Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Are microorganisms more effective than plants at competing for nitrogen? Sci. 2000; 5: 304–308. pmid:10871903 View 5. Lugtenberg B, Kamilova F. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2009; 63: 541–556. pmid:19575558 View 6. Montañez. Biological nitrogen fixation in maize (Zea mays L. ) by 15N isotope-dilution and identification of associated culturable diazotrophs. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2009; 45: 253–263. View 7. Screening of rhizobacteria from maize (Zea mays L. ) in do (South Brazil) and analysis of their potential to improve plant growth. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2013; 63: 15–22. View 8. . The diversity of archaea and bacteria in association with the roots of Zea mays L. Microb. Ecol. 2001; 41: 252–263. pmid:11391463 View 9. . Inoculation of Bacillus sphaericus UPMB-10 to young oil palm and measurement of its uptake of fixed nitrogen using the 15N isotope dilution technique. Microbes Environ. 2012; 27(3): 257–262. pmid:22446306 View 10. . Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation on microbial community structure in rhizosphere of forage corn cultivated in Thailand. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2011; 47: 44–54. View 11. Biological nitrogen fixation associated with sugar cane and rice: contributions and prospects for improvement. 1995; 174: 195–209. View 12. . Potential use of rhizobial bacteria as promoters of plant growth for increased yield in landraces of African cereal crops. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2004; 3: 1–7. View 13. . Nitrogen and carbon accumulation and remobilisation during grain filling in maize under different source/sink ratios. Crop Sci. 1995; 35: 183–190. View 14. . In winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: 2% (58 of 192) of respondents were participating in SNAP. In addition, 84. 8% (162 of 191) of respondents reported having a place to go when they are sick and need advice about their health, and 92. 1% (176 of 191) of respondents reported having health insurance coverage. Most (79. 4%) participants reported last visiting a physician within the past 6 months for a routine checkup. In our study population, 92. 1% (176 of 191) of respondents reported having health insurance coverage: of the 106 who answered about type of coverage, 38. 7% (n = 41) reported coverage through Medicaid, 23. 6% (n = 25) indicated private insurance, and 23. 6% (n = 25) reported benefits through Alameda County’s HealthPAC program, which offers health care services to low-income residents not otherwise covered by private insurance or Medicaid. Despite good health care coverage in this population, 19. 9% (38 of 191) of respondents reported that they found it difficult to see a physician because of cost. Midpoint changes At midpoint, 192 of 244 participants (78. 7%) completed surveys administered by food bank staff members; 52 were lost to follow-up. We found significant improvements in food security status, dietary intake, physical activity, and depression scores. We found no significant changes in weight or BMI. Food security status. The percentage of participants reporting that household adults skip meals decreased from 43. 6% at baseline to 29. 3% (Pearson χ2 = 98. 6, P <. 001) at midpoint (Table 2). The percentage of participants with low or very low food security status decreased from 68. 8% at baseline to 62. 5% at midpoint (Pearson χ2 = 72. 6, P <. 001). Physical activity and general health. The minutes of physical activity per week reported increased from 95. 6 to 145. 1 (paired t test = 4. 05, P <. 001) among participants, and the percentage of participants who reported regular physical activity at least once per week increased from 62. 5% to 80. 7% (Pearson χ2 = 21. 0, P <. 001) (Table 3). The percentage of participants who reported their health status as poor or fair declined from 73. 9% to 60. 1% (Fisher exact = 39. 19, P <.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: The update problem encountered in operating systems is one of both synchronization and access. Synchronization between different software elements of a system, and between the software and hardware of the platform, is required. An update to a system can destroy this synchronization. Access relates to the permissions and capability to update all parts of the system, including the operating system kernel, the boot software, and all types of firmware on the device. A bad software update creates an incompatibility between two different software components on your device or an incompatibility between the software and the hardware of your device. An update problem is observed when two or more software components interfere with one another. The result of any of these conflicts can be a slowdown in operation, the failure of one or more services, a computer shutdown during operation (i. e. , a crash), or even a failure to boot the device. It is not uncommon for some Linux updates to cause a failure to boot after a kernel update, which then requires a rebuild of the boot device in order to remedy the situation. A good software update requires synchronization between the hardware and all the software on the platform. The word all introduces the other part of the update problem: Access. We defer the access issue until the section on secure updates, but it is important to understand the complexity of the update problem here and realize that the distributions we discuss now do not solve the whole problem. The access problem is caused by some updatable software on a device that resides in one or more difficult to reach hardware storage areas, normally referred to as firmware. The operating system itself may not be able to reach all these firmware locations. The device may need to be placed into a special operating mode, or an update must be submitted at a particular time during the boot process for the firmware update to be successful. This special access required to update firmware may be difficult or impossible to do without human intervention. If some part of the device’s regular software is updated, and it depends on a newer version of firmware that is not present on the device, the instability of a bad software update may be the result. If an operating system update causes an IoT platform to fail to reboot, or to crash so often that a new update cannot be pushed to the device, this requires a human being to go out to the device and repair or replace it.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: ), post-anthesis nitrogen uptake and remobilisation to the grain correlates with agronomic traits and nitrogen physiological markers. Field Crop. Res. 2007; 102: 22–32. View 15. Hoben HJ, Somasegaran P. Comparison of the pour, spread, and drop plate methods for enumeration of Rhizobium spp. in inoculants made from presterilized peat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982; 44: 1246–1247. pmid:16346141 View 16. . Isolation of Azospirillum spp. from oil palm roots. The proceedings of the 18th Microbiology Symposium, for Microbiology, Kuching, Sarawak; 1995. 9. 17. Baldani VLD, Döbereiner J. Host-plant specificity in the infection of cereals with Azospirillum spp. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1980; 12: 433–439. View 18. Pikovskaya RI. Mobilization of phosphorus in soil in connection with vital activity of some microbial species. Microbiologia 1948; 17: 362–370. View 19. Glickmann E, Dessaux Y. A critical examination of the specificity of the Salkowski reagent for indolic compounds produced by phytopathogenic bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995; 16: 793–796. View 20. . Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints for identification of red meat species. Meat Sci. 1998; 48: 275–285. pmid:22063076 View 21. . 16S ribosomal DNA amplication for phylogenetic study. J. Bacteriol. 1991; 173: 697–703. pmid:1987160 View 22. Edgar RC. Muscle: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Res. 2004; 32:1792–1797. pmid:15034147 View 23. . MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony method. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011; 28: 2731–2739. pmid:21546353 View 24. Hall BG. Building phylogenetic trees from molecular data with MEGA. Mol. Biol. Evol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines prevent the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Review 1082. Assessment of to Prevent the Spread of SARS-Cov-2: A M Issarow* of Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, *Corresponding author: of Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Received: February 24, 2023 Accepted: March 31, 2023 Published: April 07, 2023 Abstract Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) is mainly spread person-to-person through droplets and aerosols. It is often recommended that healthcare workers and other people take precautionary measures to reduce their exposure to SARS-CoV-2 by wearing masks. However, the effectiveness of the masks is not well understood at the community level. Methods: To assess the effectiveness of the masks against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we searched electronic databases (Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science) for studies that assessed mask or respirator effectiveness in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Results: The majority of studies reviewed suggested that all types of masks (e. g. , N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks) protect the human respiratory system against airborne viral pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2. The quality and effectiveness of the masks vary depending on the materials, structures, and methods used for construction. The data shows that both surgical masks and N95 respirators can provide similar protection against airborne respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV-2, for healthcare workers, but due to its better facial fit, N95 is recommended for high-risk environments. However, although masks reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, they may not entirely provide proper protection against biologic p1. Masks are thought to keep infected people from spreading SARS-CoV-2 to others by preventing virus-containing droplets from being exhaled into the air and protecting uninfected wearers (Figure 1) [28]. Generally, it is believed that masks can be used to block droplets and aerosols containing SARS-CoV-2 that cause COVID-19. Figure 1: How masks can block droplets and aerosols containing SARS-CoV-2 [42].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: This new OS version is built and tested as a whole – there is no extra package to be added later. For the distributor, this makes updating simpler and guarantees that the OS update will work and will not brick the system. It is also the reason that updates need to be easier and happen more frequently. Just making updates come faster is not really a solution. Updating an entire operating system every week could kill a system, not to mention bog down the network. solves this problem by including tools to allow updates to be smaller. Rather than an update requiring a full reinstall, the update can be a binary diff between versions. This is critical for IoT deployments, because sending down a new kernel that is multiple megabytes in size is just not practical over certain network connections. Linux SummaryLinux supports strong security capabilities in both the kernel and the application space. Although we did not cover all of Linux’s security features, Table 4-3 provides a summary of the operating system security features of Linux for comparison with Zephyr in our previous section. Table 4-3 SummaryFull size tableIn this section, our discussion focused on the update features provided in different Linux distributions and how the distros are solving the problem of interfering applications and overly complex dependencies. These solutions used different forms of containment to solve the update problem. solves the problem by creating a new package format for updates called a bundle and then uses a series of tools to ensure the different bundles create a stable system. If an instability is found, a new update is easy to create by correcting a bundle. System updates are made less burdensome by incorporating special binary diff updates that take less time to download. Pulsar and Ubuntu take a different approach and use advanced features of Linux to construct special containment for applications and even parts of the operating system itself (in the case of Ubuntu, anyway). These containment features are used to create Linux containers, which we look at in a bit more detail in a future section. We also noted that even with these features, the problem of access required to update firmware on the platform is not solved by this approach, and additional capabilities are needed. We look at solutions to the access problem in the section on secure software updates. Hypervisors and VirtualizationVirtualization is a generic term applied to several techniques that increase resource sharing and hardware utilization in a computer system. Modern operating systems like Linux provide virtualized memory, where more memory appears to be available than is actually physically present.