Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: While the role of 3D printing in medicine is rapidly expanding and will certainly be a part of medical care going into the future, it is important that quality assurance (QA) programs are in place as part of the development and maintenance of a 3D printing program. To develop a QA program, it is important to identify the steps involved in generating a 3D model. There are essentially three steps involved in 3D printing in medicine: (1) Step one involves the acquisition of 3D volumetric images of the patient. (2) Step two is to separate out the anatomy of interest from surrounding structures and output the segmented virtual models as stereolithography (STL) files. This step also includes the editing of the original segmented objects, such as wrapping and smoothing. (3) Step three is to print the physical models and clean them. While the accuracy of medical imaging is a critical first step in 3D printing, the additional elements of segmentation and processing of imaging data and the technical aspects of the 3D printing process can all affect the accuracy of the final 3D printed model. Each of these production steps should be individually evaluated, analyzed and optimized. Medical confidence in the accurate representation of patient anatomy and pathology is a necessary component of medical 3D printing applications. A successful QA program requires input from all stakeholders involved in the 3D printing process. As such, it is critical to build an interdisciplinary QA team. Typical stakeholders include: 1) Surgeons or physicians who order the model know the clinical need, and are the end users of the model; 2) Interpreting radiologists who possess expertise in acquiring and interpreting the imaging study; 3) Medical physicists who are experts in the imaging technology and ensure exams are performed with optimized scanning and reconstruction techniques; they also have extensive experience and leadership roles for the QA programs in a radiology department; 4) Technologists who perform the imaging and segmentation; 5) Engineers and operators who do variable amounts of segmentation, model design and printer maintenance. An essential component of a successful QA program is effective communication between these team members to ensure creation of a high quality model. A QA program with validation, verification, and documentation to assure accuracy and quality is therefore a key component of 3D printing. Fortunately, radiology departments have significant expertise in the development of QA programs and this experience can be adapted to medical 3D printing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Collection techniques depend on many factors like pest species, host plant, type of natural enemy, habit, time, weather and others. 2. 3. 1. Picking up infested plant leaves Plant leaves are picked up and transferred in cloth bags to the preservation greenhouses where emerged natural enemies could be classified and maintained. Infested leaves containing parasitized insects of mulberry trees were picked up and transferred to the laboratory; then the parasitoids were counted after their emergence [25]. Leaves of tomatoes or potatoes infested with leaf feeders Phthorimaea operculella, Spodoptera littoralis, Tuta absoluta and Agrotis ipsilon were collected then the parasitoids were counted after their emergence [26]. Immature predators were collected and transferred to the laboratory together with the plant material infested by their prey scale insects for rearing to the adult stage [27]. 2. 3. 2. Beating tree branches in cloth bags Leaves and/or branches (shoots) are picked up from trees and beaten in cloth or paper bags; then they were transferred to preservation greenhouses. Hendawy et al. [25] used this method for sampling predators and parasitoids of mealybug on mulberry trees. Small branches of pine trees were beaten in cloth bags and transferred in the laboratory for surveying mealybug natural enemies [28]. Also mango trees were sampled by the same methods for monitoring the natural enemies of Aulacaspis tubercularis and Kilifia acuminata [29]. Infested small branches were collected in cloth bags and predators were counted in the laboratory [27, 28]. 2. 3. 3. Sweeping net technique Sweeping net technique is a common technique for collecting parasitoids and predators such as Chrysopid, Syrphid and Coccinellid species from vegetable and field crop plants. Sayed [30], ELbehery [26], and Badr [31] used the sweeping net in tomato or potato fields, usually by 50 double strikes by walking diagonally across the experimental plots. 2. 3. 4. Direct collection of insect individuals Parasitized caterpillars or white grubs infesting roots are directly collected and transferred to preservation greenhouses where emerged parasitoids could be classified and maintained until their releases in the next season. Sallam et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: 21Malgré cette grande érudition, cette période est elle-même ancrée dans une profonde crise de transmission qui se fait sentir au siècle de la Renaissance, et qui se manifeste de trois manières : l’apparition d’une nouvelle définition de l’homme comme liberté, la vive contestation de l’éducation médiévale et l’activité de traduction des humanistes, pour qui le perfectionnement de l’intelligence humaine ne peut se parfaire qu’au contact d’une parole et d’un savoir étrangers. Or en osant interroger, comprendre, interpréter et traduire les trois formes de discours que nous avons évoquées plus haut, Érasme va contribuer à l’élargissement du pouvoir des mots et du langage, réussissant par ce biais à rendre l’humanité plus libre. 22C’est à ce niveau d’analyse que nous pouvons comprendre de quelle manière ce mouvement humaniste est à l’origine d’une rupture sans précédent dans la pensée, dans la mesure où elle produira une révolution dans les mentalités : désormais l’humanité est au centre du monde et on abandonne la norme chrétienne d’un être humain uniquement définissable par son union à Dieu et soumis à la volonté divine.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Expansion of QA programs to include evaluation of the unique characteristics of 3D printing technology and segmentation processes forms the basis of a medical 3D printing QA program. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the QA program that has been developed at our institution to assess the accuracy and precision of each step of the 3D printing process. MethodsWe have developed a systematic approach that involves QA for each of the major steps of 3D printing: imaging, segmentation and processing, and printing. In the following subsections, we will discuss the appropriate QA process for each of these three major steps. QA and optimization of image acquisitionThe first step of anatomic modeling is to acquire volumetric image data of the patient. The quality of the image data (i. e. spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, artifacts) has a direct impact on the accuracy and efficiency of the following steps, e. g. segmentation, processing, and printing. Therefore, thorough control of the quality of the acquired image data plays a critical role as it directly affects the quality of the final model. CT and MRI are the most common imaging modalities used to generate 3D volumetric data for the purpose of anatomical modeling. At most institutions, CT and MRI scanners are accredited by an accreditation organization, such as of Radiology (ACR). As part of the accreditation, a QA program is required that includes the performance of routine tests for all scanners. Tests are performed on a daily, monthly and annual basis depending on the requirements specified by the accreditation organization. During the QA process, geometric accuracy and spatial resolution are routinely checked [22, 23]. As scan and reconstruction parameters directly affect image quality, imaging protocols need to be optimized to meet the needs of 3D modeling. For example, lower tube potential (kV) can be used in CT to increase the enhancement of iodine contrast when building vascular models [24]. Contrast injection and bolus timing can be adjusted to separate arterial and venous phases of the contrast enhancement. Image slice thickness and reconstruction kernel are important factors influencing the spatial resolution and image noise. Thick images can generate discontinuous, stair-step like boundaries on the segmented model (Fig. 1). The reconstruction kernel impacts both spatial resolution and image noise, which need to be balanced based on particular applications.