SCN cell level in cultured slices or in dispersed cells was obtained by DM IRB (Leica), Luminoview 200 (Olympus) or Cellgraph (Atto) equipped with an EMCCD camera cooled at −80 °C. Bioluminescence was measured every 60 min with an exposure time of 59 min for 7–14 days. The pixel size was 2. 3 × 2. 3 μm for DM IRB, 2. 0 × 2. 0 μm for Luminoview 200 and 1. 6 × 1. 6 μm for Cellgraph. Bioluminescence signals were analysed in terms of a region of interest (ROI). A single SCN cell was identified according to the following criteria: (1) the size of ROI corresponded to the typical SCN neuron (the diameter was ~10 μm), (2) the shape of ROI was round, (3) there was only one highlighted area in the ROI. The mean area of a single ROI measured was about 100 μm2, almost equivalent to a single SCN cell. The intensity of bioluminescence was expressed as an average intensity of pixels involved in a ROI. Simultaneous recording of spontaneous firing and bioluminescenceSpontaneous firing was recorded for 7–18 days using a MED 64 system (Alpha MED Scientific). The MED with small electrodes (20 × 20 μm; MED-P210A) was used for the SCN slice culture and that with large (50 × 50 μm; MED-P515A) for the dispersed cell culture. Spike discharges with signal–noise ratio >2. 0 were collected by software (Alpha MED Scientific) as previously described33. The number of spikes per min was calculated for each electrode covered by aSCN slice.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fiber intake is essential for maintaining digestive health. [SEP] Text: Many fiber-rich foods contain other nutrients in addition to dietary fiber, such as phytochemicals (e. g. , lycopene and carotenoids), that also have a beneficial effect on the health of PCa patients [43]. Thus, additional studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up times are needed. Our study has some strengths. First, the PLCO trial cohort was large and recruited from different research centers across the USA, making these results highly representative and reliable. Second, many potential confounders were included in the multivariate Cox regression analysis to avoid confounding bias. In addition, we explored not only the association between fiber intake and PCa incidence alone but also its potential combined relationship with other risk factors. Some limitations should be acknowledged in the present study. The outcome was overall PCa, and we did not consider the subtypes of PCa, such as localized cancer and advanced cancer. Another limitation was that smoking status, fiber intake dose, drinking status, height and weight, and education were self-reported and therefore subject to inaccuracy. Moreover, further investigations of the mechanisms of insoluble fiber intake alone and of the combined effects on PCa risk are needed. ConclusionWe found that total, insoluble, and soluble dietary fiber all had a protective effect on prostate cancer risk. Among them, insoluble fiber showed a stronger association with PCa risk. Moreover, several factors, such as age, education, smoking history, family history, and race, were significantly involved in reducing the risk of PCa with insoluble fiber. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and determine the specific fiber components associated with these benefits in various populations. Data availability The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to confidentiality reasons. If necessary, Data can be made available upon reasonable request from the. 49. 496. 2021;13:496. Epidemiology and Prevention of prostate Cancer. Oncol. 2021;4:877–92. 1447. 13. 18. 21. 61. 64. 12. . Viscosity as related to dietary fiber: a review. Nutr. 2006;46:649–63. 6. 88. 35. 9. 3053. 8. 264. 22. 61. 26. 10. 25. 9. 1002. 8. 4. Kawakita D, Lee Y-.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: Because of the need to switch between two alternate languages and because of the need to inhibit one over the other in order to use the target language, bilinguals use this common locus more frequently and more efficiently than monolinguals, so this advantage in language control very likely transfers to ← 12 | 13 → resolving nonlinguistic cognitive conflicts in domain-general cognitive control tasks, leading to bilingual advantage. 1. 2 Definition of TermsThere are two general terms requiring definition for the convenience of the following discussions. More detailed descriptions and discussions of the relevant terms will be presented in the literature review section. The first general term is bilingualism. Bilingualism may have different definitions in different academic fields. “Bilingualism” should be understood to include knowledge of any number of languages beyond one (Valian, 2014). For the current perspective, bilingualism refers generally to the state of speaking/learning two languages (Bialystok et al. , 2009). There are two distinct categories of bilingualism. The first is simultaneous bilingualism in which people take one language as the official language and at the same time take another language as their daily language in life. In this category, the learning of two languages often takes place simultaneously at early childhood, and bilinguals in this case are often balanced bilingual speakers. The second type of bilingualism is sequential bilingualism in which people learn a second or foreign language in a late age after the acquisition of their mother tongue. Learning two languages takes place sequentially, and in this case bilinguals are often unbalanced bilingual speakers. The second general term is cognitive control, which is also referred to as executive control or executive functions or executive processing in the field. Currently, it refers to the ability to control the processes that allow information processing or behavior to change flexibly according to different goals. Cognitive control processes include a broad class of mental operations. Various models have described cognitive control from different focuses, including the Top-down inhibitory model (Aron, 2007), the model (Baddeley, 1986), the System (Norman & Shallice, 1980), the ← 13 | 14 → Self-regulatory model (Barkley, 1997) and the Problem-solving model (Zelazo, Carter, Reznick, & Frye, 1997). Miyake and colleagues (Friedman & Miyake, 2004; Miyake & Friedman, 2012; Miyake et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The SCN slice of a 2- to 5- day-old pup was cultured on a MED, which was placed in a mini-incubator installed on the stage of a microscope (2000-1000, Nikon). The culture conditions were the same as those described previously32, except that they were performed in 100% air. In some SCN slices, PER2::LUC bioluminescence and spontaneous firing were simultaneously recorded while culturing with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing 0. 