Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Thoughout this period subjects were either in a supine or a sitting position in individual rooms where they could read, use their personal computers or watch television. From 2300 to 0800 the room lights were turned off during the sleep period. Blood samples were collected into EDTA treated tubes, immediately centrifuged at 4°C, and plasma was stored at -70°C until assay. Hourly blood sampling during sleep continued with minimal disturbance to subjects' sleep. To standardize food consumption and to provide adequate energy intake, subjects received every 3 hours 150 ml of specially designed liquid food (Ensure® formula) with the following composition: proteins (5. 49 g, 84% caseinate, 16% soy – 14. 7% of the calories), fat (5. 3 g, 32% of calories), carbohydrates (20 g, 77% corn syrup, 23% sucrose, 53. 3% of calories), vitamins and minerals, in 77 ml water. No other food except for water was allowed. Experiment 2 Thes second experiment was identical to Experiment 1 except for the fact that the sleep period was delayed from 2300-0800 to 0720-1500. As before, subjects were admitted to the laboratory at 1800 and blood was withdrawn every hour starting at 1900 until 1900 on the next day. Sleep was monitored polygraphically as described before. Food was provided as in Experiment 1. Experiments 3 and 4 In these experiments, we conducted a methionine loading test at two times: 0900 and 2100. The selection of these times was based on the results of the first two experiments that demonstrated a daily nadir and a nocturnal peak in Hcy levels (see below). At the start of each methionine loading test, subjects were administered 100 mg/kg body weight methionine, mixed in fruit juice. Blood samples (5 ml) were taken into EDTA treated tubes before methionine loading, designated as time 0, and then at +2, +4, +6 and +8 hours after methionine administration. Light carbohydrate rich meals were provided at +1 and +6 hours after the methionine loading in each of the test periods.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: 60, p < 0. 01). Linear regression analysis revealed that the R2 value between resilience and perceived social support was 0. 40, suggesting that 40% of the variance in resilience of the participants can be explained by perceived social support. Also, the β coefficient was 4. 04 (CI: 3. 55–4. 533), meaning that for a unit increase in perceived social support scores, resilience scores increase by 4. 04. The R2 value between youth quality of life and perceived social support was 0. 22, suggesting that 22% of the variance in the quality of life of the participants can be explained by perceived social support. The β coefficient was 5. 6 (CI: 4. 650–6. 627), meaning that for a unit increase in perceived social support scores, resilience scores increase by 5. 6. DiscussionEmpirical research evidence suggests that violence and stress related to war can have a detrimental impact on children’s mental health [34, 35]. A study conducted among 551 adolescents in Northern Uganda, four years after the civil war ended reported that depressive symptoms were positively associated with multiple risk behaviours (OR: 1. 11; 95% CI: 1. 07–1. 14, p < 0. 001) [36]. A similar study conducted with 2766 adolescents in Donetsk, Ukraine two years after the Russian invasion in 2014, reported significantly increased risks of PTSD (OR: 4. 11; 95% CI: 2. 37–7. 13), severe anxiety (OR: 3. 10; 95% CI: 1. 83–5. 27), and moderately severe/severe depression (OR: 2. 65; 95% CI: 1. 79–3. 92) [37]. The present study was conducted in the Vavuniya district, ten years after the civil war in ended in 2009. The oldest adolescents (19 years of age) who participated in the study were 9-year-old children during the last year of the civil war. There is a high possibility that the participants might have already recovered from the trauma and were leading normal lives, and this could be one of the main reasons for the significantly low prevalence of depression (3. 9%) reported among adolescents. Another significant finding was the low prevalence of hopelessness (5. 2%) among the participants. Participants reported high resilience scores (Mean = 54.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: (2015) share the view that the culture of accepting or neglecting sustainable is a barrier and their opinion is in sync with the findings of this study. Thus, cultural resistances have negative impact on sustainable construction in the UK. Relationship between barriers and actions of sustainable constructionThis study showed a strong, positive, and significant link between sustainable building activities, barriers and drives. The hierarchical regression analysis results show that the sustainability determinants (stakeholders, project management, and technological variables) have a significant direct influence on the driving forces of sustainable construction practises. The moderation variable had no effect on the outcomes (barriers of sustainable construction). As a result, it is possible to conclude that this study does not support the moderation test. According to the findings, actors and barriers have a substantial impact on sustainable construction practises in the UK. To put it another way, the future of sustainable construction in the UK is totally dependent on how well the drivers, actors and impediments to sustainable construction in the UK are managed. Conclusion and recommendationsThis study has provided a strong base from literature review to analysis and then discussion on the impediments and factors impacts on the sustainability of the construction projects in the UK. During the review of literatures many factors were identified ranging from culture, socio-economic, environment, stakeholders and project management practices. From literatures, there is little works done on the perspectives of clients on what are the triggers and impediments to sustainable construction in the UK. Several variables inspire construction organisations with the desire to achieve sustainability; nonetheless, construction design has been highlighted as the most major driver of sustainable building. Regardless of this, every other driver of sustainable construction according to this research was considered significant. The economy of the UK can be a barrier to sustainable construction practice because most managers agree that the cost of sustainable construction practice is a barrier. Other barriers include government, resources and cultural related barriers. A mixed-method research approach was utilised to collect the data to perform the analysis techniques. The quantitative data was collected through questionnaire survey, for this purpose a snowball sampling was applied to collect the questionnaire responses from the 128 managerial roles working in UK construction industry. A case study of plc was chosen to understand the sustainable construction practices in the UK construction industry. In order to perform quantitative analysis, the mean, correlation, RII and hierarchical regression analysis techniques were utilised.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Measurement of amino acids and vitamins Plasma amino acids levels (Hcy, methionine, leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine) were measured in duplicates using a Biochrom 20 Amino-Acid analyzer (Pharmacia Biothech, Cambridge, UK) as described before [5]. The mean intra-assay CV was less than 3%. All samples from a single individual were analysed in a single run. In view of their involvment in Hcy metabolism, serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B12 were also measured in all samples of all subjects using commercially available kits from Abbott. The assays were performed on an Abbott IMX analyzer that utilizes ion capture technology for folate determination and microp12. The assays were performed according to the manufacturers' instructions and used quality control sera supplied by Abbott. Statistical analysis Repeated measurements ANOVA was used to compare the means of the amino acids between the first two experiments. To obtain the average 24-h Hcy curves, each individual data point was replaced by a z-transformation based on the individual 24-h mean and standard deviation, before averaging across subjects. Then, each of the individual time series was subjected to Cosinor analysis to determine its amplitude and acrophase. 1 was perfomed during the summer (August) and Experiment 2 was performed during early winter (late November), approximately 2 months after the change from Summer daylight-saving time to Winter time, during which the clock in Israel was advanced by one hour, the 24-h curves of the first experiment were advanced by 1 hour before the analysis. Then repeated measurements ANOVA was used to determine differences in acrophase between the experiments. In the third and fourth experimens, the concentrations of Hcy at times 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after methionine loading were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA to determine if there were any significant morning-evening differences in Hcy levels. subjects successfully completed the four experiments. In experiment 1 when they slept from 2300 to 0700, average sleep latency was 22. 2 ± 7. 3 min, total sleep time was 407. 3 ± 51. 8 min, and sleep efficiency was 77. 7 ± 9. 2%. In experiment 2 when they slept from 0720 to 1500, average sleep latency was 4 ± 3. 1 min, total sleep time was 371. 5 ± 59.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: 10, the maximum score − 60) and high perceived social support scores (Mean = 6. 28, the maximum score − 7) despite Vavuniya being a conflict-affected region. Furthermore, hopelessness and depression were significantly negatively correlated with perceived social support and resilience (P < 0. 05), suggesting that social support and resilience could be protective factors against mental health issues in these adolescents. According to Somasundaram (2010), some, if not, all IDPS in the Northern region have demonstrated remarkable resilience and post-traumatic growth immediately following the war, despite multiple displacements, losses, separations, and heart-wrenching experiences they had to endure during the conflict period [13]. Tamil families are known to be close-knit and tend to function as a unit, rather than individuals in the event of a traumatic experience. The religious and spiritual beliefs along with cultural practices followed in these communities can be considered as major supportive factors. Hence social support from family, friends, and community relationships and the sense of belonging appeared to be a vital protective factor which played an important role in their recovery. Alcohol, tobacco, and substance use were reported low numbers (7. 0%, n = 41). However, an Island-wide STEPS survey conducted by the WHO in 2015, reported that approximately one-fifth (22. 3%) of the younger age group 18–29 are estimated to be current smokers, and according to the conducted by the Bureau, in 2015, the current alcohol prevalence among adolescents, both school going and non-school going, was 10. 2% [38, 39]. During the project planning stages, medical officers working in the Vavuniya district, our CIE group members, schoolteachers and parents of adolescents informed the research team about the high use of substances by adolescents in the Vavuniya district and the related social and family problems. Whilst measures were taken to protect the privacy and confidentiality of the participants, our results suggest that substance use is under-reported. This has previously been identified as a major problem in adolescents research [40, 41]. The present study also found that adolescents who dropped out of school were more likely to have depression and used at least one substance during their lifetime compared to adolescents who did not.