Input: Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: : 2329-8863 Advances in and for Manuscript 10. 4172/2329-8863. 1000358 and Stability of in Bale, Miheretu Fufa*31, Ziway, Ethiopia *Corresponding Author: 31, Ziway, Ethiopia, Tel: +251911530715, Email: miheretufufag@gmail. com Received: 09-Mar-2018 Accepted Date: 28-Apr-2018 Published Date: 05-May-2018 DOI: 10. 4172/2329-8863. 1000358 genotypes were evaluated across locations to assess their agronomic performance, genotype by environment interaction and seed yield stability during 2011 and 2012 at Sinana, Goro and Ginir in randomized complete design with three replications. Except the number of capsules per plant, the analysis of variance indicated that there was highly significant variation (p<0. 01) among the genotypes in days to flower, plant height, primary branches, days to maturity, biomass yield and seed yield. The combined analysis of variance indicated that the genotype x environment interaction was highly significant (p<0. 01) indicating that there is a need to know which component of the interaction is contributing to the variation. The genotype by environment interaction explained contributed to the majority (79. 16%) of the variation while the genotype and environment respectively explained 19. 72 and 1. 12% of the total sum of squares. The variation is majorly contributed by the genotype x environment interaction than genotype indicating that there was substantial difference in genotypic response across environments. AMMI stability analysis revealed that all the four AMMI components are highly significant. The first and second principal components contributed 70. 85% and 17. 0% of interaction sum of squares respectively. The PCA1 and PCA2 had sum of squares greater than that of genotypes and cumulatively contributed to 87. 86% of the total GEI. Based on the calculated AMMI stability value, BC-DM-9 was the most stable genotypes followed by ACBC- 6 and AC-BC-19. On the other hand, genotype AC-BC-10 was the most unstable followed by MAB-057, ACBC- 8, Local and AC-BC-4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It was interesting to note that the best results were obtained in the absence of exogenous β-glucosidase (Table 2, Entry 2). The maximal glucose concentration was only 2. 9 g/L, and TRS was 1. 8 g/L at the end of culture. Lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity reached 15. 1 g/L, 159. 4 mg/g alkaline-pretreated corn stover and 4. 69 g/L/h, respectively. Lipid coefficient was improved by 37. 9% and 23. 2% compared to that of the SHELP and SSLP processes, respectively. Such good results might be due to optimal nutrient limitation because of less enzyme loadings, and to well-matched rates between enzymatic hydrolysis and lipid production. Enzyme recoveryTo test enzyme stability during the culture process, enzyme samples were first incubated under identical conditions for 71 hours, and then loaded with 10% (w/v) alkaline-pretreated corn stover samples for hydrolysis. Glucose and TRS reached 42. 0 g/L and 73. 7 g/L after 36 hours, while the corresponding fresh enzymes gave glucose and TRS at 43. 7 g/L and 76. 9 g/L, respectively. These results suggested that the culture process had minor detrimental effects on enzyme stability. When the corn stover samples were treated by the spent culture supernatants of the SSELP process initially loaded with 10 FPU/g cellulase and 80 U/g xylanase, concentrations of glucose and TRS after 48 hours were 9. 3 g/L and 31. 2 g/L, respectively. However, hydrolysis with identical amounts of fresh enzymes gave glucose and TRS at 23. 3 g/L and 55. 5 g/L, respectively. These results indicate that substantial enzyme activities were recovered. To further demonstrate the possibility of enzyme recovery, the spent supernatants were loaded with 10% (w/v) alkaline-pretreated corn stover and C. curvatus cells equivalent to 0. 36 g of CDW for the second SSELP run. Lipid titre and lipid coefficient were 4. 9 g/L and 44. 1 mg/g, which were 32. 7% and 27. 9%, respectively, of those from the fresh enzymes used in the first run.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: A three‐dose schedule of Ty21a vaccine provided vaccine efficacy of 45% at year 1 (95% CI 14% to 65%; 76,296 participants; Analysis 1. 1), 59% at year 2 (95% CI 43% to 71%; 76,296 participants; Analysis 1. 2) and 56% at year 3 (95% CI 24% to 75%; 76,296 participants; Analysis 1. 3). The cumulative efficacy of the Ty21a vaccine over 2. 5 to 3 years was 50% (95% CI 35% to 61%; 235,239 participants; Analysis 1. 4). Cumulative efficacy of the three‐dose schedule of Ty21a vaccine for over three years is available from two of the adjusted cluster‐RCTs (Levine 1987ii CHL; Levine 1990i CHL). Cumulative efficacy was 77% at five years (95% CI 60% to 86%; Table 1) and 63% at seven years (95% CI 42% to 76%; Table 1). We were unable to conduct subgroup analysis by age, as trials evaluating the efficacy of the Ty21a vaccine did not stratify results according to this variable. In the cumulative analysis there is moderate heterogeneity that is not explained by stratifying results by type of preparation. In direct randomized comparisons between liquid and enteric capsules (Analysis 2. 1) and between enteric and gelatin capsules (Analysis 3. 1), the heterogeneity was too high to pool the results, so we were unable to conduct a meta‐analysis. Adverse events None of the individual‐ or cluster‐randomized trials reported any serious adverse events (5 trials, 235,239 participants: Levine 1986i CHL; Levine 1986ii CHL; Olanratmanee 1992 THA; Wahdan 1980a EGY; Wahdan 1980b EGY; Simanjuntak 1991i IDN; Simanjuntak 1991ii IDN; 4. 2), diarrhoea (2 trials, 2066 participants; Analysis 4. 3), nausea or abdominal pain (2 trials, 2066 participants; Analysis 4. 4), headache (1 trial, 1190 participants; Analysis 4. 5), or rash (1 trial, 1190 participants; Analysis 4. 6) compared with control. However, fever was more common after vaccine delivery (RR 1. 84, 95% CI 1. 02 to 3. 05; 2 trials, 2066 participants).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: AMMI biplot of seed yield indicated that BC-DM-11 Xereta-1, AC-BC-9 and MAB-018 expressed a highly interactive behavior while genotype 394640-539 showed low interaction and thus stable in its seed yield (kg/ha). : Black cumin; GXEI; Stability and agronomic performance Cumin (Nigella sativa L. ) is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Ranunculacea [1]. It has been used since antiquity for culinary, seasoning, medicinal and pharmacological purposes [2]. Its seed constituents have unique chemical properties with more than one hundred different chemical components [3]. It is also a valuable source of carbohydrates, proteins, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Because of its characteristic properties, there is an increasing demand in the domestic and international markets [1]. is one of the seed spices grown in Ethiopia with a great capacity in income generation at local as well as international market. Owing to this, is included in the crops prioritized in the agricultural strategy and specialization program of Ethiopia with a potential of fulfilling the agriculture-led industry development policy of the country. Even though the crop is with a great potential contribution in the economic development of the country, its productivity and production was too low. One of the reasons that contributed to its low production and productivity is lack of stable improved cultivar with wider adaptability in the past for it has been neglected in the research system of the country. As a result, the country was not getting the benefit that would be incurred from the genetic potential and diversity the crop had. Since 2003, however, the crop was included in the crop improvement research of the country to evaluate the available landraces and generate improved cultivars that are stable and have wide adaptability in their performance. Crop performance depends on the genotype and environment as well as their interaction. Thus, testing genotypes over diverse environments is universal practice to ensure the stability of performance of the genotypes [4]. Generally, genotypes that perform well over a wide range of environmental conditions are preferred [5]. This can be achieved through the evaluation of performance of genotypes across locations and years [6]. However, identification and recommendation of superior genotypes is complicated and severely limited by genotype x environment interaction [7].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It should be noted that alkaline-pretreated corn stover contained about 8. 2% lignin, which might entrap some enzymes and reduce enzyme recovery efficiency. Interestingly, desorption strategies were known to improve enzyme recovery from the biomass hydrolysis mixtures [29]. Therefore, it is expected that more enzymes can be recycled from the SSELP process upon further optimization. Comparison between processes for lipid production from corn stoverMicrobial lipid samples from different processes were analyzed and the results are shown in Table 3. It was found that fatty acids with 16 and 18 carbon atoms were the majority, and the fatty acid compositional profiles were similar to those of vegetable oils, suggesting that microbial lipids were suitable for biodiesel production [30]. Lipid samples from the SSLP and SSELP processes contained neutral lipids around 95%, which were apparently higher than that of the SHELP process. The difference was likely caused by an additional petroleum-ether extraction step used to extract lipids in the SSLP and SSELP processes, which removed major polar lipids including glycolipids, sphingolipids and phospholipids because of their poor solubility in petroleum ethers. Also, higher contents of unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid and linoleic acid, were found in lipid samples from the SSLP and SSELP processes. However, direct comparison on fatty acid compositional profiles were not appropriate because these samples were from different cultivation and extraction processes. Table 3 Lipid fractions and fatty acid compositions of lipid samples produced from corn stover by Cryptococcus curvatus under different culture modes Full size tableResults of three processes for lipid production from alkaline-pretreated corn stover by C. curvatus are summarized in Figure 4. A one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test demonstrated that lipid coefficients increased significantly among different processes following the order of and SSELP (P <0. 05). The highest lipid coefficient of 15. 9 g/100 g alkaline-pretreated corn stover, equal to 9. 8 g/100 g raw corn stover, was obtained for the SSELP process, when 1. 0 kFPU cellulase and 8. 0 kU xylanase were used (Route C).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 07 to 34. 22; 3 trials, 1767 participants; Analysis 6. 3) and pain at the injection site (RR 7. 98, 95% CI 3. 69 to 17. 24; 1 trial, 667 participants; Analysis 6. 4) were more common after delivery of the Vi polysaccharide vaccine. See summary of findings Table 2. Vi‐rEPA vaccine trial in children aged two to five years, conducted in Vietnam, evaluated the efficacy of this vaccine (Lin 2001 VNM), reporting that it was 94% at year 1 (95% CI 75% to 99%; 12,008 participants; Analysis 7. 1) and 87% in year 2 (95% CI 56% to 96%; 12,008 participants; Analysis 7. 1), with a two‐year cumulative efficacy of 91% (95% CI 78% to 96%; 12,008 participants; Analysis 7. 1). The cumulative efficacy of the Vi‐rEPA vaccine after 3. 8 years was 89% (95% CI 77% to 95%; 12,008 participants, Analysis 7. 