1% D-glucose and 0. 5 mM D-luciferin K. Bioluminescence was recorded with a CCD camera (ORCA-II, Hamamatsu Photonics) cooled at −60 °C. The pixel size was 4. 3 × 4. 3 μm. Data analysisBioluminescence signals from single cells were analysed using Aquacosmos software (Hamamatsu Photonics) or Cellcycle (Actimetrics) as previously described30. Bioluminescence records of the first 12 h were excluded from the rhythm analysis because of extremely high initial levels of bioluminescence. The raw bioluminescence data were smoothed using a three-point moving average method. The bioluminescence data and firing records were detrended by a 24-h running average subtraction method. The significance of a circadian rhythm was evaluated by a χ2 periodogram (ClockLab). A χ2 periodogram was applied for a record of 5 consecutive days in a period range between 10. 0 and 40. 0 h, with a significance level of P<0. 01. When more than one significant peak was detected in a χ2 periodogram, a cosine curve fitting method was performed to select the fundamental frequency and exclude the harmonics (Supplementary Fig. S11). The significance of curve fitting was evaluated with the percent rhythm analysis (P<0. 05). Cosine curve fitting was also applied to test the existence of circadian rhythm or to estimate the mean circadian amplitude of successive rhythms in the SCN tissue. Significance of curve fitting was evaluated with a 99% confidence ellipse34. Circadian peak was determined by a modified method of Inagaki et al30. Circadian amplitude was calculated by subtracting the circadian trough value from the peak in a cycle.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fiber intake is essential for maintaining digestive health. [SEP] Text: Many potential biologic mechanisms that might account for the cholesterol-PFAS association in humans have been studied in experiments [5, 16]. For example, PFAS may alter cholesterol production by hepatocytes, alter the circulation of cholesterol in plasma, or interfere with bile acid metabolism or reabsorption from the intestine and thereby affect hepatic cholesterol production. However, many challenges have arisen in the interpretation of these data because of interspecies differences in cholesterol metabolism and diet (esp. fat content), uncertainties about the relevant doses in experimental models, and inconsistent results. More data from humanized mice may help resolve the issue, though other approaches may also be useful. A possible explanation for the contradictory epidemiologic results is confounding by dietary fiber intake [5, 16]. This explanation is plausible because an inverse relationship between dietary fiber and serum cholesterol has been suggested for many years [17], and a recent report based on Survey () provided evidence of an inverse association between serum PFAS and fiber intake among adults aged 20 years and older [18]. A simplified directed acyclic graph depicting the potential confounding is shown in Fig. 1. Because fiber decreases both serum cholesterol and serum PFAS, not adjusting for it in epidemiologic analyses could produce the appearance of a positive relation, even if none exists. Fig. 1Directed acyclic graph showing relationships between fiber, PFAS, and cholesterol. Grey arrows indicate the direction of the association, specifically, fiber has an inverse relationship with PFAS concentration and cholesterol levels, while PFAS concentration has a positive correlation with cholesterol levelsFull size imageThe biologic mechanisms underlying the relationships of fiber with serum PFAS and serum cholesterol are as follows. Soluble fiber is a bile acid sequestrant [19]. Bile acid sequestrants in the intestine have two key effects. First, they cause an upregulation of bile acid synthesis in the liver, which lowers serum cholesterol [19]. Second, bile acid sequestrants have been shown to decrease serum PFAS by increasing fecal excretion, which is probably due to binding of PFAS by fiber [5, 20, 21]. We investigated the effect of confounding by fiber intake on the PFAS – cholesterol association using data.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: , 2000) identify three related but separable core aspects of cognitive control: inhibition, mental set shifting, and working memory updating. More recently, Green and Abutalebi (2013) propose the adaptive control hypothesis, stating that cognitive control is divided into eight processes: goal maintenance, conflict monitoring, interference suppression, salient cue detection, selective response inhibition, task disengagement, task engagement, and opportunistic planning. Although different views still exist about the specific subcomponents of cognitive control, it is widely acknowledged that cognitive control as a unitary construct can be separated into some related but independent aspects, which can be measured by different cognitive control tasks. Following this approach, this volume mainly focuses on three aspects: inhibitory control (inhibition), conflict monitoring, and mental set shifting. These aspects have been widely reported related to bilingualism in the literature. Inhibition is one’s capacity to supersede responses that are prepotent in a given situation. Conflict monitoring is one’s ability to monitor performance, internal states, and current environment. Mental set shifting is one’s cognitive flexibility to switch between different tasks or mental states. 1. 3 MotivationAlthough many studies have found evidence of bilingual advantage in bilinguals compared with their counterpart monolinguals (Bialystok et al. , 2005; Bialystok et al. , 2004; Bialystok & Viswanathan, 2009; Costa et al. , 2009; Prior & Gollan, 2011; Prior & Macwhinney, 2010), quite a few studies have failed to capture positive effects of bilingualism, particularly in behavioral measures among young-adult bilinguals (Bialystok, Craik, & Luk, 2008; Colzato et al. , 2008; Hilchey & Klein, 2011; Kousaie & Phillips, 2012a; Luk et al. , 2010; Paap & Greenberg, 2013). ← 14 | 15 → For example, in one such study (Paap & Greenberg, 2013), it was concluded that there is no coherence of bilingual cognitive control advantage across different cognitive control tasks and between different studies. In this study, young adult bilinguals and monolinguals were compared in three sub-studies on 15 indicators of executive processing by their performance in the tasks of anti-saccade, Simon, Flanker, and color-shape switching.