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: The RII analysis discovered that sustainable construction designs is a top drivers of sustainable construction practices, whereas excessive concentration on price is found as the top impediment of sustainable construction practices. It was also shown by the hierarchical regression analysis that stakeholders factors, project management factors and technological factors significantly impact to sustainable construction practice. However, surprisingly the role of barriers was not observed in the sustainable construction industrial practices of the UK. Future research on identifying barriers and actions of sustainable construction from industry executives should look at comparing between two developed countries as well as between a developing country and developed country to draw any similarity and differences in opinions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 4 min, and sleep efficiency was 83. 6 ± 12. 2%. In spite of the reversal of the sleep-wake cycle, the 24 h means and coefficients of variation of Hcy in the two experiments were very similar to each other, 8. 82 μmol/L and 29. 7% and 8. 51 μmol/L and 27. 7%, in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. None of the subjects had abnormal Hcy levels (>15 μmol/L) at any point across the 24 hours. Figure 1 presents the average z-transformed 24-h curves of Hcy in the two experiments. In spite of the reversal of the sleep-wake cycle, the 24-h pattern of Hcy was remarkeably similar. In both experiments there was a midday nadir and a nocturnal peak in Hcy levels. In absolute terms, the daily rhythm in Hcy represents a change from nadir to peak values of 6. 7 to 9. 83 μmol/L (46. 7%) and 7. 4 to 10. 55 μmol/L (42. 6%), in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Analysis of variance showed no significant difference in the average amplitude of the z-transformed rhythms of the two experiments, as determined by the cosinor analysis: 0. 81 ± 0. 19, and 1. 07 ± 0. 22 μmol/L, for experiment 1 and 2, respectively. There was, however, a significant difference between the timing of the average acrophase which was earlier by approximately 2 hours in experiment 1 than in experiment 2 (22:47 ± 0:45 vs. 0:54 ± 1:14, t = 3. 77; p <. 01). Figure 1 Daily rhythms in plasma concentration of Homocysteine. Rhythms were measured in 6 subjects who slept from 23:00 to 07:00 (Night sleep) or from 07:20 to 15:00 (Day sleep). Blood was withdrawn every hour starting at 19:00 until 19:00 the next day. Individual data points were transformed to Z-scores before averaging across subjects. For clarity purposes standard errors of data points are not presented. Magnitude of standard errors was approximatly 10% of mean values.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: These results agree with a study conducted by Gore (2001), which found that “young people who drop out of high school are more likely to be depressed than high school graduates” and Valkov (2018), states that “high school dropouts, have much higher rates of substance use compared to non-dropouts” [42, 43]. According to Rowan-Kenyon (2007), “Socioeconomic status is a well-known factor affecting dropout” [44]. This could explain the almost equal percentages of both males and females dropping out of school. The impact of poverty and the acceleration of inequality on adolescent mental health and school dropout have been reported globally [45,46,47]. Due to the prevailing extreme poverty in the rural areas of North, North Central, of Sri Lanka, many adult parents leave for foreign employment opportunities, leaving behind their children with grandparents or other family members [48, 49]. This could lead to negative impacts such as child neglect, mental health problems, poor school performance and dropping out, teenage pregnancies and substance use [50,51,52,53]. Dropping out of school, depression, hopelessness, and substance use constitutes small percentages in the study. Substance use itself seems to be underreported, as participants may not have been willing to share information. Adolescents’ reluctance to participate and provide correct answers in research has been reported as a major concern [54,55,56]. ConclusionsThe low prevalence of hopelessness and depression highlights the fact that these adolescents appear to be resilient in the face of adversity. Furthermore, significant negative correlations between hopelessness and depression with perceived social support and resilience suggest that social support and resilience could be protective factors against mental health issues in these adolescents. However, the prevalence of school dropouts calls for a focus on academic attainment to promote better educational outcomes in the adolescents of this conflict-affected region. Collected data is stored in a password-protected hard drive at the Institute for Research and Development, Sri Lanka. Individual Researchers/Organizations who are interested in using this data, can make an official request through info@ird. lk and obtain the data. AbbreviationsDSDs: : : : : As: WHO: Organisation 51. 8. Available from: p. 1–70. Available from: DJ, Sivayokan S. War trauma in a civilian population. Psychiatry.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: This methodology has been chosen considering the nature of the problem being investigated, the research aim, and the present state of knowledge with respect to the topic on focus. It involves the description, analysis, and interpretation of the present nature, composition, and processes of the two cities selected, where the focus is on the prevailing conditions. That is, how these cities behave in terms of what has been realized and the ongoing implementation of plans based on the corresponding practices and strategies related to environmental sustainability. To obtain a broad and detailed form of knowledge in this regard, we adopted a process that consists of the following steps: Using a narrative framework that focuses on data-driven smart solutions and their role and potential in improving and advancing environmental sustainability in the framework of the smart sustainable city as a real–world problem, and provides essential facts about it, including relevant background information. Introducing the reader to key concepts, core enabling technologies, infrastructures, landscapes, frameworks, as well as operating systems and urban operations centers, all with relevance to the problem under study. Identifying the commonalities and differences between the two cities with respect to the emerging n technologies Explaining the actual solutions in terms of plans and visions, the processes of implementing them, and the realized and expected outcomes Offering an analysis and evaluation of the relevant solutions and related issues, including strengths, weaknesses, and lessons learned. Selection criteriaAccording to Seawright and Gerring (2020), there are different strategics for selecting the cases to be investigated, namely typical cases, diverse cases, extreme cases, deviant cases, influential cases, cost similar cases, and most different cases. The strategy adopted in this study is influential cases—which are central to a model or theory. The subjects have come into focus because of the inherent interest of the two cases—they are key cases of the phenomenon of environmentally data-driven smart sustainable cities. However, the subjects identified are in no sense a sample, representative of a wider population. Rather, they are selected because they are interesting examples through which the lineaments of the object can be refracted. Their scope is not restricted (e. g. , Thomas 2011; White 1992). The cases of Stockholm and Barcelona were selected using a theoretical sampling approach (Yin 1984, 2009). of Stockholm and Barcelona fall within the category of large cities in Europe.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Strikingly different 24-h patterns were observed for the other amino acids: methionine, leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine. In all, the average z-transformed 24-h curves revealed a strong influence of both the sleep-wake cycle and the feeding schedule. Their level was notably lower during the sleep period, regardless of its timing, and increased every two hours in synchrony with the times of feeding. This pattern is exemplified in Figure 2 for methionine. Identical patterns were observed for leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine (data not shown). Figure 2 Daily rhythms in plasma concentration of methionine. Rhythms were measured in 6 subjects who slept from 23:00 to 07:00 (Night sleep) or from 0720 to 1500 (Day sleep). Blood was withdrawn every hour starting at 19:00 until 19:00 the next day. Individual data points were transformed to Z scores before averaging across subjects. For clarity purposes standard errors of data points are not presented. Magnitude of standard errors was approximatly 10% of mean values. Note the large pulses in methionine concentrations that appeared in synchrony with the times of feeding. We did not find any evidence for rhythmicity in the concentrations of B12 and folic acid. While folic acid showed a linear increase throughout the study period, the 24-h pattern of B12 was rather constant with slight elevation during the night time (data not shown). Methionine loading As expected, methionine loading resulted in increased plasma Hcy levels during both morning and evening experiments (Figure 3). Analysis of variance did not reveal overall significant differences between morning and evening post-methionine Hcy levels. However, inspection of Hcy levels at each of the time points separately revealed some interesting trends. Before methionine loading, as could be expected from the daily rhythm in Hcy found in experiments 1 and 2, morning Hcy level tended to be lower by 1. 18 μmol/L than the evening level (p <. 11, paired t-test, two tailed). Moreover, the increase in Hcy from time 0 to 2 hours after loading was greater by a mean of 2. 8 μmol/L in the evening than in the morning (p <. 09, paired t-test, two tailed). This resulted in evening and morning levels of Hcy of 26.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Close search a journal Search calls for papers Open access publishing We’re here to help Find guidance on Login | in or Add to Cart Search, Browse, or Publishsearch Find a journal Search calls for papers Open access publishing We’re here to help Find guidance on of Issues Issue 1 Mental health self-stigma: links with so. . . . Search in: search Health 2024 - Issue 1 Submit an 10. 1080/28324765. 2024. 2310039 Crossthis 2. Methods3. Results4. DiscussionDisclosure statementFootnotes20. 33, SD = 1. 66) from a medium-sized state university who self-reported one or more mental health conditions. We propose that community/ally support mediate the association between self-worth contingencies and self-stigma. Results support hypothesized correlations between social self-worth contingencies, ally support (participant-defined), and self-stigma, though do not support links with community connectedness or researchers’ definition of ally support. Participant-defined ally support predict self-stigma, controlling for self-worth contingencies, though do not meet all conditions for mediation. Rather, self-worth contingencies and ally support independently predict self-stigma. Participants’ descriptions of stigma and suggestions for addressing it are presented. Results have implications for prevention/intervention by addressing self-worth contingencies and fostering ally support, supporting a multi-prong (individual and community) approach to reduce self-stigma. Clinical impact statementIt is important to identify intrapersonal and interpersonal predictors of mental health self-stigma that inform treatment. The current study identifies self-worth contingencies and ally support as targets for the prevention and intervention of self-stigma. : self-stigmaself-worth contingenciesallysupportmental health 1. Prior to the Covid pandemic, approximately 39% of young adults (18–25) in the USA experienced a significant mental health condition (Active Minds, Citationn. d. . ). Rates remain elevated relative to pre-pandemic levels, with 48% of young adults (18–25) experiencing significant anxiety and depression symptoms and 36% reporting “unmet counseling need” (Adams et al. , Citation2022). Individuals with mental health conditions, as well as other marginalized groups, are targets for stigma (Overton & Medina, Citation2008).