Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: intake; Urine; Blood pressure; to: sodium intake has been shown to have major impacts on blood pressure (BP) and the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease,1), 2) and to increase the risk of stroke,3) left ventricular hypertrophy,4) the progression of renal disease,5) renal stones and osteoporosis6) and possibly the risk of stomach cancer. 7) Accordingly, the Organization (WHO) and many countries are making efforts to reduce sodium intakes. Nevertheless, some scientists argue reducing sodium intake to or below the recommended level is dangerous,8), 9) and that there is no clear evidence that sodium intake reduction decreases the incidence of CV diseases. 10) However, these studies have methodologic limitations that warrant consideration. In this 32. 2 to 84. 5 mmol/day. Even in the largest study conducted on this topic by Mente et al. ,18) the bias between measured and estimated 24-hour urine sodium level (calculated using the Kawasaki formula) was not small (bias=13. 6 mmol/day, 7. 8% of average 24-hour urine sodium of study population). Inaccurate estimation of 24-hour urine sodium level by formulae using spot urine sodium concentration may have inherent problem considering the method to develop formulae. Most of these formulas were developed using regression models in specific populations. Therefore, estimated 24-hour urine sodium values may depend on the mean of 24-hour urine sodium in the population used for formula development, and thus, calculated 24-hour urine sodium do not accurately reflect values in populations with different characteristics from the formula development population. We evaluated this hypothesis. Populations of studies that were conducted in year 2012,20) 2014,30) and from 2013 to 201435) were combined and analyzed. The method to determine the completeness of 24-hour urine collection was described elsewhere. 20), 30), 35) Among 1,115 participants, 791 had a valid 24-hour urine collection and spot urine sample (Table 2). Study population was divided by septiles of 24-hour urine sodium level. The means of measured 24-hour urine sodium and estimated 24-hour urine sodium (calculated using the Kawasaki and Danish formula) were compared (Figure 1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: For example, postal shipments were previously handled in trains (postal trains), and the same phenomenon can be observed today, in mobile depots (e. g. repurposed double-decker buses, “floating warehouse systems”). The driver must always supervise the driving task and sometimes takes over personally. At the goods issue point, he or she is responsible for checking the shipping papers and securing the load. At the goods receipt point, he or she is responsible for demanding a receipt confirmation. Today, in goods issue and receipt, in many supply chains the driver is responsible for loading and unloading the vehicle. The driver’s responsibility frequently ends at the loading ramp, but in some cases only after placement of the goods in the receiving facility, or even after pre-sorting, internal transport and shelving of the material (in some cases in temporary storage locations). As in earlier times, for some parcel and letter delivery operations it is common for the driver to pick the orders himself. In the field of production, conceivable applications would include own-account transport in which—similarly to the in-house segment—transport jobs are tendered and autonomous trucks could “apply” for and win the transport jobs based on predefined criteria. In this case neither a central control function nor route determination is required. Some gates already have freight locks, making workforce obsolete in place at the transfer of risk. If the driver no longer “accompanies” the vehicle, his or her activities would have to be performed by others. Companies then would have once again to hire or train own staff for such activities. The logistics companies might also opt for a different business model to account for these changes. This could lead to a general revaluation of work and the creation of local jobs, particularly in urban areas. In other cases, however, a further increase in the degree of automation in goods receipt and issue departments could be envisioned. Changes in the transport systems themselves can be expected primarily at the contact points between unmanned and manned driving as well as in the task profile of drivers. The changes to processes in rail and maritime traffic as well as in the spectrum of activities performed by humans do not seem overly serious. The driver is removed from the scenario and replaced by an autopilot. The remaining technology in trains and ships has heretofore been excluded from any proposed changes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some propose that all insect pathogens can be safely used in urban environments. [SEP] Text: Other analgesics are not always effective and opioids in particular have significant problems of their own. If you must prescribe NSAIDs, then consider and aim to mitigate all potential adverse effects of NSAIDs in an individual. Gastroprotection with proton pump inhibitors should be used where indicated, interacting drugs should be stopped where possible, and patients should be instructed to stop NSAIDs and other nephrotoxic drugs should they develop diarrhea or vomiting, or febrile illnesses with reduced fluid intake (3). NSAIDs cannot be used safely in people with CKD because they are always risky. However, risk of NSAID use varies between individuals. NSAID use is therefore not always wrong because clinical practice not infrequently requires choosing the least-bad option in situations where every option is problematic. author has nothing to disclose. Funding None. 360. Responsibility for the information and views expressed herein lies entirely with the author(s). B. Guthrie was responsible for project administration, and review and editing the manuscript. See related debate, “for Analgesia in Patients with CKD? : PRO” and commentary, “for Analgesia in Patients with CKD? : ” on pages and respectively. 1. : Which drugs cause preventable admissions to hospital? A systematic review. 63: 136–147, 2007. Available at: | 2. ; Coxib and traditional ’ (CNT) Collaboration: Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Meta-analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 382: 769–779, 2013. Available at: | 3. Kidney Disease: Outcomes (KDIGO): KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Available at: 1, 2020 | 4. ; (CRIC) Study Investigators: Patterns of NSAIDs use and their association with other analgesic use in CKD. Nephrol 12: 1778–1786, 2017. Available at: | 5. Lefebvre C, Hindié : Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review of prescription practices and use in primary care. J 13: 63–71, 2019. Available at: | 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: When the 24-hour urine sodium excretion is calculated by applying the formulas to groups with smaller 24-hour urine sodium excretion than that of formula development population, there is a tendency of overestimation of 24-hour urine sodium. On the other hands, in groups with greater 24-hour urine sodium than that of the development population, there is a tendency of underestimation of 24-hour urine sodium. This phenomenon has been observed in many studies that validated spot urine collection methods. Some studies that validated the Kawasaki formula showed if mean measured 24-hour urine sodium in the validation population was lower than that in the population used to develop Kawasaki formula (209 mmol/day), mean estimated 24-hour urine sodium in the validation population was higher than mean measured 24-hour urine sodium,. 18), 20), 21), 22), 27), 28), 29), 30), 32), 33) and conversely, if mean measured 24-hour urine sodium in the validation population was higher than that in development population, mean estimated 24-hour urine sodium in the validation population was lower than mean measured 24-hour urine sodium. 24) However, many large studies are needed to verify our hypothesis and find method for accurate estimation of 24-hour urine from spot urine in a population level. Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristic of study population Click for larger image Click for full table Download as Excel file Figure 1 Comparison between measured and estimated 24HUNa in septile groups divided according to measured 24HUNa. Estimated 24-hour urine sodium was calculated by using previously suggested equations. (A) Kawasaki, and (B) Danish equation. When the 24HUNa is calculated by applying the formulas to groups with smaller 24HUNa than that of formula development population, there is a tendency of overestimation of population mean 24-hour urine sodium. On the other hands, in groups with greater 24-hour urine sodium than that of the formula development population, there is a tendency of underestimation of 24-hour urine sodium. 24HUNa = 24-hour urine sodium excretion. Click for larger image Download as PowerPoint slide Go to: intervention studies have reported sodium intake reduction lowers BP and has a profound effect in individuals with hypertension. 36) Furthermore, this effect was observed even after modest sodium intake reduction.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: This approach has the advantage of enabling even unpracticed long-haul drivers (beginners, the elderly) to join a convoy. This would also require that freight and passenger vehicles have the ability to communicate with each other. However, it is not only technological determinism that offers strong arguments against automated road vehicles: Efficiency increases in road traffic also give rise to conflicts with mass transport systems. Automated platooning stands in direct competition with the railways, as did long trucks before them. Although at present there is a lack of professional truck drivers in Germany, the overall number of professional truck drivers would decrease, and in other countries with high unemployment, much-needed jobs would be lost. Moreover, public acceptance of fully automated systems is limited—not least due to continuous reports of failures of mechanical or electronic components in vehicles, or the fear of unstable data connections. Autonomous vehicles therefore would also have to be equipped with reliable software (artificial intelligence) that can respond to all eventualities—in particular when humans and animals are present on the roads. Also judging from a legal perspective, autopilots outside of factory grounds are a novelty. Previous AGT/AGV systems were handled according to the Machinery Directive, with stringent vehicle and operator safety concepts. An expansion of the sphere of action (private/public) and the operating speeds (walking speed to highway speeds) of the systems could necessitate new laws or adjustments to the existing legal framework. The use of autonomous vehicles in road traffic would require abolishment of the legal restrictions set forth in the on which stipulates that a driver must maintain control over the vehicle at all times. There have been recent developments in this regard in the United States, where the law has been adapted to permit deviation from the control requirement insofar as the system “can be overridden or switched off by the driver. ” If this legal stance were to be accepted in Europe as well, it would mean that there has to be a superordinate actor that can always intervene in controlling the vehicle. In the areas of rail, maritime and air traffic, the systems are already designed in this manner, and for rail and air traffic there are accepted superordinate actors. For road freight traffic, such an actor must still be created. Public acceptance is also yet to be ensured. 7 Conclusion and OutlookSince the 1960s, (driverless) automated guided transport (AGT) systems have been in use in in-house logistics in Germany.