Input: Claim: All healthcare facilities worldwide are equipped to use AI systems effectively. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 03 Committee F23 $ 91. 00 In stock and Use 4. 1 This specification provides minimum requirements for surgical gowns used for protection of healthcare workers where the potential for exposure to blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials exists. The specification requires barrier testing based on the system of classifying gowns established in ANSI/70 and sets general safety requirements for surgical gowns based on biocompatibility, sterility assurance, and flame spread. Performance requirements are established for important physical properties, including tensile strength, tear strength, and seam strength. Methods to be used for optional reporting of performance of linting resistance, evaporative resistance, water vapor transmission rate, and abrasion resistance are provided. 4. 2 This specification does not address protective clothing used for nonsurgical applications, such as isolation gowns or decontamination gowns; protective clothing for the hands, such as surgical gloves, patient examination gloves, or other medical gloves; protective clothing for the head, such as goggles or face shields, surgical caps or hoods, surgical masks, or respirators; protective clothing for the feet, such as operating room shoes, shoe covers, or surgical boots; or other types of protective clothing and equipment worn by healthcare providers. 4. 3 Surgical gowns are either multiple-use or single-use products as designated by the manufacturer. This specification is intended to provide the basis for manufacturer claims for surgical gown performance and efficacy. For multiple-use gowns, this specification takes into account the anticipated care and maintenance of these products by examining test requirements for surgical gown materials both before and after the maximum expected number of cycles for laundering and sterilization. 4. 4 Additional information on the processing of multiple-use surgical gowns is provided in ANSI/65.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: For both groups, 84% of confidence ratings were above 50%, and only 3% were below. Table 2 shows the publications used in this forecasting study and summaries of forecasts for each [11–16]. Disease indications in xenograft studies included prostate, lung, renal cell, and breast cancer, as well as myeloma, leukemia, and melanoma, and the experiments used a variety of outcome measures, including disease-free survival, tumor weight and volume, organic phase absorbance, and bioluminescence. Studies were preselected by the RP:CB using a standardized search method [7]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Study 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 2002212. t002 Forecast properties Experts used the whole spectrum of belief (see Fig 1). They tended to believe replication studies would demonstrate statistical significance, since 73% of forecasts were above 50%, and 49% were above 75%. Only 18% of forecasts were below 50%. In contrast, experts gave lower forecasts (centered near 50%) for effect size, with forecast patterns suggesting community uncertainty (median forecast of 50% for 4 studies and the other 2 suggesting doubt (median forecasts of 25% and 40%). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Expert forecasts by identified expertise and by study. The gray histogram represents the forecasts of significance (panel A) and effect size (panel B) with bins of 5%. A 100% forecast and a 0% forecast would indicate certainty that an event will occur and will not occur, respectively; 50% would indicate maximum uncertainty. The red lines represent forecasts for the studies in which each forecaster was identified during sampling via either 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 2002212. g001Our question about effect sizes could be interpreted differently, resulting in high variability in forecasts. To corroborate interpretation of effect size forecasts, we asked forecasters the likelihood of a perfect replication study producing effect sizes as large or larger than the original, if an original finding were reproducible. We then compared these figures with an individual’s forecasts (see S3 Fig in the Supporting Information).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: Published print: 01 Feb 2012 AbstractOrganic sweet corn (Zea mays) production is challenging for growers because of the high nitrogen (N) requirements of sweet corn and the relatively low N content of organic soil amendments. supplied and rate of mineralization throughout the growing season are two important aspects in determining the optimal N management program. Green manure (GrM) crops, composted manures, and commercially available organic fertilizers are used to manage N in organic production systems. Using a combination of these tactics can optimize N while minimizing cost. In this study, we used combinations of composted poultry manure (CPM) and two organic fertilizers (one high N and one with a balance of nutrients) with three GrM crops [rye (Secale cereale), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and pea (Pisum sativum)] in a loamy sand soil for a 112-day laboratory incubation study. Total plant available N (PAN) was quantified at six times throughout the 16 weeks to determine total N mineralized and rate of N release from each of the management programs. The CPM and the high N organic fertilizer mineralized completely within the first 6 weeks of the study, while only 65% of the other organic fertilizer mineralized by the end of the study. mineralized from pea grown as a GrM for 48 days was comparable to the amount of N mineralized from rye suggesting that pea as a GrM crop should not receive an N credit in field production on a sandy soil. Significant quantities of PAN were mineralized from alfalfa residue, the equivalent of 80 lb/acre, although this is not sufficient for sweet corn production. The combination of alfalfa and the high N organic fertilizer provided sufficient N for sweet corn production and the mineralization rate closely matched sweet corn need. The release of N from CPM, even in combination with GrM crops, was asynchronous with sweet corn crop need. Keywords: alfalfa; pea; ryeNitrogen management for optimal crop production is one of the most difficult and costly practices in organic agriculture. The majority of the N in organic sources is bound in organic compounds, which must be mineralized by the soil microbial community to become a PAN form (ammonium or nitrate). Moisture, temperature, and composition of the soil microbe community can affect the rate at which organic N is mineralized.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All healthcare facilities worldwide are equipped to use AI systems effectively. [SEP] Text: (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A. Licensee is responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent prohibited uses, and promptly notify ASTM of any infringements of copyright or prohibited use of which Licensee becomes aware. Licensee will cooperate with ASTM in investigating any such prohibited uses and will take reasonable steps to ensure the cessation of such activity and to prevent any reoccurrence. B. Licensee shall use all reasonable efforts to protect the Product from any use that is not permitted under this Agreement, and shall notify ASTM of any use of which it learns or is notified. 5. to Product. ASTM reserves the right to terminate this License, upon written notice, if Licensee materially breaches the terms of this Agreement. fails to pay ASTM any license or subscription fees when due, ASTM will provide the Licensee with a 30-day period within which to cure such breach. No cure period will be provided for material breaches relating to violations of Section 3 or any other breach likely to cause ASTM irreparable harm. If Licensee's subscription to an ASTM Product terminates, further access to the online database will be denied. or materially breach this License or make prohibited uses of material in any reserves the right to deny Licensee any access to the ASTM Product, in ASTM's sole discretion. 6. and Service. A. use standard Internet HTML format.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: Factors associated with greater forecasting skill A possible explanation for low Brier scores is that forecasters might have lacked expertise in the specific studies in our sample. We probed the relationship between expertise and forecasting skill in several ways. First, we tested whether forecasters performed better on the studies for which we had identified them as experts. Forecasts with identified expertise were more likely to use high extreme values (63% of forecasts were ≥ 75% compared to 51% with general expertise, a difference of 12%, 95% CI [0. 02 to 0. 22]) and less likely to give forecasts near the low extreme (8% of forecasts were ≤ 25% compared to 15% with general expertise, a difference of 7%, 95% CI [−0. 13 to −0. 002]), suggesting greater optimism about reproducibility in one’s own research area. The mean Brier score for significance forecasts was marginally greater for identified expertise (0. 61, 95% CI [0. 54 to 0. 66]) than for general expertise (0. 52, 95% CI [0. 49 to 0. 58] for a mean difference of 0. 09, 95% CI [−0. 01 to 0. 15]). Effect-size forecasts centered around 50% (in terms of median and mode) for both identified and general expertise. Forecasts from general expertise were more likely to use extreme low values: 36% of forecasts in the lowest quartile compared to 27% for identified expertise (a difference of 9%, 95% CI [−0. 01 to 0. 18]). Experts performed better when they were not identified as having expertise, possibly indicating that experts are overconfident when they are more knowledgeable and/or more doubtful about others’ research. A second way we probed the relationship between expertise and forecasting skill was by comparing experts to a sample of trainees in competitive molecular biology programs. We reasoned that if experts outperformed novices, then forecasting success is associated with expertise; if novices outperformed experts, then there is evidence that expertise is associated with overconfidence. We observed the same general patterns of (a) optimism for significance forecasts and (b) uncertainty for effect-size forecasts (centered around a mode of 50%) with a pessimistic leaning (a local mode at 10%) (see S2 Fig in the for a comparison of expert and novice forecasts).