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, the mechanism of GABA action in the SCN is still a matter of debate. Controversy still exists on whether GABA is an excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter18,19,20 and whether it acts as a synchronizer or a destabilizer of the cellular rhythms15,21,22. Previously, we demonstrated that bicuculline, a GABAA receptor antagonist, increased the firing rate of ca. 84% of neurons examined and decreased that of ca. 16% in the dispersed SCN cell culture of neonatal rats, indicating that GABA action is primarily inhibitory but excitatory in some neurons12. These controversies are due in part to differences in pharmacological tools and measuring approaches. The SCN neuronal network is important for the expression of coherent circadian rhythms for the output signals from the SCN23,24,25. In the dispersed SCN cell culture of neonatal rats, circadian rhythms were synchronized in neuron pairs with functional synaptic communications and were not detected in any of the pairs lacking synaptic communication12. The firing rate of spontaneous discharge in the cultured SCN on the multi-electrode array dish (MED) ranged typically from 0–1 Hz at the subjective night to 6–10 Hz at the subjective day6,26. GABA is synthesized by a rate-limiting enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and is accumulated in the synaptic vesicles by the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)27. Two isoforms of 65 that primarily locates in axon terminals and GAD67 distributed throughout the cells, are encoded by separate genes28. There was virtually no GABA content in the GAD65/GAD67 knockout mouse brains29 and very little GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents were detected in neuronal cultures from VGAT knockout striatum30. In the present study, we examined GABA signaling in the SCN using mice lacking VGAT (VGAT−/−) or GAD65 and GAD67 (GAD65−/−/67−/−). We simultaneously measured the circadian rhythms with a bioluminescence reporter for the clock gene product PER2 (PER2::LUC), spontaneous firing and intracellular calcium (Ca2+) level for several circadian cycles in the cultured SCN slices of perinatal mice.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vitamin D is harder to obtain naturally for individuals in northern regions. [SEP] Text: Abstractvitamin D synthesis can be affected by a number of variables, including skin colour, amount of skin exposed and levels of ultraviolet radiation. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using only sunlight exposure in Canada to meet the daily recommended level of vitamin D, given differences in these variables and adherence to guidelines for sun protection. index data for 13 Canadian sites were obtained from Environment Canada. The sun exposure times required to synthesize 1000 IU of vitamin D in fair- and dark-skinned people who exposed either 1/4 or 1/8 of their body surface area to the sun were calculated for each hour of the year. These times were then classified according to whether the ultraviolet index was 3 or more (when sun protection is advised) or less than 3. the fall and winter months and in the more northern sites, ultraviolet radiation levels were too low for all skin types to use sun exposure alone to obtain enough vitamin D within one time period. The required exposure time became longer when a smaller surface area was exposed. For people with darker skin, it can be difficult even in the summer to find opportunities outside of when sun protection is advised to use sunlight to obtain the recommended dose of vitamin D. sun exposure is an important source of vitamin D, Canadians should look to other safe sources to meet the body’s vitamin D requirements throughout the year. is a major steroid hormone that helps maintain homeostatic levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body and plays an important role in the maintenance of bone health and prevention of osteoporosis. 1 Studies have also linked deficiencies of vitamin D with breast cancer,2,3 depression4 and cardiovascular disease. 5 To mitigate the adverse effects of vitamin D deficiency, Osteoporosis Canada6 and the Foundation7 recommend 1000 IU as the standard daily dose of vitamin D in adults. can be obtained from dietary sources and synthesized endogenously. 8Sunlight contains ultraviolet radiation: ultraviolet B radiation acts on the epidermis and causes erythema. 9 is produced when ultraviolet B radiation interacts with 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. 10,11 Several variables can affect this endogenous vitamin D synthesis. Increased age,12 dark skin colour,13 area of skin surface exposed9 and low levels of ultraviolet radiation are some factors that can decrease the ability of the skin to produce vitamin D. The ultraviolet index is a scale that measures the intensity of ultraviolet radiation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Study and paper Education in Italy: paper First Online: 16 December 2021 pp 209–229 Cite this conference paper Ioriatti13 Part of the book series: - in ((GSCL,)) 339 Accesses AbstractThe contribution describes the situation of legal education in Italy from the point of view of the language of teaching. Here the acquisition of the legal terminology expressed in the national language is an essential part of the still mainly theoretical training in law. This is the main reason why in Italy law is still taught in Italian. This is true also for the bilingual or multilingual territories of Italy, where the law is formulated in Italian and in other minority languages (French, German and Ladin). Recently, for reasons that are independent from regional normative bilingualism, the role of foreign languages—namely English—is rapidly increasing and the use of languages other than Italian in legal education is turning into new teaching methodologies. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 169. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e219. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 219. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others Towards a of Legal Education: Case of Luxembourg 1. Cairns and du Plessis (2010). 