Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: They were acclimated under alternating 200 lux light and dark of 12 hours each (LD 12:12) for at least two weeks prior to the start of the study. Food (Teklad 7001 Mouse & 4%) and water were continuously available throughout the study. All animals were maintained in facilities fully accredited by the Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Care. All research protocols and animal care were approved by the Care and in accordance with the guidelines of the Guide for the Care and Use of (Institute of Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, Council, 1996). Experimental housing and care For measurement of circadian period, all test mice were kept in a sound attenuating, ventilated room at a constant temperature (23°C) and under continuous darkness (DD). Sound attenuating, opaque dividers were placed between the test cages. Caretakers wore a headlamp fitted with a red safelight beam diffuser. The diffuser/filter transmitted light greater than 600 nm only. Care in the darkroom consisted of ten min per day and each mouse was inspected for less than a minute. Daily visits occurred at random times between 8 am and 5 pm. Locomotor activity assessment Daily locomotor activity of the mice was monitored with passive infrared detectors (Ademco, Syosset, NY) mounted over each cage. The passive infrared (ir) proximity sensor works by emitting pulses of ir light, and then measuring the distance to objects from the flight time of the reflected signal. Whenever the distance changes, the detector opens or closes a switch. All detectors were tested to ensure response uniformity. Each detector had a red LED that switched on when motion was detected, then switched off 3 to 5 seconds after movement was no longer sensed. The LED could be disabled with a switch mounted on the motion sensor circuit board. Spectral analysis The irradiance spectra of the LEDs were determined using an S. I. Photonics fiber optic spectrophotometer (Tucson, AZ). The distance between the fiber optic input probe and the LED was 18 cm (the depth of the mouse cage). A random sample of eight of the 16 motion sensors used in the study was assessed. A hand-held light meter () was used to measure illuminance produced by the LED at about 5 cm from the bottom of the cage and 13 cm from the LED. The test was repeated with the LEDs covered with black electrician's tape.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: in vivo exposure by patients with specific phobias. Cyberpsychol Behav, 10:722-724. Garcia-(2001) Redefining therapeutic success with virtual reality exposure therapy. Cyberpsychol Behav, 4:341-348. Garcia-(2002) Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study. Ther, 40:983-993. Geraets CN, Van der Stouwe EC, Pot-Kolder R, (2021) Advances in immersive virtual reality interventions for mental disorders: a new reality? . Psychol, 41:40-45. Götestam KG (2002) One session group treatment of spider phobia by direct or modelled exposure. Ther, 31:18-24. (2015) Using virtual reality to improve the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of late-life anxiety: preliminary recommendations for future research. Int Psychogeriatr, 27:1217-1225. Gujjar KR, van Wijk A, Kumar R, de (2019) Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of dental phobia in adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord, 62:100-108. (2008) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry, 69:621-632. (2012) Evidence-based assessment and treatment of specific phobias in adults. One-of (Öst): 19-41. New York, NY, Springer. (1995) The modified dental anxiety scale: validation and norms. Health, 12:143-50. (2020) A randomised wait-list controlled pilot trial of one-session virtual reality exposure therapy for blood-injection-injury phobias. J Affect Disord, 276:636-645. Karlsson P, (2015) Compared with what? an analysis of control‐group types in cochrane and campbell reviews of psychosocial treatment efficacy with substance use disorders. Addiction, 110:20-428. -et al. (2020) Treating patients with driving phobia by virtual reality exposure therapy - a pilot study. PLoS One, 15:e0226937.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bitcoin has a fixed supply cap of 21 million coins. [SEP] Text: Step 3: Silicon metal is combined with hydrogen chloride to form liquid trichlorosilane. Step 4: Impurities are removed by distilling the trichlorosilane. Step 5: Trichlorosilane is pumped into horseshoe-shaped chambers that contain a thin filament of polysilicon. Electricity runs through the filament, heating it to 1,000 °C. Step 6: The silicon deposits onto the filament, turning it into a thick rod that is at least 99. 9999% silicon. Step 7: The rods are broken into chunks and sold to companies that make silicon wafers for solar panels. Source: Adapted from Wacker Chemie. Some companies, such as REC Silicon, use a slightly different method, called the fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) process. REC Silicon says the FBR process uses less energy. Companies using the Siemens process have to use lots of energy to heat the filament, but they also have to use additional energy to cool the walls of the reaction chamber so that silicon doesn’t deposit there. At the start, the FBR process looks similar to the Siemens process, with conversion of silicon metal into silane. But then the gas flows through a column seeded with tiny polysilicon beads rather than a chamber with a filament. Silicon deposits on the beads, which grow into polysilicon spheres a few millimeters wide. Beads from the FBR process or chunks from the Siemens process are sold to companies that turn them into cubed ingots, which are sawed into paper-thin wafers. The wafers are textured and treated with other elements to turn them into individual solar cells. Multiple cells are soldered and sandwiched between a glass panel and a plastic back sheet to form solar panels. Outsourcing It’s a complex process, and China dominates nearly every step of it. The country makes more than three-quarters of the world’s polysilicon, according to data compiled by polysilicon consultant Johannes Bernreuter. A report by the Agency (IEA) estimates that China also manufactures over 80% of all solar cells and assembled solar panels. The country produces virtually all the wafers used for solar panels. It wasn’t always this way. In 2010, polysilicon production was split almost evenly among the and China.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Mice emit ultrasonic cries and this is important in maternal behavior [17 - 19]. However, it is unlikely that covering the lights with black tape would block ultrasound. Although this remains a possibility, we are aware of no instances in the literature where ultrasound causes either a phase response or a change in circadian period. The C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice did not differ in the amount period increased with 1 lux red light LEDfb. This is in contrast to an earlier study where C57BL/6 mice had a greater increase in period with 10 lux full-spectrum LL vs DD than DBA/2 mice [4]. One possible explanation is that DBA/2 mice are more sensitive to period-lengthening effects of red light than of full-spectrum light. Another possibility is that the shape of the τRC differs between the two strains, so that for C57BL/6 mice more of the period-lengthening portion of the τRC lies outside of the time when they received light during LEDfb than for the DBA/2 mice. In this case, constant LL would have more period-lengthening effect than LEDfb. The results of this study suggest that investigators cannot use continuous dim red light to simulate DD, and must be judicious in using red "safe" lights for animal care in DD. Further studies are needed to determine whether constant red light of this output spectra and intensity lengthens period more than LEDfb, and whether it can phase-shift the circadian rhythms in mice. under a dim, long-wavelength red light that came on intermittently when the animals were active had a circadian period that was long compared to their free-running period under DD. Covering the light with black tape blocked the response. Furthermore, under the conditions described, the magnitude of the mean circadian period increase in DBA/2 and C57BL/6 strains of mice was indistinguishable. Competing interests The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions JRH conceived of the study, participated in its design and statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. ARH carried out experiment 1, designed and carried out experiment 3, and wrote the Methods section. AMH participated in the statistical analysis and designed and set up experiment 2. ARM carried out experiment 2, participated in the statistical analysis and assisted in drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 28.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: Neudeck P, (2012) Dissemination of exposure therapy in clinical practice: how to handle the barriers? . Therapy: Rethinking the Model - Refining the Method (Eds. P Neudeck, HU Wittchen):23-34. New York, NY, Springer. (2011) Evidence-based therapy relationships: research conclusions and clinical practices. Psychotherapy, 48:98-102. North M, (1994) Virtual environments and psychological disorders. of Virtual Culture, 2:37-42. (1996) Effectiveness of virtual environment desensitization in the treatment of agoraphobia. Presence (Camb), 5:346-352. Oing, T, (2018) Implementations of virtual reality for anxiety-related disorders: systematic review. 6:e10965. Page S, (2016) Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: small samples and no controls? . Front Psychol, 7:326. (2008) Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord, 22:561-569. Pull CB (2008) Recent trends in the study of specific phobias. Psychiatry, 21:43-50. (2011) Does engagement with exposure yield better outcomes? Components of presence as a predictor of treatment response for virtual reality exposure therapy for social phobia. J Anxiety Disord, 25:763-770. (1995) The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP J Club, 123:A12-A13. (2006) Virtual reality exposure therapy and standard (in vivo) exposure therapy in the treatment of fear of flying. Behav Ther, 37:80-90. (1999) The use of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Behav Modif, 23:507-525. (2000) A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for the fear of flying. J Psychol, 68:1020. Shiban Y, Pauli P, Mühlberger A (2013) Effect of multiple context exposure on renewal in spider phobia. Ther, 51:68-74. Sigström R, Östling (2011) A population-based study on phobic fears and DSM-IV specific phobia in 70-year olds. J Anxiety Disord, 25:148-153.