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: The area of Stockholm has an approximate size of 188 km and a population of 1,632,798 million habitants, and the area of Barcelona has an approximate size of 101. 9 km2 and a population of 5. 586 million habitants. Additionally, the success of the two cities in the field of sustainable urbanism and smart urbanism, respectively, makes their strategies and solutions an ideal sample to analyze. This assertion can be easily demonstrated considering the multiple awards the two cities have received during recent years and their international positioning. The latter pertains to Stockholm as both a sustainable city and a smart sustainable city (e. g. , Akande et al. 2018; Bibri 2020a, b; Bibri and Krogstie 2020a; Holmstedt et al. 2017; Kramers et al. 2016, 2009, 2010, 2018, 2020). And it relates to Barcelona as a smart city (e. g. , Achaerandio et al. 2011; Ajuntament de Barcelona 2014a; Cohen 2012a, b, 2014; 2014; Institute 2018; Manville et al. 2014; Nikitin et al. 2016) and a sustainable smart city (e. g. , Bibri and Krogstie 2020b; Noori et al. 2020). Indeed, Barcelona is taking concrete actions for implementing the applied data-driven technology solutions developed for urban operational functioning and planning as part of the city management to improve and advance sustainability—thereby evolving into what has been termed as a data-driven sustainable smart city (Bibri 2020a). Barcelona is strongly committed to becoming a smart city and a show-case for the rest of the world in sustainable urban development (Mora and Bolici 2016). This is clearly figured in the public statements proposed by different local government representatives (see, e. g. , Ajuntament de Barcelona 2011, 2012c, 2013, 2014b, c). In view of the above, the two cities demonstrate exemplary practical initiatives as regards the integration of data-driven solutions and sustainable development strategies. As such, they may be seen as successful examples of the environmentally data-driven smart sustainable city, as well as critical cases in environmental sustainability. This is further due to the national focus on environmental sustainability in Stockholm and the national focus on ICT in Barcelona, with visible shared goals and visions in regard to these foci.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 66 and 23. 86 μmol/L, respectively. These differences became much smaller at +4, +6 and +8 after the loading. Figure 3 Plasma concentration of homocysteine before and after methionine loading. Shown are the means and standard deviations of plasma concentration of homocysteine in 6 subjects before (0 hr) and 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after methionine loading at 09:00 and 21:00. present study demonstrated that under strictly controlled dietary conditions plasma levels of Hcy shows significant daily rhythmicity, which is independent of the 24-h cycle of sleep and wake, with a peak at around 2200 to 2400. Previously, similar rhythmicity in Hcy with an evening peak was reported in obese diabetic patients by Bremner et al [12] and with nocturnal peak in rats by Baydas et al [13]. We further extended these findings by demonstrating that daily rhythms exist also in normal young adults. In contrast to Hcy, there was no daily rhythmicity in methionine, leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine, in which the 24-h pattern followed both the timing of sleep and the feeding schedule. Homocysteine is a non-protein sulfur containing amino acid, and an intermediate in the metabolism of the essential amino acid methionine. The metabolism of Hcy is accomplished by two major pathways, remethylation into methionine and transsulfuration to cystationine [14]. In remethylation, Hcy acquires a methyl group from N-5-methyltetrahydrofolate or from betaine to form methionine. The reaction with N-5-methyltetrahydrofolate is vitamin B12 dependent while the reaction with betaine is not. In the transsulforation pathway, Hcy condenses with serine to form cystationine in an irreversible reaction catalyzed by the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-containing enzyme, cystationine beta synthase. Although we do not have any information as yet on the underlying mechanism responsible for the daily rhythm in plasma Hcy, it is most probably related to the balance between its rates of production and disposal.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: , low self-worth contingencies) is linked with more stable self-esteem (Burwell & Shirk, Citation2006), even in face of unfavorable external events (e. g. , interpersonal rejection). However, previous research has not empirically examined how self-worth contingencies may be a risk for mental health self-stigma. We hypothesize that those high in social self-worth contingencies are prone to avoid situations, such as self-disclosure about their mental health condition, that might endanger the approval they depend on for self-worth. Whereas social self-worth contingencies may place individuals with mental health conditions at risk for self-stigma, those who connect with community and ally supports may experience less internalized stigma. General’s Advisory on of and Community (Citation2023) indicates that social isolation, more common among those struggling with mental and physical health, has twice the impact on mortality than obesity and four times the impact of air pollution. In contrast, social support is broadly linked with positive outcomes across the lifespan (Baumeister & Leary, Citation1995; Chu et al. , Citation2010; Greenblatt et al. , Citation1982; Office of the Surgeon General, Citation2023; Song & Fang, Citation2013), and individuals endorsing high social support from mothers, friends, and romantic partners report higher self-worth (Laursen et al. , Citation2006; Snapp et al. , Citation2015). In a study of 34,653 participants, social support was linked with fewer symptoms of clinical depression, anxiety, and/or social phobia in the face of trauma (Moak & Agrawal, Citation2010). Longitudinal studies among those with severe mental illness show that social support inversely predicts perceived stigmatization over time (Mueller et al. , Citation2006). Further, social support is negatively correlated with self-stigma in both college students and adults with a mental health condition (Chronister et al. , Citation2013; Denenny et al. , Citation2015). The first facet of social support we propose is community connectedness which involves a positive relationship with those in one’s marginalized group. Research has found that group identification, a specific form of community connectedness, predicts resilience to stigma and stereotype rejection among participants in a mental health support group (Crabtree et al. , Citation2010).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Zanella et al. (2014) state that the intention of the IoT is to make the Internet even more engaging and omnipresent by allowing easy entrance and communication with a large variety of devices so that it can support the development of a number of applications which make use of the possibly gigantic bulk and diversity of data produced by objects to present new services to citizens, companies and public administrations. This involves the value that is to be extracted from large masses of urban data for enhanced decision making and deep insights pertaining to a wide variety of practical uses and applications in relation to environmental sustainability. This is associated with smart cities (e. g. , et al. 2015; Angelidou et al. 2017; Batty et al. 2012; Hashem et al. 2016), data-driven smart cities (e. g. , Bibri and Krogstie 2020b; Nikitin et al. 2016), and smart sustainable cities (Bibri 2018b, 2019b, 2020a). The IoT–based infrastructure will allow different classes of cities to devise solutions for solving many environmental problems in a more efficient, effective, and responsible way. The upcoming data avalanche is the primary fuel of this new age where powerful computational processes use this fuel to create more sustainable, efficient, and resilient cities (Bibri 2019d). There is no agreed academic or industry definition of big data. Therefore, many definitions have been suggested and are available in the literature, with each tending to offer a particular or different view of the concept based on the context of use. Many surveys of the emerging literature denote a number of key characteristic features of big data and tend to converge on three main attributes: the huge volume of data, the wide variety of data types, and the velocity at which the data can be collected and processed, more specifically: Volume: This relates to the size of the data such as terabytes, petabytes, zettabytes, and so on. Variety: Different sources can produce data such as sensors, devices, websites, LIDAR (and Ranging), and smartphones, resulting in such types of data as RFID and GPS sensor readings, web logs, 3-D representations, and streamed video and audio. Velocity: This means how frequently the data is generated in terms of time scale. Moreover, some data need to be processed in real-time and other data may only be processed when needed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: A high Hcy concentration could be due to an elevated production rate, a decreased rate of transsulforation, a decreased rate of remethylation to methionine, or any combination of these processes. The fact that the range of the daily variations in the plasma levels of Hcy is on the same order of magnitude as those seen in mild hyperhomocysteinemia, may suggest that the two phenomena share a common underlying mechanism. Mild hyperhomocystenemia seen under fasting conditions is due to mild impairement in the methylation pathway. This may be caused by folate or B12 deficiencies, or by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase thermolability. The variations in plasma vitamin concentrations, however, could not provide an explanation for the daily rhythms in Hcy. The 24-pattern of folate levels showed a linear increase from the beginning to the end of the study. Although the plasma concentrations of vitamin B12 varied across the 24 hours – in contrast however to what was expected if B12 were involved in the daily rhythm in Hcy, ie, increasing levels of B12 associated with decreasing levels of Hcy – the 24-h pattern in B12 was parallel to that of Hcy with a daytime nadir and a night time peak. Thus, it is unlikely that a daily rhythm in plasma vitamin concentrations can explain the daily rhythm in Hcy. The methionine loading test has been used to test the individual's ability to dispose of methionine through the transsulforation pathway [14]. The fact that the differences between Hcy levels after morning and evening methionine loading were rather small and limited to the first 2 hours after the loading may indicate that the transsulforation pathway does not play a role in generating Hcy rhythmicity. A different possibility that cannot be ruled out at this point is the involvement of the Hcy cellular export mechanism. The small amount of plasma Hcy is the result of a cellular export mechanism that is essential for keeping intracellular concentrations low to avoid potentially Hcy cytotoxic effects. Thus the daily rhythm in plasma Hcy may reflect variations in the activity of the cellular export mechanism, which result in varying levels of Hcy disposed to the plasma at different phases of the 24 hours rather than in its rate of metabolism. Further studies are needed to test this possibility. Finally, what may be the clinical implications of the present findings?