Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: The return values of annual maximum one-day streamflow volumes for the nine return periods studied (2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 50, 100 years) are projected to increase by 15%–35%, 25%–50%, and 30%–80%, respectively, with the ranges in the increases reflecting three 50-year periods of this century (2001–2050, 2026–2075, 2051–2100). Similarly, across four selected cities in south–central Canada (Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Windsor), heat-related mortality are projected to more than double and triple under a changing climate, respectively, by the middle and late of this century from the historical conditions over the period 1954–2000. For air pollution-related mortality rates driven by climate and weather conditions (i. e. atmospheric circulation patterns and heat or cold), the corresponding increases are projected to be 20%–30% and 30%–45% by the middle and late of this century, given that future air pollutant emissions remaining at the same level as that at the end of the 20th century. By the middle of this century, daily ice storm or freezing rain events for three colder months (December–February) are projected to increase by 70%–100%, 50%–70%, and 35%–45% in northern, eastern (including Montreal in Quebec) and southern Ontario (as shown in Fig. 1), respectively. The corresponding increases by the latter part of this century (2081–2100) are projected to be even greater: 115%–155%, 80%–110%, and 35%–55%, respectively, for northern, eastern and southern Ontario. Table 4 Major results on projections of changes in frequency and intensity of future daily extreme weather events in this centuryFull size table 5 Conclusions and recommendationThe overarching purposes of these projects were to assess possible changes in the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events late this century and to provide guidance to decision-makers in the development and selection of appropriate adaptation actions. Automated synoptic weather typing and a number of linear/nonlinear regression analyses were applied, altogether with downscaled future GCM climate data, to project future weather types and changes in the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events and their impacts.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Automation will eliminate all low-skilled jobs within the next decade. [SEP] Text: However, due to various specific skills required to perform middle-skilled tasks, workers are often proficient at certain tasks but not at other tasks. If the main tasks of a middle-skilled job are automated, then workers who are suitable for those tasks are not needed. It may be difficult for these workers who are replaced by machines to find jobs because their suitable tasks are performed by machines. It should be also noted that machines simultaneously perform tasks that are unsuitable for some workers. Because they are no longer assigned to those tasks, their job seeking may be less difficult. In the literature that examines the effects of automation on the labor market, little attention has been paid to worker suitability for tasks. Therefore, this study considers worker suitability for tasks. As a result of education or training, workers can execute some suitable middle-skilled tasks, although they may be unsuitable for other tasks. Due to the difference in their specialization areas, the suitability patterns can differ among them. Therefore, we examine the pattern of task suitability for a worker that represents which tasks are suitable and unsuitable for the worker. Table 1 illustrates the task suitability of three workers. The rows and columns in Table 1 correspond to these three workers and tasks, respectively. In this table, “good” and “bad” imply whether workers are able or unable, respectively, to perform each task appropriately. These three workers have the same number of suitable tasks. That is, their ability level is the same. As illustrated in the table, the three workers have different suitability patterns for tasks because these patterns depend on their specialization areas. Footnote 1 2, newly automated tasks are illustrated by the darker-shaded columns. These automated tasks are no longer available to workers. The number of suitable and unsuitable tasks covered by machines can vary among the three workers. Whether their job seeking is more or less difficult depends on their suitability for the remaining labor tasks. Table 1. Examples of workers’ suitability for middleskilled tasks Table 2. Under increased automation In the study, we have made two assumptions to examine the possibility of job mismatch. The first assumption is about the task suitability of a worker. Upon receiving an education, workers can be proficient at certain middle-skilled labor tasks. We consider workers with the same ability level, which implies the same number of suitable tasks. Due to the difference in their specialization areas, the suitability pattern for labor tasks can differ among them.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Manual responses were collected using the keys marked as q and p on a standard gamepad. Auditory stimuli were presented via headphones. 2. 1. 5 task was administrated in single sessions at the university's laboratory. Participants were asked to put on headphones and read the instructions. They were instructed to press the respective response key on the gamepad as soon as they detected the target letter embedded in one of the two five-letter strings. They were also informed that the words were not informative of the target location. Each trial began with a 1000 ms drift check fixation (0. 3 × 0. 3°), which was gaze-contingent, therefore anchoring the participants' initial gaze movement at the center of the screen. The drift check was followed by the presentation of the word cue, either visually at the center of the screen for 1000 ms or auditorily via headphones for the duration of the sound file. Auditory stimuli were presented binaurally and equally loud to both auditory channels. During the auditory stimuli presentation, a gaze-contingent cross was presented in the center of the blank screen, ensuring participants’ starting point of visual exploration prior to target onset. A blank screen followed the cue and lasted 150 ms. The two five-letter strings were then simultaneously presented to the left and right sides of the screen until participants responded or when 1000 ms had elapsed. After responding, participants received a feedback message informing them about the accuracy of their response or whether they were too slow (Fig. 1). There were 192 trials in total, divided into two blocks, plus 16 practice trials. The number of congruent and incongruent trials was kept constant across the experiment; thus, word cues were uninformative of the target location. All factors (modality, word category, and target location) were equally likely and presented in a counterbalanced order within a block. Participants took a 5-min break between blocks, followed by a recalibration. The experiment took approximately 30 min to complete. Fig. 1Open in figure viewerPowerof the experimental procedure in Experiment 1. The reason for selecting the 1000 ms response window was two-fold: (1) we wished to record participants’ automatic attention shifts as a response to the word cues. A short response window (vs.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: In these projects, a formal validation and verification process of model results was built into all of the steps, including synoptic weather typing, historical extreme weather event simulation modeling, statistical downscaling, and projections of future extreme weather events and their impacts. The results of the verification, based on historical observations of the outcome variables simulated by the models, showed a very good agreement to observations and consistency with decision-maker’s expert judgement for all extreme weather events studied. As a result, it is proposed that a combination of synoptic weather typing, extreme weather event simulation modeling, and regression-based downscaling can be useful in projecting changes in the frequency and intensity of future extreme weather events and their impacts at a local scale or station scale. Modeled results from these projects indicated that the frequency and intensity of future daily extreme weather events have the potential to significantly increase late this century under a changing climate. The implications of these increases need to be taken into consideration and integrated into planning, policies, and programs that deal with the longer term. For example, engineering infrastructure design standards and their embedded climatic design values need to consider climate extremes from the current as well as the future climates that are expected over the lifespans of the structures. Health policies and responses need to consider climate sensitivities for today’s climate conditions and to also factor in future climate change along with future social and demographic changes for current preventative actions. Air quality regulations, policies, and programs also need to be informed on links to current and future climate conditions. Similarly, disaster prevention or risk reduction actions need to be guided by current climate conditions and future projections on existing and emerging climate hazards in order to manage current and changing risks. Water resource and flood managers at the regional level need to plan for current and changing climate risks to water resources (i. e. low and high streamflow conditions) and to assess infrastructure designs, resilience, and flood reduction services supplied by surrounding landscapes and ecosystems as adaptation options to manage changing risks. The adaptation strategies and policies that will need to be developed to deal with the implications of changing climate extremes are many and will affect all sectors. As the IPCC (2007a) recently pointed out, “More extensive adaptation than is currently occurring is required to reduce vulnerability to future climate change.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Automation will eliminate all low-skilled jobs within the next decade. [SEP] Text: A suitability pattern for labor tasks is assumed to be randomly assigned to a worker. Footnote 2 Therefore, under the law of large numbers, there is the same number of workers in each pattern of task suitability. In each of labor tasks, the number of workers who are suitable (unsuitable) for that task is the same. The second assumption regards the uncertainty about the matching between a job seeker and a firm. We consider that a firm does not know whether a job seeker is suitable or unsuitable for the firm’s task ex ante. Although a worker knows the worker’s suitability pattern for middle-skilled labor tasks, they know little about firms. Therefore, we assume a random matching between a worker and a firm. The following three properties exist under these two assumptions. First, workers are equally exposed to a possible increase in automation. That is, we assume no bias effect of the increased automation on workers. Second, the distribution of their job mismatch probabilities is a mean-preserving spread under the increased automation. Third, even when there is diversity in their job mismatch probabilities, we can easily calculate the matching probability between a firm and a suitable worker. The individual mismatch probability (IMP) of a worker is defined as the ratio of the number of their unsuitable middle-skilled tasks to the total number of middle-skilled labor tasks. If there is no increase in automation, then a worker’s IMP depends on the worker’s ability level, represented by the number of the worker’s unsuitable tasks, and the automation level. That is, the IMP value is the same among workers with the same ability level. Regarding low-skilled labor, we consider no uncertainty for low-skilled job matching because specific skills are not required. In a two-period OLG model, workers work in two periods and have one job-seeking opportunity in each of those periods. We assume a rise in the efficiency of machines that increases automation. Under a rational expectation, workers make decisions about their education investment. The study demonstrates the following two effects of increased automation on workers. The first effect is the diversity in the IMPs of workers with the same ability level. As a result of increased automation, the available labor tasks decline while newly automated tasks are performed by machines. These newly automated tasks include suitable and unsuitable tasks for a worker.