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bitcoin has a fixed supply cap of 21 million coins. [SEP] Text: AES is part of a consortium of solar companies trying to incentivize a more resilient supply chain in the US. The consortium is promising to spend more than $6 billion on solar panels, as long as suppliers set up US manufacturing operations. “That’s what gives them certainty,” Moreno says. “They can build, and the demand will be there. ” To encourage production outside China and avoid supply chain risks, IEA analyst Bahar says, governments also need to offer solar manufacturers support. He says they should use tax policies or incentive schemes to reduce the start-up costs for polysilicon manufacturers and ensure that they have access to cheap electricity, just as China has done. In August, US president signed the Act into law. It offers a direct tax credit for the production of solar-grade polysilicon and also offers incentives for other parts of the supply chain, like ingot and wafer manufacturing. Related: U. S. In an investor call the day after the signing, REC Silicon’s May said the tax credits were a big part of the company’s decision to restart operations at its plant in Washington. The company expects to receive $48 million in credits annually once the facility is operating at full capacity. Korean company Hanwha Solutions, which made a major investment in REC Silicon earlier this year, is scouting out sites in Texas, South Carolina, and Georgia for a facility to produce ingots, wafers, and solar panels, according to documents filed with the Texas comptroller’s office. If the project moves forward, the company says, it would begin operating in 2025. SPI Energy hopes to set up wafer production in the US by 2023, and hopes to be producing wafers in upstate by 2024. Credit: produces polysilicon using the fluidized-bed reactor process, which consumes less energy than the more typical Siemens process. Building wafer manufacturing in the US would have a domino effect, Bernreuter says, and likely complete a solar supply chain outside China. “If you solve that step of the value chain, I think a lot of the other steps could follow relatively easily,” he says. The US could also avoid silicon-based solar panels altogether by using another technology: thin-film cadmium telluride, which makes up about 5% of the global solar market.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rats, which spontaneously undergo both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, exhibit blunting of heart rate and blood pressure rhythms, but changes in circadian timing were not clear [13]. The circadian variables in these studies have limited time resolution and thus are insufficient to prospectively quantify circadian phase changes. Pineal microdialysis offers an exceptional technique for measuring quantitative changes in circadian melatonin secretion [14]. This method enables real time analysis of a single individual, and therefore can prospectively measure quantitative circadian responses to environmental changes, pharmaceuticals, and potentially disease states. In addition, the precise and sensitive measurement of pineal melatonin permits the quantitative determination of melatonin phase with up to 10-minute resolution. Pineal melatonin is the most accurate marker of the central circadian clock [15,16] and is not subject to pathological masking that could be affected by the neurological compromise (eg. suppression of motor activity secondary to hemiparesis, abulia, or ataxia after stroke). In this report, we applied pineal microdialysis to determine whether ischemic stroke in rats alters the circadian rhythm. All experiments were performed in accordance with NIH guidelines and approved by the University of on Use and Care of Animals. Adult male Wistar rats (300 g) (Harlan) were housed at 20 to 25°C under LD 12:12 h conditions, with ad libitum food and water. Illumination levels were 300–400 lux at cage level. Microdialysis probe implantation Surgical placement of microdialysis probes was performed as described [14]. Briefly, following deep anesthesia, the animal's head was shaved and positioned in a stereotaxic instrument with the head flat. Two small burr holes were created on both sides of the skull. A custom linear microdialysis probe was inserted carefully through the burr holes into the brain tissue containing the pineal gland and was connected with dialysis tubing at both ends. Following surgery, animals were housed individually and allowed to recover for 16–24 h before microdialysis. Sample collection and analysis Following recovery, animals were transferred to dialysis chambers where their pineal glands were continuously perfused with artificial cerebral spinal fluid at a low (2 ul/min) rate via inlet tubing connected at one end of the microdialysis probe.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: (2007) Evidence‐based practice in clinical psychology: what it is, why it matters; what you need to know. J Clin Psychol, 63:611-631. Suso-Ribera C, Fernández-Álvarez J, García-ón-López J, Banos RM et al. (2019) Virtual reality, augmented reality, and in vivo exposure therapy: a preliminary comparison of treatment efficacy in small animal phobia. Soc Netw, 22: 31-38. (2011) Cognitive processing and acrophobia: validating the Questionnaire? J Anxiety Disord, 25:896-902. Szymanski J, O'(1995) Fear of spiders questionnaire. J Exp Psychiatry, 26:31-34. (2020) Virtual reality exposure therapy for driving phobia disorder: system design and development. Appl Sci, 10:4860. Wampold BE (2001) Psychotherapy Debate: Models, Methods, and Findings. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum. - (2017) The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the Health Surveys? Psychol Med, 47:1744-1760. Wechsler TF, Kümpers F, Mühlberger A (2019) Inferiority or even superiority of virtual reality exposure therapy in phobias? - a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials specifically comparing the efficacy of virtual reality exposure to gold standard in vivo exposure in agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social phobia. Front Psychol, 10:1758. (2002) The treatment of fear of flying: a controlled study of imaginal and virtual reality graded exposure therapy. 6:218-223. (2004) Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: Advances in Evaluation and Treatment. . (2006) Stronger renewal in human fear conditioning when tested with an acquisition retrieval cue than with an extinction retrieval cue. Ther, 44:1717-1725. (2013) Fear extinction and relapse: state of the art. Clin Psychol, 9:215-248. (2015) Completeness of follow-up determines validity of study findings: results of a prospective repeated measures cohort study. PloS One, 10:e0140817.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrency transactions can be faster than traditional bank transfers. [SEP] Text: Action: either amend the title to summarize the work accurately or include other 'traditional methods'. [2] How divergent are these sequences? These are all isolates of one virus type and should actually be relatively easy to align but the divergence (average percent differences would do) would make that clear. What would happen if one used to remove regions of high alignment instability? Action: - Quantify similarity/divergence of data - Comment on using [3] On line 139 the authors say recombinants were removed. That makes sense if one makes trees and compares them as recombinants (between two or more strains) will have confusing phylogeny. On page 158, the authors seem to say that recombination implies rearrangement along a genome which is not the same? Action: Clarify [4] The authors pick as their method of choice to compare against 'fully automated sequence alignment methods'. However, almost immediately (line 175) they say that 'using to align all 55,353 sequences. . . was not feasible'. Why choose which allegedly cannot align 55k sequences over or MAFFT, which can? Also, www. drive5. com/muscle/manual/compromise. html suggests to use -maxiters 2 for large data-sets. This should make 55k sequences (more) feasible for. What are and why use custom gap parameters on line 155 for Action: - Explain why UPP/PASTA is compared to and not to any other aligner/s (or do compare to other aligners). - Explain why -maxiters 2 is not used for - Explain 'custom gap parameters' for [5] In line 162 is the 'branch length' the distance from the root or distance of a leaf from the nearest branch point? Action: Clarify [6] In line 214 five iterations of the NJ QC step may have somewhat been 'previously described' (I could not recall) but 'NJ QC' was definitely not formally defined. Action: define 'NJ QC' before line 214 [7] The authors say that 'sequence alignment strategy did not have a major effect on tree topology' (line 328). So the main advantage of 'fully automated sequence alignment methods' over 'traditional methods' would be that they produce results 'in a more reasonable time frame and repeatable manner' (line 342).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The outlet was connected to a sample loop of an HPLC sample injector, which automatically injected the collected pineal dialysates into an HPLC column at 10 min intervals. Melatonin in the dialysates was resolved on a C18 reverse phase column and flow through was analyzed by a fluorescence detector controlled by Shimadzu software. Middle cerebral artery occlusion Animals were subjected to ischemic stroke by filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) after baseline melatonin monitoring. The stroke model has been described before [17,18]. Animals were taken off of melatonin monitoring for the stroke surgery 3–6 days after the initiation of on-line microdialysis during which time baseline melatonin profiles were obtained. We occluded the right MCA for two hours using an intralumenal filament and then removed the filament to allow reperfusion. We placed the animals back online for pineal microdialysis and continued melatonin monitoring for up to seven days or until the animal appeared in extremis (whereupon it was euthanized). At the end of the monitoring period, animals were euthanized and brains were cut into 2 mm thick sections and analyzed by 2% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining to quantify infarct volumes; TTC stains vital tissue red while dead tissue remains unstained. Infarct volumes were determined by analysis of imaged brains using NIH Image software. Sham surgery involved insertion of the filament into the carotid artery without advancing the suture to the MCA bifurcation. determine the level of statistical significance of circadian changes, we first calculated the average absolute deviation from the baseline melatonin onset (MT-on) for each day after stroke for each animal. We used the average of pre-stroke MT-on times as the baseline. We then computed the absolute value of the difference between MT-on and the baseline for each day that the animal was monitored. Finally, we calculated the average value of the absolute shift over the entire duration of the monitoring period. This metric accounts equally for both delays and advances in timing. The same calculation was performed for sham animals after control surgery. The mean of the average daily deviation for all animals in each group was compared between MCA occlusion (MCAo) and sham groups using a two-tailed t-test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: Efficacy of in the Treatment of Specific Phobias: A Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 562 - 576, 25. 12. 2023 Tolga Köskün Cited By: 2 phobia is defined as a notable and continuous fear of a certain object or a situation that particularly impairs daily life and functioning. It is also one of the most common psychological disorders. Exposure-based interventions are commonly used in the treatment of specific phobias. However, some limitations of the standard methods require the need for alternative approaches. In light of this, the use of virtual reality technology in psychotherapy has become increasingly widespread in recent years and is now integrated with exposure therapy. Virtual reality provides real-time interaction using the computer-generated three-dimensional environment via variety oftechnological tools. Applications of virtual reality in exposure therapy have proven to be an important intervention method, especially in the psychopathologies such as specific phobias. In this study, virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of specific phobias is systematically reviewed. Inclusion criteria were taken into account in the scanning performed in APA (PsycINFO), of Science, Science Direct, Ulakbim ve TRDizin databses following the method. Following that, ten randomized controlled trials, which included adult participants meeting the diagnostic criteria for specific phobia, examined the efficacy of virtual reality and exposure therapy compared to the control group, and the ones with full text could be accessed, were included in this systematic review. The included studies were evaluated in terms of sample attributes, primary measurement tools, research design, characteristics of the intervention and its efficacy. In general, the findings indicate the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy in reducing specific phobia symptoms. Follow-up studies support the long-term maintenance of the results. Keywords Phobia, fear, virtual reality, exposure therapy, systematic review Çalışma bir proje kapsamında yürütülmemiştir. 