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: [32] collected white grubs infesting sugarcane roots and reared until parasitoid emergence. Larvae of armyworms were collected in sugarcane fields and were taken to the laboratory and fed on pieces of cane leaves until parasitoid emergence. 2. 3. 5. Aspirator devices Aspirator or vacuum devices are used for collecting flying natural enemies from trees, orchards, vegetable and field crops. Adult parasitoids and predators were collected using an aspirator and dropped into a jar. Erler and Tunç [27] used aspirator devices for collecting the predacious mites from orchards and wild trees. Advertisement 3. Preservation of natural enemies Preservation greenhouses are dedicated for natural enemies rather than commercial production of crops. Preservation practices represent the cornerstone of conservation biological control. Preservation practices could be applied individually or in combination to maintain and improve efficiency of collected natural enemies. The currently applied practices for preservation of natural enemies in different fields are summarized in Table 2. enemy 2. Examples of preservation practices of natural enemies in different crops. Practices of preservation of natural enemies are many and vary according the types of natural enemies, the target pests, the plants and the ecological conditions. 3. 1. Plant-provided food Many plants can provide food sources for natural enemies like nectar, pollen and plant sap but the effect of these food sources depends on the type of predator/parasitoid. Specialist natural enemies reproduce only in the presence of their specific prey/host species. However, most other natural enemies are feeding on both plant resources and prey [34]. Wäckers et al. [9] stated that adults of parasitoids and gall midges can increase their longevity, flight activity and oviposition by feeding on nectar. General predators consume multiple prey types and may feed also on nectar and pollen provided by plants [9, 13, 34, 35, 37, 74]. Adding some flowering plants like sweet alyssum and coriander to a sweet pepper crop resulted in higher densities of hoverflies [36]. Plants that produce a lot of pollen, like Ricinus communis, provided more pollen to predatory mites [75]. Flowering alyssum provided food resources for the predatory bugs Orius laevigatus and Orius majuscules during times of prey scarcity [76–78].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: On peut désormais critiquer la scolastique, sorte d’enseignement universitaire formaliste, rigide et figé, qui ignorait en réalité les écrits des philosophes et des savants de l’Antiquité grecque et romaine, ou bien les avait déformés par des traductions et interprétations destinées à les rendre conformes aux croyances chrétiennes. 16 Mireille Huchon, Les français de la Renaissance, Paris, PUF, 1988. 23À partir de ce moment, on réfléchit à ce que Cicéron appelle l’humanitas, mot qui désigne la culture générale, et l'on décide que la vraie culture de l’esprit commence avec la relecture et la traduction des textes antiques. S’ensuit alors un travail considérable d’érudition, de traduction et de critique à partir des textes complets et authentiques afin de connaître la culture antique, par exemple ses représentation profanes : Aphrodite et Vénus. De même les antiques déesses de l’amour sortent de l’oubli et leurs charmes inspirent à nouveau les poètes. Cet effort pour connaître la culture antique à partir d’une traduction et d’une lecture personnelle et directe de ses trésors va de pair avec la création d’instruments de travail nécessaires pour la comprendre : grammaires, dictionnaires, création du Collège de France16, etc. Le rôle éducateur des « » dans la traduction des cultures 17 Marc Fumaroli, L’Âge de l’éloquence : rhétorique et « res literaria » de la Renaissance au seuil de (. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: For models with fine structures, such as the temporal bone, a sharp kernel is more appropriate to get the best spatial resolution (Fig. 2). Conversely, for models with moderate to large size, low contrast objects, such as liver lesions, a smooth kernel is more appropriate to control image noise (Fig. 2). Fig. 1 a kidney model made off 3 mm slice thickness showed stairwell artifacts, while they were not visible on the model made off 0. 6 mm slice thickness (b)Full size image Fig. 2Temporal bone (a, b) and liver (c, d) images reconstructed with soft (a, c) and sharp kernels (b, d)Full size image Novel imaging techniques should be adopted to assist the process of 3D printing to improve accuracy and efficiency. For example, both bone and iodine-enhanced vessels have high CT numbers and show up as bright structures in regular CT images. It can be challenging to separate such bones and vessels. Dual-energy CT, which uses the energy dependence of the x-ray attenuation coefficient, can easily differentiate these two materials [25]. In this case, a ‘bone removal’ process can be performed to remove bones while leaving iodine enhanced vessels. Thus, dual-energy CT acquisitions may be desirable for vascular models. Another challenge frequently encountered in 3D printing is image distortion caused from artifacts in patients who have metal implants. Metal artifacts substantially degrade the image quality of both CT and MRI, and contaminate surrounding anatomy. Novel metal artifact reduction techniques can be used to reduce metal artifacts, consequently improve the efficiency and accuracy of 3D printing (Fig. 3) [26]. Fig. 3CT images of a patient with dental fillings (a) and that after application of a metal artifact reduction algorithm (b). Pixels in blue color were results of thresholding segmentation, aiming to separate bone from soft tissues. Metal artifacts contaminated the segmentation in the original images (a) while was removed in the image with metal artifact reduction algorithm (b)Full size image Segmentation and processingSegmentation and processing are critical steps in transforming medical images into physical models. The goal is to separate the organ of interest from the surrounding anatomy and prepare STL files that are ready for the printer. It is important to understand the number of ways these steps can impact the accuracy of the final 3D printed models.