Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, all analysed individuals (both from Belarus and Carpathian) belonged to the same mitochondrial lineage, which suggests that they represent the same evolutionarily significant units (ESU) and as such may be used together in the reintroduction process. Pedigree-based breeding reliability When we compared pedigree data with genetic based information, we found several inaccuracies. First, some founder individuals, which should (according to breeding documentation) derive from a certain genetic line (Belarusian or Western Carpathian), did not derive from those lines. Second, captive population 1st generation offspring derived from the lineage turned out to have in part or in whole genotypes specific to capercaillie from Belarus. This may be the result of wrong assignment of founder individuals into genetic lineages or an inexact process of egg incubation and chick rearing. As all captive individuals belong to the same phylogenetic lineage, Eurasian, in this case crossing of individuals with different origin did not have negative consequences. But, once more it shows how important it is to implement genetic tools in captive breeding. Genetic based selection provides solid information which will ensure proper selection of animals for breeding and thereby ensure the preservation of a high level of biodiversity in the breeding flock. In conclusion, the genetic characteristics of both reintroduced BDF and captive CBC-WFD populations of Western capercaillie showed a high level of diversity. The main objective of captive breeding is to create a self-sustainable population capable of producing progeny that can be further used for reintroduction [5]. Thus, we showed that by this high level of biodiversity the CBC-WFD captive population poses genetic potential to be such a self-sustainable population and valuable source of individuals for reintroduction. The high level of diversity among individuals in the BDF population is a good predictor for the future, as it shows the first positive results of Bory Dolnośląskie Forest actions and leads to the conclusion that their continuation will help to fully rebuild the capercaillie population in this forest district. Thus, our results will be the basis to facilitate monitoring of the reintroduction process in the future. Supporting InformationS1 Table. List of individuals/samples used in the present study, along with sex information, samples localization and mtDNA haplotype/microsatellite cluster belonging. S2 Table. Microsatellite set used in the presented analysis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: I think the major challenges in aging research are, first, how to translate the results of animal research to humans (to intervention studies in human populations); and second, how to share and tap into the rich human phenome and medical records to predict aging trajectories and the effects of interventions for a particular individual — that is, to achieve personalized prediction and intervention. What do you see as the potential benefits of more multi-disciplinary studies on aging and what is the best way to encourage and support these? Aging has now been recognized as a true systems biomedicine problem, and now more and more grants are focused on multi-disciplinary studies of aging, which is a key factor in supporting this type of research. And there is genuine interest from the research community to engage in it. The rapidly aging global population is certainly a challenge for society, but it is also an unprecedented opportunity for aging research. All of a sudden, everyone is interested in aging, government and private funding are flourishing, so the challenge for us is how to deliver something useful for humans and translatable to large populations to address the pressures of aging populations. In fact, when deciding on the topic of our Center for Quantitative Biology’s summer symposium, the faculty, including many physicists and mathematicians, unanimously voted for aging and rejuvenation. However, there are also some practical challenges to overcome to truly embrace multi-disciplinary aging research. Although many journals are still hanging on to the classical ‘cell to animal study’ paradigm of research, many other journals, such as Nature Aging, are more open to multi-disciplinary studies. As an editor myself on many journals, I can understand how difficult it is to find the right editors and reviewers for such studies, but I envision that this will change as more researchers are educated and supported to be multi-disciplinary, like the students in our Academy for Studies in Peking University. The pandemic has affected most research communities quite severely; how have researchers in China been coping or adapting to restrictions to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2, and have many researchers pivoted to working on more pandemic-related projects? Conducting our research has definitely been more difficult recently owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. During the lockdown, only those who had published on or have grants relating to SARS-CoV-2 were allowed to return to the lab. We were fortunate that we could do computational work remotely from home.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: The gravitational lensing received a boost when Telescope (EHT) [28, 29] unravelled the first-ever image of the supermassive black hole M87*. These results offer testing grounds for gravity theories on offering a compelling probe of the strong gravitational fields. With this motivation, this paper investigates the strong-field gravitational lensing of light by the hairy black holes in Horndeski gravity [30]. As a modification to GR, the simplest extensions are the scalar–tensor theories like Horndeski gravity [31], probably the most general four-dimensional scalar–tensor theory with equations of motion containing up to second-order derivatives of the dynamical fields. Horndeski theory of gravitation is described by the action principle formulated from the metric and a scalar field that leads to field equations with no derivatives beyond second order for the metric and the scalar field, and the theory has the same symmetries as GR, namely, diffeomorphism and local Lorentz invariance. (see e. g. [32, 33]). All the terms present in the action of Horndeski gravity have been shown to be originating from Galileons, i. e. scalar–tensor models having Galilean symmetry in flat spacetime [34]. There are compelling arguments that suggest that certain modifications are required in GR at both very high and very low energy scales. Gravitational collapses are destined to unavoidable singularities, while on cosmological scales, to describe the observed accelerated expansion of the Universe, GR relies on the yet unexplained presence of dark energy [35]. Horndeski theories [36] which have been studied in both the strong gravity on compact objects, such as neutron stars, black holes [37] and in cosmological regimes to describe the accelerated expansion [38]. The space of solutions for Horndeski’s theory of gravity is endowed with hairy black holes [39,40,41,42,43,44], Among the static and spherically symmetric hairy black holes in scalar–tensor theories the simplest case in which solutions admits a hairy profile with a radially dependent scalar field was studied in [41, 45,46,47,48]. The time-dependent hairy black hole solutions within the Horndeski class of theories have also been obtained [49].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: of the and Reintroduction of the Siberian Crane, Russia’s (Leucogeranus leucogeranus, Gruidae) Download PDF E. A. Mudrik1, T. A. Kashentseva2, K. A. Postelnykh2 & …D. V. Politov1 Show authors 440 Accesses 1 all metrics AbstractA captive population of the Siberian crane has existed in Russia for over 40 years, at the moment numbering 13 founders of natural origin and 17 breeders from the first and second generations, and mainly reproducing through artificial insemination. Since 2010, using molecular genetic markers, we have been monitoring the breeding and reintroduction of the Siberian crane, analyzing the genetic diversity and relationships in different generations of the population; establishing paternity in chicks obtained as a result of multiple artificial insemination; and determining the sex in individuals at different stages of their development. A total of 304 Siberian crane individuals have been genotyped by microsatellite loci. The group of breeders from the first and second generations appears still to retain the high-level heterozygosity of the founders. However, there has been a loss of allelic diversity and an increased relatedness. Paternity has been established in 135 individuals, with sex identification carried out for 225 offspring. The primary (at the time of fertilization) and secondary (at the time of hatching) ratios of males to females in the offspring of the Siberian crane in captivity have been shown to be close to 1 : 1 parity. We have completed the previously missing information on sex and paternity in the International Studbook, including data on dead or released birds using specimens from the collection of allantoises. In general, in the modern livestock of first- and second-generation breeders in the captive population of the Siberian crane in Russia, high genetic diversity is maintained. Yet because of the increased relatedness and inbreeding in the offspring, the aging and natural loss of founders, and an insufficient reproductive success of young breeders, it is necessary to enrich the gene pool of this population by new birds from the wild or unrelated individuals from other breeding centers or zoos. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. breeding of rare species of animals, especially for the purpose of reintroducing their offspring into nature, requires the maintenance and enrichment of the original gene pool in captive populations created for this purpose.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain studies claim that biopesticides are universally safe for all environments. [SEP] Text: Loading. . . in With Username/your institution Basket en de fr Publish with us Submit your Proposal 2024 Competition 2024 & Events and & Law, Economics & Media & Society & & & and in × Zitatvorschau in to clipboard. ris BibTeX Zotero. bib EndNote. enw Fun for in by (Volume editor) (Volume editor) Minako O‘Hagan (Volume editor) ©2014 310 Pages Science, Society & Culture eBook for US$ 135. 85 Download immediately. Incl. VAT Format: PDF and ePUB – for all devices Softcover for US$ 143. 55 Shipping in approx. 10 working days national, international shipping possible Add to cart games have evolved to become a pervasive format which is beyond entertainment, enjoyed by a broad group of people rather than as a niche activity by hardcore gamers. However, to date, academic studies focusing on game localization and accessibility are few and far between, despite the fact that further research in localization and accessibility would be beneficial to all. The different contributions in this pioneering volume address the emerging fields of from different angles, providing insightful information about these relatively unexplored academic areas with such close tights to the industry. The volume is divided in two sections: the first section includes four contributions on Game Accessibility, dealing with issues such as universally accessible games and guidelines for promoting accessibility. The second section of the book includes nine contributions focussing on different issues affecting game translation and localization, such as case studies, culturalization, fan translation, and terminology management for the game localization industry. the the eBook can be cited of Section I: Accessibility to Games 1. Introduction 2. and People with Disabilities 3. Accessible 4. vs. 5. Games 5. 1. 6. A Challenging Task: Games 6. 1. Ambient Intelligence: for 7. 1. Introduction 2. Fun for All: and the Democratization of the 3. Accessibility revisited 4. Translation as a Tool to 4. 