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: Academy of Enter your Email address: Subscribe to eTOC Home > of Risk. . . of 6, 2007 ExplainedThe official US advisory warning women to eat less seafood during pregnancy to prevent neurological deficits associated with mercury exposure in the womb could have just the opposite effect — depriving infants of long-chain omega 3 fatty acids and other nutrients in fish that promote healthy brain development, according to researchers in the US and Great Britain. In 2004, the US FDA cautioned expectant mothers to limit seafood to under 340 grams per week — 12 ounces or around three servings. But a longitudinal outcome study of nearly 9,000 children, published in the Feb. 17 Lancet, revealed that infants born to mothers who consumed more than that amount had more robust cognitive development throughout early childhood, and had higher IQ scores at age eight (2007;369:578–585). study involved women in Bristol, England, who were pregnant between April 1991 and December 1992. Dietary questionnaires were sent four times during the pregnancy, and then periodically afterward. Child development was monitored through questionnaires sent to the parents and with IQ testing when the boys and girls were 8-years-old. Among findings, toddlers of mothers who ate less than 340 grams per week had significantly slower social and behavioral development and less developed fine motor and communication skills than mothers who ate more seafood. By age 8, children of mothers who ate little seafood scored in the lowest 25 percent of verbal IQ. “The findings suggest that advice to limit seafood consumption could actually be detrimental,” said lead researcher Joseph L. Hibbeln, MD, chief of the Laboratory of and Biochemistry at the on and Alcoholism at the NIH. The data were adjusted for 28 different possible confounders and maternal seafood intake was divided into three categories: none, 340 grams per week, or more than that amount. Without adjustment, there was a six-point difference in IQ scores between children of mothers in the highest and lowest categories. When adjusted for the 28 variables, the difference was a statistically significant three to four IQ points, Dr. Hibbeln told in a telephone interview. Although they did not include maternal or paternal IQ scores, the researchers did consider education and job status as potential confounders, as well as ethnicity. “This was the world's largest and most comprehensive longitudinal study on pregnancy and childhood outcomes. At 12 ounces of seafood during pregnancy, the beneficial effects on cognitive development far outweigh the risks.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: 37) However, the majority of intervention studies were conducted over the short- or medium-term and few long-term studies have been undertaken, presumably because long-term dietary intervention studies are much more difficult to perform. In a previous study,38) we found 5 dietary intervention studies performed over more than 6 months. 39), 40), 41), 42), 43) Four of these studies reported lowering sodium intake significantly lowered BP. 39), 40), 41), 42) In the Trials of (TOHP) II study, the effect of sodium intake reduction on BP was observed, and although the effect declined with time, it remained significant until 36 months and reduced the incidence of hypertension. 41) On the other hand, a study performed in young healthy nulliparous pregnant women concluded a low sodium diet had no effect on BP or on the incidence of gestational hypertension. 43) on Salt, Other Factors, and () was a representative population-based cross-sectional study that evaluated the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure. 44) This study showed that 24-hour urine sodium and BP were significantly related, but unfortunately, did not determine whether BP reductions were dose-dependently related to 24-hour urine sodium levels. To investigate the dose-dependent effect of sodium intake on BP in population-based epidemiological studies, we searched PubMed from January 2009 to September 2019 for cross-sectional studies that evaluated the relationship between BP and sodium intake (search terms in 1. 93 vs 2. 98, respectively). In a study by Xu et al. 49) on 2,281 Chinese individuals, a significant linear association was observed between BP and 24-hour urine sodium excretion. In this study, average 24-hour urine potassium was 25. 3 mmol/day and the urine sodium-to-potassium ratio was 6. 8. In a previous study, we found a significant association between urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio and BP. 53) These findings suggest that high potassium intake and a low sodium-to-potassium ratio may reduce the effect of sodium intake on BP. Furthermore, ethnicity may have contributed to result disparities. The population studied by Jackson et al. included more than 10% African-Americans, but the population studied by Mente et al. 55) included 9. 1% non-Europeans (the proportion of Black people was not reported).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: Flexible cooperation between road users becomes more important when the traffic is busier. The distances narrow between vehicles, the complexity increases, and more informal signals are exchanged. Car-to-car communication could provide another technological solution. This would require all road users—not only autonomous vehicles—to be fitted with the corresponding technology. Car-to-car communication has undergone years of research and there have already been a number of demonstrations, some of them on large test sites such as simTD [20]. The proliferation of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) or vehicle-to-x (V2X, vehicle to infrastructure) technology could significantly facilitate solving the communication issues between autonomous vehicles and human drivers. Frost & Sullivan [21] project that by the year 2030, 40 % of vehicles will be equipped with V2V or V2X technology due to the major advantages these technologies offer users, including reducing traffic jams and enhancing safety. The rapid spread of this technology, initially with a different focus in mind, could thus mitigate communication problems between autonomous vehicles and those driven by humans. Yet even then there will still be some situations that autonomous vehicles cannot solve, either because the other road users do not have the necessary communication devices or because the situation cannot be resolved through communication alone. If the autonomous vehicle operates without a driver to take over driving on short notice (although not immediately), a remote driver or guidance system would have to step in. 10 ConclusionsBecause vehicle-to-vehicle communication options are currently very limited and unreliable, a wide variety of glances, actions, and action sequences are used to communicate with unprotected road users. Depending on the circumstances and the state of mind of the people involved, interpersonal negotiations can have varying levels of intensity. The rules applied in these cases are highly culturally specific. In particular, the expectations placed on the other person vary widely from culture to culture, so it would not be possible to compile universal rules for robotic vehicles. Another problem arises merely due to the fact that the vehicle’s driver, the robot, is unrecognizable. This is evident for driverless cars, at any rate. If a person is sitting in the driver’s seat of the autonomous vehicle, any communication would likely be misdirected at the presumed human driver. Mixed traffic including cyclists and other vehicle types would be difficult to implement without the ability to recognize other road users’ glances and gestures. This is especially true in low-speed settings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: ”Children born to mothers who ate no fish were 28 percent more likely to have poor communication skills at age 18 months and 35 percent more likely to have poor fine motor coordination by 3. 5 years, compared with children of women who ate more than 340 grams; by age 7 they were 44 percent more likely to have poor social skills and 48 percent more likely to have lower verbal IQ scores. ''Seafood, including fish and shellfish, is rich in long-chain omega 3 fatty acids and other nutrients that are very important for neonatal neurological development, observed Gary J. Myers, MD, professor of neurology, pediatrics, and environmental medicine at the University of Center in New York, who co-authored an accompanying editorial. “It has been known for years that polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential in the development of healthy brains,” he told in a telephone interview, “but the researchers have put some science behind grandmother's old saying that fish is brain food. ”Nonetheless, he said, it is important to “have an informed and balanced view” of the benefits and potential risks, and to limit seafood to fish “low on the food chain” and from fresh water, where contaminant levels are lowest. major studies of impaired cognition from potential seafood contaminants have been based on epidemiological studies in normal children in communities where the diet is rich in seafood with high mercury levels such as whale meat, Dr. Myers noted. In a 2004 study, published in of Pediatrics, researchers at School of and institutions in Japan, Denmark, and the in Northern Europe, reported that high levels of mercury, primarily from eating whale meat, passed from mothers to child in utero, produced irreversible cognitive impairment affecting different targets in the brain (2004;144:177–183). The study of more than 800 children showed that the toxic effects of prenatal mercury exposure could occur, even at low levels. The findings were based on auditory electrical signal responses when children were tested at age 14. The teenagers also had impaired neurological regulation of their heart rate, a sign of mercury toxicity in the brain stem. Neuropsychological tests conducted at ages 7 and 14 years revealed similar deficits associated with prenatal mercury exposure. “But remember that this evidence was in normal children and based on finger-tapping responses to auditory signals,” said Dr. Meyers.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: 63) On the other hand, the Trial of in the Elderly (TONE) study showed no difference between the CV event rates in a reduced sodium intervention group and a usual lifestyle intervention group. 64) However, a meta-analysis that included data from the and TONE studies showed sodium intake reduction significantly reduced CV events. 65) Stolarz-Skrzypek et al. 66) reported an inverse association between 24-hour urine sodium and risk of CV mortality in a general population and in individuals with hypertension without CV disease. Actually, several cohort studies have reported different associations between sodium intake and CV outcomes. We searched cohort studies that evaluated association between sodium intake and CV outcomes in PubMed from 2009 to 2019 (search terms in 0. 8 g (34 mmol) difference between sodium intake at baseline and averages of subsequent measurements taken over 5 years, and 50% subjects were classified into different sodium intake groups when long-term 24-hour urine sodium measurements were used to classify sodium intake groups rather than single baseline measurements. Similarly, the hazard ratios of CV events and mortality were altered by up to 85% when average of subsequently measured long-term 24-hour urine sodium measurements were used. In the present review, we excluded studies that estimated sodium intakes from spot urine measurements using formulae, although the estimation of 24-hour urine sodium from spot urine is inexpensive and easily performed in large populations. Several large-scale studies have evaluated the association between sodium intake and CV outcomes and mortality using estimated 24-hour urine sodium values calculated in this manner, and these studies have consistently found paradoxical J- or U-shaped associations between sodium intake and CV outcomes and mortality. 