1672. APA (2013) Diagnostic and of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington D. C. , Association. on Evidence-(2006) Evidence-based practice in psychology. Am Psychol, 61:271-285. (2001) Virtual reality: using the virtual world to improve quality of life in the real world. Clin, 65:78-91. (2002) Specific phobias.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : NIH/NIAID (CC-BY-4. 0) Human natural killer cells (one shown in this false-colored scanning electron micrograph) are one type of immune cell that UCSF’s and his colleagues are engineering for therapeutic use. Health & Disease Q&A — Synthetic biologist Hacking the immune system How the body’s own defense cells can be turned into tiny, programmable assassins to battle cancers and other disorders Underwood 02. 13. 2018 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today The immune system is an essential sentinel: It attacks foreign pathogens and destroys our own cells when they become a threat. It runs seamlessly most of the time, but it can also make mistakes, failing to root out cancer cells or waywardly attacking healthy tissues. The immune system’s power and perils have inspired scientists’ quickening efforts to genetically “hack” it, using viruses and other gene editing technology to endow existing immune cells with new abilities. The goal is to make cells that can be deployed like minuscule commandos to seek and destroy tumors, subdue inflammation and self-destruct on command. : (CC BY-ND)Synthetic and cell biologist Wendell LimUniversity of California, San FranciscoThere’s a long way to go before engineered immune cells achieve that level of precision. Yet the approach, part of a booming branch of medicine called immunotherapy, has already achieved some stunning successes. In cancer treatment, for example, white blood cells engineered to kill cancer cells — known as CAR T cells — have been shown to effectively treat some blood cancers, including the most common form of childhood leukemia. But such cells can also have dangerous — even deadly — side effects and aren’t yet effective against solid tumors such as colorectal and breast cancer. Researchers hope to eventually use engineered immune cells to treat a range of illnesses, not only cancers but also autoimmune diseases such as diabetes and neuroimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Synthetic biologist of the University of California, San Francisco, studies how immune cells process information and make decisions, and how to harness those abilities for medicine.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: to stroke, we implanted Wistar rats (n = 14) with pineal microdialysis probes and determined baseline melatonin secretion patterns. Since this is an outbred population, we observed a range of MT-on and melatonin offset (MT-off) times (Figure 1), defined by the interval between time of dark onset and time when the melatonin rhythm reached 20% of its nightly maximum. The variation of MT-on and MT-off within the cohort has been described previously [19]. Melatonin duration was calculated as the time difference between MT-on and MT-off. Although there was variation within the cohort of circadian profiles, individual rats prior to stroke showed virtually no day-to-day variation in MT-on, MT-off, or melatonin duration over more than three days of baseline observation, as described previously (14). Figure 1 Baseline melatonin profiles for rats prior to MCAo. Melatonin profiles were obtained for all animals prior to MCAo to determine baseline timing. Measurements were made for up to six days, and, in all cases, the daily melatonin timing was stable. Therefore, only a single day's tracing of each individual is shown in this composite illustration. Animals exhibit a wide range of timing profiles. There is a broader range of MT-on times compared to MT-off times. The melatonin duration is defined as the time between the MT-on and MT-off. The MT-on is defined as the time when melatonin rises to 20% of the daily maximum (set to 100%). The MT-off is defined as the time when the melatonin level falls to 20% of the daily maximum. The gray shaded area represents time of lights off. MCAo surgery was then performed on these animals. All surgeries were initiated between 12:15 h and 14:34 h during the day. Rats were then placed back on microdialysis to measure post-surgical circadian melatonin profiles. We could not record melatonin secretion from one animal, and it was excluded from analysis. Two animals did not show changes in melatonin secretion after MCAo. Eleven of the remaining 13 rats exhibited temporal shifts in melatonin secretion, beginning with the first night after MCAo (Day 0); a representative rat is shown in Figure 2A. These rats demonstrated clear brain infarctions of the cortex and basal ganglia, demonstrated by TTC staining (Figure 2A).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: and its Disorders - and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic (Ed. DH Barlow): 380-417. London, Guilford Press. (2015) Psychological treatments for panic disorders, phobias, and social and generalized anxiety disorders. Guide to Work (): 409-461. New York, Press. (2019) Using virtual reality exposure therapy to enhance treatment of anxiety disorders: identifying areas of clinical adoption and potential obstacles. Front Psychiatry, 10:773. Botella C, Fernández-Álvarez J, Guillén V, García-Palacios A, Baños R (2017) Recent progress in virtual reality exposure therapy for phobias: a systematic review. Rep, 19:42. (1998) Update on empirically validated therapies, II. Clin Psychol, 51:3-16. (2007) Treatment of specific phobia in adults. Rev, 27:266-286. Cohen DC (1977) Comparison of self-report and overt-behavioral procedures for assessing acrophobia. Behav Ther, 8:17-23. Depp C, Lebowitz BD (2007) Clinical trials: bridging the gap between efficacy and effectiveness. Psychiatry, 19:531-539. (2012) Gender balance, representativeness, and statistical power in sexuality research using undergraduate student samples. Behav, 41:325-327. (1999) Evaluating the importance of multi-sensory input on memory and the sense of presence in virtual environments (p. 222-228). . (2019) Effectiveness of self-guided app-based virtual reality cognitive behavior therapy for acrophobia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 76:682-690. (2014) Extinction in multiple virtual reality contexts diminishes fear reinstatement in humans. Mem, 113:157-164. (2018) Specific phobias. Lancet Psychiatry, 5:678-686. (1991) Panic and phobia. Disorders in America: Study ():155-179. . Elkins DN (2012) Toward a common focus in psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy, 49:450-454. (2008) Psikiyatrik bozukluklarin epidemiyolojisi.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, since Bitcoin is a decentralized technology, it was warmly adopted by anarchist organizations worldwide [1, 2, 3], but for similar reasons, it was attacked by many others [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Some attacked the Bitcoin from the fear of shaking the current centers of powers, but most attacked it out of ignorance. Strangely enough, even in the libertarian community, which in general embraced the new currency, there are some that used allegedly Austrian economics arguments to debunk the foundation of the Bitcoin economy [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. In general, we encounter two strategies to attack Bitcoin: (1) presenting multiple minor or even clearly erroneous arguments. Consequently, the arguments keep reappearing, despite the fact that they are constantly refuted. And (2) using fundamental economic laws to allegedly demonstrate that Bitcoin does not possess the essential properties of money. The object of the 2. a Ponzi scheme? The most common criticism against Bitcoin is that Bitcoin is actually a Ponzi scheme [7, 10]. Clearly, there is no resemblance between the two. A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation. The investors are made to believe that they gain from the investment operation, while in fact, the money comes from new investment, that is, a Ponzi scheme is a pyramid fraud. While some cryptocurrencies or tokens do seem to be a Ponzi scheme, Bitcoin is definitely not. Everything about Bitcoin: its algorithm, its network, and its development projects are completely transparent. The network, the mining process, and the entire project are all decentralized. There are no managers, no organizers, and no control. Therefore, there could be no fraud. Bitcoin does not even have a pyramid structure. An investor in Bitcoin can make a profit by selling it at a higher price, just like in any other trade. Unlike pyramid structures, the owner of Bitcoins does not have to convince multiple people to invest in order to make a profit. It is true that in both cases, the first investors gain more than the last ones, and that their profit rises with the number of traders. However, by the law of demand, it is clear that the price rises with the increase in demand, that is, the price increases with the number of buyers. This is valid for any commodity, and Bitcoin is no exception. This is definitely not a pyramid structure’s fingerprint.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 Heterogeneous responses of melatonin timing after MCAo. MT-on and MT-off times were obtained for each day of the experiment and are displayed in a composite timeline. Individual rats' melatonin profiles are depicted by unique colors. The left side shows MT-on tracings with black-filled circles, whereas the right side shows MT-off tracings with white-filled circles. As before, the day of MCAo was defined as Day 0. Due to technical difficulty, data was not available for some days for specific animals (dotted lines were used when days were skipped). Figure 4 Effect of MCAo on the duration of nightly melatonin secretion. Melatonin duration was calculated by computing the time between MT-on and MT-off for each day of the experiment. Since melatonin duration differs among individuals in the cohort, the melatonin duration was therefore normalized to the stable pre-stroke melatonin duration (set to 100%). Melatonin duration plots are displayed for each individual in a different color. As before, the day of MCAo was defined as Day 0. Dotted lines are used to signify days when data were not available for technical reasons. Figure 5 Effect of MCAo on the shift of nightly melatonin onset. The impact of stroke on the melatonin rhythm for each animal was calculated by averaging the absolute daily melatonin onset shift (relative to pre-stroke baseline); see methods for a discussion of this calculation. The averages of these values determined for all animals with MCAo or sham surgery are displayed in bar graph format. The difference between average melatonin onset shift in the MCAo group was statistically significant relative to the control group (p < 0. 02). As discussed above, the pre-stroke phase angle of MT-on displayed variations within the cohort, indicating that individual animals exhibited unique circadian parameters. However, individual variations in MT-on time did not correlate with the direction or amplitude of circadian shifts after stroke (calculated on the initial day after the stroke; Figure 6). Figure 6 Lack of relationship between the phase angle of MT-on and the circadian response to MCAo. As seen in Figure 1, rats demonstrate a wide range of baseline phase angles of MT-on.