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: a longer, or unlimited response window) prevents the development of scanning strategies across trials, which would likely undermine the effectiveness of the word prime; and (2) prior research employing a similar paradigm with bilateral targets has tested three response intervals of 700, 1000, and 1300 ms (Mendonça et al. , 2020a). Average response times for the 1000 ms interval were around 600 ms, therefore we expected most of our responses to fall within the 1000 ms interval. Additionally, as this task is demanding and carries a high perceptual load due to the large number of target items to be processed, we considered the 1000 ms window to be appropriate to ensure an optimal trade-off between correct and missing responses. 2. 2 Results 2. 2. 1 Preliminary analysis Correct detections under 100 ms were excluded from the analysis to ensure that response times were not influenced by anticipatory responses (0. 9%). Missing responses (trials where the time for responding elapsed) corresponded to roughly 31% of the total number of trials across participants. 1 2. 2. 2 Reaction time To test our hypothesis regarding the facilitation of detection in the case of congruent (vs. incongruent) cue–target conditions and an asymmetric performance favoring future-related words and targets located on the right side of space, we performed a linear mixed model (LMM) analysis. This analysis allowed us to control for the variance due to word stimuli (word ID), the number of characters in the word (word length), and participants’ individual differences (participant ID). We observed no severe violation of the homoscedasticity or normality assumptions in a visual inspection of the residual plots. The distribution of residuals does not compromise the use of an LMM given that the violation of the normality assumption poses a problem only when samples sizes are small (n < 30), and alternative procedures (e. g. , data transformation) have been pointed out as relatively more error-prone (Knief & Forstmeier, 2021). The LMM was performed in jamovi software (version 1. 2) with the GAMLj module. The LMM included word ID, word length, and participant ID as random intercepts and the model's fixed effects were prime modality (visual vs. auditory), word category (past vs. neutral vs. future), target location (left vs. right), and their second and third-order interactions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: ” One of the key components of developing effective adaptation options and plans to reduce meteorological and hydrological risks from the changing climate is to implement effective and meaningful early warning systems that result in stakeholder actions. Studies that can link climate existing extremes to impacts and decisions and inform policies and programs on changing and future extremes are essential for design of better risk reduction and early warning systems. Decision makers in south–central Canada are requesting defensible and relevant scientific guidance on future climate extremes in order to improve the resilience of infrastructure that is being constructed today and must withstand the climate extremes expected over the lifespan of the structures (decades). Decision-makers also need relevant scientific guidance to develop the adaptive capacity to reduce the multiple risks and realize some of the potential opportunities that may result from changing climate extremes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Automation will eliminate all low-skilled jobs within the next decade. [SEP] Text: If machines perform a worker’s suitable jobs more (or less) than the worker’s unsuitable jobs, then the worker’s job mismatch probability rises (or declines). That is, the individual effect of the increased automation on the IMP of a worker depends on the worker’s suitability for tasks. These individual effects cancel each other out among workers because of the two assumptions concerning workers’ suitability for tasks and the random matching between a job seeker and a firm. That is, there is no aggregate effect of the diversity in their IMPs on the labor market in the period of increased automation. In the subsequent period, a large number of workers who have larger IMPs remain job seekers. This makes the matching between a firm and a suitable worker more difficult due to a relatively large number of unsuitable workers. Consequently, there is an aggregate effect on the labor market, which implies a rise in underemployment. Footnote 3 The second effect is the possibility of replacement by machines. Workers who engage in tasks that will be newly automated cannot avoid being replaced by machines, because they do not know which tasks will be automated. Although they seek new middle-skilled jobs, some of them will be unable to find a new middle-skilled job due to job mismatch. Therefore, underemployment rises because of these two effects. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 explains the related literature. Section 3 examines an economy under no increase in automation. Section 4 explores the equilibrium under an increase in automation. Section 5 considers workers with the difference in their ability levels, and Section 6 concludes the paper. The 2. Related literature This study is related to the following three types of studies. The first is research that explores the effect of automation on the labor market by using task-based models. Several studies have identified the following two opposing effects: a decline in the demand for labor that is directly caused by automation and a rise in the demand for labor induced by automation. Regarding the positive effect of automation, Zeira (Reference Zeira1998) considered a greater input of capital due to a rise in the capital’s marginal product. Acemoglu (Reference Acemoglu2010) generalized this type of technical change as “labor-saving technologies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Any parameter with a variance greater than 0 was left as random (Littell, Pendergast, & Natarajan, 2000). Word length presented a variance of 0 and was removed from the model. The model was estimated using restricted maximum likelihood, with a Satterthwaite approximation of the degrees of freedom. The LMM analysis (R2marginal =. 02; R2conditional =. 08) revealed main effects of prime modality, F (1, 5790) = 21. 83, p <. 001, and word category, F (2, 41. 4) = 20. 97, p <. 001. Post hoc comparisons using Holm correction revealed that targets were detected significantly faster following visual (M = 673, SE = 5. 07) relative to auditory word primes (M = 690, SE = 5. 05, p <. 001). Future-related words gave rise to shorter detection latencies (M = 664, SE = 5. 47) than neutral (M = 688, SE = 5. 48, p <. 001) and past-related words (M = 693, SE = 5. 45, p <. 001). Past and neutral word cues did not produce significantly different response times (p =. 312). The expected word category × target location interaction was significant, F (2, 41. 4) = 24. 48, p <. 001 (Fig. 2), indicating that congruent (vs. incongruent) conditions facilitate detection. Targets on the left side of the screen were detected faster when past cue words were presented (M = 682, SE = 6. 46) than targets on the right side of the screen (M = 703, SE = 6. 35, p =. 044). Conversely, targets on the right side of the screen benefited from future word cue presentation (M = 642, SE = 6. 45) relative to targets on the left side of the screen (M = 685, SE = 6. 42, p <. 001). Neutral words did not produce significant differences on detection of left (M = 685, SE = 6. 45) and right targets (M = 690, SE = 6. 46, p = 1. 000) and hence did not prime any particular directionality. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Environ. Health Perspect. , 105 (1), 84–93. )| falseSearch 86. . , PerrinA. , SamenowJ. , and CohenJ. -C. , 2008a: heat waves for U. S. cities to analyze impacts on heat-related mortality. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 89, 75–86. )| falseSearch 68. Kalkstein, L. S. , SheridanS. C. , and AuY. C. , 2008b: A new generation of heat/health warning systems for Seoul and other major Korean cities. Meteor. Technol. Policy, 1, 62–68. )| falseSearch 10. 1007/s11069-010-9552-3. Kalkstein, L. S. , GreeneS. , MillsD. M. , and SamenowJ. , 2010: An evaluation of the progress in reducing heat-related human mortality in major U. S. cities. Nat. Hazards, 56, 113–129, doi:10. 1007/s11069-010-9552-3. )| falseSearch 10. 1029/2007GL031383. Kiehl, J. T. , 2007: Twentieth century climate model response and climate sensitivity. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 34, L22710, doi:10. 1029/2007GL031383. )| falseSearch 3. J. Climate, 11, 1131–1149. and RaschP. J. , 1998: Center for Model: CCM3. J. Climate, 11, 1131–1149. )| falseSearch 97. Kysely, J. , and HuthR. , 2004: Heat-related mortality in the examined through synoptic and traditional approaches. Climate Res. , 49, 91–97. )| falseSearch 833. Medina-Ramon, M. , and SchwartzJ. , 2007: Temperature, temperature extremes, and mortality: A study of acclimatisation and effect modification in 50 US Cities. Occup. Environ. Med. , 64, 827–833. )| falseSearch 997. Meehl, G. A. , and TebaldiC. , 2004: More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Automation will eliminate all low-skilled jobs within the next decade. [SEP] Text: ” Several studies have explored the different mechanisms that lead new task creation to increase the demand for labor (Acemoglu and Restrepo, and Restrepo2018; Hemous & Olsen, and Olsen2022; Nakamura & Zeira, and Zeira2018). Alvarez et al. (Reference Alvarez, Gomez, Zuleta and Acosta2019) studied the possible effects of labor-saving innovations on birth rates and, in this way, on future labor supply. The novelty of this study is to consider worker suitability for tasks when examining the individual effect of increased automation on a worker. We demonstrate the diversity in their IMPs due to the increased automation. We also explore the aggregate effect on the labor market through these individual effects. The second type of related study is underemployment research. In many developed economies, underemployment is becoming a social problem (Allen and van der Velden, and van der Velden2001; Dooley and Prause, and Prause2004; Flisi et al. Reference Flisi, Goglio, Meroni, Rodrigues and Vera-Toscano2017; Bell and Blanchflower, and Blanchflower2018; Barnichon and Fylberberg, and Fylberberg2019). One possible cause of underemployment is a change in the job market due to technological change, including automation (Marco and Steijn, and Steijn2000; Mendes et al. , de Oliveira, Santos and Kiker2000; Caroleo and Pastore, and Pastore2015). If some middle-skilled labor jobs, or the main tasks of these jobs, are replaced by machines, the knowledge and skills required for these tasks become unnecessary. Therefore, workers with specific knowledge and skills for these automated tasks may face difficulty in finding adequate jobs. Considering task suitability of a worker, we explore how increased automation affects underemployment. We demonstrate that due to the replacement by machines and an increasing difficulty in the matching between a firm and a suitable worker, underemployment rises. The third type of related study comprises the research that was developed by Diamond (Reference Diamond1982), Mortensen (Reference Mortensen1982), and Pissarides (Reference Pissarides1985).