1. Gamers 4. 2. Gamers 4. 3. for All: Reducing the 5. Conclusions 1. Introduction 2. 2. 1. Accessibility in e-2. 2. Special and Devices 2. 3. Accessibility in Entertainment-3. for 3. 1. for 3. 2. Fine-grained Adaptation vs. Coarse-grained Adaptation 3. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists have found planets outside our solar system that are located in their star's habitable zone. [SEP] Text: Using reported planetary parameters of the three detected planets, we numerically integrate the system for 106 yr with mass-less test p0. 11 AU and 0. 21 AU and eccentricity between 0. 01 and 0. 25. In stable systems, the fourth planet had very little effect on the overall stability of the system. There, the dynamical evolution of the three detected planets was comparable to that of 3-planet models. The eccentricity of the undetected planet had small amplitude variations and its semi axis remained extremely stable. Thus, Gliese 581 remains a good candidate for future detection of habitable Earth-mass planets. Key words: planetary systems - stars: individual: Gliese 581 - methods: N-body simulations 1 years have seen a significant increase in extrasolar planetary detection through the radial velocity technique (Butler et al. 2006). Most detected objects are giant (Jupiter-like) planets, due to the bias of observational techniques for detecting the largest and most massive planets. Recently, higher precision has led to the discovery of planets with a minimum mass below. The first one was GJ 876d, with minimum mass of (Rivera et al. 2005). Planets with minimal mass between one and ten are often referred to as super-Earths. Super-Earths are considered rocky planets with similar chemical and mineral composition as the Earth (Valencia et al. 2007). dwarf Gliese 581 is host to two super-Earths in its recently identified 3-planet system. Two years after Bonfils et al. (2005) detected a Neptune-mass object (planet b) orbiting the star, Udry et al. (2007) announced the discovery of two additional super-Earths (planets c and d). The properties of this planetary system are given in Table 1. With the announcement of the two detections, Udry et al. (2007) pointed out that the planets may lie within the habitable zone (HZ) of the star. Attempts to define the HZ of Gliese 581 and the possible habitability of the two outer planets have been subjects of recent investigation (von Bloh et al. 2007; Selsis et al. 2007; Chylek et al. (2007)). According to Selsis et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: With the reproduction of a small number of individuals, there are threats of closely related crossings, which lead to a decrease of the genetic diversity, an increase of inbreeding depression, pathologies in the individual development of offspring, and a general decrease of its adaptive capabilities. To prevent such unfavorable processes, it is necessary to control reproduction and monitor the state of the gene pool in different generations of captive populations (Lacy, 1994; Ivy and Lacy, 2010). crane (Leucogeranus leucogeranus Pallas 1881) is one of the rarest and most endangered cranes in the world (BirdLife International, 2018). It is endemic to the Russian Federation, nesting in the lowland tundra of northeastern Yakutia (eastern population) and in the lower Ob basin (western population) (Flint and Kishchinsky, 1975; Meine and Archibald, 1996). The eastern population is quite stable: as of 2020, the minimum estimate of its abundance is 5500 individuals (Archibald, 2021). The western population of about 20 birds in the late 1990s (Meine and Archibald, 1996; Sorokin et al. , 2000) has almost disappeared by now (Mirande and Ilyashenko, 2019; Archibald, 2021). In order to create a reserve gene pool of the Siberian crane, in the period 1980–1996 in Russia, the United States, and Europe, three captive breeding populations were formed, the breeding stock of which was grown from eggs obtained mostly from nature of (Stewart, 1987; Panchenko and Kashentseva, 1995). The entire history of breeding and registration of captive Siberian cranes is recorded in the (Kashentseva and Belterman, 2014). The core of the Russian captive population of the Siberian crane is kept in the (hereinafter referred to as the OCBC), established in 1979 on the basis of the Reserve to obtain and raise chicks with the aim of releasing them into the habitats of the western population. Since 1988, Siberian cranes have been breeding regularly in the OCBC by their own and with the use of methods of increase productivity (Panchenko and Kashentseva, 1995; Kashentseva and Rozdina, 2002; Kashentseva, 2005, 2006). cranes kept in zoos and breeding centers in Russia and neighboring countries originate from this group.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain studies claim that biopesticides are universally safe for all environments. [SEP] Text: and Deployment of Games 4. The e4. 1. Combination of Input/4. 2. 4. 3. 4. 4. Features with the eEditor 5. 5. 1. Adaptation of the 1492 Game 5. 2. 6. Conclusions and Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. of a List of Solutions 2. 1. Pre-existing Lists 3. of of Structure 4. Solutions and 5. Lists of solutions by functionality 5. 1 Cognitive 5. 2. Mobility 5. 3 Visual 5. 4 Auditory 6. List of 7. Making a 1. Introduction 2. Playing with rhythm: Agents and Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan! 3. Agents 3. 1. Rhythm localized – a text analysis. 3. 1. 1. Borrowing from comics: the use of onomatopoeia. 3. 1. 2. Culture-specific items 4. Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan! 4. 1. Remakes 5. Strategies and Translation: A of and Evil: Annelies van Oers 1. Introduction 2. 3. 3. 1 Vinay and Literal translation Adaptation 3. 2 Omission 3. 3 Mangiron and O'Hagan Re-naming of key terminology and character names Contextualisation by addition Re-creation of plays on words The use of regional expressions 4. 5. Conclusions 1. Introduction 2. Fundamental factors of variation in the approach to game translation 3. Methodology 4. The OST: a specific form of constrained translation 5. The binding constraints of file management: decontextualisation, non-linearity and semantic ambiguity 6. Conclusions 1. Introduction 2. Localization, 3. Conclusions 2. 1 Terminology management reduces constraints stemming from the source text 2. 2 Terminology management improves consistency in the target text 2. 3 Terminology management saves on time and cost 3 The general procedures of terminology management in game localisation 3. 1 The key duties of a terminologist 3. 2 Terminology tools 3. 3 Terminology collection 3. 4 Terminology reference information 3. 5 Identification of target language equivalents 3. 6 Terminology glossaries 4 The establishment of a web-based terminology database for the video games domain 5 Conclusions 1. Introduction 2. Diaspora 3. 4. of Games in China 5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists have found planets outside our solar system that are located in their star's habitable zone. [SEP] Text: (2007), planets Gl 581c and Gl 581d are just outside the edges of what can be considered as the conservative HZ; however, the habitability of the planets is not entirely ruled out due to uncertainties in the precise location of the HZ boundaries. The dynamical evolution of the Gliese 581 planetary system has been previously considered by Beust et al. (2008). Their numerical integrations included various orbital inclinations, since the actual value of the inclinations are unknown. After considering various possible configurations, they concluded that the system is almost always stable. From that, they consider a 3-planet model to be a physically adequate description of the radial velocity measurements. Due to the inherent uncertainty in these measurements, the system may harbor additional, undetected planets. In the same study, Beust et al. (2008) also considered the presence of larger outer planets at the upper detection limit of the measurements. This limit placed constraints on the mass and distance of any unseen outer planet. In all the considered cases, they found that an additional outer planet had no effect on the stability of the system. Since the search for habitable earth-like planets is a subject of recent interest, we raise the question as to the possible existence of additional undetected planets inside the 3-planet system. In this paper, we numerically investigate this possibility through the dynamical stability of the system with a fourth planet, provided the contribution of the unseen planet to the radial velocity signal is just below the actual measurement uncertainty. In particular, we confine our study to the area between Gl 581c and Gl 581d, which is considered to be inside the conservative HZ (Selsis et al. 2007). Our paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2 we provide a brief description of the methods used in our integrations. We perform our integrations in Sect. 3, beginning with a 3-planet model that includes several test p4. 2 Methods and model parameters To perform our computations we used the 3D hybrid symplectic integrator Mercury (Chambers 1999), which permits close encounters between massive bodies. The initial timestep was set to 0. 027 day, i. e. 1/200 of the smallest orbital period. This small timestep ensures good resolution of the shortest orbit.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: At the moment, the breeding stock in the OCBC is represented by 24 individuals, of which 13 belong to the founders of natural origin, while 11 are producers from the first and second generations obtained from the founders. For more than 40 years of the existence of this population, the last enrichment of its gene pool due to the arrival of new individuals from nature occurred 26 years ago, and the maintenance of genetic diversity in it was carried out only through control of reproduction. This control consists not only in the formation of pairs of self-breeding birds, but to a greater extent in the selection of sperm donors for artificial insemination of females, including from several males, which increases the efficiency of reproduction and allows keepers to get offspring from a wider range of producers (Kashentseva et al. , 2019). Since 2010, we have been carrying out genetic monitoring of processes related to the optimization of reproduction and the preservation of the gene pool of the captive population of the Siberian crane in Russia. Using molecular genetic methods, we estimate the levels of genetic diversity and coefficient of relatedness in different generations and in individual pairs of birds; we establish paternity in chicks obtained as a result of multiple artificial insemination of females with sperm from different donors, determine the sex of the offspring, and carry out individual identification of birds. These activities are necessary to raise genetically healthy Siberian crane offspring that can reproduce in captivity and survive, adapt, migrate, and reproduce in nature upon reintroduction. The purpose of this work is to review the results of genetic monitoring of reproduction and reintroduction of the captive population of the Siberian crane in the period 2010–2021, as well as to analyze the current state of its gene pool in Russia using molecular genetic methods. a material for research in the period 2010–2021 we used individual non-invasive biological samples (allantois of shell membranes after hatching, frozen embryos, growing feathers, blood, muscle tissue from dead birds) from 304 Siberian crane individuals from to the captive Siberian crane population in Russia. This number includes 37 individuals from which the initial population was formed (35 individuals from nature in Western and Eastern Siberia, as well as three birds from the Foundation, United States, and the Cracid and Belgium), and 267 offspring obtained in the OCBC from 1989 to 2021.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain studies claim that biopesticides are universally safe for all environments. [SEP] Text: Language in Gaming: Monolingual, Multilingual, and 6. 