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Flowering ornamental pepper can support and increase populations of Orius insidiosus in ornamental crops [38]. Another approach can be to select crop varieties with increased levels of plant-provide food resources [79]. Thus, the availability of plant-provided food can be a driving force in biocontrol success program [80]. 3. 2. Food sprays Artificial or natural food supplements can be sprayed or dusted onto the crop to support natural enemies in crops where nectar and pollen are absent or only present at low densities [41]. For example, pollen sprays can serve as food for predatory mites and enhance their efficacy against thrips and whiteflies on cucumber [39, 42]. Corn pollen is also suitable for increasing populations of Amblyseius swirskii and Euseius scutalis. These pollens could be mechanically collected in large quantities [43, 44]. Other types of pollen are commercially available for pollination, such as apple pollen and date palm pollen. Application of pollen on chrysanthemum plants increases the establishment of many natural enemies [45]. Studies with predatory mites showed that adding Typha latifolia pollen to a crop clearly enhanced the biological control of thrips, even though the pollen is edible for thrips itself [39, 40]. The development of inexpensive alternative food sources is one of the major opportunities and challenges for enhancing biological control in different crop [50]. 3. 3. Introducing non-crop plants harbouring the prey species The use of alternative prey/host plant species for the preservation of released natural enemies in many crops has been of interest for biological control of insect pests [17]. A widely applied system in different crops has been the use of monocotyledonous plants with cereal aphids that serve as alternative hosts for parasitoids of aphids that attack the dicotyledon crop [17, 47]. Prey/host plants can also be established on the edges of the field to bridge non-crop periods and contribute to the preservation of natural enemies [46]. Some alternative prey species that are not harmful to the crop may support their natural enemies [11, 81–84]. Woody habitats (hedgerows, field margins) often provide a more moderate microclimate than the centre of fields, protecting natural enemies against extreme temperature variations [14, 85, 86]. 3. 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: ) 18 Eugenio Garin, L’Éducation de l’homme moderne, la pédagogie de la Renaissance, 1400-1600, Paris, Fa (. . . ) 24Nous examinerons dans un second temps l’apport en matière d’éducation de ce vaste mouvement intellectuel17 qui a pris forme au XVIe siècle en réaction au Moyen Age, époque supposée obscure, pour apporter une lumière nouvelle à l’existence humaine. L’élan humaniste a été donné par beaucoup d’érudits célèbres mais nous nous concentrerons sur l’apport de l’humanisme érasmien à la pluralité des cultures ainsi qu’à son action pour une nouvelle éducation des êtres humains18. 25Notre objet sera de comprendre la contribution d’Érasme, aussi bien au niveau interculturel des « Belles-lettres » chargées de travailler à l’accomplissement des facultés humaines, qu’au niveau du programme d’éducation libérale qui confirme sa règle d’or, « L’homme ne naît pas homme, il le devient », par amour des livres et des langues. Nous analyserons ainsi le projet humaniste érasmien à partir de son action de traducteur et de commentateur de l’héritage gréco-romain, non plus comme lecteur de la Bible, ce que nous avons vu plus haut, mais sous l’idée d’une éducation nécessaire et nouvelle des êtres humains et d’un devoir d’éducation de l’humanité.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: The first step is to convert DICOM (and Communications in Medicine) images, standard data format for storing and transmitting information in medical imaging, into segmentation software. There are many segmentation software tools; some proprietary and others freeware. At our institute, Mimics/3matic (Materialise, Belgium) is used for segmentation. Mimics/3Matics has an FDA 510 K clearance for its defined intended use. There are both automatic and manual tools for segmentation. These include, but are not limited to, thresholding based on density signal magnitude, region growing based on continuity of selected signal, and addition, subtraction and filling tools. All staff should be well trained in the optimal use of the segmentation software tools available in their lab. Automatic segmentation tools cannot be totally relied upon to impart the advanced medical knowledge of anatomy and pathology that is essential for high quality medical segmentation. Depending on the complexity of the model there can be a number of varied steps in the segmentation process, including hand segmentation, which can be time intensive. All segmentation involves some level of judgement on what to include, how to include it and what not to include. Early discussion with the surgeon is essential in order to understand what is important to include in the model. Experienced technologists and radiologists with knowledge of anatomy, pathology and medical imaging techniques are critical for quality segmentation. Radiologists are the most skilled and trained personnel in this area and should oversee the segmentation process. After segmentation or separation of the critical structures, the data are converted into STL files, the standard file format for 3D printing. The STL mesh files, made up of triangles of various shapes and sizes, are processed to varying degrees in order to be accepted by the 3D printing computer. The computer reconstructs or “slices” the STLs files into thin horizontal layers and prints them. There are many processes for fixing or optimizing the mesh for printing including optimizing the shape and number of triangles and decreasing inverted triangles and bad edges. The software also includes methods to fill holes, connect, smooth and expand the mesh surfaces. These processes are used to “clean up” the mesh to allow for printing and to improve the appearance to more closely reflect the source data.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Applying artificial food for natural enemies The application of yeast and sugars in chrysanthemum maintained populations of astigmatic mites that are suitable prey for phytoseiid predatory mites [48, 49]. 3. 5. Artificial field rearing units Rearing natural enemies in controlled conditions has been developed into artificial rearing units for some natural enemies. For example, rearing sachets containing bran with saprophytic fungi for feeding astigmatic mites (prey) were used for rearing predatory mites [51, 52]. Many modifications with different types of preys, predatory mites, food sources for astigmatic mites such as sugars, starch, yeast and types of sachets have been developed [53–55]. Such units may produce predatory mites for 3–6 weeks [54]. This could be optimized by balancing the rate of predator, prey and food in the rearing unit [55]. 3. 6. Inoculation with low pest levels A risky method to support natural enemies is the release low levels of pest species into crops. Inoculating plants with a low level of spider mites early in the growing season and release predators afterwards enhanced the establishment of predatory mites in the crop [56]. Currently, this method is mainly used in sweet pepper crops [50, 57]. Thus, allowing low levels of pests, in numbers insufficient to cause crop damage, might contribute to natural enemies preservation. 3. 