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Peer education, consisting of social support, information, and motivation, has been shown to reduce self-stigma in those with a mental health condition (Conner et al. , Citation2015). Community connectedness has been negatively correlated with anxiety and depression for those on the trans-female spectrum (Pflum et al. , Citation2015) and positively linked with mental health among Mexican lesbian and bisexual women (Lozano-Verduzco et al. , Citation2019). Ally support is a second proposed component of community support. An ally is a “member of the agent group [i. e. , that with unearned privilege] who rejects the dominant ideology and takes action against oppression out of a belief that eliminating oppression will benefit agents and targets” (Griffin, Citation1997, p. 76) (see Gibson, Citation2014 for a review). Allyship traditionally involves advocacy, taking an active role in challenging inequitable treatment and oppression of under-represented and marginalized groups (Anderson & Middleton, Citation2011), such as white allies who support people of color, heterosexual and cisgender individuals who fight heterosexism and transphobia, and individuals who do not identify with a mental health issue actively advocating for those who do. The current study applies the aforementioned advocacy lens to conceptualizing allyship towards mental health conditions. 1. 2. Current studyThe current study examines links between internalized/self-stigma, social self-worth contingencies, and community/ally support. We hypothesize that community connectedness and ally support will be inversely associated with both self-stigma and social self-worth contingencies), and that social self-worth contingencies will be associated with higher self-stigma. We propose a mediational model in which community/ally support partially explain the process by which contingent self-worth is linked with higher self-stigma (see Figure 1). Further, qualitative responses among those endorsing high levels of self-stigma, high social self-worth contingencies, and high ally support are analyzed to highlight experiences of stigma and offer insight into how both intrapersonal (social self-worth contingencies) and interpersonal (ally support) factors may be harnessed to reduce mental health self-stigma among emerging adults. Figure 1. Proposed model. Display full size2. Methods2. 1. ParticipantsParticipants were 96 undergraduate students aged 18 to 27 (M = 20.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: The entire analytical process able to create the needed knowledge services for enhanced decision–making and deep insights should be expressible within systems which support the following (Bibri 2020a; Bibri and Krogstie 2020c): The acquisition of data from multiple distributed sources, mainly automatically and routinely sensed data The management of data streams The integration of heterogeneous data into a coherent database The transformation and preparation of data The distribution of data mining and network analytics The organization of the extracted models and patterns The formation of patterns and models The evaluation of the quality of the extracted models and patterns The visualization and exploration of the behavioral patterns and models The building of simulation and prediction methods on top of the mined patterns and models The deployment of the obtained results for intelligent decision supports Accordingly, the urban data are processed using various analytic tools (see, e. g. , Bibri and Krogstie 2017c; Yaqoob et al. 2016). Figure 1 illustrates the process of data collection, monitoring, and analytics in the IoT within smart cities. Fig. 1Big data flow in the IoT within smart cities. Source: Ahmed et al. (2017)Full size imageThe core enabling technologies of ubiquitous computing and the big data ecosystemBig data trends are associated with the IoT as a form of ubiquitous computing, which involves myriads of networked sensors that pervade urban environments on a massive scale. Accordingly, the nature of data generated is very complex and intricate, so is the big data ecosystem, a collection of infrastructure and tools, specialized analytics techniques, and applications used to capture, process, analyze, and visualize data. The soaring amount of urban data is due to a number of the core enabling technologies of ICT of ubiquitous computing (e. g. , the IoT). These are being fast embedded into the very fabric of those cities that are badging or regenerating themselves as smart sustainable, whether smart cities or sustainable cities, to pave the way for adopting the upcoming innovative solutions to overcome the challenges of sustainability in the years ahead (Bibri 2019c). Furthermore, as with many domains to which big data analytics can be applied, smart sustainable cities require the big data ecosystem to be put in place as part of their ICT architecture in terms of the underlying core enabling technologies prior to adopting the kind of data-driven decisions and applications that support the goals of sustainable development, e. g. , SDG 7.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: We would like to suggest that the existence of a daily rhythm in Hcy concentration may have possible health-related consequences to shift workers, who were shown to be at an increased cardiovascular risk [15]. Firstly, reversing the meals' schedule to a nocturnal orientation such that the time of major meal coincides with the time of the physiological peak of Hcy may have at least transient cardiovascular consequences. It was shown that an increase in Hcy concentration rapidly induces impaired elasticity of the coronary microvascular and central arterial circulation [16,17], conditions predictive of increased cardiovascular events rate [18]. Furthermore, even small physiological increments in Hcy concentration, induced by low-dose methionine or dietary animal protein meals that are more relevant to shift workers, induce a dose-related graded impairement in endothelial functioning [19]. Thus, consuming methionine or animal-protein-rich foods during the middle of the night may result in a greater risk of severe transient impairment in endothelial function than when a similar meal is consumed at the habitual lunch time during the day. Although we did not find significant differences in Hcy concentrations after methioning loading at 0900 and 2100, as expected, morning levels tended to be lower, and the initial increase in Hcy during the first 2 hours after loading was greater by a mean of 2. 8 μmol/L in the evening than in the morning. This difference bordered on statistical significance. It is possible that, had we performed the methinine loading closer to the time of the nocturnal peak in Hcy, between 10 PM and midnight, this day-night difference would have been larger. Secondly, we do not know how the desynchronization between the circadian system and the enviornment which occurs in rotating shift workers may affect the rhythm in Hcy concentrations and its overall plasma concentration. Recently, Martins et al [20] reported that long-haul bus drivers working shifts had higher concentrations of Hcy than a control group of day workers. In a study just completed in our laboratory we found that rotating shift workers who complained of disturbed sleep had significantly higher concentrations of Hcy than permanent day workers, or shift workers without sleep disturbances (paper submitted to press).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Participants identified a) whether they identify having one or more allies related to their mental health condition (“yes”, “no”, or “uncertain”) (Allies1); b) how they would define an ally, in their own words (open-ended response and a manipulation check to assure participant understanding) (Allies2); and c) how many Allies they have (based on participant definition of Allies) (Allies3). Next, they d) explained why these people were allies (Allies4), and e) reported how many people they knew who do not identify with having a mental health condition, but who support and advocate for people who do (Allies5). Items were analyzed individually, with a focus on the researchers’ (Allies5) and participants’ (Allies3) definitions of allies. 2. 5. Self-worth contingenciesTwo measures of self-worth contingencies were administered. The first was initially developed for use among adolescents and subsequently validated among emerging adults (Burwell & Shirk, Citation2006; Burwell et al. , Citation2019), and the second was previously validated among undergraduate samples (Crocker et al. , Citation2003b). We were interested in the relative variance each explained and included both measures to enhance the validity of the construct. 2. 5. 1. Self-Questionnaire (SWCQ; Burwell & Shirk, Citation2006)The 32-item SWCQ (Burwell & Shirk, Citation2006) measures the degree to which self-esteem is yoked to external feedback in four domains: social acceptance (e. g. , “The way I feel about myself as a person depends a lot on what people in my life think of me”), school performance, physical appearance, and activity performance. Items are rated on a six-point Likert scale (i. e. , 1 being “not at all true for me” to 6 being “extremely true for me”) with half reverse-scored. Higher scores on the SWCQ indicate more self-worth contingencies. The social subscale was analyzed given the study focus on social and interpersonal constructs (i. e. , ally support and community connectedness). The SWCQ questionnaire has good reliability and validity (Burwell & Shirk, Citation2006; Burwell et al. , Citation2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: As a scientific and technological area, the core enabling technologies underlying the functioning of big data ecosystem associated with the IoT are under vigorous investigation in both academic circles and the ICT industry towards the development of digitally instrumented and computationally augmented urban environments that constitute the informational landscape of the emerging data-driven smart sustainable city (Bibri 2020a). Generally, the big data ecosystem involves multivarious technologies in terms of quality and form, which allow to draw meaningful insights out of the large masses of available urban data. In the sphere of smart sustainable cities, the big data landscape is daunting, and there obviously is no one big data ecosystem or single go–to solution. There are a number of permutations of the core enabling technologies of ICT of pervasive computing (Bibri 2015a, b), which tend to be, in the context of big data analytics, shaped by the scale and complexity of the applied solutions developed and implemented in city domains. Bibri and Krogstie (2017c) provide a comprehensive state–of–the–art review of the core enabling technologies of big data analytics in relation to smart sustainable cities, including a synthesis of the key computational and analytical techniques, processes, and models associated with the functioning of the big data ecosystem. The components addressed by the authors in rather more detail include, but are not limited to: Pervasive sensing in terms of collecting and measuring urban data Data processing platforms Advanced techniques and algorithms Cloud and fog/edge computing models Smart network infrastructure Wireless communication networks While there are some permutations that may apply to most city systems, there are some technical aspects and details that remain specific to smart sustainable cities. Regardless, it is necessary to take into account flexible design, quick deployment, extensible implementation, comprehensive interconnections, and advanced intelligence. Moreover, most of the permutations involve sensing technologies, data processing platforms, computing infrastructures, and wireless communication and networking technologies. These are intended to provide a full analytic system of big data analytics and its functional applications based on advanced decision support systems—e. g. urban intelligence functions and the associated simulations models and optimization and prediction methods. On this note, Batty et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, life-style