Input: Claim: Gene editing in plants can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: (2017) pointed out that the consumption of GMP food carrying Cry1Ab had no effect on the growth rate, and general health status of the rats. ConclusionPeach (L. ) is an important deciduous fruit tree that is widely cultivated in the world. Peach is susceptible to many pests such as insects, virus, mites and borers which limit peach production. Modern methods of tissue culture and regeneration from in vitro leaves via indirect somatic embryogenesis using the method of genetic transfer are useful technique to impart the desired characteristics of peach plants. In this study, genetically peach modified with cry1Ab gene that has inserted into peach genome by Agrobacterium, showed results are resistance to Synanthedon exitiosa larvae’s. Various molecular analyzes confirmed that CryIAb toxin protein is stable integrated into peach genome. This paper is the first to have successfully used the Bt-cry1Ab gene to produce genetically modified peach plants targeted to improve agricultural efficiency and product quality by acquisition of insect borer's resistance particularly the peach tree borer. These transgenic peach plants could be produced commercially in the future and cultivated to increase the productivity of peach fruits. AbbreviationsBA: 6-Benzyladenine; bp: Base pairs; Cry: Crystal protein; IAA: Indole-3-acetic acid; IBA: Indole-3-butyric acid; 2iP: N-6-(Δ2-isopentenyl) adenine, Kn: kinetin, TDZ: Thiadiazuron (N-phenyl-N-1,2,3,-thiadiasol-5-ylurea); 2,4-D: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; WPM: Woody plant medium; MS: Murashige and Skoog’s medium; nptII: Neomycin phosphotransferase; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR: Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Declarationsauthors are thankful to the Tissue culture and Biotechnology Labs. ,. Author contributions planned the whole work, performed the tissue culture experiments, helped in write up and designed the figures and tables. analyzed data, helped in write up, participated in the discussion results, contribution in the statistical analysis, reviewed several draft of the manuscript.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: 8The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for Ethereum (ETH) in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 9The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for Ethereum (ETH) in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 10The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Ethereum (ETH) in 150-day window lengthFull size imageRippleWith precise attention given to the behavior of Ripple's data shown in Fig. 11, it can be seen that in the 50 days, the market efficiency experienced a notable fluctuation, which was more visible in the movement of early observations. By shifting to longer time intervals (Figs. 12, 13), it was evident that the level of the market efficiency improved so that the condition of the marketFootnote 4 changed from a relatively inefficient state to an efficient state in the initial observations. As shown in Fig. 13, the market fluctuated between efficient and inefficient conditions, and ultimately, in a dampening process, it moved toward an inefficient state. Fig. 11The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Ripple (XRP) in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 12The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Ripple (XRP) in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 13The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Ripple (XRP) in 150-day window lengthFull size imageGoldBy examining the results obtained for gold, we found that by increasing the length of the time window, a definite pattern in the p values emerged, which is shown in the Figs. 14, 15 and 16. By increasing the time window (from 50 to 150 days), this behavior can be observed as a W-shaped pattern. This form of behavior was traceable from the initial values of observations to the middle values that became highly volatile in this stage and then again repeated the same pattern as in the first phase (i. e. , pattern of the p values formed a W shape). In this situation, however, the period that the market remained in an inefficient state and then moved into more efficient states was more extended, which is visible in Fig. 16. Fig. 14The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Gold in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: La caractéristique commune de la plupart de ses projets concerne la conception de la prothèse non comme un signe de manque, mais comme une augmentation de l’organisme. Des travaux similaires ont également été entrepris par la « body artist » française Orlan. Dans les années quatre-vingt, elle a créé un projet appelé « La réincarnation de » qui consistait en une série de neuf opérations chirurgicales afin de redessiner son visage avec des caractéristiques de femmes de l’art de la Renaissance (en se faisant notamment implanter d’étonnantes prothèses sur les tempes). Toutes les chirurgies ont été effectuées en direct en public. Son projet le plus récent s’appelle « Self-hybridization », dans lequel elle utilise un logiciel informatique pour projeter numériquement son propre visage sur des photos de différentes personnes d’origines ethniques diverses, dans le but de critiquer les préjugés culturels et raciaux. Dans le cadre de la modification corporelle extrême, nous pouvons citer l’artiste et « performer » français Lukas Zpira. Il affirme être le premier modificateur du corps et artiste à avoir implanté une puce R. F. I. D ou « Radio-» sous la peau. Il a par ailleurs travaillé sur le projet M. A. T. S. I ou « Interface ». La procédure consiste en une implantation de plaques de titane conçues pour remplacer des parties du corps, et pour servir de réceptacles à divers composants.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing in plants can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: Sensors 12:11684–11696 (1998) Agrobacterium-transformed rice plants expressing synthetic cry1Ab and cry1Ac genes are highly toxic to striped stem borer and yellow stem borer. 95:2767–2772. (1990) Kanamycin sensitivity of cultured tissues of Vitis. Rep 9: 237-240. (2015) Medicago truncatula transformation using leaf explants. Protocols (88. Declerck V, Korban SS (1996) Influence of growth regulators and carbon sources on callus induction, growth and morphogenesis from leaf tissues of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). J 71: 49-55. Dulmage HT (1971) Production of delta-endotoxin by 18 isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis, serotype 3, in 3 fermentation media. J 18:353–58. (1971) A proposed standardized bioassay for formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis based on the international unit. J 18: 240-245 (2005) Effects of Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab and Bt spray on Spodoptera littoralis. Entomological Society, 114: 161–169 (2005) Effects of Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab and Bt spray on Spodoptera littoralis. App 114: 161-169. El-(2020) Characterization, cloning, expression and bioassay of vip3 gene isolated from an thuringiensis against whiteflies. 27:1363-1367. (2004) Plant–insect interactions: molecular approaches to insect resistance. Biotechnol 15:155-161. Food and (2020) (2003) Adventitious shoot regeneration for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Prunus. 616:331–333 (2002) Adventitious shoot regeneration in peach (Prunus persica L. Bastsch). Rep 20: 1011-1016 Gomez I, Sanchez J, Munoz-garay (2014) Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxins are versatile proteins with multiple modes of action: two distinct pre-pores are involved in toxicity. 459:383–396 Hofte H, Whiteley HR (1989) Insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: 15The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Gold in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 16The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the Gold in 150-day window lengthFull size imageWTIAs time intervals increased (Figs. 17, 18, 19), the market behavior changed from the central part of the observations. The market inefficiency emerged mainly in the middle section of the observations, accompanied by excessive fluctuations (see Fig. 19). Moreover, the last part of the observations pointed to the market's movement toward the inefficient state, which is consistent with most of the other research data results. Fig. 17The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the WTI in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 18The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the WTI in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 19The evolving p values of the AQ test statistic checked for the WTI in 150-day window lengthFull size imageEvaluation of the results based on the GS methodIn the previous section, we examined the adaptive behavior of the study's data in terms of the AMH based on a linear method (AQ test). We next evaluated this concept by applying a nonlinear method (GS test). Accordingly, we investigated the behavior of the data over time and in the form of different window lengths (50, 100, and 150 days). Furthermore, we evaluated the sequence of the p values of the relevant test statistic, which indicated changes in the level of market efficiency. The following sections provide an analysis of the results related to each set of data. BitcoinBy contemplating p values, we verified the high degree of adaptation of the results with the AMH concept. Therefore, we witnessed a particular behavior in the marketFootnote 5 through the slowdown of inefficiency over time and a rolling back toward a more efficient state. This behavior was detectable over the entire length of the observations. The intensity of the market swing was higher at some times, which is visible in Fig. 20. In addition, by increasing the window range, we found that the number of observations that led to the rejection of the test's null hypothesis decreased, and somehow, the market conditions moved toward a more efficient state. This feature is well illustrated by comparing Figs. 20, 21 and 22. Fig.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Aux États-Unis, nous trouvons également le modificateur corporel Steve Haworth, qui se définit comme un artiste 3D et évolutionniste humain. Il est devenu célèbre pour la popularisation des implants sous-cutanés et transdermiques, les implants magnétiques8, en plus de la fabrication de bijoux et d’outils pour la modification corporelle. Les exemples similaires ne sont pas rares. Cyborg, un artiste et modificateur corporel finlandais a eu une grande influence dans la conception de techniques de pointe pour diverses interventions extrêmes. Nous citerons, le « Flesh Stapling9 » et deux autres prototypes, l’implant LED et l’implant génital vibrant. Une autre mention importante concerne le Warwick, professeur de cybernétique à l’université de Reading, en Angleterre, et créateur du « ». Il s’autoproclame le premier cyborg de l’histoire, après avoir implanté une puce de type R. F. I. D sur son avant-bras. Cet implant lui a permis d’être reconnu dans certains environnements technologiques et de contrôler l’équipement de son lieu de travail. Les autres phases de son projet consistent en l’implantation d’une grille de vignettes avec une centaine d’électrodes connectées au nerf médian de son bras, lui permettant de gérer des périphériques distants de façon élargie. Dans la lignée du professeur Warwick, citons l’expérience d’Amal Graafstra, un entrepreneur nord-américain passionné de technologie. Lui aussi a implanté des dispositifs électroniques de type R. F. I. D sous sa peau.