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 2013; 5: 1229–1235. View 25. Bremner JM. Nitrogen total. In: Spark DL, editor. Methods of soil analysis, part 3: chemical methods. Wisconsin, USA. Society of America; 1996: 1121. 26. . Direct measurement of organic carbon content in soils by Leco CR-12 carbon analyser. Commun. Soil Sci. Plan. 1998; 29: 15–21. View 27. . Determination of total, organic and available form of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci. 1945; 59: 39–45. View 28. Thomas GW. Exchangeable cations. In: editors. Methods of soil analysis, part 2: chemical and microbiological properties. Agronomy monograph no. 9 (2nd Edition). Madison, USA. of Agronomy; 1982 165. 29. Richards LA, Fireman M. Pressure-plate apparatus for measuring moisture sorption and transmission by soils. Soil Sci. 1943; 56: 395–404. View 30. Research and (MARDI). Anggaran kos pengeluaran dan pendapatan bagi tanaman kontan, dan Tani. Malaysia; 2006. 31. (IAEA). Use of isotope and radiation methods in soil and water management and crop nutrition. IAEA-TCS-14. Vienna, Austria; 2001. 32. . Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach. McGraw-Hill, New York; 1980. 33. . Growth promoting effects of corn (Zea mays) bacterial isolates under greenhouse and field conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2010; 42: 1848–1856. View 34. . Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Geoderma 2005; 125: 155–166. View 35. . Solubilization of insoluble inorganic phosphate by Burkholderia cepacia DA23 isolated from cultivated soil. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2008; 39: 151–156. pmid:24031195 View 36. Yadav J, Verma JP.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complicated disease affecting different populations and the starting age of subjects is as early as 15 years old. Since anthropometric, clinical and genetic risk factors are associated with the development of T2DM, the complications developed due to T2DM are life-threatening. Therefore, this research analyzes the complicating risk factors of T2DM. Materials and methods: An observational study of approximately 10,000 north Indian individuals were contacted and a total of 703 subjects (351 control subjects and 352 T2DM subjects) belonging to north Indian states were recruited for the analysis of the risk factors. Result: Very early onset of T2DM, very large undiagnosed population, high newly diagnosed T2DM subjects, independent effect of complicating risk factors etc. were the results obtained from the research. Conclusion: Considering the complications and early onset of T2DM, despite the other diseases along with T2DM, early mortality and increased mortality due to T2DM were observed in north Indian population. Key words Mortality, undiagnosed population, casual approach, newly diagnosed is common among almost all people [1], ages and regions of the globe due to changes in lifestyle, genetics and environmental factors which all collectively influence the disorder. T2DM appears to be due to number of different defects in insulin secretion [2], insulin’s inhibitory effect on liver glucose production [3] etc. In case of pancreatic beta cell and insulin secretion, it has been suggested that increased free fatty acids, FFA in serum could precipitate β-cell failure [4]. Short-term exposure of pancreatic islets to FFA increases insulin secretion but long-term exposure inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion and biosynthesis and may lead to β-cell death by apoptosis [5]. Increased insulin sensitivity promotes fat deposition in adipose tissue [6]. Elevated levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) contribute to β-cell dysfunction, β-cell loss and lipotoxicity. Formation of H2O2 in peroxisomes is responsible for NEFA-induced toxicity [7]. However, the main driver of the precipitation of T2DM is linked with changes in diet and very low physical activity, evidence from urban population [8].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: This could further be developed into a multi-security system featuring bespoke solutions that can meet the exact corporate or individual requirements. 3. Problem StatementThe number of IoT servers and devices has been increasing exponentially year in year out. The limitations and requirements of these connected devices have also continued to increase related problems that mostly revolve around weak authentications [3]. The issue is, even more, augmented considering limited resources that have rendered the traditional security schemed and protocols ineffective and infeasible for the Internet of Things. Security issues that are associated with the IoT servers and IoT devices are continuing to create concerns because of the iniquitousness of those devices as well as the integration of the IoT in critical apps that could aggregate the potential effect of any security breach. Ideally, the security needs for an IoT network solely rely on the type of apps that it serves and the need for authentication, integrity, confidentiality, and availability [3]. Authentication is especially vital because it is regarded by experts as the key requirement for the effectiveness of IoT servers and IoT devices. Having trust in these IoT devices is the cornerstone for the attainment of a well-functioning network. That is bearing in mind that even one node that has been compromised could be used by malicious actors to the extent of bringing down the entire system or cause other disasters. In essence, the specific nature of IoT servers and IoT devices renders the traditional authentication schemes inapplicable and infeasible. Cryptographic schemes that are specifically meant for large memory, high processing devices, or main-powered devices cannot meet the needs of the IoT nodes that have limited resources. This has partly paved the way for the establishment of lightweight authentication techniques with some being specific to IoT contexts [3]. As mentioned earlier, the use of connecting devices in our everyday lives could make the extent of security challenges that arise from poor authentication of IoT servers and IoT devices life-threatening [3]. The smartness that has been incorporated into electric grids, cars, and homes could be diverted into harmful scenarios once malicious actors have started exploiting them. The various hacking scenarios that have thus far been presented showcase the extent to which poor authentication could cause harm to society at large. Because of that, it is easy to note different types of attacks that could be associated with the IoT layers. At the perception layer, poor authentication could create loopholes on gateways or nodes that can then be manipulated by attackers with ease [3].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Salon C, Munier- Grain legume seed filling in relation to nitrogen acquisition: a review and prospects with particular reference to pea. Agronomie 2001; 21: 539–552. View 47. éré I. Estimating the proportion of nitrogen remobilization and of postsilking nitrogen uptake allocated to maize kernels by nitogen-15 labeling. Crop Sci. 2007; 47: 685–693. View 48. Schröder. Does the crop or the soil indicate how to save nitrogen in maize production? Reviewing the state of the art. Field Crop. Res. 2000; 66: 151–164. View 49. Maathuis F. Physiological functions of mineral macronutrients. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2009; 12: 250–258. pmid:19473870 View 50. . Nitrogen. In: editors. Handbook of plant nutrition. ; 2007, 50. 51. Diaz C, Lemaître Nitrogen recycling and remobilization are differentially controlled by leaf senescence and development stage in Arabidopsis under low nitrogen nutrition. Plant Physiol. 2008; 147: 1437–1449. pmid:18467460 View 52. Thomas H, Smart CM. Crops that stay green. Ann. Appl. Biol. 1993; 123: 193–219. View 53. Masclaux-Daubresse C, Daniele-. Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization in plants: challenges for sustainable and productive agriculture. Ann. Bot. 2010; 105: 1141–1157. pmid:20299346 View 54. Cliquet JB, Deléens Estimation of the carbon and nitrogen allocation during stalk elongation by 13C and 15N tracing in Zea mays L. Plant Physiol. 1990; 92: 78–87. View 55. Cliquet JB, Deléens E, Mariotti A. C and N mobilization from stalk and leaves during kernel filling by 13C and 15N tracing in Zea mays L. Plant Physiol. 1990; 94: 1547–1553. pmid:16667888 View 56. Masclaux-Daubresse C, Reisdorf-Cren M, Orsel M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: As in this research and other studies, the adjoining areas of the city have migrated people from villages and also have the risk of developing T2DM. The complications due to the changes in life style [40] to them is also in par with the city life style. Development of early complications The age of onset of T2DM in population is not clearly predictable due to the lack of regular checkups and until the symptoms, T2DM remains undiagnosed for a period of 3 years to 10 years [41] and all of a sudden, all these undiagnosed turn to be chronic diabetic patients [42] with abnormal glucose level etc. [43]. As per this data, T2DM subjects are in the productive age (40 -- 69 years) which is an early stage of onset as compared to other ethnic groups (Approximately 10 years younger in Indians compared with Chinese and Japanese subjects) [43,44]. However, it is consistent with the Asian Phenotype. This result is similar to Survey (NUDS) conducted in India in 2000 which showed that more than 50% of diabetic cases developed T2DM before the age of 50 years [40]. Since the onset of T2DM is very early compared to other ethnic groups, complications and chronic risks of T2DM are set at an early years, cardiovascular risk [45-47], ischemic heart disease and neuropathy [46], other risks related with early onset of T2DM [48], obesity [49], clinical risk factor [50] agreement with many factors [51] etc. and therefore, mortality rate increases due to T2DM. Another reason is that the media of cooking which increases the body mass index, waist hip ratio and waist circumference, [52-54] lead to obesity, as a result, many other complications get triggered off. The next reason is the hypertension due to high blood pressure as in this research and others [55,56] and the related cardiovascular diseases. prevalence of T2DM is observed in Population due to early onset of T2DM because of the casual approach to T2DM by the population. T2DM subjects living for high duration (many years) is less due to early onset of complications. Therefore, early mortality and increased mortality due to T2DM (without considering correlated diseases and risk factors) is observed in Population. 69.