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 2Open in figure viewerPowerreaction time (in milliseconds) as a function of the word category and the target letter location. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Finally, to investigate the asymmetry between the congruent conditions reported above and favoring the LR, script-coherent cue–target pairs, we report the post hoc comparison between past word—left target and future word—right target conditions. Results indicate unequivocal facilitation for congruent cue–target pairs that referred to the right (vs. left) side of space, t (43. 9) = 5. 87, p <. 001. The remaining interactions were statistically not significant (ps >. 06). The fact that the third-order interaction did not reach statistical significance (p =. 117) suggests that the congruency effect occurs irrespective of the sensory modality of presentation. As we hypothesized, presenting time-related words visually or auditorily did not affect the interaction between word category and target location on response times. This result is in line with previous research (Lakens et al. , 2011) and suggests that the spatial representation of time converges across visual and auditory perception. Nevertheless, this result should be interpreted with caution given that we did observe a significant main effect of visual over auditory word presentation, with target discrimination benefiting from the visual format to a greater extent. It appears that, at the first instance, the visual modality takes precedence and contributes to shorter detection latencies. However, the privileged processing of the visual word primes seems to be overridden when the temporal category of the word and the location of the target are considered. If thinking about abstract concepts implying movement involves embodied simulations of the way we typically execute motion, then actions in right-handed and left-handed individuals could have different cognitive representations and lead to asymmetrical outputs (Casasanto, 2009). Previous studies have investigated whether genetic predispositions, particularly a higher right-hand skill in performing motor tasks, could account for lateral p683. 56, SE = 40. 20; pressed with the left index finger) and the p key (M = 679. 30, SE = 37. 50; pressed with the right index finger). No difference in response time was observed when left and right hands were used to respond, t (58) = 1. 072, p =. 288. 2. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Specifically, the synoptic classification is combined with downscaled future climate projections for the decadal periods of 2020–29, 2045–55, and 2090–99 from a coupled atmospheric–oceanic general circulation model. The results show an increase in excessive heat event (EHE) days and increased heat-attributable mortality across the study cities with the most pronounced increases projected to occur in the Southeast and Northeast. This increase becomes more dramatic toward the end of the twenty-first century as the anticipated impact of climate change intensifies. The health impact associated with different emissions scenarios is also examined. These results suggest that a “business as usual” approach to greenhouse gas emissions mitigation could result in twice as many heat-related deaths by the end of the century than a lower emissions scenario. Finally, a comparison of future estimates of heat-related mortality during EHEs is presented using algorithms developed during two different, although overlapping, time periods, one that includes some recent large-scale significant EHE intervention strategies (1975–2004), and one without (1975–95). The results suggest these public health responses can significantly decrease heat-related mortality. * No longer affiliated with the U. S. EPA. Corresponding author address: Dr. Scott Greene, Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, 100 E. Boyd St. , Suite 410, Norman, OK 73019. E-mail: jgreene@gcn. ou. edu Keywords: Heating; Societal impacts1. IntroductionExcessive heat events (EHEs) are the leading cause of weather-related deaths in the [(Service) NWS 2009]. However, the impacts of specific EHEs may be more widely recognized. For example, the loss of over 700 lives in Chicago to a 1995 EHE has been well documented (Klinenberg 2002; Semenza et al. 1996. Whitman et al. 1997) and is viewed as a critical moment in terms of increasing awareness of the potential health risks and impacts of EHEs in the United States. This awareness has been reinforced by the European EHE in August 2003 that was responsible for an estimated 40 000 deaths across central and western Europe (Valleron and Boumendil 2004). While it has been suggested that heat-related mortality in the has been declining in the last few decades (Davis et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: of Business and Management > Vol. 12 No. 4, July 2024 in the Gig Economy: Understanding the Roles of () Department of Business Management, Institute of (SLIIT), Malabe, Sri Lanka. DOI: 10. 4236/ojbm. 2024. 124117 89 Downloads 504 Views 2307. doi: 10. 4236/ojbm. 2024. 124117. 1. IntroductionThe gig economy, characterized by its flexible, temporary, and freelance jobs, has been a subject of increasing scholarly attention, particularly concerning the precarious nature of employment it often entails. This systematic literature review aims to delve into the intricate dynamics of precarious employment within the gig economy, with a specific focus on understanding the roles and experiences of the employed poor. Precarious employment, as highlighted in the existing literature, encompasses work that is uncertain, unstable, and insecure, where workers bear the brunt of the risks associated with labor, including the lack of social protections and benefits (Gauffin, 2020; Rubery et al. , 2018). The gig economy, while offering much-needed income opportunities for migrants and low-income workers, simultaneously subjects them to conditions of labor degradation, economic instability, and a disproportionate amount of physical, economic, and mental risk (van Doorn et al. , 2022). The financial stability and well-being of workers from low-income backgrounds are significantly impacted by the precarious nature of gig work. The literature suggests that gig employment can create a class of isolated individuals living from job to job, lacking lasting financial or social connections to workplaces or other workers, which not only affects their income stability but also threatens social cohesion and community stability at large (Friedman, 2014). Despite the policy interest in precarious work, its growth and the extent to which it constitutes a new class of the “precariat” are debated. However, the form and incidence of precarious work vary among countries and are more evident when defined using a multi-dimensional approach, indicating a nuanced and complex phenomenon that requires thorough investigation (Rubery et al. , 2018). This review seeks to explore the effects of precarious employment in the gig economy on the financial stability and well-being of workers from low-income backgrounds. By examining the existing literature, including analyses of the conditions under which labor platforms operate and the legal and political arrangements surrounding employment (van Doorn et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Spurious responses below 100 ms were excluded (2. 4%). Missing responses corresponded to 18% of trials. Response time was recorded from the target onset. 2 3. 2. 2 Reaction time We performed an LMM analysis on response times. As fixed effects, we included word category (past vs. neutral vs. future), target letter location (left vs. right), and their second-order interaction. We included random intercepts of word ID and participant ID. A visual inspection of the residual plots showed no severe violation of the homoscedasticity or normality assumptions. The model was estimated using restricted maximum likelihood with a Satterthwaite approximation of the degrees of freedom and was performed in jamovi software (version 1. 2) with the GAMLj module. The LMM (R2marginal =. 02; R2conditional =. 07) revealed a significant main effect of word category, F (2, 42. 9) = 20. 5814, p <. 001. The main effect of the word category replicated what was observed in Exp. 1. Future-related words (M = 666, SE = 5. 58), gave rise to faster detections than past-words (M = 695, SE = 5. 58; p <. 001). The speed in response times generated by future words was higher than that induced by neutral words (M = 675, SE = 5. 58, p =. 058). Past-related words were significantly slower in triggering responses than neutral words (p <. 001). Hence, neutral words have assumed intermediate values. To address our prediction for congruency between the words and the location of the targets, we report the significant interaction of word category × target location, F (2, 42. 9) = 32. 7104, p <. 001 (Fig. 6). We observed the typical congruency effect but now reversed, compared to what was observed in Exp. 1. Past-related words produced faster detection of the target on the right (M = 680, SE = 6. 38) than on the left (M = 710, SE = 6. 55; p <. 001), indicating that RL participants map the past on right spatial coordinates. Future-related words, which are spatially mapped on the left by RL speakers, produced faster target detection on the left (M = 646, SE = 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: 2002, 2003a,b; Sheridan et al. 2009; Kalkstein et al. 2010), EHEs have still contributed to a significant and largely avoidable loss of life. In addition, some research (e. g. , Sheridan et al. 2009) indicates this declining mortality trends may have stopped and may now be increasing again. At the same time, climate models generally project increasing average temperatures in the coming decades (Solomon et al. 2007). More focused studies that evaluate climate change impacts on future EHE trends have similarly concluded many regions of the can anticipate more frequent and severe EHEs (e. g. , Meehl and Tebaldi 2004; O’Neill and Ebi 2009). This study quantifies the potential impacts of climate on EHE-attributable mortality in 40 large U. S. cities under a “business as usual” greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenario and a scenario with GHG emissions controls. These results provide an update to earlier projections of the potential health impacts of climate change based on EHE impacts (e. g. , Kalkstein and Greene 1997). Finally, a method is developed and applied to quantify the health benefit that recent improvements in EHE notification and response programs may provide in considering the future health impact of EHEs. 2. Data and methodsa. Mortality dataDeveloping the climate and EHE-attributable mortality relationships and estimates for the 40 U. S. cities under consideration began by extracting daily mortality record information including the date, cause, and county in which the deceased had passed away. Deaths from all causes are used as the mortality measure in this study as this has been shown to be a more robust measure for examining heat–mortality relationships than mortality totals for specific causes of death (Ebi et al. 2004). For the baseline portion of this study, these data were developed from 1 June to 31 August during 1975–95 [(for Health Statistics) NCHS 2007]. Any population trends for the cities in these records have been removed using a standardization procedure used previously (Kalkstein et al. 2010). An analysis of intraseasonal trends was also undertaken to identify any significant changes in the daily mortality throughout the summer season.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: , 2022), this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by the employed poor within the gig economy and propose pathways for future research and policy interventions. 