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing in plants can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: Bt-maize effects on biological parameters of the non-target aphid Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Cry1Ab toxin detection. Physiol 91:110-115. (2003) Genetic engineering of crop plants for insect resistance. 84:321-329. (1987) Biochemical evidence for resistance of rootstocks to the peachtree borer and species separation of peachtree borer and lesser peachtree borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) on peach trees. J 80: 338-343. -Catarina C, (2021) Pretreatment free of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid improves the differentiation of sugarcane somatic embryos by affecting the hormonal balance and the accumulation of reserves. Cult 145:101-115 (2020) Regeneration from of the Hansen 536. Plants 9: 755 -Jimenez M, (2020) in Peach (Prunus persica L. ): Challenges and Ways Forward. Plants 9:971 (2019) Comparison of regeneration capacity and Agrobacterium-mediated cell transformation efficiency of different cultivars and rootstocks of Vitis spp. via organogenesis. 9:1-10. (2019) the Regeneration, via Organogenesis, and the Selection of in the Hansen 536 (Prunus persica × Prunus amygdalus) to Express an RNagainst PPV Virus. Plants 8:178. and (2021) Constitutive expression of a synthetic cry1Ab gene confers resistance to potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) larva. 21(1):1-9. (2014) Adventitious shoot regeneration from in vitro cultured leaf explants of peach rootstock Guardianfi is significantly enhanced by silver thiosulfate. Cult 120:757–765. (1998) Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins. 62:775-806. Shapiro-(2009) A novel approach to biological control with entomopathogenic nematodes: Prophylactic control of the peach tree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa. 48: 259-263.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: 20The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Bitcoin (BTC) in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 21The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Bitcoin (BTC) in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 22The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Bitcoin (BTC) in 150-day window lengthFull size imageEthereumAn examination of the results for Ethereum concerning the GS test statistics (Figs. 23, 24, 25) indicated that, despite the verification of the AMH, the direction of market movement tended toward an inefficient state, primarily by increasing the length of the time window. We witnessed a situation in the 150-day time window (particularly in the early and middle of the observations) in which the market was sustained in its existing condition, and the intensity of the changing market direction was diminished. Fig. 23The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Ethereum (ETH) in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 24The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Ethereum (ETH) in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 25The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Ethereum (ETH) in 150-day window lengthFull size imageRippleThe obtained results for the p values of Ripple (Figs. 26, 27, 28) showed that an increase in the length of the study's time window did not have a considerable effect on the changing behavior in the market in terms of efficiency. Nevertheless, we still observed an evolutionary manner in the results, which confirmed the concept of AMH. Fig. 26The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Ripple (XRP) in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 27The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Ripple (XRP) in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 28The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Ripple (XRP) in 150-day window lengthFull size imageGoldA review of the data for gold suggested that the changing market directions, from moving toward an efficient state or moving away from it, could be understood by separating the observations into three distinct parts. As shown in Figs. 29, 30 and 31, p values declined, and once again, an increasing trend initiated and then descended.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Toutefois, cette démarche ne se réduit pas à une expérience scientifique, sa motivation étant la volonté de changer son propre corps à travers l’auto-développement d’une technologie fonctionnelle. Pour avancer dans cette direction, Graafstra a publié un livre sur les RFID Toys, dans lequel il décrit la façon d’utiliser ce type de technologie chez soi pour faciliter la vie quotidienne. L’utilisation des technologies et ses applications en dehors des limites de la formation disciplinaire médicale et académique sont présentées comme une forme subversive d’auto-émancipation par certains praticiens. Cependant le discours dominant sur la modification du corps qui émane de leurs débats est marqué par l’accent libéral lié au choix individuel et la liberté personnelle de personnaliser son propre corps selon ses désirs et besoins. L’autre particularité de ces nouvelles modifications relève de leur non-institutionnalisation et de leur réalisation par de nouveaux « spécialistes du corps ». Ce sont des artisans et bricoleurs de la chair qui explorent les perspectives imaginaires de la science-fiction et qui n’ont a priori aucun but réparateur ou thérapeutique. Selon Liotard, « ces transformations corporelles se font comme ça, pour le plaisir, pour le fun, pour soi, avec sans doute un même axe directeur : échapper aux déterminismes sociaux, ne pas succomber aux normes sociales » (2003, p. 13).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing in plants can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: Shapiro-(2015) Field suppression of the peachtree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa, using Steinernema carpocapsae: Effects of irrigation, a sprayable gel and application method. 82:7-12. (1983) A general method for the transfer of cloned genes to plant cells. Gene 23:315-330. (2019) Agrobacterium-of Plum cv. “Startovaya” (Prunus domestica L. ) With Virus-to PPV Infection in Mature Plants. 10:286. (2017) A non-antibiotic selection strategy uses the phosphomannose-isomerase (PMI) gene and green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Prunus domestica L. leaf explants. Cult 128:197–209 Soliman HI (2013) In vitro regeneration and genetic transformation of peach (Prunus persica L. ) plants. J 10: 487-496. Soliman HI, Abo-El-Hasan F, El-seedy A S and M (2017). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration of transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ) plants using a synthetic cry1Ab gene for enhanced resistance against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). J 7 (1): 67-74. (2019) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tree fruit crops: methods, progress, and challenges. Sci 10:226. (2005) Optimizing shoot regeneration and transient expression factors for Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. ) cultivar Montmorency. 106:6 (2011) Production of peach grafts under hydroponic conditions. Ciência e Agrotecnologia 35: 322-326. (1997) Principles and procedures of statistics a biometrical approach 3rd ed. McBook Co. Inc. , New York, USA. (1960) Principles and procedures of statistics. Principles and procedures of statistics. (1990) Field development of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). J 83:1671-1676. . and Nakamura K.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: This behavior confirmed the concept of AMH, which was visible in the form of the 150-day window. Fig. 29The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Gold in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 30The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Gold in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 31The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the Gold in 150-day window lengthFull size imageWTIThe observed results for WTI (Figs. 32, 33, 34) in many cases were similar to the results for gold. This behavior was visible in the market's changing direction from the efficient to inefficient state and vice versa. Altering the time window did not influence the overall market situation in terms of efficiency. Note that the results in “Analysis of the empirical results” section, in which the number of p values that rejected the null hypothesis was computed, confirmed this finding. Fig. 32The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the WTI in 50-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 33The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the WTI in 100-day window lengthFull size imageFig. 34The evolving p values of the GS test statistic checked for the WTI in 150-day window lengthFull size imageConclusionThis study scrutinized the evolving efficiency by utilizing daily historical data for the three benchmark cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ripple), gold, and WTI crude oil. To assess any variation in market efficiency and check the market's evolving behavior over time, we applied a rolling-sample technique with diverse window lengths that was consistent with AMH implications. We applied two alternative tests to examine linear and nonlinear dependency, which included AQ and GS. We analyzed the obtained results from two aspects: First, we focused on each market's overall condition in terms of efficiency and degree of conformity with the AMH. Second, we examined the evolving behavior of each market by moving toward longer window lengths (e. g. , from 50 to 150 days). Considering these results, the observed behavior in all markets indicated verification of the AMH, but the degree of adaptability of the data was different.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Bien que ces personnes aient des raisons très distinctes de s’engager dans leur démarche de modifications du corps, ils ont pour autant ont la même quête, c’est-à-dire, travailler le caractère fonctionnel de leur corps à travers des expériences associées à la technologie. Toutes ces transformations du corps par les implants provoquent et questionnent les croyances normatives de longue date sur ce que le corps fait, ce à quoi il devrait ressembler et comment il devrait se comporter. Nature, science et technologie, corps intérieur et extérieur s’entrelacent et donnent naissance à des formes inédites et inattendues. Non seulement les limites du corps sont repoussées, mais les définitions même de nature et de culture se voient contestées. Observer les usages des prothèses et implants pour comprendre les nouvelles pensées du corps Nous avons longuement illustré la façon dont notre corps possède des frontières flexibles et perméables, par le biais d’un passage en revue des différents aspects et approches des pratiques de modifications corporelles à travers l’usage d’objets technologiques (notamment par l’insertion de ces derniers dans le corps). Ce développement « panoramique » a surtout pour but de montrer combien les objets intégrés que sont les prothèses et les implants sont en mesure de nous donner à penser sur le corps. Dans le contexte contemporain, ils sont même probablement l’une des manifestations et l’un des « outils à penser » les plus éloquents de cette évolution fulgurante du rapport au corps qui modèle notre société actuelle.