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: The continued evolution of IoT technology can only increase the underlying need for embedded apps that have been designed with strong security features. As such, it is high time for users and design engineers to go back to the drawing board and evaluate the feasibility of microcontrollers as part of the body of security devices [14]. While trying to conduct automated analysis of different security protocols at the global scale, [15] established that it is important to the security of protocols, key servers, and APIs that are required to keep the statuses of various transactions should be in sole positions of maintaining non-monotonic and global state such as the form of registers or databases. Nonetheless, verification tools that exist today cannot allow for the analysis of this kind of stateful security protocol [15]. That is amidst the past success of automated analysis of a wide range of security protocols. The use of automated tools has made it easier to discover flaws and vulnerabilities in different platforms such as the Sign-on Protocol. Whereas there exist more efficient tools like Maude-NPA and it is apparent that some of these tools are unable to conduct a full analysis of protocols that to some extent by needing a nonmonotonic global state. Such an abstraction is considered is ideal for the monotonic prior knowledge of cyber-attackers, thus making the tools to be very effective during the verification of an unbounded number of sessions of protocols. They further make it easy to build on techniques that are already there for the attainment of what could be termed as the Horn clause resolution [15]. The study further reviews various case studies that shed light on simple APIs such as the Yubikey security token [15]. The security token is based on the basic assumption that as our online presence continues to increase it becomes increasingly ideal to bolster our online security practices. Yubikey security token functions based on the principles of two-factor authentication. This is a kind of hardware that can be plugged into a computer or a mobile device. The security token can be utilized alongside passwords when trying to authenticate logins to different websites [15]. It is easy to think of it as a physical that rather than being used to unlock the door, can be used to unlock online life. There are many manufacturers in different parts of the world who manufacture these security tokens and they function almost the same way. As mentioned earlier, the security token operates based on the two-factor authentication standards and by integrating public key cryptography with authentication that is based on hardware.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Search withinThis BookASA-CSSA-term Citation SearchSearch term Citation SearchSearch term Login login Institutional login Log in with ASA-CSSA-& Open access Agrosystems, Geosciences & access Crop, Forage & Journal of Journal of access Open access Society of & access access & (2004–2014) (2002–2014) Forage & Grazinglands (2003–2014) Journal of (1988–1999) (1960–2015) Field, Lab, K-12 Books and Meeting Notes/of of of America 10. 2136/sssaspecpub19. c61978. Importance of the organic phosphorus fraction in extracts of calcareous soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 81–85. 10. 2136/sssaj1978. 03615995004200010018x CASWeb of Science®1963. Some significance of organic phosphorus mineralization in the phosphorus nutrition of cocoa in Ghana. Plant Soil. 19: 65–80. 10. 1007/BF01347862 1976. Organic phosphorus as a predictor of plant available phosphorus in soils of Southern Nigeria. Soil Sci. 122: 159–164. 10. 1097/00010694-197609000-00006 CASWeb of Science®1977. Changes in N and P availability and P fractions in Iwo soils from Nigeria under intensive cultivation. Plant Soil. 46: 309–316. 10. 1007/BF00010087 CASWeb of Science®1976. An attempt to evaluate plant available P in soils under shifting cultivation. Agron. J. 68: 798–801. 10. 2134/agronj1976. 00021962006800050028x 1964. Effect of lime on availability of phosphorus in Zamorano soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 28: 672–673. 10. 2136/sssaj1964. 03615995002800050026x 1984. Soil nutrient bioavailability Wiley-Interscience, and Sons, New York. 1983. Sulfur cycling in soils. p. 767–785. In A. I. More (ed. ) Proc. Int. Sulphur ’82 Conf, Vol. 2, London. 1982. Corp, London. 1973.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: Since 1980, the prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst the world’s population has doubled [2] - and is now regularly termed the “obesity epidemic” [3,4]. Prior to the last century, overweight was an affliction of the wealthy; however, in recent decades this health issue has affected populations of lower socioeconomic status. The high prevalence of obesity was first identified in the most developed countries in the 1970s, followed by the middle-income countries, and is presently an issue of concern in developing nations. Although there are exceptions (such as Japan), overweight and obesity is prevalent in all nations worldwide regardless of developmental status [5,6]. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has been accelerating, with 2016 figures revealing 1. 9 billion adults overweight and 650 million obese, representing 39% and 13% of the world’s population respectively [7]. In Australia, two thirds (67. 0%) of Australian adults were reported to be overweight or obese in 2017-2018; an increase from 63. 4% in 2014- 15 [8]. Obesity is of major health concern because it substantially increases the risk of associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes and several cancers; and is associated with comorbidities such as liver and kidney failure, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and osteoarthritis; all of which have a deleterious effect on both life quality and life expectancy. Obesity is associated with a reduction of 5 to 20 years in life expectancy, depending on the extent of obesity and associated comorbidities [7]. Treatment of obesity and related diseases and conditions is expensive. An analysis of 32 studies a decade ago by Withrow D, et al. (2011) [9], found estimated expenditure on obesity treatment accounted for between 0. 7% and 2. 8% of a country’s total healthcare outlay; and projections for health costs of obesity in countries with higher prevalence such as the US are forecast to double every decade and reach up to 18% of total health expenditure by 2030 [10]. Public health promotion spending on obesity prevention strategies such as education and information, early interventions, promoting better nutrition and diet, and promoting physical activity have all increased, although remain a fraction of the expenditure on obesity-related healthcare [11]. Government regulation and policies such as restrictions on advertising and sales, and the taxation of unhealthy foods have also been implemented in many jurisdictions [12,13].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: For mitigating software attacks, control-flow integrity, control-flow attestation, stack canaries, and address-space layout randomization were the proposed countermeasures that can be used to prevent or mitigate attacks. Cryptographic primitives such as cipher keys and authentication codes can be protected against timing attacks by ensuring that the executed code is not dependent on the data being processed. Physical attacks, such as fault injection attacks can easily bypass security mechanisms and gain access to sensitive data. Software attacks, such as buffer overflow attacks can be used to execute malicious code and gain control of the device. This research does not discuss how attackers attempt and intercept firmware updates in transit, modify the firmware, and then install the modified firmware on the device. Romana, Grandhi & Eswari (2020) Safeguarding of SOHO devices by re-configuring them for reasonable security is proposed in this research. This is especially important because many users deploy these devices with insecure default configurations, leaving them vulnerable to attacks. Enabling advanced threat mitigation techniques for these devices, which are otherwise available to personal computers, is a challenge because of the limited processing, memory, storage. Therefore, users should take the time to learn about the security features of their SOHO routers and configure them appropriately to ensure that they are protected from potential threats. Devices can become easy targets for attackers due to their easy exploitability, making them an attackers' paradise. There have been numerous reports of security issues in SOHO routers because of known vulnerabilities, which can lead to unauthorized access, data theft, and other malicious activities. The vendors often overlook the security of these devices and sell them with default insecure settings, which can leave users vulnerable to attacks. Even if vendors release security patches, very few devices end up getting installed with these patches, which can leave users exposed to known vulnerabilities Anand & Premananda (2022) The advantage of establishing security between servers, cloud applications, and users in today's world is well reviewed in this research, as the number of devices connecting to the internet is ever increasing. This means that there is a greater risk of cyberattacks and data breaches, which can have serious consequences for individuals and organizations. The 95. 97% accuracy in device firmware identification, superior to other methods. This research only discussed risk of information security due to growth of Internet-connected IoT devices.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Sulfur fractions and carbon, nitrogen and sulfur relationships in grasslands, forest and associated transitional soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37: 915–918. 10. 2136/sssaj1973. 03615995003700060034x CASWeb of Science®1978. Soil organic sulfur and soil fertility. p. 273–280. In M. Schnitzer, and S. U. Khan (ed. ) Soil organic matter. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam. 10. 1016/S0166-2481(08)70021-7 1978. The release of phosphorus from plant material added to soil. Aust. J. Soil Res. 16: 101–111. 1976. Phosphorus cycle-what are the sensitive areas-Prospects for improving efficiency of phosphorus utilization. p. 47–51. In G. J. Blair (ed. ) Proc. of Symp. Univ. of. August. 53. 10. 1097/00010694-197801000-00008 CASWeb of Science®101. 10. 1097/00010694-197802000-00006 CASWeb of Science®1971. Continuous cultivation of soils: Organic matter diminution and effects of applied lime and phosphorus. Plant Soil. 35: 401–411. 10. 1007/BF01372671 CASWeb of Science®1984. Phosphorus in the soil microbial biomass. Soil Biol. Biochem. 16: 169–175. 10. 1016/0038-0717(84)90108-1 CASWeb of Science®1980. Changes in organic phosphorus contents of soils from long-continued experiments at Rothamsted and Saxmundham. Rothamsted Exp. Stn. Report for 1979, Part. 2: 41–61. 1979. Effect of carbon additions on soil labile inorganic, organic and microbially held phosphate. Can. J. Soil Sci. 59: 387–396. 10. 4141/cjss79-044 CASWeb of Science®1981. Effect of labile inorganic phosphate status and organic carbon additions on the microbial uptake of phosphorus in soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 61: 373–385. 10. 4141/cjss81-041 CASWeb of Science®1978.