2. Literature ReviewThe gig economy, characterized by its flexible, freelance, and often short-term work arrangements, has been likened to the in terms of its transformative impact on the labor market (Friedman, 2014). This literature review synthesizes research findings on the experiences, challenges, and strategies of gig workers, with a focus on those from low-income backgrounds, and discusses the implications for financial stability, well-being, and overall quality of life. Gig workers engage in a variety of tasks, from transportation and delivery to creative work in visual arts and graphic design (Stewart & Stanford, 2017; Alacovska et al. , 2022). Despite the flexibility and entrepreneurial opportunities presented by the gig economy, workers often face financial strain due to the absence of traditional employment protections such as health insurance and paid leave (Behl et al. , 2022). The lack of physical collocation in traditional industrial settings affects the potential for worker organization and collective action (Lehdonvirta, 2018). The gig economy’s payment structures, which tie earnings to individual tasks, contribute to income instability and financial precarity (Behl et al. , 2022). Gig workers, particularly women, minorities, and migrants, confront selective formalization by platform companies, which maintains the precariousness of informal labor (van Doorn et al. , 2022). The oversimplification of platform labor overlooks the diverse motivations for joining these platforms, necessitating a broader critique of labor market reforms and welfare policies (Behl et al. , 2022). In response to these challenges, gig workers from low-income backgrounds employ various strategies. They develop specific literacies and skills to protect their labor, avoid scams, build professional networks, and negotiate with clients (Friedman, 2014). Indie unions, such as the IWGB and UVW, use strategic framing to engage supporters and challenge opponents, emphasizing alternative organizing methods in the face of precarity (Però & Downey, 2022). The precarious nature of gig employment, coupled with the lack of traditional employment protections, leads to financial instability and affects workers’ mental and physical health (Rasheed et al. , 2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Forty-seven participants reported having lived abroad in the following countries: Belgium (1), Brazil (1), Canada (3), (1), Denmark (1), Estonia (1), France (10), Germany (6), Greece (1), Hungary (2), Italy (1), Jordan (2), Latvia (1), Malaysia (1), Mexico (1), Portugal (1), (1), Spain (1), Sweden (2), Turkey (1), the (7), the (1). The minimum period spent abroad was 1 year and a maximum of 15 years. To the question “Do you use social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) in Arabic? ” 84% of participants said yes. To the question “Do you watch movies/tv-shows/read books in Arabic? ” 60% of participants said yes. To the question “Do you read the news (news websites, newspapers) in Arabic? ” 54% of participants said yes. Finally, 84% of the participants said yes to the question, “Do you have family conversations in Arabic in your everyday life? ” When asked to move a slider on a horizontal line to indicate “How much contact in everyday life do you have with your native language - Arabic? ” the average response was 58. 54%, and How much contact in everyday life do you have with languages that are written from LR (e. g. , English, French, …)? the average response was 47. 7%. 8. 10. 1167/16. 11. 8 Web of Science®1562. 10. 1177/0956797617723724 Web of Science®407. 10. 3758/s13428? 019? 01237? x 382. 10. 1016/j. cognition. 2014. 03. 016 Web of Science®109. 10. 3389/fpsyg. 2012. 00109 PubMedWeb of Science®239. 10. 3758/s13421? 018? 0861? 1 PubMedWeb of Science®322. 10. 1037/a0029026 Web of Science®10. 1016/B978-0-12-385948-8. 00020-7 10. 1016/B978-0-12-385948-8. 00020-7 165. 10. 1007/s11065? 013? 9245? 2 367. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Average number of summertime EHE days under baseline (1975–95) conditions and in future decades under alternative climate change scenarios. Recall that an EHE day is not merely a representation of “hot” weather, but represents those days where a particular location experiences airmass conditions that have been shown to increase daily mortality. Therefore, cities currently lacking evidence of a strong heat–mortality relationship, such as many Southeastern cities or cities that have minimal summertime weather variability (e. g. , Phoenix, Arizona; Miami, Florida; Houston, Texas) do not have a relatively high number of EHE days under the current climate conditions, often despite having relatively hot summers. This linking of EHE days to mortality increases also explains why several cities with moderate summer climates (e. g. , San Francisco, California; Seattle, Washington; Buffalo, New York) also appear in Table 2 with relatively few EHE days under current conditions. Considering the impact of climate change with the A1 emission scenario results in Table 2 there is a fairly consistent increase in the number of EHE days across locations as time progresses. This result is consistent with previous studies (e. g. , Solomon et al. 2007; Kalkstein and Greene 1997), which found that as the models estimate an increase in temperature, the number of EHE days increases as more days move into the offensive airmass categories based on existing characterization criteria. By the end of the twenty-first century, every city will experience an increase in the average number of summertime EHE days as compared to their values during 1975–95. In over half the cities (i. e. , 23), this increase results in more than half of the average summertime days in the 2090s under the A1 scenario satisfying current EHE day criteria while in more than 25% of the cities (i. e. , 11) more than ⅔ of future summertime days in this scenario satisfy current EHE criteria. However, Table 2 also shows that these increases in EHE days do not always occur consistently over time in all locations. A careful examination of Table 2 shows the cities fall into three broad categories. The large majority of the cities fall into the first category, those that show a consistent increase in EHE days over time. These fit the expected pattern with a steady and significant increase in overall average temperature over time.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: The irregular work schedules and “unbillable hours” disrupt work-life balance and contribute to long hours without guaranteed compensation (Shevchuk et al. , 2021). While the flexibility of gig work allows some workers to fit work around other responsibilities, the lack of job security and the need to constantly seek new gigs create a cycle of stress and anxiety, impacting the overall quality of life (Behl et al. , 2022). The rise of precarious employment is linked to neoliberalism’s emphasis on market-driven individualism, which exacerbates job insecurity and risks creating a segmented labor market (Gauffin, 2020). The gig economy presents a complex landscape for workers, particularly those from low-income backgrounds. While it offers flexibility and potential for growth, it also poses significant risks to financial stability, well-being, and quality of life. A nuanced understanding of the gig economy is essential for developing policies and interventions that support the needs of gig workers and improve their working conditions. 3. Methods3. 1. Search StrategyA systematic search strategy was developed to identify pertinent literature on precarious employment in the gig economy. The search terms, “precarious employment,” “gig economy,” and “employed poor,” were chosen based on their relevance to the research topic and were developed in consultation with subject matter experts. These terms were selected to capture a broad range of literature related to the phenomenon of precarious employment within the context of the gig economy. The search strategy was tailored to three databases: Scopus, 3. 2. Selection CriteriaThe selection criteria were established based on the (Moher et al. , 2010) to ensure methodological rigor and transparency in the review process. Initially, the search aimed to map existing literature on precarious employment within the gig economy across the social sciences, business, and economics disciplines. Subsequently, the focus was narrowed to encompass social science, business, management, and accounting fields, with the search period spanning from 2014 to 2024. 3. 3. Quality AssessmentTo maintain the quality of the review, a rigorous quality assessment process was conducted. Only original research 3. 4. Screening ProcessThe screening process involved multiple stages to identify relevant studies for inclusion in the review. Initially, 3270 records were retrieved from the databases, of which 1655 were excluded for being unrelated to the research topic.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 1037/a0015854 Web of Science®10. 1037/14278-011 10. 1037/14278-011 593. 10. 1016/j. cognition. 2007. 03. 004 Web of Science®49. 10. 1016/S0926? 6410(00)00021? 5 of Science®1187. 10. 1016/j. neuroimage. 2006. 08. 017 Web of Science®222. 10. 1007/s002210050731 Web of Science®630. 10. 1080/1357650X. 2018. 1561708 1451. 10. 1111/j. 1551? 6709. 2010. 01105. x 174. 10. 1037/1076? 898X. 11. 3. 157 365. 10. 1111/1467? 9280. 00367 127. 10. 1016/j. visres. 2015. 03. 008 of Science®965. 10. 1038/nrn2456? c1 13. 10. 16910/jemr. 2. 3. 4 2590. 10. 3758/S13428? 021? 01587? 5//3 443. 10. 1016/j. concog. 2010. 09. 020 Web of Science®1819. 10. 1002/1097? 0258(20000715)19:13<1793::AID? SIM482>3. 0. CO;2? Q 852. 10. 1521/soco. 2007. 25. 6. 833 Web of Science®301. 10. 1111/1467? 9280. 14421 1100. 10. 1038/s41598? 020? 78080? 0 1488. 10. 3389/fpsyg. 2020. 01488 PubMedWeb of Science®742. 10. 1163/22134808? BJA10052 114. 10. 1177/0022022199030001006 Web of Science®26. 10. 1167/14. 2. 20 Web of Science®24. 10. 1037/a0017176 Web of Science®314. 10. 1027/1618? 3169/a000036 746. 10. 1037/0096? 1523. 25. 3. 730 105. 10. 1016/j. actpsy. 2014. 05.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: The second, smaller, group consists of those cities that show a reduction in the number of EHE days from present conditions to the early part of the twenty-first century (i. e. , the 2020s) before experiencing a steady increase. Cities such as New Orleans, Louisiana, and Louisville, Kentucky, fall into this category. The explanation for the pattern in these cities is the difference between the actual data for the latter twentieth century, and the model estimates for the twenty-first century. That is, the model estimates are lower than the actual number of EHE days. However, the expected pattern of increased EHE days associated with higher temperatures toward the middle and latter part of the twenty-first century still holds for these locations. The final, smallest, group of cities are those that show an increase in EHE days for most of the century, and then show a drop toward the latter part of the twenty-first century. Denver, Colorado, and Phoenix, Arizona, are examples of these cities, while City, Utah, shows 0 days throughout the period. An explanation for these anomalies would be pure conjecture, but model uncertainty and variability certainly may play a role for the counterintuitive results that we see in this small subset of the study locations. However, for these cities, even though there is a decrease in EHE days toward the end of the twenty-first century, they still show a significant increase over the period from the present-day conditions. Table 2 also shows the substantial impact that aggressive GHG emissions controls could have on future EHE days. These results show that in over half the cities (i. e. , 24) the A1 scenario results in at least 50% more EHE days than with the B1 scenario. Alternatively, in most cities the number of EHE days in the 2090s falls in the range of the estimated number of days for the 2020s and the period 2045–55 under the A1 scenario. Table 3 presents the estimates of average summertime EHE-attributable mortality in the future periods under these climate change scenarios. Figure 1 presents these results in terms of the equivalent EHE-attributable mortality rates for the different periods with the A1 emissions scenario. Table 3. Estimates of average summertime EHE-attributable deaths in future periods under alternative climate change scenarios, using Algorithm 1. . 