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: content of organic sources is often not completely mineralized within one growing season (Crew and Peoples, 2005; Hartz et al. , 2000; Hartz and Johnstone, 2006). Insufficient PAN in the soil during periods of high crop need can translate into crop deficiency and potentially yield loss. However, excessive PAN in the soil before crop need or at times of low crop N use can leave the nitrate portion susceptible to leaching and inefficient crop use. Ideally, the mineralization rate would match fluctuations in crop need throughout the growing season. Understanding total N contribution and mineralization rate of organic N inputs can allow a comparison with crop need. management is particularly challenging for high N-requiring crops such as sweet corn. Organic growers typically use a variety of strategies to meet crop N needs such as using N-fixing legumes as GrM crops, composted manure, and commercially available amendments (Gaskell and Smith, 2007). Composted manure is a cost-effective means of providing N to an organic crop because of its role as a waste product and relative abundance. However, composted manure presents several challenges for organic sweet corn production. It generally has low N concentration (<5%), so large quantities must be applied (Berry et al. , 2002), adding expense in application. of pest management guidelines suggest that manure also should be applied and incorporated at least 1 week in advance of sweet corn planting to reduce seed damage by seed corn maggot [Delia platura (Boerboom et al. , 2011)]. Sweet corn does not begin to take up significant quantities of N until the five-leaf stage (Doerge et al. , 1991), which can take up to 1 month after planting in the upper midwestern United States. that is mineralized from the manure during this time is vulnerable to loss from leaching or volatilization. Soil amendments that contain higher concentrations of N such as feather meal, bone meal, fish powder, and guano are available commercially in various formulations. Smaller total quantities of these amendments can be applied as they have higher N concentration, ranging 11% to 14% (Hartz and Johnstone, 2006), reducing transportation and application costs compared with manure. Hadas and Kautsky (1994) reported continuous release of PAN from feather meal in an 8-week incubation study.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: Fire trackers: how can we use modelling techniques to predict where wildfires will occur? Published: February 14, 2023 Climate change is making many parts of the world hotter and drier. As a result, wildfires are becoming increasingly prevalent and pose a serious threat to human life, local communities and natural ecosystems. Researchers from the at of Melbourne in Australia are developing models that can help predict where wildfires are most likely to occur and how fires behave under different weather conditions. Their research explores how fire management can be used to reduce the risk of damage to human values while maintaining or improving environmental values in the landscape. or Wildfire — an unplanned fire that burns through large areas of scrub or forest Variable heat flux — a measure of how quickly heat energy moves through or across a material Prescribed burns — the controlled application of fire, also referred to as ‘controlled burns’, ‘hazard reduction burns’ or ‘planned burns’. This type of fire is deliberately applied to a pre-determined area at the time, intensity and rate of spread required to achieve the desired management objectives, and occurs under a strict set of environmental conditions Fire suppression techniques — the various strategies for stopping a fire once it has started. These include: spraying a fire with large volumes of water or fire retardant (from the ground or through aerial attack); creating fuel breaks (areas cleared of vegetation by heavy machinery) to stop fire spread or provide safer places for fire fighters to work from; back-burning to reduce or remove fuel/vegetation in strategic areas (e. g. in areas where a fire is predicted to travel) Fuel management — management aimed at reducing connectedness within and between different layers of fuel, by increasing the gap to the canopy to reduce the likelihood of fire reaching the upper layer of fuel, and removing bark to reduce spotting During Australia’s “Black Summer” bushfire season of 2019-20, an area the size of the UK was impacted by bushfires. Tragically, more than 30 people lost their lives as a direct result of these fires, and over 3000 homes were destroyed. It is estimated that over a billion animals perished in these fires and that some species may even have been driven to extinction. The total economic cost of the fires has been calculated at around $80 billion, making them the most costly natural disaster in Australia’s history.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: Overall performance did not favor either group: experts slightly outperformed novices in accuracy (median Brier = 0. 32 versus 0. 35), but novices slightly outperformed experts in specificity (0. 45 versus 0. 43). Experts’ significance forecasts were significantly more accurate (mean Brier score 0. 43, 95% CI [0. 38 to 0. 49]) as compared with novices (mean = 0. 51, 95% CI [0. 48 to 0. 60] for a mean difference of 0. 08, 95% CI [−0. 18 to −0. 02]) and showed better specificity (0. 30 versus 0. 24). Experts were more pessimistic (i. e. , more likely to offer extremely low forecasts and less likely to use extremely high forecasts). We observed the opposite pattern for effect-size forecasts. scores (0. 17 versus 0. 25) and specificity (0. 68 versus 0. 59) for novices beat experts. We also explored the relationship between 4 expert/forecast characteristics and skill scores: confidence in their forecasts, expertise, age, and h-index (the former 3 were self-reported; see Fig 3). The most notable impacts on the forecasts were confidence (r = 0. 20, p < 0. 01) and h-index (r = −0. 15, p < 0. 01). High confidence was indicative of poor accuracy, since mean Brier scores increased (r = 0. 36, p < 0. 01 for significance forecasts) and specificity decreased as confidence increased for both outcomes. For effect sizes, low confidence was associated with greater fifty-fifty forecasting, whereas high confidence led to greater variability in the forecasts. Specificity and accuracy improved with h-index for both outcome types. For significance, higher h-indices were associated with pessimistic, and thus more accurate, forecasts (r = −0. 18, p < 0. 01). For effect sizes, a low h-index was associated with a high degree of fifty-fifty forecasting, and a high h-index was associated with lower forecasts (r = −0. 15, p < 0. 01). In fact, experts with a high h-index did better than “fence-sitting,” with a mean Brier score of 0. 17 and specificity of 0. 81.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: The soil was air-dried, and plant material was sieved out of the soils and retained, coarsely chopped with a knife into 0. 01 to 0. 02-inch pieces and mixed back into the soil as uniformly as possible. Composted, pelletized poultry manure was used as a composted manure source for the study. A feather meal based amendment, Fertilizer 11-0-0 (advertised content 11N–0P–0K; Co. , Rowley, MA), and Fertilizer 5-5-5 (advertised content 5N–2. 2P–4. 2K, Co. ), were used as representatives of commercially available organic fertility management products. Ammonium nitrate was used as a conventional control. The CPM and amendment sources were analyzed, on a dry matter basis, for actual macronutrient content. CPM contained 4. 4% N, 1. 8% P, and 2. 5% K; Fertilizer 11-0-0 (hereafter referred to as 11-0-0) contained 10. 1% N, 0. 5% P, and 0. 6% K; Fertilizer 5-5-5 (hereafter referred to as 5-5-5) contained 6. 1% N, 1. 8% P, and 4. 8% K; ammonium nitrate contained 34% N. Treatments were designed to add CPM, 11-0-0, and 5-5-5 to the soils at a rate of 150 lb/acre, the recommended rate of N application for sweet corn in Wisconsin (Laboski et al. , 2006). The amount of CPM applied was determined using the N content from the laboratory analysis. Organic fertilizers were applied based on advertised N rates. We made this decision because growers typically have manure analyzed because of variability in macronutrient content. On the other hand, advertised macronutrient content of commercially available amendments is regulated and generally accepted by growers as accurate without further testing. The study was a completely randomized design with three replications of each soil/amendment combination. There were four cover crop treatments (alfalfa, pea, rye, and none) and five amendment treatments (11-0-0, 5-5-5, CPM, ammonium nitrate, and none), resulting in 20 treatments.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: Worryingly, extreme bushfire events of this scale are becoming more frequent, not just in Australia, but in many places around the world. This increase in the frequency and severity of bushfires is being driven by, among other things, human-induced climate change. Since the industrial revolution, humans have emitted more than two trillion tonnes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun in the Earth’s atmosphere, which has led to the destabilisation of climate systems all around the globe. In many places, dry seasons are becoming longer and hotter, which can create perfect conditions for bushfires to start. The risks associated with extreme bushfire events are being magnified as human populations continue to expand into forested areas. As human populations expand, we are seeing the associated expansion of the Wildland-(WUI). The WUI is defined as an area where people and houses are in close proximity to wildland vegetation. These areas are often characterised by very high fire risk due to the proximity of flammable vegetation and the difficulty of suppressing fires in these areas. As a result, understanding how bushfires behave and where they are likely to occur is more important than ever. and Marshall are researchers from the based at of Melbourne. Through their research, Kate, Erica and Trent investigate bushfires in an attempt to better predict patterns of bushfire behaviour and occurrence. This will allow them to identify where future fire risks are highest, and help communities prepare for and manage the risks associated with bushfires. What are the risks posed by bushfires? “Bushfires can cause extensive impacts on the environment and people,” says Trent. “The most serious direct impacts include the immediate loss of life and property during extreme events. ” Bushfires can also result in the widespread destruction of habitat and increase the risk to threatened plant and animal communities. The impacts from extreme bushfire events can linger for a long time after the fires have been extinguished. This is particularly true for economic impacts, such as the loss of tourism, the destruction of farm crops and damage to local shops and businesses. Long-lasting economic impacts can put huge pressure on local communities. As families are displaced and community groups broken up, the mental health and well-being of people can come under serious strain. The risks posed by bushfires may vary in different areas.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: When comparing expertise measures, experts were more accurate when they had general, compared to identified, expertise across h-index levels. The third of experts with the lowest h-indices were more discrepant, as Brier scores decreased by 0. 09 on average when they had identified expertise, whereas the decrease was only 0. 03 for the other two-thirds of experts. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Forecasts and Brier scores by discretized predictors. All graphs show violin plots with embedded box plots and medians. and B display forecasts and Brier scores, respectively. Top and bottom rows show results for significance and effect-size forecasting, respectively. The columns show 4 predictors: self-reported confidence, self-reported expertise, age, and h-index (i. e. , mean indices obtained from Scopus and Web of Science). Predictors were trichotomized to give approximately equal group sizes. we explored whether gender showed a relationship with forecasts and accuracy. Female experts gave forecasts that were about 8% higher on average than their male counterparts for both significance and effect size; female novices’ forecasts were about 6% higher on average than males for both. As a result, females’ Brier scores were higher than males’ both on replicability of significance (mean Brier score = 0. 48, 95% CI (0. 42 to 0. 66) versus mean Brier score = 0. 42, 95% CI [0. 35 to 0. 47]) and effect size (mean Brier score = 0. 