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: WHO (2015) [20], recommends that free (or added) sugars should comprise less than 10% of total energy intake (around 50g day), and that less than 5% is preferred. Research from Europe reveals that up 31% of dietary energy is provided by free sugars, with up to one third provided by SSB [21]. The type of sugar contained in SSB varies by country and region, with products in the US in particular containing a higher proportion of fructose as (HFCS) – than others with higher proportions of sucrose [22]. Bureau of Statistics reports that Australians consume an average of 60g of free sugar per day, with over half (52%) from SSB [23]. Alternatives to sugar such as artificial sweeteners, rare sugars, and stevia (stevia rebaudiana) are available. Artificial sweeteners include chemicals such as Acesulfame, Aspartame, Saccharine, and Sucralose; and have a sweet taste many times more intense than sugar but with low energy content. Artificial sweeteners are a good sugar substitute in SSB, but don’t have the same physical characteristics, so are less useful in foodstuffs [24]. Although there were early concerns linking artificial sweeteners to bladder and other cancers, studies now show no evidence of a link and have determined the risk to be negligible [25]. Rare sugars are monosaccharides which taste and have properties similar to sucrose, but with a much lower energy content. Rare sugars are infrequently produced in nature and must be chemically induced through fermentation or enzymatic processes; but have great potential as future sugar substitutes for the food and beverage industry [26]. A third alternative, stevia, is made from the leaves of a plant native to South America, and possesses similar properties to sucrose [27]. In line with community expectations, consumer choice, and regulations, SSB manufacturers have reduced the sugar content of their products and have continued to introduce a greater range of sugar-free alternatives using sugar substitutes [28]. An ongoing concern of all sugar substitutes however, is that while they reduce the energy content of the foods and drinks in which they are contained, they do not provide complete appetite satiation, and consumption of other foods and beverages is often undertaken to make up the perceived energy deficit [29,30]. One of the most serious consequences of obesity is the development of type 2 diabetes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: The authors only provided examples of large-scale network disconnection caused by the Mirai infection in 2016, the iot_reaper attack in 2017, and the VPNFilter malware in 2018 but not the actual methodology or ways to replicated. The vulnerabilities exploited by attackers are closely related to the device firmware version. This research did not identify devices firmware version as an essential prerequisite for maintaining device security. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/table-1 Materials and methodology Tools for IoT bootloader analysis are frequently used to examine IoT device bootloaders. These tools are used to look through the device’s firmware and see if there are any security flaws or vulnerabilities that need to be fixed. They can also be used to retrieve device-specific data, like hardware specs, manufacturer, and version. Firmware analysis tools like Firmadyne, firmware reverse engineering tools like IDA Pro, and firmware security assessment tools like Binwalk are a few examples of IoT tools. To guarantee the security and integrity of IoT devices, security researchers, IoT device manufacturers, and other experts employ these techniques. Tools for “taint analysis” are used to examine the security of bootloaders on Internet of Things devices. They can be used to extract and examine firmware images, find security flaws, and check if standard security features like firmware signing and secure boot are present. The security of IoT device bootloaders is examined by this utility. Firmware images may be extracted and analyzed, vulnerabilities can be found, and standard security features like secure boot and firmware signing can be tested for. With the aid of these instruments, firmware reverse engineering and firmware image modification with the addition of unique payloads or patches are possible. Depending on the firmware image being examined, different undiscovered vulnerabilities may be found, however in general, a variety of problems might be found, such as: Buffer overflow vulnerabilities: These arise when an application attempts to store more data in a buffer than its capacity permits, resulting in the data spilling over into neighboring memory regions. Hardcoded credentials refer to passwords or keys that are inherently incorporated in firmware, making them easily retrievable by an adversary. Insecure communication: This can involve using keys or passwords that are simple to figure out or unencrypted communication protocols. Inadequately secured storage: This can involve keeping private information in plaintext files or other easily accessible, unencrypted places.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Tropic interactions in soils as they affect energy and nutrient dynamics. V. Phosphorus transformations. Microb. Ecol. 4: 381–387. 10. 1007/BF02013281 CASWeb of Science®1977. Simulation of phosphorus cycling in semiarid grasslands. Ecology. 58: 1–15. 10. 2307/1935104 CASWeb of Science®1983. Biological strategies of nutrient cycling in soil systems. Adv. Ecol. Res. 13: 1–56. 10. 1016/S0065-2504(08)60107-5 PubMedWeb of Science®1963. The effect of clearing a tropical forest soil. J. Soil Sci. 14: 334–345. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2389. 1963. tb00957. x Web of Science®1977. Soil organic phosphorus. Adv. Agron. 29: 83–117. 10. 1016/S0065-2113(08)60216-3 CAS1979. Mineralization of carbon and phosphorus from carbon-14 and phosphorus-32 labelled plant material added to soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43: 913–916. 10. 2136/sssaj1979. 03615995004300050019x CASWeb of Science®1982. Effect of plant growth and addition of plant residues on the phosphatase activity in soil. Plant Soil. 66: 265–269. 10. 1007/BF02183985 1973. Soil test parameters for assessing plant-available P of acid organic soils. Soil Sci. 115: 438–446. 1978. Soil testing for available P in southwest Oregon. Proc. 29th. July. 143–152. 1972. Seasonal pattern of soil organic phosphorus. Can. J. Soil Sci. 52: 107–112. 10. 4141/cjss72-011 CASWeb of Science®1984. Mineralizationdynamics in fallow dryland wheat plots, Colorado. Plant Soil. 76: 149–155. 1976. The mineralization of N and P in organic materials of varying C:N and C:P ratios. Plant Soil. 44: 237–240. 10. 1007/BF00016972 CASWeb of Science®1960.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: In short, type 2 diabetes results in an inability to produce or respond to insulin and glucose in the blood system cannot be effectively delivered to the cells of the body. It is largely preventable and most often associated with lifestyle factors such as insufficient physical activity, an unhealthy diet, obesity, and tobacco smoking. Ongoing treatment is required to manage the disease and comorbidities such as heart disease, kidney disease, and other diseases of the circulatory system. There are many studies that provide a link between the high consumption of added sugars in SSB - kilojoules which are easy to consume - and the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes [31,32]; however there is some debate on the scale of impact a reduction in SSB consumption would have on the prevalence of overweight and obesity. As has been noted in the UK [33], continental Europe [21], the US [34,35], Australia [36], and many other countries [37-40], much of the daily energy consumed by the population comes from sugar, of which SSB represent a high proportion. While sugar and SSB consumption has started to decline in highly-developed countries, the prevalence of obesity has continued to rise. First identified in Australia, and known as the [41], further studies have found sugar consumption, including from SSB, has slowly decreased in developed countries [42-46], even amongst adolescents and young adults - normally the biggest consumers [47,48]; however, the prevalence of obesity has continued to rise. Free sugar and SSB consumption continue to increase in low- and middle-income countries in line with the increase in population weight [49,50]. There is a growing call by health officials and public health advocates within Australia to implement a sugar tax - particularly a tax on SSB - to moderate sugar consumption and by extension, reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity [51-54]. Modelling conducted by proponents of an Australian SSB tax of either a 20% excise tax or 20% sales tax (see below) estimate various reductions in SSB consumption of 0. 6 L/month [55], of 17 g sugar/day [56], or by 11. 52% [57]. Modelling also estimates a reduced consumption of SSB could lead to reductions in weight of the average consumer of 0. 29 kg/year and up to 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Updating IoT device firmware is essential for maintaining security. [SEP] Text: Figure 2: IoT physical to logical dataflow. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1771/fig-2 The research methodology followed for analyzing taint analysis and IoT firmware typically involves several stages: i) Taint analysis discovers some anomaly from a source flow to a sink. IoT systems have at least two different types of sources and sinks. a) The first is the external components interacting with the physical real world where sensors as the source and actuators are the sink or the Android apps for geolocation as the source and set the label as the sink. b) The second uses a database containing the outcome as well as communication routes as the sink or the Internet with the request and receive as the source. obtain as the answer and source. as the sink. ii) Firmware extraction involves removing firmware images from a variety of IoT devices, including those with embedded Linux, RTOS, and microcontroller systems. After extracting the firmware image, analysis and examination are performed to find security flaws and vulnerabilities. This includes the device's operating system and processor type as well as any open network ports, hard-coded emails/passwords, and other security issues. iii) Firmware reverse engineering extracts the underlying source code and decompiles the firmware, undertaking firmware reverse engineering. This makes it possible for security experts to do a more in-depth analysis of the firmware and find any potential flaws. iv) Modification can be done by adding patches or unique payloads to firmware images. This can be used to add unique features to the device or test the security of the device. v) By conducting attacks on the firmware and bootloader, test and evaluate the security of these systems. vi) Provide reports detailing the firmware’s testing and analysis, emphasizing any security concerns or vulnerabilities that were found. The steps for the algorithm proposed in this research for analyzing IoT firmware are explained in the pseudocode below: i) The firmware image is extracted from the IoT device using the function ‘extract-firmware’ in the first line of the pseudocode. ii) The firmware image is examined using the ‘analyze-firmware’ function in the following line. The CPU and operating system type of the device would probably be determined by this function, which would also look for known vulnerabilities and standard security measures like firmware signing and secure boot.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Phosphate responses in relation to soil tests and organic phosphorus. J. Agric. Sci. 54: 341–347. 1978. Naturally occurring organo sulfur compounds in soils. p. 391–443. In J. O. Nriagu (ed. ) Sulfur in the environment. Part II. Ecological impacts. and Sons, New York. 1983. The sulfur cycle in soil. p. 129–201. In M. V. Ivanov, and J. R. Freney (ed. ) The global biogeochemical sulphur cycle. . 19. and Sons, New York. 1960. Phosphate responses in relation to soil tests and organic phosphorus. J. Agric. Sci. 54: 341–347. 10. 1017/S0021859600021274 CAS1956. Some factors influencing the utilization of phosphorus from crop residues. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 20: 218–224. 10. 2136/sssaj1956. 03615995002000020020x CAS1985. Conservation tillage. Science. 230: 625–630. 10. 1126/science. 230. 4726. 625 of Science®1983. Phosphorus cycles in forests, grasslands, and agricultural ecosystems. Ph. D. thesis. Diss. Abstr. 44 (9-2683-B). Cornell Univ. , Ithaca, NY. 1961. Phosphorus changes in soils as influenced by cropping and manure applications. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25: 214–218. 