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing in plants can improve crop resistance to pests and diseases. [SEP] Text: (1990) Enhancement of foreign gene expression by a dicot intron in Rice but not in tobacco is correlated with an increased level of mRNA and an efficient splicing of the intron. Res 18, 6767-6770. (2009) Thidiazuron: an efficient plant growth regulator for enhancing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Petunia hybrida. Cult 99:109-115 (2002) Genetic mapping of the evergrowing gene in peach [Prunus persica (L. ) Batsch]. J Hered 93:352-358. (2018) Characterization of transgenic rice expressing fusion protein Cry1Ab/Vip3A for insect resistance. 8:1-8 (2020) Development of a fast and efficient root transgenic system for functional genomics and genetic engineering in peach. 10:1-9. (2020) The soybean bZIP transcription factor gene GmbZIP2 confers drought and salt resistances in transgenic plants. 21:670. (2001) Field evaluation of resistance of transgenic rice containing a synthetic cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner to stem borers. J 94:271–276 (2001) Effects of kanamycin on tissue culture and somatic embryogenesis in cotton. Regul 33:137-149. (2010) Plant regeneration from in vitro leaves of the peach rootstock ‘Nemaguard’(Prunus persica× P. davidiana). Cult 101:79-87 (2002) The wuschel gene promotes vegetative-to-embryonic transition in Arabidopsis. 30: 349‒359. TablesTable 1 The best of different concentrations of plant growth regulators and various culture media on callus induction of peach (L. ) after four weeks. Callus fresh weight (g) % of explants formed callus Culture medium and concentration of plant growth regulators MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) medium BAP Kinetin 2,4-D 2. 25±0. 18i 33. 8±0. 27i 0. 5 0. 0 2. 0 2. 48±0. 23h 49. 5±0. 38h 0. 5 0. 0 2. 5 3. 55±0. 44c 84. 9±0. 57c 1. 0 0. 0 3. 0 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: According to the AQ test statistic, which was a linear method, we observed that the degree of adaptation of Bitcoin with respect to the AMH concept was relatively trivial (in other words, the change in market direction from an efficient state to an inefficient state and vice versa was insignificant). Gold returns, however, represented a greater degree of conformity with the AMH. Furthermore, concerning the achieved results of the GS test, which was a nonlinear method, we found that the level of adaptability of WTI with AMH was relatively insignificant. In contrast, Ethereum showed a more compatible manner from an evolutionary perspective with respect to market efficiency. Another aspect of the study was to analyze the existence of evolutionary behavior in the market. To achieve this goal, we checked the results by applying a rolling-window method with three different window lengths (50, 100, and 150 days) to the test statistics. When we increased the window length for each set of data, the market's behavior (in terms of efficiency) changed. For example, at a significance level of 10% and based on the AQ test, the market efficiency of Ethereum improved slowly as the window length increased. For the GS test results at the same level of significance, we found that the market changed over two different periods (from 50 to 100 and 100 to 150 days) for gold and Bitcoin. Thus, in the period of 50–100 days, we observed market distances during the efficient conditions; however, as the window length increased from 100 to 150 days, the situation improved slightly. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available upon request. NotesIn this regard, we refer to some studies that have analyzed the financial markets through different aspects and methods (e. g. , Kou et al. 2014, 2019; Chao et al. 2019). Represents the inefficiency of the market. Indicates the rejection of the null hypothesis of the test statistic at a significance level of 5%. In the 150-day window. In the 50-day window. AbbreviationsAQ: Automatic portmanteau GS: Generalized spectral AMH: Adaptive market hypothesis EMH: hypothesis MDH: Martingale difference hypothesis AIC: Akaike information criterion BIC: Bayesian information criterion ADF: Augmented Dickey–Fuller PP: Phillips–Perron 2013. Papers, No 2016-41. for the World Economy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: C’est en partie pour cette raison que nous avons choisi de composer cet 782. 8 Les implants magnétiques ont la forme d’un disque en métal et sont insérés sous la peau par une opération chirurgicale mineure. L’implant est… 9 Il s'agit d'un bijou de piercing dans lequel la barre centrale est exposée à l'extérieur de la peau, ce qui le fait ressembler à une agrafe. 10 La thèse de doctorat menée par Valentine Gourinat, intitulée « Du corps reconstitué au corps reconfiguré : conceptions et représentations croisées… 11 La thèse de doctorat menée par Duarte, intitulée « O body hacktivism e os primitivos modernos : pour um estatuto so corpo na… 39. Berthoz, A. et Petit, J. -L. , 2006, Phénoménologie et physiologie de l’action, Paris, Odile Jacob. Descola, P. , 2006, Par-delà nature et culture, Paris, Gallimard. Descola, P. , 2010, Diversité des natures, diversité des cultures, Montrouge, Bayard Éditions. Descola, P. , 2011, L’écologie des autres : l’anthropologie et la question de la nature, Versailles, Éditions Quae. Goffette, J. , 2007, Naissance de l’anthropotechnie. De la médecine au modelage de l’humain, Paris, Vrin. Haraway, D. , 1991, « A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Century », in Simians, Cyborgs and Women: of Nature. Routledge, Nova York, p. 149-181. Haraway, D. , 1992, « The promise of monsters: a regenerative politics for innapropriate/d others » in Cultural Studies, Grossberg, L. , Nelson, P. A. Treichler, (eds.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydropower is a major source of renewable energy in many countries. [SEP] Text: In total, renewable energy contribution to total energy production is approximately 5% (with hydro being main contributor with 3. 3%) in Japan, which is projected to increase to 20% by 2020 to become more energy independent as well as to overcome energy security challenges. However, for achieving such a goal, Japan has to scrutinize and revaluate all the challenges and opportunities present in its geopolitical scenarios. Geographically speaking, Japan is considered to be one of the potential countries for geothermal energy because of its location within the Pacific “ring of Fire”, and this potential is considered to be one of the largest in the world (Figure 1). Figure 1. Amount of geothermal resources available worldwide and the amount of geothermal power generated (Source: detailed feasibility analysis of technological advancement for geothermal energy harvesting, it is worth looking at the current status of this non renewable energy source in neighboring countries Indonesia and the Philippines. It is observed that there is an increase in the direct use of geothermal energy from 58% to 78% in a decade (2000–2010) based on the data from 82 countries [4]. They mention that approximately 55% is used for ground-source heat pumps, followed by 20% for bathing and swimming (including balneology), 15. 0% for space heating, 4. 5% for greenhouses and open ground heating, 2. 0% for aquaculture pond and raceway heating, 1. 8% for industrial process heating, 0. 4% for snow melting and cooling, and 0. 4% for agricultural drying [4]. 2. 2. Status of geothermal energy in IndonesiaIndonesia is the largest archipelago in the world. It consists of over 17,000 islands and approximately 70,000 villages. Meanwhile, because of the large territory, 45% of the villages out of 70,000 are located in remote areas and about 6,200 villages have not been supplied by electricity. The population of Indonesia in 2010 reached 237 million, or is increasing by average of 1. 48% per year. Indonesia’s steady economic growth of more than 6%, even during the recent global recession, was accompanied by a 9% growth in electricity demand each year [5,6]. The increase of energy consumption is derived from the sectors of industry, transportation, and commercial. Total current annual primary energy demand in Indonesia is 168.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, since Bitcoin is a decentralized technology, it was warmly adopted by anarchist organizations worldwide [1, 2, 3], but for similar reasons, it was attacked by many others [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Some attacked the Bitcoin from the fear of shaking the current centers of powers, but most attacked it out of ignorance. Strangely enough, even in the libertarian community, which in general embraced the new currency, there are some that used allegedly Austrian economics arguments to debunk the foundation of the Bitcoin economy [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. In general, we encounter two strategies to attack Bitcoin: (1) presenting multiple minor or even clearly erroneous arguments. Consequently, the arguments keep reappearing, despite the fact that they are constantly refuted. And (2) using fundamental economic laws to allegedly demonstrate that Bitcoin does not possess the essential properties of money. The object of the 2. a Ponzi scheme? The most common criticism against Bitcoin is that Bitcoin is actually a Ponzi scheme [7, 10]. Clearly, there is no resemblance between the two. A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation. The investors are made to believe that they gain from the investment operation, while in fact, the money comes from new investment, that is, a Ponzi scheme is a pyramid fraud. While some cryptocurrencies or tokens do seem to be a Ponzi scheme, Bitcoin is definitely not. Everything about Bitcoin: its algorithm, its network, and its development projects are completely transparent. The network, the mining process, and the entire project are all decentralized. There are no managers, no organizers, and no control. Therefore, there could be no fraud. Bitcoin does not even have a pyramid structure. An investor in Bitcoin can make a profit by selling it at a higher price, just like in any other trade. Unlike pyramid structures, the owner of Bitcoins does not have to convince multiple people to invest in order to make a profit. It is true that in both cases, the first investors gain more than the last ones, and that their profit rises with the number of traders. However, by the law of demand, it is clear that the price rises with the increase in demand, that is, the price increases with the number of buyers. This is valid for any commodity, and Bitcoin is no exception. This is definitely not a pyramid structure’s fingerprint.