7. Supplementing mixed diet for natural enemies The population of natural enemies in crops can be increased by providing mixed diets of prey and/or non-prey food sources. Survival and reproduction of O. insidiosus were enhanced when aphids with thrips were supplemented as a prey source [58]. Supplementing thrips with pollen increased egg production of O. laevigatus and predation rates of thrips larvae [87]. Thus, supplementing diets of single pest species for predators with alternative prey or food may increase predator population and enhance biological control. 3. 8. Providing oviposition sites and shelters Suitable oviposition sites are essential for reproduction of many predators. Orius spp. and Mimulus pygmaeus lay their eggs into soft plant parts and ovipositional acceptance of the host plant depends on the morphological characteristics such as epidermal thickness or trichome density [88–90].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: 26La préoccupation éminente de celui qu’on nomme le « Prince des humanistes » (de humanus : instruit, cultivé), c’est l’œuvre de l’homme. Cette notion d’humanité de l’homme, inséparable de sa dignité, est constamment reprise dans la réflexion érasmienne. On peut en effet insister sur cette redécouverte de l’homme libre et digne, qui peut s’affranchir de toute sorte de déficiences à travers l’apprentissage des « Belles-lettres » et de la philosophie. Ainsi son enseignement humaniste donnera aux hommes l’image réelle de ce qu’ils sont, de leur valeur, de leur liberté. 27De quelle manière Érasme met-il en place cette exigence Par quels moyens et en vue de quels objectifs cherche-t-il à préserver cette digne liberté humaine Érasme a véritablement contribué au mouvement culturel, littéraire, et pédagogique en Europe à partir de 1516. À cette époque il a 49 ans, il est conseiller de aux Pays-Bas, et compose à cette occasion l’Christiani. Toutefois c’est sur la voie de l’éducation libérale que l’humaniste va joindre la question de l’humanité de l’homme à celle de la valeur formatrice des bonae litterae. La valeur formatrice des bonae litterae est primordiale pour cet auteur. Comme il en témoigne dans une lettre adressée au pape Léon X : 19 Lettre au pape Léon X, 1516, Opus Epistolarum. , t. II, p. 527.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: However, these processes have limitations and can inadvertently change the appearance of the model, for examples, removing fine structures from the original model and over smoothing and wrapping surfaces so they no longer reflect the source data (Figs. 4 and 5). Fig. 4Infant skull wrapping with different parameters. Excessive wrapping shows loss of detail in the cranial sutures (black arrow) including normal variant accessory parietal suture, and loss of detail and inaccurate representation of anatomic size in the nose, zygoma, cranial vault, and mandible (red asterisk)Full size image Fig. 5A trachea model without (a) and with (b) wrapping process. The wrapping process removes distal branches of the trachea (arrows)Full size image It is essential to check for accuracy of the segmentation and processing as the last step before printing. This can be achieved by overlaying the final STL files on top of the original source images (Fig. 6). Users should inspect the entire image set in all three (axial, coronal and sagittal) planes as errors may be more obvious in one plane than the other. This is especially important if the segmentation process is performed primarily in one plane (e. g. axial). Final approval from the radiologist should be obtained before sending the model to the printer. Fig. 6A renal mass model (a) with segmented results overlaid on original images in axial (b), sagittal (c) and coronal (d) planes. Different colors indicate different segmented objectsFull size image QA of printing processWhen a system is being used as a medical device it is subject to more stringent requirements in terms of reliability, accuracy and reproducibility than non-medical devices and systems. As such, additional attention should be paid to the periodic maintenance and testing of medical 3D printers. It is strongly recommended that users follow all specific instructions from the manufacturer regarding routine maintenance with the additional caveat that increased testing frequency or more stringent tests may need to be developed to minimize equipment failure and downtime. The PolyJet printer used at our institution (Objet 500, Stratasys, Eden Prarie, MN) lays down a thin layer of liquid polymer which is immediately cured by a UV light. Its printer head and wiper are cleaned after each printing job and a test pattern run to ensure the heads are not getting clogged (Fig. 7a–c).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Insect-induced plant volatiles help natural enemies to detect their prey/hosts in a crop [23, 64, 99], whereas floral nectar production is increased in response to insect attack, guiding natural enemies to find their prey/hosts [100]. Preservation of natural enemies might be enhanced in different crops by breeding varieties that produce more volatiles and nectar [65, 101]. 3. 11. Applying semiochemicals Behaviour of natural enemies is directed by semiochemicals. Attraction of natural enemies with synthetic compounds, similar to plant volatiles, is being tested in crops [71]. Natural enemies may also respond to odours that are produced by their prey/host species, such as sex pheromones or alarm pheromones. Sex pheromones are used either to monitor or mass trapping pest populations. However, volatiles for improving natural enemy performance are so far not applied in many crops. Glinwood et al. [68] mentioned that pheromones could be used to treat clusters of aphid infested plants in fields, which might increase efficacy of released parasitoids. Lures may also be used to attract released natural enemies in order to help them establish. Applying attractants in combination with food sprays may promote oviposition of released chrysopid predators into the target crop [69]. Hexane extract of corn borer larvae was applied on corn plants to enhance performance of larval parasitoid Bracon brevicornis adults against the corn borers Ostrinia nubilalis and Sesamia cretica [102]. 3. 12. Pesticide side-effects Preservation of natural enemies should not be combined with pesticides, as most pesticides have lethal effects on NEs. Mitigation of side-effects on preservation of natural enemies can be realized by selecting pesticides that are compatible as possible with natural enemies. Finally, with transfer of collected natural enemies into greenhouse with environmentally safe conditions, where these natural enemies can be fed on the pollen and nectar of flowering crops (clover and alfa alfa), these plants will provide shelter for the natural enemies. This procedure will be continued until the next crop season, where the proper site and time of release. Balzan and Moonen [103] mentioned that studying field margin vegetation enhances biological control agents in addition to crop damage suppression from many insect pests in tomato fields.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: Il y a trois biens suprêmes que j’espère voir restitués à l’humanité : la foi chrétienne qui, de plusieurs manières est ébranlée les lettres jusqu’ici en partie négligées et en partie corrompues et une perpétuelle concorde universelle du monde chrétien, source et nœud de la religion et de la culture19. 