8), 9), 75) However, in addition to the reasons as mentioned above, a recently published study demonstrated the inappropriateness of using estimated dietary sodium intake from spot urine when investigating the association between sodium intake and mortality. 76) In this study, a significant linear association was reported between the averages of subsequently measured 24-hour urine sodium and mortality, but J- or U-shaped relationships were found between estimated 24-hour urine sodium levels using spot urine and mortality. Go to: findings of the present systematic review can be summarized as follows: 1) The spot urine collection method is inaccurate and should not be recommended to measure sodium intake at the individual level, and further studies for its use to measure sodium intake at the population level are required. 2) High sodium intake is positively associated with BP.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: Paper [3], by contrast, largely ignores questions of traffic flow and traffic control and focuses primarily on the optimal allocation of supply in relation to demand based on the premise that vehicles can be shared. We can quite rightly conclude at this point that a combination of these approaches, together with a correct description of the share of travelers who would opt for transportation via a robotic “mobility-on-demand” system, allows the best possible appraisal of the potential of autonomous vehicles. The paper also does not consider effects that would result from a fundamentally different organization of transportation. One example of this would be the EU’s CityMobil project, in which such scenarios are discussed and examined in greater detail [4]. This paper will examine how autonomous vehicles affect typical traffic management applications by looking at a few examples which have not been developed in all specifics. These examples, in order of increasing complexity, are the simulation of a single traffic signal system (Sect. 15. 4), simulation of an intersection controlled by an adaptive traffic signal system (Sect. 15. 5), simulation of a green wave (Sect. 15. 6) and the simulation of an entire city (Sect. 15. 7). Some of the questions to be considered here can draw on the effects of the introduction of intelligent speed control (autonomous intelligent speed control—AIC) on traffic flow on highways in particular [5]. There is a great deal of literature on this subject; the dissertation [5] and parts of the book [10] provide a more in-depth overview than is possible in this 15. 7 assumes that vehicles that have reached their destinations always immediately find a parking spot. 2 A Model of DrivingModels that describe how a human drives a vehicle have been around for a long time [6]. Very many of these models (for an overview see [7–10])—since 1950 more than 100 models have been described solely for the process of following a vehicle driving ahead—can also without further ado be applied as models for autonomous vehicles, albeit with differing parameters for humans and machines as mentioned in Sect. 15. 1. It is thus conceptually quite simple to model mixed traffic and quantify its effects on the transportation system as a whole. In the following, the focus will be on the process of following a vehicle, which is the most important, but not the only relevant process that determines the development of traffic flow on roads.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit your manuscript Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2023. © 2023 Published by on behalf of Ltd. This is an open access 4. 0/). IJS Open 55():p 100630, June 2023. | DOI: 10. 1016/j. ijso. 2023. 100630 Abstract Recently, Ruxolitinib (Opzelura) has been approved by the Food and (FDA) as the first treatment for non-segmental vitiligo, which results in chalky white macules with clear edges due to an autoimmune disorder. The mode of action of this cream is JAK inhibition which progressively enhances the growth of new, healthy skin cells, and eventually, repigmentation occurs in the affected area. Indeed, this medication represents significance in the field of dermatology as almost 3/4th % of facial vitiligo was resolved but the high cost will be a hindrance in facilitating the patients and should be subsidized. Moreover, prescribers and pharmacists should be aware of the black box warnings issued by FDA as severe caution is indicated. More clinical trials should be conducted to know the safety of children under 12 years of age. (Opzelura) is the first-line treatment for non-segmental vitiligo by JAK- inhibition. This JAK inhibition mechanism led to some serious complications clotting, heart infections, thrombosis, and other illness. The actual cost of this prescribed cream is expensive leaving few viable options for patients, thus needs to be evaluated. However, promising results prove that it is a significant breakthrough in the field of dermatology. 1. Short communication 2022, FDA approved the first cream treatment for the most widespread form of vitiligo—non-segmental vitiligo—in patients 12 years or older. Opzelura (Ruxolitinib) is from the family of (JAK) inhibitors and is said to improve repigmentation in vitiligo—an autoimmune disorder that destroys melanocytes in the body causing cutaneous depigmentation [1]. In the current research, the JAK kinase signaling pathway, cytokines, topical immunosuppressants, mechanisms of repigmentation, and antioxidants are used. Both medical and surgical ways are followed [2]. Afamelanotide, Prostaglandin E2, and Bimatoprost are considered emerging therapies [3].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: 3) Associations between high sodium intake and CV outcomes are significant, but reverse causality cannot be ruled out. Although many studies have reported no, inverse, or J- or U-shaped associations of sodium intake with BP, CV outcomes, and mortality, these studies used biased methods to determine sodium intakes. This review convincingly shows sodium intake is associated with BP, CV outcomes, and mortality and invalidates the argument that reducing sodium intake is dangerous and unnecessary. Therefore, we conclude that sodium intake reduction should be generally recommended and not limited to patients with hypertension or CV disease. Go to: of Interest:Rhee MY has received lecture honoraria from Pfizer Inc. , & Co. KG. , Hanmi Pharm. Co. Ltd. , Yuhan Co. Ltd. , Co. Ltd. , Fees for consulting from Hanmi Pharm. Co. Ltd. , and research grant from Co. Ltd. and Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co. , Ltd. The other authors have no financial conflicts of interest. Author Contributions: Conceptualization: Rhee MY. Data curation:. Formal analysis:. Investigation: Jeong YJ. Project administration: Rhee MY. Writing - original draft:. Writing - review & editing:. Go to: 384. PubMed CrossRef Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. N Med 2007;356:1966–1978. . Sodium intake and risk of death from stroke in Japanese men and women. Stroke 2004;35:1543–1547. . Correlates of left ventricular mass in a population sample aged 36 to 37 years. Focus on lifestyle and salt intake. Circulation 1994;89:1041–1050. Salt intake and renal outcome in patients with progressive renal disease. Metab 1998;24:296–301. . Unravelling the links between calcium excretion, salt intake, hypertension, kidney stones and bone metabolism. J Nephrol 2000;13:169–177. . Salt and salted food intake and subsequent risk of gastric cancer among middle-aged Japanese men and women. Cancer 2004;90:128–134. 'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium excretion, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: a community-level prospective epidemiological cohort study. Lancet 2018;392:496–506.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Autonomous driving technology aims to reduce human error in transportation. [SEP] Text: The delay was recorded for each simulated vehicle and the values used to calculate the average entered in Fig. 15. 6. In principle, the entire distribution of delays can be used to characterize the results, which for reasons of space is omitted here, although it would be interesting. The fluctuations in the delays are a measure of the reliability of such a system. However, the example presented here shows that the delay fluctuations are only very weakly correlated with the proportion of autonomously guided vehicles; the major source of stochasticity in this system is generated by the demand and not the dynamics of the vehicles. Two results in Fig. 15. 6 stand out. For one thing, the description from the theory does not always correspond to the simulation results. A considerable amount of research is still needed here, because it’s not at all simple to translate the assumptions on which the theory is based into the simulated reality. This will undoubtedly be even more difficult in comparison with real measured values. To achieve agreement, the values for the saturation-traffic volume determined in the simulation had to be used—with the theoretical values, i. e. the τ values defined in Sect. 15. 3, the agreement is not compelling. Second, autonomous vehicles “only” change the capacity; otherwise there are no or only very small gains. As long as the demand stays away from the respective capacity, there are only minor differences between the various scenarios, at least on the level of the description selected here. A change in the capacity does have one very positive effect, however: it means that the required green times at a traffic signal can be shorter, leaving more time for other modes of transport. 5 SignalsSection 15. 4 looked at a traffic signal with a fixed-time control system. Many modern systems, however, utilize an adaptive control system. That means that the traffic signal attempts to coordinate its green times with the current demand. When demand is low, the green times are short, and when demand is high, the system responds with long green times. The details are somewhat more complex, because the delay regarded as a function of the demand has a minimum with a certain optimal cycle time. An adaptive system is able to choose the optimal cycle time for itself, and makes very clever use of the fluctuations that occur in the traffic flow. In this case as well, the aim is to examine how such an adaptive system handles a mix of autonomous and normal vehicles.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: Topical and Oral JAK inhibitors, with Narrow-band (NB-UVB) therapy, are now the most effective new medications for vitiligo Ruxolitinib (Opzelura) is the most promising class of drug as it inhibits both JAK 1 and 2 and can treat facial vitiligo by showing a mean improvement of 92%, while truncal lesions showed a modest response that persisted at a six-month follow-up [2,3]. So, while Opzelura isn’t the first approved treatment, it is the first one to show some consistent promise. Vitiligo has equal incidence in both genders. It has a prevalence of less than 1% but can vary geographically and females are known to obtain it earlier than males. A patient’s quality of life suffers, especially that of females as white patches appear on exposed areas of the body, pushing patients to develop insecurities with their self-esteem taking the brunt of it. Adjustment disorder, depression, sleep disturbances, and anxiety are some of the associated psychological predicaments [4]. No laboratory confirmatory tests are required for it, but some tools for diagnosis are skin biopsy, Wood’s lamp, a hand-held ultraviolet (UV) irradiation device, and dermoscopy [3]. Histopathology typically helps confirm the diagnosis—melanocytes are absent. The cause of vitiligo is unknown; most common pathophysiological theories include autoimmune, neurohumoral, and auto-cytotoxic. All of these may be partially responsible for the disorder. Genetics also contributes to the pathophysiology with one-fifth of the patients having an affected relative. Epidemiologists show that vitiligo is a non-Mendelian, multifactorial trait. 