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: ) New York, Routledge, p. 295-337. Latour, B. , 1991, Nous n’avons jamais été modernes, Paris, La Découverte. Latour, B. , 2001, A esperança de pandora : ensaios sobre a realidade dos estudos científicos,. Latour, B. , 2004, « How to talk about the body The normative dimension of science studies » in Body and Society, 10, p. 205-229. Latour, B. , 2005), Reassembling the social : an introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. . Le Breton, D. , 2001, Anthropologie du corps et modernité,. , 2002, La sociologie du corps,. , 2002, Signes d’identité. Tatouages, piercings et autres marques corporelles, Paris, Métailié. Le Breton, D. , 1999, L’Adieu au corps, Paris, Métailié. Leroi-Gourhan, A. , 1964, Le geste et la parole, Paris, Albin Michel. Liotard, P. , 2003, « Corps en Kit », Quasimodo, n° 7, “Modifications corporelles”, Montpellier, p. 7-20. Marcellini, A. , 2003, « Réparation des corps “anormaux” et des handicaps : Nouvelles biotechnologies et vieux débats » in Quasimodo, n° 7 “Modifications corporelles”, Montpellier, p. 269-288. Ritt M. J. P. F. , Stuart P. R. , Naggar L. , Beckenbaugh R. D. , 1994, « History of Arthroplasty of the Amputation to Implant », in of : British & European Volume, vol. 19, Issue 6, December. Stelarc, 2003, « La troisième oreille ou une oreille sur le bras » in Quasimodo, n° 7, “Modifications corporelles”, Montpellier, p. 258-260.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydropower is a major source of renewable energy in many countries. [SEP] Text: , IZZO M. P. ,. ,. ,. ,. , Potential of small hydropower plants using water conveyed by drinking water systems in the Molise region, in the Proceedings of Lincei Conventions, January, 2012. [15] (ESM), Energy from renewable sources in Italy, Statistical report, 2016, p. 81. [16] L. n. 1643 1962, Establishment of the national electricity company and transfer trough companies operating in the electrical industries, published in G. U. n. 316 the 12th December 1962. [17] D. Lgs. n. 79 1999, 96/92 EC about common rules for internal market in electricity, published in G. U. n. 75 the 31st March 1999. [18] Directive n. 60, Directive establishing a framework for Community action in field of water, published in G. U. U. E. n. L327/1 the 23rd October 2000. [19] D. M. , Directive establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water Implementation of the art. 24 of 3 March 2011, n. 28, which provides incentives for the production of electricity from plants with renewable sources other than photovoltaics, published in G. U. n. 143 the 6th July 2012. [20] D. M. , Incentive of electricity produced from renewable sources other than photovoltaics, published in G. U. n. 51 the 29th June 2016. [21]. , Indicators to Market in Sicily. 2016, No. 3, 157. [22] [23] (2015). Analysis of Indicators for Biomass in Sicily. vol. 4, p. 19-32. 74. Copy | Martina Sgandurra. Hydropower as an Energy Source. Int. J. Nat. Resour. Ecol. Manag. 2018, 3(4), 66-74. doi: 10. 11648/j. ijnrem. 20180304. 14 Copy |. Hydropower as an Energy Source. . 2018;3(4):66-74. doi: 10. 11648/j. ijnrem. 20180304. 14 Copy | Download @10. 11648/j. ijnrem. 20180304.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the whole network structure is different. A pyramid is a centralized structure, where there is a clear asymmetry between investors and all profits eventually dissipate toward the founders of the pyramid (this is a “top-down” business model). Bitcoin is a decentralized network, where all the Bitcoins’ owners have the same status. Moreover, the founders of a crypto network may not even own a share in this network, or they can sell their share, if they have one (like Charlie Lee, the founder of the Litecoin network, who recently sold all his Litecoins). Advertisement 3. Bitcoin is a bubble Another common criticism is that Bitcoin and the other cryptocurrencies are a bubble [4, 6, 8]. This claim is not a very informative one. What does it mean? Does it mean that the Bitcoin price is too high? In a free market, the price is always right. If there is something “wrong” with the price, then it means that the market is not really free. When there is a housing bubble, it does not mean that there is something wrong with the houses, or that the sellers are greedier than they usually are, but it does mean that the government manipulates the interest rate and subsidizes bad mortgages, etc. Therefore, any “bubble” claim is actually not a criticism against Bitcoin, but a claim against something external to its network—probably against governments. If everyone buys cryptocurrencies, it is probably because the public has no other investment channels. The banking interest is practically zero; the stock market is too high after 10 consecutive years of rising prices; and the housing market is recovering from the latest collapse. The fact that Bitcoin is in a state of a bubble, whatever that means, cannot be used as evidence to the argument that Bitcoin is worthless. Wittgenstein wrote, “For whenever we test anything, we are already presupposing something that is not tested. ” Similarly, when one believes the price of Bitcoin is too high, he presupposes that Bitcoin has some value. Advertisement 4. Bitcoin yields no return Another repeating argument is that Bitcoin is not a real asset in the sense that it does not yield any return. Unlike stocks or real estates, which yield dividends and rents, Bitcoin does not “yield” anything. People purchase Bitcoin only to sell it later. But this is a strange argument, since, after all, money never yields return.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Tibon-Cornillot, M. , 2002, « Démesure des techniques contemporaines. Du réductionnisme technologique aux sources involontaires des techniques », in Roux J. (dir. ), : une pensée opérative, PU St-Étienne. Notes 1 Les travaux de Breton (2001, 2002, 2008), (2006, 2010) et (1991) sont à la source de ce constat critique. 2 Par l'intermédiaire de l'exceptionnelle plasticité cérébrale dont nous disposons, notre corps est constamment dans l'adaptation, le réajustement de sa situation et de ses possibilités, notre corps n'est jamais le même en ce qu'il se constitue progressivement, et n'est jamais défini. 3 Même sans connaître la nature exacte d'un objet ou d'un outil, l'individu est capable d'imaginer ou de déterminer une fonction propre à celui-ci, et de mobiliser son corps afin de réaliser l'action attendue, voire d'obtenir le résultat espéré. Voir à ce propos : Berthoz A. , Petit J. -L. (2006). 4 Les conséquences sur la motricité ne sont évidemment pas les mêmes selon qu'on ampute un doigt, un orteil, une jambe ou un bras… 5 Actuellement conservées au et au Musée du Caire. 6 On peut ainsi citer une main de fer datant du 15e siècle et exposée au Musée d'art et d'histoire de Fribourg, ou encore la jambe de bronze romaine dite « de Capoue », datant de 300 av. J. -C. , et reconstituée en plâtre au of Surgeons de Londres.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydropower is a major source of renewable energy in many countries. [SEP] Text: This paper has the aim to analyse and classify REs and the Italian situation referred to green energy, showing many successful cases of hydropower plants in different Italian regions. Thus, the installed power and the environmental conditions of different Italian regions are illustrated, comparing the different results and potentialities related to each region. It is possible to state that, generally, Italy has seen different stages of development of green energy, with relevant differences among its regions. VL - 3 IS - 4 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: A one-dollar note does not yield a return. It will be worth 1$ forever. Nevertheless, people “purchase” dollars only to “sell” them later for goods. This is exactly the function of money and the same applies to Bitcoin. Advertisement 5. The Bitcoin’s volatility One very common attack on Bitcoin is that it must be useless as money (or currency) since it has very high volatility [12, 13]. Clearly, if an asset’s value is very volatile, then it is less likely to be adopted as a unit of account, which is one of the properties of money. However, it should not considerably affect its prospects to be used as a medium of exchange. Even today, most Bitcoin transactions are quantified in US dollars, that is, in these transactions, Bitcoin is used as a medium of exchange, while the US dollar is used as a unit of account. However, it should be stressed that in these transactions, the dollar takes no role. Bitcoin is currently exploring a new territory, in which it is used as a medium of exchange, but yet to be used as a unit of account (on this discrepancy see Ref. [15]). Moreover, the usage of the volatility criterion is useful only in close-to-equilibrium’s markets. In the case of Bitcoin, the price increases exponentially, which is a clear sign of a nonequilibrium scenario. Exponential rise is an indication of a constant amplification process, which cannot occur in the vicinity of equilibria. In this case, it is clear that the volatility will increase exponentially as well. Therefore, there could be two options: (A) the approximately constant amplification process is close to its end, in which case the market will converge to a semiequilibrium state, and the volatility will decrease dramatically. (B) The constant amplification process is going to last for some time, in which case the value of Bitcoin will continue to rise dramatically. Therefore, in both cases, the attractiveness of Bitcoin will increase, and in any case, the high volatility in an exponentially growing process cannot be used as an argument for the claim that Bitcoin is worthless. It is only a sign that the crypto market is in its infancy stages. In an exponentially growing economy, the volatility should be evaluated in logarithmic scale, and in this scale, the Bitcoins’ volatility actually declines. Advertisement 6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that brain implants could enhance intelligence beyond natural limits. [SEP] Text: Pensons également aux célèbres membres artificiels imaginés et réalisés au 16e siècle par Ambroise Paré. 7 Ritt M. J. P. F. , Stuart P. R. , Naggar L. , Beckenbaugh R. D. , 1994, p. 778-782. 8 Les implants magnétiques ont la forme d’un disque en métal et sont insérés sous la peau par une opération chirurgicale mineure. L’implant est composé de néodyme, un métal de terre rare que l’on utilise habituellement dans l’industrie. Les implants magnétiques ont été élaborés en 2004 par et et sont devenus très populaires dans les médias. Le but est de rendre possible une réaction aux ondes et champs électromagnétiques, et de créer des sensations inhabituelles dans le corps de la personne qui le porte. 9 Il s'agit d'un bijou de piercing dans lequel la barre centrale est exposée à l'extérieur de la peau, ce qui le fait ressembler à une agrafe. 10 La thèse de doctorat menée par Valentine Gourinat, intitulée « Du corps reconstitué au corps reconfiguré : conceptions et représentations croisées de la prothèse et du corps appareillé à l'ère des bio-technologies », sous la direction de (Strasbourg) et (Lausanne). 11 La thèse de doctorat menée par Duarte, intitulée « O body hacktivism e os primitivos modernos : pour um estatuto so corpo na contemporaneidade », sous la direction de Breton (Strasbourg) et Poz (Juiz de Fora). 2024. URL : 7367 Dynamiques Européennes. En cotutelle avec l’université de Lausanne.