7. Conclusions 1. Introduction 2. What is video game localization? 2. 1. The relevance of localization in the current undergraduate Spanish curricula 3. The situation of the video game market 4. Educational resources related to video game localization in the new Spanish curricula 5. A survey of professionals working in the video game localization sector 5. 1. Question One: From which university did you graduate? 5. 2. Question Two: What is your degree in? 5. 3. Question Three: Have you attended courses in video game localization? 5. 4. Question Four: If the answer to the previous question was 'no', has the content of any other course helped you in your professional life? 5. 5. Question Five: Do you have additional training in video game localization? 5. 6. Question Six: What is your professional profile? 5. 7. Question Seven: Do you work in-house or as a freelance? 6. Proposals 7. 1. Introduction 2. 3. Increase of 4. Playground 5. Process, Templates and Standards 6. Flexibility 7. Collaboration 8. Content types Engagement 9. Transparency, Confidentiality and Security 10. Technology 11. No static content 12. Influencers Community 13. Localization: of Game Culturalization: 1. Introduction: Culture is critical to game design 2. Levels of game culturalization 3. The critical context of culture 4. Types of culturalization challenges 4. 1 History: Past and Present 4. 2 Religion & Faith: Sacred vs. Secular 4. 3 Ethnicity: Inclusion vs. Exclusion 4. 4 Geopolitics: Imaginations of Sovereignty 5. Final comments Note of Contributors EditorialVideo games have evolved to become a pervasive format which is beyond entertainment enjoyed by a broad group of people rather than as a niche activity by hardcore gamers. More recently casual and social games have been further pushing such a trend, turning digital games into a universal phenomenon. Recent game statistics in developed countries indicate the ratio of people in the population who play digital games surpassing well over the 50% mark. For example, the US-based Association reported that 72% of the US population played a digital game in 2010 (ESA 2011: 2). This suggests mainstreaming of video games and their potentially significant influence on societies as a whole, providing further impetus to research.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists have found planets outside our solar system that are located in their star's habitable zone. [SEP] Text: From Eq. (2), this region corresponds to maximum planetary masses between 2. 2 and 2. 6. At slightly higher eccentricities there are smaller areas of stability from 0. 170 AU to 0. 175 AU and 0. 190 AU to 0. 195 AU. These correspond to planetary masses of 2. 6 and 2. 7 respectively. 4 verified the stability of the three planet model by computing the secular evolution of the Gliese 581 system. We also defined two regions of possible orbital stability inside the conservative HZ and used these regions to investigate the existence of a fourth lower mass planet. The mass of the additional planet was restricted to a radial velocity contribution comparable to the original measurement uncertainty. This restriction set the considered masses to the maximum limit for the planet to be currently undetectable. Analysis of the two possible stability regions showed that the existence of a fourth planet had a low probability in one of the regions (region A). This conclusion held for planet masses well below the current detection limit and showed that test p0. 126 AU and 0. 170 AU and initial eccentricities between 0. 03 and 0. 13. Two more ranges were found at slightly higher eccentricities between 0. 15 and 0. 25 for semi-major axes from 0. 170 AU to 0. 175 AU and 0. 190 AU to 0. 195 AU. Within these ranges, the dynamical evolution of the three detected planets was comparable to that of 3-planet models. This is an important result, since changes in their dynamical behavior would no longer provide an adequate description of the present radial velocity data set, as was verified by Beust et al. (2008). It's important to note that since the mass values represent maximums for non-detection, they do not restrict the presence of lower mass planets. Systems with a lighter planet would still be stable. Also, our use of minimal masses for the known planets, i. e. the assumption of edge on systems, has set upper bounds for the stability zones that appear in Fig. 3. We would expect smaller zones for inclined systems. The main implication to this study is that the Gliese 581 system remains a good candidate for further detection of possibly habitable Earth-like planets. In recent years, planetary detection techniques have continually achieved higher precision. Although the planetary masses we considered are too small for detection from previous data, they are close to the detection limit and may be achievable in the near future.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: The descendants include Siberian cranes kept in the OCBC and zoos, as well as those released into the wild and those that died at different stages of their development, including embryonic. Biological material from offspring born in the period from 1989 to 2009 was available for analysis from 92 individuals, and in the period 2010–2021, from all in the amount of 175 (total 267 descendants). This material was used to assess the dynamics of the genetic structure of the population over time, to determine the sex and paternity retrospectively for offspring for whom these data were not available, and for all offspring in 2010–2021. In total, paternity was established in 135 individuals, sex diagnostics was carried out for 233 Siberian cranes. The assessment of the gene pool of the modern captive population as of 2021 was carried out in a total sample of breeding Siberian cranes of 30 individuals kept in the OCBC (24 individuals, 12 females and 12 males) and the Moscow (2), Ivanovo (2), and Yaroslavl (2) zoos (a male and a female in each). Of these 30 birds, 13 individuals from nature belong to the founder group: four from the western population and nine from eastern population. The remaining 17 Siberian cranes are their descendants in the first (F1) and second (F2) generations. Producers from these generations were combined into one group to analyze the changes that have occurred in the genetic structure of the population, gradually replacing the founders, compared with the original gene pool, characteristic to birds from nature. DNA was isolated from biological samples using a Chelex100 ion exchange resin (Walsh et al. , 1991) or a DIAtom™ DNAPrep100 kit (Ltd. , Moscow, Russia). The obtained genomic DNA was used for the subsequent PCR amplification of the alleles of microsatellite loci and the sex marker using the reagent kit (Ltd. ). The assessment of genetic diversity, individual identification, analysis of paternity and family relationship was carried out on the basis of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci: GjM15 and GjM34 (Hasegawa et al. , 2000); Gpa12, Gpa38, and Gpa39 (Meares et al. , 2008); Gram22 and Gram30 (Jones et al. , 2010); and Gj2298 (Zou et al. , 2010).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain studies claim that biopesticides are universally safe for all environments. [SEP] Text: This edited volume arose from the first on Translation and Accessibility in held at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) on 2 -3 December 2010, organised by the Transof UAB, which is part of the Centre for and Accessibility in Catalunya (CAIAC). The focus of the conference was unique in its comprehensive approach combining game accessibility, game translation and localization and also related issues in broader environments of virtual worlds. Such combination was due to a broad view of accessibility, which not only encompasses users with functional diversity, but also those who due to age or skill are not able to play a game successfully, those who do not speak the original language of the game, and those who due to socioeconomic conditions cannot access games or virtual platforms. In addition, both game localization and accessibility are issues that ideally need to be taken into account early in the development process of a game, in order prevent costly modifications at a later stage. If accessibility and localization are considered since the conception of the game, it should not be too costly or cumbersome to translate the game into other languages or include accessibility ← 9 | 10 → features, such as the possibility to remap the controls or have intralingual subtitles. Gathering together researchers in academia as well as practitioners from the industry, the conference provided an ideal forum to exchange different perspectives to add to the emerging areas of research in translation and media accessibility of digital content. The conference demonstrated how research on game localization and research on game accessibility are gathering momentum, albeit they are still relatively unexplored academic fields. To date, most of the research conducted on game accessibility has been carried out by academics from engineering and computer studies backgrounds, such as the Games (UA-Games) at the Human-Laboratory of ICS-FORTH in Greece, who have developed a number of universally accessible games, and a handful of industry professionals interested in the topic, such as the Group (SIG) at the (IGDA). Most information and guidelines on game accessibility can be found on specialised blogs and websites, and are addressed to developers, to help them make their games accessible to the widest range of population. However, there seems to be a lack of awareness by mainstream developers and publishers about accessibility issues and due to the pressures and time limits associated to the release of a game, accessibility services usually are not a priority.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionWe sometimes feel as if we just resonate with something or someone, and this feeling seems far beyond mere intellectual cognition. It happens in various situations, for example while watching a movie or connecting with people or groups. What is the mechanism of this “resonance”? Let’s take the example of watching and feeling a film, as movies can affect us deeply, far more than we might realize at the time. It’s intriguing to pry open the filmmaker’s workshop and take a closer look at the methods used to influence the spectators. Let’s uncover this magic, using Dr. Karen Pearlman’s book Cutting Rhythms: Shaping the (Pearlman 2009). The author, well known for her pioneering work in articulating the underlying principles of rhythm in film is, says: Rhythm shapes cycles of tension and release by shaping time, energy, and movement through the film in patterns designed to provoke and modulate particular qualities of empathetic response. I emphasize empathetic here, because rhythm is a felt phenomenon; the spectators’ experience of rhythm [—] is an embodied, physiological, temporal, and energetic participation in the movement of images, emotions, and events in the film. (p. 62–63) The author refers then to rhythms that evoke empathetic responses. This is done by creating cycles of tension and release, synchronizing the spectator’s rhythms to the film’s pulse and its fluctuations. Synchronization (SYNC) is perceived as pivotal for shaping the film’s rhythms into a vehicle that triggers an empathetic resonance. Taking a closer look, Pearlman mentions physiology and neuroscience: The mirror neurons embedded in our brain reflect the movement and sounds seen on the screen and beef up the spectator’s empathy. More than that, a body-based, empathy-kindling path (called kinesthetic empathy) induces an inner image of movements seen onscreen. The observer essentially “internally simulates” the observed movements and, without actually moving, feels his own body configuration change in response. Both those paths (mirror neurons and kinesthetic interaction) make us experience physiological tension and release virtually simultaneously, as we perceive the movie’s patterns of intensity and relaxation; and thus we enter the universe of synchronization.