10. 2136/sssaj1961. 03615995002500030022x CAS1973. A soil test for sulfur and interpretive criteria for Saskatchewan. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 4: 219–231. 10. 1080/00103627309366440 CAS1978. The phosphorus cycles of forest and plant grassland ecosystems and some affects of land management practices. Phosphorus in the environment: Its chemistry and biochemistry, 57. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam. 175–195. 1982. P-32 method to compare rates of mineralization of labile organic phosphorus in Woodland soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15: 93–99. 1984.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: It is naive at best to imagine that the revenue collected from SSB taxation would be efficiently applied to the subsidisation of healthy food, and there is scant evidence of the effectiveness of such subsidies [120,121]. Clearly taxation is not the only method to reduce sugar consumption from SSB; and selection and consumption of SSB has been shown experimentally to lessen through reducing convenience of availability, restricting advertising and promotion, restricting portion sizes, and overt warning labels on packaging [99-104,122,123]. In jurisdictions in which excise-based SSB have been introduced such as the UK, South Africa, and Mexico; reductions in population sugar intake has also resulted from product reformulation, as manufacturers attempt to minimise the tax paid [28,62]. high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australia continues to be an issue of concern for the health of the population. Overweight and obesity result from increased energy consumption and decreased energy expenditure. Much of the excess energy consumption is derived from free or excess sugars, of which SSB are a significant source. As has been the case with alcohol and tobacco consumption, introducing taxation on SSB through excise or sales taxes is proposed to artificially increase the price, leading to a decrease in purchase and consumption, and a decrease in the prevalence of obesity. However international experience has shown that although increased SSB prices lead to decreased consumption, the effect is small, and has little effect on population weight. There is however, some evidence that SSB taxation may be more effective in reducing the prevalence of obesity rather than reducing the weight of those already overweight or obese. As with alcohol and tobacco, consumers are likely change their behaviour to minimise the effect of price increases through strategies such as substitution with lower-cost or generic brands, or through consumption of other products such as fructose-sweetened fruit juices. Based on international experience, in an environment of SSB taxation, manufacturers are also likely to reduce the sugar content of their beverages through substitution of sugar with alternative sweeteners, and in fact are already doing so. Strategies such as restriction of sales, improved information and education, and clear warning labels on packaging have also been shown to be effective to curb SSB consumption. Introduction of SSB taxation in Australia is a policy with a worthy goal, however an SSB tax alone is certainly no silver bullet to reduce obesity in Australia. 10. Flegal KM (2006) Commentary: The epidemic of obesity - what's in a name? .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All IoT security measures are universally effective for any network. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2648993/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractone of the most important challenges of the Internet of Things is security. Today, the Internet of Things has found an important place in information technology and human daily life. One of the main challenges of the Internet of Things is security. One of the common methods to intervene in Internet of Things services is Denial of Service (DoS) attacks and of Service (DDoS) attacks. Therefore, intrusion detection systems or IDSs are currently the main and most complete parts of a network monitoring system. This paper uses the 2017 data set to present an intrusion detection model in software-driven Internet of Things networks based on deep neural networks to detect distributed denial of service attacks and several other cyber attacks. In addition, we explored effective deep learning models to represent cyber security knowledge in Internet of Things networks, including and LSTM hybrid models, and our proposed model. Neural networksInternet of 2017modelFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figure 12Figure 13Figure 14Figure 15Figure 16Figure 17Figure 18Figure 19Figure 201. IntroductionToday, with the growth of information technology, the security of computer networks is one of the biggest challenges. Therefore, intrusion detection systems or IDSs are currently the main and most complete parts of a network monitoring system. IDSs are relatively new technologies and promise to help us identify intrusions all types of networks will help. Intrusion detection is actually a process in which the events and occurrences of a system or network are monitored and based on these monitoring, the occurrence of intrusion into that network is detected with the system. An intrusion is actually an activity or action by which the confidentiality, integrity and accessibility of resources are disturbed or attacked. Using the -2017 data set, an intrusion detection model in Internet of Things software-based networks based on deep neural network has been developed to identify distributed denial of service attacks as well as some other cyber attacks. This 2. Research ObjectiveThe purpose of this project is to present a new intrusion detection method in the Internet of Things. In this method, machine learning capabilities are used, which are widely used in various researches today.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: A P nuclear magnetic resonance study of the phosphorus species in alkali extracts of soils from long-term field experiments. J. Soil Sci. 35: 33–45. 1982. Method to measure microbial phosphate in soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 14: 377–385. 10. 1016/0038-0717(82)90009-8 CASWeb of Science®1982. Changes in inorganic and organic soil phosphorus fractions induced by cultivation practices and by laboratory incubations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46: 970–976. 10. 2136/sssaj1982. 03615995004600050017x of Science®1983. A conceptualised simulation model of C,N,S, and P interactions. p. 303–325. In B. Bolin, and R. B. Cook (ed. ) The major biogeochemical cycles and their interactions. SCOPE 21. and Sons, New York. 1986. Concepts of sulfur, carbon and nitrogen transformations in soil: Evaluation by simulation modelling. Biogeochemistry. 2: 163–177. 10. 1007/BF02180193 CASWeb of Science®1980. The soil resource (Vol. 37) Springer-York, New York. 1977. Within-season variability of bicarbonate phosphorus in wheat soils. Aust. J. Soil Res. 15: 167–170. 1982. Measurement of available soil phosphorus under conventional and no-till management. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 13: 607–618. 10. 1080/00103628209367299 CASWeb of Science®1979. Cornell Int. Agric. Bull. 33. of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca. 1982. Phosphorus associated with fulvic and humic acids in soils under different covers. p. 37–46. In E. Puspharajah, and S. H. A. Hamid (ed. ) Phosphorus and potassium in the tropics. . 1977. Phosphate minerals. p. 639–672. In J. B. Dixon, and S. D. Weeds (ed. ) Minerals in soil environments. Society of America, Madison, WI. 1978. Phosphate availability indices related to phosphate fractions in selected Malawi soils. J. Sci. Food. Agric.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: Organisation (2015) Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva, Switzerland. Azaïs-(2017) A review of total & added sugar intakes and dietary sources in Europe. 16: 1-5. (2017) The sugar content of soft drinks in Australia, Europe and the United States. Aust 206: 454-455. (2016) Australian health survey: Consumption of added sugars, 2011-12. Canberra, Australia. (2014) Artificial sweeteners - a review. J Technol 51: 611-621. Weihrauch MR, (2004) Artificial sweeteners—do they bear a carcinogenic risk? . 15: 1460-1465. (2018) Chemistry behind rare sugars and bioprocessing. J Chem 66: 13343-13345. (2015) Stevia, nature’s zero-calorie sustainable sweetener: a new player in the fight against obesity. 50: 129-134. (2020) Reductions in sugar sales from soft drinks in the UK from 2015 to 2018. BMC Med 18: 1-10. Bellisle F, (2007) Intense sweeteners, energy intake and the control of body weight. 61: 691-700. Mattes RD (2006) Beverages and positive energy balance: The menace is the medium. Obes 30: S60-S65. és JP, Hu FB (2010) Sugar sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk. Circulation 121: 1356-1364. de (2012) Sweetened beverage consumption, incident coronary heart disease, and biomarkers of risk in men. Circulation 125: 1735-1741. (2014) Action on sugar—lessons from UK salt reduction programme. Lancet 383: 929-931. - (2013) Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in the US: Novel assessment methodology. 45: 416-421. Han E, Powell LM (2013) Consumption patterns of sugar-sweetened beverages in the United States. J Diet 113: 43-53. (2020) Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, juice, artificially-sweetened soda and bottled water: an Australian population study. Nutrients 12: 817. (2020) High intake of free sugars, fructose, and sucrose is associated with weight gain in Japanese men. J Nutr 150: 322-330.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All IoT security measures are universally effective for any network. [SEP] Text: Security is one of the most important criteria in the Internet of Things. The method introduced in this project can be used in various fields of Internet of Things such as life assistant, electronic health, advanced learning, automation, industrial production, business management, intelligent transportation of people and goods, etc. As a result, using this method, Internet of Things environments can be transformed into safer environments. Many intrusion detection methods have been presented in recent years, but the purpose of this project is to present an efficient and more optimal method than the previous methods, which has the ability to detect all types of attacks in the Internet of Things network. 3. Literature ReviewResearchers in 2018 suggested an ensemble network intrusion detection technique that relies on well-known statistical flow features. Internet of thing services use network protocols including and MQTT, and attackers use tactics like polymorphic code, DNS spoofing, DNS cache poisoning, Denial of Service (DoS), Distributed DoS (DDoS), and URL interpretation to try to exploit weaknesses in these protocols[13]. The primary step of their research entails a thorough examination of the TCP/IP model, followed by selecting a collection of features from the network traffic protocols and DNS. They used three (ML) algorithms: decision tree (DT), (NB), and artificial neural network (ANN). Researchers in 2019 AND 2021 propose a hypervisor level distributed network security framework using the classifier technique to identify and classify an attack by evaluating the applied network traffic. The researchers used the UNSW-NB15 dataset and the -2017 dataset to conduct their study. Their proposed system called Kalis can be implemented as an independent tool on a separate external device. It is an automatic and knowledge-driven IDS, which means that it automatically determines the intrusion detection technique based on the characteristics collected from the network[14]-[16]. On the 2017 dataset, researchers in 2019 used an IDS feature reduction method with Ada-boost as a classifier[17]. In addition, they combined the (SMOTE) [18], Analysis (PCA), and Selection (EFS) to improve the performance. Moreover, it enables the ML-based IDS to train faster with low computation and high accuracy. As a result, with an accuracy of 81. 