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of transition to 100% electric vehicles (EVs) by 2052 in the access Published: 03 October 2024 Evaluation of transition to 100% electric vehicles (EVs) by 2052 in the Pravin Sankhwar1 Research 2052. Utilizing the US Administration (FHWA) published data on the number of registered vehicles by each state, the profile of vehicles by 2052 was forecasted using a time series. The vehicle profile comprised vehicles by each type classified as automobiles, buses, trucks, and motorcycles. This future profile became the basis of the quantification of total EVs by the end of 2052. Based on the available fuel economy data published by the US Department of Energy, the average energy consumption per mile (kWh/mile) of each vehicle type was factored into the energy demand calculation for 100% electrification by 2052. A roof-top solar photovoltaic system is easy to install on unoccupied roof space for US house owners. Obtaining the capacity of such a roof-top solar PV system acts as a good decision-making criterion for both house owners and developers. However, for city-dwellers living in multi-family residential buildings, the potential of utilization of roof-top solar PV becomes a subject of future work when effective sharing of resources for local power generation by renewables and development of community-shared EV charging infrastructure is concerned. How well EVs performed against internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in terms of fuel efficiency and reduced carbon emissions is a driving factor for this transition. For energy demand calculations, a base model was framed, and results were obtained by utilizing mathematical and statistical tools. After accounting for the effects of improved fuel efficiency or reduced energy consumption by EVs over time, the model was modified to obtain revised energy demand and, thus, effective energy generation required. Accordingly, the capacity of EV charging infrastructure required by each state determined the need for preparation by utility companies and local jurisdictions. With limitations on battery size and thus increased frequency for drivers to return for charging, additional fast chargers (level 3) at existing gasoline stations become an option that requires further assessment. IntroductionThe electric vehicle (EV) charging technology has been evolving, and thus, there is scope for improvement to the existing battery electric vehicles and their charging infrastructure. Car manufacturers have found alternatives to fossil-fueled cars by deploying cars with battery or fuel cells (Sorlei et al. , 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: The hoarding dilemma Another important claim is that Bitcoin is worthless as a medium of exchange because most people, who purchased it, hoard the coins [12, 13]. Since most people regard Bitcoin as a store of value and “Hodl” (the crypto nickname for hold) the coins, how can it be used as a medium of exchange? This claim is often heard even in the crypto community, where the holders are encouraged to exchange their coins with goods, that is, to sell and buy the coins repeatedly (e. g. , ). However, the two properties of money are tightly linked. A good cannot be a store of value unless it is a medium of exchange and vice versa. How can an object be valuable, without the option of exchanging it for something else? How can something be a medium of exchange, unless it is valuable? Moreover, hoarding takes place only when people expect that the coins’ price will rise in the future. In this case, fewer coins are used in circulation and, as a consequence, their price increases. This is the mechanism that persuades the hoarders to part with their coins. Advertisement 7. A deflationary economy The hoarding dilemma is a very important point because it is related to another criticism: how can Bitcoin be used as a medium of exchange while being a deflationary currency? In a deflationary monetary economy, the argument continues, prices decrease perpetually, and therefore people have no incentive to buy anything, for they know that they will probably get it for less money in the future. In such an economy, consumption decreases, and the economy stagnates. There are several problems with this argument. First, there is a problem of definition. Bitcoin is an inflationary currency, not a deflationary one since the number of coins increases gradually. It is true, however, that its rate decreases, and eventually the total number of coins is limited (around 21 million). Consequently, in a progressing economy, which is based on Bitcoin, eventually, the Bitcoin inflation will be lower than the economy’s growth rate. In such an economy, the products’ prices will eventually decrease. This state is wrongly termed “deflationary” [16, 17]. However, and this brings us to the second misconception, there is nothing wrong with rising prices. In fact, the economic sectors, which experience decreasing prices, are the sectors with the highest growth rate. The computer industry belongs to this category.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -11. 02 Committee D19 $ 91. 00 In stock and Use 5. 1 This test method covers the determination of the dissolved gases methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane in drinking, waste, and ground waters, including domestic wells; whether naturally occurring or resulting from commercial activities, dissolved gases can be hazardous both to the environment and humans. Due to increased scrutiny of dissolved gases, developing a valid method for the testing of dissolved gases in water has become more imperative. Static headspace sampling is generally applicable for sampling these compounds. However, as these compounds are extremely volatile, a closed sampling system is recommended. This test method can be used for quantitatively determining dissolved gases in ground, waste, and drinking waters. 5. 2 This test method is suitable for analysis of domestic drinking water samples from residential and commercial water supply wells prior to oil and gas exploration activities to form a baseline for monitoring potential impacts during exploration; development, including hydraulic fracturing; operation; closure; and reclamation of nearby oil and gas production and injection wells. Scope 1. 1 This test method covers the determination of the dissolved gases methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane in drinking, waste, and ground waters, including domestic wells whether naturally occurring or resulting from commercial activities, or both. This test method has an analytical range from 10 µg/L to 11 000 µg/L for methane, and 10 µg/L to 5000 µg/L for ethane, ethylene, and propane. If a sample has a dissolved gas concentration above the calibration range, the sample would require dilution. Other analytical ranges may be used as long as the instrument calibration encompasses the desired range and demonstrates adequate linearity. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: The EV industry has grown from the first available electric cars during the 1830–1890s to advanced autonomous featured ones in recent years. The purpose of this research is to establish known technologies in electric vehicles and charging infrastructure, and identify the areas of improvement. Furthermore, the paper delves into preparing a transition for all existing automobiles, buses, trucks, and motorcycles to be electric, thereby obtaining overall energy demand from EVs and the need to add renewable energy resources. Although efficiency of the batteries and charging infrastructure must be considered in minimizing the associated energy loss, the deployment of utility-scale solar farms with battery energy storage systems appears as a promising solution. EV components-wise efficiency ranges from 81–99% depending on component being studied such inverter offers 90–96%, battery input offers 90–99%, battery output offers 93–98%, rectifier offers 96–98%, electric motor offers 81–95%, electric generator offers 82–95%, and transmission offers 89–98% (Albatayneh et al. , 2020). Electric motors are proven to deliver high torque when running at low speed and torque reduces as the speed increases. Electric motors generate counter electromotive force as they pick up higher speed, which reduces the torque; thus, the torque vs speed curve falls after a certain speed is exceeded. With evolving technology in improving rotations per minute (rpm) to 20,000–30,000 for the brushless direct current motors in EVs, better torque vs speed characteristics can be obtained (Stadtfeld, 2020). Similarly, improved designs for permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) with better speed vs torque characteristics offer excellent applications in EVs (Sankhwar, 2024a). Major powertrain components of an EV comprise battery, motor, gearbox, and power electronics wherein battery and motor are major elements that distinguish them from conventional ICE vehicles (König et al. , 2021). Energy density is a key criterion for Li-ion battery’s success in EV traction applications (König et al. , 2021; Tian et al. , 2021). Authors have researched alternatives of battery chemistry to the current widespread use of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries to power EVs (Tian et al. , 2021). Li-ion batteries are economically feasible and provide safe operation. Rising depletion of natural resources raises the need for alternate battery chemistry. Additionally, lithium extraction process is attributed to large water consumption, and air contamination.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Computer prices perpetually decline for decades, while the industry is growing. Not only that people did not stop from buying computers, but computers’ sales are gradually increasing. People have needs, and as economists explain, they have a time preference, that is, they do not like to postpone gratifications [16, 17, 18]. If they need a computer, they will eventually buy it, and decreasing prices is a good incentive to make the purchase. Eventually, they will buy the computer. The third misconception is that saving is worse than spending and therefore people should be encouraged to spend their money. In fact, unlike the Keynesian thinking, over consumption is the enemy of economic growth. Clearly, people have to buy to encourage production; however, the economy cannot grow unless there is enough savings and investments. That is, as was explained by Hayek (in “the paradox of savings” [19]), when people save their money, they only postpone their consumption; they do not stop consumption altogether. Saving is a crucial ingredient in any economic growth, and therefore, there is nothing harmful in an economy with rising prices. In fact, at the end of the nineteenth century, when the American economy was based on the gold standard, the US experienced one of its best economic eras during a deflationary period [20, 21]. Evidence shows that any economy will gain from a “deflationary” currency, such as Bitcoin (or even gold, for that matter). However, if, in the future, it will be clear that there are some benefits to inflationary currency, then there are many other coins, in which inflation is part of their algorithm, for which case there is no upper limit to the number of coins. Let the market decide on the best inflationary/deflationary algorithm. Advertisement 8. Bitcoin and the government There is a claim that governments may create a competitive coin to Bitcoin, and simultaneously, the governments can outlaw Bitcoin. Indeed, the government can create a token of its own, and it seems that some governments seriously think about such an enterprise [22, 23, 24]. However, it is not clear what would be their motives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: 2 This test method is applicable to samples collected at a nominal ambient pressure. Samples collected under high pressures, that is, above ambient pressure, may not be accurately analyzed using this method. 