32, 95% CI [0. 21 to 0. 46] versus mean Brier score = 0. 25, 95% CI [0. 20 to 0. 30]). Novice females also were less accurate than their male counterparts on significance replicability (mean Brier score = 0. 56, 95% CI [0. 50 to 0. 67] versus mean Brier score = 0. 46, 95% CI [0. 41 to 0. 66]) and effect size (mean Brier score = 0. 28, 95% CI [0. 21 to 0. 39]) versus mean Brier score = 0. 22, 95% CI [0. 16 to 0. 34]). The gender difference for replicability of effect-size forecasts was significant for both experts (0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: , 2017; Olufolaji et al. , 1990). Crop residues return small amounts of organic materials to the soil as a way of nutrient recycling. Agricultural waste and food/industrial by-products are organic materials that could be good sources of organic soil amendments needed to maintain soil fertility at levels that can support the growth of amaranth. Manures serve as organic fertilizers in many agronomic production systems. They add soil organic matter (SOM) and decompose it into stable humic substances (Davison et al. , 2000), while supplying macro- and micronutrients (Usman, 2015). As a reservoir of plant nutrients, SOM needs to be manipulated to promote soil fertility and ensure success in humid tropical agriculture (Obalum et al. , 2011). Accretion of SOM promotes soil aggregation and structure of coarse-textured soils to enhance water retention, thereby slowing down nutrient mineralization, and favouring sustenance of beneficial soil organisms (Obalum et al. , 2017). Conventional animal manures are often used as organic soil amendments in amaranth production (Ainika, 2010; Bawa, 2010). However, poultry droppings (PD) can be scarce, and this is aggravated by its other important uses, including serving as a substrate in the bioremediation of crude-oil polluted soils (Ezenne et al. , 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: As a result, they have an intimate understanding of their native lands and how best to manage them. What range of expertise is there in FLARE? is one of Australia’s largest fire research groups. “In our group, we have an incredibly broad range of skills and backgrounds including landscape and animal ecology, combustion engineering, forest science, mathematical modelling, and some data analysis and computer programming thrown in for good measure,” explains Erica. Every researcher at FLARE has followed a unique path to their current work. This diversity of research experience enables them to investigate and answer some of the complex questions that face fire management agencies all over the world. “Having this fantastic diversity of backgrounds and skill sets allows us to do innovative, unique and rigorous research on a range of wildfire related subjects,” says Trent. What is a typical day like for FLARE researcher? Most of the day-to-day activities focus on conducting research, either through experiments, field-work or simulation modelling. The team also spends a lot of time writing up research papers, communicating with industry partners and carrying out statistical modelling. Erica explains, “On an average day, we might be writing new code for our models, analysing field and experimental data, or engaging with collaborators about common research projects. ” Documenting the group’s work in the form of reports, peer-reviewed publications and presentations is also vital. “This process is critical for getting our research into the scientific community and advancing the collective knowledge on wildfire risk,” says Kate. What is rewarding about being a bushfire researcher? The work of bushfire researchers can have significant impacts on how land managers understand and manage fire. “Knowing that the work we do is respected and applied by local and state governments, as well as our private industry partners, is very rewarding,” says Trent. “Every improvement to our understanding of bushfire risks can improve our management of those risks and potentially prevent impacts on the environment and our communities. ” Pathway from school to bushfire risk analysis • At school and post-16, take maths alongside other science subjects like biology and chemistry. • Learn about the practical skills that you might need for field data collection. “For me, this is the best part,” says Kate. “I love getting out in the field and collecting information on species, ecosystems or processes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: 07, 95% CI [−0. 24 to −0. 02]) and novices (0. 06, 95% CI [−0. 18 to −0. 07]). Sensitivity analysis The results from Study 29 have not yet been revealed. We performed a sensitivity analysis to determine how the results would change contingent on the eventual results of that study. The sensitivity results are shown in Figs 2 and 3 and S5 Table in the Supporting Information. Significance forecasts for Study 29 were less optimistic (median of 75%), and effect size forecasts were more pessimistic (median of 40%) than all but 1 of the other studies. Overall, Brier scores will improve regardless of whether Study 29 reproduces the original effect. However, potential gains would be modest and would still underperform a fence-sitting strategy (Brier score = 0. 25): If RP:CB results replicate Study 29, the overall mean Brier score would improve from 0. 41 to 0. 38, whereas if RP:CB does not replicate Study 29, it would be 0. 40. If RP:CB replicates the results of Study 29, the mean Brier score for significance forecasts would improve significantly from a mean of 0. 57 to 0. 48 (95% CI [0. 45 to 0. 51]) and would show less improvement if Study 29 does not replicate, to 0. 54 (95% CI [0. 50 to 0. 58]). The change for effect size forecasts would be smaller, but a positive replication would make the mean Brier score worse, from 0. 26 to 0. 29 (95% CI [0. 26 to 0. 32]), and a nonreplication would improve it to as good as a fence-sitting strategy (0. 25, 95% CI [0. 18 to 0. 25]). All of the changes would be significantly different from the current results. DiscussionOur findings suggest that, on average, preclinical cancer researchers are overly optimistic in their beliefs about reproducibility. Half of all expert forecasts indicated that the replications were more likely to replicate original results than not, whereas only one-third indicated greater likelihood of replication failure. Overconfidence in reproducibility of specific results was particularly prevalent in significance forecasts, where 73% of expert forecasts favored successful replications. Forecasters were less certain (and more pessimistic) about replicating effect sizes. There are several ways of interpreting our findings.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: Cattle dung (CD) that is not scarce has a high carbon-nitrogen (CN) ratio and mineralises less readily in the soil (Chukwuma et al. , 2024; Ndzeshala et al. , 2023; Uzoh et al. , 2015). Composting of organic materials before soil application ensures the stability of SOM and the release of nutrients to the soil (Baiyeri et al. , 2020; Tiquia, 2003). Amaranth growth can be increased with soil application of composted plant residue and a mix of animal waste (Dada et al. , 2017). One potential constraint, however, is the short-lived nature of the compost effect on soil structure stability (Obalum et al. , 2019). These prospects and constraints of composts and of PD and CD manures (in terms of availability and mineralization rates) offer an opportunity to explore the prospects of mixing plant waste with animal manures before composting, thereby developing sustainable enhanced productivity of amaranth and similar leafy vegetables all-year-round. Any lack of residual effects of conventional compost on soil structure stability (Obalum et al. , 2019) and yield of vegetable crops may be compensated for by PD and CD manures (Ogunezi et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: • Centre for Wildfires, Ecology and Society website is a great resource to learnmore about bushfires and how they affect ecosystems and communities. Its website has sections for new research being published, the latest news in wildfire research and jobs. It also hosts events and talks where you can learn more about the field of bushfire research. • Get in touch with your local university or college to see if it has a department that studies bushfire management and offers any volunteering or research opportunities. Gaining experience of working as a researcher of any kind can provide you with valuable experience and help you explore your career options. What were your interests when you were growing up? As a kid, I always had my pockets full of something. I couldn’t help myself – I was constantly picking things up to take home and investigate later. I collected rocks, plants, sand, sticks and shells… I was always rescuing injured birds, insects, lizards and worms. I just really loved being out in nature. I had a strong environmental focus from an early age. was about 12, I joined a local ‘Stream Watch’ club that assessed water quality and surveyed the local aquatic wildlife once a month. This taught me a lot about how to run scientific experiments, and I was hooked. However, I also really loved acting and singing, so I was often torn between science and the arts. The best part of my current role is that I can combine my love of science with my love of communicating to explain science in fun and exciting ways. Who inspired you to become a scientist? David Attenborough’s documentaries were mind-blowing to me as a kid. I would watch these films and make a ‘bucket list’ of species I wanted to see and places I wanted to go one day. I was also extremely lucky to have family friends who were working zoologists, so I spent many holidays with them wading through lakes, chasing frogs or spotlighting (a way of observing nocturnal animals in the dark). I knew from an early age that I wanted a job that felt meaningful, and that allowed me to be out in nature. What attributes have made you successful as a scientist? I think one of the key things that makes me a successful scientist is that I have a deep curiosity about the world around me and a drive to do research that will have direct and tangible impacts. I like tricky and complicated questions, and I am motivated to find the answers.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: A different version of this interpretation is that some participants responded to our forecast questions with their beliefs about the underlying biological claims, rather than instantiations of them in particular laboratory experiments. In response, we point out that 2 of the 5 studies in our survey (19 and 21) were widely reported as having confirmed underlying biological claims, while 1 of the studies (15) was reported as having been disconfirmed [25]. If forecasts were right in the generalities, we would expect forecasts to be consistently higher for 19 and 21 than for 15 for both measures of replication. 