1). The planned vaccine schedule was two doses of vaccine approximately six weeks apart. Although 388 children in the vaccine group received only one dose of vaccine instead of two, authors still analysed them along with those who had received two doses. The cumulative two‐year efficacy for two doses of vaccine was the same as for one or two doses of vaccine, so this did not seem to undermine the validity of the results. No trials assessed the efficacy of this vaccine in children older than five or in adults. Adverse events One trial evaluated adverse events associated with this vaccine, reporting no serious events (Lin 2001 VNM). Fever was more common following delivery of both the first and second vaccinations with Vi‐rEPA compared with placebo (dose 1: RR 2. 54, 95% CI 1. 69 to 3. 82, 12,008 participants, 1 trial, Analysis 8. 1; dose 2: RR 4. 39, 95% CI 2. 85 to 6. 77, 11,091 participants, 1 trial, Analysis 8. 2). After the first dose of Vi‐rEPA, no participants in either the test or placebo group reported erythema or swelling at the injection site (Analysis 8. 3; Analysis 8. 5). After the second dose, there was no significant difference between the vaccine and placebo for erythema (Analysis 8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: The reason is that, in the presence of GEI, yield is less predictable and cannot be interpreted based on genotype and environmental means alone [8,9] for GEI confound the genotypic performance with environmental effects [5,10-12]. Several statistical models and procedures have been developed and exploited for studying the GEI effect and stability of genotypes [6,7,10,13]. One of the models is the effect and (AMMI). Effect and (AMMI) is the model of first choice when main effects and interaction are both important to increase accuracy [12]. It is a powerful tool for effective analysis and interpretation of multi-environment data structure in breeding programs and is useful for understanding GEI [4,6]. This method integrates analysis of variance and principal component analysis (PCA) into a united approach [13]. Plant breeders frequently apply AMMI model for explaining GEI and analyzing the performance of genotypes and test environments [14,15]. With the intention to meet the national agricultural development policy and the specialization program, genotypes were under evaluation at multi-location in order to identify stable genotypes with wider adaptability and better agronomic performance. Stability in performance is one of the most desirable properties of a genotype to be released as a variety for wide cultivation [16]. Most of the works so far done on Black Cumin, however, focused on its nutritional as well as medicinal properties. Thus, the information documented on its breeding aspect is scanty. Accordingly, this paper assesses agronomic performance, genotype x environment interaction (GEI) as well as seed yield stability of genotypes under Bale, using joint regression analysis and AMMI analysis. genotypes of were evaluated across locations in a randomized complete block design with replications at Sinana, Goro and Ginir during 2011 and 2012. Sinana is located at an altitude of 2400 m. a. s. l. Sinana has a range of mean annual rainfall of 563-1018 mm with minimum and maximum temperature of 7. 9°C and 24. 3°C, respectively. The soil type is dark-brown with slightly acidic reaction [17]. Goro and Ginir are located at altitudinal range of 1557-2032 m. a. s. l. and 1860-2337 m. a. s. l respectively. The genotypes were sown on a plot area of 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It should be pointed out that the lipids were slightly underestimated for the SSLP and SSELP processes because polar lipids were partially removed by the petroleum-ether partition step. Therefore, lipid coefficient values of the SSLP and SSELP processes were conservative. Compared with the SHELP process, both cellulase and xylanase loadings were reduced by 50% and no β-glucosidase was used for the SSELP process. Lipid coefficient of 12. 9 g/100 g alkaline-pretreated corn stover, corresponding to 7. 9 g/100 g raw corn stover, was observed for the SSLP process. For the SHELP process, lipid coefficient was only 11. 6 g/100 g alkaline-pretreated corn stover (Route A). process gave the lowest lipid coefficient, likely due to TRS loss in the hydrolysates recovery step and the presence of more nutrients originating from higher enzyme loadings. Because β-glucosidase, additional equipment and longer time were required, the SHELP process was apparently less cost-effective than the other two processes. Figure 4Flow chart indicating mass balance of lipid production from corn stover by Cryptococcus curvatus under different culture modes. CBU, cellobiase unit; FPU, filter paper unit; SHELP, separated hydrolysis and enhanced lipid production; SSELP, simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production; SSLP, simultaneous saccharification and lipid production. Full size imageRecently, lignocellulosic materials have been explored as feedstocks for microbial lipid production by different oleaginous microbes with different processes [3],[14],[31]-[34]. For example, enzymatic hydrolysis and lipid production by the yeast Trichosporon cutaneum were integrated in a 50 L stirred-tank bioreactor, where lipid titre, lipid coefficient and lipid productivity were only 3. 23 g/L, 32. 3 mg/g corn stover and 0. 86 g/L/d, respectively [14]. Lipid production by Microsphaeropsis sp. was carried out using steam-exploded wheat straw under solid-state culture conditions, and lipid coefficient was about 80 mg/g [33]. As shown in Table 4, the SSELP process had higher lipid coefficient and lipid productivity over those of previous results.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) to prevent one case of typhoid fever Ty21a vaccine The liquid formulation of the Ty21a vaccine had a three‐year cumulative protective efficacy of 71% (95% CI 34% to 88%; Levine 1990i CHL; Simanjuntak 1991i IDN; Wahdan 1980a EGY; Analysis 1. 4). The incidence rate in the control group was 544/100,000 with a corresponding NNTB of 259 (95% CI 209 to 541). The enteric capsule formulation of the Ty21a vaccine had three‐year cumulative protective efficacy of 46% (95% CI 32% to 58%; Levine 1987i CHL; Levine 1987ii CHL; Levine 1990ii CHL; Simanjuntak 1991ii IDN; Analysis 1. 4). The incidence in the control group was 734/100,000, and the corresponding NNTB was 296 (95% CI 235 to 426). Vi polysaccharide vaccine polysaccharide vaccine has a 2. 5‐ to 3‐year cumulative protective efficacy of 55% (95% CI 30% to 70%; Klugman 1987 ZAF; Analysis 4. 2), with an incidence rate of 1160/100,000. From these data, we estimated the NNTB to be 157 (95% CI 1234 to 287). Discussion available in English Español Summary of main results Ty21a vaccine (three doses) A three‐dose schedule of Ty21a vaccine probably prevents around half of typhoid cases during the first three years after vaccination (moderate‐certainty evidence). These data include patients aged 3 to 44 years. Compared with placebo, this vaccine probably does not cause more vomiting, diarrhoea, nausea, or abdominal pain, (moderate‐certainty evidence) headache, or rash (moderate‐certainty evidence); however, fever is probably more common following vaccination (moderate‐certainty evidence). See summary of findings Table for the main comparison. Vi polysaccharide vaccine (one dose) A single dose of Vi polysaccharide vaccine prevents around two‐thirds of typhoid cases in the first year after vaccination (high‐certainty evidence). In year 2, trial results were more variable, with the vaccine probably preventing between 45% and 69% of typhoid cases (moderate‐certainty evidence).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: 4 m2 having four rows which are 30 cm apart and 2 m long. Three times hoeing, and weeding were applied without any fertilizer and chemical applications (Table 1). Genotype/ Variety name Origin/Source Genotype/ Variety name Origin/Source BC-DM-11 -BC-15 -057, AC-DM-4, AC-BC-19, MAB-065, MAB-018, AC-BC-10, MAB-050, AC-BC-6, AC-BC-7, MAB-042, BC-DM-9, AC-BC-8, AC-BC-16, AC-BC-9, Local, AC-BC-4, Darbera, Xereta-1, Table 1: List of studied Entries and their Origin/Source. SARC=Research Center. Data collection: The variables were gathered from ive plants selected randomly from the middle rows from each replication at harvest. Days to flower: Days to flower was recorded on plot basis when 50% of the plants get flowered. Plant height (cm): Average height in centimeter measured from ground level to the tip. Number of capsules per plant: Average number of seed bearing capsules from the five plants. Numbers of primary branches: Average number of primary branches from the five plants. Days to maturity: Number of days to reach physiological maturity, on plot basis, was recorded when capsules turned brown. Biomass yield per plant: The average biomass yield in grams, including seeds per plant, from the 5 sample plants. Seed yield per plant (g): Average seed yield in gram from the five plants. Data analysis The combined analysis of variance was performed across test environments of location and years on the average of the variables using SAS version 9. 2 [18]. (AMMI) statistical model and biplot were produced using Irristat software [19]. Furthermore, AMMI’s stability value (ASV) was calculated in order to rank genotypes in terms of stability using the formula suggested by Purchase [20] as shown below: Where, SS=Sum of squares; IPCA1=interaction principal component analysis axis 1 and IPCA2=interaction principal component analysis axis 2. Results and performances The combined analysis of variance for agronomic traits and seed yield of genotypes evaluated across locations were indicated in Table 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This was because the SSELP process had the advantage of a two-stage lipid production [35] together with those of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process being widely explored in biorefinery research [11],[12]. As lipids are intracellular products, the SSELP process also provided an opportunity to recover and reuse cellulolytic enzymes more conveniently, which could further reduce enzyme consumption and wastewater discharge. Table 4 Lipid coefficients of lipid production from lignocellulosic materials by different oleaginous microorganisms Full size tableConclusionsThe current study compared three different processes for microbial lipid production from alkaline-pretreated corn stover by C. curvatus. It was found that the SSELP process was the most promising one, which consumed less enzymes and afforded higher lipid coefficient. Moreover, enzymes could be partially recovered by recycling the spent culture supernatants, which could further reduce enzyme dosage and wastewater discharge. These results provide valuable information for cost-effective lipid production from lignocelluloses. Authors’ contributionsZWG designed the study, performed the experiments, analyzed the results and drafted the manuscript. and HBX participated in the design of the study and commented on the manuscript. QW participated in sugar analysis. ZKZ coordinated the study and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript. AbbreviationsCBU: Cellobiase unit CDW: Cell dry weight FPU: Filter paper unit G: Glycolipids IC: Ion chromatography N: Neutral lipids P: Phospholipids S: : Separated hydrolysis and enhanced lipid production SSELP: Simultaneous saccharification and enhanced lipid production SSLP: Simultaneous saccharification and lipid production TRS: Total reducing sugar YPD: Yeast peptone dextrose 139. 10. 1016/j. biotechadv. 2012. 08. 010136. 10. 1016/j. renene. 2011. 09. 0351049. 10. 1002/bit. 247731480. 10. 1016/j. biotechadv. 2012. 03. 002200. 10. 1007/s12155-010-9112-4406. 10. 1021/bp060354f910. 10. 1385/ABAB:124:1-3:09015. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: These data included participants aged 2 to 55 years of age. The three‐year cumulative efficacy of the vaccine may be around 55% (low‐certainty evidence). These data were taken from a single trial conducted in in the 1980s in participants aged 5 to 15 years. Compared with placebo, this vaccine probably did not increase the incidence of fever (moderate‐certainty evidence) or erythema (low‐certainty evidence); however, swelling (moderate‐certainty evidence) and pain at the injection site (moderate‐certainty evidence) were more common in the vaccine group. See summary of findings Table 2. Vi‐rEPA vaccine (two doses) Administration of two doses of the Vi‐rEPA vaccine probably prevents between 50% and 96% of typhoid cases during the first two years after vaccination (moderate‐certainty evidence). These data were taken from a single trial with children two to five years of age conducted in Vietnam. Compared with placebo, both the first and the second dose of this vaccine increased the risk of fever (low‐certainty evidence) and the second dose increased the incidence of swelling at the injection site (moderate‐certainty evidence). See summary of findings Table 3. Vi‐TT vaccine (two doses) We are uncertain of the efficacy of administering two doses of Vi‐TT (PedaTyph) in typhoid cases in children during the first year after vaccination (very low‐certainty evidence). These data are taken from a single cluster‐randomized trial in children aged six months to 12 years conducted in India. See summary of findings Table 4. WIth all vaccines, there were no reported serious adverse effects in RCTs. Overall completeness and applicability of evidence In the absence of trials directly comparing different types of typhoid vaccines, we provide an indirect means of comparing the efficacy of different vaccines. The cumulative efficacy at 2. 5 to 3 years for the Ty21a vaccine (three doses) and the Vi polysaccharide vaccine was 50% (95% CI 35% to 61%) and 55% (95% CI 30% to 70%), respectively. Both of these vaccines are widely used but are not immunogenic in children under two years old, which is a limitation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: The analysis of variance indicated that there was highly significant variation (P<0. 01) among the genotypes evaluated across location with respect to days to flower, plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, days to maturity, biomass yield (Kg/ha) and seed yield (kg/ha). On the other hand, non-significant variation was observed among the genotypes with respect to number of capsules per plant. The seed yield ranged from 731. 77 kg/ha to 1238. 81 kg/ha while the overall mean seed yield recorded was 1057. 31 kg/ha. The minimum (731. 77 kg/ha) and maximum (1238. 81 kg/ha) mean seed was produced by Xereta-1 and BC-DM-11 respectively. The overall mean seed yield produced during the 2011-2012 at Sinana, Ginir and Goro respectively was 1466. 37 kg/ha, 924. 05 kg/ha and 790. 37 kg/ha. Lowest mean seed yield at Goro was recorded due to the shortest rainfall period prevailing at this location as a result of which much of the flowers get aborted and hence resulted in minimum yield. The reverse is true for Sinana, where the rainy season is too long for each flower of the genotypes to set fruit bearing capsules. The minimum and maximum number of days needed to flower was 84 and 93 respectively while the mean number of days to flower was 88. The maximum mean plant height (58. 68 cm) was recorded by the genotype AC-BC-9 while genotype MAB-050 was the shortest (41. 83) while the overall mean value of plant height was 52. 78 cm. The mean primary branch per plant ranged from 3. 82 to 5. 14 with the overall mean record of 4. 37. The mean number of capsules per plant ranged from 10. 53 to 14. 44 with the overall mean value of 12. 81. The overall mean number of days required to reach maturity was 146. It took 142 and 150 days respectively for the early (MAB-018) and late (AC-DM-4) maturing genotypes to mature. The overall mean biomass yield of genotypes was 5199. 61 kg/ha. The minimum and maximum biomass recorded was 3046. 2 kg/ha and 7197. 5 kg/ha respectively (Table 3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1186/1754-6834-6-5380. 10. 1007/s10570-012-9653-0287. 10. 1007/s12010-009-8869-47. 10. 1186/1754-6834-1-7322. 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2013. 06. 01613. 10. 1186/1754-6834-7-1318. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2012. 05. 0384538. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2009. 04. 0229709. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2011. 08. 0246140. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2011. 02. 08136. 10. 1186/1754-6834-6-361996. 268. 1197. 10. 1016/j. fuproc. 2009. 05. 018579. 10. 1007/s002530050731428. 10. 1021/ac60147a0302008. 6129. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2010. 02. 111317. 10. 1016/j. enzmictec. 2007. 02. 008192. 10. 1038/sj. jim. 700005451. 10. 1016/S0065-2164(02)51000-5298. 10. 1002/bit. 260340303780. 10. 1002/jctb. 1744458. 10. 1016/j. apenergy. 2011. 10. 0131210. 10. 1039/c2gc00033d3889. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2007. 08. 0157562. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2010. 04. 027188. 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2011. 02. 0104. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: A recent systematic review into burden of enteric fever in children found contradictory evidence on the prevalence of typhoid fever in children under the age of five, with a suspected hidden burden, which may be multi‐factorial but includes diagnostic difficulties in this age group (Britto 2017). The newer typhoid conjugate vaccines address this gap, as they are suitable to use in children under two years of age. The cumulative efficacy of the Vi‐rEPA vaccine at 3. 8 years was higher (89%, 95% CI 76% to 97%), but this vaccine is unlicensed and has not been used commercially. Adverse events were mild in nature and, for the most part, were not significantly different between vaccine and placebo groups. There is information on efficacy in Asia for each of the vaccines. There is limited data on efficacy of typhoid fever vaccination in Africa, with one trial in Egypt for Ty21a, Wahdan 1980a EGY, and one ViPs trial in South Africa, Klugman 1987 ZAF. There is no information on efficacy of typhoid vaccination in sub‐Saharan Africa. There is evidence on efficacy for Ty21a in (Levine 1987i CHL), but not for any of the other vaccines. The newer typhoid conjugate vaccines Vi‐TT (PedaTyph and Typbar‐TCV) show promise in immunogenicity studies but as of yet efficacy data are only available for PedaTyph (two doses intramuscularly; Mitra 2016 IND). 2017, the WHO's strategic advisory group of experts (SAGE) recommended Typbar‐TCV (1 dose intramuscularly; Mohan 2015) for children over six months in typhoid endemic countries (2017), and in 2018 the WHO recommended this vaccine as the preferred choice for adults and children from six months to 44 years of age (WHO 2018a). In a human challenge setting Typbar‐TCV demonstrated similar levels of efficacy in healthy adults to ViPS (Jin 2017), with higher rates of seroconversion and higher antibody GMTs in the conjugate vaccine group. At the time of writing, there were no efficacy data on Typbar‐TCV from field trials. Although promising, it is important to remember that human challenge studies are inherently small. In addition, the bacterial load and the timing of vaccination in relation to the challenge are highly controlled.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: Similar result was also reported by Ermias et al. regarding seed yield, plant height, days to flower and days to maturity [21]. Ali et al. [22] also reported similar result on plant height, number of capsule per plant and number of primary branches. to flower 19 115. 35881*** 625. 233*** 1. 569*** 19. 576*** 78. 858*** 16282837*** 323853. 70*** LOC 2 17228. 29793*** 36928. 448*** 44. 165*** 221. 679*** 59014. 259*** 2547849909*** 15669609. 72*** Year 1 357. 16560*** 145. 339** 1. 907** 29. 221** 2429. 442*** 25539591*** 114258. 28*** ACC*LOC 38 1899. 29413*** 120. 478*** 1. 141*** 16. 513*** 37. 867*** 15494803*** 517139. 35*** ACC*Year 19 285. 33106*** 76. 845*** 0. 601ns 6. 807ns 26. 311*** 2191800*** 116534. 07*** LOC*Year 2 177. 17120*** 3252. 476*** 0. 246ns 60. 648*** 712. 765*** 35044366*** 1048417. 44*** ACC*LOC*Year 38 570. 66213*** 51. 049*** 0. 652*** 5. 163ns 32. 414*** 2410063*** 71257. 26*** LOC*Year*REP 12 784. 96372*** 541. 299*** 1. 323*** 10. 342** 350. 524*** 648848ns 1570. 15ns Error 228 3. 42024 22. 7553 0. 375386 5. 021629 10. 1467 460033 2222. 44 R2 0. 98 0. 95 0. 72 0. 640849 0. 982615 0. 98 0. 99 CV 2. 09 9. 04 4. 0471 17. 49854 2. 184317 13. 04 4. 46 Mean 88. 33 52. 77 4. 36 12. 81 145. 83 5199. 6 1057. 309 Table 2: Combined analysis of variance for agronomic traits and seed yield of genotypes evaluated across locations in Bale, Ethiopia.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Synergy of crude enzyme cocktail from cold-adapted Cladosporium cladosporioides Ch2-2 with commercial xylanase achieving high sugars yield at low cost 3. 5, exhibiting high thermostability over a broad range of temperatures (between 4 and 40°C). In addition, manganese-independent peroxidase (MIP), a special type of ligninase with the capacity to oxidize dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in the absence of H2O2 and Mn2+, was optimally active at 20°C and pH 2. 5, exhibiting high thermostability over a broad range of temperatures (4 and 28°C), while depressed completely by Fe2+ and essentially unaffected by EDTA. Synergy between Ch2-2 crude enzymes and commercial xylanase obviously enhanced biomass hydrolysis, which could take the place of expensive commercial cellulase mixture. The maximum value of synergistic degree reached 4. 7 at 28°C, resulting in 10. 1 mg/mL reducing sugars. ConclusionsThe psychrophilic enzymes system of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 with a different synergistic mechanism has huge potential for the enhancement of biomass hydrolysis at mesophilic and low temperatures. The application scope of the lignocellulosic enzyme cocktail could be greatly enlarged by optimizing the operation conditions specific to the characteristics of ligninase. BackgroundMaking full use of biomass such as agricultural waste and energy crops to produce clean fuel ethanol on an industrial scale is beneficial to solve the crisis of environmental pollution and energy shortage. Sugarcane bagasse is one of the most abundant byproducts of agroindustry in south China as well as the world [1]. Meanwhile, Jerusalem artichoke is a typical example of the energy crops which can grow in marginal lands, including saline soils and sandy soils, owing to its unique agronomic traits such as tolerance to salt and drought stresses, and thus does not compete for arable lands with grain crops [2]. As a sustainable feedstock, bagasse and Jerusalem artichoke stalks are both considered to be applicable for the large-scale biological production of cellulosic ethanol and other bio-based chemicals. However, the low efficiency and high cost of existing enzymes converting lignocellulose to fermentable sugars still limit the large-scale industrialization of cellulosic ethanol at present.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 4 Comparison 1 Ty21a vaccine (3 doses) versus control: efficacy, Outcome 4 Cumulative incidence of typhoid fever at 2. 5 to 3 years. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 2. 1 Comparison 2 Ty21a vaccine: liquid formulation versus enteric capsules (3 doses), Outcome 1 Cumulative incidence of typhoid fever at 2. 5 to 3 years. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 3. 1 Comparison 3 Ty21a vaccine: enteric versus gelatin formulation; cumulative efficacy at 2. 5 to 3 years, Outcome 1 Incidence of typhoid fever. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 4. 1 Comparison 4 Ty21a vaccine versus control: adverse events, Outcome 1 Fever. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 4. 2 Comparison 4 Ty21a vaccine versus control: adverse events, Outcome 2 Vomiting. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 4. 3 Comparison 4 Ty21a vaccine versus control: adverse events, Outcome 3 Diarrhoea. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 4. 