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: This group was also characterized by a lower number of alleles per locus (NA) compared to the founders due to the loss of six unique alleles (Gram30178, Gram30182, Gpa38174, GjM15112, Gj2298178, Gj2298205), but it inherited two rare alleles from one of the deceased founders (Gpa12218, Gpa38190), which were currently not represented in the sample of birds of natural origin (Table 2). Table 1. Parameters of genetic diversity in the groups of founders of the captive population of the Siberian crane and producers from the first (F1) and second (F2) generations by microsatellite lociFull size tableTable 2. Allelic diversity and allele frequencies of microsatellite loci in the groups of founders of the captive population of the Siberian crane and producers from the first (F1) and second (F2) generationsFull size tableThe negative value of the coefficient of the relationship in the group of founders from nature indicated that the founders were unrelated (R = –0. 076). In the sample of producers from F1 and F2, this indicator was positive (R = 0. 034) and significantly differed from that of the founders (Fig. 1), which indicated an increased and obvious degree of genetic relatedness of the new generations of producers and an increase of inbreeding. Nevertheless, the value of this indicator was reduced for producers from F1 and F2 due to the replenishment of this group with new individuals (at the moment there are 17 of them) compared to 2014, when there were eight birds and their relationship coefficient was R = 0. 164 (Mudrik et al. , 2014a). Fig. 1. Mean values of the relatedness coefficient R and the limits of 95% confidence intervals determined using 1000 bootstrap repeats in the samples of the founders of the captive population of the Siberian crane and producers from generations F1 and F2. Full size imageIn other generations of offspring, most of which were released into the wild at the breeding and migration sites of the western population of the Siberian crane, a decrease in the allelic diversity was noted, and in the sample consisting only of the descendants of the F2 generation, the relationship coefficient was maximum and was at the level of siblings (R = 0. 320) (Mudrik et al. , 2014a).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain studies claim that biopesticides are universally safe for all environments. [SEP] Text: It could be argued that by not taking into account accessibility, developers are leaving behind an important segment of the population: people with disabilities, who according to the UN account for 10–12% of the word population (Bank, 2009). People with sensorial (visual, auditory), cognitive, and physical disabilities also can enjoy playing video games, as they are fun and provide hours of entertainment. As regards the topic of game translation, we wish to share a few observations on the development of the domain that is beginning to emerge as a legitimate research field in Translation Studies. Following the official declaration of year one of game studies in 2001 (Aarseth, 2001), academic research on video games has multiplied, helped by its increasingly ubiquitous presence in modern life and, most of all, by its inherent richness, inspiring many a research avenues. When the Handbook (Chandler, 2005) was first published, the domain was a somewhat esoteric practice, little known beyond the immediate circle of practitioners and gamers involved in fan translation of games. Despite its close link to ← 10 | 11 → software localization, which has been integrated into translator training at many universities for some time now, localization practices applied in video games have remained under reported until recently in academia. Similarly, the localization industry has focussed mainly on business-oriented productivity software. For example, in the early days games were not even included in the official statistics of the software industry as they were categorised as consumer goods and part of the entertainment sector (Berry, 2008:66). Localization found early difficulties gaining recognition both in industry and academia, is now an essential part of the game industry which relies on global sales while rapidly establishing itself as an interdisciplinary area of research in academia. Contemporary games are sophisticated technological as well as cultural artefacts with multiple perspectives that lend themselves to study and analysie from many and distant fields: from Psychology to Neuroscience or Sociology. Studies game localization is often introduced as a hybrid mode of (AVT) and (Munday, 2008:190) in an attempt to locate this newly emerged practice within an established category. The research trajectory so far in game localization illustrates how the field tagged itself to these pre-existing domains, motivated by the fact that video games are indeed audiovisual media and also that they are pieces of software. In the sense that both are dynamic fields sensitive to advances on technology, the boundaries between the two currently separate divisions are increasingly becoming blurred.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: According to Pearlman, by modulating tension and release, rhythm acts on the observer as a generative aspect of his or her comprehension of a film, regardless of its genre, topic or quality. The role of the editor is to determine the timing, pacing, and trajectory phrasing of its movement, and spectators’ bodies respond to this rhythm [—] and SYNC up into a physiological phenomenon of feeling with (Pearlman ibid, p. 68). The film editor’s insights are supported by the conclusions of various researchers. For example, Gallese and Guerra (2013), as a result of discoveries in neuroscience, propose a novel approach to cinema that considers cognition but also incorporates the body expression. The triad: film, body and brain, can be a new basis for understanding film theory. With the advancement of new digital technologies for analyzing movies and individuals’ reactions to them (Shimamura 2013a), there opens a new approach in cognitive neuroscience, the embodiment of which is applied to film studies (Gallese and Guerra 2012). New disciplines are emerging: Neuroaesthetics (Chatterje 2012; Kirk 2012) and Psychocinematics (Shimamura 2013b). It seems worthwhile to take a closer look at our film editor’s conclusions, reached through professional experience and intuition. Are her conjectures supported in research outside the realm of cinema? If so, does that mean that this influencing-through-rhythm mechanism works outside the movie-watching experience? And finally, captivating notion: Maybe this isn’t an isolated phenomenon. Maybe people also communicate through rhythm in everyday life? The departure point for addressing these questions will be the notion of empathy. Next we will document the neuroscience behind this phenomenon, and finally, we’ll look at the synchronization processes based on mirror neurons and empathy. 2 Being in the shoes of others2. 1 EmpathyNeither animals nor humans are selfish, writes a known primatologist (2009). Empathy is an ancient trait, as old as maternal care; mothering based on being sensitive to and anticipating the needs of developing offspring is more successful than less responsive types of care. thus turns upside down the long-held notion of humans (and other animals) as competitive and supremely selfish, concerned only with their own survival and perhaps the survival of their offspring.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: In this regard, producers from different generations were bred in different combinations, including with unrelated founders, in order to obtain the maximum possible genetically diverse offspring, not burdened by the consequences of inbreeding. Crossbreeding of unrelated Siberian cranes in the modern captive population of the Siberian crane is more difficult to carry out each year, since three generations of relatives are already used in breeding. Out of 30 birds, four pairs (eight individuals) breed by themselves, this is one pair of founders in the OCBC and three pairs of producers from F1 and F2 in zoos. The remaining 22 individuals are kept in the OCBC in pairs, but they are crossed both by themselves and cross-bred using artificial insemination, involving birds from all generations in this process. At the same time, to increase the success of reproduction, each female is inseminated repeatedly, using the sperm of different male donors. Such measures are necessitated by a small amount of ejaculate, often insufficient for insemination of the female; low productivity (normally one chick per breeding season); complex sexual behavior; and sensitivity to external conditions and susceptibility to stress, which makes reproduction difficult in cranes in general, and in the Siberian crane in particular (Gee and Mirande, 1996; Kashentseva et al. , 2019). Insemination of females is carried out in the spring during the breeding season with a frequency of 2–3 days until the required number of eggs is obtained for artificial incubation or incubation by parents or adopt families. Prior to the introduction of molecular genetic methods in the breeding process of the Siberian Crane, in the case of successive insemination of a female with sperm from different donors, the male, the sperm of which was used two days before the laying of a fertilized egg, was considered the father of the chick. However, since the spermatozoa of cranes can remain viable for some time in the female reproductive tract (long-term storage ) (Maksudov, 2006), it is possible to establish paternity in chicks obtained as a result of multiple artificial insemination only using DNA analysis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain studies claim that biopesticides are universally safe for all environments. [SEP] Text: is an illustrative example of such a practice encroaching into both territories. Rather similar to the initial passage of audiovisual (AVT) research, studies on are developing from a largely descriptive nature to a deeper conceptualisation both by practitioners reflecting on their work and researchers applying theoretical frameworks borrowed and adapted from Translation Studies. So far the work conducted in has highlighted game-specific features in relation to other types of translation work. For example, they may be regulatory and operational constraints under which this practice is customarily performed, including age ratings as well as censorship implications and the severe limitation on the availability of contextual information, as is te case for Dubbing, subtitling and Voice-over practices where translators have partial access to the visual text or they translate preproduction material (Orero, 2005). ← 11 | 12 → This practise is also shared in game translation for games released under a sim-ship (simultaneous shipment) model where localised games are released together with the original game. In a sim-ship model, translators work with a product under development. In translation research contexts, three key facets of modern games, i. e. technological, socio-cultural, and its didactic dimensions, are starting to attract scholarly attention. Research may be directed towards implications of new types of user interface, sophisticated use of cinematics or audio channel, and the use of games to learn languages to name but a few. Similarly, socio-cultural issues are increasingly addressed by researchers focusing on aspects of gamer culture, such as fan translation, and also a wide range of cultural transformation required beyond the verbal dimension during the localization process. We believe that a more systematic and interdisciplinary approach bringing together academics from different disciplines with various research backgrounds and methodologies, such as and Computing, Human Rights, is required to promote further meaningful advances in both game localization and accessibility and also to avoid duplication of efforts and ideas. The collection of papers we have assembled in this volume focuses on game translation and accessibility and includes some of those presented in the I on Translation and Accessibility in together with fresh contributions received from elsewhere that are relevant to the conference theme. Because of the emerging nature of the topic and the academia-industry mix of contributors, we have applied a strict academic convention to research-based contributions selection, while deciding to also include vaulable 1995.