2. Italian had previously been the language of interstate commercial relations: Maiden (2002), p. 34. 3. Lepschy and Lepschy (1977). 4. Castellani (1982); see also (1963). 5. According to data from the Italian national statistics institute (Istat), in 2018 English was the most known language in Italy (48. 1%, compared to French 29. 5% and Spanish 11. 1%) and is used mainly for study reasons 45. 4% (for 35. 51% at work and for everyone else for free time).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: c Circadian rhythms of PER2::LUC at the pixel level illustrated in a line scan (1 pixel width) from the dorsal (D) to the ventral (V) region (upper) and on whole tissue level (lower) of the same SCN as indicated in (a). The site of the line scan is shown as a red line in the corresponding acrophase map in (d). d Acrophase map of PER2::LUC rhythms (left) and phase distribution of each pixel in a form of Rayleigh plot (right). Black spots in the phase map of −/−, and GAD65−/−/67−/− SCN indicate electrodes. Scale bars represent 200 µm. OC: optic chiasm, 3V: third ventricle. e Mean vector length, r, calculated from the phase map. The number of SCN used are n = 5, 4, 6, and 4 for +/−, VGAT−/−, and GAD65−/−/67−/−, respectively. Phase distribution was not different among the four genotypes (p = 0. 728, one-way ANOVA)Full size imageBurst firings in the VGAT−/− SCN were detected in all electrodes in synchrony (Fig. 2a, b) throughout the entire SCN slice and strongly correlated in time with each other as shown in the heat map of correlation coefficients (Fig. 2c) which was significantly high in the VGAT−/− SCN (Fig. 2d). Importantly, the occurrence of burst firing in the VGAT−/− SCN was not dependent on the circadian phase (Fig. 2e, Supplementary Fig. 5). The firing rate and shape of burst varied among the SCN slices but was indistinguishable among the electrodes in the same SCN (Supplementary Fig. 2). Fig. 2Synchronous burst firings in the entire SCN of fetal VGAT−/− mice. a Representative spontaneous firings at each of the three MED electrodes located on a unilateral SCN from WT (upper), VGAT+/− (middle) and VGAT−/− (lower) mouse. b Raster plots of firing rates of individual electrodes expressed in pseudocolor (upper) and their mean (lower). The color key of the firing rate (Hz) is indicated in the right margin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vitamin D is harder to obtain naturally for individuals in northern regions. [SEP] Text: To include the guidelines for sun protection, periods when the ultraviolet index was less than 3 and sun protection was not necessary are in green if it was possible to synthesize the standard dose of vitamin D in 30 minutes or less and in orange if it was possible to synthesize 1000 IU between 31 and 60 minutes. Periods when it was impossible to synthesize 1000 IU or when the ultraviolet index was too low to report are in grey, and periods when the ultraviolet index was 3 or greater and sun protection was recommended are in yellow. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 1: Lowest sun exposure time (in min) required to synthesize the standard vitamin D dose of 1000 IU, by site and month. (A) People with type II skin who exposed 1/4 of their body surface area to 1/4 of the minimal erythemal dose. (B) People with type II skin who exposed 1/8 of their body surface area to 1/2 of the minimal erythemal dose. (C) People with type V skin who exposed 1/4 of their body surface area to 1/4 of the minimal erythemal dose. (D) People with type V skin who exposed 1/8 of their body surface area to 1/2 of the minimal erythemal dose. Green areas, ultraviolet index < 3 and exposure duration ≤ 30 min; orange areas, ultraviolet index < 3 and exposure duration = 31– 60 min; gray areas, ultraviolet index < 3 and exposure duration > 60 min, or exposure duration < 60 min and ultraviolet index > 3 (sun protection was recommended); yellow areas, ultraviolet index ≥ 3 (sun protection was recommended). The average, fair-skinned person with type II skin and with 1/4 of their skin exposed (Figure 1A) had no opportunities to synthesize 1000 IU of vitamin D during 1 hourly time period in December at 11 of the 13 sites studied. In Montréal/Dorval and Toronto/Downsview, where opportunities existed during this month, required exposure times ranging between 53 and 60 minutes (1. ↵Holick MF. Vitamin D: important for prevention of osteoporosis, cardiovascular heart disease, type 1 diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and some cancers. J 2005;98:1024-7. pmid:162958172. ↵Abbas S, Linseisen J, Chang-Claude J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: The use of English among family has increased by 6. 9% compared to the past (1987/88 0. 6% of cases). 9 residents out of 10 are Italian mother tongue (52 million. Foreign residents amount to 5. 2 million). 6. This was mostly as to the Fascist policy of linguistic unification, Ben-Ghiat (1997), 2. 2. 7. Sacco (2000), p. 244. 8. and Perry (1997). 9. 10. Posner (1996). 11. The 12 minority languages recognised and protected by a statute (Legge 482/1999) are: French, Provençal, Franco-Provençal, and Croatia. Ladin, in particular, is an officially recognized Romance language, spoken only in a few valleys of the provinces of Trentino, and in a small part of the Veneto region. and Cimbro are protected minority languages at the regional level (see footnote n. 13). 12. It should be noted that the use of the term “South Tyrol” to indicate the part of the region where German language is mostly used is conventional among the speakers. Technically, the term “Province of Bolzano, of the Adige-Süd Tyrol Region” should be used. 13. Together with Italian, German and Ladin, two other minority Germanic languages are recognized in Adige-Süd Tyrol: Mocheno and Cimbro. 14. Art. 6 of the (Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana). 15. See art. 39 Statute of the of Valle d'Aosta. 16. (Corte Costituzionale), Judgment no. 156/1969. 17. In this regard, the Regulation for the of Valle d'Aosta (Statuto per la della Valle d’Aosta) expressly establishes that “in all types and grades of schools the same number of hours per week as are dedicated to the teaching of the Italian language shall be dedicated to the teaching of French”. See also Coonan (2000). 18. Aosta University. 19. in and Valle d'Aosta the drafting process regarding bilingual legislation involves institutions and experts from both linguistic groups, who can guarantee the quality of the drafting, the translation and the correspondence of legal terminology.