4 Comparison 4 Ty21a vaccine versus control: adverse events, Outcome 4 Nausea or abdominal pain. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 4. 5 Comparison 4 Ty21a vaccine versus control: adverse events, Outcome 5 Headache. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 4. 6 Comparison 4 Ty21a vaccine versus control: adverse events, Outcome 6 Rash. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 4. 7 Comparison 4 Ty21a vaccine versus control: adverse events, Outcome 7 Any mild adverse event.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: 58abc 13. 39abc 149. 42ab 5137. 1fghi Xereta-1 948. 61 948. 61 475. 36 731. 77h 85. 92ghi 58. 01a 4. 58abc 12. 47abc 144. 66cdef 5002. 5efghij Mean 924. 05 790. 37 1466. 37 1057. 31 88. 33 52. 78 4. 37 12. 81 145. 94 5199. 61 Table 3: Overall means for seed yield (Kg/ha) and agronomic characters of genotypes grown in Bale, Ethiopia during 2011-2012. Means with the same letter are not significantly different. NB: SY=seed yield (Kg/ha), DF=days to flower, PH=plant height, PB=primary branch, CPP=capsules per plant, DM=days to maturity and BY=biomass yield (Kg/ha). Genotype x environment interaction The combined analysis of variance indicated that the genotype x environment interaction was highly significant indicating that there is a need to undertake stability analysis to know which component of the interaction is contributing more to the variation. The genotype by environment interaction explained the majority (79. 16%) of the total sum of squares while the genotype and environment respectively explained 19. 72 and 1. 12% of the total sum of squares. The variation is majorly contributed by the genotype x environment interaction than genotype. The magnitude of the genotype by environment sum of squares was four times larger than that of genotypes, indicating that there was substantial difference in genotypic response across environments. AMMI stability analysis The pooled analysis of variance for seed yield of indicated that all the four AMMI components are highly significant (p<0. 01) (Table 4). The first principal component contributed 70. 85% of interaction sum of squares. The second principal component, on the other hand, explained 17. 01% of the interaction sum of squares. The PCA1 and PCA2 had sum of squares greater than that of genotypes and cumulatively contributed to 87. 86% of the total GEI. The mean, AMMI stability value was indicated in Table 5. Based on the AMMI stability value, BC-DM-9 was the most stable genotypes followed by AC-BC-6 and AC-BC-19.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In this respect, the synergistic action of lignocellulosic enzymes has been recognized as a possible way to improve sugars yield at lower enzyme loadings [3]. Synergy between cellulase and xylanase has been extensively studied in prior research [3]. Hu et al. showed that cellulose and xylan hydrolysis occurred three times faster when adding an optimized mixture of commercial cellulase and xylanase instead of equivalent cellulase [4]. The synergistic interaction between endo-xylanase from family GH10 and xyloglucanase from family GH5 also enhanced the hydrolytic activity of commercial cellulase over a range of pretreated lignocellulosic substrates [5]. Additionally, Schilling et al. found that the significant increase in saccharification efficiency through xylanase-aided synergism was not limited to same-species enzyme sources [6]. However, these synergistic reactions were almost held at 50°C or thereabout, according to the optimum temperature of cellulase and xylanase [7], which could not fully meet the demands for application at environment temperatures. However, synergistic cooperation between ligninase and polysaccharide hydrolases during biomass degradation has been largely ignored. Due to the complexity of the structure of the plant cell wall, lignin is hard to totally remove after pretreatment with current methods [8]. The hydrolase activities and total sugars yield are severely reduced by the residual lignin component and its related derivatives. It was showed that various cellulases and xylanases differed by up to 3. 5-fold and 1. 7-fold respectively in their inhibition by lignin [9]. Grabber et al. indicated that reduction of lignin content or ferulate-lignin crosslinking would improve the fermentation of cellulose and hemicellulose more than current approaches for shifting lignin composition [10]. In a recent study, a higher reducing sugars conversion (60%) was achieved when adding commercial laccase into a mixture of cellulases and hemicellulases at 45°C [11]. Therefore, ligninase should be taken into account in enzyme cocktail construction for saccharification in order to maximize the hydrolysis efficiency. One special kind of ligninase MIP receiving little attention in recent years may play a different role in lignin degradation [12],[13].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Ty21a vaccine (three doses) versus control for preventing typhoid fever Ty21a vaccination (three doses) versus placebo for typhoid fever Patient or population: adults and children aged 5 years of age and older Settings: any Intervention: oral Ty21a (3 doses) ‐ liquid, enteric capsule, or gelatin capsule Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo Ty21a (3 doses) Cases of typhoid fever, Year 1 Medium‐risk population RR 0. 55 (0. 35 to 0. 86) 76,296 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea,b,c,d Due to imprecision Cases of typhoid fever are probably reduced with vaccination 4 per 10,000 2 per 10,000 (1 to 3) High‐risk population 59 per 10,000 32 per 10,000 (21 to 51) Cases of typhoid fever, Year 2 Medium‐risk population RR 0. 41 (0. 29 to 0. 57) 76,296 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea,b,d,e Due to imprecision Cases of typhoid fever are probably reduced with vaccination 4 per 10,000 2 per 10,000 (1 to 2) High‐risk population 59 per 10,000 24 per 10,000 (17 to 34) Cases of typhoid fever, Year 3 Medium‐risk population RR 0. 44 (0. 25 to 0. 76) 76,296 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea,b,d,e Due to imprecision Cases of typhoid fever are probably reduced with vaccination 4 per 10,000 2 per 10,000 (1 to 3) High‐risk population 59 per 10,000 26 per 10,000 (15 to 45) Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2. 5 to 3 years Medium‐risk population RR 0. 50 (0. 39 to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, genotype AC-BC-10 was the most unstable followed by MAB-057, AC-BC-8, Local and AC-BC-4. Both genotypes and environments differed in their interaction as well as main effects for seed yield (Figure 1). Genotype 19 (Xereta-1) and genotype 20 (BC-DM-11) were the lowest and highest in their seed yield respectively. was highly productive while environment D was poor in seed yield. Genotypes 20 (BC-DM-11), 7 (MAB-057), 8 (AC-BC-10), 4(AC-DM-4), 6 (AC-BC-6), 17 (ACBC- 7), 2 (BC-DM-9), 10 (MAB-042) and 9 (AC-BC-8) interacted positively with environment C and F. On the other hand, genotypes 1 (MAB-050), 3 (AC-BC-19), 5(AC-BC-16), 7 (MAB-057), 11 (ACBC- 9), 12 (AC-BC-4), 13 (AC-BC-15), 14 (Local), 15 (MAB-018), 16 (Darbera), 18 (MAB-065) and 19 (Xereta-1) interacted negatively with environments A, B, D and E. Genotype 16 and 19 found adaptable to poor environments. On the other hand, genotypes 20 and 13 were suitable to productive environments. Figure 1: AMMI 1 biplot of 20 black cumin accessions evaluated in 6 environments for seed yield (Kg/ha) of Bale, Southeast Ethiopia. AMMI biplot of seed yield of the 20 accessions tested in six environments during 2011-2012 was indicated in Figure 1. The distance from the origin (0, 0) is indicative of the amount of interaction that was exhibited by genotypes either over environments or environments over genotypes (9). Genotype 20 (BC-DM-11), 19 (Xereta-1), 11(AC-BC-9) and 15(MAB-018) expressed a highly interactive behavior (positively or negatively) while genotype 2 (394640-539) show low interaction and thus stable in its seed yield (kg/ ha) as indicated in the Figures 1 and 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It was first reported in the extracellular fluid of the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera sp. BOS55 as having the capacity to oxidize DMP in the absence of H2O2[12]. In contrast with MnP, MIP was not inhibited by 1 mM EDTA and was not stimulated by Mn2+ Mn2+ addition [14]-[16]. In view of its simpler substrate oxidation mode, the function of MIP in the complex synergistic system of lignocellulosic enzymes still needs to be clarified. Lignocellulosic fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides was reported to secrete laccase, MnP, LiP, cellulases and hemicellulases. Several laccases have been purified from the culture supernatant of C. cladosporioides, which usually showed relative activities over a range of pH 3 to 6 and 40 to 70°C [17],[18]. Previous research of C. cladosporioides mostly focused on its good capacity for dye decolorization and various enzyme activities in mesophilic temperatures [7],[19],[20]. There was only one report about psychrophilic C. cladosporioides, which was isolated from Antarctica at either 4°C or 15°C with the ability to produce endoglucanase [21]. Further studies about psychrotolerant C. cladosporioides secreting ligninase and polysaccharide hydrolases in biomass degradation will considerably enlarge its application range. Cold-adapted microorganisms have a considerable potential in biotechnological application, including waste treatment and bioremediation at ambient temperatures, textile and food industries [22],[23]. Bioconversion catalyzed by cold-adaptive enzymes produced by these psychrophilic microorganisms have three advantages, firstly they have the potential to economize processes by saving energy because of their high activity at low and moderate temperatures and thus offer potential economic and environmental benefits [23]. Secondly, mild industrial conditions at an ambient temperature are beneficial for preventing modification of original heat-sensitive substrates and generation of adverse by-products [24]. Thirdly, the application of psychrophilic enzymes will make the industrial operation more convenient and safer, which is a tendency in traditional industry [24]. In our previous work a lignin-degrading psychrophilic fungus strain C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 65) 235,239 (4 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea,b,d,f Due to imprecision Cases of typhoid fever are probably reduced with vaccination 4 per 10,000 2 per 10,000 (2 to 3) High‐ risk population 59 per 10,000 30 per 10,000 (23 to 38) *The incidence of typhoid in a medium ‐risk setting is taken from the control group in a study from China (Yang 2001 CHN). The incidence of typhoid in a high‐risk setting is taken from a study in India (Sur 2009 IND). This is consistent with the incidence levels described by a global epidemiological study (Crump 2004). Abbreviations: CI : confidence interval; RR: risk ratio. grades of evidence High certainty : further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate certainty : further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low certainty : further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. aNo serious risk of bias detected. bNo serious indirectness detected: studies based in Chile, Indonesia, and Egypt. cNo serious inconsistency I2 = 33%. dDowngraded for imprecision: cluster‐adjusted trials added, estimated ICC = 0. 0015 (from Sur 2009 IND). eNo serious inconsistency, no heterogeneity I2 = 0%. fThere is moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 50%), which is not explained by stratifying into type of preparation. However, the CIs fall within a clinically important threshold, meaning the heterogeneity is unlikely be clinically significant, so we have not downgraded for this. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings for the main comparison. Ty21a vaccine (three doses) versus control for preventing typhoid fever Navigate to table in of findings 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every crop can be grown sustainably in any environment. [SEP] Text: (2009) AMMI and biplot analysis for matching varieties onto soybean production environments in Ethiopia. Â and EssaysÂ 4: 1322-1330. (1966) Stability parameters for comparing varieties 1. Â Crop ScienceÂ 6: 36-40. (2002) Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction analysis of national turfgrass performance trials. Â Crop ScienceÂ 42: 497-506. del Moral LF, Molina-Cano JL, et al. (2002) Genotype by environment interaction and adaptation in barley breeding: basic concepts and methods of analysis. Â Barley Science: from to Agronomy of Yield and Quality. (1963) The analysis of adaptation in a plant-breeding programme. Â of Agricultural ResearchÂ 14: 742-754. Shafii B, Price WJ (1998) Analysis of genotype-by-environment interaction using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model and stability estimates. Â Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, pp: 335-345. (1988) Statistical analysis of a yield trial. Â Agronomy JournalÂ 80: 388-393. (1990) Statistical analyses of multilocation trials. InÂ Advances in AgronomyÂ 44: 55-85. Gauch HG (2006) Statistical analysis of yield trials by AMMI and GGE. Â Crop ScienceÂ 46: 1488-1500. (2007) GGE biplot vs. AMMI analysis of genotype-by-environment data. Â Crop ScienceÂ 47: 643-653. (1979) Biometrical methods in quantitative genetic analysis. Â in Analysis. (1998) A decade of research experience. SARC (eds. ). Bulletin No. 4. Sinana agricultural research center, agricultural research coordination service, Oromia agricultural development bureau. SAS Institute Inc. (2008) SAS/STAT Â®9. 2 Userâ€™s Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Stat IRRI (2003) International rice research institute. Â Metro Manila, Philippines. Purchase JL (1997) Parametric stability to describe GxE interactions and yield stability in winter wheat. Â South Africa. (2015) Adaptability study of (Nigella sativa L. ) Varieties in the Mid-and Highland areas of Kaffa Zone, Ethiopia.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cladosporioides Ch2-2 was isolated from (China) forest soil, which was able to remove basic dye effectively [25]. In this study the lignocellulose degradation characteristic of psychrophilic C. cladosporioides secreting laccase, MIP, cellulases and hemicellulases will be investigated for the first time. According to the cold-adapted property of purified laccase and MIP, hydrolysis was greatly enhanced at either temperate or low temperature through synergy between Ch2-2 crude enzymes and commercial xylanase. The results will provide new perspectives to create lignocellulosic enzyme cocktails with a lower cost and higher efficiency. ResultsPsychrophilic adaptability of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 was cultured in GPY medium under different temperatures for 7 days separately, and then dry weights were measured. Data showed that Ch2-2 was able to keep almost the same high dry weight (1. 31 to 1. 74 g) in the temperature range from 10°C to 28°C while the optimal growth temperature was 15°C (1. 74 g) (Figure 1A). It indicated that Ch2-2 was a psychrophilic fungus with wild thermal adaptability, whether in normal or in low temperature. Figure 1 Effects of different temperatures on growth (A) and laccase production (B) of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 after 7 days incubation. Full size imageAlong with the growth of Ch2-2, laccase activity was checked, which was reported to be connected with decolorization of basic dye [25]. As shown, from the first day of incubation laccase was secreted, whether in low temperature (10°C) or in normal temperature (28°C) (Figure 1B). In accordance with the optimal growth temperature, 15°C was found to be best for the stability of laccase production. It could reach almost the maximum (920 U/L) on the fourth day, and then maintain this level for at least another 4 days. In addition, it reached this activity peak (968 U/L) quicker at 28°C on the third day, however it could not maintain this level for as long.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) versus control for preventing typhoid fever Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) versus control for preventing typhoid fever Patient or population : adults and children of 2 years of age and older Settings : any Intervention : Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) Comparison: control; efficacy comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Control; efficacy Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) Incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 Blood culture Moderatea RR 0. 31 (0. 26 to 0. 37) 99,797 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ Highb,c,d,e Reduces incidence of typhoid fever 4 per 10,000 1. 2 per 10,000 (1. 0 to 1. 5) Higha 59 per 10,000 18. 29 per 10,000 (15. 34 to 21. 83) Incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 Moderatea RR 0. 41 (0. 31 to 0. 55) 194,969 (4 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb,f,g,e Due to inconsistency Probably reduces incidence of typhoid fever 4 per 10,000 1. 6 per 10,000 (1. 2 to 2. 2) Higha 59 per 10,000 24. 19 per 10,000 (18. 29 to 32. 45) Incidence of typhoid fever –year 3 Moderatea RR 0. 5 (0. 32 to 0. 78) 11,384 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowh,i Due to imprecision and indirectness May reduce incidence of typhoid fever 4 per 10,000 2 per 10,000 (1. 28 to 3. 12) Higha 59 per 10,000 29. 5 per 10,000 (18. 88 to 46. 02) Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2. 5 to 3 years Moderatea RR 0. 45 (0. 30 to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban planning for climate resilience includes flood-resistant infrastructure. [SEP] Text: These features are urban-rural gradient, landscape configuration, and anthropogenic heat release (Yue et al. , 2012). The frequency of landscape disturbances is also an emergent feature, especially considering the large-scale wildfire, has also been spiraling upwards since the 1970s with climate warming and dramatic urbanization (Yue et al. , 2021). Recently, a model-based assessment of urban impacts has been developed for extreme flood-producing storms, detecting contrasting roles of cities and climate warming in determining the space-time variability of the storms over western Europe. It highlights the interactive impacts of cities and climate warming and their role in dynamically modifying the intensity and position of moisture convergence in a changing climate (Yang et al. , 2021). Similarly, studies such as Yang et al. (2016) have shown that the compact versus sprawling city growth can have a variable impact on the regional heatwaves in the future climate. The impact of climate extremes upon human settlements is expected to accelerate. There have been global trends for a continued rise in urban dwellers and associated infrastructure. This growth is occurring amidst the increasing risk of extreme heat, rainfall, and flooding. The impacts would likely become even more catastrophic if landscape architecture and urban design continues in a “business as usual” manner without consideration of these growing epicenters of vulnerability. Therefore, it is critical that the urban development and architectural communities recognize climate impacts are expected to be experienced globally, and that the cities and urban regions they help create, are far more vulnerable to these extremes than nonurban regions. Cities create their own climate, such as the urban heat island, and have localized pollution, adding environmental stress to the atmosphere, exacerbating the warming effect seen on a regional scale. With the increasing intensity and frequency of urban flooding incidents caused by hurricanes or storms, legacy cities with many brownfields, vacant lands, and outdated infrastructure will also need to deal with growing risks of flood-related contamination (Nair et al. , 2019; Zhu & Newman, 2021). The urban disaster caused by an increasing number of extreme weather episodes is an international challenge and a significant source of fatalities, property loss, social disruption and inequality. Bridging the silos within climate science and urban science communities and reducing the gap between research and practice can make it possible to achieve a resilient urban environment. This required connection needs to be addressed as an integrated system to deal with the pressing issue of extreme weather on growing urban neighborhoods.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Even at 10°C, laccase activity was able to reach 600 U/L on the fourth day. The temperature property of laccase from Ch2-2 corresponding to the host fungus will assign it a more widespread application value. Synergistic action of inducible enzymes from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 during the degradation of bagasseIn order to investigate the biomass degradation capability of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2, the main composition of its lignocellulosic enzymes system and the relationship between biodegradation and secretion regularity of enzymes, we tracked the changes of lignocellulosic enzyme activities and relevant component degradation rates during the bio-pretreatment and saccharification process of bagasse. It was found that, in addition to laccase, a variety of other inducible lignocellulosic enzymes could be produced by Ch2-2 including cellulase, xylanase and MIP, which was able to deconstruct lignin through oxidation without Mn2+. In the present study LiP activity was not detected. The secretion pattern of these enzymes was closely linked to the composition and structure of lignocellulose, which could cause obvious degradation rate changes of corresponding components. It was found that the activities of ligninase (laccase and MIP) were growing at a rapid rate from the beginning, following the fast degradation of lignin (Figure 2A, B). On day 14, MIP reached the maximum (51. 0 U/L) and laccase also achieved its high activity level (83. 2 U/L), which was sustained until day 25, further accelerating the degradation rate of lignin. During the first 25 days, the lignin degradation percentage was the highest (41. 8%) as compared with that of other components, while the degradation percentages of cellulose and hemicellulose were 16% and 24. 7%, respectively. After that, the activities of laccase and MIP showed a declining trend leading to a slow degradation rate of all the three components simultaneously until day 55 when the lignin content had almost reached the stable value. In contrast, cellulose began to be markedly reduced along with the slow decline of hemicellulose when the filter paper activity (FPA) was close to the peak (Figure 2A, B).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 70) 11,384 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowh,i Due to imprecision and indirectness May reduce incidence of typhoid fever 4 per 10,000 1. 8 per 10,000 (1. 2 to 2. 8) Higha 59 per 10,000 26. 55 per 10,000 (17. 7 to 41. 3) Serious adverse events No serious adverse events reported Fever 5 per 1000 5 per 1000 (4. 2 to 5. 7) RR 0. 98 (0. 84 to 1. 13) 132,261 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb,c,k,l Due to imprecision Probably little or no association with fever Erythema 5 per 1000 6 per 1000 (2 to 22) RR 1. 15 (0. 33 to 4. 03) 132,261 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Lowb,j,l Due to imprecision and inconsistency May have little or no association with erythema *The basis for the assumed risk (for example, the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). Abbreviations: CI : confidence interval; RR: risk ratio. grades of evidence: High certainty : further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate certainty : further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low certainty : further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. aThe incidence of typhoid in a medium‐risk setting is taken from the control group in a study from China (Yang 2001 CHN). The incidence of typhoid in a high‐risk setting is taken from a study in India (Sur 2009 IND). This is consistent with the incidence levels described by a global epidemiological study (Crump 2004). bNo serious risk of bias detected. cNo serious inconsistency: The result was consistent across all 3 trials (I2 = 0%).