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: of Studies on in the Gig EconomyIn this section, a descriptive analysis of the key characteristics of studies included in the review regarding precarious employment in the gig economy and its effects on the employed poor is presented. The analysis focuses on extracting and categorizing key information from the dataset, including the year of publication, authors, journal, and conclusions. Furthermore, a thematic analysis is conducted to identify common themes and insights about the effects of precarious employment on the employed poor. To summarize the information related to precarious employment in the gig economy, key characteristics of the studies, including the year of publication, authors, journal, and key conclusions, were extracted and categorized. 1. Thematic analysis of conclusions. Topic_0 Topic_1 Topic_2 Topic_3 Topic_4 gig work workers workers workers work precarious gig uber platform workers high power autonomy gig labor research work drivers work economy future drivers policy worker highlights market platforms policies platforms self economy challenges work autonomy freelancers platforms uber employment social employment labor precarious social flexibility social gig precariousness challenges control The descriptive analysis reveals a growing interest in precarious employment in the gig economy, with studies spanning from 2014 to 2022. The findings highlight the complex interplay between autonomy and security, the need for policy interventions, and the challenges faced by gig workers, particularly migrant workers. Overall, the studies underscore the importance of policy reforms and support systems to mitigate the adverse effects of precarious employment and ensure fair labor standards for the employed poor. To categorize the types of precarious employment arrangements, information from the “Methods Used” and “Qualitative Data” columns was extracted and analyzed. The categorized data were then grouped by year and journal to understand their temporal and publication source distribution. Table 2 summarizes the distribution of precarious employment arrangements over time and across different journals. Table 2. Distribution of precarious employment arrangements.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 41 Compared with DTI, which acquires diffusion-weighted images of varying directions at fixed diffusion sensitivity (b value, typically 1000 s/mm2), DSI acquires diffusion-weighted images of varying directions and different b values (typically from zero to a few thousand seconds/mm2). 42 Whereas DTI reconstructs water molecular diffusion through a diffusion tensor based on the Gaussian model of translational displacement,43 DSI reconstructs water molecular diffusion as an average propagator based on a Fourier relation between the diffusion signal and average propagator. 41,42 The advantage of DSI lies in the fact that the directions of the maxima of the average propagator correspond to the underlying crossing fibre directions,44 whereas the principal direction of the DTI points to a direction that is somewhere between the crossing fibres. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) is a DSI analogue of the fractional anisotropy (FA) in DTI. 45 Whereas FA is defined as the standard deviation (SD) of the eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor normalized by the norm of the eigenvalues,46 GFA is defined as the SD of the orientation distribution function (ODF) values divided by their norm. 45 Here, the ODF value in a particular direction can be calculated as the second moment of the average propagator, indicating the displacement probability in that particular direction. 42 Similar to FA, GFA is a nonspecific index often used to indicate the microstructural property of white matter as determined by the diameter, packing density, directional coherence and myelination of the axons. The inconsistency in the literature can be explained by small sample sizes, different neuropsychological tasks and varying methods to define the region of interest (ROI), resulting in little overlap of ROIs across studies. Among the constructed fibre tracts, the frontostriatal tracts, SLF and cingulum bundle have all been reported to be altered in individuals with ADHD. However, their associations with attention performance remain unclear. Therefore, the present study compared the white matter microstructural property associated with the prefrontal cortex and its association with ADHD symptoms as well as a wide range of attention performance between youths with ADHD and individually matched controls. We chose 10 white matter tracts, including the bilateral frontostriatal tracts (caudate–DLPFC, caudate–VLPFC and caudate–OFC; Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: EHE-attributable mortality rates under the A1 scenario in future periods. Citation: Weather, Climate, and Society 3, 4; 10. 1175/WCAS-D-11-00055. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideThe results in Table 3 are sorted in descending order based on the average number of estimated summertime EHE-attributable deaths in the period 2020–29 under the A1 scenario. Cumulatively, these results show the average number of summertime EHE-attributable deaths would be expected to more than double from the value in the 2020–29 period to the results in the 2090–99 period under the A1 emissions scenario. These results represent increases of nearly 1100 and 4200 EHE-attributable deaths per year compared to the baseline estimates from the period 1975–95. The growth in the city-specific results over time under the A1 scenario in Table 3 is a reflection of both the anticipated increase in the number of EHE days and the initial sensitivity of the city to those days. More EHE days will, by definition, result in more EHE-attributable mortality in a location. The sensitivity of the location to these days also strongly influences the absolute size of the increase. As with Table 2, there are a few cities that do not show the expected steady increase over time. Seattle, Washington, and Tampa Bay, Florida, are examples that show a small drop and then revert back to the expected pattern of an increase with time. In addition to climate model error, one explanation for this pattern is that the reduction of leveling of EHE days for some cities for certain time periods will also result in a small decrease for in heat-related mortality in some instances. However, it noteworthy that in a broad evaluation of this type there is an intuitive mortality response in the preponderance of cities. The contrast in results in Table 3 between the A1 and B1 scenarios for an average year in the 2090s is also notable. Under the B1 scenario there would be roughly half as many anticipated EHE-attributable deaths as in the A1 scenario. This represents a potential benefit of roughly 2800 fewer lives lost in an average summer as a result of the greater emissions controls in the B1 scenario relative to the A1 scenario.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: Count of Count of 2014 Review of 1 1 2017 1 1 2017 Review 1 1 2018 New Technology, Work and Employment 1 1 2018 Organization 1 1 2018 Work, Employment and Society 2 2 2019 Review 1 1 2019 1 1 2019 1 1 2019 Work, Employment and Society 2 2 2020 Economics 1 1 2020 Review 1 1 2020 Academy of 1 1 2020 Research 1 1 2021 Work and Occupation 1 1 2021 Journal of 1 1 2021 New Technology, Work and Employment 1 1 2021 Socio-1 1 2022 Work, Employment and Society 2 2 2022 of 1 1 2022 Periodicals of 1 1 2022 Work and Occupations 1 1 2022 Work, Employment and Society 1 1 The research on the diversity of precarious employment arrangements reveals a wide range of work situations, from migrant work in the gig economy to conflict management in labor settings. Various methodological approaches, from comparative case studies to post-structuralist analysis, are employed to address the complexity of the phenomenon. Samples include young workers, migrants, and freelancers on digital platforms, highlighting the importance of understanding the specific experiences of precarious workers. Moreover, studies span a global geographic distribution, from cities on four continents to online labor platforms, reflecting a global concern for precarious employment. The ongoing presence of studies over time and in diverse academic journals underscores sustained interest in this topic. This research highlights the complexity and importance of addressing precarious employment from multiple perspectives and contexts. 4. 2. Thematic AnalysisKey characteristics, conclusions, and practical implications were extracted from the dataset to identify recurring themes and patterns regarding the experiences of workers from low-income backgrounds in precarious employment within the gig economy. The relevant columns selected for analysis included publication year, authors, journal, key conclusions, and practical implications. The compiled data were analyzed to summarize the challenges and opportunities faced by employed poor individuals within the gig economy. To provide a structured interpretation suitable for a journal 3. Summary statistics for count of occurrences. 7 Mean 0. 286 0. 756 0 25th Percentile 0 Median 0 75th Percentile 0 2 To supplement the journal 3. Mean values of statistics. The analysis sheds light on the nuanced experiences of workers from low-income backgrounds in precarious employment within the gig economy. By identifying key themes, challenges, and opportunities, this research provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners aiming to address the needs of vulnerable workers and promote inclusive economic practices.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 1); the SLF (Fig. 2) and the cingulum bundle (Fig. 2). We also used DSI, instead of DTI, to reconstruct tractography and measure the microstructural property of selected fibre tracts for a better resolution of the crossing fibres. 41 We hypothesized that the microstructural property of these target tracts could differ between youths with ADHD and controls and that altered diffusion anisotropy of these target tracts could correlate with the severity of ADHD core symptoms and impaired attention performance. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFig. 1 Regions of interest (ROIs) and reconstructed targeted tracts in the left hemisphere. (A) The ROIs at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (purple), caudate nucleus (yellow) and the dorsolateral prefrontal–caudate tract (yellow). (B) The ROIs at the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (light blue), orbitofrontal cortex (green), caudate nucleus (yellow), ventrolateral prefrontal–caudate tract (light blue) and orbitofrontal–caudate tract (pink). Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFig. 2 Regions of interest (ROIs) and reconstructed targeted tracts in the left hemisphere. (A)The ROIs in the frontal lobe (yellow), parietal lobes (green) and superior longitudinal fasciculus I (yellow), II (pink) and III (blue). (B) The ROIs at the anterior cingulate cortex (purple), posterior cingulate cortex (blue) and cingulum bundle (light green). MethodsParticipantsWe recruited youths with ADHD from the Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital; ADHD was clinically diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria, and 1 of us (S. S. -F. G. ) further confirmed the diagnosis through psychiatric interviews using the epidemiologic version of the Schedule for and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-E). 47 We recruited sex-, age-, handedness-, IQ- and coil-matched control youths from the same school districts as the ADHD group; the control youths were referred by school principals and teachers. Controls and their parents also underwent the Chinese K-SADS-E interview to confirm that they did not have a lifetime or current diagnosis of ADHD or other psychiatric disorders.