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: Türkiye'de Sık Karşılaşılan Psikiyatrik Hastalıklar Sempozyumu (Uğur, İ Balcıoğlu, N Kocabaşoğlu):25-30. İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi. (2021) Virtual reality exposure treatment in phobias: a systematic review. Psychiatr Q, 92:1685-1710. Garcia-(2007) Comparing acceptance and refusal rates of virtual reality exposure vs. in vivo exposure by patients with specific phobias. Cyberpsychol Behav, 10:722-724. Garcia-(2001) Redefining therapeutic success with virtual reality exposure therapy. Cyberpsychol Behav, 4:341-348. Garcia-(2002) Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study. Ther, 40:983-993. Geraets CN, Van der Stouwe EC, Pot-Kolder R, (2021) Advances in immersive virtual reality interventions for mental disorders: a new reality? . Psychol, 41:40-45. Götestam KG (2002) One session group treatment of spider phobia by direct or modelled exposure. Ther, 31:18-24. (2015) Using virtual reality to improve the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of late-life anxiety: preliminary recommendations for future research. Int Psychogeriatr, 27:1217-1225. Gujjar KR, van Wijk A, Kumar R, de (2019) Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of dental phobia in adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord, 62:100-108. (2008) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry, 69:621-632. (2012) Evidence-based assessment and treatment of specific phobias in adults. One-of (Öst): 19-41. New York, NY, Springer. (1995) The modified dental anxiety scale: validation and norms. Health, 12:143-50.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the whole network structure is different. A pyramid is a centralized structure, where there is a clear asymmetry between investors and all profits eventually dissipate toward the founders of the pyramid (this is a “top-down” business model). Bitcoin is a decentralized network, where all the Bitcoins’ owners have the same status. Moreover, the founders of a crypto network may not even own a share in this network, or they can sell their share, if they have one (like Charlie Lee, the founder of the Litecoin network, who recently sold all his Litecoins). Advertisement 3. Bitcoin is a bubble Another common criticism is that Bitcoin and the other cryptocurrencies are a bubble [4, 6, 8]. This claim is not a very informative one. What does it mean? Does it mean that the Bitcoin price is too high? In a free market, the price is always right. If there is something “wrong” with the price, then it means that the market is not really free. When there is a housing bubble, it does not mean that there is something wrong with the houses, or that the sellers are greedier than they usually are, but it does mean that the government manipulates the interest rate and subsidizes bad mortgages, etc. Therefore, any “bubble” claim is actually not a criticism against Bitcoin, but a claim against something external to its network—probably against governments. If everyone buys cryptocurrencies, it is probably because the public has no other investment channels. The banking interest is practically zero; the stock market is too high after 10 consecutive years of rising prices; and the housing market is recovering from the latest collapse. The fact that Bitcoin is in a state of a bubble, whatever that means, cannot be used as evidence to the argument that Bitcoin is worthless. Wittgenstein wrote, “For whenever we test anything, we are already presupposing something that is not tested. ” Similarly, when one believes the price of Bitcoin is too high, he presupposes that Bitcoin has some value. Advertisement 4. Bitcoin yields no return Another repeating argument is that Bitcoin is not a real asset in the sense that it does not yield any return. Unlike stocks or real estates, which yield dividends and rents, Bitcoin does not “yield” anything. People purchase Bitcoin only to sell it later. But this is a strange argument, since, after all, money never yields return.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: We explored the relationship between the phase angle (on the day of the stroke; shown on the X-axis) of MT-on, MT-off, and melatonin duration, relative to the baseline values before MCAo. The r2 values are shown; no relationship was found. The direction of MT-on and MT-off shift (on the first night after the stroke) demonstrated no correlation with each other (Figure 7A). Roughly equal numbers of rats experienced an advance in MT-on compared to delays, and roughly half experienced advances in MT-off compared to delays. We observed all four combinations of MT-on/MT-off patterns (advance/advance, advance/delay, delay/advance, and delay/delay). The change in MT-off was also not associated with melatonin duration (Figure 7B). Figure 7 Change in melatonin duration is related to the change in MT-on after MCAo. Results from the day of the MCAo were examined here. Data displayed include the change in MT-on, MT-off, and melatonin duration relative to respective pre-MCAo values. (A) There was no relationship between shifts in MT-on and MT-off after stroke. Animals exhibited all four possible combinations of directions of shift. (B) There was no relationship between the shifts in MT-off and melatonin duration. (C) Change in the melatonin duration after stroke was strongly linked to the shift in MT-on. The r2 values are shown. Interestingly, the initial change in melatonin duration was strongly linked to the initial change in MT-on after stroke (Figure 7C). Thus, the change in melatonin duration after stroke could be predicted by observing MT-on alone. This relationship held true several days after the stroke, as well (see below). Due to early death (ID2832 and ID2837) and technical reasons (ID2660, ID2842, and ID2896), we were not able to quantify MT-on and MT-off for every day in every animal.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: (2020) A randomised wait-list controlled pilot trial of one-session virtual reality exposure therapy for blood-injection-injury phobias. J Affect Disord, 276:636-645. Karlsson P, (2015) Compared with what? an analysis of control‐group types in cochrane and campbell reviews of psychosocial treatment efficacy with substance use disorders. Addiction, 110:20-428. -et al. (2020) Treating patients with driving phobia by virtual reality exposure therapy - a pilot study. PLoS One, 15:e0226937. (2002) The etiology of phobias: an evaluation of the stress-diathesis model. Psychiatry, 59:242-248. (2012) Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Res, 21:169-184. Kristman V, Manno M, Côté P (2004) Loss to follow-up in cohort studies: how much is too much? . Epidemiol, 19:751-760. ńczyk M, Przybyło J, et al. (2021) Tips for effective implementation of virtual reality exposure therapy in phobias - a systematic review. Front Psychiatry, 12:737351. Llewellyn-(2016) Post-trial follow-up methodology in large randomized controlled trials: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev, 5:214. (1996) Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the Survey. Psychiatry 53:159-168. Maples-(2017) The use of virtual reality technology in the treatment of anxiety and other psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry, 25:103-113. Marks IM (1978) Behavioral psychotherapy of adult neurosis. of Psychotherapy and ():493-547). Chichester, Wiley. -(2010) A randomized, controlled clinical trial of in virtuo and in vivo exposure for spider phobia. Soc Netw, 13:689-695. Miloff A, Lindner P, Dafgård (2019) Automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia vs. in-vivo onesession treatment: a randomized non-inferiority trial. Ther, 118:130-140.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: A one-dollar note does not yield a return. It will be worth 1$ forever. Nevertheless, people “purchase” dollars only to “sell” them later for goods. This is exactly the function of money and the same applies to Bitcoin. Advertisement 5. The Bitcoin’s volatility One very common attack on Bitcoin is that it must be useless as money (or currency) since it has very high volatility [12, 13]. Clearly, if an asset’s value is very volatile, then it is less likely to be adopted as a unit of account, which is one of the properties of money. However, it should not considerably affect its prospects to be used as a medium of exchange. Even today, most Bitcoin transactions are quantified in US dollars, that is, in these transactions, Bitcoin is used as a medium of exchange, while the US dollar is used as a unit of account. However, it should be stressed that in these transactions, the dollar takes no role. Bitcoin is currently exploring a new territory, in which it is used as a medium of exchange, but yet to be used as a unit of account (on this discrepancy see Ref. [15]). Moreover, the usage of the volatility criterion is useful only in close-to-equilibrium’s markets. In the case of Bitcoin, the price increases exponentially, which is a clear sign of a nonequilibrium scenario. Exponential rise is an indication of a constant amplification process, which cannot occur in the vicinity of equilibria. In this case, it is clear that the volatility will increase exponentially as well. Therefore, there could be two options: (A) the approximately constant amplification process is close to its end, in which case the market will converge to a semiequilibrium state, and the volatility will decrease dramatically. (B) The constant amplification process is going to last for some time, in which case the value of Bitcoin will continue to rise dramatically. Therefore, in both cases, the attractiveness of Bitcoin will increase, and in any case, the high volatility in an exponentially growing process cannot be used as an argument for the claim that Bitcoin is worthless. It is only a sign that the crypto market is in its infancy stages. In an exponentially growing economy, the volatility should be evaluated in logarithmic scale, and in this scale, the Bitcoins’ volatility actually declines. Advertisement 6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: However, in animals for which we had daily data for extended periods, the MT-on and melatonin duration demonstrate highly dynamic day-to-day changes after stroke (Figures 8A and 8B); the change in MT-on and melatonin duration from day-to-day exhibited an alternating pattern, seeming to oscillate after stroke, albeit with progressively decreasing amplitude. The waning of day-to-day changes suggests that over time, the melatonin onset and duration are reaching equilibrium at a new set point. As on the first day after MCAo, MT-on and melatonin duration changes over the course of a few days correlate well with each other, indicating that the main determinant of melatonin duration changes after stroke is the MT-on shift (Figure 8C). Figure 8 Day to day changes in MT parameters after stroke. The day-to-day changes in MT-on and melatonin duration were defined as the change in melatonin timing compared to the time on the previous day. As expected, on Day -1, there is no shift since the melatonin rhythm is stable. However, on Day 0 (the day of the stroke) there is a change in the melatonin timing compared to before stroke. Only five animals, represented by different colors, were used for this analysis. Other animals in the study could not be used because of gaps in data. (A) MT-on changes markedly in most animals from day-to-day. In all animals, there is a remarkable oscillation of the daily changes in melatonin timing. In general, the amplitude of the oscillation decreases over time. (B) A similar trend is seen with the daily change in melatonin duration. (C) There is a strong relationship between the daily shift in MT-on and melatonin duration among most animals. The r2 coefficients (for each animal) were: 0. 