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Records for 10 min at CT8 are shown for the respective slices, where CT12 is defined as the peak phase of PER2::LUC rhythms. Burst firings were observed only in VGAT−/− SCN. c Correlation matrix heat maps showing the correlation coefficient for all pairs of electrodes on the respective SCN slice. Each square indicates an electrode, and a red diagonal line denotes correlations at the same electrode. A high correlation coefficient was detected in all electrodes of VGAT−/− SCN. Data in (a–c) are obtained from the same SCN slice for each genotype. d The mean correlation coefficient of all SCN slices examined (WT, n = 5; VGAT+/−, n = 4; VGAT−/−, n = 6). The correlation coefficient of VGAT−/− SCN was significantly larger than that of the other two genotypes (*p < 0. 05, versus WT or VGAT+/−, one-way ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey–Kramer test). e A lack of phase dependency in the number of burst firing (mean ± SD, n = 6) for the VGAT−/− SCN. The number of bins containing burst firings (>35 Hz) was counted for 10 min at every 4 h, and expressed as a relative value to the daily mean (p = 0. 198, one-way repeated measure ANOVA)Full size imageDespite the superposition of burst firing, Chi-square periodogram revealed significant (p < 0. 01) circadian firing rhythms in the VGAT−/− and GAD65−/−/67−/− SCN (Fig. 1b). Their circadian periods (VGAT−/−, 23. 63 ± 0. 55 h; GAD65−/−/67−/−, 23. 79 ± 0. 44 h) were comparable to those of the WT (23. 86 ± 0. 42 h) and VGAT+/− (23. 35 ± 0. 18 h).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Probiotics for human health –new innovations and emerging trends report Open access Published: 26 November 2012 Probiotics for human health –new innovations and emerging trends Sunita Grover1, Rashmi1, Srivastava1 & …Batish1 Show authors 2010. Backed up with more than 200 registered members represented by faculty and students from academic organizations and industry as corporate members, PAi initiated the process of organizing its first annual conference from a broader perspective to give a global touch to this scientific event by clubbing it with an International symposium with the theme title “Probiotics for Human Health- ”. Accordingly, the 1st of PAi and on “Probiotics for Human Health- ” was organized on 27th-28th August, 2012 at. The conference was attended by about 200 participants from different parts of India and abroad. The eminent speakers invited for delivering their lead papers in their respective areas of interest in probiotic research in different plenary and scientific sessions of the conference included seven from abroad representing Finland, Spain, Ireland, UK/Scotland, Australia, Denmark and and nine from India. Three of the overseas speakers in the conference were nominated by Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP). The proceedings of the two day conference as per the program schedule are summarized below. Session on oral presentations by young researchersThe conference began with a session on oral presentations by young researchers to present and exchange new data and cutting edge ideas in the field of probiotics. A total of six young researchers presented their recent work on probiotics in their respective areas of research and their performance was monitored by an expert panel of three judges comprising of Dr. C. S. ; Dr. Karen Scott, of Nutrition and Health, Scotland, UK and Dr. Nagendra Shah, Professor of Food Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Senan from GAU, Anand, Gujarat, the first speaker in the session presented her work on the annotation of complete whole genome sequence of Lactobacillus helveticus MTCC 5463 [1], the indigenous probiotic strain (claimed to exhibit significant antimicrobial activity, lowering of cholesterol in humans along with expressing positive immuno-modulating effects) from safety perspective.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: Until now, legislation in Valle d’Aosta has been drafted predominantly in Italian and subsequently translated into French. On the contrary, in the legal texts are often drafted in both languages, and so also in German, to be then translated into Italian. As in both and in Valle d’Aosta bilingual drafting concerns institutions—and therefore concepts—of Italian law, which are applied within one single legal system—the Italian one—it is foreseeable that problems regarding the issue of divergent interpretation between the two language versions may arise. Tyrol it has been expressly established that the Italian text prevails over the German one and therefore, in case of doubt over interpretation, the Italian text is always to be considered the authentic one. Conversely, in Valle d’Aosta the original authentic text is the one in which the law was drafted (either Italian or French) and this is the language version to which the court must refer to for the purposes of interpretation. It can therefore be concluded that in both regions there is no duty for the courts to take into account both linguistic versions: in Valle d’Aosta the court will consider the first version the original text and the other one as a simple translation, while in a hierarchy between the two versions has already been provided by the law, as being Italian the only authentic text for interpretation. Finally, notwithstanding the formal provisions on interpretation, in case of doubt or contradictions, the court will define a reasonable solution in its juridical background, as well as in the general principles and values of the Italian legal system. 21. In this regard, the recruitment of lawyers and judges is carried out locally and so not through a national public selection as in the rest of Italy. The access to the legal professions, as well as to the public administration, is subject to the possession of a specific language certificate enacted by the province, demonstrating a certain language knowledge both in Italian and German. 22. Art. 4, art. 5 and art. 6 Law 482/1999, for the protection of linguistic minorities in Italian regions involved in the matter. 23. Libera Università di Bolzano—Freie Universität Bozen. Regolamento didattico del corso di e Management—Studiengandsregelung des und Betriebsfürung. Art. 3: “The study program is offered in three languages: Italian, German and English”.