1 shows, forecasts were pessimistic for Study 21 and relatively moderate for Study 15. Although our study was not designed to discriminate between these various interpretations, it raises important questions about the way expert researchers interpret the sorts of high-impact findings tested in RP:CB. We find that biomedical scientists are inclined to overestimate the validity of original reports and/or underestimate the difficulty in conducting direct replications. The latter would perhaps be of less concern for science policy than the former. However, inability to appreciate the sensitivity of original reports to subtle laboratory conditions or aleatory uncertainty can result in potentially unfruitful debates about reproducibility, as well as wasted efforts as laboratories vainly attempt to follow protocols in original reports. It is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss the quality and reliability of experiments employed by the RP:CB. Scientific reports and news coverage of RP:CB have highlighted the difficulties in implementing replication studies (e. g. , the commentaries reacting to the RP:CB results in eLife, Nature, and Science). We make no claim here about whether or not the RP:CB studies we examined constitute a gold standard of replication. We merely note that the manner in which such questions are resolved has implications for the interpretation of our results. Nevertheless, if—as many critics suggest—RP:CB experiments inadequately implemented original methods, our findings do not suggest these failings were apparent to our participants. If forecasting improved with expertise, then some risks of overconfidence might be mitigated. Elsewhere, experts have been found to be as overconfident as novices, and the relationship between expertise and predictive skill is complex and task dependent [27,28]. In our study, greater topic expertise did not improve forecasting: indeed, experts displayed greater overconfidence when they were more familiar with a study and in general did not outperform our sample of trainees.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: , 2019; Onah et al. , 2023; Sanya & Amadji, 2018). Brewery waste (spent grain) is an industrial by product that is generated in large quantities and poorly disposed (Devolli et al. , 2018; Nassary & Nasolwa, 2019; Onwe, 2004). One way of recycling brewery spent grain (BSG) could be by composting it into organic fertilizers, as composted BSG has a high potential for releasing essential nutrients for plant growth (Ebido & Ndubuaku, 2019; Kanagachandran & Jayaratne, 2006). Owing to the prevailing abundant discharge of its source and its ability to enhance soil fertility, composted BSG may appeal to subsistence vegetable farmers, and may be deemed a promising suitable and economically viable option for them. Little is currently known of the efficacy of complementing composts with animal manures of varying CN ratios, or the suitable combining ratio, in organic amaranth farming. This study was undertaken to determine the agronomic effects of a composted mix of BSG with PD or CD on amaranth growth and yield in acid sandy tropical soils. 2. Materials and Methods2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: Themes and thrusts of our reviewWe devote special attention to three recent important publications offering predictive models of genocide and mass atrocities: Verdeja (2016), Maynard and Benesch (2016), and the UN Framework of Analysis for (2014) [29,30,31]. These reviews consider legal and historical aspects of genocide and mass atrocities and offer predictive models from case studies. Verdeja reviews a number of predictive models for genocide and mass atrocities and distinguishes between risk assessment (RA) and early warning (EW) models. Risk assessment is based on long-term structural variables of a country or area. Early warning examines factors that can trigger immediate acts of violence. Maynard and Benesch develop a model integrating “dangerous speech” (incitement) and the ideologies behind them. The UN Framework lists a number of risk factors with subsequent indicators that can be used to predict future mass atrocities. What is noteworthy is that these papers pay little attention to the upstream role of indoctrination leading to the perpetration of violence. Verdeja includes “hate media,” “public rallies,” and “popular mobilization” among the early warning indicators of genocide prediction models [29]. Maynard and Benesch note the “ideological context” behind violent acts. Indoctrination is the missing piece connecting the two. The UN statement includes supremacist ideologies, inflammatory rhetoric, and hate speech as indicators. However, not once is the term “indoctrination” used. This is particularly telling, as incitement alone is not enough to predict violence. In his empirical study to test the causal effects of radio incitement on acts of violence in Rwanda, Straus was unable to prove a direct relationship between incitement and violence [32]. His analysis demonstrates that incitement alone is not the primary cause of killing, mass murder, beheadings, rape, torture, forced expulsion, and other crimes against humanity. Rather, he says, incitement is effective only in the event of preconditions. We propose that these preconditions are systems of indoctrination. This statement seems intuitive. Simply hearing hate speech on the radio will not automatically send every individual off to begin killing. Only those who have been sensitized to such messages over time will actually act upon them. Thus, a predictive model must include such upstream factors. Recent literature on terrorism lacks sufficient discussion of the critical role of indoctrination.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: This might be explained by experts having a tendency to take the “inside view”—a focus on the unique details of each specific experiment—over the “outside view”—a focus on the class of similar events [29]. The outside view tends to beat the inside view in predictive judgments [30]. On the other hand, our observations hint at the prospect that greater researcher impact (as measured by h-index) was associated with more accurate forecasts. Some reasons to expect experts to outperform nonexperts are they search for fewer total but more diagnostic cues and rely more on their existing knowledge and strategies [31]. We urge caution interpreting our results since reproducibility is difficult to define and measure [32]. Our survey scored forecasts using common forecasting methods that dichotomize whether studies reproduce based on 2 different criteria (significance and effect size). A strength of this method is that it creates predictive judgments that are verifiable. Participants’ judgments do not represent participants’ comprehensive beliefs about the treatment mechanisms at hand. However, it is rarely possible to capture such judgments in a manner that can be verified in a timely fashion. We do not suggest the forecasts collected in our study reflect judgments concerning fundamental scientific relationships generalized beyond the context in which they are tested. Additionally, replication is not an “all or nothing” phenomenon; 2 replication studies failed to reproduce statistical significance and had greatly diminished effect sizes but nevertheless showed effects that—when meta-analyzed with the original report—excluded the null hypothesis. Therefore, interpreting the overall success of these replications is to some degree in the eye of beholder. Moreover, a failed replication is not the same as evidence that the effect does not exist. However, there is no prescribed degree of disparity from an original result that is considered tolerable [33]. If the original and replication studies were sound methodologically, it can be difficult to judge if the original study overestimated or if the replication underestimated a true effect [34]. Our findings are subject to several limitations. First, despite a vigorous recruitment effort, our response rate was probably low, and our bounce rate was high. This may reflect some controversy surrounding the RP:CB. Nevertheless, we were able to capture a meaningful sample of experts: 138; this figure compares favorably with other studies requiring esoteric, expert research participants.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: 1 Characteristics of the Experimental SiteThe experiment was conducted at the Garden, Teaching & Research Farm, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (7° 24’N, 3° 54’E; 62 m asl). The farm is located in the derived savannah of southwestern Nigeria. The mean monthly temperature ranges from 24 to 30℃ and the mean annual rainfall from 1,800 to 2,100 mm. The field study was conducted on an acid sandy soil. Some physicochemical properties and fertility indices of the top 0-20 cm soil before the study were assayed following standard laboratory procedures (Sparks, 1996). 2. 2 Treatments, Field experiments were carried out to determine effects of BSG-based compost on the growth and the yield of green amaranth as organic soil amendments. The BSG was composted with and without PD and CD, involving soil application of composted BSG and a composted mix of BSG with PD or CD. The PD and CD were chosen as manures because of their known wide difference in CN ratio, with smaller values in the former than the latter (Adubasim et al. , 2018), which translate into their faster and slower mineralisation, respectively in coarse-textured tropical soils (Chukwuma et al. , 2024). The BSG was supplied by the the PD and CD were obtained from the Teaching & of the Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Fisheries, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The composting of BSG and its mix with PD or CD was done under controlled well-aerated environmental conditions in the Garden of the Teaching & Research Farm. In initiating the composting, these three organic wastes were used in their fresh forms as procured and were not subjected to curing by sun-drying. Each of BSG+PD and BSG+CD was composted in volume ratios of 1:1 and 2:1, each having two replications.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: Such models need not be limited to the study of disease. Social behavior can mimic the spread of biological organisms (think of a “viral” video spreading across social media) [15]. Social scientists can take social phenomena and apply epidemiologic models to track and measure their spread. We propose taking models used to track the health effects of air pollution to track and measure the effects of word pollution. Such pollution consists of incitement and, more importantly, the role of indoctrination in producing such incitement. The messages and motifs of word pollution are without borders, embedded in cyberspace, with universal reach. Therefore, there is a need to gather empirical data concerning factors that contribute to individual and population resistance to these motifs and messages and to propose strategies that counter the negative effects of such ideologies. By defining hateful motifs and messages as an exposure, we can track and explore exposure-effect relationships, track source, intensity, and frequency, and monitor time frames. We can also examine the social circumstances that influence the effects of varying motifs and messages, which can provide insight into which interventions might be effective in preventing the spread of hateful indoctrination and incitement. Stein and Richter propose several relevant epidemiologic models and appendices in their 2012 monograph and present empirical data and ecologic correlations which state the case for prediction, precaution, and prevention [15]. While other epidemiologic models such as social determinants, ecologic, and complex systems models might offer explanations and insights for preventive efforts, we focus on the infectious disease model based on the premise that word pollution most closely resembles the spread and effect of community-wide air pollution–as has been extensively studied in Beijing and [37, 38]. modelThe “Iceberg model” of disease shows how, for every hospitalized patient suffering severe disease symptoms, thousands more “walking sick” exist with subclinical disease who should be targeted for intervention and many more are at risk due to background effects or exposures [39]. Applied to terror, the Iceberg model expresses the concept that perpetrators are drawn from a larger population-wide pool of increasing degrees of risk and participation as sympathizers, endorsers, followers, recruits, and ultimately participants or perpetrators (see Fig. 1, Iceberg model of disease applied to terror). For example, supporters of an ideology that glorifies acts of genocide or genocidal terror may themselves be passive.