85 (ID2658), 0. 56 (ID2833), 0. 15 (ID2839), 0. 92 (ID2892), and 0. 99 (ID2900). To determine whether circadian melatonin shifts were related to the degree of infarction, we computed the area of brain infarction using established morphometric methods. The range in infarction volume was typical of stroke studies (30% +/-15%).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: Mineka S, (2006) Contemporary learning theory perspectives on the etiology of fears and phobias. Fear and Learning: Processes to (): 75-97). . Minns, S, Levihn- (2019) Immersive 3D exposure-based treatment for spider fear: a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord, 61:37-44. (2015) Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev, 4:1. (2015) A Guide to Work. New York, Press. Neudeck P, (2012) Dissemination of exposure therapy in clinical practice: how to handle the barriers? . Therapy: Rethinking the Model - Refining the Method (Eds. P Neudeck, HU Wittchen):23-34. New York, NY, Springer. (2011) Evidence-based therapy relationships: research conclusions and clinical practices. Psychotherapy, 48:98-102. North M, (1994) Virtual environments and psychological disorders. of Virtual Culture, 2:37-42. (1996) Effectiveness of virtual environment desensitization in the treatment of agoraphobia. Presence (Camb), 5:346-352. Oing, T, (2018) Implementations of virtual reality for anxiety-related disorders: systematic review. 6:e10965. Page S, (2016) Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: small samples and no controls? . Front Psychol, 7:326. (2008) Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord, 22:561-569. Pull CB (2008) Recent trends in the study of specific phobias. Psychiatry, 21:43-50. (2011) Does engagement with exposure yield better outcomes? Components of presence as a predictor of treatment response for virtual reality exposure therapy for social phobia. J Anxiety Disord, 25:763-770. (1995) The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions. ACP J Club, 123:A12-A13. (2006) Virtual reality exposure therapy and standard (in vivo) exposure therapy in the treatment of fear of flying. Behav Ther, 37:80-90. (1999) The use of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of anxiety disorders.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: The hoarding dilemma Another important claim is that Bitcoin is worthless as a medium of exchange because most people, who purchased it, hoard the coins [12, 13]. Since most people regard Bitcoin as a store of value and “Hodl” (the crypto nickname for hold) the coins, how can it be used as a medium of exchange? This claim is often heard even in the crypto community, where the holders are encouraged to exchange their coins with goods, that is, to sell and buy the coins repeatedly (e. g. , ). However, the two properties of money are tightly linked. A good cannot be a store of value unless it is a medium of exchange and vice versa. How can an object be valuable, without the option of exchanging it for something else? How can something be a medium of exchange, unless it is valuable? Moreover, hoarding takes place only when people expect that the coins’ price will rise in the future. In this case, fewer coins are used in circulation and, as a consequence, their price increases. This is the mechanism that persuades the hoarders to part with their coins. Advertisement 7. A deflationary economy The hoarding dilemma is a very important point because it is related to another criticism: how can Bitcoin be used as a medium of exchange while being a deflationary currency? In a deflationary monetary economy, the argument continues, prices decrease perpetually, and therefore people have no incentive to buy anything, for they know that they will probably get it for less money in the future. In such an economy, consumption decreases, and the economy stagnates. There are several problems with this argument. First, there is a problem of definition. Bitcoin is an inflationary currency, not a deflationary one since the number of coins increases gradually. It is true, however, that its rate decreases, and eventually the total number of coins is limited (around 21 million). Consequently, in a progressing economy, which is based on Bitcoin, eventually, the Bitcoin inflation will be lower than the economy’s growth rate. In such an economy, the products’ prices will eventually decrease. This state is wrongly termed “deflationary” [16, 17]. However, and this brings us to the second misconception, there is nothing wrong with rising prices. In fact, the economic sectors, which experience decreasing prices, are the sectors with the highest growth rate. The computer industry belongs to this category.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: We could not identify a correlation between the degree of damage and either the direction or the amplitude of initial changes in MT-on, MT-off, and melatonin duration (Figure 9). Figure 9 Infarct volume and its relationship to shift in MT timing. Infarct volumes for all animals undergoing MCAo were computed. Each rat's infarct volume was plotted against the Day 0 shift in MT-on, melatonin duration, or MT-off relative to the baseline time before stroke. There was no linear relationship between infarct volume and any of the quantitative measures of circadian changes. The r2 values are shown; no relationship was found. Melatonin production in the pineal gland is controlled by a number of brain structures that include the SCN, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord (IML). In addition, the thalamic intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) [20] modulates SCN activity, which may affect melatonin output. Additionally, structures such as caudate putaman (CPu) and parietal cortex are involved in locomotor rhythm generation that can be dissociated from the SCN signals [21], and may be affected in animals after stroke. To determine whether specific regions affected by MCAo were responsible for melatonin rhythm disruption, we examined lesion sites of MCAo-treated animals. Of the animals that exhibited shifts in melatonin rhythms, only one showed injury near the SCN and only three animals showed infarctions of the IGL. None of the animals had injury to the PVN or IML. This indicates that injury to these structures cannot account for the change in melatonin timing after stroke. On the other hand, all animals had significant injury to the CPu, and all but two animals had cortical injury. Thus, CPu stroke is sufficient by itself to disrupt normal melatonin rhythms. is the first study to our knowledge that demonstrates an effect of stroke on diurnal melatonin secretion in experimental animals. Our experiments unequivocally demonstrate that ischemic strokes in rats disrupt the timing of melatonin onset and/or offset, which are the most consistent and direct markers of circadian timing. We also demonstrate that pineal microdialysis is a highly sensitive method for the study of modulation of the circadian pacemaker by disease states.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exposure therapy is effective for many types of phobias. [SEP] Text: Behav Modif, 23:507-525. (2000) A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for the fear of flying. J Psychol, 68:1020. Shiban Y, Pauli P, Mühlberger A (2013) Effect of multiple context exposure on renewal in spider phobia. Ther, 51:68-74. Sigström R, Östling (2011) A population-based study on phobic fears and DSM-IV specific phobia in 70-year olds. J Anxiety Disord, 25:148-153. (2007) Evidence‐based practice in clinical psychology: what it is, why it matters; what you need to know. J Clin Psychol, 63:611-631. Suso-Ribera C, Fernández-Álvarez J, García-ón-López J, Banos RM et al. (2019) Virtual reality, augmented reality, and in vivo exposure therapy: a preliminary comparison of treatment efficacy in small animal phobia. Soc Netw, 22: 31-38. (2011) Cognitive processing and acrophobia: validating the Questionnaire? J Anxiety Disord, 25:896-902. Szymanski J, O'(1995) Fear of spiders questionnaire. J Exp Psychiatry, 26:31-34. (2020) Virtual reality exposure therapy for driving phobia disorder: system design and development. Appl Sci, 10:4860. Wampold BE (2001) Psychotherapy Debate: Models, Methods, and Findings. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum. - (2017) The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the Health Surveys? Psychol Med, 47:1744-1760. Wechsler TF, Kümpers F, Mühlberger A (2019) Inferiority or even superiority of virtual reality exposure therapy in phobias? - a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials specifically comparing the efficacy of virtual reality exposure to gold standard in vivo exposure in agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social phobia. Front Psychol, 10:1758. (2002) The treatment of fear of flying: a controlled study of imaginal and virtual reality graded exposure therapy. 6:218-223.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Computer prices perpetually decline for decades, while the industry is growing. Not only that people did not stop from buying computers, but computers’ sales are gradually increasing. People have needs, and as economists explain, they have a time preference, that is, they do not like to postpone gratifications [16, 17, 18]. If they need a computer, they will eventually buy it, and decreasing prices is a good incentive to make the purchase. Eventually, they will buy the computer. The third misconception is that saving is worse than spending and therefore people should be encouraged to spend their money. In fact, unlike the Keynesian thinking, over consumption is the enemy of economic growth. Clearly, people have to buy to encourage production; however, the economy cannot grow unless there is enough savings and investments. That is, as was explained by Hayek (in “the paradox of savings” [19]), when people save their money, they only postpone their consumption; they do not stop consumption altogether. Saving is a crucial ingredient in any economic growth, and therefore, there is nothing harmful in an economy with rising prices. In fact, at the end of the nineteenth century, when the American economy was based on the gold standard, the US experienced one of its best economic eras during a deflationary period [20, 21]. Evidence shows that any economy will gain from a “deflationary” currency, such as Bitcoin (or even gold, for that matter). However, if, in the future, it will be clear that there are some benefits to inflationary currency, then there are many other coins, in which inflation is part of their algorithm, for which case there is no upper limit to the number of coins. Let the market decide on the best inflationary/deflationary algorithm. Advertisement 8. Bitcoin and the government There is a claim that governments may create a competitive coin to Bitcoin, and simultaneously, the governments can outlaw Bitcoin. Indeed, the government can create a token of its own, and it seems that some governments seriously think about such an enterprise [22, 23, 24]. However, it is not clear what would be their motives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Our prospective study design using pineal microdialysis overcomes methodological limitations encountered in human studies and in animal studies that utilize other circadian markers. Human studies are confounded by the inability to measure pre-stroke circadian parameters, heterogeneity of stroke location, pre-existing medical conditions, medications, neurological disability and the unavoidable environmental variation required for medical care. As discussed above, melatonin is superior to wheel running activity, core body temperature, and heart rate as a marker for animal circadian timing; in addition, melatonin is commonly used as a clock marker in human studies [15]. In agreement with the human