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Urban planning for climate resilience includes flood-resistant infrastructure. [SEP] Text: There is a common saying in the United States: ‘When your only tool is a hammer, every problem looks like a nail. ’ In other words, we should avoid viewing every flooding problem as an engineering issue. We should consider reducing the cover area, decreasing the water depth, and shortening the flooding duration, as we proposed in step (iii). Unfortunately, we may face the comprehensive failure of flood control infrastructure in the future under the extreme rainfall scenario. Therefore, we must focus on three key aspects: pre-disaster preparedness (et al. 2023), disaster mitigation during events (Rana et al. 2021), and post-disaster relief efforts (Wang et al. 2022). (a) Pre-disaster preparedness: before a disaster strikes, it is crucial to establish a robust early warning system. This system should provide timely alerts and guidance to the public based on predefined operational procedures. Preparedness measures should include identifying high-risk areas, developing evacuation plans, and ensuring the population is well-informed about safety procedures. (b) Disaster mitigation during events: when a disaster occurs, it is essential to follow established standard operating procedures for evacuation and shelter. These procedures should prioritize safety and minimize risks. Effective coordination among relevant authorities and emergency responders is vital during this phase to ensure the efficient execution of disaster mitigation efforts. (c) Post-disaster relief: immediately deploying resources and personnel for relief efforts is crucial after a disaster. This includes providing emergency shelter, medical assistance, and essential supplies to affected communities. In addition, assessing and repairing damaged infrastructure is essential for a speedy recovery. Note that the key is to abandon traditional flood prevention concepts. The focus for the future should be on efficiently recovering the damaged city, which is the major spirit of 4PA. Above all, striving to create a completely flood-free city may be unrealistic. Instead, the primary focus should be building a city with flood resilience capabilities. A resilient city can withstand and recover from disasters, ensuring sustainable development despite extreme weather events. an urban planning perspective, urban development areas within planning zones are typically small, often less than 2 hectares. This limits the application of runoff allocation and outflow control. However, these measures are primarily aimed at flood prevention in densely populated areas. The 2-hectare limit violates legal principles and should be removed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: When FPA was at its minimum, the cellulose content became almost stable. In accordance with the degradation regularity of cellulose, the peak of xylanase activity on day 120 (293. 5 U/L) corresponded with the increased degradation rate of hemicellulose. After 135 days the total weight loss of bagasse was 51. 6%, in which the losses of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose were 65. 5%, 62. 8% and 61. 5%, respectively. Figure 2 Inducible lignocellulosic enzymes (laccase, MIP, cellulase and xylanase) (A) and changes of lignocellulose component contents (B) during bagasse degradation by C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 at 28°C. Full size imageThese results indicated that multiple lignocellulosic enzymes of Ch2-2 were an efficient natural synergy system with a clear selective secretion pattern, which was induced by the specific components of bagasse. Even more importantly, it was found that the degradation rate of lignin limited that of the holocellulose to some extent. Ligninase purification and propertiesThe important role of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 ligninase during the degradation process was mentioned above, which was crucial in order for cellulases and hemicellulases to carry out their roles sufficiently. In order to further analyze the ligninase characteristic, laccase and MIP were purified and studied. The molecular weight of laccase was about 70 kDa as measured by SDS-PAGE (Figure 3A). Its optimal temperature and pH were 15°C and pH 3. 5, respectively (Figure 4A, D). It was stable at a very wide temperature and pH range of 4 to 40°C and pH 2. 0 to 5. 5 (Figure 4B, D). Using ABTS as a substrate, the Km and Vmax for laccase were 2. 8 μM and 57. 9 μmol/min/mg under the optimal conditions. Laccase activity was inhibited by 2 mM of Fe2+ (5. 36%), SDS (27. 2%) and was slightly inhibited by EDTA (74. 6%) at a concentration of 10 mM, and essentially unaffected by 2 mM of EDTA (98.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: dNo serious indirectness: the vaccine has been evaluated in trials from Nepal, and China. Of note, none of the trials were conducted in travellers from nonendemic settings, and all three trials excluded children younger than 2 years of age and pregnant women. eNo serious imprecision: the result is statistically significant with a narrow 95% CI. The meta‐analysis is adequately powered to detect this effect. fDowngraded by 1 level for inconsistency: the magnitude of the protective effect varied between trials from 34% to 69% (I2 = 72%). The reasons for this are not clear; one potential factor may be the different age groups included in the trials, with Khan 2012 PAK suggesting lower protective effect in children < 5 years of age. gNo serious indirectness: the vaccine has been evaluated in trials from endemic settings (India, Pakistan, China and South Africa). hDowngraded by 1 level for imprecision: wide CIs. iDowngraded by 1 level for indirectness ‐ only assessed in one trial in in children aged 5 to 15 years. kNo serious indirectness: the vaccine has been evaluated in trials from endemic settings (China) and in one trial conducted in a non‐endemic setting (USA). lDowngraded by 1 level for serious imprecision: The result is not statistically significant. jDowngraded by 1 level for inconsistency (I2 = 63%). Figures and Tables - Summary of findings 2. Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) versus control for preventing typhoid fever Navigate to table in of findings 3. Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) versus control for preventing typhoid fever Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) versus control for preventing typhoid fever Patient or population : adults and children of 2 years of age and older Settings : any Intervention : Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) Comparison: control; efficacy comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Control; efficacy Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) Incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 Follow‐up: 1 year Moderatea RR 0. 06 (0. 01 to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: See supplementary file for detail on the framework. The participants were anonymized and coded based on their places of primary employment (NGO = Non-Governmental Organization; GOV = Government; ACA = Academia). consideration for climate risks and vulnerability in health policy planning. There is inadequate consideration for climate risks and vulnerability at the policy formulation or health policy planning stages within the health system in Nigeria. Even where it is perceived that consideration or awareness exists amongst key stakeholders, clear policy action to address climate risks and vulnerability is absent. “No, they don’t. Climate vulnerability in health programs is not given priority” NGO10. “I will not say no, but then, not say yes completely, it may just be based on how we see it from a different perspective” GOV01. “Yes, they do. But not to the extent at which they should” NGO10. Mitigation of climate change effects are not articulated in health policies or programs Mitigating climate change effects are not being considered in current health policies or programs according to majority of the stakeholders. However, when demanded by international development donors in isolated circumstances, some mitigation plans are included. Unfortunately, since they are not born out of genuine policy standpoint, they do not receive any implementation drive. “What the government is doing now is trying to solve the immediate needs of health workers and not thinking of how to prevent future disasters” – NGO15. Adequate knowledge on the effects of climate change on health There is a high degree of awareness of climate change effects on health among stakeholders. At least one important effect of climate change on health, as well as one healthcare provision was named by each stakeholder. This includes that climate change renders people more susceptible to morbidity and mortality from communicable and non-communicable diseases. “It has impacted the healthcare system in so many ways, and none of it was actually positive because of the malaria outbreak, the cholera outbreak and others” GOV17. Heat wave and of the participants discussed either heat stress and its consequences or the effects of desertification on health. Dehydration, malnutrition, and the effect that heat wave has on the spread of certain diseases were discussed. Additionally, the effect heat wave has on the storage of vaccinations and other medicine were highlighted along with the consequences this has for the vulnerable population.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 0%), 10 mM of Cu2+ (105%) and Al3+ (104%). Figure 3SDS-PAGE of purified laccase and MIP from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2. A. Lane 1: Molecular mass markers; Lane 2: Purified laccase. B. Lane 1: Molecular mass markers; Lane 2: Purified MIP. Full size imageFigure 4Effects of pH and temperature on the activity and stability of purified laccase and MIP from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2. A. Effects of temperatures on laccase and MIP activity. B. The thermostability of laccase. C. The thermostability of MIP. D. Optimal pH and pH stability of laccase and MIP. The residual activity was monitored, and the maximum activity was defined as 100% (A, D) or initial activity was defined as 100% (B, C). Values shown were the mean of the average of three experiments. Full size imageThe molecular weight of purified MIP from Ch2-2 was about 47 kDa (Figure 3B). Its optimal temperature and pH were 20°C and pH 2. 5 respectively (Figure 4A, D), indicating the low temperature adaptation. It was also stable at a wide temperature and pH range of 4 to 28°C and pH 2. 0 to 5. 5 (Figure 4C, D). Using DMP as a substrate without H2O2, the Km and Vmax of MIP were 6. 9 μM and 38. 3 μmol/min/mg under optimal conditions. The MIP activity was 100% depressed by 2 mM of Fe2+ and essentially unaffected by EDTA (97. 7%) at a concentration of 10 mM. From enzymatic characteristics of purified enzymes, we found that both laccase and MIP from Ch2-2 exhibited substantially wide thermal adaptability in a mesophilic and psychrophilic environment, and MIP exhibited a special property that correlated with functional mechanism. Hydrolysis of biomass by enzymes preparation from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2According to the properties of purified laccase and MIP, synergy between Ch2-2 crude enzymes and commercial cellulase or xylanase in converting milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks into reducing sugars was assessed under different temperatures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 25) 12,008 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderateb,c Due to indirectness Probably reduces incidence of typhoid fever 4 per 10,000 0. 