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: , 8) produce estimates that suggest there was no benefit from increased awareness or development of heat programs as evidenced by negative values. No clear characteristic can be readily identified to link these cities. For example, they are not clustered geographically as the group includes Boston, Massachusetts; Tampa, Florida; and Portland, Oregon. One possibility is that there were important differences in the nature of the EHE days in the periods in these locations compared to other study cities. While a small number of random anomalous results should be expected in an evaluation of this kind a more comprehensive explanation is currently lacking and remains an area for potential future investigation. 4. Summary and conclusionsWhile this analysis provides an insight into the potential impacts of a changing climate on heat-related mortality, there are nevertheless some caveats that need to be considered when evaluating the results. As mentioned previously, this study does not consider any potential changes in the demographic patterns of the cities. Considerable research has shown that the elderly represent a more vulnerable population in terms of negative health impacts of heat (O’Neill et al. 2008; Gronlund et al. 2008; O’Neill and Ebi 2009). As the anticipated demographic trend in the is toward an older population, our mortality estimates may understate the future impact of heat on acute mortality. Our results also assume that current threshold conditions for EHE days and the future health response to these days will remain unchanged. Thus, we have not changed the attributes of the airmass types; the same meteorological criteria lead to the same airmass types throughout this analysis. While society’s future response to specific weather conditions may vary from what is currently observed, the nature of this response is difficult to predict. At the same time, holding this response constant over time helps highlight the risks associated with projections of future climates under different scenarios as well as the potential benefits of climate change mitigation efforts. These are both strong assumptions. In particular, the assumption about the consistent response to warming conditions provides the possibility, all else remaining equal, for a potentially significant underestimation of the impact of health intervention strategies on future EHE-attributable mortality as future conditions increasingly resemble the extremes under the current climate. Overall, our results show extreme heat events representing a source of increased health risk and impacts for many cities across the United States. -estimated changes show an overall increase in summer temperature with often significant increases in the number of future EHE days in most of our study cities.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: Findings from the “Conclusions”, “Results”, “Limitations”, “Contributions”, and “Practical Implications” columns were categorized based on thematic areas such as income volatility, job insecurity, social protections, well-being outcomes, policy implications, and intersectional factors. The categorization process involved identifying keywords associated with each thematic area and assigning findings accordingly. The categorized findings were quantified to analyse the frequency of each thematic area discussed in the literature. Table 4. Quantified themes. Count job insecurity 33 policy implications 21 income volatility 20 social protections 18 well-being outcomes 11 intersectional factors 3 Figure 4. Statistical analysis of identified themes. A bar chart was created to visually represent the distribution of thematic areas, highlighting the frequency of discussion for each (Figure 4). The thematic analysis of the literature provides insights into the experiences of workers from low-income backgrounds in precarious employment within the gig economy. Key themes such as job insecurity, income volatility, and policy implications emerged prominently. Policy interventions are identified as crucial to address the challenges faced by workers, with a focus on ensuring fair working conditions and security for all. 4. 3. Comparative AnalysisIn the comparative analysis, findings from different studies on precarious employment are synthesized to identify similarities, differences, and contradictions across various contexts, populations, and methodological approaches. Across all studies, there is a unanimous recognition of the detrimental effects associated with precarious employment, including job insecurity, income instability, and the trade-off between autonomy and security. This consensus underscores the pervasive challenges faced by workers in precarious arrangements, irrespective of their demographic or occupational characteristics. Furthermore, a recurring theme in the findings is the significant impact of precarious employment on workers’ lives, notably in terms of work-life balance, health issues, and the need for policy interventions. Despite this overarching consensus, variations emerge in the population focus and proposed policy solutions. Studies examine diverse groups such as young workers, migrant gig workers, and freelancers, shedding light on the nuanced experiences and challenges faced by different segments of the workforce. Additionally, while some studies advocate for post-productivist policies to address precarious employment, others propose radical policy overhauls, particularly concerning the rights and protections of migrant workers. These disparities underscore the complexity of addressing precarious employment and highlight the necessity of tailored interventions that consider the diverse needs and circumstances of affected workers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: MRI assessmentsWe obtained MRIs using a 3 T MRI system with a 32-channel phased array head coil, except 3 dyads with a 16-channel phased array head coil. All participants were asked to lie still on the table, and head movement was restricted with expandable foam cushions. We acquired transaxial sections covering the whole brain, with the imaging planes parallel to the line that connects the anterior commissure and the posterior commissure on the sagittal localizer. We acquired T1-weighted images of the whole head using a 3-dimensional magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo () sequence with the following parameters: repetition time (TR) 2530 ms, echo time (TE) 3. 4 ms, slice thickness 1. 0 mm, matrix size 256 × 256, field of view (FOV) 256 × 256 mm. Diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) were acquired using a pulsed-gradient spin-echo echo-planar imaging sequence with a twice-refocused balanced echo. 52 The DWI volumes were acquired by applying diffusion-sensitive gradients with different strengths and directions to fill isotropic grid points in the diffusion-encoding space (q-space). 42 A total of 102 DWI volumes corresponding to the grid points within a half sphere of the q-space (DSI102) were acquired with the maximum diffusion sensitivity value (bmax) set to 4000 s/mm2. The acquisition scheme was a modified version (a half sphere rather than a full sphere) of the optimal q-space sampling method, DSI 203, as previously described. 53 Other acquisition parameters were as follows: TR 9600 ms, TE 130 ms, matrix size 80 × 80, FOV 200 × 200 mm2, and slice thickness 2. 5 mm without gap. The scan time for each DSI acquisition was approximately 16. 5 min. DSI reconstruction and template-based tract-specific analysisHaving acquired DSI data, we obtained the diffusion probability density function (PDF) on the basis of the Fourier association between the PDF and q-space signal. 54 Within each voxel, there were 102 samples at the grid points within a half sphere of the q-space. These 102 samples were first projected around the origin to fill the other half sphere based on the fact that the q-space data were symmetric around the origin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Thus, this represents a significant potential increase in the risk that heat will pose to human health in the twenty-first century, as substantial increases in heat-related mortality are projected in the future. In addition, the results suggest that already vulnerable cities in the Northeast and Midwest will bear the brunt of large mortality increases if the weather warms as the models indicate. It appears that an intervention and mitigation strategy with respect to greenhouse gas emissions could have a noticeable impact on future EHE-attributable mortality, as the estimated deaths associated with the lower emissions scenario are less than half of those projected to occur under higher emissions scenarios by the 2090s. However, the proportionality of these differences is less likely to exist in earlier periods as the impact of emissions control increases over time in these scenarios. Similarly, the comparison of results using the two different mortality algorithms suggests that advances in EHE notification and response that have occurred during the period 1996–2004 have had a significant impact in reducing EHE-related mortality. Projecting these benefits into the future highlights the importance of these advances in a warming climate. The magnitude of the resulting estimates shows the potential health benefits that could be realized by continuing to improve these efforts. 213. Anderson, B. G. , and BellM. L. , 2009: Weather-related mortality: How heat, cold and heat waves affect mortality in the United States. Epidemiology, 20 (2), 205–213. )| falseSearch 42. . , and HayhoeK. , 2008: Climate change scenarios for the California region. Climatic Change, 87 (Suppl. 1), S21–S42. )| falseSearch 70. and KalksteinL. S. , 1998: Analysis of differences in hot weather-related mortality across 44 U. S. metropolitan areas. Environ. Sci. Policy, 1 (1), 59–70. )| falseSearch 2143. Collins, W. D. , and Coauthors, 2006: Model version 3 (CCSM3). J. Climate, 19, 2122–2143. )| falseSearch 519. Dai, A. , WigleyT. M. L. , BovilleB. A. , KiehlJ. T. , and BujaL. E. , 2001: Climates of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries simulated by the NCAR climate system model. J. Climate, 14, 485–519.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: Moreover, methodological differences are evident, with qualitative research methods such as in-depth interviews and case studies being predominant in exploring the experiences of workers. Comparative case studies, as exemplified by Lehdonvirta (2018), offer valuable insights into the variations in temporal flexibility across different platforms. However, limitations in generalizability and power dynamics between workers and capital are acknowledged across studies, indicating the challenges inherent in extrapolating findings to broader contexts. Despite these limitations, each study contributes novel perspectives, such as the interplay between precarity and autonomy, the role of migrant labor, and the sociomaterial practices of gig workers. Collectively, the research underscores the pressing need for policy interventions to protect workers and address the multifaceted challenges posed by precarious employment arrangements. 4. 4. Synthesis and IntegrationIn this section, the research conducts a synthesis and integration analysis of the dataset by extracting and compiling relevant data from the dataset to prepare for a meta-analysis. The compiled data include information such as the year of publication, authors, journal, conclusions, summarized abstracts, results, methods used, literature survey, limitations, contributions, qualitative data, and practical implications. Statistical analysis on the compiled data to assess the magnitude and consistency of the associations between precarious employment and financial well-being outcomes. This included calculating effect sizes and examining the variability across studies. Based on the provided statistical results, the mean effect size across the studies is 0. 50, with a standard deviation of 0. 00, indicating a moderate and consistent association between precarious employment and financial well-being outcomes. The effect size is uniform across the studies, as evidenced by the lack of variability (std = 0. 