83% and an F1 score of 90. 01%, the results show that their proposed technique is better than the existing literature for the 25 selected features[26]. 4. 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 29: 423–428. 10. 1002/jsfa. 2740290503 Web of Science®1971. Sorptive interactions between soil p445. In A. D. McLaren, and J. Skujins (ed. ) Soil biochemistry, Vol. 2. Marcel Dekker, New York. 1982. Diagnosis of sulfur deficiency in plants and soils. Proc. Science Workshop, Edmonton. 2324 February. and. 207–228. 1983. Sulfur and nitrogen mineralization in soils compared using two incubation techniques. Soil Biol. Biochem. 15: 251–256. 10. 1016/0038-0717(83)90067-6 CASWeb of Science®1984. Sulfur cycling in grassland and parkland soils. Biogeochemistry. 1: 97–111. 10. 1007/BF02181123 CASWeb of Science®1985. The effects of plants on soil sulfur transformations. Soil Biol. Biochem. 17: 127–134. 10. 1016/0038-0717(85)90103-8 CASWeb of Science®1981. Comparative aspects of C, N, S, and P cycling through soil organic matter during pedogenesis. Geoderma. 26: 267–286. 10. 1016/0016-7061(81)90024-0 of Science®1980. Soil phosphorus characterization by P nuclear magnetic resonance. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 11: 835–842. 10. 1080/00103628009367083 CASWeb of Science®1969. Etude expérimentale de l'évolution saisonnière des composés humiques en climat tempere. Pedologie. 19: 5–22. 1985. Spatial variability of soil phosphorus as influenced by soil texture and management. Can. J. Soil Sci. 65: 475–487. 1954. USDA Circ. 939. U. S. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. . 1982. Phosphorus. p. 403–487. In A. L. Page (ed. ) Methods of soil analysis. Part2. Agronomy 9 (2nd ed. ). 1971. Organic phosphorus contents of some cocoa-growing soils of Southern Nigeria. Soil Sci.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: (2003) Obesity and the environment: Where do we go from here? . Science 299: 853-855. (2020) One-year changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumers’ purchases following implementation of a beverage tax: A longitudinal quasi-experiment. 112: 644-651. (2020) Sugar-sweetened and diet beverage consumption in Philadelphia one year after the beverage tax. 17: 1336. Winkler JT (2011) Why soft drink taxes will not work. Nutr 108: 395-396. Hu FB (2013) Resolved: There is sufficient scientific evidence that decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases. 14: 606-619. Edwards RD (2011) Commentary: Soda taxes, obesity, and the shifty behavior of consumers. 52: 417-418. (2010) Can soft drink taxes reduce population weight? . Policy 28: 23-35. (2006) Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: a randomized, controlled pilot study. Pediatrics 117: 673-680. (2006) A review of the effectiveness of aspartame in helping with weight control. 31: 115-128. (2004) Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. JAMA 292: 927-934. (2019) Fructose at the crossroads of the metabolic syndrome and obesity epidemics. 24: 186-211. Carvalho C, de Souza M, Arbex N, Sá D, de L, et al. (2018) The role of fructose in public health and obesity. Health 10: 434-441. (2009) Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: Effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. 89: 1-14. (2010) Fat taxes: the newest manifestation of the age-old excise tax. J 31: 123-136. (2017) Taxes and subsidies for improving diet and population health in Australia: A cost-effectiveness modelling study. PLoS Med 14: e1002232. (2006) Effectiveness of monetary incentives in modifying dietary behavior: A review of randomized, controlled trials. 64: 518-531.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All IoT security measures are universally effective for any network. [SEP] Text: 0 UNSW-NB15 41 2020 CNN 89. 02 UNSW-NB15 32 2020 AE VAE 82. 75 87. 52 -2017 33 2020 -LSTM 92. 16 98. 30 UNSW-15 34 2021 XGBoost 95. 55 NSL_KDD 26 2022 -LSTM 97. 77 96. 87 96. 92 -2017 Our proposed method 2023 --Model 98. 5 98. 8 99. 0 99. 7 -2017 10. Conclusionof Things offers more compelling possibilities for integrating technologies, services and management capabilities in the digital world. With the development of integrated technology, people are becoming more and more connected with such technology. This study proposed a solution for intrusion detection in IoT networks by comparing different deep neural network architectures. Our study concluded that our proposed model works better than other deep learning models and machine learning algorithms with 99. 7% accuracy. Also, Our analysis showed that our proposed models can identify several other cyber attacks targeting IoT devices. DeclarationsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no known financial or non-financial computing interests in any material discussed in this paper. Authors' contributions All authors conceived the presented idea. All authors developed the theory and performed the computations. All authors verified the analytical methods. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. Corresponding author Correspondence to S authors did not receive any funding for the project making, research, writing, or publication of this work. Availability of data and materials We are not able to reveal our unique code. However, we have used python to create our code, schematics, and simulations. 2018. Rahul Gomes, Mostofa Ahsan, and Anne Denton. Random forest classifier in sdn framework for user-based indoor localization. In 2018 on Electro/(EIT), pages 0537–0542. IEEE, 2018. Andrew S. Fetter, Chowdhury, and Shadman Latif. Raspberry pis for network security. In 2021 on Electrical, Computer, Communications and (), pages 1–6, 2021. . Beyond the convenience of the internet of things: Security and privacy concerns. In 2017 IST-Conference (IST-Africa), pages 1–10. IEEE, 2017. and Rashmi Satyal. Dimensions of cybersecurity risk management. in Cybersecurity Management, pages 369–395.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 122: 195–199. 1983. Soluble phosphorus release from organic soils. Agric. Ecosystems Environ. 9: 373–382. 10. 1016/0167-8809(83)90022-1 CASWeb of Science®1966. Soil fertility changes in a red-brown earth under irrigated pastures. II. Changes in phosphorus. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 17: 317–325. 1985. The influence of topography on the nature and distribution of soil sulfur across a narrow environmental gradient. Can. J. Soil Sci. 65: 419–434. 10. 4141/cjss85-046 CASWeb of Science®1985. The influence of topography on the nature and distribution of organic and inorganic soil phosphorus across a narrow environmental gradient. Can. J. Soil Sci. 65: 651–665. 10. 4141/cjss85-071 CASWeb of Science®1973. Soil conditions and plant growth. 10th ed Longman Group, Harpow, UK. 1982. Amazon basin soils: Management for continuous corn production. Science. 216: 821–827. 10. 1126/science. 216. 4548. 821 of Science®1985. Phosphorus cycling in unfertilized and fertilized agricultural soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49: 905–911. 10. 2136/sssaj1985. 03615995004900040023x Web of Science®1983. Distribution of phosphorus forms in virgin and cultivated soils and potential erosion losses. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47: 581–586. 10. 2136/sssaj1983. 03615995004700030038x CASWeb of Science®1985. Fractionation of inorganic and organic phosphorus in virgin and cultivated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49: 127–130. 10. 2136/sssaj1985. 03615995004900010025x CASWeb of Science®1973. Phosphorus: An indicator of pedogenic weathering processes. Soil Sci. 115: 199–206. 10. 1097/00010694-197303000-00005 CASWeb of Science®1985. Phosphorus dynamics in soils and landscape. Geoderma. 36: 185–199. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: Abstract Background: The global prevalence of noncommunicable diseases has risen rapidly over the past decade. Research has focused on dietary management, particularly dietary sugar, to prevent and treat noncommunicable diseases. Objective: This study undertakes a scoping review of research on the impacts of dietary sugar on cardiometabolic related health outcomes. Methods: Ovid Medline, Scopus and Web of collection databases were used to identify papers published from January 1, 2010 onwards. The included studies had to be cross-sectional or cohort studies, peered review, published in English and in adults, aged 18 years old and above. 27. [PMID: 28604169] [2] Saklayen MG. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Rep 2018; 20(2): 12. [ [PMID: 29480368] [3]. The effects of dietary sugars on cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease–related mortality: Finding the sweet spot. Proc 2019; 94(12): 2375-7. [ [PMID: 31806092] [4] Erickson J, Slavin J. Total, added, and free sugars: Are restrictive guidelines science-based or achievable? Nutrients 2015; 7(4): 2866-78. [ [PMID: 25884659] [5] Clar C, Al-Khudairy L, Loveman E, et al. Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. 2017; 7(7): CD004467. [PMID: 28759107] [6] Equator. . Enhancing the quality and transparency of health research. Equator resource centre. 2020. Available from: www. equator-network. org Accessed on 2nd Feb 2021 [7] Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Mech 2009; 2(5-6): 231-7. [ [PMID: 19407331] [8] Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; National heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; World heart federation; International. Circulation 2009; 120(16): 1640-5. [ [PMID: 19805654] [9] Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and crosssectional studies. Bethesda, MD: National institutes of health, department of health and human services. 2014. Available from: www.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All IoT security measures are universally effective for any network. [SEP] Text: In 2018 on Electro/(EIT), pages 0531–0536. IEEE, 2018. and KimChoo. A deep recurrent neural network based approach for internet of things malware threat hunting. Computer Systems, 85:88–96, 2018. and Petrovski. Botnet detection in the internet of things using deep learning approaches. In 2018 international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN), pages 1–8. IEEE, 2018. Nygard. Convolutional neural networks with lstm for intrusion detection. In CATA, pages 69–79, 2020. and Tahmina Zebin. An efficient deep learning model for intrusion classification and prediction in 5g and iot networks. In 2019 53rd on information sciences and systems (CISS), pages 1–6. IEEE, 2019. Gavin Watson. A comparison of header and deep packet features when detecting network intrusions. Technical report, 2018. Mostofa Ahsan, Rahul Gomes, and Anne Denton. Application of a convolutional neural network using transfer learning for tuberculosis detection. In 2019 on Technology (EIT), pages 427–433. IEEE, 2019. Rifat. Feature engineering on the cybersecurity dataset for deployment on software defined network. 2020. 2022. . [26] Mostafa Ahsan. trusion Detection for IoT with Network T. A. Tang, L. Mhamdi, D. McLernon, S. A. R. Zaidi, M. Ghogho et al. (2016). , “Deep learning approach for network intrusion detection in software-defined networking,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Fez, Morocco, 263. M. A. Qatf, Y. Lasheng, M. A. Habib and K. A. Sabahi. (2018). “Deep learning approach combining sparse autoencoder with SVM for network intrusion detection,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, 2856. F. Farahnakian and J. Heikkonen. (2018). “A deep auto-encoder based approach for an intrusion detection system,” in Proc. 20th Int. Conf. on Technology, Chuncheon-si GangwonDo, South Korea, 8246. M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 1016/0016-7061(85)90001-1 of Science®1984. Interrelation of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus during decomposition processes in soil. p. 442–446. In M. J. Klug, and C. A. Reddy (ed. ) Currentperspectives in microbial ecology. for Microbiology, Washington, DC. 1984. Recent progress in understanding the sulphur cycle in soils. p. 695–702. In J. A. Terry (ed. ) Proc. of sulphur-84. Institute of Canada. Calgary, Alberta. 