20% of vitiligo patients suffer from thyroid disease and are typically more susceptible to other autoimmune diseases. Recently, melanocytorrhagy and the decreased melanocyte survival hypotheses are being considered, exploring the idea that the problem might be with the melanocytes and not the immune system. Due to all the different potential causes, the ‘convergence theory’ has been put forward, suggesting that no single hypothesis is responsible [4].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: PubMed CrossRef O' Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Med 2014;371:612–623. . Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. 2014:CD009217 PubMY. High sodium intake: review of recent issues on its association with cardiovascular events and measurement methods. J 2015;45:175–183. Statistical issues in analyzing 24-hour dietary recall and 24-hour urine collection data for sodium and potassium intakes. Epidemiol 2001;153:996–1006. . Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health. Epidemiol 2009;38:791–813. . Estimating dietary sodium intake in individuals receiving a randomly fluctuating intake. Hypertension 1982;4:805–808. . Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Epidemiol 2018;47:1784–1795. approach to noncommunicable disease risk factor surveillance [Internet]. Geneva: Organization; 2017 [cited 2019 October 10]. Available from:. Comparisons of spot vs 24-h urine samples for estimating population salt intake: validation study in two independent samples of adults in Britain and Italy. 2014;24:140–147. 'Donnell MJ, Dagenais G, et al. Validation and comparison of three formulae to estimate sodium and potassium excretion from a single morning fasting urine compared to 24-h measures in 11 countries. J Hypertens 2014;32:1005–1014. Estimating salt intake in a Caucasian population: can spot urine substitute 24-hour urine samples? 2014;21:1300–1307. Estimation of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion using spot urine samples. Nutrients 2014;6:2360–2375. . Monitoring population sodium intake using spot urine samples: validation in a population. J 2014;28:657–662. . Validation of diet and urinary excretion derived estimates of sodium excretion against 24-h urine excretion in a worksite sample. 2015;25:771–779. . Validation of the spot urine in evaluating 24-hour sodium excretion in Chinese hypertension patients. Hypertens 2015;28:1368–1375. Validation and assessment of three methods to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion from spot urine samples in Chinese adults.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Safety is a primary focus in the development of autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: of and Technology > Vol. 13 No. 3, September 2023 Compare and Contrast LiDAR and Non-LiDAR Technology in an Autonomous Vehicle: Developing a () Benjamin Quito, School of Computing and. DOI: 10. 4236/ojsst. 2023. 133006 123 Downloads 609 Views 94. 63% in predicting the images. Secondly, a is established to facilitate the subsequent proposal for Experimental Research, which is the third aspect. Framework incorporates the application of LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies mounted on a vehicle that is operated in diverse weather conditions by both a human driver and an autonomous system. tables, which are currently in a blank state, will be populated upon completion of the Experimental Research. Research aims to compare and contrast the performance of LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies on a vehicle driven by a human operator versus an Autonomous Vehicle. The findings of this research will be documented in the Scenario table outlined within this study, ultimately shedding light on the safety implications of implementing LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies within an AV context. -LiDAR Share and Cite: Quito, B. and Esmahi, L. (2023) Compare and Contrast LiDAR and Non-LiDAR Technology in an Autonomous Vehicle: Developing a Safety Framework. of and Technology, 13, 101-131. doi: 10. 4236/ojsst. 2023. 133006. 1. idea of an (AV) started with Vinci when he designed a self-propelled cart that could move without being pushed [1]. Google started its project in 2009 [2]. In 2015, Tesla released its autopilot [3]. Tesla’s autopilot is not entirely AV; the feature is Autosteer that keeps the car in its current lane; the technology has four different kinds of sensors; forward radar, forward-facing camera, 360-degree ultrasonic sensors, and GPS in combination with high-resolution navigation maps designed to track individual lanes and features of the roads [4]. NHTSA further mentioned that self-driving vehicles would be integrated into U. S. roads by advancing through the six levels of driver assistance technology advancements. The six-level driver assistance technology advancements focus on who does what and when, i. e. , the driver and the systems (ADS). 1. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: The auto-immune cause of vitiligo is the T-cell-associated destruction of melanocytes which is carried out through the Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. This pathway is utilized by cell-signaling molecules called cytokines to transmit messages across the cell membrane and to the nucleus. Ruxolitinib, the JAK inhibitor present in Opzelura, competes with ATP for the catalytic site in JAK tyrosine kinases, blocking this mechanism [5,6]. In efforts to find the treatment of NS vitiligo researchers carried out two clinical trials, two times daily participants were given a Placebo cream or Opzelura for about 5. 5 months and after that, all participants were given Opzelura for 6. 4 months. The 30% of patients who received Opzelura showed 75% betterment in facial vitiligo [1]. In a randomized control phase, 2 trials for Ruxolitinib cream on 157 patients from June 2017 to March 2018 by Rosmarian et al. in 13 patients who were given Ruxolitinib cream, acne was a treatment-related adverse effect observed. Up to 52 weeks of treatment with Ruxolitinib cream was linked to significant repigmentation of vitiligo lesions, and all doses were well tolerated [7]. Indeed, the drug is considered a breakthrough but potential hazards to this drug exist. The trials revealed that application-site acne, redness and itching, inflammation of the pharynx and nasal cavities, headaches, urinary tract infections, and fever were the most frequent side effects. However, serious complications based on research suggest that users of oral JAK inhibitors had a marginally higher risk of fatal infections, severe heart problems, clotting (thrombosis), cancer, low blood cell counts, cholesterol increases, and other illnesses [8,9]. The prescribed usage of this solubilized emulsion cream is a maximum of 60 g per week [10]. The usage of the medication as directed can prevent or lessen a major adverse reaction. The discontinuation of JAK inhibitors can result in relapse through the stress-induced activation of lymphocytes through the JAK/STAT pathway [11].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2013;346:f1325. Effect of sodium intake on renin level: Analysis of general population and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cardiol 2016;215:120–126. The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels. Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase I. JAMA 1992;267:1213–1220. . Effects on left ventricular hypertrophy of long-term nonpharmacological treatment with sodium restriction in mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Circulation 1994;89:1023–1031. of Group. Effects of weight loss and sodium reduction intervention on blood pressure and hypertension incidence in overweight people with high-normal blood pressure. of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Med 1997;157:657–667. . Blood pressure change in a free-living population-based dietary modification study in Japan. J Hypertens 2006;24:451–458. PubMed CrossRef van van der Maten GD, et al. Dietary sodium restriction does not prevent gestational hypertension: a Dutch two-center randomized trial. 1997;16:335–346. . Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ 1988;297:319–328. Sodium intake in a cross-sectional, representative sample of city adults. 2014;104:2409–2416. Estimation of salt intake by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion: a cross-sectional study in Yantai, China. BMC 2014;14:136. únior PR, Pimentel EB, et al. Relationship between salt consumption measured by 24-h urine collection and blood pressure in the adult population of Vitória (Brazil). Res 2015;48:728–735. '. Relationship between sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure in a sample of overweight adults. Nutrition 2017;33:285–290. Associations of usual 24-hour sodium and potassium intakes with blood pressure and risk of hypertension among adults in China's Shandong and Jiangsu provinces. 2017;42:188–200. Associations of sodium, potassium and protein intake with blood pressure and hypertension in Switzerland.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Safety is a primary focus in the development of autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: [21] indicated that when using a camera, there are problems with changing lighting and weather conditions and that the depth data using algorithms are not as accurate as the LiDAR. From the research, the researchers concluded that LiDAR and cameras on their own are not safe and that it was suggested in the 2. 4. website of Fritz. ai [22] defines image recognition as a computer vision technique that allows machines to decode and classify what they see on an image or video. This is often called image classification or image labelling; in machine learning, Du, Guo, & Simpson [23] wrote an 2. 5. neural network architectures are used in image recognition, and it is typical for the neural network to be used in different image recognition problems; it can also be tested on object detection or segmentation. Kumar [24] explained that CNN architectures are a well-known deep learning framework and the application of which ranges from computer vision to natural language processing (NLP); based on an 3. Karl Benz’s invention of the automobile in Germany in 1885/1886 [26] human drivers have consistently assumed control of vehicles. Among the paramount safety requirements in driving is the ability to visually perceive the road, discern obstacles, and maintain situational awareness, all of which necessitate the use of our visual faculties. This fundamental principle also applies to autonomous vehicles (AVs) as they, too, require a means of “seeing. ” The integration of LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technology empowers AVs to perceive the road, identify obstacles, and maintain environmental awareness. Pertinent terminologies in the realm of AVs encompass perception, localization, prediction, and decision-making [27]. The focus of this research lies specifically in the realm of perception, which enables AVs to accurately identify and categorize the objects within their visual field. In terms of data acquisition for identification and categorization purposes, the two dominant technologies employed are the Camera, which falls under the Non-LiDAR category, and the LiDAR itself. Through an extensive literature review, this research endeavour seeks to juxtapose and examine the relative merits and limitations of these two technologies. Furthermore, the research entails a comparative evaluation of proposed experimental methodologies for data collection, which will serve as inputs for an image processing model.