study by Beloosesky et al[10], we show that in the acute phase of stroke, melatonin rhythms are still present, but that the phase of melatonin rhythms is shifted. Importantly, our experiments give us added temporal resolution to quantify circadian changes and to observe unique patterns of clock plasticity after stroke. Our ability to examine individual melatonin profiles reveals that there is dramatic heterogeneity in the response of melatonin after stroke that cannot be detected in human cohort observations. We detected oscillatory behaviors in the MT-on alteration and the melatonin duration change, which suggests that a neuronal mechanism of non-pineal origin could be responsible for reestablishing the steady state after ischemic stress. The oscillatory melatonin rhythm demonstrates that in the days after stroke, the circadian rhythm is unstable. However, the oscillations dampen over days, suggesting that the rhythm will ultimately reach an equilibrium state with a stable melatonin rhythm similar to the pre-stroke rhythm. Our finding that stroke induces changes in melatonin secretion for several days differs from the previous human studies [10]; we believe that our results may be due to our ability to sample melatonin with higher temporal resolution (20 minute vs. 240 minute increments) directly from the pineal gland (versus a urinary metabolite). We were surprised by the heterogeneity of melatonin responses to stroke. Our data shows that the heterogeneity is not related to a pre-existing circadian phenotype and is not a result of differential damage to the hypothalamus, which is spared in this model of stroke. There may be several explanations for the heterogeneous effects of stroke on circadian rhythms. We speculate that diffusely distributed cortical and subcortical neurons exert distinct effects on different sets of hypothalamic neurons.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: probably know that going to the gym to exercise is good for your body. Exercise keeps us fit and healthy. Did you know that you can also exercise your mind to keep it fit and healthy? Mindfulness training is just like taking your brain to the gym for a workout. When we practice mindfulness, we are training our attention to stay in the present moment instead of wandering off with our thoughts into the past or the future. By keeping our attention in the present, and bringing it back each time it wanders, we are training the brain networks that we use to control our attention. This type of training can improve our mental health, just like physical exercise improves our physical health. ? Have you ever been so deep in thought that you did not hear someone calling your name? At times like these, our minds are full of thoughts and we are not aware of what is going on around us. Often, we are busy thinking about what is going to happen later, thinking about what happened earlier, or thinking about what is happening now. It can certainly seem like our minds are full of thoughts! But that is not what mindfulness means. Mindfulness means being aware of what is happening now, without getting lost in all of those thoughts. Mindfulness helps us become more aware of what is going on both outside and inside of ourselves, without being distracted by our thoughts. With mindfulness, we can be fully aware of our minds (see Figure 1). Figure 1 - When we bring full awareness to what is happening in the mind, we have mindfulness. Exercise for the as we need to exercise our bodies to stay physically healthy, exercising our minds can keep us mentally healthy, too. Mindfulness involves training our attention to stay in the present moment, rather than following our thoughts into the past or future. The same way we do certain exercises to strengthen our body’s muscles, with mindfulness we train the brain’s muscle—attention. Attention is the brain’s way of selecting one thing to focus on out of the wide range of things in the environment. The brain is constantly receiving information about the world around us from our five senses, as well as interpreting that information using lots of thoughts. There is so much going on in the environment, but we often need to select one thing to focus on, without getting distracted. Attention’s job is to keep that one thing in mind, so we can focus on it.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: If these governments intend to create simply a true decentralized competitor to Bitcoin, then they would face two problems: (1) a government would never be able to compete against the decentralization level of Bitcoin and (2) with a decentralized coin, the government would lose all its benefits of controlling the national currency, that is, by replacing fiat currency with cryptocurrency, the government literally kills the goose that lays golden eggs. If the government plans on creating a centralized coin (i. e. , government-controlled currency), then it could not rely on the good reputation of decentralized coins. In this case, the government would encounter a great difficulty to sell the coin to the Bitcoin community (see what happens with the new Venezuela’s Petro). Governments can confront the problem differently, and it can try to ban Bitcoin. This is evidently possible de jure but not de facto. The more the government manipulates the currency, the more the people need cryptocurrencies (see, e. g. , the case of Zimbabwe, India, and Venezuela). Advertisement 9. Technology-based money There is a good question regarding Bitcoin’s longevity. Bitcoin, the claim argues, is a technological invention. In principle, there is no reason that it would not be defeated by competing technologies. Unlike gold, which would exist forever, Bitcoin is a technology that changes in time. This is an interesting argument; however, in fact, this argument only emphasizes the similarities between gold and Bitcoin. Gold is here to stay, but so does Bitcoin. Actually, due to its decentralization, it would be extremely difficult to eliminate the entire Bitcoin blockchain. To achieve that, every copy of the blockchain should be erased. The chances of that are extremely low. Clearly, the value of the blockchain can decline substantially, but this is equivalent to a decline in the price of gold due to a lack of (technological or financial) interest. Therefore, gold is not better money than Bitcoin due to the fact that “while Bitcoin can be overthrown by competitive technologies, gold will exist forever. ” In fact, they both will probably survive for a very long time, and both may lose their value due to competitive technologies, because, in its essence, gold is also a monetary technology. Having said that, it must be emphasized that a replacement of a monetary technology is a very challenging task. Financial markets are very conservative.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Broadly distributed circadian controlling neurons may be responsible for the highly variable changes in melatonin secretion due to the stochastic nature of stroke injury, which is in the same general territory, but varies subtly from animal to animal. Alternatively, since stroke causes massive releases of glutamate into the brain, it is possible that glutamate diffusion into the hypothalamus results in the disruption of hypothalamic clock neurons. The regional spread and timing of glutamate release into the hypothalamus may differ between individuals, resulting in individual-specific patterns of circadian disruption. It is noteworthy that Wang et al. [5] described abnormalities in the circadian rhythms of stroke patients which were quantitatively dependent on the distance of the infarct from the hypothalamus. Finally, novel genetic polymorphisms in outbred Wistar rats may impact the responses of SCN neurons to cortical and basal ganglial injury. In addition to the and IML are important brain structures controlling melatonin production. Only one rat (ID2658) showed lesion near the SCN, whereas none of the MCAo treated rats showed detectable injury in the PVN region. MCAo surgery is known to spare the spinal cord where IML is found. Thus, direct neuronal defects in melatonin rhythm-generating machinery in the brain can be ruled out as the cause of the melatonin rhythm disruptions seen in our studies. Since brain structures such as IGL [20] and Raphe nuclei send projections to the SCN, injury in these regions could potentially affect melatonin output. Upon careful examination, however, none of the rats had lesions in the Raphe nuclei and only three rats (ID2658, ID2639, and ID2896) showed lesion near the IGL. There were no common features of melatonin shifts in rats with IGL lesions compared to those with intact IGL. Previous study also demonstrated involvement of CPu and parietal cortex in locomotor rhythm regulation that can be dissociated from the SCN [21]. In the same study, melatonin rhythms were shown to be phase aligned with the SCN clock gene expression and were not affected by the free-running locomotor rhythms induced by drug treatment [21]. MCAo treated rats in our cohort showed lesions in both CPu (11 of 11 rats) and parietal cortex (8 of 11), two structures that are most consistently affected in this model of stroke.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: Attention is one of the most important brain functions. When attention does not work well we have lots of difficulties, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In ADHD, people have trouble keeping their minds on one task, which makes it hard to concentrate when trying to solve a math problem at school, for example. When you focus on something, you are using networks made up of brain cells called neurons. When you do physical exercise to strengthen a muscle, you train that muscle by repeating the exercise again and again. In mindfulness, you can target these brain networks by making your attention stay on one thing without getting distracted. And when you do get distracted, you bring your attention back again and again. It is like a gym workout for your brain! Scientists have discovered that this kind of exercise can benefit mental health [1]. us try a mindfulness exercise right now. Start by sitting down either on the floor or on a chair with your back nice and straight. As you sit, just relax. Be aware of your body as you sit still. While you are sitting still, notice the rising and falling of your belly as you breathe in and out. Do not try to make your breath deeper or longer, but just let it be. Just feel it. Can you feel the sensations of movement as your belly goes up and down with the breath? Try not to think about these movements. Just pay attention to the sensations of the rising and falling of the belly as you breathe in and out. Without following thoughts as they arise, just stay with the feeling of the rising and falling. It would not be long before you start thinking of something other than your breath. Your attention will want to follow a thought, since watching the breath can be pretty boring! We usually like to pay attention to things that are exciting. But, by stopping your attention from following thoughts and just returning it to the rising and falling of your breath, you are training several attentional networks in your brain. When you focus on the breath, you use a brain network for focused attention. When you notice a wandering thought, you use a brain network for detecting distraction. When you stop that wandering thought, you use a brain network to prevent your attention from following that thought. When you return your attention back to the breath, you use a brain network for redirecting attention.