20 Il a été le jeune élève du précepteur Conrad Heresbach, grand ami d’Érasme. Plus tard, cet illustre (. . . ) 21 Érasme, Declamatio de pueris statim ac liberaliter instituendis (1529), Traduction, étude critique (. . . ) 28Le pédagogue adresse au duc Guillaume de Clèves20 son œuvre Declamatio de pueris statim ac liberaliter instituendis (1529)21. C’est un traité d’éducation libérale qui appartient au genre déclamatoire, c’est-à-dire littéraire, à la fois scolaire et persuasif. C’est un ouvrage pratique destiné à servir de modèle rhétorique et d’exercice oratoire à des fins éducatives. 29C’est également le texte le plus achevé et le plus abouti d’Érasme sur l’éducation. La tradition philosophique le désigne en abrégé sous le nom : De pueris, puisqu’il s’agit de l’éducation des enfants. 30D’abord il observe les mœurs qui ne cessent de se dégrader.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: UV lamp calibration is also performed periodically, which is critical, as under-calibrated UV lamps result in unsolidified parts (Fig. 7d), while over-calibrated UV lamps results in solidified printing material inside the head and pipeline that could clog the print head and interfere with laying down the liquid material. Fig. 7Printer head (a) and wiper (b) that need cleaning after each printing job. A test pattern run to ensure the heads are not getting clogged (c). Under-calibrated UV lamps result in unsolidified parts (d)Full size image After the model has been printed, model cleaning is performed to remove supporting materials. Care should be taken that all residual materials have been removed, without removing any structures of the model, especially delicate ones. A visual check should be performed to confirm that the model is as it was intended. In addition to the regular maintenance performed after each print job, weekly and monthly maintenance is performed by the on-site supporting staff and preventive maintenance is performed by a technician from the manufacturer after every 3500 print hours. This roughly translates to a yearly preventive maintenance appointment. Maintenance includes the replacement of worn plates and tubing, as well as several in-depth factory level calibrations and tests to ensure the printer functions optimally. Close working relationships with 3D printing and software companies are important to ensure optimal maintenance and use of the printer and software, especially as medical institutes initially gain experience and develop expertise. Validation of printed modelAfter construction, physical measurements of the anatomic model should be performed. For example, the distance between landmarks can be measured with a caliper, and angles can be measured with a protractor. However, these measurements are usually limited in their ability to validate the completed model. Another approach is to use imaging techniques to assist in the validation of the models [27, 28]. The printed model can be scanned using a high resolution imaging modality, e. g. a CT scanner or 3D laser scanner; the imaging modality must provide high resolution and fidelity to avoid compounding errors. In this study, we used an ultra-high resolution mode of a commercial CT system having an resolution of 0. 2 mm in plane and 0. 4 mm off plane [29,30,31]. A high radiation dose was used to eliminate the influence of image noise. Images of the scanned model were imported into the Mimics software.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: They suggested that these habitats may be important during early crop colonization by natural enemies. These results indicate that the inclusion of flower strips enhances the preservation of arthropod functional diversity in ephemeral crops, and that diverse mechanisms are important for controlling different pests. However, the efficiency of habitat management is likely to be better when it is complemented with the preservation of diverse seminatural vegetation in the pre-existing field margin. Therefore, the field margin should be considered and evaluated before the inundative release strategy [1, 74, 104, 105]. Advertisement 4. Release of natural enemies Release techniques are varied according the type of biocontrol agents, host plants, weather conditions. For example, egg parasitoids are released as parasitized egg patches; larval parasitoids are released as adults. Predators are usually released in the pupal stage. Timing, rate and frequency of release are determined according to the nature of the target pests, natural enemies and crops. Pathogens like entompathogenic nematodes could be applied as sprays or injection [22, 106, 107]. Examples of cases of NE field releasing are summarized in Table 3. enemy technique 3. Release techniques regularly used for various natural enemies in different crops. 4. 1. Egg parasitoids The common techniques of releasing egg parasitoids are paper cards or strips holding the parasitized eggs. Cardboard strips containing parasitized eggs in tubes were released in tomatoes for controlling T. absoluta [110, 112]. Trichogramma buesi was released against Pieris rapae eggs in cabbage fields [113]. A dose of 3000 Trichogramma evanescens wasps/card x three cards/tree was applied; each card contains three different ages of Trichogramma to keep searching adults continuously; 8–11 releases were performed per year at 2-week intervals against Prays oleae in olive fields [114, 148, 149]. Five releases of Trichogramma at two release levels (50 and 75 cards/ha, each contains 1000 parasitoids) were released in grape orchards for controlling Lobesia botrana [90, 115]. Over 100,000 parasitoids per Feddan were released against Chilo agamemnon in sugarcane fields; five releases were applied during season [120, 145]. Bollworms are causing highly infested boll in cotton; Trichogramma were applied for control them.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: Ensuite, il appuie sa réflexion sur les grands modèles littéraires de la tradition grecque et latine pour développer une nouvelle pédagogie, plus attentive à la place et à la signification de l’homme. Et enfin, il préconise une éducation « libérale » par opposition aux coutumes en place et à l’enseignement scolastique qu’on surnomme « éducation à l’ancienne mode », parce qu’étant essentiellement fondé sur la routine, les répétitions et rejetant toute initiative à l’enfant. L’auteur croit profondément qu’on peut réformer l’homme et le monde en cultivant les bon litterae. Pour cela, il cherche à renouer avec le sens que les Latins donnent au mot humanitas, traduction de deux mots grecs : philantropia, « bonne volonté envers tous les hommes », et païdeia, « culture par la formation aux arts et aux lettres » : 22 Ibid. , p. 400. Né pour philosopher et accomplir des actions vertueuses …l’homme comprend sans la moindre peine l’enseignement du bien et de la vertu pour lequel la force de la nature a déposé en nous de puissantes semences, pour peu qu’à l’inclination naturelle viennent s’ajouter les efforts du maître22. 31L’œuvre développe une profonde analyse de l’éducation (rôle du précepteur, insistance sur la bienveillance et l’absence de toute violence dans le message pédagogique).