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: Madiha Salman: Conceptualization, writing – original draft, final approval and agreeing to the accuracy of the work. Registration of research studies Not Applicable. Iqbal, Madiha Salman. This paper did not involve patients, therefore no ethical approval was required. Trial registry number Name of the registry: Not Applicable. number or registration ID: Not Applicable. Hyperlink to your specific registration (must be publicly accessible and will be checked): Not Applicable. 24. Available from: [3] Bergqvist C, Ezzedine K. Vitiligo: a review. Dermatology [Internet]. 2020, Nov 1 [cited 2022 Aug 31];236(6):571–92. Available from: [5] Damsky W, King BA. JAK inhibitors in dermatology: the promise of a new drug class. J Dermatol [Internet]. 76(4): 2017 Apr 1, 736-744. [cited 2022 Aug 31]; Available from:, [cited 2022 Aug 31]; Available from: [6]. Janus kinase inhibitors in the treatment of Vitiligo: a review. [Internet]. 2021, Nov 18 [cited 2022 Aug 31];12. Available from [7] Ruxolitinib cream for treatment of vitiligo: a randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet [Internet]. 2020, Jul 11 [cited 2022 Aug 31];396(10244):110–20. Available from Available from:/pmc/2023. Full-+ View in to Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Name: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). Message: Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in of Surgery Open. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Some error has occurred while processing your request. Please try after some time. Back to Miss an new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox on the website Get eus at: Support: Submit a TEL: 800-638-3030 (within the USA) 301-223-2300 (outside of the USA) of © 2024 Health, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Wkly 2017;147:w14411 Association between urinary sodium and potassium excretion and blood pressure among adults in the United States: Survey, 2014. Circulation 2018;137:237–246. -. Obesity masks the relationship between dietary salt intake and blood pressure in people of African ancestry: the impact of obesity on the relationship between sodium and blood pressure. Afr 2018;29:172–176. Dose-response association of 24-hour urine sodium and sodium to potassium ratio with nighttime blood pressure at older ages. 2019;26:952–960. . Balancing sodium and potassium: estimates of intake in a adult population sample. Nutrients 2015;7:8930–8938. Assessment of dietary sodium and potassium in Canadians using 24-hour urinary collection. Cardiol 2016;32:319–326. PubMed CrossRef Mizéhoun- Dietary sodium and potassium intakes: data from urban and rural areas. Nutrition 2017;33:35–41. Dietary sodium and potassium intake and their association with blood pressure in a non-hypertensive Iranian adult population: Isfahan salt study. 2017;74:275–282. ín-Ramírez E, Rivera Mancía S, et al. Assessment of sodium and potassium intake by 24 h urinary excretion in a healthy mexican cohort. Res 2017;48:195–202. . Estimation of salt intake assessed by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion among Somali adults in Oslo, Norway. Nutrients 2018;10:900. Characteristics of sodium sensitivity in Korean populations. J Sci 2011;26:1061–1067. Salt sensitivity of blood pressure: a scientific statement from the Association. Hypertension 2016;68:e7–46. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the Trials of (TOHP). BMJ 2007;334:885–888. . Sodium intake and all-cause mortality over 20 years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Cardiol 2016;68:1609–1617. . Effects of reduced sodium intake on hypertension control in older individuals: results from the Trial of in the Elderly (TONE). Med 2001;161:685–693. . Salt reduction lowers cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of outcome trials. Lancet 2011;378:380–382.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 93020 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechAnalysis and by Murat Darçın From the by Murat Darçın To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 2035. However, can AVs prevent traffic accidents? Results show that use of AVs will stay as a concern, and it will be hard to either champion or oppose them. From a positive perspective, AVs will contribute to traffic safety, increase economic and social benefits, and contribute to environmental protection. However, from a negative point of view, AVs would be hacked, expose our data to third parties, cause liability problems, increase carbon emissions into the atmosphere, risk our health, and constitute a financial burden in economies. The first section will introduce this 1. year approximately 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents that also cost most countries millions of dollars [1]. However, this unfortunate phenomenon mostly stems from humans. According to the US Department of Transportation’s Administration (NHTSA), 94% of the severe traffic accidents happen because of human errors [2]. defines the causes of traffic accidents as unsafe factors, unsafe road environments, insufficient driver knowledge, failure to recognize the danger, and improper thinking [3].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: Academy of Enter your Email address: Subscribe to eTOC Home > : 2004 ExplainedStatin cholesterol-lowering drugs (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) are rapidly becoming among the most prescribed drugs in the US, with established cardiovascular benefits and a burgeoning body of basic research indicating neuroprotective properties beyond their cholesterol-lowering effects. Multiple studies have shown that statins reduce the risk of stroke in those with coronary artery disease and high blood levels of total or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. It now appears that the vast majority of patients with a history of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attacks could benefit from statin use. Moreover, some findings suggest that statins could help prevent Alzheimer disease or multiple sclerosis, although the evidence is far from conclusive. Still, statins are not without adverse effects, especially myopathy and myoglobinuria – a syndrome of acute muscle necrosis, with pigmenturia and increased risk of renal failure – and as the use and intensity of these drugs expands, the line between risk and benefit can blur. “Statins are incredibly useful from a cardiovascular point of view,” said Paul Thompson, MD, Director of at in Hartford, CT. “The problem is that as they are used more widely and in patients at lower risk, the risk-benefit profile changes. The more at risk the patient the greater the benefit, but if you treat low-risk patients you could be causing more trouble than you are saving. ”Specifically, neurologists need to weigh the cost-benefit of giving statins to prevent stroke or heart disease in patients with myalgia or neuropathy, a clinical challenge they will increasingly confront as more and more people take statins. “All treatment is a risk-benefit decision by the doctor, but also by the patient,” Dr. Thompson said. “Many patients are uncomfortable and have figured out that the statin may be the cause. That's a tough argument to win. ”a study published in 2003, Dr. Thompson and colleagues reviewed the literature to provide a clinical summary of statin-associated myopathy and to ascertain possible mediating mechanisms (JAMA 2003; 289(13):1681–1690). They also updated the US Food and (FDA) reports on statin-associated rhabdomyolysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Advertisement intended for healthcare professionals in through your institution issuesearch term Advance 1. it Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1093/eurheartj/ehae065 Published: 06 February 2024 10. 1093/eurheartj/ehae065 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issuesearch term issuesearch term on ‘Effect of dietary sodium on blood pressure: a crossover trial’ which was published in JAMA, doi: 10. 1001/jama. 2023. 23651. Key pointsDevelopment in Young Adults—of (-SSBP) is a prospective study with allocated diet order crossover design aiming to compare blood pressure (BP) responses in individuals exposed to high or low dietary sodium intakes. 1 Inclusion criterion was age between 50 and 75 years, and key exclusion criteria were systolic or diastolic BP (SBP or DBP) outside the range of 90–160 or 50–100 mmHg at enrolment visit, respectively, and resistant hypertension. Participants were allocated to either 1-week high-sodium diet first (followed by 1-week low-sodium diet) or 1-week low-sodium diet first (followed by 1-week high-sodium diet). Allocation to diet order alternated by weekday at each site. High-sodium diet was achieved pragmatically by adding ∼2200 mg sodium daily to each individual’s usual diet using 2 bullion packets, whereas low-sodium diet was standardized to provide daily averages of ∼500 mg of sodium, ∼4500 mg of potassium, and ∼1000 mg of calcium. Both 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring and 24-h urine collections (for urine sodium and creatinine level assessment) were performed starting the day before baseline, end of first week, and end of second week. Main outcome measures were average 24-h ambulatory SBP and DBP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure. From a total of 228 individuals enrolled in 2 US cities, 213 participants (mean age, 61 years; 65% female; 64% Black) attended all the planned study visits and were included in the analysis (118 high-sodium diet first and 95 low-sodium diet first).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: A study prepared by the NHTSA to be presented to the US Congress defines the causes of traffic accidents as driver-related, vehicle-related, roadway-related, and atmospheric condition-related factors [4]. Law firms approach problems from a different point of view since they aim to defend people at courts. As a result, they list the reasons for accidents in accordance with their legal bases. From the view of a law firm in the USA, causes of accidents are long listed as follows: distracted driving, speeding, drunk driving, reckless driving, rain, running red lights, running stop signs, teenage drivers, night driving, design defects, unsafe lane changes, wrong-way driving, improper turns, tailgating, driving under the influence of drugs, ice, snow, road rage, potholes, drowsy driving, tire blowouts, fog, deadly curves, animal crossings, and street racing [5]. Some may suggest that tire blowouts or unseen road signs are not human-related. However, while drunk driving or running red lights are explicitly related to drivers, a tire that is not changed in time or an unseen road sign that is not controlled by road authority employee is still implicitly associated with humans and human errors. Overall, it can be said that almost all accidents arise from the faults of humans, as suggested by NHTSA [2]. Nevertheless, are the humans aware that they are the main reasons for traffic accidents? A recent study [6] researched the reasons behind the accidents by gathering data from the interview with police officers and drivers and traffic accident reports. Two of the main findings of the study are as follows:the reasons for accidents differ between the genders and across the age groups andwhen police officers and drivers are asked to assign the reasons for accidents, they only generated 25 possible causes; however, real accident reports included 63 accident causes [6]. The second finding mentioned above shows that the perceptions of people regarding accidents’ causes are inadequate to understand the reasons and dynamics of accidents. Conversely, some factors such as uncorrected eyesight were listed by police officers and drivers; however, that did not take enough place in crash reports. While even police officers may have difficulty in identifying reasons behind accidents, how can we expect humans to take necessary actions to prevent traffic accidents? Or from another point of view, can AVs perform better than humans in driving?