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: The mean h-index for responders was somewhat lower than for nonresponders, suggesting our participants may have been slightly younger or marginally less productive than our sample population. However, the upper third of our sample had a high h-index (49. 1 on average compared to 32. 4 for the average nonresponder), including 22 experts with h-indices exceeding 40. Second, the gender imbalance in our expert sample is notably larger than in our novice sample. This imbalance may reflect an inherent gender imbalance between senior and junior researchers. Experts in life sciences tend to be primarily male (for example, 25% of tenured faculty positions in the biological and life sciences were held by females in 2013 [35]), while trainees tend be more female (for example, 53% of biological doctorates were awarded to women that year [36]). Females’ forecasts were about 6% higher on average, but the overall patterns of optimism held across gender. Third, our sample of experiments was small, and there was no variability in the reported results. We selected xenograft experiments because they are generally regarded as more predictive of clinical utility and the results were verifiable; this choice limited the number of available studies. We selected experiments a priori without any knowledge of outcomes, and the lack of variability in outcomes ultimately limited our ability to test researchers’ capacity to discriminate between studies that reproduce from those that do not. Our findings should therefore be replicated in a larger sample of experiments before drawing conclusions about the forecasting skill of cancer biology experts. Fourth, we do not know what the forecasters were intending to communicate when they offered forecasts. Forecast methods do not account for forecaster motivation. Indeed, the use of a “proper scoring rule” is intended to incentivize truthful—as opposed to strategic or motivated—disclosure of belief. Nevertheless, forecasters could have intended optimistic forecasts as a way of portraying the field positively or defending it against skepticism. Paradoxically, participants may have intended to express relative pessimism about reproducibility, since forecasts tended to be lower than participants’ expectations about perfectly reproducible effects (see S3 Fig in the Supporting Information). Such pessimistic forecasts could be a hedge so that the cancer field in general would appear better than predicted if replication results were “positive. ” In any event, unconscious motives often play a role in survey responses and cannot be excluded as an explanation for the observed patterns.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: The composted organics were designated BSG+PD(1:1), BSG+PD(2:1), BSG+CD(1:1), and BSG+CD(2:1). The composting period was six weeks with temperature readings taken daily using a compost thermometer. To ensure aeration within the compost pile, the mass was turned at the beginning of the second, fourth and fifth weeks when the pH of the compost was determined and the pile moistened. The temperature of the compost reflecting the activity of micro-organisms and the pH of the compost together were used to infer its maturity. After the composting period, composts were spread and left for curing (air-drying to reduce pathogenic load) for four weeks before use. The field experiment, described by Ebido & Ndubuaku (2019), involved composted BSG+PD(1:1), BSG+PD(2:1), BSG+CD(1:1), BSG+CD(2:1), BSG as a reference, and an unamended control as a treatment. The experimental arrangement was a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Plots measuring 1. 5 × 1. 0 m were guarded against external interferences with earthen bunds (compactly prepared ridges) and were 0. 50 m apart. Manual hoeing to about 20-cm depth was done in all plots. Thereafter, composted organic amendments were uniformly spread on the surface of the plots at the rate of 20 t ha–1. A pack of amaranth seeds, of cv. PI 511679, was purchased from Eagle Seeds, Orogun Ibadan, Nigeria. This genotype, grown mainly for its leaves, usually grows up to 25 cm tall with about 11 leaves in about four weeks on un-amended soils in the study environment (Adeoluwa et al. , 2009). Three days after hoeing the soil and spreading the composted organic amendments, seeds were sown in drills spaced 0. 50 m apart.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: However, with repeated stimuli, these supporters can become active participants. Fig. 1Iceberg model of disease applied to terrorFull size imagePerpetrators are at the top of the epidemiologic iceberg, either as members of groups or as individuals. These perpetrators come from a larger pool of already sensitized individuals and groups and can be activated by triggers towards the pinnacle of a multistage process. The model is dynamic. Individuals and groups move up and down in relation to exposure to incitement and susceptibility to its effects. At any given moment, there are segments of the population at each of the levels. With enough exposure to the aggravating agents (in the case of word pollution—indoctrination), members of a lower rung in the pyramid can rise up to higher levels. Intervention or deterrence directed at removing or neutralizing the actions of those at the top of the iceberg by itself cannot be expected to remove the source of the influence directed at the entire population. It is futile to simply hunt for terrorists when radical ideologies prevail in entire populations. The best example is that the assassination of did not kill off Al-Qaeda. Prevention or eradication of genocidal terror requires more than tactical defeats or punitive measures against the perpetrators of violence. Population-wide counter-strategies must be implemented. modelA second model is the model [40]. Rose, an epidemiologist, coined the concepts “sick populations and sick individuals” and “the mean determines the range” [41]. These concepts indicate how population-wide interventions to remove hazardous exposures are more effective at reducing the total number of diseased individuals than interventions treating a smaller number of sick individuals at the peak of the iceberg. The implication is that population-wide measures can shift the entire range of the population distribution towards greater health. For example, reducing the population-wide exposure to salt in our diets is a population base approach to augment case finding and treatment of individuals with high blood pressure. We can apply the Rose model to indoctrination. Population-wide exposure to indoctrination that leads to incitement, genocide, and genocidal terror pushes the mean towards the “sick group”—the perpetrators of violence (metaphorically “heating-up heads”) [6]. The implication is that population-wide countermeasures that target susceptible groups, those at high risk from exposure, will be more effective than targeting sick individuals.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: Fifth, our surveys assumed a certain amount of statistical knowledge. For example, asking individuals whether replication studies would achieve statistical significance (p ≤ 0. 05) requires understanding what a p-value measures. We regard this as a potential strength, however. Scientific reports routinely convey claims through metrics like p-values or standardized mean differences. Therefore, the ability to derive valid inferences from such metrics is integral to forming judgments about effects and reproducibility. Expert predictive judgment in biomedical research has not, to our knowledge, been previously studied. Scientists tend to focus on finding physical truths, and discrepancies between results often trigger debate about the methods used in each study. We suggest the role of scientific judgment is also important because physical truths can never be proven with certainty. The judgment of experts thus determines—at least in the short term—the way discrepant results are interpreted and which findings are taken as fact. Our study provides evidence that community-wide judgments about reproducibility are overoptimistic and overconfident. The assessment and cultivation of researcher judgments, we suggest, may lead to a more efficient research enterprise. Knowing how well biomedical researchers can predict experimental outcomes is crucial for maintaining research systems that set appropriate research priorities, that self-correct, and that incorporate valid evidence into policy making. Regardless of how one interprets our results, these findings have potential policy implications, since they suggest that biomedical scientists have a difficult time anticipating outcomes when high-impact experiments are repeated. We believe it would be valuable to work to improve the judgments of researchers and trainees. There are common traits of domains in which experts’ forecasts tend to be more accurate and discriminating. Judgments must be formally quantified, and feedback should be timely, as unambiguous as possible, and easily compared to the original forecast [37]. Forecasting skill may also be better in domains in which expert judges are directly accountable to skeptical constituencies for the quality of their predictions [38]. We cannot expect researcher judgments to improve until the proper structure is in place to help them succeed. statement Human participant procedures were approved by the McFaculty of (Protocol #A01-B05-16A). Each participant provided informed consent before commencing. recruited experts using a 2-pronged search for authors of publications related to the first 6 studies in RP:CP (a flow chart of the sampling process is shown in S1 Fig in the Supporting Information).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: The soil had a slightly acidic pH and a high level of exchangeable acidity. The available phosphorus (P) level was slightly high; the exchangeable potassium (K) and sodium (Na) indicated very low to low values according to the rating of Landon (1991). Table 1. Selected chemical properties of the soil before treatment applicationSoil PropertiesValueTexture classLoamy sandSoil pH-H2O5. 3Soil organic carbon (g kg-1)19. 20(g kg-1)2. 31(mg kg-1)23. 00Exchangeable bases and acidity (cmol kg-1)K+0. 10Ca2+1. 80Mg2+0. 40Na+0. 10H+0. 40Al3+0. 503. 