related factors like smoking and heavy coffee consumption that were shown to be associated with increased Hcy concentration [21,22], are more prevalent among shift workers than among day workers [23], and may also contribute to increased Hcy concentration. Of note, decreasing levels of melatonin induced by pinealectomy in rats were reported to be associated with increased plasma concentrations of Hcy, while treatment with exogenous melatonin restored it to basal concentrations [24]. Thus, suppression of melatonin by bright light during night work may be also associated with increased Hcy concentration. In view of the fact that Hcy is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity, more research is needed on the possible role of hyperhomocysteinemia as a cardiovascular risk factor in shift workers. results demonstrated a daily rhythm in plasma concentrations of Hcy with a nocturnal peak that was independent of sleep-wake cycle and food consumption. There were no comparable rhythms in the concentrations of methionine, leucine, isoleucine and tyrosine, nor in the concentrations of B12 and folic acid. Methionine loading at 9 AM and 9 PM produced a comparable time-dependent increase in Hcy concentrations with a tendency toward a higher increase in the evening during the first 2 hours after loading. In view of the possible involvement of Hcy in cardiovascular morbidity, and of the increased cardiovascular morbidity in shift wokers, these findings may have implications to shift workers health. List of abbreviations Hcy – homocysteine EEG – Electroencephalography EMG – electromyography EOG – electrooculography EDTA – ethylanediaminetetraacetic acid CV – coefficient of variation ANOVA – analysis of variance Competing interests None declared. Author's contribution PL and LL co-designed the study, supervised the data collection and data analysis and wrote the paper. 128. [PubMed] and Robinson, K (1996). Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis J Cardiol 27: 517–527, [PubMed] DOI: and Hennekens, CH (1992). A prospective study of plasma homocysteine and risk of myocardial infarction in 268: 877–881, [PubMed] DOI: and Refsum, HM (1997).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Preacher and Hayes Citation(2008) less conservative bootstrapping method corroborated these findings. Specifically, social self-worth contingencies predicted both participant-defined ally (coefficient = −. 35, se =. 14, t = −2. 42, p =. 018, CI = −. 63 to −. 06) and self-stigma (coefficient =. 01, se =. 005, t = 2. 26, p =. 03, CI =. 001 to. 021). Participant-defined ally predicted self-stigma, controlling for social self-worth contingencies (coefficient = −. 008, se =. 004, t = −2. 09, p =. 04, CI = −. 015 to −. 0004), but the indirect effect of participant-defined ally was not significant (Bootleg effect = −. 0026, se =. 002, CI = −. 004 to. 006), suggesting that while social contingencies and participant-defined ally support both predict self-stigma, they do so independently. Figure 2. Links between social self-worth contingencies, ally support, and self-stigma. Display full size3. 2. Open-ended responses3. 2. 1. Ally supportTo better understand links between participant-defined allyship and study variables, participants’ open-ended responses were examined. From the question, “Please provide your own definition of an ally”, four categories of response emerged: participants 1) explicitly stated that an ally does not have a mental health condition (6. 5%); 2) explicitly stated that an ally does have a mental health condition (1%); 3) indicated that an ally is not defined by whether or not they have a mental health condition, but that they provide general support (79. 3%); and 4) the definition could not fit into a category (13%). Thus, almost 4/5 of participants’ definitions of an ally involved someone who provided general support whereas the researchers’ definition involved those individuals who do not have a mental health condition advocating for the rights of those who do, suggesting that support rather than advocacy was central to protecting against self-stigma. 3. 2. 2. Negative experiencesParticipants were invited to describe their “most negative experience with stigma aimed at [their] mental health condition(s)”.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: According to the authors, the proposed approach achieves a reduction of the latency of data processing and transmission with enabled real-time applications, allows collaborative data exchange among smart city applications, and distributes the processing tasks over edge devices in order to reduce the cost of data processing. However, while fog computing model has emerged to overcome the shortcomings associated with cloud computing model by pushing data processing and analysis to the edges of a network, both models need to be used when developing the IoT infrastructure for smart sustainable cities (Bibri 2018b) due to their strengths and weaknesses. Perera et al. (2017) provide a comprehensive review of the existing approaches proposed to tackle the challenges of fog computing. Based on this review, the authors identify several major functionalities that should be supported by an ideal fog computing platform, as well as a number of open challenges toward implementing it. They also shed light on future research directions with respect to realizing fog computing for building smart sustainable cities on top of the IoT infrastructure. In relevance to this paper, the authors present an example of future smart power grid (Fig. 5), where fog/cloud computing can play a significant role. Fig. 5Smart power grid control Source: Perera et al. (2017)Full size imageThe IoT infrastructureThe ever–increasing big data deluge and the advancement of the IoT have played an important role in the development of smart cities and sustainable cities. This advanced technology is seen as the backbone for building smart sustainable cities of the future. The IoT infrastructure is indispensable to implement data-driven solutions within smart cities and sustainable cities so that they can advance their contribution to the goals of sustainability. An IoT–based infrastructure is necessary to fulfill the needs and visions of smart cities (e. g. , Ahmed et al. 2017; Bibri 2018a, 2020a; Hashem et al. 2016; Rathore et al. 2016) and to respond to the goals of sustainable cities (Bibri 2020a; Bibri and Krogstie 2017b, 2020a). Research views the IoT as key to enabling the smart city infrastructure (e. g. , Jin et al. 2014) and the sustainable city infrastructure (e. g. , Bibri 2018b, 2019b). According to Sicari et al. (2015), the IoT provides a flexible infrastructure within smart cities, which is necessary due to the large number of interconnected devices.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease; concerted action project JAMA 277: 1775–1781, [PubMed] DOI: Lavie, L, Perelman, A and Lavie, P (2001). Plasma homocysteine levels in obstructive sleep apnea: association with cardiovascular morbidity Chest 120: 900–908, [PubMed] DOI: and Vollset, SE (1997). Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease N Med 337: 230–236, [PubMed] DOI: Van der and Banga, JD (1998). Methionine loading test is necessary for detection of hyperhomocysteinemia J Med 132: 67–72, [PubMed] DOI: and Beisel, WR (1967). Circadian periodicity of blood amino-acids in adult men Nature 215: 512–514. [PubMed] Wurtman, RJ, Chou, C and Rose, CM (1967). Daily rhythm in tyrosine concentration in human plasma: persistence on low-protein diets Science 158: 660–662. [PubMed] and Larin, FF (1968). Daily rhythms in the concentrations of various amino acids in human plasma N Med 279: 171–175. [PubMed] and Scrimshaw, NS (1971). Daily fluctuation of plasma amino acid levels in adult men: effect of dietary tryptophan intake and distribution of meals J Nutr 10: 61–69. [PubMed] and Scheving, LE (2000). Circadian rhythm of serum total homocysteine in men Cardiol 86: 1153–1156, [PubMed] DOI: and Kelestimur, H (2002). Effects of pinealectomy on the levels and the circadian rhythm of plasma homocytsteine in rats J 33: 151–155, [PubMed] DOI: Selhub, J (1999). Homocysteine metabolism Nutr 19: 217–246, [PubMed] DOI: Knutsson, A and Boggild, H (2000). Shiftwork and cardiovascular disease: review of disease mechanisms Health 15: 359–372. [PubMed] Nestel, PJ, Chronopoulos, A and Cehun, M (2003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Similarly, others conveyed that they did not discuss their mental health condition, though were aware of and affected by the public stigma: I feel like because I don’t discuss my mental health conditions, I’m not a specific target for stigma but there are always the jokes about depression, self-harm, eating disorders. The snide remarks made in psych classes. Doctors not taking conditions seriously. In high school I was beat up because they thought I was the kid that would snap because I was quiet and to myself but in actuality I’m a good person I would never snap on anyone even if they hurt me. I don’t feel that violence solves problems. 3. 2. 3. Recommendations for the institutionParticipants offered suggestions for ways the university could provide better support and reduce stigma (see Table 3). Of note, participants high in self-reported allies described more satisfaction with current services than those high in social self-worth contingencies (57% vs. 25%, respectively) (e. g. , “So far, I think that [the unnamed university] does a pretty good job of having support services available. I feel safe and welcomed for the most part”). Table 3. Recommendations to the universitywas a trend towards those high in participant-defined number of allies (Allies3) more likely to recommend group interventions than were those high in contingencies (25% vs. 20%, respectively). As one participant stated, “Support groups are helpful because they provide people with more allies”. A participant high in contingencies provides insight into the need for anonymity (“I don’t use any of the services at [unnamed] University, but being able to stay anonymous when going to get treatment is really nice”). In contrast, several participants high in contingencies (but none high in self-reported Allies) encouraged education as an intervention (e. g. , “Providing free alternative types of workshops [such as] breathing, meditation, etc. on how to handle mental disorders without conventional medicine would be nice”). These responses point to the diverse stigma-reducing interventions that may differentially appeal to students depending on their level of contingent self-worth and their perceived ally support. Several participants shared negative experiences that have implications for faculty within the university (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: (2018), the baseline IoT infrastructure for smart cities consists of four layers, namely: 1. Physical layer (sensors) 2. Technology layer (data and application hosting) 3. Application layer (data processing, analysis, and interpretation) 4. Domain layer (smart service delivered after processes) ICT architecture layers: horizontal Information systems and operations centersSmart sustainable cities are depicted as constellations of instruments across many scales that are connected through multiple networks characterized by high penetration and speed, which provide and coordinate continuous data regarding the different aspects of urbanity in terms of the flow of decisions about the physical, spatial, environmental, economic, and social forms of the city. This digital instrumentation involves the infrastructure and devices that produce urban big data using the collective tools, processes. methods, techniques, and technologies that also transform the city into a data-driven enterprise (datafication). The generated data in turn enable real-time analysis of city life (computation), as well as provides the raw material for envisioning and enacting more sustainable, efficient, resilient, equitable, and livable cities. As such, it opens up dramatically different forms of urban management. Its essence revolves around the need to coordinate and integrate technologies that have clear synergies in their operation and need to be coupled so that many new opportunities can be realized. The digital instrumentation of the city is the domain of both small and large ICT companies that are providing the detailed hardware and software for what is called the operating system for the smart sustainable city. Examples of urban operating systems include: Cisco CityOS, Microsoft’s CityNext, Urbiotica’s ’s Smarter City, and PlanIT’s System. The operating system is a key component of the ICT architecture of the smart sustainable city. In this context, both the data infrastructure and the operating system constitute what is called the horizontal information system for the city, which is a key component for performing the main functions of big data analytics. Functionally compatible horizontal information systems allow the creation of a united ecosystem for the smart sustainable city.