00), suggesting that precarious employment consistently has a moderate impact on financial well-being outcomes among the employed poorThe forest plot visualization (Figure 5) reinforces the consistency of the effect sizes across different years, with all studies reporting an effect size of 0. 50. The plot does not show confidence intervals, which are typically used to assess the precision of the effect size estimates. However, the lack of variation in effect sizes suggests that the results are homogeneous. Figure 5. Forest plot of effect size by year. The evidence suggests a moderate and consistent association between precarious employment and financial well-being outcomes among the employed poor. A full meta-analysis would require additional data on confidence intervals, and the integration of qualitative evidence would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the issue. 4. 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The 8 corners outside of the sphere were filled with zeros, resulting in a 7 × 7 × 7 data grid in the q-space. A Hanning filter with a width of 17 units was applied to the q-space data and followed by a 3-dimensional Fourier transformation of the q-space signal to obtain the PDF. The ODF (Ψ(u)) was computed by obtaining the second moment of the PDF along each of the 362 radial directions (6-fold tessellated icosahedron). At each voxel, GFA was quantified in terms of SD(Ψ)/RMS(Ψ), where SD is the standard deviation and RMS is the root mean square. The GFA indicates the directionality of the ODF and ranges from zero (when the diffusion is completely isotropic) to 1 (when the diffusion is restricted to only 1 direction). 45 To determine the local tract directions in each voxel, we used an iterative approach to decompose the ODF into several constituent Gaussian ODFs. 55 The resulting local tract direction field was obtained for tractography. To avoid subjective variation arising from manual tractography, we used a template-based approach. First, a study-specific DSI template (SSDT) was constructed from all the recruited participants using a coregistration method under the framework of large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping. 56 Two of us (W. -Y. I. T. , Y. -C. L. , who has more than 7 years’ experience in DSI tractography) reconstructed 10 target tracts, namely the bilateral frontostriatal tracts (i. e. , caudate-VLPFC, caudate-DLPFC, caudate-OFC, Fig. 1), SLF (Fig. 2) and cingulum bundles (Fig. 2), under consensus. They placed appropriate ROIs on the SSDT to segment the target tracts. The appropriate ROIs were defined in the automated anatomic labelling (AAL) system57 using the WFU PickAtlas version 3. 0. 4. The coordinates of these ROIs in AAL were transformed to SSDT after performing the coregistration between SSDT and the for 152 template using a Dartel toolbox in SPM12.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/wcd-4-427-2023 © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Special issue: Past and future European atmospheric extreme events under. . . © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/wcd-4-427-2023, 2023. Received: 30 Sep 2022 – Discussion started: 17 Oct 2022 – Revised: 22 Feb 2023 – Accepted: 24 Mar 2023 – Published: 12 May 2023 1 events in highly populated areas are one of the main natural hazards for modern society (Hammond et al. , 2015; Kreibich et al. , 2014; Barredo, 2007). has regularly been affected by substantial flooding events in the last few decades in several river catchments due to extreme precipitation events. Remarkable flooding events were the Rhine floods in June 2021 and in December 1993, the Oder floods in May 2010 and in July and August 1997, and the flooding events in central Europe in June 2013 and in August 2002. During the two latter events, several catchments, but mainly the Danube and Elbe, were affected. Such an impact on several river catchments often occurs with spatially very extended extreme precipitation events. Many of the flood events had devastating impacts such as several to hundreds of human life losses, thousands of evacuations and economic losses of several million to billion euros (Munich Re, 2022; Engel, 2004; Munich Re, 1999). The central European flood in August 2002 was the most expensive natural hazard for central Europe, caused accumulated costs of about EUR 15 billion for both public and private properties, and even impacted business interruptions after the event (Mueller, 2003), while the Rhine flood in June 2021 was globally the second most expensive natural hazard in 2021 (Statista, 2022). These damages were associated with high water levels, partly even the highest water levels on record. For instance, during the central European flood in June 2013, several gauges measured record water levels including in the German city Passau (at the Danube) where the highest water levels of about 12. 75 m were recorded since 1501 (Merz et al. , 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: Gap AnalysisThe analysis conducted on the dataset for meta-analysis (Table 5) purposes has provided valuable insights into the completeness, suitability, and potential avenues for further exploration regarding precarious employment and its impact on financial well-being. Through meticulous examination, it was found that the dataset exhibits a commendable level of completeness, with no missing values impeding analysis. Moreover, the presence of a diverse range of sources and methodologies underscores the comprehensive approach taken in studying precarious employment. Table 5. Completeness and suitability of dataset for meta-analysis. The dataset exhibits a mean of 0. 00 for missing data, indicating no missing values. Consistency of mean of 3. 71 for year counts and 1. 37 for journal counts suggests moderate reporting consistency. Diversity of dataset comprises 19 unique journals, 7 unique years, and 26 unique methods, indicating a diverse range of sources and methodologies. The integration of qualitative data, elucidating themes such as autonomy and precarity among young workers, enriches the quantitative findings, offering a nuanced understanding of the research question. While no glaring research gaps were identified within the dataset, the absence of missing entries in crucial columns warrants further scrutiny to pinpoint areas necessitating additional investigation. Consequently, longitudinal and cross-cultural studies are recommended to delve deeper into the evolving nature of precarious employment and its varied impacts across different socio-economic contexts. Policy implications gleaned from the analysis underscore the imperative for autonomy-sensitive labor market policies and radical overhauls to address precarisation, particularly concerning migrant gig work. The findings also advocate for transnational regulatory arrangements to effectively govern platform-mediated labor, emphasizing the need for comprehensive labor protections and innovative regulatory measures in today’s dynamic employment landscape. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on precarious employment, offering valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners alike. 5. DiscussionThe research findings make significant contributions to the understanding of precarious employment in the gig economy. By highlighting the trade-offs between autonomy and security, the studies provide nuanced insights into the experiences of workers in non-standard employment arrangements. Moreover, the research expands the discourse beyond Western contexts by examining the specific challenges faced by young workers and migrant gig workers. This broadens the scope of existing literature and contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of precarious work globally. The use of qualitative methods is notable strength of the research.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: We performed a streamline-based fibre tracking algorithm with whole brain seeding using DSI studio ( based on the local tract directions. Having obtained tractography of each target tract on SSDT, the coordinates of streamlines were aligned along the proceeding direction of each tract bundle and were saved as the sampling coordinates of GFA. The sampling coordinates of target tracts were then transformed from SSDT to individual DSI data set according to the established transformation between SSDT and native DSI space. Finally, the GFA values of each target tract were sampled on the corresponding sampling coordinates in the native DSI space. Statistical analysesWe conducted statistical analyses using SAS version 9. 2 software (SAS Institute). The α value was preselected at the level of p < 0. 05. The descriptive results are displayed as the mean ± SD for continuous variables. Because of the matched case–control study design, we used the paired t test to compare the mean scores of IQ and ADHD symptom counts, CCPT performance, and GFA values of the white matter tracts between the ADHD and control groups. We computed the Cohen d to indicate small (0. 2–0. 5), medium (0. 5–0. 8) and large (≥ 0. 8) effect sizes. To control for the inflation of type I error in computing multiple bivariate correlations, we used multiple linear regression models with the backward elimination procedure to determine the association between the attention measures (i. e. , ADHD symptoms and CCPT indexes) as dependent variables and the GFA values of the 10 target tracts as independent variables. We used the backward elimination procedure to identify the fitted model containing variables from these 10 tracts, which maintained significant effects on each of the attention measures. We calculated R2 values to present the proportion of the variance of each attention measure that can be explained by the microstructural property, presented by the GFA values, of some of the fibre tracts in the final fitted model. ResultsParticipantsThe sample consisted of 50 youths with ADHD and 50 controls. The demographic and clinical characteristics of participants are shown in Table 1. Among the 50 youths with ADHD, 26 (52%) had the combined type and 24 (48%) had the predominantly inattentive type. Seventeen of the youths with ADHD had comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), 2 youths had comorbid conduct disorder, and 3 youths had both comorbid ODD and conduct disorder.