2 on Parameters of AmaranthThe immediate effects of the composted BSG-based organic soil amendments showed that the treatment affected amaranth growth (Table 2). Treatment generally increased plant height, stem diameter and the number of leaves of amaranth plants compared with the un-amended control. Composted BSG+PD(1:1) produced taller plants and more leaves compared with the control; composted BSG+CD(2:1) gave the widest stem of the amaranth plants and the control the narrowest. For this stem diameter, composted BSG+PD(1:1) and BSG+PD(2:1) showed similar values. In addition, composted BSG+CD(1:1) and BSG+CD(2:1) had similar stem diameters, with the former being similar to the rest of the treatments excluding the control. Composted BSG+PD(1:1) and BSG+CD(1:1) were similar in all three growth indices; so too were composted BSG+PD(2:1), composted BSG (the reference) and the control, and composted BSG+CD(1:1), composted BSG+CD(2:1) and composted BSG. Table 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: We are not aware of this concept having been applied to the epidemiology of genocidal indoctrination and incitement unto terror as of yet. We recognize that there may be times that the range determines the mean. High-risk individuals may themselves have an influence on the rest of the population by serving as heroic role models or passing on incitement to others. The people at the tails can pull the entire population to opposing directions. This concept is relevant to both negative and positive deviance and their impact on behavior. By reducing population-wide exposure to hateful indoctrination and introducing measures that strengthen positive deviance, the mean and distribution of susceptible groups can be shifted away from the so-called sick group towards greater health. Positive deviancePositive deviance refers to the observation that, in every population group, there are individuals at the positive end of the spectrum. These outliers are worthy of emulation and should be strengthened. For example, in any cases of mass violence, there are always individuals who defiantly refuse to “join the crowd” [42]. They resist both official orders and social trends. The basic concepts of positive deviance come from the classic works of Milgram. He found that there are always individuals who disobey orders or social pressures that contradict their personal judgment or values. In his study on obedience, Milgram addressed the participants who refused instructions in the simulated shock experiment [43]. In public health, these are the individuals who resist social pressure to smoke cigarettes, use drugs, or engage in other high-risk or socially harmful behaviors. Shamir explored this concept of positive deviance in his documentary “10%, a Hero? ” [44]. He studied people who resist societal trends in accordance with their personal convictions. The challenge for those concerned with genocide and genocidal terror is to identify individuals that are resistant to the effects of exposure to hate indoctrination and incitement and to have their examples serve as multipliers. The fact that such individuals exist in every social group offers the potential for prevention. Examples of positive deviance are the from the Holocaust, and the Movement, the in the UK, Dr. Qanta A. Ahmed, and Dr. Zuhdi Jasser, a whose Center for counters motifs of Jihadist totalitarianism with positive messages—to name a few [45]. Their examples should be lauded and emulated as they help to “melt the bottom of the pyramid” of the iceberg.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: First, we used to identify all papers citing each original study. Second, we performed a “similar 2015. We captured the identity of all authors of the obtained 12. 3% (329) of invitations bounced, and 1. 57% (42) actively declined. Assuming that all nonbounced invitations sent were actually received by our targets, 6% (138) of invited experts forecasted at least 1 study. Because novice invites were circulated by graduate program directors, we cannot calculate response rates for novices. We excluded the data of 1 participant who completed the survey well below our threshold of 7 minutes. We disqualified 12 forecasts for which participants declared knowledge of the replication results. based our queries of reproducibility on mouse tumor growth curves in the first 6 studies planned by RP:CB. We used mouse xenograft experiments because they are believed by many to be the most prognostic of clinical utility. Ideally, we would solicit subjective probabilities (i. e. , forecasts) on whether whole studies reproduced. However, every study contained multiple experiments, and the definition of “reproduction” is itself highly debated [32,33]. As a result, using such an approach would make it impossible to verify the accuracy of forecasts. Instead, we used an approach that minimized the interpretational ambiguity of our questions and the ensuing forecast data. Each experiment had a single effect (treatment versus control) that could be said to represent the main finding of the study. This allowed us to collect predictive judgments for each study and to create objective and unambiguous methods for scoring each prediction. To maintain a mean survey duration of 30 minutes, we created 2 batches of surveys, each asking about 3 RP:CB studies. Survey questions were reviewed and approved by cancer preclinical researcher consultants. For each replication forecast, we gave participants the study title, authors, and links to both the original study and the registered report for the replication. We also gave them the relevant figure from the original paper, with annotations indicating the effect our query centered on. Participants were asked to indicate their subjective probabilities (in percent chance format) that (a) the replication experiments would “also be statistically significant in the same direction (as the original study)” and (b) the effect size of the replication would be “as large or larger than the original effect size.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: Plant height, stem diameter and number of leaves, including total biomass, root and stem yields (on fresh- and dry-matter bases), all depended on the soil’s contents of the exchangeable bases (particularly exchangeable Ca, i. e. , Ca2+), with a coefficient of determination (R2) in the range of 0. 683-0. 794. Leaf yield of amaranth on a fresh-matter basis depended on soil content of total N (R2 = 0. 776), while leaf yield on a dry-matter basis depended on soil content of Ca2+ (R2 = 0. 850), as with the bulk of the yield indices included in this study. 4. DiscussionThe data attained in this study indicate the agronomic benefit of mixing BSG with a promising animal manure, such as PD, in the appropriate ratio, before composting into organic amendments for application to sandy tropical soils used for organic production of vegetable crops. Composted BSG+PD(1:1), unlike the other treatments, always produced better results than the control wherever treatment had effects, with stem diameter as an exception. A similar trend prevailed for the residual effects of treatment. The PD enriches the soil with SOM and most plant nutrients compared with other types of animal manure (Afriyie et al. , 2013; Chukwuma et al. , 2024). Therefore, its complementing BSG in the compost used would largely explain the results. Taller plants in composted BSG+PD(1:1) than the control for both immediate and residual effects of treatment suggest the presence of some growth-promoting substances such as cytokinin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and gibberellic acid (GA3) in BSG-based organic amendments (Miezah et al. , 2008), which can elongate plant stems and increase the growth of plants.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: Susceptible groupsAnother concept from epidemiology is the identification of “susceptible groups. ” These are population groups that are particularly vulnerable to the effects of health hazards. One example is children. Epidemiologists recognize that children are generally more vulnerable to toxic agents such as lead. This concept is true for indoctrination and incitement as well, as children are particularly susceptible to indoctrination via textbooks, television, youth groups, and messages delivered by authority figures. Burdman has extensively explored the concepts of indoctrination mechanisms used on children [46]. Youth is one factor in susceptibility. Burdman explains how certain cultures may be more susceptible than others. Indoctrination messages are “more readily accepted” by collectivist authoritarian societies where “obedience is the rule” and a “quasi-Pavlovian response” is the norm [47]. The challenge is to find out what reverses such susceptibility. Richter and Stein’s epidemiologic monograph gives further models and examples of this phenomenon [48]. The enduring effects of indoctrination among susceptible populations are noteworthy. Many exposures and effects can be intergenerational when the source of transmission is persistent. This concept is relevant for understanding the contagious spread and multiplying effects of cradle-to-grave exposure to indoctrination and incitement. This principle can be exploited for good or for evil (e. g. , educational systems that promote human rights vs. perpetuating intergenerational transmission of hate). Research exploring neuropsychological structures reveals that the socio-physiological effects of indoctrination and incitement can lead to conditioning, patterning, habituation, and normalization (personal communication of unpublished observations: Trevor Davis). Thus, children raised in educational systems that indoctrinate towards hatred and violence are more likely to pass on such values to their progeny as well. Such intergenerational transmitted ideologies can be extremely resistant to change as they multiply and merge to become part of the core beliefs and values of society. The fallacy of the lone wolfBased on the concepts and epidemiologic models presented, it is clear that the phenomenon of the “lone wolf” is problematic and possibly non-existent. So-called self-radicalization can only occur with prior exposure to the motifs of radical hate ideologies. Lone wolves emerge from populations and sub-groups already susceptible to background exposure.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: ” We chose these particular questions over more complicated judgments to minimize the degree to which our findings would be confounded by participants’ statistical sophistication [7,32,41]. For secondary analyses, we probed (a) confidence in each forecast, (b) self-rated expertise on each experiment, (c) additional cognitive variables shown to correlate with forecast skill in other domains: actively openminded thinking [42] and belief in the progress of medical research-adapted from an economic boomster-doomster scale [43], and (d) questions about their familiarity with and the anticipated influence of the RP:CB on how they read papers and design studies. We also asked participants to estimate the overall replication rate the RP:CB will report, but we do not present this data in the current paper since it is premature to do so, and we do not want to confuse researchers’ beliefs about xenograft studies with their beliefs about in vitro studies. Participants were also asked the following: “Imagine a replication study perfectly reproduces the effects observed in an original study. How likely would the effect be as large or larger than that provided in the original study? ” We provided an open text screen for respondents to provide thoughts and feedback on our survey. Further details, including the study protocol, are provided in the (see S1 Text). Surveys were conducted online using Surveymonkey. The order of studies in each survey was drawn randomly for each participant. We analyzed the results of the first 5 studies whose outcomes are resolved and that have been published in eLife [17–21], and we present a sensitivity analysis of the sixth study by describing how the forecast results would change if it replicated the results or not. Accuracy of forecasts were calculated using the Brier score, a proper scoring rule for forecast accuracy that measures the squared deviation between a forecast probability and the actual outcome (coded 0 for nonoccurrence and 1 for occurrence) [44,45], so a lower Brier score denotes a more accurate forecaster than a higher score. A forecaster who behaves like a clairvoyant, correctly classifying all outcomes with complete confidence, would get a perfect Brier score of 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: The overall best agronomic results in composted BSG+PD(1:1) are attributed to PD’s ability to modify soil properties, leading to increased water retention and plant uptake of nutrients (Nwachukwu & Ikeadigh, 2012). However, corresponding to the earlier report, this treatment provoked an increased release of plant nutrients, especially N in its available forms, in the soil compared to the rest of the treatments (Ebido & Ndubuaku, 2019). usually promotes vigorous growth of plants via increased photosynthetic activities (Hussain et al. , 2006), and is particularly critical for amaranth production in the tropics (Adeoluwa et al. , 2009; Nyankanga et al. , 2012). The PD enhanced soil total N even more than NPK fertilizers in sandy tropical soils (Umeugokwe et al. , 2021), pointing to the possible contribution of PD to the enhanced N status of BSG+PD(1:1) and the possible role of such status in its performance in the present study. With composted BSG+PD(1:1) as soil amendment, the total biomass yield of amaranth on a fresh-matter basis four weeks after sowing in the first cropping was 46. 