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: The review of clinical trial results made it clear that muscle symptoms attributed to statins are rare: among more than 42,000 patients treated with statins, there were only 49 cases of myositis and seven cases of rhabdomyolysis, compared to 44 cases of myositis and five cases of rhabdomyolysis among 41,535 controls. Meanwhile, the FDA reported 3,339 cases of statin-associated rhabdomyolysis between January 1, 1990 and March 31, 2002, a 12-year period when millions of statin prescriptions were likely written. These data rely on voluntary physician reporting and do not use a uniform definition of rhabdomyolysis. The effect of these vagaries on the results is unknown, according to the JAMA report. Cerivastatin, which has been withdrawn from the market, was the drug most commonly implicated in rhabdomyolysis. “But all of the statins had some problems, meaning that all of them have the potential to cause muscle problems,” Dr. Thompson told Neurology Today. He noted that potassium released from the muscle can cause arrhythmia, and myoglobin injuring the tubules can cause multiple problems leading to death. But he said that fatalities linked to rhabdomyolysis with statins are rare, with an overall reported incidence of fatal rhabdomyolysis of 0. 15 deaths per 1 million prescriptions. More frequently, statins are associated with a variety of less severe skeletal muscle complaints, including myalgia with or without creatinine kinase (CK) elevations. speculated that in cases of modest CK elevations – up to 5xs – patients can safely continue with statin therapy. At levels between 5xs and 10xs, they should be monitored closely, and in patients with levels above 10xs, termination of therapy should be strongly considered. While the literature review revealed a relatively benign side-effect profile, Dr. Thompson noted that selection bias can prejudice the choice of volunteers for clinical trials toward patients who are less likely to complain of adverse effects. “It's a subtle value judgment, but it is a subjective decision that clinicians make about who gets into a trial,” he said. Dr. Paul Thompson: “The more at risk the patient the greater the benefit, but if you treat low-risk patients you could be causing more trouble than you are saving.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: The study included individuals with normal BP, controlled hypertension, uncontrolled hypertension, and untreated hypertension. Median body mass index (BMI) of enrolled individuals was 31 kg/m2, and more than 20% had diabetes. Sodium levels of usual diets were high [median, 4. 5 g/d; interquartile range (IQR), 2. 6–6. 9 g/d], increasing to a median of 5. 0 g/d (IQR, 3. 3–7. 6) after high-sodium diet and decreasing to a median of 1. 3 g/d (IQR, 0. 5–3. 8) after low-sodium diet. The median intra-individual difference in MAP between high- and low-sodium diets was 4 mmHg (IQR, 0–8 mmHg; P <. 001), regardless of hypertension status and antihypertensive medication use. Mean arterial pressure declined in 73% of individuals after low-sodium diet, as compared with high-sodium diet, while it remained stable in 1% and increased in 26% of them, with similar trends for and pulse pressure. In the overall cohort, 46% of individuals had a 5 mmHg or greater reduction in MAP defining ‘salt sensitivity’ in response to a change in sodium dietary intake, with a median difference in 24-h urine sodium of 3. 4 g (IQR, 1. 4–4. 9 g; P <. 001) between high-sodium and low-sodium diets. As compared with individuals allocated to a high-sodium diet, those receiving a low-sodium diet had a 8 mmHg lower mean SBP (95% confidence interval, 4–11 mmHg; P <. 001) at the end of the first dietary intervention week, an effect comparable with that of a common first-line antihypertensive medication. A comparable response was observed at the end of the second diet week, without evidence of sequence or carryover effects. This finding was consistent across multiple subgroups of age, sex, race, hypertension status, baseline BP, diabetes, and BMI. evidence supports a causal relationship between dietary sodium intake and increase in BP, and excessive sodium consumption (defined by the Organization as >5 g sodium per day) has been linked with the onset of hypertension and its cardiovascular (CV) complications.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: Before digging into details, first, we must look at the basic definition and the history of AVs. Advertisement 2. The basic definition and a brief history of AVs 2. 1 The basic definition of AV AVs can be defined as the (self-driving) cars and trucks that combine sensors and software to control the vehicle safely without human drivers [7]. This definition mostly defines fully autonomous vehicles, which are not present now. However, there is a generally accepted road map and classification for autonomous cars prepared by the Society of (SAE) that will take humanity to a fully autonomous cars’ era. The classification consists of six categories to define the developmental level of autonomous vehicles ranging from Level 0 to Level 5 [8]. Figure 1 presents these classifications below. Figure 1. Levels of autonomy (courtesy of SAE international). 2. 2 The brief history of Ais hard to find a starting point for the evolution of AVs. suggests that AVs have taken place in science fiction works written by authors such as [9]. It is also claimed that the time of the emergence of AVs on earth is the 1920s, and radio- or wire-controlled cars are examples of them. Isaac Asimov’s short story “Sally” features autonomous cars that contain positronic brains and do not require human drivers [10]. The cars in this sci-fi example satisfy the basic definition provided in this section; however, it is hard to say that radio- or wire-controlled cars are the prototypes or precedents of today’s AVs because they are directly controlled by humans, and this situation does not comply with the definition. Modern (and capable) AVs can be said to show up through the challenges that were held by the (US) Agency (DARPA). In 2004, DARPA launched its first grand challenge to speed up the invention of the first fully autonomous ground vehicles. On the first grand challenge, 15 participant teams were asked to send their AVs from Barstow, California to Primm, Nevada (a 142-mile course in dessert terrain) on March 13, 2004 [11]. However, none of the AVs completed the route, and University’s Red Team’s AV “Sandstorm” was the car that took the farthest distance, only 7. 4 miles. Hence, the prize of $1 million went to none of the participants [12].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: 2004 statement by the Stroke Council, the Association, and the Association sums up the verdict from a voluminous body of research. “Based on the results of numerous large-scale randomized trials, the vast majority of patients with a history of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack could benefit from statin use,” according to the statement published in Stroke (2004;35(4):1023). Dr. Cheryl Bushnell: “We think statin use may be associated with a neuroprotective effect because it seems to be reducing stroke mortality. ” The joint statement notes that although prevention of second stroke was not the primary aim of any completed study, some studies have included subjects whose primary reason for entry was stroke. “Multiple studies have shown that statins reduce the risk of stroke in those with coronary artery disease and elevated total or low-density lipoprotein (LDL),” according to the statement. The landmark Study, for instance, compared occurrence of stroke and other major vascular events in 3,280 adults with cerebrovascular disease and 17,256 patients with other occlusive arterial disease or diabetes who were randomly allocated 40 mg simvastatin daily or matching placebo for a five year period. Overall, there was a highly significant 25 percent proportional reduction in the first event rate for stroke among those treated with simvastatin compared to those treated with placebo, reflecting a 28 percent reduction in presumed ischemic strokes, according to the study published in 2002 (Lancet 2002;360:7–22). Simvastatin reduced the numbers having transient cerebral ischemic attacks alone or requiring carotid endarterectomy or angioplasty. The reduction in stroke was not significant during the first year, but was already significant by the end of the second year. The authors state that the study results suggest statin therapy should now be considered routinely for all patients at high risk of stroke, irrespective of their initial cholesterol concentrations or the presence of coronary disease. analysis of the Heart and Estrogen-Study (HERS), which evaluated statin use and stroke outcomes, also revealed large – though not statistically significant – reductions in the risk of any fatal stroke, fatal hemorrhagic stroke, and fatal ischemic stroke among statin users.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: 2 For this reason, most guidelines recommend a low dietary salt intake, defined as <2 g of sodium (equivalent to <5 g of sodium chloride) daily, among the lifestyle interventions for patients with hypertension or high-normal BP. 3 The putative mechanisms underlying the increase in BP as a consequence of high sodium intake include water retention, volume expansion, increased systemic peripheral resistance (as high sodium triggers vascular remodelling in small resistant arteries as well as in large elastic arteries), endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic dysregulation of the CV system. 2,4 While substantial evidence supports an overall increased risk of CV events and mortality with high sodium intake,5 the effect of reducing dietary sodium on CV events remains controversial. 6 A number of cohort studies and meta-analyses have shown a J-curve phenomenon in the relationship between dietary sodium intake and prognosis, with low sodium intake (<3 g per day) being paradoxically associated with higher risk of CV events and mortality. 7 Based on this conflicting evidence, some argue that sodium intake restriction should be reserved only to subjects with high sodium dietary intake and ‘salt-sensitive’ hypertension. -SSBP study found that dietary sodium restriction lowered MAP (i. e. the primary outcome measure) by a median of 4 mmHg as compared with a high-sodium diet at the end of a 1-week study period, in a small sample of middle-aged to elderly individuals. 1 Major strengths of the study are the crossover design enabling multiple within-individual and between parallel-group analyses and the enrolment of individuals across a broad range of clinical conditions (from normotensive subjects to patients with treated and untreated hypertension). Of note, both within-individual and between-group declines in BP from a high-sodium to a low-sodium diet were independent of hypertension status and antihypertensive medication use. Almost three out of four individuals experienced a decline in MAP after a low-sodium diet, whereas 26% of them showed an increase. While the lack of BP response to dietary sodium restriction might be interpreted as a ‘salt-insensitivity’, the potential for measurement error cannot be completely ruled out. In fact, estimating dietary sodium based on 24-h urine samples reflects ∼90% of intake and can also be limited by incomplete collection.