1. 3 This test method is applicable to a variety of dissolved gases; however, for the present standard, only methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane were validated. In order to validate for a gas not listed in this method, the analyst would need to establish the saturation concentration of the new gas, and establish a valid curve, method detection limits, and demonstration of capability following the procedures outlined in this method. 1. 4 It is the analyst’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for dissolved gases other than methane, ethane, ethylene, and propane and other sample matrices. 1. 5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1. 6 A single laboratory study was done in order to establish precision and bias for the surrogate (see Section 16). 1. 7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1. 8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Version D8028-17 D8028-17R24 is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! Redlines save you time and ensure you see what the changes are to the standard. you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the by itself. Soon! Price: Add to & and Handling × Domestic orders are delivered via Service (UPS) or (USPS).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: Apart from health and safety and construction challenges, charging at a fast rate of 15 min is a major challenge (Mahesh et al. , 2021). Level 1 chargers allow people to charge with a maximum available option of 2. 4 kW during an elongated period spent during the work shift or overnight. Level 2 chargers allow people to charge with a maximum available option of 12 kW during a short time of 3–4 h in a day. However, Level 3 chargers allow people to charge with a maximum available option of 240 kW during a shorter period ranging from 30–40 min. With a limited network of chargers in the US (Mastoi et al. , 2022), about 60% population have access to the nearest public charging stations (Bestvater & Shah, 2024). Achieving 100% access to every individual requires planning and implementation prior to the depletion of crude oil resources. Given oil reserves are diminishing every year, they might be adequate until or about 2052 (Kuo, 2019; U. S. Administration, 2023, 2024a). The current number of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles require transitioning to a battery electric vehicle. There are challenges to manufacturing and supply chains to meet the increasing demand, but leading car manufacturers are aiming for large-scale production to cope with the global EV market reaching $56. 7 trillion by 2050 (ETP Trends, 2023). For instance, has seen an increase in production during 2023 by 35% accounting for 1. 85 M units of production (Business Wire, 2024). Additionally, Government programs such as the (NEVI) have offered funds to states and municipalities to increase EV charging stations. and grants further encourage customers to buy EVs. Continued support for customers positively increases the number of electric vehicles and their use, thus increasing the need to study the required energy for electric chargers. Studies have indicated an incremental rise of a $1000 rebate offers a 2. 6% rise in average EV sales (Jenn et al. , 2018). Typically, in the US market, 30D allows a credit of $2500 to $7500 for qualifying EVs (Sherlock, 2019). However, since February 27, 2024, the federal government has offered three tax credits starting from credit for new, and pre-owned to qualified commercial clean vehicles (Marples & Buffie, 2024).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: If these governments intend to create simply a true decentralized competitor to Bitcoin, then they would face two problems: (1) a government would never be able to compete against the decentralization level of Bitcoin and (2) with a decentralized coin, the government would lose all its benefits of controlling the national currency, that is, by replacing fiat currency with cryptocurrency, the government literally kills the goose that lays golden eggs. If the government plans on creating a centralized coin (i. e. , government-controlled currency), then it could not rely on the good reputation of decentralized coins. In this case, the government would encounter a great difficulty to sell the coin to the Bitcoin community (see what happens with the new Venezuela’s Petro). Governments can confront the problem differently, and it can try to ban Bitcoin. This is evidently possible de jure but not de facto. The more the government manipulates the currency, the more the people need cryptocurrencies (see, e. g. , the case of Zimbabwe, India, and Venezuela). Advertisement 9. Technology-based money There is a good question regarding Bitcoin’s longevity. Bitcoin, the claim argues, is a technological invention. In principle, there is no reason that it would not be defeated by competing technologies. Unlike gold, which would exist forever, Bitcoin is a technology that changes in time. This is an interesting argument; however, in fact, this argument only emphasizes the similarities between gold and Bitcoin. Gold is here to stay, but so does Bitcoin. Actually, due to its decentralization, it would be extremely difficult to eliminate the entire Bitcoin blockchain. To achieve that, every copy of the blockchain should be erased. The chances of that are extremely low. Clearly, the value of the blockchain can decline substantially, but this is equivalent to a decline in the price of gold due to a lack of (technological or financial) interest. Therefore, gold is not better money than Bitcoin due to the fact that “while Bitcoin can be overthrown by competitive technologies, gold will exist forever. ” In fact, they both will probably survive for a very long time, and both may lose their value due to competitive technologies, because, in its essence, gold is also a monetary technology. Having said that, it must be emphasized that a replacement of a monetary technology is a very challenging task. Financial markets are very conservative.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Boxes. . orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. is untraceable. Please allow 4-7 weeks for delivery. . Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Boxes. Because of the variability of customs processes and procedures in different countries, ASTM International cannot guarantee transit times to international destinations. Customs duty and taxes are the responsibility of the consignee. Shipping & Handling charges follow the rate schedule, below: Shipping & Up to $50. 00 $18. 00 $50. 01 to $100. 00 $20. 00 $100. 01 to $150. 00 $28. 38 $150. 01 to $250. 00 $37. 59 $250. 01 to $500. 00 $54. 09 $500. 01 to $750. 00 $73. 48 $750. 01 to $1000. 00 $89. 57 $1000. 01 to $1500. 00 $116. 61 $1500. 01 to $2500. 00 $152. 29 $2500. 01 to $4999. 00 $201. 00 $5000. 00 to $higher $225. 00 Shipping and Handling charges are approximate. Additional charges may be incurred if your order requires multiple shipments. This does not apply to complete sets and sections. × -. By purchasing a subscription and clicking through this agreement, you are entering into a contract, and acknowledge that you have read this License Agreement, that you understand it and agree to be bound by its terms. If you do not agree to the terms of this License Agreement, promptly exit this page without entering the ASTM Product. 1. Ownership:is copyrighted, both as a compilation and as individual standards, 2. Definitions. A. Types of Licensees: (i) Individual User:a single unique computer, with an individual IP address; (ii) Single-Site:one geographic location or to multiple sites within one city that are part of a single organization unit administered centrally; for example, different campuses of the same university within the same city administered centrally. (iii) Multi-Site:an organization or company with independently administered multiple locations within one city; or an organization or company located in more than one city, state or country, with central administration for all locations. B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the Act (IRA) bolsters the electrification and improving EV share in light-duty vehicles (Slowik et al. , 2023). Being responsible for the environment calls upon studying the carbon emissions from electric vehicles. Average emission from electric vehicles is estimated to be 0. 22% for a gasoline-fueled vehicle (Emissions from Electric Vehicles, 2024). Per the electricity generation capacity in 2022 is nearly 1160. 16 million kilowatts, wherein 28. 54% comes from renewables and the rest from coal, natural gas, nuclear, petroleum, and others (U. S. Administration, 2024b). To reduce dependence on non-renewable energy resources, there is a need to increase power generation through renewable energy resources. Given energy generation by renewables has increased periodically (Yolcan, 2023), it is advisable for energy generation companies to focus on growing renewable energy power generation. Solar photovoltaic is an untapped resource when analyzing the increase in energy consumption due to large-scale EV usage by 2052. Roof-top, ground mount, and floating PV are known to be safe and reliable sources of power. For both commercial and residential areas with available unoccupied roof space, ground space, or water bodies, untapped solar potential offers reduced emissions and reduces dependence on non-renewable power resources. Energy demand increases due to climate change (Ruijven et al. , 2019) and global energy demand has risen at a significantly faster rate of 2. 2% in year 2023 but advanced economies have shown temporary decline (IEA, 2024). It is anticipated that advanced economies will see a rising trend by 2026 when industrial production increases together with reduced inflation (IEA, 2024). To ensure dependency on grid power is reduced, an HEMS is a viable solution wherein users control their energy consumption and utility prepares for generation based on historic demand curves. With HEMS customers become capable of supplying power back to the grid from their captive power generation via solar PV systems, an untapped potential of storage system is readily available from EV batteries (Zafar et al. , 2020). The bi-directional power flow, which is essentially a smart grid application, is worth pursuing when HEMS capabilities in monitoring, controlling, managing, logging, and detecting faults are concerned.