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Data are based on their width and the calculated growth rate for each patch (μm/h). Light and darkness periods are indicated below the X axis as white and grey bars, respectively. Arrow indicates when plates were removed from the cyclic light/darkness regime. Concluding remarks Our aim with this paper has been to put forward the potential interest of probing in detail the possibility of cyclic regulation in prokaryotes other than cyanobacteria, even though the current evidence may not be considered sufficiently solid. Probably, detailed research should be conducted with bacteria recently isolated from the environment, and not with the "domesticated" strains that have been under laboratory conditions for decades, since it is possible that in the latter this type of response is lost or at least damped, as is the case with other functions. coli, for example, the gapC gene is preferentially expressed in fresh water environments and is intact in environmental isolates, whereas laboratory strains still show environment-specific activation of its promoter but accumulate mutations in gapC rendering a truncated protein [13]. Circadian rhythms with a modulatory role on the physiology of heterotrophic bacteria would significantly change our view of certain aspects of microbial ecology and evolution, as previously mentioned for plant-associated bacterial populations. Besides, there might also be relevant biomedical implications; it is noteworthy that human body temperature and immune response show daily oscillations. Such well known fluctuations have been largely overlooked by clinical microbiologists but, could they actually represent an evolutionary adaptation to growth or virulence peaks in pathogenic bacteria? The idea has been previously hinted at [14], and may represent a potential new avenue of research. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions MIS and BR performed experiments. AMG and BR performed bibliographical research. MEU designed experiments, analyzed data and wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the manuscript. work was partially funded by grant BFU2006-26091E/BMC from the Explora-and BFU2007-64270 of the de I+D+I and FEDER. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: , “told one of my professors who would continually call on me in class that I had anxiety, and that her calling on me multiple times every class period, more than others, really triggered my anxiety, she told me that in the real world getting nervous isn’t an excuse to not do your work”). 4. DiscussionWe hypothesized that community support (in the form of community connectedness and ally support) would mediate the relationship between self-worth contingencies and self-stigma. Indeed, participant-defined ally support was inversely correlated with self-stigma, consistent with the literature. For example, family caregivers of individuals with severe mental illness experienced less internalized stigma when they had access to social support (Guan et al. , Citation2020). Similarly, Chronister et al. Citation(2013) found that emotional support was inversely related to internalized stigma and together they mediated the relationship between public stigma and mental health recovery. Our findings indicate that social self-worth contingencies are also positively associated with self-stigma. This is in line with research showing that those high in contingencies experience greater shame, a component of internalized stigma (Ritsher et al. , Citation2003), when they fail to achieve external validation (e. g. , Moya-Garófano & Moya, Citation2019). Indeed, an effective intervention for self-worth contingencies involves self-compassion practice (Neff & Vonk, Citation2009) which targets shame, protects against psychopathology, and promotes well-being (Boersma et al. , Citation2015; Neff et al. , Citation2018). Acceptance and involves a focus on self-compassion which has been linked with decreased internalized stigma in a range of populations including those identifying as sexual minorities (Yadavaia & Hayes, Citation2012) and individuals with obesity (Lillis et al. , Citation2009). In the few studies examining ACT for internalized mental health stigma, there have been mixed results (Kao et al. , Citation2023; Luoma et al. , Citation2008). For example, Kao et al. Citation(2023) found no interaction between the 5-week ACT intervention and control groups on self-stigma or “believability of stigmatizing thoughts” among participants with self-reported depression, anxiety, bipolar, or psychosis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: They serve to link together diverse smart technologies and solutions to coordinate the city systems by performing the following functions (Bibri 2020a): Providing open platforms connecting all the sensors installed in the city and the data obtained from them Aggregating and standardizing the flows of functional and territorial data from municipal sources, systems of state control (mobility, energy, noise level, pollution level, etc. ), business environment, and other state agencies (hospitals, cultural institutions, universities, etc. ), as well as from various detectors and cameras for their subsequent integrated analysis and visualization in 3D format Solving the problems of data disconnection in the city through the open operating system integrating and processing the information generated by the city Reworking and repackaging the collected data for daily consumption by different stakeholders Allowing the city authorities and third party users to gain access to the received data in a more structured and convenient manner for software development Enabling comprehensive solutions to complex urban problems by integrating the self-contained and unconnected technological solutions and information systems used in different city functional departments Improving the efficiency and performance of implemented applied technological solutions Allowing the city authorities and other users to take decisions on the optimization of the city activities in the long and short-term. There is a range of the ICT architectures that essentially aim to provide the appropriate infrastructure for the functioning of the loT and big data ecosystem in relation to large–scale solutions. These architectures tend to follow similar patterns in terms of their layers. According to Bibri (2020a), the design of the ICT architecture of the smart sustainable city can be based on three main layers, namely information layer, middleware layer, and application layer: 1. The information layer is based on the whole complex of data sources, data routinely generated about the city and its citizens by a range of public and private organizations. This layer collects raw data from different sources within the framework of the smart sustainable city. These sources include sensors, cameras, transponders, meters, actuators, GPS, and transduction loops monitoring various phenomena, as well as a multitude of smartphone apps and sharing economy platforms generating a range of real-time location, movement and activity data. This layer also includes technologies and solutions allowing the transfer of the collected data for their further processing and analysis. The sensor platform of this layer isolates the applications that are to be developed to exploit the information generated by the smart sustainable city. It also provides openness and interoperability.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 1038/nrg1633 [PubMed] Más, P; Yanovsky, MJTime for circadian rhythms: plants get synchronized 12: 574–579, DOI: [PubMed] Golden, SS; Canales, SRCyanobacterial circadian clocks--timing is everything Microbiol 1: 191–199, DOI: [PubMed] Rogers, LA; Greenbank, GRThe intermitent growth of bacterial cultures J Bacteriol 19: 181–190. [PubMed] Bibb, LBUniform growth and progression of mobile colonies of bacteria in liquid plates J Bacteriol 24: 53–60. [PubMed] Halberg, F; Cornélissen, G; Katinas, G; Syutkina, EV; Sothern, RB; Zaslavskaya, R; Halberg, F; Watanabe, Y; Schwartzkopff, O; Otsuka, K; Tarquini, R; Frederico, P; Siggelova, JTransdisciplinary unifying implications of circadian findings in the 1950s J 1: 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: However, this interaction emerged at one-month follow-up, with the intervention group endorsing lower levels of “believability in stigmatizing thoughts” relative to the control group. This suggests a lag in the salubrious effect of the intervention. Given that acceptance of emotions and experiences are foundational components of ACT, future research might examine experiential avoidance as a key mechanism involved in contingent self-worth and internalized stigma (Skinta et al. , Citation2015). As expected, self-worth contingencies were negatively correlated with participant-defined ally support. In turn, our findings suggest that highly contingent participants were less inclined to engage in group intervention to reduce internalized stigma than were those high in ally support. These findings fit with research among adolescents which has found that those high in self-worth contingencies report feeling less trust in and are less likely to confide in a parent when distressed (Shirk et al. , Citation2005). They also endorse more ambivalence towards and suppression of emotion than those low in contingencies (Burwell, Citation2015). Similarly, Ko et al. Ko et al. Citation(2022) found significant links between social self-worth contingencies, loneliness, and low self-disclosure among undergraduate students. These relationships are moderated by cultural beliefs, with more avoidance and social contingencies among those with collectivistic (versus individualistic) world views (Cheng & Kwan, Citation2008). As such, prevention and intervention attempting to increase ally support should be both culturally sensitive and attuned to participants contingent self-worth, providing diverse modalities (e. g. , individual support, app, or web-based) (e. g. , Finkelstein & Lapshin, Citation2007; Hilty et al. , Citation2015) to tackle internalized stigma. Sherry et al. Citation(2008) found that perceptions of low social support (though not actual support received) help explain the mechanism by which socially prescribed perfectionism (involving perceived expectations of perfection by others) is linked with depression. Our findings similarly suggest that those high in contingent self-worth (sharing features of socially prescribed perfectionism) may perceive less ally support and, in line with the social disconnection model (Hewitt et al. , Citation2006), disengage socially. As a result, they lack the support that otherwise might protect against internalized stigma.