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: Eighteen months later, DARPA held its second grand challenge in the fall of 2005 with a prize of $2 million. At this challenge, 5 AVs of 195 were able to complete a 132-mile route in southern Nevada. Stanford University’s AV “Stanley” won the challenge with a time of 6 hours and 53 minutes [13]. This second grand challenge proved that it is possible to make an AV that can drive itself in a demanding territory. The next step was to have AVs that can operate on the streets of a city. In 2007, DARPA conducted its third challenge under the name of “Urban Challenge. ” This time, AVs are asked to drive through the streets of Victorville, California on November 1, 2007, and Tartan Racing’s Boss completed the race and won the prize of $2 million [14]. Besides the places they took, there were two factors that made different from the previous two Grand Challenges. required the participating teams to satisfy two primary necessities. The first one was to follow the California driving rules, and the second one was to succeed in the Event (NQE) [14]. It was apparent that the participants were supposed to follow the traffic rules. Besides, it was also noteworthy that referees gave extra points to AVs if they followed the rules. For instance, though Stanford University’s “Junior” completed the route 1 minute earlier than Tartan Racing’s “Boss”; however, the latter was announced as the winner since it earned extra points for obeying the traffic rules [14]. Another important part of the necessities to be satisfied was the NQE. Consisting of three parts, NQE was held before the to be sure that AVs were safe enough to self-drive through the streets of Victorville. The first part of the required AVs to merge into and out of two-way jammed traffic. NQE B tested the AVs’ ability to stay within a lane in an environment with obstacles and finally find an assigned place for parking. were tested for their abilities of intersection behaviors, U-turn, and road re-planning. As a result of overall NQE, 11 of 35 AVs were selected to attend [14]. It can be said that setting requirements such as following traffic rules and satisfying NQE are the milestones for AV regulations today. Advertisement 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: Lead author of Neurology at in Durham, NC, told that the relatively small number of strokes in the data set reduced the power to show a statistically significant impact. And she said the results suggest that statin use may decrease the severity of strokes, a hypothesis that could explain the non-significant 32 percent greater risk of transient ischemic attack among statin users. “We think statin use may be associated with a neuroprotective effect because it seems to be reducing stroke mortality,” Dr. Bushnell said. “Those who had the most severe strokes survived. ”She added that she would like to measure stroke severity in a more rigorous and detailed way to determine the possible effect of statins on stroke outcomes. And she hopes for studies evaluating gender differences in the effect of statins on stroke. “Studies with larger numbers of stroke events and an optimal proportion of women are necessary to determine whether the association between stroke mortality and statins is independent of gender,” she said. “A stroke prevention trial in patients without known coronary artery disease will, it is hoped, include a significant number of women to determine if there is a gender-specific benefit. ” There is no known gender difference in CK levels, she said. study to be published in Medicine (in press) found both that statin use is on the rise, and that patients who are taking statins before they have a stroke leave the hospital in a better state following a stroke than those who are not taking the drugs. The paper reports the results of an observational study of 436 patients admitted to the in Bethesda, MD, between July 2000 and December 2002. Self-reported risk factors for stroke were obtained on admission. Stroke severity was determined according to the NIH score, with a good outcome defined as a Rankin score of less than 2 at discharge. “We knew from clinical experience that more and more people were on statins when they were coming into the hospital and that the prescription rate has been increasing very rapidly,” study author of the unit at the NINDS, told Neurology Today. “We were very interested to see what impact statins might be having on our stroke population. ”Dr. Baird and colleagues found that among 433 stroke patients for whom information about statin use could be gathered, 22 percent were taking a statin when they were admitted to the hospital in 2002.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 172. 172. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search : Hypertension affects almost all chronic kidney disease patients and is related to poor outcomes. Sodium intake is closely related to blood pressure (BP) levels in this population and decreasing its intake consistently improves the BP control particularly in short-term controlled trials. However, most patients struggle in following a controlled diet on sodium according to the guidelines recommendation due to several factors and barriers discussed in this 2. 6% in high-income countries, but increased by 7. 7% in low and middle-income countries [4]. In fact, one of the important factors related to hypertension is high sodium consumption. Burden of concluded by means of a modeling study that 10% or 1. 65 million deaths from cardiovascular causes that occurred in 2010 were attributed to sodium consumption above 2. 0 g/day [5]. In fact, hypertension is known as the leading preventable risk factor for premature death and disability worldwide [6]. Therefore, based on solid scientific evidence, dietary guidelines recommend that sodium intake does not exceed 2–2. 4 g/day [1, 7]. However, the current intake is far higher in most populations around the world. Also, regarding 2010, the estimated mean sodium intake worldwide was 3. 95 g/day and in 51 countries (44. 8% of the total adult population), it was over twice the recommended quantity [8]. in the Relationship between Sodium Intake, Hypertension, Cardiovascular and CVD is the leading cause of mortality in CKD population, with an increased risk of 5–10 times to die due to CVD than to progress to advanced stages of CKD. Several factors contribute to the development of CVD in this population, mostly related to previous comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. However, other risk factors are peculiar to CKD, namely, anemia, bone mineral disorders and (particularly relevant to this review) the inability to excrete the amount of sodium needed and consequent fluid overload [9]. Indeed, dietary sodium intake has been associated with numerous modifiable risk factors for CVD in CKD patients, including increased BP, volume overload, left ventricular hypertrophy, inflammation and endothelial damage [10-12].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: How AVs work An AV uses several systems to replace a human driver and drive itself. Analogous to human body, a digital brain is necessary to manage all processes needed to drive a car. Gathering data from several sources such as radio detection and ranging (RADAR),1 sound navigation and ranging (SONAR),2 light detection and ranging (LIDAR)3 devices and cameras; employing computer vision to gather data and then processing those data; sending commands to mechanical parts to move AV such as making turns or stopping, and doing all these itself require an advanced computer program. Self-learning and self-acting capabilities cause these programs to be named as artificial intelligence (AI). So, what is AI? AI, one of the most popular phenomena of the last few years, is defined as “a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers” and “the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior” [15]. Similarly, as intelligent agents, AVs are also expected to imitate human drivers’ behaviors. Typically, in addition to a conventional vehicle, an AV has sensors to see its surrounding environment, complex CNN4 or DNN5 type (or similar) algorithms to analyze the data gathered, a powerful processor to make decisions, and other parts to convert the decisions to necessary actions. While working, an AV senses and sees every detail around itself. A traffic sign, a pedestrian on a sidewalk, a traffic light, other cars passing by, buildings surrounding horizon, and even a street animal jumping into the road must be analyzed with the AI of AV to prevent any unwanted consequences. The second main part of an AV is its sensors. These sensors, as mentioned above, include mostly radars, lidars, sonars, and cameras. A radar is a device that transmits radio signals, receives them back and calculate the differences between those signals to detect objects, their sizes, velocities, and distances. Depending on its purpose and the platform it is used, a radar uses the signals at different wavelengths. A sonar works in the same manner; however, it employs sound waves (a specific subset of radio waves). A lidar, on the other hand, sends and receives millions of light beams. These systems have comparative advantages and disadvantages over each other, and AVs use them together to close any safety gap.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain claims suggest that the benefits of biocontrol outweigh any potential risks. [SEP] Text: By contrast only 16 percent of stroke patients were taking statins in 2000. Moreover, 51 percent of patients taking statins had a good outcome compared to 38 percent of patients not taking statins. After adjustment for confounding factors, statin use was associated with a 2. 9 odds of a good outcome at the time of hospital discharge. But Dr. Baird said results from this observational trial need to be replicated. “Our findings suggest that there may be some beneficial effect on stroke outcome, but it needs to be tested in prospective fashion with a large number of patients,” she said. Interestingly, outcomes were not affected by cholesterol levels, suggesting that the positive effect of statins was not entirely due to lowering cholesterol. And both Drs. Baird and Bushnell say the use of statins is supported not only by the clinical research, but also by animal studies demonstrating neuroprotective effects other than cholesterol lowering, such as anti-inflammatory effects. “This is especially relevant to heart disease and stroke because atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process,” Dr. Bushnell said. -now, it appears that the use of statins will continue to increase. “It's clear that statins lower the risk of stroke in patients with heart disease,” said Dr. Bushnell. “What we are grappling with now is timing and threshold: What is the level of cholesterol for which statins should be used? Should we follow the Study recommendations and treat cholesterol regardless of the level? But it is not a benign medication and starting people with high doses right off the bat can lead to major problems. ” Dr. Allison Baird: “Our findings suggest that there may be some beneficial effect on stroke outcome, but it needs to be tested in prospective fashion with a large number of patients. ” So, until research clarifies the outer limits of the indications for statins and the thresholds at which they should be started for patients with varying levels of risk, neurologists and other clinicians will need to make careful judgments based on the unique circumstances and histories of individual patients. “There are going to be some challenges with clinical decision making,” Dr. Bushnell said. 1690. • Council. Statins after ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: an advisory statement from the Stroke Council, Association and Association. Stroke 2004;35(4):1023. • Group.