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Gold has no clear chemical advantage over (for example) platinum, palladium, or iridium, and the main reason that gold is preferred over these precious metals is its early adoption as a medium of exchange (possibly due to its unique yellowish color). It may be instructive to note that there have been several attempts in the history to replace gold with other metals (iron in Sparta, copper in Rome, and even silver in the US); however, these attempts did not affect the gold’s hegemony worldwide. The same thing applies to Bitcoin. Bitcoin enjoys the network effect due to its early adoption. The gold’s unique color and its plasticity made it relatively resistant to counterfeiting. However, gold counterfeiting is still possible (e. g. , by covering tungsten with a layer of gold, because tungsten and gold have almost the same density), while Bitcoin cannot be counterfeited. Advertisement 10. Genuine scarcity This brings us to a well-known argument, that says that Bitcoin, like any other digital asset, is not scarce, and therefore can be repeatedly reproduced. The knowledgeable Bitcoin’s opponent, which uses this argument, does not mean that the number of Bitcoins can be increased ad infinitum. He means that the algorithm can be copied and an infinite amount of rival crypto networks can be created. In fact, during the writing of these lines, there are literally thousands of cryptocurrencies networks: and IOTA to mention only the first 10 within the highest market cap list. Moreover, each one of these coins can be forked to other coins. The original Bitcoin network was forked many times to Bitcoin cash, Bitcoin gold, Bitcoin diamond, Bitcoin segwit2x, etc. The argument is, therefore, that digital assets, like cryptocurrencies, can be even worse than fiat currencies, for while fiat currencies’ inflation is regulated by central banks, and the number of cryptocurrencies can be inflated uncontrollably. However, Bitcoin is not only an algorithm. Indeed, the cost of copying the algorithm is negligible. is also a very secure network. Every new Bitcoin-clone does not benefit from the same level of security. The more computational power is invested in the network; the more secure the network is, and the more people would find it safe to invest their money in it.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: Authorized Users:any individual who has subscribed to this Product; if a Site License, also includes registered students, faculty or staff member, or employee of the Licensee, at the Single or Multiple Site. 3. Limited License. ASTM grants Licensee a limited, revocable, nonexclusive, non-transferable license to access, by means of one or more authorized IP addresses, and according to the terms of this Agreement, to make the uses permitted and described below, each ASTM Product to which Licensee has subscribed. A. Specific Licenses: (i) Individual User: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents, solely for Licensee's own use. That is, Licensee may access and download an electronic file of a Document (or portion of a Document) for temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of a Document for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the single hard copy print may be reproduced in anyway. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. That is, the electronic file cannot be emailed, downloaded to disk, copied to another hard drive or otherwise shared. The single hard copy print may only be distributed to others for their internal use within your organization; it may not be copied. The individual Document downloaded may not otherwise be sold or resold, rented, leased, lent or sub-licensed. (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: Some researchers have put forward the challenges of HEMS when handling a large volume of data communication between home devices and smart grids as cybersecurity issues (Sankhwar, 2024c; Zandi, 2018). Additionally, scalability becomes a limiting factor when HEMS starts to interact with other buildings in the community (Zandi, 2018). Government initiatives on establishing enough protocols for communication between consumers, utility companies, and industries are key to HEMS's success. EV continues to increase its presence in smart grid applications but poses potential risks due to their stochastically charging due to traffic and user’s subjective willingness (Xue et al. , 2021). Addition of harmonics during charging session increases the power quality issues (Ahmadi et al. , 2019). So, smart grid preparedness to power increased EV load requires analyzing the dynamics of EV use behavior as consumers start to grow. The concept of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) promises further independence of the house owners from grid power (Coban et al. , 2022). When HEMS is integrated together between housing units, power grid, and governing bodies (Sankhwar, 2024c), the bi-directional energy transfer either from home battery energy storage system or electric vehicle can be enhanced. The undue burden added by EV charging equipment during existing energy peaks causes power quality issues (Lewicki et al. , 2024), but communicative networking for captive power generation sources such as generator and battery energy storage systems and the power grid is further enhanced by energy management systems such as HEMS. Solar PV panels work on the simple principle of photovoltaic effect wherein a strike of light on its film generates potential difference (open circuit voltage) at its terminals, which can drive current when a load is connected across their terminals. This generated voltage is direct current (DC) in nature whereas external loads are usually alternating current (AC). By using an inverter DC is converted to AC. conductors are connected to service entrance conductors. Thus, the building has two power sources namely utility and solar PV feed. EV reduces household costs thus adding solar PV with a battery energy storage system not only offers savings, but also reliable power throughout the year (Kumar, 2022; Wu et al. , 2024).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Bitcoin may lose its hegemony in the crypto sphere; however, as was explained above, it would be very difficult for new networks to pose a real threat to Bitcoin due to its proven high security and reliability. 11. Bitcoin transactions are too slow and too expensive Recently, the Bitcoin adversaries took advantage of the heavy load on the Bitcoin network, which caused slow and high fee transactions, to claim that the Bitcoin does not deliver its promises—Bitcoin transactions are too slow and too expensive. Soon, they predict, the Bitcoin network will be so cumbersome, that transactions will become unfeasible, and the Bitcoin project will be abandoned. This is indeed a problem. But this is a technological problem and not a fundamental one. It may explain why the Bitcoin market dominance declines, but it can never be used to explain why Bitcoin should be worthless. Clearly, the Bitcoin developers are aware of these problems and work constantly to mitigate the harmful effects of the network load. Several technological improvements have been suggested and implemented (SegWit, lighting network, atomic swap, and even raising block size in a forked versions of Bitcoin). Moreover, there are countless other currencies, whose transactions are much quicker and cheaper, and yet their value is considerably lower than the value of the Bitcoin network. Despite the fact that the technology is yet in its infancy stages, and there are still numerous technological challenges, the value of Bitcoin keeps on growing. Therefore, these facts should be an argument for Bitcoin and not against it, because these problems show that the need for reliable decentralized currency in the modern markets is so high, that people keep purchasing it despite the high transaction costs (and despite the fact that there are low cost but less proven alternatives). 12. Currencies backed by nothing A very popular argument against cryptocurrencies is that they are backed by nothing: “They are neither backed by gold nor are they backed by governments. ” Clearly, these are two different arguments. President Nixon, in 1971, was responsible to complete the monetary experiment that began at 1944 with the system. Since then, there is not a single fiat currency in the entire globe, which is backed by gold or by any other commodity. Hence, a commodity backup is not a crucial ingredient in the making of money. As for the second argument, what does it mean that the currency is backed by the government?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A. Licensee is responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent prohibited uses, and promptly notify ASTM of any infringements of copyright or prohibited use of which Licensee becomes aware. Licensee will cooperate with ASTM in investigating any such prohibited uses and will take reasonable steps to ensure the cessation of such activity and to prevent any reoccurrence. B. Licensee shall use all reasonable efforts to protect the Product from any use that is not permitted under this Agreement, and shall notify ASTM of any use of which it learns or is notified. 5. to Product. ASTM reserves the right to terminate this License, upon written notice, if Licensee materially breaches the terms of this Agreement. fails to pay ASTM any license or subscription fees when due, ASTM will provide the Licensee with a 30-day period within which to cure such breach. No cure period will be provided for material breaches relating to violations of Section 3 or any other breach likely to cause ASTM irreparable harm. If Licensee's subscription to an ASTM Product terminates, further access to the online database will be denied. or materially breach this License or make prohibited uses of material in any reserves the right to deny Licensee any access to the ASTM Product, in ASTM's sole discretion. 6. and Service. A. use standard Internet HTML format.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: Additionally, home energy management systems (HEMS) offer both utility, solar PV, and battery storage systems operating in a collaborative manner, offering savings to homeowners by switching loads to the cheapest option available at a given time of the day. Utility companies implementing TOD (time-of-day) tariffs provide an excellent opportunity for homeowners to limit their costs of energy. Roof-top installations on warehouses and factories have enormous potential for reducing energy costs for low-income residential homes (Stanford Report, 2024). Roof-top PV parking lots add to another prospect of harnessing solar energy (Osório et al. , 2021). Solar PV system application at commercial level often calls upon a detailed study on some of the parameters on type of panel, optimal tilt, wind and snow loads, shading effects, heating effects, and costs (Yao & Zhou, 2023). Often these are mounted on a flat roof with horizontal or zig-zag placement, on a pitched roof with parallel-to-roof placement, and on a curved roof with curved placement (Yao & Zhou, 2023). Residential homes often have a pitched roof, whereas commercial buildings have either flat, pitched, or curved roofs. It is the zig-zag mounting pattern that allows customizing the tilt angle. Around the US a total of 87,510 sq-feet roof-top building surface is available with a potential of 1432 TWh (Gagnon et al. , 2016). Heavy capital costs with large-scale solar PV adoption have been a limiting factor, but return on savings promises a bright future (Lee et al. , 2014; Mangiante et al. , 2020). Modern transportation system by roadways is primarily focused on the reduction of accidents (Retallack & Ostendorf, 2019) and thus improve the driver experience. EVs have seen increased adoption by several US public agencies, and thus, there are multiple programs that develop charging infrastructure along the highways. Without compromising driver safety, manufacturers have launched EVs with safety features in autonomous driving. At the transportation management level, improvement in driver safety by the implementation of intelligent traffic management has enormous opportunities when fully integrated autonomous vehicles with traffic controls are developed. Large-scale adoption of EVs is driven by the availability of frequent charging infrastructure wherein drivers recharge the batteries before fully running out. Developing batteries with increased mileage and reduced charging time is a question for both manufacturers and researchers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Clearly, if the government backs its currency by forbidding the usage of other currencies (in its geographical territory), then it enforces a certain minimum value for the currency. However, not all governments can or do that. In most countries, the population can make economic transactions with many currencies. Most governments back their currencies by enforcing tax payment with them. Similarly, the governments pay their employees with the national currency. However, these conducts are equivalent to the presence of a rich man in a market, who declares that any economic transaction with him can take place only with a certain currency. As richer this man is, the higher will be the value of this currency. Clearly, a government is equivalent to a very rich man, but the differences are quantitative rather than qualitative ones. One of the most instructive examples in this regard is the Swiss dinars in northern Iraq during the gulf war [25]. This is a very interesting example, which vividly illustrates the fact that paper money can be used as a medium of exchange, despite the fact that it is backed neither by any commodity nor by any government. 