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Since the model was scanned in air using a high dose, a simple threshold was sufficient to segment out the model and build the virtual model. The virtual model of the scanned printed model was registered to the virtual model segmented from original patient images. After registration, the agreement/disagreement of these two virtual models was analyzed (Analyze module in 3-matic, Materialise, Belgium). The distance between the virtual model segmented from original patient images and the virtual model built from CT images of the scanned printed model was calculated on a point-by-point basis. Statistical information regarding the distance distribution, such as min, max, mean and standard deviation was also obtained. Phantom-based QA processPhantoms are commonly used during QA in medical imaging. Similarly, phantoms provide unique benefits during the QA process of 3D printing. Specifically, a phantom can be used to test the entire 3D printing process, including the major steps of imaging, segmentation, and printing. The size and geometry of the phantom is precisely defined and thereby serves as a gold standard for quantitative comparisons, based on which benchmarks can be obtained and operational limits can be set. Finally, the phantom-based QA process is repeatedly performed at set intervals to obtain longitudinal data regarding the stability of the printer calibrations and performance. During the course of the development of our in-house QA program, two generations of phantoms have been developed. Other phantoms were also reported in the literature used for additive manufacturing of metals for biomedical applications [32]. First generation QA phantomOur first generation phantom is an imaging phantom originally used to test resolution in imaging system. The phantom consists of a plastic block containing 11 groups of line-pair patterns. For each group, there are 5 air openings, each with the same size as the adjacent bar. For different groups of line pair patterns, the size of the opening gradually becomes smaller and smaller. The overall size of the phantom and the air openings is known. This phantom can be used to test geometric accuracy and resolution. Using this phantom, we developed a QA procedure that involved processing the phantom using the same procedure as that of a patient model. It was first imaged on a CT scanner and DICOM images were reconstructed. These images were loaded into the Mimics software (Materialise, Belgium) and a threshold-based segmentation was performed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Different releasing Trichogramma in cards, each contain 1000 parasitoid for several times [66, 116–118, 150, 151]. species (T. japonicum, T. chilonis, T. dendrolimi and T. ostriniae) was evaluated against Chilo suppressalis in rice fields. T. chilonis parasitized more eggs, while T. dendrolimi and T. japonicum performed the best [121, 122]. 4. 2. Larval parasitoids Larval and pupal parasitoids are released in the pupal stage. Parasitized pupae just before emergence are carried on special carriers like talc powder and distributed in the target fields. spp to control corn borer larvae is one of the effective methods for controlling such insects [102]. Two ectoparasitoid species Bracon sp. and Necremnus sp. were released in tomatoes [152]. Necremnus sp. Nrartynes and other braconid species have already been proved to be potential key biocontrol agents of T. absoluta in tomato field [123–127]. 4. 3. White fly parasitoids Encarsia spp. or Eretmocerus spp. are released as parasitized pupae shortly before adult emergence [153, 154]. species have been released against Bemisia tabaci; reached to 65% parasitized whiteflies [97, 130, 155]. Simmons and Abd-Rabou [131] confirmed that inundative releases of parasitoid Eretmocerus mundus against B. tabaci into tomato and cotton fields increased parasitization rates. Findings from their research may be useful in the enhancement and preservation of parasitoids of Bemisia [132, 133]. 4. 4. Aphid parasitoids Aphid parasitoids are released as parasitized mummies of aphid host. Semi-field experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of releasing parasitoid species Diaeretiella rapae for controlling Brevicoryne brassicae, Aphis craccivora and Aphis nerii infesting cabbage, faba bean and oleander plants. The highest percentage of parasitism was 92. 20, 83. 20 and 79. 30% for D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: La finalité étant de former les jeunes gens dans l’amour des livres, la découverte d’autres cultures et la beauté de la sagesse, afin qu’ils puissent devenir de êtres authentiquement humanisés. 23 Ibid. , p. 378. 32Pour cela on doit sans tarder « veiller à ce qu’un enfant qui promet tant, sitôt qu’il aura un peu grandi, soit initié aux belles-lettres, nourri dans les disciplines les plus honorables, formé et instruit aux plus salutaires préceptes de la philosophie »23. 33En effet, ce qu’il appelle le propre de l’homme, n’est ni plus ni moins que le devoir de se cultiver et de s’ouvrir à d’autres langues et cultures, afin de faire un bon usage de la raison. Ainsi, l’œuvre de la nature doit être achevée par l’œuvre de l’éducation, conçue comme une préparation rationnelle à la vie active : 24 Ibid. , p. 388-390. Les hommes, crois-moi, ne naissent point hommes, ils sont faits tels (…) c’est la raison qui fait l’homme, et elle n’a point de place là où tout s’accomplit au gré des passions [. . . ]. Dès sa naissance, l’enfant peut être formé aux qualités propres à l’homme24. 25 Jacques Chomarat, Grammaire et rhétorique chez Erasme, 2 vol. , Paris, Lettres, 1981.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: STL files were generated and exported to the 3D printer for printing. The printed model was cleaned following the same procedure as that of patient models. After the QA model had been printed, the size of the air opening of each group of line pairs was measured using a caliper. These measurements were then compared to the known size of the phantom and the difference was calculated. Influence of imaging technique (such as reconstruction kernel) and processing technique (such as wrapping) can be demonstrated using this QA phantom. Rationale and development of second generation QA phantomWe have developed a second generation phantom that includes additional test objects and shapes and has been designed to more comprehensively test all facets of the 3D printing process. It was designed to have a relatively small size so it can be printed relatively quickly as a stand-alone print process or added to an existing printer build tray. The phantom was designed to include both geometric objects and anatomic contours, and aims to test multiple aspects related to 3D printing, such as geometric accuracy, spatial resolution, curvature, and shape fidelity. Practical considerations were taken into account during the phantom design, such as using measurable objects, using small dimensions to minimize the amount of materials and printing time, and the ability to remove supporting materials. The phantom was designed in 3-matic (Materialise, Belgium). ResultsValidation of printed modelFigure 8 showed a 3D printed radial-ulna model. This printed model was imaged using a high resolution CT scan and a virtual model was derived from the CT images of the printed model and registered to the original virtual model derived from patient CT images. The distance between these two was calculated after registration and color coded, from which points with high deviation were easily identified. The distance ranged from −0. 57 to 0. 34 mm for this model, with a mean of −0. 12 mm and a standard deviation of 0. 17 mm. Fig. 8The printed 3D model (a) was imaged using a high resolution CT scan from which a virtual model was constructed (b). This virtual model was registered to the one derived from original patient CT images (c). The distance between these two models was calculated after registration and color coded (d) to show the agreement at each location of the modelFull size image Special care should be taken for models involving hollow spaces, such as vascular models. If the hollow space is important, it should be checked for residual supporting materials.