51 t ha-1, achieved with 20 t ha-1 being the application rate of the composted BSG-based amendments in this study. From the same study site, the highest amaranth yields of 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: First, the use of censorship by governments raises ethical issues of privacy and free speech in democratic countries [13]. This tension was clearly evident throughout the process of drafting the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide [66]. On the one hand, it is clear that governments and public health officials hold an ethical responsibility for their public’s health and to protect the community from harm. Tulchinsky dives into the history and development of community ethics and the challenges posed in balancing individual rights with public health. Failure to implement and enforce public health regulations could constitute negligence on the part of responsible parties [67]. Yet, we must recognize the unavoidable conflict between civil liberties and public security. Second, there are instrumental issues with such measures. These traditional methods have a “limited and specific utility” limiting the spread and effects of specific pieces of incitement, while the influence of indoctrination and ideology remains [35]. Such ideologies are deeply embedded in the mindsets of affected populations. While these motifs may not be explicitly public, they can be triggered by key messages. In the digital age, with the mass dissemination of media messages through time and space, the text and subtext of incitement remains enduring and present in cyberspace. These can be forever retrievable by those programmed to look for them. For example, Twitter attempted to “clean out” ISIS-related incitement by banning hundreds of thousands of accounts. However, new accounts continue to open and many others have simply migrated to other social media sites [68]. Thus, the only way to definitively prevent future violence from the effects of incitement is to increase “audience resistance” [35]. The source of such audience susceptibility and receptiveness needs to be neutralized and countered. There is a need for population-wide measures to replace and counter hate with positive ideologies and to identify and strengthen positive role models. Benesch describes the successful case of a television drama created in Rwanda specifically to develop understanding and resistance to hate speech among the population [35]. The countermeasures proposed by Benesch may be successful in localized scenarios. However, we need to develop countermeasures to meet the challenges of systems of indoctrination that transcend traditional boundaries of space and time. Previous interventions that do not consider indoctrination may be inadequate. The current case studies proposed by Benesch are linked to election outcomes in Africa, triggered by a winner-takes-all election.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: In contrast, a forecaster who invariably guesses 50%—a common response for participants who do not know how to answer questions about the probability of binary options, sometimes called “the fifty-fifty blip” [46]—would have a Brier score of 0. 25. We report mean Brier scores with bias-corrected 95% bootstrap confidence intervals with 5,000 resamples. All hypothesis tests were conducted using bootstrap t-tests based on whether 95% bootstrap confidence intervals of the mean difference contained the value 0. We also report the extent to which forecasts correctly identified which studies would not replicate using specificity (i. e. , the “true negative rate”), which is normalized by the sum of true negative and false positive forecasts. Data analysis was conducted using R statistical software. Supporting informationS1 Fig. Flow chart of expert sampling process. S2 Fig. Direct comparison of forecasts and Brier scores by rank for survey 1. The first row shows forecasts and the second shows brier scores. The first column shows significance and the second shows effect size. For each panel, the histogram is the aggregate as all of respondents, the red line is for experts and the blue line is for novices. S3 Fig. Likelihood of reproducing upon perfect replication. In the top row, the dark gray histograms show the forecast of a (genericized) perfect replication, and density lines show actual effect size forecasts. The bottom row is the perfect replication ratio: log(forecast/perfect replication). Thus, a negative value indicates the forecast is lower than the perfect replication. The left column shows data from all experts, whereas the right column shows survey 1 data comparing experts to novices. There are multiple interpretations of the idea of a perfect replication. 1) The modal response was. 5, which may indicate that the original effect size is a reasonable estimate of the true effect; 2) some participants thought it should be high (. 95 for students; 1 for novices), perhaps based on the possibility of error from the original study; 3) some participants expected. 8, perhaps based on the power and Type II error from the replication study; 4) and yet others thought it was less than 50% (20% or 30%), suggesting they may have a cynical view of reproducibility in this field.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: 30 and 8. 30 t ha-1 were achieved, respectively, with 10 t ha-1 Gliricidia sepium and 60% organic fertilizer (composted market waste plus CD in the ratio of 3:1) complemented with 40% N urine (Adeoluwa et al. , 2006; Adeoluwa et al. , 2009). In northeastern Nigeria, a corresponding amaranth yield of 7. 10 t ha-1 was achieved with PD manure at 20 t ha-1 (Mshelia & Degri, 2014). The much higher yield attained in the present study thus points to the prospects of composted BSG+PD(1:1) in growing amaranth in sandy tropical soils. Generally, mixing BSG with PD manure proved to be superior to mixing BSG with CD manure. However, composted BSG+PD(1:1) could not always find a good substitute in composted BSG+PD(2:1), especially with respect to fresh-matter yields. The overall poor results due to complementation of BSG with CD are attributed to the slow mineralisation rate of CD in coarse-textured tropical soils, about 1. 75 times slower than that of pig-slurry manure (Uzoh et al. , 2015), which in itself usually shows a higher CN ratio than PD (Adubasim et al. , 2018). This observation for CD reflects its low population of bacterial species known to drive its decomposition and hence mineralisation (Oraegbunam et al. , 2023).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: They are successful, but may not be sufficient. Here, the stakes are much larger because they are global—as in the case of jihadi totalitarianism. Sustainable strategies for prevention require population-wide strategies for removing the perpetrators of harmful ideology and the sources of incitement. The ideal (but not always practical) preventive strategy is to remove the source by defeating the perpetrators through military defeat. However, as in the case of and Japan, military defeat was not sufficient in and of itself. Defeating the ideology of Nazism required a top-down comprehensive strategy to reeducate the entire population with values and motifs that replaced the old models and motifs, which had led them to support the regime. This was successfully implemented under the in Europe, which included a massive overhaul of societal, economic, and educational programs [46]. Another innovative attempt at developing a countermeasure is Google’s “Redirect Method” to counter ISIS indoctrination and incitement online [69]. The project’s researchers identify vulnerable individuals searching for and viewing ISIS material. These individuals are then gradually and unobtrusively redirected to material that counters ISIS ideology, including Islamic criticism of the religious doctrines as well as evidence countering the public image of the organization’s economic success and popularity. This approach rejects censorship, instead seeking to address the deeper influence of indoctrination. There is an oceanic depth of data available in the modern information age. Could search engines or media platforms be further developed to systematically probe the Internet for deep trends, analyzing what is happening in the sea of ideas, motifs, and messages (“X” [70])? Just as people study sea or air pollution, similar concepts could be employed to probe word pollution. Such methods would not be preventive in nature but could identify trends for the sake of prediction and precaution. Tulchinsky describes the importance of international surveillance networks to monitor such word pollution [67]. Another effective countermeasure is to promote positive deviance and protect role models that embrace tolerance. Reinforcing the status and safety of positive role models is central to a strategy of ideological change [71]. Rather than paying terrorist salaries, what if authority figures supported those who exemplify positive deviance and moderation? There is a strong need for the world to be vigilant to ensure that foreign aid funds are not used to support terror.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: There is a strong peak in panels 3 and 4 for participants who made forecasts in line with a perfect replication. Beyond that, the trend is to make forecasts below a hypothetical perfect replication, so the forecasters were consistently acknowledging that real replication studies are flawed to some degree. Experts were more likely than novices to forecast higher than the perfect replication seemingly suggesting that some of these replication studies were highly likely to replicate the original results compared to other studies. S1 Table. Completions by survey. S2 Table. Forecast descriptive statistics and prediction accuracy by trichotomized predictors. S3 Table. Descriptive statistics of discretized predictors. S4 Table. Original and replication study results. S5 Table. Sensitivity analysis of Brier scores by outcome and identified expertise. S1 Text. Study protocol. S1 Data. Data file. Potentially identifying information has been redacted to protect the anonymity of the participants. S2 Data. Codebook. 1. . Clinical development success rates for investigational drugs. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32: 40–51. pmid:24406927 View 2. Baker M. 1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility. Nat News. 2016;533: 452. pmid:27225100 View 3. . Believe it or not: how much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets? Drug Discov. 