13. Dependence on the current monetary system An argument against Bitcoin, which was very common in its early years, is that Bitcoin is not a real medium of exchange because most traders, which accept Bitcoin, convert them to fiat currency almost immediately after the transaction. Nowadays, this argument is heard less since many sellers prefer Bitcoin over fiat money. They prefer spending their fiat money and receive and keep their cryptos. Moreover, nowadays many employees are paid in cryptocurrency. However, it is important to stress that whether the users of Bitcoin prefer to make an additional transaction after selling a product, that is, to convert the crypto to fiat, is irrelevant to the validity of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange. First, there is no praxeological difference between the exchange of Bitcoin with fiat and the exchange of Bitcoin with other goods. If a seller prefers to convert Bitcoin into fiat currencies, it only means that he had decided to use Bitcoin as a medium of exchange to purchase the fiat currencies. Moreover, one should not ignore the fact that the main reason that sellers prefer to convert their cryptos back into fiat is due to government regulations (mainly taxation) and has nothing to do with the fundamental monetary properties of Bitcoin. 14. Bitcoin and economic calculations economists used the volatility problem and the last argument to claim that Bitcoin cannot be used for economic calculations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: ASTM reserves the right to change such format upon three [3] months' notice to Licensee, although ASTM will make reasonable efforts to use commonly available formats. and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification. ASTM has the right to verify compliance with this Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. To do so, ASTM will engage an independent consultant, subject to a confidentiality agreement, to review Licensee's use of ASTM Product and/or Documents. Licensee agrees to permit access to its information and computer systems for this purpose. Verification will take place upon no less than 15 days notice, during normal business hours and in a manner that does not interfere unreasonably with Licensee's operations. If verification reveals unlicensed or prohibited use of the ASTM Products or Documents, Licensee agrees to reimburse ASTM for the costs incurred in verification and reimburse ASTM for any unlicensed/prohibited uses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce reliance on oil-based fuels. [SEP] Text: Ultra-fast chargers and charge while-in-motion on the roadway are some solutions for offering reduced charging times. With current trends in reduced traffic congestion hours and improved charging times with ultra-fast chargers, the EVs promise not only an energy-efficient solution but also feasibility for large-scale adoption. Cost of EVs is another driving factor, but with time and an increasing supply chain system, the costs may tend to decrease. And with fossil fuel running out, alternatives to EVs would be limited to fuel cell-based vehicles. Some biofuel-fueled vehicles may offer alternate solutions but will heavily rely on the production of such biofuels on a large scale. For instance, ethanol-blended gasoline is a practical solution to slow down gasoline consumption, but large-scale availability depends on agricultural infrastructure. The existing research was mainly focused on improving electric motor designs, traction electrification, and present needs for 100% electrification (Haghani et al. , 2023). Some researchers have established the benefits of EVs in reducing emissions and proposed a solution for rising fuel prices (Ahmad et al. , 2022); whereas, many authors have found no clear advantages of EVs when comparing the emissions from EVs with ICE vehicles (Albrechtowicz, 2023). Moreover, the energy mix of a country determines how much emission reduction is possible by EVs (García & Casals, 2024). Grid overloading with increased energy demand from EVs requires investments in both decarbonization and the ability to manage intermittent loading (García & Casals, 2024). The government’s support in improving the charging infrastructure is crucial while technological innovations continue to flourish. However, the preparation of utility companies and governing bodies in 100% transition to electric is in the developmental stages. Additionally, EV technology innovation has been a researched topic from equipment, battery, electric motor, and so on perspectives. However, there is no significant research that established forecasting based on available data resources for commercially available electric vehicles. The scientific aim of the work is to establish a model to calculate energy demand and capacity of charging infrastructure required by each state. This paper delves into quantifying values of additional required energy generation and the capacity of charging infrastructure to allow both utility and government bodies to start a transition plan before the energy crisis is at its peak. The paper begins with modeling the average requirement of power for supporting an EV for residential buildings.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The value of all cryptocurrencies is stable and unaffected by market changes. [SEP] Text: Since economic calculations are essential to any modern economy [16], it is futile, according to them, to replace the current fiat currency with Bitcoin. However, economic calculations can be made with any commodity. When a businessman has four bottles of wines, and he needs to choose between two production alternatives: one alternative that will eventually yield three additional bottles and a second one that will eventually yield five bottles, he will choose the latter. The same thing applies to Bitcoin. Crypto traders already practice this kind of economic calculations using Bitcoin. However, volatility is indeed a problem (mainly in intra-temporal calculations, i. e. , interest rates), which prevents wide adoption. Nevertheless, as was explained above, the volatility gradually declines, and it is one of the infancy problems of Bitcoin, and it is not a fundamental one. 15. Bitcoin and the division of labor Division of labor cannot exist in a nonmonetary economy. The presence of money drives people to specialize and increases their productivity beyond their personal needs. They can trade the surplus of their production in order to pursue higher gratifications (for the analysis of production in the presence of specialization, see Ref. [26]). Therefore, any adoption of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange should be accompanied by an upgrade of the division of labor. Is there any evidence for this? The problem is that it is almost impossible to attribute scientifically a specific improvement in the division of labor to a specific cause. However, it is clear that if a person prefers using Bitcoin than other currency, then he must have found it useful and more efficient for him. Therefore, this individual can spend the surplus time in further specialization. Consequently, in a free market, any unregulated usage of Bitcoin (or anything else for that matter) is a circumstantial evidence for upgrading the division of labor. 16. Bitcoin and property rights Property rights are subtle issues. There is a fundamental claim that intangible objects, like digital assets or ideas, cannot be owned. The claim is based on the presumption that property rights and private ownership are essential to manage scarce resources in the real world. Thus, according to this view, only scarce resources (like, land, houses, gold, etc. ) can be owned, while resources that are not scarce (like, ideas, patents, text, digital pictures, etc. ) and that can be easily reproduced cannot be owned [27].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The detection of gases like methane on exoplanets is often seen as strong evidence of life. [SEP] Text: By invoking this procedure, ASTM does not waive any of its rights to enforce this Agreement or to protect its intellectual property by any other means permitted by law. Licensee acknowledges and agrees that ASTM may imbed certain identifying or tracking information in the ASTM Products available on the Portal. 9. Passwords:Licensee must immediately notify ASTM of any known or suspected unauthorized use(s) of its password(s), or any known or suspected breach of security, including the loss, theft unauthorized disclosure of such password or any unauthorized access to or use of the ASTM Product. Licensee is solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of its password(s) and for ensuring the authorized access and use of the ASTM Product. Personal accounts/passwords may not be shared. 10. Disclaimer of Warranty: Unless specified in this Agreement, all express or implied conditions, representations and warranties, including any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement are disclaimed, except to the extent that these disclaimers are held to be legally invalid. 11. Limitation of Liability: To the extent not prohibited by law, in no event will ASTM be liable for any loss, damage, lost data or for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages, however caused regardless of the theory of liability, arising out of or related to the use of the ASTM Product or downloading of the ASTM Documents. In no event will ASTM's liability exceed the amount paid by Licensee under this License Agreement. 12. General. A. Termination:is effective until terminated. Licensee may terminate this Agreement at any time by destroying all copies (hard, digital or in any media)of the ASTM Documents and terminating all access to the ASTM Product. B. Governing Law, Venue, and Jurisdiction:shall be interpreted and construed in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Licensee agrees to submit to jurisdiction and venue in the state and federal courts of Pennsylvania for any dispute which may arise under this Agreement. Licensee also agrees to waive any claim of immunity it may possess. C. Integration:is the entire agreement between Licensee and ASTM relating to its subject matter.

Output: pass