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: rapae at 20 parasitoids/200aphids per cage in semi-field test B. brassicae, A. craccivora and A. nerii, respectively. The maximum numbers of mummies in the field were 185. 60, 166. 4 and 158. 6 for D. rapae at 20 parasitoids per cage and minimum of 124. 60, 97. 40 and 83. 0 mummies at five adults per cage [135]. 4. 5. Parasitoids of scale insects Parasitoids of scale insects are released as parasitized host individuals. About 953,000 of Coccophagus scutellaris as parasitized individuals were released and evaluated for controlling soft scale insects Ceroplastes rusci on citrus, Ceroplastes floridensis on citrus, Coccus hesperidum on guava, Pulvinaria floccifera on mango, Pulvinaria psidii on mango, Saissetia coffeae on olive and Saissetia oleae on olive. The population of parasitoid C. scutellaris showed a significant correlation with the build-up of the population of the soft scale insects population in all of the release orchards studied [136–139]. 4. 6. Mealybug parasitoids Parasitoids of mealybug are released as parasitized host individuals. Anagyrus kamali and Gyranusoidea indica were released at ten sites on ornamental plants. 300,000 parasitoids of A. kamali were released to control Maconellicoccus hirsutus. Population density of M. hirsutus was reduced by approximately 95% and A. kamali was the predominant parasitoid [140, 141]. 4. 7. Predators of T. absoluta and B. tabaci General predators (lacewings and lady beetles) are released in the pupal stage with the suitable carriers. These general predators are used commercially for regulating many insect and mite pests. Nesidiocoris tenuis and M. pygmaeus were also released and caused a significantly reducing T. absoluta [155] and B. tabaci populations [142, 156]. 4. 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: Donc l’enseignement, l’instruction et la discipline constituent les tâches indispensables pour que les hommes se détachent de tout ce qui est bestial en eux et qu’ils s’élèvent vers l’idéal humain. La première éducation consiste à instruire les langues. Érasme met en place à Louvain un projet unique : un collège trilingue de latin, grec et hébreu où la pratique des langues se fait à travers des poèmes, fables, comédies, proverbes et apologues. Mais aussi toute sorte de récits plaisants, à travers des jeux animés et figurés, permettant d’amener progressivement l’enfant aux connaissances philosophiques et morales. Cette étape est primordiale, elle aura par la suite une grande influence sur le jugement, l’éloquence et l’acquisition du savoir. Vient ensuite la pratique de la lecture (avant celle de l’écriture). Plus tard il fera des traductions du grec au latin et vice-versa, de la musique, de l’arithmétique ou de la cosmographie. 36Nous constatons qu’effectivement les humanités littéraires et la fréquentation des auteurs antiques chez Érasme sont les instruments privilégiés pour faire la connaissance de la pluralité des cultures, ce qui permettra par ailleurs à l’enfant d’atteindre l’idéal humain d’être raisonnable et libre. 26 Dans le Banquet religieux (1522), ce qui choque le plus son sens de la justice, est de voir l’inéga (. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: A CT scan can easily reveal the lumen of the vessel and whether there are residual supporting materials (Fig. 9). Material integrity should also be checked if models are used clinically over a long time period. Figure 10 shows cracks on an aorta model and deformation of ribs on a chest model after being left on a shelf for over a year. Recheck of model integrity should be performed if models are to be stored for an extended time period after they are built. Longitudinal scans of the model over time can determine how long the integrity of the model is maintained for scenarios where models are needed for a length of time after they are printed. Fig. 9CT scan of a trachea model (a) showed residual supporting materials inside (b)Full size image Fig. 10An aorta model showed cracks (a) and a rib cage model (b) showed deformity after placing on shelf longer than 1 year (c)Full size image First generation QA phantomFigure 11 shows photos of the first generation QA phantom including the original phantom (Fig. 11a) and the 3D printed phantom (Fig. 11b). The size of the air openings for each group was measured for both the original and 3D printed phantoms. The difference of the air gaps between the original and 3D printed QA phantom was plotted for each of the 11 groups (Fig. 11c), and was found to be between −0. 32 and +0. 13 mm. Fig. 11A picture of the 1st generation QA phantom (a) with 11 groups of line patterns, and the 3D printed model (b). Measurements of the air gap between printed bars from the original and 3D model of the QA phantom showed how accurate the 3D printed model represented the original phantom (c)Full size image Figure 12 shows the impact of imaging techniques and processing methods tested with the QA phantom. The same QA phantom scanned with bone imaging technique and reconstructed with sharp kernel (Fig. 12a) showed more differentiable bar patterns compared to that scanned with body imaging technique and reconstructed with soft kernel (Fig. 12b). Similar observation for models with the same imaging data but processed without (Fig. 12c) and with (Fig. 12d) wrapping. Fig. 12The impact of imaging techniques and processing methods can be tested with the QA phantom.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 2012; 57:1–20. 3. van den Bosch R: Conservation and augmentation of natural enemies. In: (Eds. ), Theory and Practice of Biological Control. 1976; 254. 4. Barbosa P: Conservation biological control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2003. 5. : Conserving parasitoid assemblages of pest Lepidoptera: Does biologixal control by native parasitoids depend on landscape complexity. 2006; 37:173–185. 6. : Recent advances in conservation biological control of arthropods by arthropods. 2008; 45:172–175. 7. Pilkington LJ, Messelink G, van : “Protected biological control” biological pest management in the greenhouse industry. 2010; 52:216–220. 8. Debach P, Rosen D: Biological control by natural enemies (2nd edn). 1991; 1. 9. Wäckers FL, van (Eds. ): Plant-provided food for carnivorous insects: A protective mutualism and its applications. 2005. 10. : Maximizing ecosystem services from conservation biological control: The role of habitat management. 2008; 45:254–271. 11. Sotherton NW: The distribution and abundance of predatory arthropods overwintering on farmland. Biol 1984; 105:423–429. 12. Leather SR: Overwintering in six arable aphid pests: A review with particular relevance to pest management. J 1993; 116:217–233. 13. äckers FL: Effects of flower attractiveness and nectar availability in field margins on biological control by parasitoids. 2008; 46:400–408. 14. : Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Entomol 2000; 45:175–201. 15. : Biocontrol of persea mite, Oligonychus perseae, with an exotic spider mite predator and an indigenous pollen feeder. 2011; 59:147–157. 16. Wäckers FL, van Rijn PCJ: Pick and mix: Selecting flowering plants to meet the requirements of target biological control insects. In: (Eds. ), Biodiversity and Insect Pests: for Sustainable Management. Wiley, Chichester, UK, 2012; 165. 17.