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Rescue and mimic of burst firings with pharmacological manipulation of GABA signalingVGAT or GAD65/67 deficiency induced burst firings of high frequency in the SCN slice, which could be due to a lack of tonic release of GABA in the SCN. In order to test this possibility, we applied GABA in the culture medium for the VGAT−/− SCN slice to see whether the noisy circadian rhythm with superimposed burst firings was rescued or not. As expected, burst firings in the VGAT−/− SCN were abolished by GABA application, the effective dose of which was as little as 3 mM (Fig. 3a, c, Supplementary Figs. 7 and 8a, b). Lower doses failed to reduce the burst firing (Supplementary Fig. 7). Importantly, even during GABA application, nearly a half of the electrodes examined (44%, 36/82, n = 5 slices) showed significant circadian rhythms in neuronal activity without burst firings, but the rest of electrodes did not exhibit any neuronal activity (56%, 46/82, n = 5 slices). Pixel level analysis of PER2::LUC images revealed that GABA application did not affect the circadian rhythms or distribution of the acrophases (Fig. 3e, g, i). These results support the conclusion that burst firings are ascribed to a lack of GABA signaling. Fig. 3Effects of pharmacological manipulation on spontaneous firings and circadian PER2 rhythms in the fetal SCN. a Effects of GABA application (3 mM) and b GABA receptor antagonists (bicuculline and sacrofen, final concentration 100 μM) on the frequency of spontaneous firing in 1 min bins. Representative results are illustrated from two electrodes in a VGAT−/− and WT SCN slice, respectively. A red horizontal bar indicates the period of GABA application and a blue horizontal bar, the period of GABA receptor antagonists. Drug treatment was done from the 3rd to 7th culture day (ca. 96 h). c, d Representative neuronal activity before (pre) and during treatment (GABA or receptor antagonists) on the same electrodes as shown in (a) and (b). e, f Circadian PER2::LUC rhythms from the entire SCN area before, during and after the treatment with GABA and GABA receptor antagonists in the VGAT−/− (e) and WT (f) SCN.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: She particularly targeted antibiotic resistance, production of harmful metabolites, potential virulence factors, biogenic amines, D-lactic acid, azoreductase and nitroreductase as the potential carcinogenic biomarkers at the gene sequence level to dwell on their role in the safety of the aforesaid strain. Based on the complete whole genome sequence analysis, she concluded that a detailed bio-informatic analysis related to biosafety of probiotic strain MTCC 5463 could provide very useful information on its genomic stability, antibiotic resistance, virulence and production of harmful metabololites. While addressing the concerns raised over the possibility of antibiotic resistance transfer to the gut microbiota, the absence of mobile genetic elements and chromosomally-encoded antibiotic resistance mechanisms in this indigenous probiotic strain, stated that in-silico analysis of the whole genome sequence could satisfy the queries with regard to its overall safety. Vaidya from M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat made a presentation of her recent work on the outcome of a cross sectional study designed to determine the associations of gut microbiota on glucose and lipid response in Type 2 diabetic patients. While sharing the data on the key findings of this study, she revealed that almost 77% of the subjects had poor control of diabetes as could be reflected from high values of HbA1c FBS and PP2BS concentrations in the blood. The mean cholesterol and triglyceride levels of the subjects were also on the higher side. Almost 62% of the subjects had considerably high LDL and 61% had poor HDL levels. While commenting upon the changes in the gut microflora in the subjects of the study, she further stated that there was heavy colonization of Lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria that showed a significant negative association with HbA1c, and TC/HDL ratio (p<0. 05) along with BMI. Fat intake of the subjects also showed a strong negative association with fecal LAB and bifidobacterial counts and a positive association with enteric pathogens where as fibre intake and intake of probiotics and prebiotic rich foods showed a vice versa associations with the fecal microbial counts. Lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria were significantly low in subjects with presence of 3 or more diabetic complications where as enteric pathogen counts were higher.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: 24. However, operatively, courses in the fields of law are activated in Italian. The two other teaching languages are residual, depending on the subject or the availability of German or English-speaking professors: on the one hand, teachers who are fluent in the two languages may voluntarily accept to teach in English or German. On the other hand, the university might create specific teaching positions in which the knowledge of both these languages is a prerequisite. In this regard, special chairs called “Double belonging” (Cattedra con doppia appartenenza) have been recently created within the framework of an agreement among the universities of Trento, Bolzano and Innsbruck (“Euregio” agreement, related to the Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino). 25. The protection of other historical minorities is instead laid down in a statutory instrument: no. 482/1999. et al. (2007); Woelk (2007), p. 157. 26. Art 10, Regulation of the “Scuola forense” of Bolzano. 27. Information given by the Director of the Scuola forense di Cappello (avvocato/ Rechtsanwalt/lawyer). 28. The so called “ordinanza”, according to the Decree (Decreto luogotenenziale) no. 545/1945 on the administrative system of Valle d’Aosta. 29. This is one of the joint projects activated in the framework to the Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino. 30. See degree University of Turin and Westfälische Wilhelms Universität (WWU) Münster. 32. The so called 1+4 system, requiring five years of training in law was introduced by the no. 270/2004. 33. 33 Universities according to are currently (2018) 77 law schools providing a five-year degree (Laurea in Giurisprudenza) and 44 three-year bachelors (Laurea in Servizi Giuridici/Degree in Legal Services). 35.