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: However, several improvements in flood risk management implemented in the beginning of the 21st century following the floods at the end of the 20th century prevented some areas from socioeconomic losses to a large extent (Merz et al. , 2014; Bissolli et al. , 2011). Nevertheless, as losses can never be totally eliminated, it is important to gain more knowledge about the atmospheric triggering mechanisms that induce such extreme floods to improve forecasts of these events and warn the public at an early stage. Additionally, flooding events can become even more relevant in the future, as climate simulations show a higher frequency of extreme precipitation events in the mid-latitudes in a warmer climate (Pendergrass and Hartmann, 2014; Fischer et al. , 2013; O'Gorman and Schneider, 2009). flooding is typically associated with large-scale extreme precipitation events over a river catchment, which are linked to mid-latitude cyclones that become quasi-stationary over central or eastern Europe for a few days as described in Grams et al. (2014), Pfahl (2014), Blöschl et al. (2013), Bissolli et al. (2011) and Ulbrich et al. (2003). In case studies, Grams et al. (2014) and Ulbrich et al. (2003) found that the origin of such a circulation anomaly was linked to upper-level Rossby wave breaking and the formation of an upper-level cutoff low over western Europe. The stationarity of such a cutoff low can be facilitated by a blocking anticyclone over the North Atlantic, sometimes in combination with a blocking over western Russia as shown by Blöschl et al. (2013). Such an upper-tropospheric configuration is often associated with either a surface cyclone moving from western Europe southeastwards around the southern flanks of the Alps or with cyclogenesis over the Ligurian Sea, followed by a northeastward track of the surface cyclone towards central or eastern Europe (Bissolli et al. , 2011; Mudelsee et al. , 2004; Ulbrich et al. , 2003). Such cyclone tracks are typically known as a “Vb” weather type (van Bebber, 1891). However, the central European flood in June 2013 was triggered by surface cyclones that formed over eastern Europe but moved towards central Europe as well (Grams et al. , 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: These methods offer rich, detailed insights into workers’ experiences, allowing for a deeper understanding of the nuances of precarious employment. However, the research also identifies limitations, including the limited structural power of young workers against capital and their weaker unionization and bargaining power. Additionally, the difficulty in imagining alternatives to neoliberal employment arrangements poses challenges to addressing the underlying issues of precarious work. The research findings have important implications for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers. Policymakers are urged to implement autonomy-sensitive labor market and social policies, overhaul existing policies to counter migrant gig work precarization, and establish universal labor protections and living wage standards. Practitioners are encouraged to engage migrant gig workers in unions and regulatory agencies and develop innovative regulatory measures to disrupt platform-mediated labor commodification. For researchers, there is a call to focus on outcomes over control for flexible working assessment and explore literacies for working on digital platforms among high-skilled freelancers. The research findings suggest several evidence-based interventions to address the challenges of precarious employment. Policy interventions are needed to minimize the scarring effects of precarious employment and to rethink immigrant integration into labor markets for better conditions. The establishment of transnational regulatory arrangements to govern platforms beyond labor laws could inform evidence-based interventions and promote fair labor practices globally. Addressing the challenges of precarious employment is essential for promoting equity and social justice within the gig economy. The research underscores the need for broader worker protections and redistributive social policies to ensure fair treatment and adequate compensation for all workers. Interdisciplinary collaborations are also highlighted as valuable in developing comprehensive strategies to address the multifaceted challenges of precarious employment and promote social justice within the gig economy. Finally, the research identifies several promising paths for future research. Continued exploration of the relationship between technology and work, including the impact of platform design on worker practices, is recommended. Additionally, there is a need for more studies focusing on the intersection of precarious employment with factors such as race, gender, and immigration status to inform more inclusive policies and practices. Future research should aim to further our understanding of precarious employment and inform evidence-based interventions to promote fair and equitable labor practices in the gig economy. 6. ConclusionThis comprehensive review of precarious employment within the gig economy offers a nuanced understanding of the challenges confronting low-income workers. The synthesis of empirical findings underscores the precarious balance between autonomy and security that characterizes non-standard work arrangements.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Third, our sensitivity analysis produced almost consistent results after removing the 6 participants in whom a different type of coil was used or after removing the 2 left-handed participants. Therefore, the significant group difference in the mean GFA for some tracts is unlikely to be a chance variation. Finally, we did not correct for multiple comparisons in our analyses given the scarce literature on this topic. 67 We presented original statistical results to allow readers to evaluate their importance and significance. 7 Research in an independent sample would be necessary to replicate and validate the present findings. ConclusionThis study provides strong evidence to support altered white matter tract property in the left frontostriatal tracts, bilateral SLF and right cingulum bundle in youths with ADHD. Besides the frontostriatal tracts, our data suggest that the SLF and cingulum bundle are also involved in the core neuropathological underpinnings of ADHD since the property of these tracts was associated with several attention components. In addition, such differential association patterns between youths with ADHD and controls implied the possibility of a compensatory mechanism. We suggest further studies to examine other fibre tracts theoretically associated with ADHD neuropathology and that such studies use different tasks to assess more dimensions of neuropsychological functions, conduct subgroup analyses if the sample size is large enough and collect longitudinal data. AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the Council (NSC99-2627-B-002-015, NSC100-2627-B-002-014, NSC101-2627-B-002-002, NSC101-2321-B-002-079) and the (NTUH101-S1910), Taiwan. The manuscript preparation was supported by the (NHRI-EX102-0008PI) and Ministry of (101-EC-17-A-19-S1-175), Taiwan. FootnotesCompeting interests: None declared. Contributors: H. -L. Chiang and S. S. -F. Gau designed the study. W. -Y. I. Tseng and S. S. -F. Gau acquired the data, which and S. S. -F. Gau analyzed. H. -L. Chiang, Y. -J. Chen and S. S. F. Gau wrote the 2008. 21, 2014. Revision received August 29, 2014. 25, 2015. 46.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Such conditions are often the result of the accumulation of precipitation during the days or weeks before the extreme flooding (Grams et al. , 2014; Merz et al. , 2014; Bissolli et al. , 2011; Engel, 1997). In most previous studies, detailed analyses of the atmospheric dynamics of historical extreme precipitation events associated with central European flooding have been done in case studies. Some of these studies have compared their results with a few other floods in the same river catchment. However, due to the shortage of the observational record it is difficult to determine the return level of the most severe historical floods, and there are too few events to systematically investigate the generic atmospheric processes leading to such events. Today's knowledge about the mechanisms of such extreme events is, therefore, based on analyses of single events as well as on statistical investigations of more moderate precipitation events with return periods on the order of 1 up to a few years (Donat et al. , 2013; Sillmann et al. , 2013; Pfahl and Wernli, 2012; Kenyon and Hegerl, 2010). Higher return levels are typically estimated based on extreme value theory such as in Maraun et al. (2011). Still, the length of observational time series plays an important role in the precision of such statistical estimates as well. Additionally, a detailed analysis of the underlying meteorological processes is complicated, as the extreme events are usually not explicitly identified in such statistical assessments. Kelder et al. (2020) recently showed that a large ensemble simulation approach can yield novel insights into more extreme events and their changes during the last few decades. They investigated 3 d precipitation extremes with return periods of up to 100 years in Norway and showed that a 100-year precipitation event in 1981 is equivalent to a 40-year event in 2015. Nevertheless, there is still a systematic lack of knowledge on the mechanisms leading to very extreme precipitation events with return periods on the order of 100 years. It is also unclear how these mechanisms of 100-year events distinguish from more moderate precipitation events. These knowledge gaps are addressed in the present study. This study focuses on the dynamical mechanisms behind very extreme large-scale precipitation events with a return period of 100 years in five major central European river catchments, which have the potential to cause devastating flooding events.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gig economy jobs are as secure as traditional employment. [SEP] Text: The research highlights the pressing need for policy interventions and cross-disciplinary collaborations to address the multifaceted nature of precarious work. By advancing our knowledge of the conditions under which gig economy workers operate, this study calls for a reevaluation of labor protections and social policies to promote equitable treatment and economic stability for this vulnerable segment of the workforce. Future inquiries should continue to explore the complex relationship between technological advancements and employment practices, with a focus on developing inclusive strategies that safeguard worker rights in the evolving landscape of the gig economy. 179. [2] Alberti, G. , Bessa, I. , Hardy, K. , Trappmann, V. , & Umney, C. (2018). In, against and Beyond Precarity: Work in Insecure Times. Work, Employment and Society, 32, 447-457. [3] Behl, A. , Rajagopal, K. , Sheorey, P. , & Mahendra, A. (2022). Barriers to Entry of in the Gig Platforms: Exploring the of the Gig Economy. of Information Management, 74, 818-839. [4] Berger, T. , Frey, C. B. , Levin, G. , & Danda, S. R. (2019). Uber Happy? Work and Well-Being in the ‘Gig Economy’. Economic Policy, 34, 429-477. [5] Cornelissen, J. , & Cholakova, M. (2019). Everything? Economy and the Morality of Category Work. Strategic Organization, 19, 722-731. [6] Coyle, D. (2017). Precarious and in the Digital Economy. Economic Review, 240, R5-R14. [7] Friedman, G. (2014). Workers without Employers: and the Rise of the Gig Economy. Review of Keynesian Economics, 2, 171-188. [8] Gauffin, K. (2020). Precariousness on the Market: A Theoretical and Empirical Account. Review, 31, 279-298. [9] Glavin, P. , Bierman, A. , & Schieman, S. (2021). Über-Alienated: Powerless and Alone in the Gig Economy. Work and Occupations, 48, 399-431.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, altering cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: ↵Validation of diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging with manganese-enhanced rat optic tracts and ex vivo phantoms. Neuroimage 2003;19:482–95. ↵Tuch DS. Q-ball imaging. Med 2004;52:1358–72. ↵Basser PJ, Pierpaoli C. Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI. J B 1996;111:209–19. ↵A 3-year panel study of mental disorders among adolescents in Taiwan. Psychiatry 2005;162:1344–50. ↵. Association between early attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and current verbal and visuo-spatial short-term memory. Disabil 2013;34:710–20. ↵. Rapid visual information processing as a cognitive endophenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2014;44:435–46. ↵Conners CK (2000) Staff. M. Conners’ Test II: computer program for Windows technical guide and software manual (Mutli-). ↵Egeland J, Kovalik-Gran I. Validity of the factor structure of Conners’ CPT. J 2010;13:347–57. ↵Reduction of eddy-current-induced distortion in diffusion MRI using a twice-refocused spin echo. Med 2003;49:177–82. ↵Optimization of diffusion spectrum imaging and q-ball imaging on clinical MRI system. Neuroimage 2008;41:7–18. ↵Diffraction-like effects in NMR diffusion studies of fluids in porous solids. Nature 1991;351:467–9Available: www. nature. com/nature/journal/v351/n6326/abs/351467a0. htmlaccessed 2015 Apr. 7OpenUrlCrossRef↵. Estimation of fiber orientation and spin density distribution by diffusion deconvolution. Neuroimage 2011;55:1054–62. ↵. A large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping solution for diffusion spectrum imaging datasets. Neuroimage 2012;63:818–34. OpenUrl↵Tzourio-Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the single-subject brain.

Output: pass