2011;10: 712–712. pmid:21892149 View 4. Bissell M. Reproducibility: The risks of the replication drive. Nat News. 2013;503: 333. View 5. Kaiser J. The cancer test. Science. 2015;348: 1411–1413. pmid:26113698 View 6. Morrison SJ. Time to do something about reproducibility. eLife. 2014;3: e03981. pmid:25493617 View 7. . An open investigation of the reproducibility of cancer biology research. eLife. 2014;3: e04333. pmid:25490932 View 8. . Bringing probability judgments into policy debates via forecasting tournaments. Science. 2017;355: 481–483. pmid:28154049 View 9. -H, Huber J, Johannesson M, et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: Notably, the highest reductions in exchangeable acidity occurred in composted BSG+PD(1:1). This reduction, which may not be unconnected with its excellent performance in this study, can be attributed to the liberation and loss via leaching of Al3+ chelated with base-forming cations during PD mineralisation in this acidic sandy soil (Garzón et al. , 2011; Tang et al. , 2007). The data further showed nominally higher values of soil organic carbon, total N, available P and base-forming cations (except Mg2+) in composted BSG plus PD than composted BSG plus CD, regardless of mixing ratio (Ebido & Ndubuaku, 2019). Amaranth growth and yield were influenced mostly by the soil content of Ca2+. Calcium is a crucial plant nutrient for the growth and development of plants (McLaughlin & Wimmer, 1999), particularly vegetable crops (Hao & Papadopoulos, 2003; Parra-Terraza et al. , 2008). Soil structure enhancement due to organic amendment mediates increased yields of short-duration vegetables in coarse-textured tropical soils (Ogunezi et al. , 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: Proposing precautionary countermeasures to identify dangerous and hateful ideology aims to advance the locus of detection to earlier stages. Any countermeasures would need to be measured in terms of their validity to determine if they measure what they purport to measure. Emerging issues and limitationsIn this study, we presented only a modest number of examples of indoctrination as an upstream factor to genocide and genocidal terror. We recognize that several limitations apply to our study. As noted above, epidemiology is guided by the basic questions: who, what, where, when, and how. The more difficult question to address may be why indoctrination and incitement exist in the first place. This question is beyond the scope of this paper yet deserves contemplation. This essay is not intended to probe what are the sources of evil or identify what are the sources of goodness. Because we recognize a cause-effect relationship between ideologies and actions, we have to ask what it is in belief systems that result in evil outcomes. We have not examined how religious, ethnic, or racial factors contribute to genocide or genocidal terror. Our premise is that ideology subsumes religion and crosses traditional, racial, and ethnic boundaries. We have not dedicated adequate attention to emerging issues in Europe and the Far East, in particular, the burgeoning Rohingya crisis in Myanmar [72]. Rohingya minority in Myanmar has been subjected to systematic top-down government-organized classification, symbolization, persecution, exclusion from citizenship, threats, atrocities, forced expulsion, and organized killing. A recent report released by Frontieres (MSF) revealed that, according to conservative estimates, 647,000+ Rohingya have been forced to flee into Bangladesh, and 6700+ Rohingya have been killed since August 2017 [73,74,75]. are an example of a Muslim minority that has suffered discrimination, dehumanization, demonization, delegitimization, and genocidal crimes against humanity not resulting from totalitarian jihadist indoctrination or perpetration. Information is not readily available to the degree to which indoctrination and incitement were instrumental in this scenario. There is a need to examine whether our models apply in such settings today. A major limitation of our models on indoctrination and incitement leading genocide is how to account for the governmental campaign of butchery and barbarity in Syria. There does not appear to be a history of incitement against those targeted by unspeakable atrocities and crimes against humanity perpetrated by Assad’s regime.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: Evaluating replicability of laboratory experiments in economics. Science. 2016;351: 1433–1436. pmid:26940865 View 10. Using prediction markets to estimate the reproducibility of scientific research. Acad Sci. 2015;112: 15343–15347. pmid:26553988 View 11. Coadministration of a Tumor-Enhances the Efficacy of Cancer Drugs. Science. 2010;328: 1031–1035. pmid:20378772 View 12. -Cordero A, et al. Discovery and of of Expression Data. Med. 2011;3: 96ra77–96ra77. pmid:21849665 View 13. Melanoma genome sequencing reveals frequent PREX2 mutations. Nature. 2012;485: 502–506. pmid:22622578 View 14. BET as a to Target c-Myc. Cell. 2011;146: 904–917. pmid:21889194 View 15. -I, et al. Inhibition of BET recruitment to chromatin as an effective treatment for MLL-fusion leukaemia. Nature. 2011;478: 529–533. pmid:21964340 View 16. Willingham SB, Volkmer J- The CD47-signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa) interaction is a therapeutic target for human solid tumors. Acad Sci. 2012;109: 6662–6667. pmid:22451913 View 17. . Replication Study: BET bromodomain inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to target c-Myc. eLife. 2017;6: e21253. pmid:28100400 View 18. . Replication Study: The CD47-signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa) interaction is a therapeutic target for human solid tumors. eLife. 2017;6: e18173. pmid:28100392 View 19. . Replication Study: Melanoma genome sequencing reveals frequent PREX2 mutations. eLife. 2017;6: e21634. pmid:28100394 View 20. . Replication Study: Discovery and preclinical validation of drug indications using compendia of public gene expression data. eLife. 2017;6: e17044. pmid:28100397 View 21. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: However, with Ca that controlled amaranth yield in this study also being involved in plant absorption of soil nitrate (Habbasha & Ibrahim, 2015) and ammonium (Feagley & Fenn, 1998), leaf fresh-matter yield depending on soil total N here would be understandable. Beyond Ca’s role in N transport, it interacts with P and K, enhancing the absorption of ammonium, P, and K (Acosta-Durán et al. , 2007; Habbasha & Ibrahim, 2015). The excess accumulated N is stored, and its adsorption stimulates photosynthetic processes and increases plant growth and leafiness. This relationship between N and Ca in soils would, therefore, explain the dependence of leaf fresh-matter yield on soil total N content. Indeed, composts have elevated pH and supply N (mostly in the form of nitrates) as well as the base-forming nutrient elements (Rosen & Bierman, 2005; Tiquia, 2003). In this study, composted BSG+PD(1:1) was the best treatment in terms of vegetative growth and yields of amaranth. This is most likely because amaranth production in the tropics depends on the N-fertility of the soil (Adeoluwa et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: We acknowledge that our models may not provide explanatory power for the crisis in Syria, in which 470,000+ people have been killed and more than 12 million have become refugees [76]. Our study does not delve into the reemergence of xenophobia and anti-Semitism in Europe, hate crimes in the United States, nor consider neo-nationalist and alt-right movements, all of which pose emerging threats today [77]. These social trends, potentially triggered by undercurrents of racism or the mounting immigration crisis and fear, bear alarming parallels to the development of fascist and Nazi movements in Europe in the 1930s, which made ample use of racist motifs and stereotypes to dehumanize and demonize minority groups. Problems posed by immigration may be real but are increasingly dangerous when they become a pretext for using the 5 Ds. Due to the authoritarian nature of totalitarian regimes and societies, there is limited data regarding “hidden” populations (outliers/positive deviance) that reject the hateful motifs of extremist jihad and yet are silenced due to intimidation, coercion, force, or cultural restrictions. There may be many among these societies that, in fact, favor more moderate ideologies and yet remain anonymous out of fear. In applying the concepts of epidemiology to the study of genocide prevention, we have to be aware of the dangers and potential abuses of proposing population-wide countermeasures to any system of belief or ethos (e. g. , indoctrination of alternative motifs). Such countermeasures need to be weighed in regard to possible dissonance between civil liberties and basic human rights. A potential criticism to our assertions is the idea that these concepts are largely theoretical as opposed to evidence-based. Statements about cause-effect relationships between incitement and violence may be questioned based upon ecologic associations [78]. Whenever there are temporal associations between increases in measures of incitement and increases in measures of actual violence or, conversely, decreases in both, these empirical associations provide plausible evidence for cause-effect relationships. When the population under observation is followed over time, then before-after comparisons control for confounders. There is clear potential for population-wide intervention as demonstrated by the Rose Model. Specific interventions directed at groups rather than individuals (such as text messaging campaigns in Africa, the post-war educational reform in Europe and Japan after II) are examples of population-wide countermeasures that resulted in total change to political systems of indoctrination [79].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: Replication Study: Coadministration of a tumor-penetrating peptide enhances the efficacy of cancer drugs. eLife. 2017;6: e17584. pmid:28100395 View 22. Gelman A, Carlin J. Beyond power calculations assessing type S (sign) and type M (magnitude) errors. Sci. 2014;9: 641–651. pmid:26186114 View 23. Weissman I. Response to: “Replication Study: The CD47-signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa) interaction is a therapeutic target for human solid tumors. ” eLife. 2017;6: e18173. View 24. Baker M, Dolgin E. Cancer reproducibility project releases first results. Nat News. 2017;541: 269. pmid:28102271 View 25. eLife editorial. The challenges of replication. eLife. 2017;6: e23693. pmid:28182866 View 26. Kaiser J. Rigorous replication effort succeeds for just two of five cancer papers. In: Science | AAAS 18 Jan 2017. 27. . Overconfidence in interval estimates: What does expertise buy you? Process. 2008;107: 179–191. View 28. Önkal D, Yates JF, Simga-Mugan C, Öztin Ş. Professional vs. amateur judgment accuracy: The case of foreign exchange rates. Process. 2003;91: 169–185. View 29. Tversky A, Kahneman D. of Base Rates. ResearchGate. 1981; 29. View 30. Kahneman D, Lovallo D. : A on Risk Taking. Manag Sci. 1993;39: 17–31. View 31. . The moderating effects of problem characteristics on experts’ and novices’ judgments. J Mark Res. 1997;34: 233–247. View 32. . Social, Behavioral, and Perspectives on Robust and Reliable Science: Report of the Subcommittee on Replicability in Committee to the for Social, Behavioral, and [Internet]. Foundation; 2015 May. 33. . What does research reproducibility mean? Med. 2016;8: 341ps12–341ps12. pmid:27252173 View 34. . Is psychology suffering from a replication crisis?

Output: pass