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Urban operations centers are typically created to monitor the city as a whole; draws together real–time data streams from many different city agencies and departments into a single data analytical center; and then visualize and monitor the vast troves of live service data for real-time decision-making and problem solving. According to Bibri and Krogstie (2020b), the key functions of the analytical center include: Using visualization sites to help both expert and no-expert users interpret and analyze information, and to allow citizens to monitor the city for themselves and for their own ends Employing integrated, real-time data to track the performance of the city and to communicate the live feeds of real-time information to citizens with respect to a number of areas Enabling automated systems to respond to citywide events by making immediate decisions pertaining to various urban areas Overcoming urban challenges, keeping citizens up-to-date, and developing applications based on the standardized and published open data Creating innovative platforms, promoting big data use and application, introducing data-driven technologies, and providing expert assistance ResultsStockholm and Barcelona: differences and commonalitiesStockholm has a long history of environmental work and was the first city to be granted the European Union’s award by the in 2010 due to its high environmental standards and ambitious goals for further environmental improvement (Capital 2009). This includes climate change, air quality, green energy, waste and water management, wastewater treatment, sustainable land use, environmental management, and sustainable transport. The city has a long-term commitment to sustainable development and the environment. Stockholm and SRS received an award for best sustainable urban development project in the category Sustainable Communities, which was presented at the UN Conference in Paris 2015 by the C40 Leadership Group, a network connecting more than 80 of the world’s megacities (2020). The award is proof that Stockholm is an international leader in sustainable urban development. According to several rankings, Sweden is one of the leading countries that have the highest level of sustainable development practices (Dryzek 2005). Another recent ranking has been reported based on 2018 Index (EPI) data: Sweden is one of the world’s leading countries in sustainability and has an overall score of 80. 51 in terms of environmental friendliness (Buder 2019). Sweden and the rest of the Nordic countries have a comparatively low impact in terms of CO2 emissions (Norden 2008).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: It is conceivable that elevated WEE1 in Cry mutant mice phosphorylates CDC2/CYCB1 complex at an increased rate even in nonstressed cells, slowing down the G2-M transition and the overall growth rate [69]. Transcription of c-Myc, which plays an important role in both cell proliferation and apoptosis, is found to be upregulated, and transcription of p53, which plays a critical role in the G1-S checkpoint, is downregulated in Per2 mutant mice (mPer2m/m). Also, there is a general cell cycle dysregulation as the circadian expression pattern of genes functioning in cell proliferation and tumour suppression, such as Cyclin D1, Cyclin A, Mdm-2 (murine double minute, a negative regulator of p53) and Gadd45α (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein α), is deregulated. Consequently, these animals have increased incidence of spontaneous and ionizing radiation-induced lymphomas and an increased rate of mortality after ionizing radiation [70]. Normally, the binding of CLOCK-BMAL1 to the E-boxes of c-Myc promoter inhibits the transcription of this gene. Upregulation of c-Myc transcription in Per2 mutant is ascribed to the reduced level of BMAL1 because PER2, in addition to its inhibitory effect on the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex, stimulates transcription of the Bmal1 gene [28,74]. Oncogenic transformation mediated by c-Myc must overcome its proapoptotic activity [75] in which modulation of p53-mediated apoptosis plays an important role [76,77]. Overexpression of c-Myc can induce genomic DNA damage and compromise p53 function, presumably through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mechanism [78]. Following γ radiation, MYC-overexpressing cells are less efficient in G1 arrest compared to normal cells [79,80], indicating that c-Myc overexpression could drive cells to progress through cell cycle in the presence of genomic DNA damage. Following γ radiation, the loss of mPer2 function partially impairs p53-mediated apoptosis, leading to accumulation of damaged cells.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: , related to race/ethnicity, economic status, and gender and sexual orientation) may independently, additively, or interactively affect one’s experience of connection to community and perceptions of ally support. A surprising finding involved ally support, which was significantly related to self-stigma and self-worth contingencies only when using participants’ definition of allies. Average number of allies (based on the researchers’ definition) was higher than the average number that participants reported, though researcher-defined ally support was not correlated with study variables. Open-ended responses suggest that participant-defined allyship may have been more strongly and negatively correlated with self-stigma and contingencies because, as 79. 3% conveyed in their responses, it was characterized as being supportive or understanding whether or not the ally had a mental health condition. In fact, only 6. 5% of participants endorsed the researchers’ definition that an ally must not have a mental health condition. This conceptualization of allyship departs from much of the LGBTQ and racial justice literatures which emphasize that an ally is not a part of the marginalized group yet advocates politically for those who are. For example, the training program, typically conducted at colleges and businesses, educates heterosexual allies about LGBTQ topics to increase awareness, promote advocacy, and effectuate social change to create a LGBTQ-affirming culture. At the conclusion of training, ally participants display a “Safe Zone” placard on their office or dorm room, indicating their political support of the LGBTQ community (Finkel et al. , Citation2003). In an online intervention targeting stigma related to substance abuse disorders, Beeson et al. Citation(2019) found that allyship (involving use of inclusive language, providing access to resources, displaying a symbol of allyship publicly) reduced public stigma among participants. However, this study did not address internalized stigma, and its focus involved political advocacy more than direct supportive listening. In this way, their study methodology and findings diverge from our results indicating that, more than allies’ advocacy, participants benefit from support and understanding around mental health issues. Our participants’ view of allyship is consistent with LeMaster and Toyosaki Citation(2022) who note that an ally is not required to endorse a marginalized identity nor to politically advocate for those who do.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: In fact, several empirical studies identify from the mid–1980s onward an increasing ecological disruption in most of the ecologically advanced nations, such as Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands (Mol 2000). Stockholm is at the forefront of ecological/environmental thinking. It has very strong environmental policies and is focused on improving the quality of life of its citizens (Lindström and Eriksson 1993; 2018) with support of advanced technologies (Bibri 2020a; Evertzen et al. 2018). According to the City of Stockholm, an IoT–based infrastructure is highly important for, and the backbone for building, smart sustainable cities nowadays (Bibri and Krogstie 2020a). As stated by Johansson (2018), a project leader, “the reason we are establishing this is because we have a lot of challenges. We know that using the smart technologies can help us to be a better city, for the people that live there, work there and even the people that are visiting us. ” He also stated that the environmental department in the city is active with smart technologies. During the period 2015–2016, an ICT network was established in the City of Stockholm to find a more comprehensive way of using ICT, and the digital development department of the city was established with a much broader take on ICT (Kramers et al. 2016). The city has recently taken concrete actions for using data-driven technologies to reach its environmental targets by 2040, in particular in relation to the initiatives of its sustainable urban districts (Bibri and Krogstie 2020a). In recent years, much of the environmental work within Stockholm has focused on developing new sustainable urban districts. One recent initiative is the Seaport (SRS) district, whose vision is to become a “world class environmental city district” (2010). SRS is designated as an environmental profile area with the mandate to become a model of sustainable urban development (2020). The vision of SRS relates to the overall goal established by the City of Stockholm to be fossil fuel–free by 2050 (2009, 2018). In this respect, SRS environmental profile should consolidate Stockholm’s position as a leading capital in climate work and contribute to the development of new technologies (Bibri 2020a, b). The smart eco–city district of SRS starts with a common vision in smart planning on the basis of the IoT technology (2017).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: However, the mutant mPer cells, expressing MYC at elevated levels, could still progress through cell cycle in the presence of genomic DNA damage, resulting in the high incidence of tumor development after γ radiation. Cyclin D1 (CCND1) is also a clock-controlled cell cycle gene. Overexpression of CCND1 induces mammary tumorigenesis, in addition, increased levels of CCND1 in ERα (estrogen receptor α)-positive breast cancer is associated with poor prognosis [81]. However, additional studies are needed to know whether the rhythmic expression of CCND1 is deregulated in cancer. Recently, it has been reported that p21 (Waf1/Cip1), which does not possess an E-box element in its regulatory region, is controlled indirectly via CLOCK/BMAL1-mediated transcriptional regulation of the orphan nuclear receptor Rev-erb. p21 circadian expression is dramatically increased and no longer rhythmic in Bmal1 knock-out mice. p21 upregulation in Bmal1-/- animals primarily results from the loss of Rev-erbα and Reverbβ expression possibly combined with the increased expression of RORγ [82]. In this context, the release of the REV-ERB-dependent inhibition of RORα4 activity is also likely to play a role. Changes in additional unidentified positive and negative regulators of p21 expression may also play an additional role. Thus, in liver, the clock control of p21 high amplitude oscillation results from a RORa4- and RORγ-dependent activation, which is rhythmically repressed by REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. As p21 negatively regulates cell cycle progression by inhibiting the activity of CYCE/CDK2 complexes during G1 phase progression, p21 overexpressing Bmal1-/-primary hepatocytes exhibit a decreased proliferation rate [82]. Circadian clock, DNA damage response and tumour suppression The circadian control of an organism's response to DNA damage response rests upon circadian proteins which play important roles in the processes of cell proliferation and control of response to genotoxic stress both at the cellular and organismal levels [83]. DNA damage triggers cellular stress response pathways which may result in checkpoint cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or DNA repair.