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Gold has no clear chemical advantage over (for example) platinum, palladium, or iridium, and the main reason that gold is preferred over these precious metals is its early adoption as a medium of exchange (possibly due to its unique yellowish color). It may be instructive to note that there have been several attempts in the history to replace gold with other metals (iron in Sparta, copper in Rome, and even silver in the US); however, these attempts did not affect the gold’s hegemony worldwide. The same thing applies to Bitcoin. Bitcoin enjoys the network effect due to its early adoption. The gold’s unique color and its plasticity made it relatively resistant to counterfeiting. However, gold counterfeiting is still possible (e. g. , by covering tungsten with a layer of gold, because tungsten and gold have almost the same density), while Bitcoin cannot be counterfeited. Advertisement 10. Genuine scarcity This brings us to a well-known argument, that says that Bitcoin, like any other digital asset, is not scarce, and therefore can be repeatedly reproduced. The knowledgeable Bitcoin’s opponent, which uses this argument, does not mean that the number of Bitcoins can be increased ad infinitum. He means that the algorithm can be copied and an infinite amount of rival crypto networks can be created. In fact, during the writing of these lines, there are literally thousands of cryptocurrencies networks: and IOTA to mention only the first 10 within the highest market cap list. Moreover, each one of these coins can be forked to other coins. The original Bitcoin network was forked many times to Bitcoin cash, Bitcoin gold, Bitcoin diamond, Bitcoin segwit2x, etc. The argument is, therefore, that digital assets, like cryptocurrencies, can be even worse than fiat currencies, for while fiat currencies’ inflation is regulated by central banks, and the number of cryptocurrencies can be inflated uncontrollably. However, Bitcoin is not only an algorithm. Indeed, the cost of copying the algorithm is negligible. is also a very secure network. Every new Bitcoin-clone does not benefit from the same level of security. The more computational power is invested in the network; the more secure the network is, and the more people would find it safe to invest their money in it.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: These results suggest that stroke may unmask interactions between the parietal/CPu locomotor rhythm generating system and other SCN-driven rhythms by yet unidentified mechanisms. Our studies confirm the influence of the cortex and basal ganglia on circadian rhythms. In fact, extrahypothalamic mechanisms of circadian disruption have been described in preclinical models of Huntington's disease [22] and Alzheimer's disease [23]. Thus, uncovering the mechanisms of how brain dysfunction outside the retinohypothalamic pathway impacts circadian timekeeping may ultimately lead to strategies to reduce the morbidity of many neurological disorders. Our model of measuring pineal melatonin after stroke may be useful in deciphering these mechanisms, since it is quantitative and capable of detecting longitudinal changes in the same animals. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions HM designed and performed stroke surgery and performed analysis of circadian and stroke data. TL performed microdialysis surgery and melatonin measurements and analyzed melatonin data. JB directed the melatonin measurement studies, analyzed microdialysis data, edited the manuscript, and designed the figures. MMW directed the stroke experiments, analyzed data, and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of this 1. [PubMed] DOI: and Hirata, K (2002). Alteration of circadian periodicity in core body temperatures of patients with acute stroke Neurosci 56: 221–222, [PubMed] DOI: Sander, D and Klingelhofer, J (1994). Changes of circadian blood pressure patterns after hemodynamic and thromboembolic brain infarction Stroke 25: 1730–1737. [PubMed] and Ibaragi, K (2002). Circadian variation of blood pressure and neurohumoral factors during the acute phase of stroke Hypertens 24: 109–114, [PubMed] DOI: and Tseng, YZ (1997). Abnormal circadian blood pressure changes in patients with acute cerebrovascular disorders J Assoc 96: 710–717. [PubMed] and Barreca, T (1994). Twenty-four-hour beta-endorphin secretory pattern in stroke patients Stroke 25: 2142–2145. [PubMed] Jovicic, A, Ivanisevic, V and Nikolajevic, R (1991).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: When we practice mindfulness, we are always getting distracted from the breath, so we have to activate all of these networks over and over again (see Figure 2). This is why mindfulness can seem like hard work. Because it is! We are really giving the brain a workout when we try to keep our attention on the breath. Figure 2 - The process of controlling attention during mindfulness practice. First, try to follow the feeling of your breath. When your mind wanders, notice that is happening and bring the attention back to the breath. Repeat this again and again! It is like a gym workout for your brain! An important part of mindfulness is paying attention without reacting to what is going on. It is easy to get frustrated by your wandering mind. While you are trying to follow the rising and falling of the breath, just pay attention without reacting to what you are experiencing. Do not worry about whether it is easy or difficult. If you react to what is happening, you are just thinking even more thoughts! Just let your attention rest on the breath. And when it wanders, bring it back each time. Can you do it for 1 min? Have a try! to a Wandering Mind? Scientists have discovered that the more our thoughts wander the greater chance we have of being unhappy [2]. When we keep thinking about something bad that happened in the past, we could become depressed. If we keep worrying about something bad that might happen in the future, we could become anxious. Being depressed and anxious occur when our thoughts take us away from what is happening right now, into the past or the future. Neuroscientists (scientists who study the brain) have found that depression and anxiety are associated with changes in the brain. Scientists can measure the activity of neurons in the brain using a device called an electroencephalograph, or EEG. An EEG measures brain activity by recording the electrical signals produced by the neurons (see Figure 3). Figure 3 - This girl is having her brain activity measured by EEG. The wires in this cap are connected to small electrodes that record the electrical activity produced by neurons in the brain. In this way, scientists can measure whether there is more left or right sided brain activity. Greater left-sided brain activity is associated with positive feelings. These electrical signals are measured using electrodes placed on the scalp. If electrical activity is measured on both sides of the brain, neuroscientists can see if the activity is the same on both sides.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Bitcoin may lose its hegemony in the crypto sphere; however, as was explained above, it would be very difficult for new networks to pose a real threat to Bitcoin due to its proven high security and reliability. 11. Bitcoin transactions are too slow and too expensive Recently, the Bitcoin adversaries took advantage of the heavy load on the Bitcoin network, which caused slow and high fee transactions, to claim that the Bitcoin does not deliver its promises—Bitcoin transactions are too slow and too expensive. Soon, they predict, the Bitcoin network will be so cumbersome, that transactions will become unfeasible, and the Bitcoin project will be abandoned. This is indeed a problem. But this is a technological problem and not a fundamental one. It may explain why the Bitcoin market dominance declines, but it can never be used to explain why Bitcoin should be worthless. Clearly, the Bitcoin developers are aware of these problems and work constantly to mitigate the harmful effects of the network load. Several technological improvements have been suggested and implemented (SegWit, lighting network, atomic swap, and even raising block size in a forked versions of Bitcoin). Moreover, there are countless other currencies, whose transactions are much quicker and cheaper, and yet their value is considerably lower than the value of the Bitcoin network. Despite the fact that the technology is yet in its infancy stages, and there are still numerous technological challenges, the value of Bitcoin keeps on growing. Therefore, these facts should be an argument for Bitcoin and not against it, because these problems show that the need for reliable decentralized currency in the modern markets is so high, that people keep purchasing it despite the high transaction costs (and despite the fact that there are low cost but less proven alternatives). 12. Currencies backed by nothing A very popular argument against cryptocurrencies is that they are backed by nothing: “They are neither backed by gold nor are they backed by governments. ” Clearly, these are two different arguments. President Nixon, in 1971, was responsible to complete the monetary experiment that began at 1944 with the system. Since then, there is not a single fiat currency in the entire globe, which is backed by gold or by any other commodity. Hence, a commodity backup is not a crucial ingredient in the making of money. As for the second argument, what does it mean that the currency is backed by the government?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Circadian variations of platelet aggregability and fibrinolytic activity in patients with ischemic stroke 64: 487–491, [PubMed] DOI: Culebras, A and Miller, M (1984). Dissociated patterns of nocturnal prolactin, cortisol, and growth hormone secretion after stroke Neurology 34: 631–636. [PubMed] and Xie, BL (1990). Acute cerebral hemorrhage changes the nocturnal surge of plasma melatonin in humans J 9: 193–208, [PubMed] DOI: and Zisapel, N (2002). Melatonin rhythms in stroke patients 319: 103–106, [PubMed] DOI: Dall'Aglio, P (1999). Disruption of nocturnal melatonin rhythm and immunological involvement in ischaemic stroke patients Immunol 50: 228–231, [PubMed] DOI: and Bassetti, CL (2006). Sleep EEG changes after middle cerebral artery infarcts in mice: different effects of striatal and cortical lesions Sleep 29: 1339–1344. [PubMed] and Tomita, T (2001). Disturbance of circadian rhythm in heart rate, blood pressure and locomotive activity at the stroke-onset in malignant stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats Pharmacol 85: 197–202, [PubMed] DOI: Borjigin, J and Liu, T (2008). Application of long-term microdialysis in circadian rhythm research Behav 90: 148–155, [PubMed] DOI: and Kronauer, RE (2002). Comparisons of the variability of three markers of the human circadian pacemaker J 17: 181–193, [PubMed] DOI: and Sack, RL (1999). The endogenous melatonin profile as a marker for circadian phase position J 14: 227–236, [PubMed] DOI: Memezawa, H, Smith, ML and Siesjo, BK (1992). Penumbral tissues salvaged by reperfusion following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats Stroke 23: 552–559. [PubMed] and Cummins, R (1989). Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats Stroke 20: 84–91. [PubMed] Liu, T and Borjigin, J (2006).