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: Instead the author finds huge amounts of empathy, cooperation, and concern amongst species, tribes and other groups, and families. It all starts with “emotional contagion,” which is a primitive form of true empathy. In essence, we are simply infected with others’ emotions or behavior. holds that cognitive empathy is a higher state that allows us to understand and actually feel the emotions of the others. This capacity arose long ago with motor mimicry and emotional contagion, after which, evolution brought small modifications, until our ancestors not only felt what others felt but also understood what others might want or need. This enhanced their ability to survive and propagate. 2. 1. 1 When empathy was discovered? Prior to the development of the notion of empathy, Theodor LippsFootnote 1 introduced the term Einfühlung or Einfühlungsvermögen (German: “feeling with” or “managing feeling with”), which referred to the tendency of perceivers to project themselves into the objects of perception and experience them as being “in” the object, so that they were “felt” as well as “seen” (Håkansson 2003). The term empathy per se was coined by Titchener,Footnote 2 in the process of developing Lipp’s concept of Einfühlungsvermögen (Håkansson 2003). 2. 1. 2 Empathy seen as an affective reactionIt seems that most definitions highlight the affective reaction as the backbone of empathy. This approach is well represented by Roy (2010), who posits that empathy is an essential part of emotions and is itself a specific emotion involving a feeling element of familiarity or connection and a bodily reaction of verbal or nonverbal communication. Empathy in general would mean feeling what the other person is feeling and “being in the shoes of the other. ”Eisenberg and Strayer (1990): “In our view, empathy involves sharing the perceived emotion of another—“feeling with” another” (p 5) or Roy (2010): “Empathy is an essential part of emotions and is itself a specific emotion involving a feeling element of familiarity or connection and a bodily reaction of verbal or nonverbal communication.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: We also showed the same mortality of embryos of both sexes and the absence of deviations in the secondary ratio (at the time of hatching) of males and females in the Siberian crane (Mudrik et al. , 2015a), which is a good indicator of the reproduction of this rare crane species in artificially created conditions. use of molecular genetic markers qualitatively increases the possibilities of controlling the process of breeding the Siberian crane and allows one to obtain the necessary information about the relationship of breeding birds, inbreeding, paternity, and gender of the offspring, including retrospectively. Thus, in the sixth issue of the (Kashentseva and Belterman, 2014), we made 16 paternity corrections and 15 gender corrections for birds included in previous editions of the Studbook. In general, according to our studies, the modern population of producers of the first and second generations in the captive population of the Siberian crane in Russia was formed in such a way that it retained a high level of heterozygosity characteristic of the founders; however, the loss of individual alleles and genetic relatedness in the generations of new producers were gradually increasing. The impoverishment of allelic diversity and an increase of the level of inbreeding affected the genetic structure of their offspring reintroduced into the breeding and migration sites of the western population of the Siberian Crane. As a result of natural decline and aging over the past decade, the founder population has decreased and become less productive, and some birds of 30–40 years of age have ceased to breed entirely. At the same time, the new generation of producers has not yet reached the peak of their reproductive capabilities and its potential may not be enough to obtain the required number of viable chicks for reintroduction and maintenance of the gene pool of the captive population of the Siberian crane, although genetic control over reproduction and efforts to improve the genetic quality of offspring in the existing conditions are constantly being made. In this regard, at present, the captive population of the Siberian crane in Russia needs to enrich the gene pool with new birds from nature or unrelated individuals from other breeding centers or zoos. At the same time, the conducted studies have shown the effectiveness of genetic monitoring of Siberian crane breeding, which should be continued in the future. 67. Bao, W. B. , Wu, S. L. , and Zhang, H. X. , Sex identification of seven species of cranes in China by PCR, J. Anim. Vet. Adv. , 2009, vol.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Certain studies claim that biopesticides are universally safe for all environments. [SEP] Text: Müller also compares these translations with another fan translation by Anglophone fans, as well as the updated official English version, released in 2008. Müller’s analysis focuses on the following aspects: dialogue additions and omissions; the re-creation of play on words; the renaming of characters and terminology; censored items; the deliberate use of regional expressions, and the modification of a character’s speech style. He concludes highlighting the need for further studies exploring the interesting and growing phenomenon of game fan translations. As its title indicates, the paper in Localization, by Xiaochun Zhang, tackles terminology management in game localization, an issue that has been to date overseen. Zhang argues that terminology management can be extremely beneficial for the game localization industry and discusses the processes and methods of managing terms in industrial practice. She concludes with an assessment of the benefits of establishing an online video game public terminology. Stephen Mandiberg’s paper, Games, Localization, and Diaspora, approaches game localization from a cultural studies perspective. Mandiberg is critical about the way in which localization practices to date have failed to make games accessible to alternate populaces, such as communities in diaspora. After defining the concept of diaspora, he focuses on the example of the Chinese diaspora and argues that games localized for the Chinese locale are inaccessible to people from across the Chinese Diaspora, living in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Australia, or the United States. He proposes “omnilingual language implementation” in game localization as a solution ← 15 | 16 → to this problem, which would allow players to choose different language and dialect combinations or download language packs as required. Mandiberg also explores how crowdsourcing could contribute to solve this issue and facilitate the development of diasporic games. The following contribution, by és, on Offer in at an Undergraduate Level, claims that game localization training currently on offer at Spanish universities is insufficient, as most undergraduate degrees in Translation and Interpreting do not include this subject in their curricula, despite the growing industry need for trained localisers. After outlining a number of prerequisites for working in the game localization industry, Carreira and Arrés subsequently analyze the training currently on offer in Spanish universities. They also present the opinion of several localization professionals they interviewed about the training currently offered.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: Empathy in general would mean feeling what the other person is feeling and “being in the shoes of the other. ” [—] Empathy is closely related to intuition and, like intuition, helps in the understanding and recognition of emotions in others. Empathy is thus described as recognizing other people’s emotions through intuition and is marked by a feeling of connecting to the other person. ”Stotland (1969), Hoffman (1987), and Barnett et al. (1987) also delineated empathy in affective terms and conceptualized empathy as feeling a vicarious emotion that is congruent with, but not necessarily identical to, the emotion of another. 2. 1. 3 Cognitive and epistemological aspects of empathyIn the 1930s both MeadFootnote 3 (1967) and PiagetFootnote 4 (2008) emphasized the cognitive aspects of empathy, highlighting the ability to understand the other, beyond mere “feeling into. ” Mead, especially, saw children’s ability to role play as the key to their development. He put forward that meaning “arises in experience through the individual stimulating himself to take the attitude of the other in his reaction toward the object” (Mead ibid, p. 545). Piaget emphasized empathy as a cognitive function requiring an individual to de-focus on her or himself and imagine the role of another (Håkansson 2003). Bandura (1969, 1971) introduced the mechanism of vicarious learning, i. e. , an ability to emotionally learn by observation; he noticed that the two components of vicarious learning are firstly, the behavior of a model that produces reinforcement for a particular behavior, and secondly, positive emotional reactions aroused in the observer. and Singer (2006) also highlight the epistemological role of empathy, because by sharing the emotional state of others, we are well-equipped to develop a more precise and direct estimate of others’ plausible future actions. Also empathy provides knowledge about important environmental properties, as we emotionally learn by observation, e. g. , seeing someone being burned by a machine, we attach a negative “avoidance” value to the machine, without having experienced pain ourselves. In this sense empathy is an efficient computation tool for acquiring knowledge about the attributes of the world around us. 2. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractRoads are a main threat to biodiversity conservation in the Amazon, in part, because roads increase access for hunters. We examine how increased landscape access by hunters may lead to cascading effects that influence the prey community and abundance of the jaguar (Panthera onca), the top Amazonian terrestrial predator. Understanding such ecological effects originating from anthropogenic actions is essential for conservation and management of wildlife populations in areas undergoing infrastructure development. Our study was conducted in Yasuní Biosphere Reserve, the protected area with highest potential for jaguar conservation in Ecuador, and an area both threatened by road development and inhabited by indigenous groups dependent upon bushmeat. We surveyed prey and jaguar abundance with camera traps in four sites that differed in accessibility to hunters and used site occupancy and spatially explicit capture-recapture analyses to evaluate prey occurrence and estimate jaguar density, respectively. Higher landscape accessibility to hunters was linked with lower occurrence and biomass of game, particularly white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) and collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), the primary game for hunters and prey for jaguars. Jaguar density was up to 18 times higher in the most remote site compared to the most accessible site. Our results provide a strong case for the need to: 1) consider conservation of large carnivores and other wildlife in policies about road construction in protected areas, 2) coordinate conservation initiatives with local governments so that development activities do not conflict with conservation objectives, and 3) promote development of community-based strategies for wildlife management that account for the needs of large carnivores. Citation: (2018) When roads appear jaguars decline: Increased access to an Amazonian wilderness area reduces potential for jaguar conservation. 