1983. Interaction of biogeochemical cycles in grassland ecosystems. p. 247–269. In B. Bolin, and R. B. Cook (ed. ) The major biogeochemical cycles and their interactions. SCOPE 21. and Sons, New York. 1982. Phosphorus cycle. p. 221–238. In R. G. Burns, and J. H. Slater (ed. ) Experimental microbial ecology. Publications, Oxford. 1983. Phosphorus cycling in soils: Agronomic considerations. Congress on (), Brussels, 4-6 October. du Phosphate, Casablanca, Maroc. 501–565. 1984. The biological transformation of P in soil. Plant Soil. 76: 245–256. 10. 1007/BF02205584 CASWeb of Science®1982. Phosphorus fractions of a climosequence of soils in tussock grassland. Soil Biol. Biochem. 14: 191–196. 10. 1016/0038-0717(82)90022-0 CASWeb of Science®1954. Occurrence and mineralization of organic phosphorus in soils, with particular reference to associations with carbon, nitrogen, and pH. Soil Sci. 77: 185–196. 10. 1097/00010694-195403000-00002 CASWeb of Science®1983. P514. 10. 2136/sssaj1983. 03615995004700030023x CASWeb of Science®1985. The biogeochemistry of soil phosphorus. p. 463–472. In D. E. Caldwell (ed. ) Planetary ecology. and Reinhold, New York. 1982. Cultivation effects on the amounts and concentration of C, N and P in grassland soils.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: nhlbi. nih. gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools Accessed on 2nd Feb 2021 [10]. Association of free sugars intake with cardiometabolic risk factors among Japanese adults: The 2016 national health and nutrition survey, Japan. Nutrients 2020; 12(12): 3624. [ [PMID: 33255814] [11] Denova-Gutiérrez E, Talavera JO, Huitrón-Bravo G, Méndez-Hernández P, Salmerón J. Sweetened beverage consumption and increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Mexican adults. Nutr 2010; 13(6): 835-42. [ [PMID: 20144256] [12]. Sugar-sweetened beverages and prevalence of the metabolically abnormal phenotype in the Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22(5): E157-63. [ [PMID: 24550031] [13] Khosravi- Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in relation to the metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults. 2012; 5(4): 527-37. [ [PMID: 22854602] [14]. Substituting homemade fruit juice for sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with lower odds of metabolic syndrome among Hispanic adults. J Nutr 2012; 142(6): 1081-7. [ [PMID: 22551801] [15]. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in relation to obesity and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults: A cross-sectional study from the 2012–2016 Korean national health and nutrition examination survey (). Nutrients 2018; 10(10): 1467. [ [PMID: 30304842] [16] Barrio-Lopez MT, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Fernandez--Rastrollo M. Prospective study of changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the incidence of the metabolic syndrome and its components: The SUN cohort. Nutr 2013; 110(9): 1722-31. [ [PMID: 23534417] [17] Duffey KJ, Gordon-. Drinking caloric beverages increases the risk of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes in the in () Study. 2010; 92(4): 954-9.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All IoT security measures are universally effective for any network. [SEP] Text: Amjad, Mahwish & Zahid, Hira & Zafar, Sania & Mahmood, Tariq. (2020). A for System. 1-6. 10. 1109/AECT47998. 2020. 9194224. S. Zavrak and M. İskefiyeli, "Anomaly-" in IEEE Access, vol. 8, 10. 1109/. 2020. 3001350. Dhillon, H. , & Haque, A. (2020). . 2020 IEEE 19th on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communication (TrustCom). Alzahrani, A. , & Alenazi, M. (2021). Designing a Based on for Networks. Future Internet, 13(5). B. Roy and H. Cheung, ‘‘A deep learning approach for intrusion detection in Internet of Things using bi-directional long short-term memory recurrent neural network,’’ in Proc. 28th Int. Telecommun. Netw. Appl. Conf. (ITNAC), Nov. 2018, 10. 1109/ATNAC. 2018. 8615294. H. Alaiz-Moreton, J. Aveleira-Mata, J. Ondicol-Garcia, A. L. Muñoz-Castañeda, I. García, and C. Benavides, ‘‘Multiclass classification procedure for detecting attacks on MQTT-IoT protocol,’’ Complex, vol. 2019, Apr. 2019, Art. no. 6516253, doi: 10. 1155/2019/6516253. H. Yang and F. Wang, ‘‘Wireless network intrusion detection based on improved convolutional neural network,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 7, 10. 1109/. 2019. 2917299 R. Kishore and A. Chauhan, ‘‘Evaluation of deep neural networks for advanced intrusion detection systems,’’ in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Electron. , Commun. Aerosp. Technol. (ICECA), Nov. 2020, 10. 1109/ICECA49313. 2020. 9297515. Y. Li, Y. Xu, Z.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Search withinThis BookASA-CSSA-term Citation SearchSearch term Citation SearchSearch term Login login Institutional login Log in with ASA-CSSA-& Open access Agrosystems, Geosciences & access Crop, Forage & Journal of Journal of access Open access Society of & access access & (2004–2014) (2002–2014) Forage & Grazinglands (2003–2014) Journal of (1988–1999) (1960–2015) Field, Lab, K-12 Books and Meeting Notes/of of of America 10. 2136/sssaspecpub58. ch121. These relatively low responses to the application of OM are related to the low N recovery by a following crop. Although long-term application of OM was observed to boost the soil fertility status, major problems associated with the sole use of OM include the limited response to OM application and difficulties to incorporate an OM production phase in existing cropping systems. In recent years most soil fertility research has been shifted towards the combined application of OM and fertilizer and possible positive interactions or added benefits generated through this combined application. In the third section, the impact of combined applications of OM and fertilizer is evaluated. Agronomically, the combined application of OM and fertilizer can easily lead to 200 to 400% increases in maize grain yield relative to an unamended control and give absolute yield increases easily exceeding 2000 kg grain ha−1. However, the scope for obtaining positive interactions between both inputs is limited, highest for cropping systems using external sources of OM, and lowest for alley cropping systems because of tree-crop competition. A direct and indirect hypothesis was formulated addressing improvements in the supply and demand side of added external inputs, respectively, and as such improving the overall nutrient use efficiency. In more detailed studies specifically addressing this issue, evidence was presented that such interactions do take place, both following the direct and indirect hypothesis. To test the direct hypothesis, studies using 15N labeled fertilizer were initiated. Results showed a delay in movement of fertilizer N to deeper soil layers when mixed with incorporated low quality maize stover residues and a consequent improved fertilizer-N recovery by a subsequent maize crop. Higher quality Mucuna residues did not significantly alter the movement of fertilizer-N. Two examples supporting the indirect hypothesis are presented.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 20702604] [18] Ferreira-Pêgo C, Babio N, Bes-Rastrollo M, et al. Frequent consumption of sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages and natural and bottled fruit juices is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular disease risk. J Nutr 2016; 146(8): 1528-36. [ [PMID: 27358413] [19] A dietary pattern with high sugar content is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in the pomak population. Nutrients 2019; 11(12): 3043. [ [PMID: 31847144] [20]. Sugar intake and metabolic syndrome among older adults in Peninsular Malaysia. Nutr 2018; 24(2): 163-74. [21] Sugar-sweetened beverage, sugar intake of individuals, and their blood pressure: International study of macro/micronutrients and blood pressure. Hypertension 2011; 57(4): 695-701. [ [PMID: 21357284] [22] Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in relation to hypertension among Iranian university students: study. Disord 2020; 25(4): 973-82. [ [PMID: 31115792] [23]. Habitual intake of fruit juice predicts central blood pressure. Appetite 2015; 84: 68-72. [ [PMID: 25278432] [24] Reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with reduced blood pressure: A prospective study among adults. Circulation 2010; 121(22): 2398-406. [ [PMID: 20497980] [25]. Association of sweetened beverage intake with incident hypertension. J Med 2012; 27(9): 1127-34. [ [PMID: 22539069] [26]. Association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and incident hypertension in Korean adults: A prospective study. Nutr 2019; 58(3): 1009-17. [ [PMID: 29372311] [27] Sayon-Orea C, Martinez--Rastrollo M. Baseline consumption and changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the incidence of hypertension: The SUN project. 2015; 34(6): 1133-40.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: Signless meditation is a tranquil abiding in mental composure, a samādhi, which at the same time does not involve any focus, as there is nothing left on which to focus. Signless meditation has a remarkable insight potential, even though it does not involve any of the mental activities required for understanding and thus for actively generating insight. Actualizing this insight potential requires sufficient preparation ahead of the meditative abiding in signlessness, in particular in terms of a direct understanding of the empty nature of all phenomena and of the constructed nature of experience. Without such groundwork, signless meditation risks becoming merely an abiding in a tranquil condition of the mind. In fact, signless meditation as such features in early Buddhist thought as not necessarily liberating, and its cultivation can be followed by substantial retrogression if the practitioner discontinues the practice and lacks the needed insight. A meditative setting that provides a powerful support for signlessness to unfold its full liberative potential can be found in a discourse that describes a gradual meditative entry into emptiness: the on Emptiness. Here, the overarching concern of the instructions to foster a deepening understanding of emptiness ensures that abiding in signlessness is grounded in, and imbued with, the required input and support by liberating insight. A into EmptinessDiscourse on Emptiness, extant in Pāli, Chinese, and Tibetan, describes a gradual entry into emptiness in the context of which signless meditation features as one particular meditative step, situated just before the culmination point of the whole trajectory in a potential breakthrough to Nirvana. and Tibetan parallels help to correct an apparent error in the Pāli version, which stands alone in preceding signless meditation with an experience that is neither perceptive nor non-perceptive. Leaving aside this apparent error, the progression in the parallel versions can be understood to involve the following form of practice (Anālayo 2024):The gradual entry into emptiness sets out by noting what is absent in the present situation. This ties in with other practices recognized in early Buddhist meditation theory that direct mindfulness to what is absent (Anālayo 2022). In the setting of the discourse, the Buddha and his audience are in a forest monastery, where various aspects of ancient Indian city life are absent.