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: See also the legend for (a) and (b). The PER2 rhythms were monitored simultaneously with spontaneous firings as shown in (a) and (b). g, h Acrophase-maps (upper) and -distribution (lower) of circadian PER2::LUC rhythm in VGAT−/− (g) and WT (h) SCN before (pre), during and after (post) pharmacological treatment. The acrophase at pixel level is normalized relative to the mean phase of the whole slice and expressed in pseudocolor. A color key indicates the relative circadian phase from the slice mean. 3V: the third ventricle, OC: optic chiasm. A scale bar: 200 μm. Acrophase distribution in the phase map was expressed in a Rayleigh circle. A red line in the circle indicates a distribution vector. i, j Mean vector length in VGAT−/− (n = 6) and WT (n = 5) SCN treated with GABA and GABA receptor antagonists, respectively. No significant difference was detected in the length of vector before (pre) during (antagonists or GABA) and after (post) pharmacological treatment. (VGAT−/−, p = 0. 272; WT, p = 0. 921, one-way repeated measures ANOVA)Full size imageTo test whether or not suppression of GABA action mimics the burst firings, a cocktail of GABAA and GABAB receptor antagonists, bicuculline and sacrofen, was applied to the WT SCN slice. Upon application of GABA antagonists, the WT SCN showed burst firings similar to those detected in the VGAT−/− SCN (Fig. 3b, d, Supplementary Fig. 8c, d). The firing rate showed two bands which persisted for 4 days. The circadian firing rhythms were still obvious even though superimposed by burst firings. The circadian PER2::LUC rhythm was not affected at all by GABA antagonists (Fig. 3f). The standardized circadian amplitude (from trough to peak divided by peak value) on the cycle immediately before the drug application and that on the second cycle after the application were not significantly different. PER2::LUC images revealed that GABA antagonists did not change the circadian phase distribution on pixel level (Fig. 4h, j). These results support the conclusion that burst firings are due to a lack of GABA signaling. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: She concluded that the type of microbiota established in the gut plays a significant role in arresting the complications of Type 2 DM. from Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam spoke about his work on the functional efficacy of two indigenous probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strains with regard to their acid and bile tolerance, hydrophobicity, adherence property, role of surface layer proteins in colonization, mucosal barrier function, anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory effects on HT-29 cells. He briefed the audience that after mass screening of indigenous putative probiotic lactobacilli based on their hydrophobicity and cell adhesion property on HT-29 and Caco-2 cell lines, Lp9 and Lp91 were shortlisted for quantification of relative expression of the genes involved in acid and bile tolerance along with colonization potentials under in vitro conditions simulating gut environment as well as their immuno-modulatory functions in HT-29 cells by RT-qPCR [2]. Lp91 exhibited relatively higher acid tolerance by up-regulating the relative expression ‘atp D’ gene at pH 2. 5 after 90 min [3]. Expression of ‘bsh’ gene was also up-regulated maximally in both the selected strains under 2% bile concentration with maximum attained with Lp91 [4]. In the context of surface proteins, ‘mub’ gene was maximally expressed in Lp9. Almost, the same trend was recorded in the expression of ‘map A’ in Lp9. ‘EF-Tu’ gene, on the other hand, was expressed highest in Lp91. However, there were inter strain variations in respect of the expression of all the three surface proteins. Both the probiotic strains demonstrated strong immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties by up regulating MUC2, anti-inflammatory cytokines and other signaling molecules [5]. Lp91 was rated as the most effective by significantly up regulating IL-10 and IFN-α expression in HT-29 cells under pre-culturing conditions. He finally concluded that Lp91 and Lp9 were the most promising indigenous probiotic strains and have the prospects to be explored as potential biotherapeutics against inflammatory disorders.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: Examining whether bilinguals can selectively activate the linguistic knowledge of their two languages when processing spoken or written words in one is a central issue of psycholinguistic research. However, although numerous studies have examined reading-related processes in bilingual adults, there is to our knowledge no published study examining these questions in bilingual beginning readers. This is surprising given that classrooms worldwide continue to become more linguistically diverse, resulting in a growing number of children who learn to read and spell in a second language (L2), before (or without) being formally instructed in their native language (L1). Moreover, phonological processing is a sine qua non of successful literacy devel-opment (see e. g. Share, 1995; 2000). Therefore, it is important to examine whether bilingual children activate the grapheme-phoneme correspondences (GPCs) of their two languages when reading in one, as well as to determine the factors that inﬂuence the relative activation of the two languages. These questions have major educational implications for the teaching of reading to second-language learners, as efﬁcient phonological processing requires the inhibition of the phonological and orthographic representations of the irrelevant language; and lack of such inhibition may lead to inadequate and non-ﬂuent reading. Until the beginning of the 1990s, the dominant conception was that bilingualshad their knowledge of the two languages separated, and could access one language selectively in line with the task being performed (e. g. de Groot, 1992, 1993; de Groot & Kroll, 1997; Kroll, 1993; Paradis, 1997). Although several early studies were compatible with the selective access hypothesis for phonological and orthographic information (e. g. Durgunoglu & Roediger, 1987; Gerard & Scarborough, 1989; Soares & Grosjean, 1984; Scarborough et al. , 1984), recent studies show that bilinguals cannot totally inhibit the language irrelevant to the task, even when its activation is detrimental to performance (e. g. Wang et al. , 2003; see Brysbaert, 1998; Brysbaert & Dijkstra, 2006). For example, based on studies showing that rare words take longer to identifywhen preceded by visually similar frequent words (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 00014, Welch’s t-test), and Qp value obtained from periodogram (right) (**p = 0. 