13(1): e0189740. Marco Apollonio, Universita degli Studi di : July 7, 2017; Accepted: November 30, 2017; Published: January 3, 2018Copyright: © 2018 Espinosa et al. This is an open access 1. Camera trap arrays in four sites in Yasuní ordered from low to high human access. A) Lorocachi; B) Tiputini; C) Keweriono; D) Maxus Road. in Yasuní primarily comprises evergreen tropical terra firme forest with canopy height between 25–40 m [31].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 1. 5 million types of fungi, of which nearly 400 species can infect animals and less than 400 species can infect humans. Nevertheless, some fungal diseases can result from opportunistic fungi. In general, a fungi cell wall is made up of chitin, 1,3-β- and 1,6-β-glucans, and proteins, together with other polymers. The cell wall composition is characterized by being so flexible and changes at regular basis during the cell separation. It was reported that the cell wall is associated with several hydrolytic enzymes, which are responsible for maintaining the cell wall flexibility beside their importance for crosslinking of polymers as well as cell division. However, fungi are eukaryotes, which mean that there are many common features in the structure of their cells together with those of humans. There are four types of antifungal agents that are commercially available: azoles, echinocandins, polenes, and pyrimidine analogs (Tawara et al. 2000). Continuous approaches have been developed to improve biological control as safe alternative to the use of fungicidal agents. Researchers found that many insects produce different compounds, which have antifungal activity. Numerous biologically active peptides have been produced by many insects and interestingly these peptides show wide biological activities as promising antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agents (Mishra and Wang 2012). Peptides showing promising antifungal activities include drosomycin produced by the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (et al. 2003), termicin produced by termites (Khaleel et al. 2013), heliomycin produced by the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (Fehlbaum et al. 1994), gallerimycin isolated from the greater wax moth “Galleria mellonella” larvae (González-Santoyo and Córdoba-Aguilar 2012), and cecropins A and B from the giant silk moth Hyalopora cecropia (Schuhmann et al. 2003). In this review, the potential use of fungi and insects as biological control agents against each other was highlighted. Describing the history of using EPF, their killing mode, host range, and the factors affecting EPF virulence were studied.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: 4 Empathy as connectednessEmpathy relates to connectedness and to a sense of just knowing what another person is feeling, and is closely related to intuition (Roy 2010). Moreover, it can be defined as recognizing other people’s emotions through intuition and a feeling of connecting to the other person (Roy idem). Pavlovich and Krahnke (2012) document that empathy enhances connectedness through the unconscious sharing of neuro-pathways that dissolve the barriers between self and other. Gallese (2005, 2009) analyzes connectedness as embodied simulation. In his recent paper (Gallese 2014) he highlights the role of the bodily interaction indicating that the discovery of mirror neurons led to the proposal of an embodied approach to intersubjectivity; in that perspective intersubjectivity is being viewed as intercorporeality. 2. 1. 5 Empathy as a mixed affective and cognitive reactionEisenberg (2002) considered both emotional and cognitive factors and defined empathy as “an affective response that stems from the apprehension or comprehension of another’s emotional state or condition, and that is similar to what the other person is feeling or would be expected to feel” (p 135). Similarly, Davis (1996), Pavlovich and Krahnke (2012), and Ickes (1997) depict the emotional and cognitive aspects of empathy. 2. 1. 6 Moral aspects of empathyEmpathy plays a key role in contribution to altruism and compassion for others in physical, psychological, or economic distress. It provides feelings of guilt over harming someone and feelings of anger at others who do harm. Empathy is a pivotal factor in the parental behaviors that foster moral internalization in children. It is also a gateway to internalizing abstract moral principles (Hoffman 2001), especially in that it includes “ethical responsibility in the face of the Other” (Thompson 2001, p. 17). 2. 1. 7 Social aspects of empathyEmpathy is also a departure point for pro-social behavior and cooperation. People help others more when they report having empathized with them. On the contrary, individuals with empathy deficits are more likely to display aggressive, antisocial behavior toward others. Some say that lack of empathy during development results in lack of morality. However, empathy is not a necessary condition for taking pro-social action; it additionally requires sympathy to be a motivation for reaching out and helping (and Singer 2006).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: Flood plains and swampy areas dominated by the palm Mauritia flexuosa occur along margins of the main rivers. Seasons are not marked. Annual rainfall is ~3,000 mm with >100 mm precipitation in all months. Mean monthly temperatures are 22–34°C [31]. Study design We hypothesized that in Yasuní: 1) abundance of large game is strongly influenced by landscape accessibility to hunters, and 2) reductions of large game cause local declines in jaguar density. Indigenous inhabitants in these areas generally do not hunt jaguars [19,32–34]. Based on this, we predicted that occurrence and biomass of prey would be lower in more accessible areas and that we would observe lower local densities of jaguars in these areas. To evaluate our predictions, we surveyed prey and jaguar populations in four sites in Yasuní with varying degree of access. Ordered from the least to the most accessible, these sites were Lorocachi [76°00’30”W, 1°42’23”S], Tiputini [76°00’07”W, 0°42’35”S], Keweriono [77°07’27”W, 1°00’49”S], and [76°26’49”W, 0°40’11”S] (Fig 1; Table 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Hunter’s accessibility at four study sites in Yasuní. Accessibility is measured as distance (mean km ± SD) of camera traps to three sources of access: roads, rivers and settlements. (Fig 1A) is located near the adjacent to the southern border of Yasuní in the buffer area of the reserve and is accessible only by air. This site is inhabited by a Kichwa community of 120 people and a 300-person army base, both established in 1953. Army personnel are not allowed to hunt and are provisioned by Ecuador’s army. Protein demands of the Kichwa are met with poultry, fishing, and hunting.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: History of using EPFAccentuation for the history of using organisms in the field is comparatively elusive, but it seems that the first earliest demonstration of the EPF was done by (1773–1856) who noticed that the larvae of the silkworm moth, Bombyx mori (Linn. ), suffered from a disease. According to the color of the conidial layer protrudes from insect cuticle, he named it the white muscardine (Zimmermann 2007). Further studies were then effectuated by the naturalist Balsamo-Crivelli, who described it as Botrytis bassiana, later changed to Beauveria bassiana (Rehner and Buckley 2005). This was the first microorganism recognized as animal pathogen; thereafter, many researchers had proofed that fungi could be used against pest insects (Audoin 1837; Pasteur 1874). However, (1845–1916), in Russia discovered the green muscardine when he investigated the wheat cockchafers and identified it as Entomophthora anisopliae, which changed subsequent to Metarhizium anisopliae (Vega et al. 2009). Main textFungi infection and mode of actionInfection process and mode of action of the EPF have been precisely defined in a considerable number of publications. Researchers unanimously documented 2 ways of spores’ mobility to infect their host insect, (Akbari et al. 2014) as a result of its small size, the conidia’s powdery clusters are easy to transport by air (Nolard 2004) or water (Hageskal et al. 2006) till meet its host, and (Almeida and Pokorny 2012) insect infected with fungus itself is considered to be a mechanical carrier that can easily transmit fungi to the intact individuals by direct friction (Ambethgar 2009) or by the excretion of viable conidia in their fecal droppings (Bruck and Lewis 2002). EPF percutaneously attack their hosts; hence, the infection pathway comprises the following 6 stages: adhesion of the spores; germination; penetration through integument, wounds, or trachea; hemolymph colonization, in the meantime, fungus attempts to overcome the host immune reactions; hyphal formation and proliferation; and sporulation and new conidia outgrowth (Leao et al. 2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: 2. 1. 8 Kinesthetic empathy interaction (KEI)Sometimes strange things happen to one’s imagination, especially when one watches a dance performance. Spectators of dance, even while seated, often feel they are participating in the movements they observe and experience related feelings and ideas. This is called kinesthetic empathy interaction (KEI), delineated as movement empathy, a foundational technique of dance/movement therapy, in which practitioner and client move in synchrony. The other name used for this phenomenon is attunement. Spectators can internally simulate movement sensations of speed, effort, and changing body configuration (Hagendoorn 2004; Fogtmann 2007). However, some call this this bodily reaction “motor mimicry” and depict it as “primitive empathy,” see: Eisenberg and Strayer (1990). 2. 1. 9 The complex phenomenon of empathyEmpathy seems a complex phenomenon, having many dimensions: interactive, cognitive, affective, epistemological, moral, social, and collaborative—see Fig. 1:Fig. 1The phenomenon of empathyFull size image This leads us to a syndromic concept of empathy, seen as the ability, constructed by emotional, cognitive, behavioral and communicational competencies, to tune into the internal states of the others. 2. 1. 