24 per 10,000 (0. 04 to 1) Higha 59 per 10,000 3. 5 per 10,000 (0. 6 to 14. 8) Incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 Moderatea RR 0. 13 (0. 04 to 0. 44) 12,008 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ to indirectness Probably reduces incidence of typhoid fever 4 per 10,000 0. 52 per 10,000 (0. 16 to 1. 8) Higha 59 per 10,000 7. 7 per 10,000 (2. 4 to 26. 0) Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2 years Moderatea RR 0. 09 (0. 04 to 0. 22) 12,008 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ to indirectness Probably reduces incidence of typhoid fever 4 per 10,000 0. 36 per 10,000 (0. 16 to 0. 88) Highb 59 per 10,000 5. 31 per 10,000 (2. 36 to 12. 98) Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 3. 8 years Moderatea RR 0. 11 (0. 05 to 0. 23) 12,008 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ to indirectness Probably reduces incidence of typhoid fever 4 per 10,000 0. 44 per 10,000 (0. 2 to 0. 92) Highb 59 per 10,000 6. 49 per 10,000 (2. 95 to 13. 57) Serious adverse events See comment See comment Not estimable 12,008 (1 study) See comment No serious adverse events were reported Fever after Vi‐rEPA (dose1) 5 per 1000 13 per 1000 (8 to 18) RR 2. 54 (1. 69 to 3. 62) 12,008 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ to imprecision Probably associated with fever following vaccination Fever after Vi‐rEPA (dose2) 4 per 1000 18 per 1000 (11 to 27) RR 4. 39 (2. 85 to 6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: “We had cases were, especially those living up north where you experience more heat wave, suffer from exhaustion and suffer from dehydration” NGO15. Flooding and irregular rainfall Nearly all participants discussed the consequences of flooding and irregular rainfall. The 2022 floods in Nigeria were widely used as examples to illustrate the effects that flooding can have on health. The interaction between flooding and the spread of diseases such as cholera and malaria were named frequently. The potential loss of housing and other infrastructure, such as access roads, access to medical centers and a loss of drinkable water in several parts of the country, was also mentioned. “The flood in Nigeria last year was unprecedented. You had so many persons displaced. You had illnesses that related to flooding, for example cholera, diarrhea and the likes” GOV16. Climate effects on disease spread Majority of participants discussed the effects of climate change on the spread of a variety of diseases, mostly intensified by flooding or drought. As many stakeholders rightfully pointed out, flooding increases the spread of waterborne, airborne, zoonotic, and vector-borne diseases attributable to changing climatic condition. “For Nigeria, I think climate change was really an issue for specific disease patterns and spread, such as meningitis” NGO10. Inadequate understanding of a climate resilient health system The participants were familiar with the semantics or concept to an extent and even named the ability to cope with climate stressors, an effective reporting system, accessible health care to the poor and shock absorption as criteria for a climate-resilient health system. However, a significant proportion of the participants are not familiar or have not engage in ‘climate resilient health system’ functions. “We look at how the system is able to cope and [remain] stable to climate conditions, e. g. , when there’s flooding, and there’s increased admission due to cholera” GOV16. “Honestly, I have no idea” GOV17. Inadequate capacity to support climate resilience in the Nigerian health system. health system does not fulfill the criteria to be considered climate resilient, because the human and material capabilities required to build infrastructure for climate resilience system into the health programs are not available. Participants feel that the Nigerian government is trying its best, however, does not have the capacity currently, in addition to absence of political will.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: If it was treated at 15°C for one day according to the optimum temperature of ligninase, and then at 50°C for four days in order to be fit for the commercial cellulase and xylanase, synergy was exhibited in all four types of mixture (Figure 5A). The degree of synergism (DS) between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase reached the maximum value of 3. 4 on day 2, which was followed by the substantial increase of reducing sugars (7. 8 mg/mL). However, the highest reducing sugars yield was obtained by the mixture containing Ch2-2 enzymes, commercial cellulase and xylanase together on day 5 (10. 9 mg/mL), which was much higher than using any enzyme alone. Therefore, it was not due to the additive effect. Figure 5Improved production of reducing sugars from milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks by synergy of Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial cellulase or xylanase. A. Hydrolysis by binary (commercial cellulases/xylanase, commercial cellulases/Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase/Ch2-2 enzymes) or ternary mixtures (commercial cellulases/xylanase/Ch2-2 enzymes) at 15°C for 24 hours and then 50°C for 96 hours. B. Hydrolysis by binary or ternary mixtures at 28°C for 120 hours. C. Hydrolysis by binary or ternary mixtures at 15°C for 120 hours. Substrate control: milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks without enzymes. Enzyme control: reactions with each enzyme (commercial cellulases, commercial xylanase or Ch2-2 enzymes) alone. Full size imageWe also investigated the interaction at ambient temperatures of 28°C and 15°C, respectively (Figure 5B, C). It was seen that the DS between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase almost reached the maximum value of 4. 7 at 28°C on day 4 and then reached a high reducing sugars yield of 10. 1 mg/mL later on, which was even higher than that obtained at 50°C (8. 9 mg/mL).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Efficacy of Vi polysaccharide vaccine: unadjusted cluster‐trial results by agea Age at baseline Typhoid episodes:Vi vaccine Typhoid episodes:control Efficacy (95% CI):not adjusted Khan 2012 PAK Cumulative incidence at 2 years 2 to < 5 years 16/3154 13/3324 −30% (−183% to 40%) 5 to 16 years 14/10,084 36/10,669 59% (9% to 81%) Sur 2009 IND Cumulative incidence at 2 years 2 to < 5 years 5/1097 27/1095 82% (58% to 92%) 5 to < 15 years 21/4282 54/4584 59% (18% to 79% ≥ 15 years 8/13,490 15/13,125 48% (−44% to 81%) aFailure to adjust for the potential effect of a cluster design is likely to lead to overestimation of the treatment effect. Figures and Tables - Table 3. Efficacy of Vi polysaccharide vaccine: unadjusted cluster‐trial results by agea Navigate to table in 4. Efficacy of Vi‐TT (PedaTyph); cluster unadjusted results; year 1 of doses Follow‐up Vi‐TT (PedaTyph) ratio (96% CI) Efficacy (95% CI) Mitra 2016 IND 2 1 year 0 765 11 860 0. 05 (0. 00 to 0. 83%) 95% (17% to 100%) Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval. Figures and Tables - Table 4. Efficacy of Vi‐TT (PedaTyph); cluster unadjusted results; year 1 Navigate to table in 1. Ty21a vaccine (3 doses) versus control: efficacy Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size 1 Incidence of typhoid fever, year 1 Show forest plot 4 76296 (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0. 55 [0. 35, 0. 86] 2 Incidence of typhoid fever, year 2 Show forest plot 4 76296 (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0. 41 [0. 29, 0. 57] 3 Incidence of typhoid fever, year 3 Show forest plot 4 76296 (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0. 44 [0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: “There is inadequate knowledge and weak understanding of climate resilient health system” NGO10. “No, we don't. We are trying our best…with the available funds and the inadequate personnel and the type of government in place” GOV17. “The government, the country is trying its best…but I think we have lots to do to build a climate resilient health system” GOV16. Climate-informed health programs are not priority. There was a stark contrast among participants that agreed and those that disagreed with the question whether climate-informed health systems are a priority. Nearly all participants have strong opinion both ways, except a few that are unsure. Majority felt there is lack of prioritization due to inadequate awareness of the importance of building climate resilience into the health system. Other stakeholders felt it is just not among the most important issues to be dealt with now, as the country’s health system has other urgent issues to address. “In the 20 years I have been working in Nigerian health sector, I don’t think there has been any one time when anybody else has mentioned the climate to me” NGO07. “The country’s health system has more urgent matters that need to be addressed before climate change” GOV07. Additional Findings. Besides the above, there are other barriers to climate resilience in the Nigerian health system, which includes: Insufficient fundin g. The most named barrier were funding issues, mentioned by 60% of participants. There is inadequate funding specifically for health programs as well as budgetary allocation to the health sector. There is not enough funding in the Nigerian health sector to build infrastructure for climate resilience. “We do have the federal government, but funding is a major issue. The funding of most supportive partners doesn’t cover those aspects” GOV09. Inadequate trained healthcare workers (HCWs). There are insufficient trained health workers currently within the Nigerian healthcare system, in addition to the recent high-rate emigration to western countries. “The doctor to client ratio in Nigeria is so wide because of the emigration of healthcare workers abroad…this has placed a strain on the healthcare workers available in the country” GOV16. Overburdened health system. health system is generally weak and overburdened.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: During the whole hydrolysis process at 28°C, the sugars yield obtained by the mixture of Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase kept almost at the same level as that obtained by the three enzymes combined. Furthermore, the interaction also showed cold-adapted synergistic effect at 15°C with a maximum DS of 4. 1 on day 5. The reducing sugars production could be improved 295% through synergistic effect between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase on day 5 (7. 9 mg/mL), which was not greatly affected by the low temperature. The reducing sugar production from milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks and the synergy effect between enzymes were further assessed under 28°C and 15°C when the loading of commercial cellulase and xylanase were reduced proportionally to one fifth; 0. 05 g cellulase/g substrate (25 mg protein/g cellulose) and 0. 3 g xylanase/g substrate (26 mg protein/g cellulose), respectively (Figure 6A, B). The results showed that the best synergistic effect still occurred between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase, with a DS of 2. 6 and a reducing sugar level of 4. 6 mg/mL on day 4 (28°C), while the concentration of reducing sugar reached 4. 1 mg/mL through the ternary mixtures. Cold-adapted synergistic effect at 15°C between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase remained maximum with a DS of 2. 4 and a reducing sugar level of 3. 