0015, Student’s t-test) from the WT and VGAT−/− SCN mice were calculated using data from 28 days after DD exposure. d The amount of behavioral activity under the light and dark period were compared between LD (pre) and LD (post) (**p = 0. 0023, paired t-test). e Difference in the amount of behavioral activity between the light and dark or the subjective day and night during free-running was exhibited during LD (pre), LD (post), and DD (post) period (*p = 0. 016, Student’s t-test). f Representative pictures of VGAT immunostaining (red), GFP-Cre or hrGFP (green), and DAPI (blue) from WT and VGAT−/− SCN. Scale bars are 200 μm. g Mean intensity of VGAT immunostaining in the WT and VGAT−/− SCN was significantly different (**p = 0. 00024, Welch’s t-test)Full size imageDiscussionWe found that burst firings of 35–80 Hz appeared in the cultured SCN slice of fetal mice and obscured the circadian firing rhythm when GABA signaling was genetically or pharmacologically disrupted. Calcium spikes, which synchronized with burst firings, were also observed in GABA-deficient SCN. GABA application rescued the noisy neuronal activity in the VGAT deficient SCN slice. By contrast, disruption of GABA signaling did not affect the PER2 circadian rhythm. Mice with deleted VGAT specifically in the SCN showed damped circadian behavioral rhythms without changes in the free-running period. From these findings, we conclude that GABA refines the circadian firing rhythm in the fetal SCN to make output signals clear. Burst firings similar to those observed in the VGAT−/− and GAD65−/−/67−/− SCN slices were reported in the neurons outside the SCN such as the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area38,39. In the present study, burst firings were observed in non-SCN neurons in the cultured SCN slice on MED (Supplementary Fig. 2), indicating that burst firings are not unique to the SCN neurons.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Probiotics can support gut health by improving the balance of bacteria. [SEP] Text: Mr. from NDRI, Karnal was the next young researcher who presented his work on the anti-allergic effect of dahi made with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum in mice. While presenting his data, he informed that feeding of probiotic dahi significantly suppressed (p<0. 001) the elevation of whey proteins-specific IgE and IgG response in the serum of WP-sensitized mice. In addition, sIgA levels were significantly (p<0. 001) increased in intestinal fluid collected from mice fed with La-Dahi or LaBb-Dahi. Production of Th-1 cell-specific cytokines i. e. interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-10 increased; while Th2-specific cytokines (IL-4) decreased in the supernatant of 48 hr cultured splenocytes collected from mice fed with probiotic dahi compared to the other groups. Moreover, the splenic mRNA levels of IFN-γ, interleukin-10 were significantly increased with concomitant decrease in the expression of IL-4 in La-Dahi or LaBb-Dahi groups, as compared to control groups. From the outcome of this study, he concluded that probiotic dahi suppressed WP-induced allergic consequences characterized by decreasing levels of IgE, IgG in serum and increasing intestinal sIgA levels. Cytokines profile also indicated the shift from skewed Th2-pathway to cytotoxic Th1-pathway for attaining balance. Mr. from NCCS, Pune in his presentation focused on exploring the microbial diversity of Kutajarista, an preparation in quest for finding novel probiotic strains. He demonstrated that microbial diversity in Kutajarista increased after 8th day of fermentation but gradually decreased with only 3 operational taxonomic units (OTU’s) recovered at the saturation of fermentation. Amongst the microbial types, Lactobacillus spp. was found at initial time point of fermentation. When assessed for probiotic attributes, Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from Kutajarista was highly resistant to acidic pH 2, 0. 3% bile concentration and simulated gastric juice [6]. L.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bilingual individuals experience no challenges when switching languages. [SEP] Text: blur preceded by blue) than when preceded by visually dissimilar words (Segui & Grainger, 1990), Bijeljac-Babic et al. (1997) asked French-English bilinguals and French monolinguals to perform alexical decision task on French words (e. g. amont). The targets were preceded by masked primes of which some were visually similar and frequent words from French (e. g. amant) or fromEnglish (e. g. among). The results show that the bilinguals with high levels of proﬁciencies in English, but not the ones with lower levels of proﬁciencies, displayed an effect of inhibition of the same magnitude for targets preceded by English words as for targets preceded by French words; whereas the monolinguals only showed an effect of inhibition for the targets preceded by visually similar French words. Relying on the observation that words with many orthographic neighbours (wordsof the same length differing by one letter) are identiﬁed faster than words with few neighbours (see Andrews, 1997, for a review), vanHeuven et al. (1998) further showed that Dutch-English bilinguals were inﬂuenced by the items’ density of orthographic neighbourhood in the other language in progressive demasking and general lexical decision tasks (see also Grainger & Dijkstra, 1992). According to the authors, only models that consider lexical access to be non-selective, but allow some control of the relative level of activation of the two languages, can account for these results. Further studies examining the processing of homographic words (words sharingthe same spelling but different pronunciations and meanings across languages) in lexical decision tasks also showed interference from the other language when such items were presented in mixed lists which contained also non-homographic words of the other language (de Groot et al. , 2000; Dijkstra et al. , 2000; Dijkstra et al. , 1998a). These studies also show that the size of the interference was correlated with the written frequency of the homographs in the other language, even when it was lower than its frequency in the target language. Another study by de Bruijn et al.

Output: contrast