10 Defining empathySome authors propose that there are three primary aspects of empathy: an affective response to another person, a cognitive capacity to take the perspective of the other person, and some self-regulatory and monitoring mechanisms that modulate inner states evoked by the empathetic reaction (Thompson 2001). However, the variety of definitions of empathy have been vague or confusing; as a result, operational definitions of and measurement techniques for empathy vary greatly from one study to another (Gerdes et al. 2010, 2011; Segal et al. 2012). Empathy so defined could manifest itself regardless of the reaction of the other, including in those situations where the other doesn’t even observe our reaction. In other words: A person may express empathy more intensively with some people than with others, e. g. , some may empathize especially strongly with children of alcohol abusers or with social innovators struggling against all odds. The level of a person’s empathetic reaction may also vary according to the situation, e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: Kichwa in Lorocachi have no-hunt areas and limited harvest of Salvin’s curassow (Mitu salvini), Amazonian tapir (Tapirus terrestris) and white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) within their hunting area [35]. Our survey area was accessible only on foot and extended from 3 to 21 km from the community of Lorocachi. Based on maximum distances walked by Amazonian hunters from settlements or sources of access (i. e. , 8–9 km), we estimate that 70–80% of this survey area is out of reach of hunters [18,19]. site (Fig 1B) is located on the northern margin of Yasuní accessible only by the Tiputini River. Although this area is not inhabited, we observed ammunition, remains of hunting camps, and Waorani and Kichwa hunters while conducting our study (one and two occasions, respectively). As hunters have to travel 3–5 hours from their settlements by dugout canoes to reach this site, it is likely that hunting occurs sporadically. site (Fig 1C) is within the Reserve in the western portion of Yasuní, and includes the settlements of Apaika (10 inhabitants) and Keweriono (60 inhabitants) along the Shiripuno River. Apaika and Keweriono are 15 and 25 km from the Auca Road, respectively. All our survey area is accessible to hunters by foot, and hunting has been continuous in this area since establishment of Keweriono in 1989. Hunting is principally for subsistence purposes, but smoked bushmeat is occasionally traded along the [30,33]. Hunters from Apaika and Keweriono can get to the road on foot (6–8 hrs) or by traveling on the river (3–6 hrs). Road site (Fig 1D) encompasses hunting areas of four Waorani settlements (Guiyero, Tiwe, Ganketa and Timpoka) with a combined population of 70. All this area is accessible to hunters by foot and has been hunted continuously since settlements formed in the early 1990s after the road was constructed. Bushmeat extraction is greater at this site than our other study sites as Waorani along this road use wildlife as a commodity, trading approximately 35% of the total harvest at local markets [19].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: temperature, sunlight, and humidity, are among the most important abiotic factors, which profound influence on the growth and virulence of a pathogen. It is well known that temperature and relative humidity significantly influence the survival, germination, growth, and virulence of EPF (Bugeme et al. 2008; Mishra et al. 2015). Soil plays a key role in forming insect populations hence the inhabiting EPF. The communities of EPF differ from one location to another, for example, populations of EPF in the arable soils seem to be different than those in barren lands (Devi et al. 2006; Garrido-Jurado et al. 2011). Quesada-Moraga et al. (2007) detected EPF populations in a wide area of Spain, the EPF were isolated from 175 soil samples out of the 244, and only 2 species were found, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae. Clay content and pH degree were the 2 predictive factors for the prevailing of B. bassiana, while the content of organic matter was the influencing factor for the occurrence of M. anisopliae. The alkaline sandy soils found to be empty of any fungal species, whereas soil samples rich in organic matter with acidity contained a high density of EPF. Thus, various fungi species inhabit the soil for a part of their life cycle as it can provide a suitable shelter can provide protecting from unsuitable conditions (Toledo et al. 2008) in which the fungi producing conidia to build up their populations. Insects as antifungalMany peptides that showed antimicrobial activities have been isolated from various sources such as bacteria, fungi, and plants as well as animals. Those antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) vary greatly in their properties. AMPs have different molecular weight that range between 1. 3 and 30 kDa. They also showed a variable potency and a biological activity spectrum. Most AMPs are heat stable due to the existence of fewer amino acids (Laverty et al. 2011). Many antimicrobial peptides are cationic, named CAPs. More than 1000 CAPs have been fully characterized (Hale and Hancock 2007; Pasupuleti et al. 2012).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: , some may be more prone to empathize in the context of natural disasters, others in the context of a performing art. Empathy might lead to action (“empathetic action”, Gerdes et al. 2011) but not necessarily (Hoffman 2001); it is, however, usually associated with intention to respond compassionately to another person’s distress (Thompson 2001). Empathy differs from compassion as compassion demonstrates caring for others, but it tends to be limited to feeling sorry for. It also differs from sympathy defined as “feeling an emotion triggered by seeing/learning of someone else’s distress which moves you to want to alleviate their suffering. ” (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright 2004, p. 165). Empathy goes further, being an ability to see the world through others’ eyes, sensing and understanding their feelings in the same way as they do (Segal 2007). 2. 1. 11 Measuring empathyThe conceptualization of empathy, especially the embraced dimensions (cognitive, emotional, behavioral, etc. ), determines the measurement techniques, which differ in various studies, making it difficult to identify one, comprehensive approach (Gerdes et al. 2010). Currently, one of the two most popular assessments, the (EQ), designed to be short and easy to use, encompasses both affective and cognitive components (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright 2004). Satisfactorily valid and reliable it is especially applicable to the field of mental health, i. e. , to the Disorder (Lawrence et al. 2004). The other approach developed in the social work field is called Index (EAI). It’s based on five dimensions: affective response, self–other awareness, perspective taking, emotion regulation, and empathic attitudes (Lietz et al. 2011; Gerdes et al. 2011) and as such, seems comprehensive, grasping all the critical components of empathy. What’s missing, however, is the kinesthetic interaction, a critical component for measuring SYNC (see later in this 2. 2 Can we learn empathy? We can definitely ingrain and enhance this capacity in small children. also (ibid) believes that empathy can be enhanced, as we do when we urge a child who is hogging all the toys to be more considerate of her playmates. 2. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: 8 fold changes in the total biomass of ungulates between low access and high access sites (Kruskal-Wallis X2 = 55. 69, df = 3, P < 0. 001, Table 3). For example, biomass of white-lipped peccaries was 15 and 46 times higher in Lorocachi and Tiputini, respectively, than in Maxus Road. Biomass of collared peccaries was 2–3 times higher in the two most isolated sites than in the most accessible sites (S3 Table). Biomass of non-ungulate prey species was similar among all 4 sites (Kruskal-Wallis X2 = 0. 84, df = 3, P = 0. 839; Table 3). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Biomass of jaguar prey at four sites in Yasuní Biosphere Reserve. Data are the average of biomass indexes (kg/day) for camera trap stations at each site. Lorocachi and Tiputini are the most isolated sites and Keweriono and are the most accessible sites. observed a positive relationship of ungulate prey biomass with distance to settlements (r = 0. 71; P < 0. 001; HDI95 = 0. 61 to 0. 79; Fig 3A) and distance to roads (r = 0. 34; P < 0. 001; HDI95 = 0. 21 to 0. 48; Fig 3B), and a marginally significant relationship with access to rivers (r = 0. 19; P = 0. 06, HDI95 = 0. 02 to 0. 33; Fig 3C). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Relationship between ungulate prey biomass and landscape accessibility measured as distance from camera trap stations (km) to settlements (A), roads (B) and rivers (C). Data points are an index of ungulate biomass (kg/day) at each station. Jaguar abundance in Yasuní Density estimates were based on a total of 59 captures that corresponded to 30 adult jaguars (18 males, 7 females and 5 un-sexed animals, S4 Table).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Naturally derived CAPs are formed of a positive charge between + 2 and + 9, due to the presence of a very few acidic residues, like aspartate or glutamate together with many of cationic amino acids including arginine or lysine and/or histidine (Yeung et al. 2011). The presence of hydrophobic residues, that constitutes about 30–50% of the whole peptide structure (such as tryptophan or branched amino acids such as valine), plays an important role in providing an amphiphilic structure upon the interaction with membranes (Qiu et al. 2018). This amphiphilic property, together with the existence of a large amount of positive charges, results in the effective antimicrobial activities of CAPs. Any change in the ratios of net charge and hydrophobicity will greatly affect the antimicrobial activity as well as the peptide spectrum towards various microorganisms. Increasing the antimicrobial activity could be increased by adjusting the lipophilic: charge as in the case of glycopeptides. Vancomycin is a glycopeptide that is effective against many methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Dalbavancin and oritavancin are vancomycin lipoglycopeptide derivatives that showed increased antimicrobial activity against vancomycin-resistant strains (Zelezetsky et al. 2005). The amino acids constituting the CAPs primary sequence are the main factor that affects the antimicrobial spectrum and broad structural diversity (Thomas et al. 2010). Although CAPs may have different secondary structures, they still share the same basic properties for developing amphipathic structures and being cationic under certain physiological conditions (Maloy and Kari 1995). The secondary structures of the peptides consist of amphiphilic β-sheet structures with two or three disulfide (stabilizing) bonds, together with an α-helical short segment or/and from 2 to 4 β-strands. The formation of disulfide bridges results from a large amount of cysteine found in the primary sequence. α-Defensin and β-defensin are two examples of naturally derived peptides in mammalian host defense system (Wilson et al. 2009). The structure of these peptides is a point of interest since the majority of hydrophobic moieties are found in one face of the helix structure.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: 1 Roots of EmpathySome are doing that work now. For example, (2005) is known for her program Roots of Empathy, which significantly reduces aggression among schoolchildren while raising social/emotional competence and increasing empathy. In the program a parent and infant engage with students in the classroom. A Roots of guides the children as they observe the relationship between baby and parent, helping them understand the baby’s intentions and emotions. Through this model of experiential learning, the baby serves as “teacher” and catalyst, helping children identify and reflect on their own feelings and the feelings of others. An longitudinal research on the impact of the Roots of Empathy program (Berkowitz and Bier 2007) documented that Roots of Empathy children demonstrated lasting: increase in social and emotional knowledge decrease in aggression increase in pro-social behavior (e. g. , sharing, helping, and including) increase in perceptions among ROE students of the classroom as a caring environment increased understanding of infants and parenting. 2. 2. 2 Immerse virtual reality embodiment reducing racial biasAlthough the act of merely observing in immerse virtual reality (IVR) the pain of other racial group representatives doesn’t stimulate sensorimotor empathic brain responses (measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation; Avenanti et al. 2010), it was noted that embodiment in IVR might reduce racial prejudice. Experiments with the embodiment of light-skinned participants in a dark-skinned virtual body (VB) significantly reduced participants’ implicit racial bias against dark-skinned people (Peck et al. 2013; Groom et al. 2009). Notably, however, other techniques, such as imagining the dark-skinned person’s perspective in real life, had no significant impact on racial bias (Groom et al. ibid). This means that IVR-embodiment into another’s VB may reduce racial (or political, interpersonal, and other) biases and merits further exploration in areas such as conflict resolution and peacemaking. 