3 mg/mL. Figure 6The changes of reducing sugar production from milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks by synergy of Ch2-2 enzymes and reduced commercial cellulase or xylanase. A. Hydrolysis by binary (commercial cellulases/xylanase, commercial cellulases/Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase/Ch2-2 enzymes) or ternary mixtures (commercial cellulases/xylanase/Ch2-2 enzymes) at 28°C for 96 hours. B. Hydrolysis by binary or ternary mixtures at 15°C for 120 hours. Substrate control: milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks without enzymes. Enzyme control: reactions with each enzyme (commercial cellulases, commercial xylanase or Ch2-2 enzymes) alone.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 25, 0. 76] 4 Cumulative incidence of typhoid fever at 2. 5 to 3 years Show forest plot 9 235239 (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0. 50 [0. 39, 0. 65] Figures and Tables - Comparison 1. Ty21a vaccine (3 doses) versus control: efficacy Navigate to table in 2. Ty21a vaccine: liquid formulation versus enteric capsules (3 doses) Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size 1 Cumulative incidence of typhoid fever at 2. 5 to 3 years Show forest plot 2 80127 (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0. 54 [0. 24, 1. 23] Figures and Tables - Comparison 2. Ty21a vaccine: liquid formulation versus enteric capsules (3 doses) Navigate to table in 3. Ty21a vaccine: enteric versus gelatin formulation; cumulative efficacy at 2. 5 to 3 years Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size 1 Incidence of typhoid fever Show forest plot 2 (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only Figures and Tables - Comparison 3. Ty21a vaccine: enteric versus gelatin formulation; cumulative efficacy at 2. 5 to 3 years Navigate to table in 4. Ty21a vaccine versus control: adverse events Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size 1 forest plot 4 2066 (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1. 84 [1. 02, 3. 31] 2 forest plot 4 2066 (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1. 15 [0. 43, 3. 05] 3 forest plot 4 2066 (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0. 80 [0. 52, 1. 24] 4 Nausea or abdominal pain Show forest plot 4 (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only 4. 1 Enteric capsules 2 1141 (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2. 92 [1. 53, 5. 57] 4. 2 Liquid formulation 1 588 (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1. 84 [0. 90, 3. 77] 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Building resilient ecosystems helps mitigate the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: The participants are concerned that the system would needs to first focus on the basic healthcare before it will be able to address climate change mitigation, because it is just one issue at the bottom of a long list, which includes emerging disease outbreaks and malnutrition. “We’re still struggling with a lot right now. So, the reality on the ground right now is the fact that we are not prepared to have such discussions. Why? Because there are a lot of factors distracting us from that discussion. The health system is in a bit of a crisis” NGO15. It is noted already about the inadequate knowledge on climate resilience among key stakeholders, however, even if there is, the will for action on policies is absent. It highlighted a big gap on policy implementation and also a disconnect between scientific community and policymakers. “Commitment is only on paper. In terms of reality, there is not strong” GOV04. Pessimism among Nigerian health systems stakeholders There is clear determination that the transition to a climate resilient health system will be a focus, but that it will take a long time. “I would say it is achievable, but not in the nearest future. Maybe in the next decade or so. Personally, I don’t think it is something we can achieve right now” GOV17. study aimed to understand how climate informed and resilient the Nigerian health system is. The outcomes show that, although adequate knowledge of the effects of climate change on health was noticeable such as those related to heat wave and drought, flooding and irregular rainfall, climate-induced spread of diseases. However, there was: absence of consideration for climate risks and vulnerability in the health policy and program plans; mitigation of climate change effects was not articulated in the health policies or programs; inadequate knowledge on climate resilient health system functions; inadequate capacity to support climate resilience health system; climate-informed or resilient health policies and programs are not priority, in view of other equally competing healthcare challenges in the country. Other secondary outcomes include insufficient funding, inadequate trained healthcare workers, overburdened healthcare system, knowledge gap between the scientific and policymaking communities. One issue that was rarely named was non-communicable diseases (NCDs), as their frequency is highly affected by climate change [9, 36]. A reason for this may be that the effects of climate change on NCDs are not often visible.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Full size imageThe results indicate that crude enzymes mixture containing ligninase from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 was able to enhance hydrolysis of other polysaccharide hydrolases significantly over a wide temperature range, which has a promising prospect for application in biomass degradation and high-value energy production at ambient temperature. It could provide a novel guidance for the design and operation of lignocellulosic enzyme cocktails with efficient synergistic effect. DiscussionIn the overall process of lignocellulosic ethanol production, the cost of enzymes accounts for around 50 to 60% [26], with energy consumption being close behind [27]. Energy is mainly consumed in biomass pretreatment, saccharification and fermentation and so on. The expensive cost of enzymes and energy limits the market of cellulosic ethanol, and so a dramatic reduction in enzyme and energy use is extremely necessary to enhance competitiveness. In this study, psychrophilic C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 was found to be effective in bio-pretreatment and saccharification on bagasse. At the same time, synergy of crude enzymes from Ch2-2 with commercial xylanase greatly enhanced saccharification of milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks at 28°C. In view of the application temperature, when using the most common industrial strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ethanol fermentation, saccharification and fermentation could be unified at its optimum growth temperature. During the degradation of bagasse, both the secretion of lignocellulosic enzymes and the decrease of corresponding lignocellulose components were much more selective by fungus C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 than by the three white-rot fungi reported by Dong et al. [28]. For the same lignocellulosic substrate, different fungi possessed unique degradation strategies by producing distinct enzymes, which implied various synergistic manners and mechanisms in nature. The clear separate degradation pattern during different periods made Ch2-2 more suitable for selective delignification than white-rot fungi. At the same time, the pivotal role of ligninase was highlighted in this process. Laccase and MIP were released simultaneously first following lignin degradation at a higher rate compared to holocellulose. The degradation degree of lignin drastically affected the hydrolysis of holocellulose.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: gov, clinical trial reports from manufacturers' websites, and reference lists of included studies, and relevant systematic reviews. Selection criteria We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in children that compared rotavirus vaccines prequalified for use by the WHO with either placebo or no intervention. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and assessed risk of bias. One author extracted data and a second author cross‐checked them. We combined dichotomous data using the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We stratified the analyses by under‐five country mortality rate and used GRADE to evaluate evidence certainty. Main results Sixty trials met the inclusion criteria and enrolled a total of 228,233 participants. Thirty‐six trials (119,114 participants) assessed Rotarix, 15 trials RotaTeq (88,934 participants), five trials Rotasiil (11,753 participants), and four trials Rotavac (8432 participants). vaccinated and followed up for the first year of life In low‐mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 93% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (14,976 participants, 4 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 52% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (3874 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence). In medium‐mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 79% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (31,671 participants, 4 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 36% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (26,479 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). In high‐mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 58% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (15,882 participants, 4 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 27% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (5639 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In low‐mortality countries, Rotarix prevented 90% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (18,145 participants, 6 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 51% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea episodes (6269 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources contribute to climate resilience by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: 6). The 1. 5C-CCU scenario is characterized by substantial availability of hydrocarbon-based energy for energy demand sectors, along with low dependence on fossil fuels. Conventional mitigation scenarios show a clear correlation of primary energy supply from fossil fuels and biomass with the consumption of hydrocarbon-based energy carriers (Fig. 2d). All AR6 scenarios, including IMPs, 1. 5C-DEC, and 1. 5C-CDR, show similar trends because hydrocarbon-based final energy carriers are generally supplied by fossil fuels or biomass. In the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, hydrocarbon-based energy usage in energy demand sectors reaches approximately 280 EJ per year, despite the reduction of fossil fuel and biomass primary energy supply to approximately 160 EJ by 2050, because DAC is a major carbon source for the energy system in this scenario. Carbon sources and utilization in energy systems The 1. 5C-CCU scenario requires CO2 capture from the atmosphere via DAC, reaching approximately 10 Gt-CO2 per year by 2050; the 1. 5C-DEC requires approximately 1 Gt-CO2 and the AR6 scenarios require < 2 Gt-CO2 (Fig. 3, Supplementary Fig. 7). In contrast to the extensive reliance on DAC, the implementation of CDR and CCS is lower in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario than in the 1. 5C-DEC, 1. 5C-CDR, and AR6 scenarios. CDR implementation is limited to 1 Gt-CO2 per year in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, whereas it reaches 2. 3 and 6. 5 Gt-CO2 per year by 2050 in the 1. 5C-DEC and 1. 5C-CDR scenarios, respectively (Fig. 3b). CCS implementation, specifically geological storage, reaches approximately 3. 4 Gt-CO2 per year by 2050 in the 1. 5C-CCU scenario, even when CCS requirements for industrial process emissions are included; this value is lower than the values in the 1. 5C-DEC and 1. 5C-CDR scenarios, as well as the values in most AR6 scenarios (Fig. 3c). Figure 3d is a diagram of carbon flow in 2050 associated with energy systems; it includes DACCS, which is normally considered outside of the energy system.

Output: contrast