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: In a first example obtained from two sites in the MSZ in which a dry spell occurred during the grain-filling period, added benefits (AB) amounted to about 500 kg grain ha−1. These were believed to be related to a reduction in soil moisture stress in the treatments with both inputs relative to the treatment with sole application of urea and a consequent better use of the applied urea. In a second example, valorization of rock phosphate with low reactivity through interaction with herbaceous legumes was shown to lead to AB of about 1000 kg grain ha−1. The exact mechanisms leading to these interactions and the impact of the biophysical environment on these mechanisms need to be understood more clearly before the combination strategy can be sold to the extension and farmer community as a technology yielding extra produce at no additional cost. 1979. Changes in soil fertility under continuous cultivation and fertilization in south western Nigeria. Nig. J. Agric. Sci. 1: 15–20. CAS1996. Organic residue management, soil nutrient changes and maize yield in a humid Ultisol. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 47: 189–195. 10. 1007/BF01986274 Web of Science®1998. Dynamics of phosphorus fractions in a savanna Alfisol under continuous cultivation. Manage. 14: 59–64. 10. 1111/j. 1475-2743. 1998. tb00614. x Web of Science®1999. Alley cropping in the moist savanna of West-Africa: I. Restoration and maintenance of soil fertility on ‘terre de barre’ soils in Benin Republic. Agrofor. Syst. 42: 213–227. 10. 1023/A:1006114116095 Web of Science®1996. Alley cropping on an Ultisol in subhumid Benin. Part 1: Long-term effect on maize, cassava and tree productivity. Agrofor. Syst. 34: 1–12. 10. 1007/BF00129628 Web of Science®1987. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer form on the plant availability of phosphate from soil, phosphate rock and mono-calcium phosphate. Fert. Res. 12: 269–283. 10. 1007/BF01315111 CASWeb of Science®1969.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 25481680] [28] -K, Lee JE. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and blood pressure in the United States: The national health and nutrition examination survey 2003-2006. Res 2012; 1(1): 85-93. [ [PMID: 23430313] [29] Sluijs I, van der Schouw YT, van der A DL, et al. Carbohydrate quantity and quality and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands (EPIC-NL) study. 2010; 92(4): 905-11. [ [PMID: 20685945] [30] de. Sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. 2011; 93(6): 1321-7. [ [PMID: 21430119] [31]. Soft drink and juice consumption and risk of physician-diagnosed incident type 2 diabetes: Study. Epidemiol 2010; 171(6): 701-8. [ [PMID: 20160170] [32] Caffeinated and caffeine-free beverages and risk of type 2 diabetes. 2013; 97(1): 155-66. [ [PMID: 23151535] [33] -Chapelon F. Consumption of artificially and sugar-sweetened beverages and incident type 2 diabetes in the aupres des femmes de la de l’Education Nationale-Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. 2013; 97(3): 517-23. [ [PMID: 23364017] [34] Sugar-sweetened beverage and diet soda consumption and the 7-year risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men. Nutr 2014; 53(4): 1137-8. [ [PMID: 24633756] [35] Effects of sugar-sweetened beverage intake on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: diabetes prevention study. J Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2015; 61(1): 14-9. [ [PMID: 25994135] [36]. Caloric sweetener consumption and dyslipidemia among US adults. JAMA 2010; 303(15): 1490-7.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: The same holds for another Pāli passage that employs the contrast between this world and the other world in an instruction that one should train not to cling to either (MN 143: na idhalokaṃ upādiyissāmi … na paralokaṃ upādiyissāmi), avoiding that consciousness becomes dependent on this world (idhalokanissitaṃ) or dependent on the other world (paralokanissitaṃ). A similar presentation can be found in one of its Chinese Āgama parallels (EĀ 51. 8: 不起今世, 後世, 不依今世, 後世而起於識). Besides employing the contrast between this world and the other world, both versions also bring in the idea of dependency, similar to the passage under discussion. Here, too, the existence of this world and the other world is in a way taken for granted, the issue at stake being instead whether one clings to one of them. Wynne (2007, p. 31) further reasoned that the presentation in the discourses surveyed above was “initially based on a meditative sequence ending with the ‘sphere of neither perception nor non-perception. ’ This list was probably elaborated by the addition of two or three items in order that it could be included in the Aṅguttara Nikāya’s book of ‘Tens’ and ‘Elevens. ’”Yet, the two Saṃyukta-āgama parallels quoted above, as well as the Gāndhārī fragment, also mention these items. These parallels from different transmission lineages thereby provide strong corroboration of the Pāli list of items. Besides, since the Saṃyukta-āgama collections are based on assembling discourses by topic rather than by numerals, the Saṃyukta-āgama discourses had no need for additions in order to arrive at a list of ten or eleven items. Even if the last items mentioned are left aside and the passage were to be reduced to just listing the four elements and the four formless spheres, it would still not imply meditating on the former to reach the latter and then proceed to liberation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Long-term effects of fertilizers and manure on soil and leaves of cotton in Nigeria. Exp. Agric. 5: 241–247. 10. 1017/S001447970000449X CASWeb of Science®1997. A comparison of alley cropping and block planting systems in sub-humid Benin. Agrofor. Syst. 35: 117–130. 10. 1007/BF00122773 Web of Science®1989. Effect of the application of the leaf mulch of Gliricidia sepium on early development, leaf nutrient contents and tuber yields of water yam (Dioscorea alata). Agrofor. Syst. 8: 243–256. 10. 1007/BF00129652 Web of Science®1990. Woody legumes as live support systems in yam cultivation. II. The yam-Gliricidia sepium association. Agrofor. Syst. 10: 61–69. 10. 1007/BF00118727 Web of Science®1997. Soil profile alteration under long-term, high-input agriculture. p. 97–109. In R. J. Buresh et al. (ed. ) Replenishing soil fertility in Africa. SSSA and. 1997. Driven by nature: Plant litter quality and decomposition. . Web of Science®1997. Nutrient harvesting— The tree-root safety net. Special issue on agroforestry modelling: selected papers from a workshop held in Edinburgh, 28ȓ30 May 1997. Agrofor. Today. 8: 31–33. 2001. Mucuna cover crop fallow systems: Potential and limitations. p. 111–135. In G. Tian et al. (ed. ) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 58. SSSA and. 1999. Contribution of soil fertility research and maintenance to improved maize production and productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. p. 3–20. In B. Badu-Apraku et al. (ed. ) Strategy for sustainable maize production in West and Central Africa. Int. Inst. of Trop. Agric. , Ibadan, Nigeria. 1999. Integrated soil management for the savanna zone of W. Africa: Legume rotation and fertilizer N. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 20407058] [37] Bermudez OI, Gao X. Greater consumption of sweetened beverages and added sugars is associated with obesity among US young adults. Metab 2010; 57(3-4): 211-8. [ [PMID: 21088388] [38]. Fruit drink consumption is associated with overweight and obesity in Canadian women. 2012; 103(3): 178-82. [ [PMID: 22905635] [39]. Sugar-sweetened and diet beverages in relation to visceral adipose tissue. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20(3): 689-91. [ [PMID: 21901024] [40]. Association between commercial and traditional sugar-sweetened beverages and measures of adiposity in Costa Rica. Nutr 2012; 15(8): 1347-54. [ [PMID: 22494394] [41] Jayalath VH, de Souza RJ, Ha V, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and incident hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohorts. 2015; 102(4): 914-21. [ [PMID: 26269365] [42] és. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. 2010; 33(11): 2477-83. [ [PMID: 20693348] [43]. Prospective associations between sugar-sweetened beverage intakes and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. 2013; 98(2): 327-34. [ [PMID: 23719557] [44]. Dietary sugars and body weight: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ 2012; 346: e7492. [ [PMID: 23321486] [45]. Metabolic syndrome: Definitions and controversies. BMC Med 2011; 9: 48. [ [PMID: 21542944] [46] Chait A, den Hartigh LJ. Adipose tissue distribution, inflammation and its metabolic consequences, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Med 2020; 7: 22. [ [PMID: 32158768] [47]. Etiology of metabolic syndrome and dietary intervention. 2018; 20(1): 128.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: Those four participants were thus not included in data analysis. Stroop task. To assess cognitive abilities, we used a computerized version of the Stroop word-color task [25] implemented in 2015b (). task consists in identifying the font color in which a word is written, without paying attention to the semantic meaning of the word. Two categories of words were displayed on a screen with a black background in four different colors (red, blue, green or yellow): color words (‘rouge’—meaning red-, ‘bleu’ -meaning blue-, ‘vert’ -meaning green-, ‘jaune’ -meaning yellow-) and neutral words (‘jambe’ -meaning leg-, ‘bras’ -meaning arm-, ‘pied’ -meaning foot-, ‘main’ -meaning hand-). This created three conditions: (i) the congruent condition with the font color matching the semantics of the displayed color word (e. g. , the word ‘rouge’ in red), (ii) the incongruent condition with the font color not matching the semantics of the displayed color word (e. g. , the word ‘rouge’ in green), and (iii) the neutral condition with the font color not being related to the semantics of the displayed neutral word (e. g. , the word ‘pied’ in red). Participants were requested to identify the font color of the displayed word by pressing the corresponding key as quickly as possible on a modified keyboard of only four adjacent keys (“R” for rouge -red-, “B” for bleu -blue-, “V” for vert -green-, “J” for jaune -yellow-) using only one finger (always the same) of their dominant hand. The displayed word remained on the screen until the participant pressed a key, and the next word immediately appeared. Seventy-five words were presented in one mixed and randomized block: twenty-five congruent words, twenty-five incongruent words, and twenty-five neutral words.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 55: 95–105. 10. 1023/A:1009856032418 Web of Science®1987. Assessment of N2 fixation in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. ) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. ) and their relative N contribution to a succeeding maize crop in Northern Ghana. . Appl. Microbiol. Biotech-nol. 3: 389–399. 10. 1007/BF00935697 2001. Synergistic effect of combined application of urea and cowpea residues on maize yields in Southern Bénin. (In press. ) PubMedWeb of Science®1961. Thirty long-term fertilizer experiments under continuous cropping in Ghana. II. Soil studies in relation to the effects of fertilizers and manures on crop yields. Empire J. Exp. Agric. 29: 245–258. CASWeb of Science®1998. Potentials of Millettia thonningii and Pterocarpus santalinoides for alley cropping in humid lowlands of West Africa. Agro-for. Syst. 40: 309–321. 10. 1023/A:1006058427012 Web of Science®1983. Maize. p. 155–180. In W. H. Smith, and S. J. Banta (ed. ) Potential productivity of field crops under different environments. Int. Rice Res. Inst. , Los Banos, Philippines. 1989. Fertilizers and food production. 1961–1986. FAO, Rome, Italy. 1998. Nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen uptake by maize as influenced by light and heavy organic matter fractions. Z. Pflanzenernaehr. Bodenkd. 161: 555–561. 10. 1002/jpln. 1998. 3581610509 CASWeb of Science®1998. Potential benefits from interactions between mineral and organic nutrient sources. p. 155–158. In S. R. Waddington et al. (ed. ) Soil fertility research for maize based farming systems in Malawi and Zimbabwe. . Stn. , Harare, Zimbabwe. 1994. Can biological nitrogen fixation sustain agriculture in the tropics? . p. 173–191. In J. K. Syers, and D. L. Rimmer (ed.

Output: pass