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, markers of kidney damage, such as proteinuria, are also associated with high sodium intake [13, 14], and are the key risk factors for subsequent all-cause and cardiovascular mortality [15, 16]. The main mechanisms involving sodium, BP, heart and kidney are presented in Figure 1. Fig. 1. View largeDownload slideScheme of relationship between sodium intake, blood pressure (BP), kidney damage and cardiovascular disease. Excess sodium in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is caused by decreased sodium excretion and high sodium intake (partially mediated by taste sensitivity). This increases cardiovascular risk not only via altered increments in extracellular volume and BP but also through the direct toxic effects of sodium in blood vessels (adapted from McMahon et al. [9]). Fig. 1. View largeDownload slideScheme of relationship between sodium intake, blood pressure (BP), kidney damage and cardiovascular disease. Excess sodium in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is caused by decreased sodium excretion and high sodium intake (partially mediated by taste sensitivity). This increases cardiovascular risk not only via altered increments in extracellular volume and BP but also through the direct toxic effects of sodium in blood vessels (adapted from McMahon et al. [9]). Close modal Salt sensitivity, which is in part genetically determined, is one of the main determinants of BP response. Older age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and particularly, renal malfunction can also modify the salt sensitivity process. A positive salt balance raises osmotic pressure, increases water intake and, as a consequence, rapidly causes hypervolemia [12, 17]. Along the time, the increase in peripheral vascular resistance through the process of auto-regulation becomes the dominant determinant of BP [12]. Non-osmotic storage of salt has also been well documented and seems to interfere in the increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease in the population [12, 18, 19]. CKD patients have a reduced ability to excrete high sodium intake, which interferes in the sodium balance increasing the susceptibility to the adverse effects of dietary sodium in their organism, some already described above (Fig. 1) [19, 20]. The effect of high dietary sodium intake in promoting fibrosis and other lesions is not restricted to the kidney, but it is also observed in the cardiovascular system [21]. The effects of angiotensin II and aldosterone are known to be amplified by a high salt intake.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: In terms of range, radar has the advantage over lidar, sonar, and camera. Because lidar and camera require visibility all times, sonar has a shorter working range. On the other hand, since an AV is mostly interested in its close circumference, lidar is the most advantageous one because of its speed and high frequency-high quality data gathering capability [16]. Cameras are better in image gathering, and sonars are better in close range object detection. Advertisement 4. Are AVs really safe? When it comes to reliability, all of four common sensors of AVs have security deficiencies, for example, radars and sonars could be jammed with electromagnetic waves. When these two transmit the signals, someone can use an energy source emitting (reflecting) waves in the same wavelength from a different range or a different angle. When it comes to lidar, special devices can be used to create light noise to jam lidar. The exciting part is related to cameras. The AIs of AVs use camera data for image detection and recognition with high accuracy; however, a recent study proved that simple physical elements or invisible attack patterns could be used to mislead AIs [17]. Figure 2 shows a specific example to attack by using physical elements. In this figure, a regular stop sign was attached with some black and white tapes. While these taped patterns do not create suspicion in humans, it may cause severe consequences for AVs because this stop sign in Figure 2 is received by a CNN algorithm as a “45” sign as in Figure 3 with a probability of up to 100% [18]. Figure 2. A stop sign with camouflage art attack (reproduced based on figures in Table 1 of [18]). Figure 3. How the stop sign in Figure 2 is seen by AV (courtesy of Another issue regarding the safety of AVs is the possibility of being hacked. In a controlled experiment conducted in earlier July 2015, two security researchers took over the control of a [19]. The SUV was not an AV; however, it connected to the internet via an interface named Uconnect that was used in thousands of automobiles. The researchers hacked the Uconnect and conducted several actions such as blowing music out from speakers, killing the engine while running, disengaging the brakes, and finally pulling over the car. Upon this incident, Automobiles recalled 1. 4 million vehicles to solve the vulnerability issues of Uconnect [20].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Neural networks can simulate certain aspects of human cognition. [SEP] Text: The whole system of actuators, sensors, and controllers is designed as a ring structure. As events occur in one part of the circuit, the effects are felt a short time later in all the others. These networks can be made using very few transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc. (they can be constructed using dozens or fewer), but the creatures' behaviors are very complex. Part of the reason for this is the generation of an internal pattern, or rhythm, that drives the creatures' steps. These oscillations are useful because they provide creatures, both biological and artificial, a time signature that drives the way they move. In some animals, these are produced by "central pattern generators" located in the spinal cord, and the rhythm is used to allow animals to keep on walking (or flapping or hopping) once they've made the decision to start. Among other things, the central pattern generator is credited with allowing headless chickens to run around. In the nervous network the central oscillation both drives, and is driven by, the interactions between the sensors, actuators, and environment. As dynamic systems, analog electronics have much more in common with water systems than they do their digital counterparts. In a conventional computer, information is sent around in bits or bytes, which are independent of their neighbors. Each bit or electrical pulse can be dealt with separately. All the control is in the hands of the computer programmer who, directly or indirectly, specifies each operation to be performed on each bit of information. With analog electronics, there is no such thing as an independent piece of information. Everything is coupled together. Because of this interdependence, there is no reliance on "communication" in the conventional sense. Likewise, complicated "sensor-fusion" algorithms to combine incoming data from different sources are unnecessary. Since all the information is effectively being fed into the same circuit, any "decisions" (movements) the system makes will inherently take all sensor data into account. The effect can be compared to a kind of internal weather system. And because the limbs are connected to the outside world via their actuators and sensors, the environment becomes as important as any internal organ. In a sense, the analog creature does not have to adapt to the outside world: the outside world is directly affecting its inner workings as a matter of course.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: However, other mechanisms involved in the direct and BP-independent effects of high salt intake have been identified, such as increased transforming growth factor expression in kidney and aortic endothelial cells, impacting the cardiovascular and renal structure and function [22, 23]. Recently, measurements of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide have documented how frequently hypervolemia is present even in patients with advanced CKD patients who achieved dry weight. Controlling hypervolemia could achieve normotensive BP levels, without BP medications and also the regression of left ventricular hypertrophy is possible, thereby associating reduction in salt intake and control of hypervolemia in all stages of CKD [24, 25]. Considering the cardiovascular effects of sodium, it has been amply documented that not only ventricular hypertrophy [26] but also characteristics of the vasculature such as pulse pressure and vascular stiffness, as a consequence of some mechanisms already described here, are influenced by salt intake independent of BP or amplifying the response to high BP [27]. Elevated BP, fluid overload and the development of kidney disease also as a consequence of increased sodium balance will add even more damage to the heart in the long way increasing the mortality risk in CKD patients. and BP in patients, the prevalence of hypertension is up to 92% [28-30] and inadequate sodium intake findings are not different from general population data. It has been demonstrated that 60–90% of these population consume sodium in excess [31-34], although literature had shown that efforts to reduce dietary sodium are particularly effective in reducing BP in this population (discussed further). This occurs because people with CKD are considered to represent a salt-sensitive population due to the inability to excrete a sodium load and diminished sodium-buffering capacity [25]. Although highly recommended, it is difficult to decrease and maintain adequate sodium intake due to many reasons. First, it seems that current health care does not provide patients with the necessary support to incorporate the sodium treatment guidelines into their daily life [35]. Second, even when support is available, sodium intake is often not evaluated in people with CKD in clinical practice due to the lack of a simple method [36]. The considered gold standard method by the Organization – repeated 24-h urine collection – is subject to limitations such as high participant burden, the high cost of analysis, susceptibility to under- or over-collection of urine [37].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: All these threats are considered seriously by governments, universities, researchers, and AV manufacturers. Also, as said in the third section, several different types of sensors are combined to assure safety. For instance, NHTSA follows a comprehensive and systematic approach to develop layered security and conducts research activities such as anomaly based intrusion detection or cybersecurity for update mechanisms of firmware [21]. Advertisement 5. The pros, cons, and moral issues of AVs AVs are on the roads today, and they will unavoidably be a part of our lives. So, what are the pros of AVs? In other words, how can we benefit from them? Or, what are their cons; if there exist, what are the risks or dangers they will bring to our lives? There is an ongoing debate on this topic, and this section will try to clarify these questions. 5. 1 The pros of AVs 5. 1. 1 conducted a study for crash causation and examined accidents that occurred between July 3, 2005, and December 31, 2006 [4]. According to the study, 40. 6% of the 5096 accidents were related to recognition errors such as inadequate surveillance and internal/external distraction. About 34. 1% of accidents were related to decision errors such as misjudgment of other’s speed, driving too fast for conditions, and false assumption of other’s action; and 10. 3% of accidents were related to performance errors such as panics. While using AI, supported by several sensors, it might be claimed that AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans. Another issue with traffic accidents is the driver’s general or momentary consciousness status. Being tired, driving under the influence of alcohol or any other drugs and lacking experience are the factors that may result in or contribute to an accident; however, never can be associated with an AV. 5. 1. 2 Economic benefits The difference between the monetary values of a brand-new car and that of its salvaged version after a severe traffic accident is quite clear. The amount is a loss to the personal, national, and global economy. While it is expected that AVs will reduce the number of accidents, this loss will also be prevented. As mentioned in the first 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents, and injuries related to these accidents also cost most countries approximately 1–3% of their gross domestic products [22].

Output: contrast