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: If there is asymmetry (lack of equality) between the two sides of the brain, neuroscientists can see if there is relatively more right-sided or left-sided brain activity. Studies have shown that greater left-sided brain activity is associated with positive feelings and behavior, while greater right-sided brain activity is associated with more negative feelings and behavior [3]. People with depression and anxiety have been shown to have higher levels of right-sided brain activity than people without these conditions [4]. to the Good for now, you might be wondering why you have to pay attention to the breath when you are practicing mindfulness. The breath has one very special feature. It only occurs now, in the present moment. If you are paying attention to your breath, you must be paying attention to what is happening right now. When your thoughts wander, you lose the present moment. But you can always come back to the present by remembering the breath. Scientific studies are beginning to show that mindfulness practice may result in increased left-sided brain activity [5]. This increase in left-sided activity may also be accompanied by more positive feelings and well-being. This is really good news, because it means that we can change our brains just by training the way we pay attention. By training our attention to stay in the present moment, we can keep our minds from running off into the past and the future and worrying about all of those things. And this may change our brains in ways that help us feel better. Glossary Mindfulness: ↑ The ability to pay attention to the present moment, without judgment or reaction. Attention: ↑ The brain’s ability to focus on one thing out of a wide range of objects. Neuroscientists: ↑ Scientists who study the brain and the way it works (neuro = brain). Electroencephalograph (EEG): ↑ A device for recording (GRAPH) the electrical activity () arising from the brain (). Conflict of The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 2015. Standardised mindfulness-based interventions in healthcare: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs. 10:e0124344. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0124344 [2] ↑ Killingsworth, M. A. , and Gilbert, D. T. 2010.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Clearly, if the government backs its currency by forbidding the usage of other currencies (in its geographical territory), then it enforces a certain minimum value for the currency. However, not all governments can or do that. In most countries, the population can make economic transactions with many currencies. Most governments back their currencies by enforcing tax payment with them. Similarly, the governments pay their employees with the national currency. However, these conducts are equivalent to the presence of a rich man in a market, who declares that any economic transaction with him can take place only with a certain currency. As richer this man is, the higher will be the value of this currency. Clearly, a government is equivalent to a very rich man, but the differences are quantitative rather than qualitative ones. One of the most instructive examples in this regard is the Swiss dinars in northern Iraq during the gulf war [25]. This is a very interesting example, which vividly illustrates the fact that paper money can be used as a medium of exchange, despite the fact that it is backed neither by any commodity nor by any government. 13. Dependence on the current monetary system An argument against Bitcoin, which was very common in its early years, is that Bitcoin is not a real medium of exchange because most traders, which accept Bitcoin, convert them to fiat currency almost immediately after the transaction. Nowadays, this argument is heard less since many sellers prefer Bitcoin over fiat money. They prefer spending their fiat money and receive and keep their cryptos. Moreover, nowadays many employees are paid in cryptocurrency. However, it is important to stress that whether the users of Bitcoin prefer to make an additional transaction after selling a product, that is, to convert the crypto to fiat, is irrelevant to the validity of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange. First, there is no praxeological difference between the exchange of Bitcoin with fiat and the exchange of Bitcoin with other goods. If a seller prefers to convert Bitcoin into fiat currencies, it only means that he had decided to use Bitcoin as a medium of exchange to purchase the fiat currencies. Moreover, one should not ignore the fact that the main reason that sellers prefer to convert their cryptos back into fiat is due to government regulations (mainly taxation) and has nothing to do with the fundamental monetary properties of Bitcoin. 14. Bitcoin and economic calculations economists used the volatility problem and the last argument to claim that Bitcoin cannot be used for economic calculations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The main aims of this study were: (1) to contrast the influences of different bright light schedules on circadian and photoperiodic organization in older adults with insomnia and/or depression and in young, healthy controls; (2) to examine whether circadian "phase correction", i. e. , shifting the circadian system to more normal timing, could improve sleep or mood among the older adults. However, since differing light treatments produced similar results, this presentation will emphasize the phase changes produced. Volunteers were 72 older adults (49 women, 23 men) ages 60–79 years, who were selected for complaints of insomnia and/or depression. The volunteers reported that their symptoms were of sufficient severity to warrant treatment. Volunteers were screened for freedom from melatonin-altering medications (with few exceptions), and the absence of acute health problems. A control group of 30 (n = 15 women, 15 men) young, healthy volunteers ages 20–40 years was studied in parallel. Volunteers signed their consent to participate in the study as approved by the. were first assessed for five-seven days in their home environments. Volunteers were asked to maintain their usual sleep and lifestyle habits during this time. two 24–30-hour periods (usually days three-four and six-seven at home), volunteers collected their urine samples approximately every two hours during wakefulness plus all voidings during the nighttime sleep period. Volunteers recorded the timing and volume of each collection, and stored 2-ml samples in their freezers. The samples were subsequently transferred to a laboratory -70°C freezer. actigraph with minute-by-minute recordings of wrist activity and illumination was worn throughout home recording, except for short removals for bathing, etc. (). The nocturnal sleep periods were determined from actigraphic sleep and illumination recording combined with daily sleep diary data. Objective sleep was scored with a validated algorithm associating wrist movement with electroencephalographically-recorded sleep [19]. For each night, actigraphically-assessed sleep onset latency (SOL), total sleep time (TST), time spent awake after initial sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency were determined. Each morning, subjective ratings of minutes of TST and WASO, and a 100 mm visual analogue rating of insomnia were also recorded. Mean baseline sleep levels were calculated, and have been reported previously [1].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness practices can reduce stress and improve focus. [SEP] Text: 01 - Exploring the future of science. Student perspectivesPublishedRecommendedOriginal ResearchData & StatisticsClinical SciencePublished on Mar 09, 2023DOI10. 56776/abbd964d. d1e123e1Mindfulness-based mobile apps can serve as a stress-prevention measure for the general populationby Rico SchmittPublished onMar 09, 2023CiteSocialDownloadContentslast released1 year agoShow detailsMindfulness-based mobile apps can serve as a stress-prevention measure for the general populationContents·A b s t r a c tapplications have the advantage of possibly reaching all digitalized parts of society. They can be easily provided since their scalability does not depend on limited resources such as healthcare professionals. Their effect on the general population as part of an insurance-covered stress-prevention program has not yet been evaluated. of the app "7Mind" who participated in a mindfulness-based stress management course (ABSM) answered questionnaires about their mental state. This survey-based, pre-post, single-arm design aimed to measure the user's mindfulness and the overall effects on the participants. To collect parameters regarding mindfulness, the Inventory was used. Results 559 paired and 9746 unpaired datasets were analyzed for pre-post differences. signed-rank test for paired groups and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for unpaired groups returned significant improvements in mindfulness, perceived pain, and other variables. results show that meditation apps could play a role in improving mental health in the general population. However, the drop-out rates demand further investigation of reasons for non-adherence and a control group design. Additionally, future research needs to investigate whether certain social groups benefit less from digital mindfulness interventions than others. 1 IntroductionMindfulness techniques have shown significant effects on healthy individuals [1] and might positively affect patients suffering from chronic pain [2] and mental disorders. [3] 'Mindfulness' generally describes the awareness of the present moment by observing and accepting unfolding emotions, experiences, thoughts, and sensations non-judgementally. [4] Mobile phone applications can be easily provided since their scalability does not depend on limited resources such as healthcare professionals. They have the potential to reach all digitalised parts of society, also those who cannot attend in-person meditation sessions due to their physical limitations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cryptocurrencies are immune to all forms of hacking. [SEP] Text: Since economic calculations are essential to any modern economy [16], it is futile, according to them, to replace the current fiat currency with Bitcoin. However, economic calculations can be made with any commodity. When a businessman has four bottles of wines, and he needs to choose between two production alternatives: one alternative that will eventually yield three additional bottles and a second one that will eventually yield five bottles, he will choose the latter. The same thing applies to Bitcoin. Crypto traders already practice this kind of economic calculations using Bitcoin. However, volatility is indeed a problem (mainly in intra-temporal calculations, i. e. , interest rates), which prevents wide adoption. Nevertheless, as was explained above, the volatility gradually declines, and it is one of the infancy problems of Bitcoin, and it is not a fundamental one. 15. Bitcoin and the division of labor Division of labor cannot exist in a nonmonetary economy. The presence of money drives people to specialize and increases their productivity beyond their personal needs. They can trade the surplus of their production in order to pursue higher gratifications (for the analysis of production in the presence of specialization, see Ref. [26]). Therefore, any adoption of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange should be accompanied by an upgrade of the division of labor. Is there any evidence for this? The problem is that it is almost impossible to attribute scientifically a specific improvement in the division of labor to a specific cause. However, it is clear that if a person prefers using Bitcoin than other currency, then he must have found it useful and more efficient for him. Therefore, this individual can spend the surplus time in further specialization. Consequently, in a free market, any unregulated usage of Bitcoin (or anything else for that matter) is a circumstantial evidence for upgrading the division of labor. 16. Bitcoin and property rights Property rights are subtle issues. There is a fundamental claim that intangible objects, like digital assets or ideas, cannot be owned. The claim is based on the presumption that property rights and private ownership are essential to manage scarce resources in the real world. Thus, according to this view, only scarce resources (like, land, houses, gold, etc. ) can be owned, while resources that are not scarce (like, ideas, patents, text, digital pictures, etc. ) and that can be easily reproduced cannot be owned [27].

Output: contrast