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: In line with our focus on emotional (versus advocacy) support, a randomized clinical trial of the Honest, Open, and Proud-College (HOP-C) intervention found that undergraduates engaging in appropriate self-disclosure about their mental health reported reduced self-stigma as well as increased confidence in resources to cope with mental health issues (Conley et al. , Citation2020). These results support our conclusion that the key ingredient is not disclosure per se, but sharing with supportive others who they trust will not discriminate against or reject them (Camacho et al. , Citation2020). Emotional support for individuals with mental health issues may be particularly salient given the affective nature of their struggles (without diminishing the challenges faced by + and other marginalized groups, and while recognizing their intersectionality). Aside from fostering ally support in order to reduce self-stigma, another point of intervention involves targeting self-stigma directly in those experiencing mental illness. Among patients with diverse psychiatric issues attending a partial hospitalization treatment program, cognitive therapy targeting participants’ self-stigma was linked with a decrease in psychiatric symptoms and with enhanced daily functioning (Pearl et al. , Citation2017). Similarly, a meta-analysis found that a peer support program significantly decreased self-stigma among individuals experiencing psychosis (Pyle et al. , Citation2018), supporting the benefits of interventions specifically addressing internalized stigma. Similarly, the Day peer support group (Morell, Citation2015) is available on many university campuses. This program involves students’ sharing about their mental health challenges and daily stressors with like-minded peers who similarly experience mental health challenges, and whose only instruction is to listen actively and empathically. Given that self-stigma is linked with lower engagement in treatment among more highly educated individuals (Hack et al. , Citation2020), addressing public and self-stigma would be particularly important on university campuses. We recommend that future research further elucidate specific aspects of a peer support program that may reduce self-stigma (e. g. , others openly sharing their experiences; receiving empathy etc. ). And yet, the current findings indicate that groups and/or peer support programs are differentially appealing to those high versus low on contingent self-worth. As noted previously, those high in contingencies may be reluctant to share in a group format or with peers, risking the very approval they seek to maintain their self-worth (Crocker, Citation2002).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: , Bibri 2020a; Nikitin et al. 2016; Sinaeepourfard et al. 2016). The smart city strategy has been properly included in the strategic framework of the City of Barcelona in line with the objectives, priorities, and directives that characterize it (Mora and Bolici 2016). The attempt to transform the city into a smart city has been translated into a series of endeavors and initiatives managed by various executive units of the city administration. This has been supported by establishing a number of projects, constructing the public Wi-Fi network, and implementing several planning measures to modernize the city’s ICT infrastructure and to strengthen its readiness to apply data-driven smart solutions for supporting sustainable development and the environment (Bibri and Krogstie 2020b). Barcelona is building one operating system that would run the entire city on a single interface, and aims, in pursuing such technology-driven upgrades, to serve as a model for other cities in technology-led urban transformation and management (Institute 2018). According to Cisco’s estimates, Barcelona’s current smart city investments should return a cumulative economic benefits of USD 970 million by 2026 (Bibri 2020a). In addition, the city has a strong commitment to becoming a show-case for the rest of the world in sustainable urban development (Mora and Bolici 2016). One of the strategies of the Program is called “urban renewal” and is associated with a precise strategic commitment to transform “Barcelona into a sustainable, smart urban model at the service of its residents” (Mora and Bolici 2016, p. 3). Data-driven solutions for energy efficiency and pollution reductionBoth smart cities and sustainable cities (notably eco-cities) are increasingly embracing data-driven technologies and their novel applications in the area of energy and environment. This is due to the high potential opportunities being offered by the IoT and big data analytics for advancing environmental sustainability. There is a huge range of the IoT-enabled data-driven applications that are compatible with the goals of environmental sustainability in the context of smart sustainable cities, spanning diverse urban systems and domains. Smart grids and smart metersBoth smart cities and sustainable cities are increasingly investing in and implementing smart meters, sensor networks, automated control systems, and cyber-physical systems in the area of smart energy within the framework of the IoT.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: DNA damage leads to activation of critical components of cellular stress response pathways including ATM/ATR (ataxia telangiectasia mutated/ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related) and CHK1/2 (checkpoint kinase1/2) which in turn activates tumour suppressor protein p53 and subsequently causes cell cycle arrest or apoptosis [84]. It has been shown that Bmal1-deficient human cells are unable to undergo growth arrest on p53 activation by DNA damage. Contrary to in vivo mouse data connecting BMAL1-dependent delay in G1 progression to upregulation of p21 [82], radiation induced growth arrest in Bmal1-deficient human cells correlated with the decrease in levels of p53 and p21 [85]. This disparity may be attributable to interspecies variation or differences between in vitro and in vivo state and warrants further investigation. PER1 seems to function as a tumour suppressor by regulating cell cycle genes and interacting with key DNA damage-activated checkpoint proteins. Per1 overexpression in cancer cells increases ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis, whereas inhibition of Per1 in similarly treated cells blunts apoptosis. Ionizing radiation leads to PER1 nuclear translocation, the induction of c-Myc expression and repression of p21 (Waf1/Cip1). Moreover, PER1 directly interacts with the DNA double-strand break-activated kinases ATM and CHK2. Thus, PER1 can function as a tumour suppressor by activating multiple pathways, including the DNA damage response [86]. Another circadian protein, timeless (TIM), which is necessary for the robustness of rhythmicity [87], has been shown to interact with the cell cycle checkpoint proteins 1 and ATRIP (ATR-interacting protein). This interaction is also stimulated by DNA damage, and TIM seems to function as a mediator between sensors and effectors of the DNA damage response [88]. PER2 protein has also been proposed to function as a tumor suppressor. Per2 mutant mice develop γ radiation-induced lymphomas at a higher rate than wild-type controls due to partial impairment of p53-mediated apoptosis [70].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: With this in mind, prevention and intervention programs would be enhanced by offering diverse modalities aiming to destigmatize mental illness. These modalities might include peer support, individual and group therapy, and self-help programs involving bibliotherapy and/or web-based apps, the latter allowing for anonymity (e. g. , Finkelstein et al. , 2007; Hilty et al. , Citation2015; Mills et al. , Citation2020). In addition to honoring empowerment and choice in intervention ( Services Administration, Citation2014) for those seeking mental health support and/or those looking to challenge internalized stigma (with some preferring self-help and others peer support), we might assist those high in contingencies in developing a stronger internal anchor which can buffer against internalized stigma (Neff et al. , Citation2018). One such intrapersonal approach is compassion-based therapy, which shifts the focus from increasing self-esteem (seen in traditional cognitive behavioral approaches) to compassionate self-relating, especially when they face disapproval, rejection, and perceived failure. The current study findings are limited by the sample size, which is smaller than recommended for mediational analyses, by the correlational and cross-sectional design that preclude causal interpretations, and by the exclusive use of self-report and resulting potential for common rater and common method bias. In addition, participants’ self-reported mental health issues were not verified by clinical interview. Clinical diagnosis is recommended to accurately capture mental health diagnoses and to rule out sub-syndromal cases that may have attenuated the findings. Moreover, without clinical confirmation, we cannot determine whether the source of stigma relates to a mental health diagnosis (which may not involve observable behaviors and thus easily concealed; Camacho et al. , Citation2020) and/or to maladaptive behaviors that participants attribute to a mental health issue, but may be better understood through a non-clinical (yet other social identity) lens. Future research might consider use of a dimensional assessment of symptoms which would enable examination of symptom severity as a covariate. It is possible that some individuals who are deeply affected by the stigma of mental health conditions might not have felt comfortable participating in this study, resulting in those with the least self-stigma overrepresented. To address this, we recommend targeting those at high risk for self-stigma (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: The main players in this area are smart power grid and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), Smart power grid denotes a set of software, hardware, and network tools that enable generators to route power more efficiently to consumers, reducing the need for excess capacity and allowing two–way, real-time information exchange with users and consumers for real-time demand side management. It integrates and coordinates renewable energy production and consumption and power facilities through enabling technologies, energy services, and active users. AMI is a composite technology which consists of solid-state meters capable of remotely providing electricity use detail to utility companies, a two-way communication channel, and a meter data repository and management. argues that climate–adapted solutions will minimize energy use (2009). In this respect, the city aims to use digitalization and new technologies to make it easier for residents and businesses to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint and thus become environmentally friendly (2017). As stated in the for Stockholm, Stockholm’s eco-development SRS is currently trialling smart electricity grids (and integration of district heating with low-energy housing) (2018). Eco-city District of SRS has implemented a large–scale smart grid system, which comprises the following 7 components (Bibri 2020a, b): 1. Smart homes/buildings and demand response 2. Distributed energy systems 3. Integration and use of electric vehicles 4. Energy storage for customers and the grid 5. Smart electrified harbor 6. Smart primary substations 7. Smart grid lab (part of an innovation center) Brandt and Nordström (2011) identify how 150 indicators spanning electricity, district heating, transportation, water, waste, and a number of other environmental and social factors, can be integrated with the SRS-M System (SRS-M IMS). Based on a functional gap analysis, the authors demonstrate that the smart grid as the anchor of smart cities partially enables less than 15% of the 150 indicators initially proposed in the SRS-M. SRS aims to take the lead in realizing the latest innovations within smart and green technologies. In particular, it affords great opportunities for climate–adapted and future–oriented development, from pioneering energy–efficient technical solutions in building and infrastructure to the development of smart electricity networks that enable local production and distribution of electricity (2009).

Output: contrast