2. 3 Empathy helpsof Empathy program indicates that developing empathy as a means to prevent antisocial behaviors such as bullying and juvenile aggression also helps prevent later problems including dropouts, juvenile delinquency, and addiction. On a societal level, the ability to share other people’s emotional experiences and to react to them might facilitate social communication and create social coherence (and Singer idem). 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: A total of 13 jaguars were captured in Lorocachi (our most isolated study site), 6 in Tiputini, 8 in Keweriono and 3 in (our most accessible study site). Both, the spatially-explicit and the methods provided similar results. For SECR analyses, we achieved convergence for Nsuper and ψ at all sites but not for σ and λ0 (S5 Table). Density decreased from 5. 44 ± SD 2. 04 individuals/100 km2 in our least accessible site to 0. 29 ± SD 0. 26 individuals/100 km2 in our most accessible site (Fig 4; S6 Table). For the method we obtained effective trapping areas that varied from 458–486 km2 (S6 Table) and jaguar densities followed a similar pattern to SECR analyses, with a maximum density of 3. 91 ± SE 1. 11 and a minimum of 0. 65 ± SE 0. 26 individuals/100 km2 in our least and most accessible sites, respectively (Fig 4; S6 Table). The assumption of demographic closure for non-spatial models held for all four sites (S6 Table). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Jaguar density estimates at four sites in Yasuní Biosphere Reserve. Sites are arranged from least accessible to most accessible. Error bars correspond to SD and SE for Bayesian-SECR and methods respectively. DiscussionWe show that facilitation of hunter access to a natural landscape can lead to development-induced impacts on predators and prey that end with reducing abundance of jaguar, the top predator of our study system. Our findings clearly support our first hypothesis that higher landscape accessibility (i. e. , proximity to settlements, roads and rivers) to hunters leads to reduction of prey. These results are consistent with studies that show hunting effort is higher near settlements or sources of access [18,19,63]. Occurrence and biomass of the two species of peccaries, the species most harvested by Waorani [19,32–34], along with tapir and two species of brocket deer, were reduced in areas highly accessible to hunters. This pattern was evident even though our study sites were within a large relatively intact forest where source-sink dynamics could have diluted our capacity to detect such patterns [17].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: However, the polar amino acids that play an important role in solubilizing the microbial membranes are located in opposite face of the helix (Schmidt and Wong 2013). Amphipathic α-helices are not able to form disulfide bridges due to the absence of cysteine (Shai 2002). Among the peptides found in nature are magainin that is isolated from the skin secretions of certain frog species named Xenopus laevis (Schäfer-Korting and Rolff 2018), also mellitin, which is obtained from honeybee venom (Laverty et al. 2011; Cardoso et al. 2018) as well as the cecropins, which is a group of the dipteran defense insect peptides (Almeida and Pokorny 2012). On the other hands, cyclic peptides are uncommon class of CAPs. These cyclic structures contain β-turn affected by just a single disulfide bond such as dodecapeptide obtained from bovine neutrophils (Price et al. 2019). Antifungal peptide groupsThe studies reported some peptides with antifungal activities, as they show their ability to suppress fungal growth or even reproduction. The antifungal peptides are classified on the basis of mechanism of action (Gelotar et al. 2013). The first group of fungal peptides is the amphipathic peptides. This group is widely distributed in nature and gains a lot of importance as antifungal compounds. They are membrane lytic peptides that are characterized mainly by the presence of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues. It has 2 surfaces, one is positively charged, while the second surface remained neutral (uncharged) (Fosso et al. 2015). Moreover, some of these peptides cause disturbance of the membrane structure without crossing the membrane itself (Leuschner and Hansel 2004). Additionally, the second group of peptides can disturb the synthesis of the cell wall and it also can disturb the glucan or chitin biosynthesis (Fernández-Carneado et al. 2004). The antifungal agents belong to these 2 structural groups of peptides are considered to be very effective and safe for immune-compromised patients (Desbois et al. 2010).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mirror neurons in the brain play a role in empathy and understanding others' emotions. [SEP] Text: 3. 1 Empathy preventsIndeed, empathy is identified as an essential ingredient for effective parenting, especially for the mother of a distressed infant, and as protection against the possibility of aggression (Dolan and Fullam 2007). Engaging empathic processes in children and adolescents results in reducing their aggression; this sort of empathy training may be useful for encouraging positive social behaviors (Björkqvist 2007). It also builds social intelligence and negatively correlates with direct types of aggression: physical and verbal (Kaukiainen et al. 1999). Moreover, there are better prospects for improved long-term prognosis of psychopathy if treatment is aimed at increasing the empathic reaction of children with psychopathic tendencies (James and Blair 2007). 2. 3. 2 Healing by empathyThere are also indications that empathy may be a curative factor in various disorders (Farrow et al. 2005); the authors proved that building empathy is useful for healing PTSD. Scanning the brain (fMRI) they found that PTSD patients, after a cycle of modified cognitive behavioral therapy aimed at understanding others and being more empathetic, demonstrate a significant increase in the neural response to social cognition tasks. These findings can be a gateway to an empathy-based therapy program for PTSD patients. And who hasn’t experienced the beneficial influence of benevolent medical care? Researchers also document the vital importance of the doctor-patient relationship and the role of empathy. Doctors should listen to their patients, communicate with them, and thus the physician and patient become partners in the healing process. This enables the process of healing by empathy (Adams 2010). Moreover, empathy is an important element of healthcare professional and patient communication and is a key feature of emotional intelligence. Health professionals should be trained to effectively implement empathy, in order to achieve the desired therapeutic results (Ioannidou and Konstantikaki 2008). A very special healing relationship based on empathy is the psychotherapeutic bond. Since the advent of Carl Rogers’ client-centered approach based on empathetic understanding (Rogers 2003), the results of much research indicate that empathy, in its contemporary understanding, is not only an essential part of the therapeutic alliance (Bergemann 2011), but also (or first and foremost) a curative factor per se (Staemmler 2011). Truly empathic therapists are also skilled inquirers, sensitively attuned to their clients and appropriately involved in the therapeutic process (Erskine et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wildlife conservation is equally effective in every environment around the world. [SEP] Text: The lack of evidence for anthropogenic mortality of jaguars supports our conclusion that the negative relationship between jaguar density and human access likely results from reduction in prey when areas become accessible to hunters. Human access is superimposed on a heterogeneous landscape where other factors also contribute to differences in fauna among sites. Prey biomass, especially white-lipped peccaries, was particularly high in Tiputini. Across Amazonia, white-lipped peccaries are strongly associated with wetlands dominated by the palm Mauritia flexuosa [65,66]. Palm wetlands are more common at Tiputini and the heavily hunted site than at our other sites (15. 7% and 8. 3% of the area of trap arrays, respectively, vs. < 1%; [67]). The abundant palm forests may explain the high biomass of white-lipped peccaries in Tiputini where human hunting was low. In contrast, harvesting of white-lipped peccaries by Waorani on is intense (>50% of total biomass of harvested bushmeat; [19]), and the occurrence and biomass of this species was low in our surveys even though highly favorable habitat was present. Unexpectedly, although Tiputini had the highest occurrence and biomass of ungulates, this site did not have the highest jaguar density. Some plausible explanations include: 1) behavioral factors [68], for example, deterrence of other jaguars by a dominant male; 2) heterogeneity in detection probability [69] caused by differences in landscape composition across sites and not modeled because of limited data; and 3) edge effects associated with the location of this site at the reserve boundary [70]; during our research at Tiputini we observed commercial hunters entering our study area through the Tiputini River, and it is possible jaguars were poached for their parts in this area. Across the range of jaguars, a key challenge for understanding threats to jaguar populations is the logistical difficulty of obtaining robust density estimates. We followed recent recommendations for analysis of camera trap data for jaguars [62], but our estimates of jaguar density should be used with caution (e. g. , for comparison across studies) because, as with most studies, we were still limited by small samples sizes particularly at heavily hunted sites.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: of Center (USA) has developed an interesting antimicrobial peptides data base (APD). Furthermore, the update of this antimicrobial peptide database (UAPD) provides very helpful information about 1228 peptides, among which 327 are considered antifungal agents (Wang et al. 2009). Examples for antifungal peptidesVarious biologically active peptides have been found in many insects (Table 2). Interestingly these peptides showed antibacterial and antifungal, as well as antiviral activities (Mishra and Wang 2012). It was reported that insects produce a huge number of different antifungal proteins to be protected against threatening fungal diseases. Many insects exert high antimicrobial activity towards Gram-positive bacteria; however, lower action was detected towards Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, or yeasts (Fu et al. 2009). So far, very few compounds with antifungal activities have been detected in insects. As examples, drosomycin produced from D. melanogaster (et al. 2003), gallerimycin isolated from the greater wax moth “Galleria mellonella” larvae (González-Santoyo and Córdoba-Aguilar 2012), and termicin produced from termites (Khaleel et al. 2013), as well as heliomycin has been found to be produced from the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (Fehlbaum et al. 1994). Table 2 Naturally occurring antifungal peptides originated from various insect sources (Schuhmann et al. 2003)Full size tableThe studies also showed the production of two types of cecropin from the giant silk moth Hyalopora cecropia. These were named that were found to be lytic linear peptides. These two peptides showed about 95% killing effect towards Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium oxysporum (Schuhmann et al. 2003). Plus, both peptides have shown a great antifungal activity in acidic medium (pH 5–6). However, only cecropin A has exerted antifungal activity at neutral pH. This could be attributed to variation in charge found at the two peptides C-terminus (Pushpanathan et al. 2013).

Output: pass