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: ) 37Le lecteur rapide de ce traité d’éducation peut adresser à cette pensée en particulier et au mouvement humaniste en général quelques objections. Au sujet du De pueris d’Érasme, il peut dire qu’il s’agit d’une éducation destinée au fils du Prince, et de manière générale aux enfants des nobles. Cependant, Érasme pose lui-même l’exigence d’éduquer les enfants des pauvres et demande par ailleurs une solidarité financière à la noblesse pour construire des écoles afin d’instruire tous les humains à cette nouvelle pédagogie26. C’est en fait une tentative de démocratisation de l’enseignement bien avant le républicanisme français. De façon générale, on critique cette éducation humaniste en disant qu'elle se destine uniquement à la noblesse, pourtant nous avons avec Érasme la preuve qu’elle est destinée à tous les êtres humains. 27 Paul Ricœur, La Métaphore vive, Paris, Seuil, 1975 Soi-même comme un autre, Paris, Seuil, 1990, r (. . . ) 28 Martha Nussbaum, Les Émotions démocratiques (2010), trad. S. Chavel, Paris, Flammarion, coll. « Cli (. . . ) 38On peut également dire que cette éducation des humanités va se faire au détriment de l’enseignement technique par exemple. Or on oublie ici la visée de cette éducation, celle de pouvoir donner à l’humain la possibilité d’être libre, la possibilité de se perfectionner moralement et éthiquement sans la tutelle divine.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: The same QA phantom scanned with bone imaging technique and reconstructed with a sharp kernel (a) and body imaging technique with a soft kernel (b) showed differences in the smallest bar patterns that could be differentiated. Similar observation for models with the same imaging data but processed without (c) and with (d) wrappingFull size image Second generation QA phantomFigure 13 shows the 3D rendered version of the phantom and identifies the individual test objects. Table 1 provides dimensions of each test object, the specific parameter being evaluated and its dimensions. The phantom includes both geometric objects and anatomic contours, and includes both positive (standing out) and negative (embedded in) objects. Of note, the positive base-the side of the phantom containing positive test objects -contains three test objects (spheres, hexagons, and cone) that have been printed on separate bases that fit into the positive base. These objects are positives of the shapes on the negative base and have been designed to fit into their negative counter parts. This enables a rapid, qualitative assessment of the quality of the print job by placing the positive objects in the negative forms. The spiral and cylinder patterns on the positive base have been designed to replicate specific anatomic shapes that are challenging to reproduce on a 3D printer, specifically the spiral pattern found within the cochlea of the ear and the small diameter branching structures found in the peripheral vascular tree of the human body. Fig. 13Schematic of the final design of the 2nd generation QA phantom from different views (a, b), and photos of the printed QA phantom on the Stratasys Objet500 Connex3 (left) and 3D Systems ProJet 660Pro (right) (c)Full size image Table 1 Second generation anatomic 3D modeling QA phantom. Specific test objects and their dimensions are described and are also illustrated in Fig. 13 Full size table Errors introduced at the time of printing can be easily assessed by the accuracy of the ‘fit’ of the positive object into the complimentary negative form. Long term stability of the phantom can be assessed by either serial temporal measurements or by comparing measurements taken at the time of printing at some predetermined interval. Additional physical measurements of the dimensions of the object can be obtained at any time by high resolution CT imaging, 3D surface scanning or physical measurement of the phantom’s dimensions using precision mechanical calipers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: : The banker plant method in biological control. 2011; 30:259–278. 18. : Secondary plants used in biological control: A review. 2012; 58:91–100. 19. : Pest control by enriching natural enemies under artificial habitat management along sidewalls of greenhouse in organic farming systems. J Environ 2012; 10:449–458. 20. van Nouhuys S, Vidal S: Conservation biological control and enemy diversity on a landscape scale. 2007; 43:294–309. 21. Rusch A, Valantin--Estrade J: Biological control of insect pests in agroecosystems: Effects of crop management, farming systems, and seminatural habitats at the landscape scale: A review. 2010; 109:219–259. ISSN 0065-2113. 22. El-: Field performance of entomopathogenic nematodes and an egg parasitoid for suppression of corn borers in Egypt. 2009; 42:228–237. 23. : Increasing floral diversity for selective enhancement of biological control agents: A double-edged sword? Ecol 2006; 7:236–243. 24. : Biodiversity and insect pests. Key issues for sustainable management. Wiley, West Sussex, UK, 2012. 25. : Survey of scale insects, mealy bugs and associated natural enemies on mulberry trees. 2013; 91:1447–1458. 26. ELbehery H: Biological, ecological and genetical studies on the parasitoid, Bracon spp. (Braconidae). Faculty of Science, Univ, Egypt, 2013; 142 305. 28. González-Hernández : Survey of the natural enemies of Dysmicoccus mealybugs on pineapple in Hawaii. Biocontrol 1999; 44:47–58. 29. : Survey and biological studies on mite species and scale insects inhabiting mango trees in Egypt. J Entomol 2014; 11:210–217. 30. Sayed HE: Ecological and biological studies on some destructive and beneficial insects on tomato plants in Egypt. PhD Thesis, Entomology Dept. , Faculty of Science for girls, Al-Azhar Univ, Egypt, 2016; 31. Badr SA: Insects and non insects species associated with pine needle trees in Alexandria Egypt. J Entomol 2014; 11:49–55. 32.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: 40Au regard de l’histoire des idées, nous pouvons dire qu’au cœur de la Renaissance, le monde scolastique du et ses idéaux éducatifs figés s’opposent aux nouvelles méthodes nées avec l’humanisme étroitement lié à l’héritage langagier et culturel gréco-romain. L’étude de la pensée érasmienne nous plonge dans les querelles d’éducation et de traduction, conduisant Érasme avec d’autres « humanistes » à proposer une réforme de l’enseignement. À cela s’ajoute la volonté de se libérer d’un ensemble de problèmes vides d’intérêt et de restituer à la pensée un langage clair et compréhensible pour tous, tout comme une exigence d’orientation pratique du savoir et des méthodes pédagogiques. L’affirmation de cet enseignement est profondément liée à la nouvelle image de l’homme traducteur des langues et des cultures. Ainsi l’engagement pédagogique se lie à l’engagement théorique dans la transmission du savoir et de l’éducation du genre humain. En effet, selon l’enseignement humaniste des « Belles-lettres », les hommes sont égaux par le simple fait que tous possèdent la raison, chose la mieux partagée au monde. Traduire le discours humain : du travail de la mémoire à l’hospitalité langagière 29 Au XXe siècle, la question de la traduction est aussi abordée par diverses philosophies, la phénomé (. . .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Both first and second generation phantoms provide the ability to evaluate material stability in response to environmental factors such as temperature, pressure and humidity, as well as the temporal stability of the materials used to create these models. Thus, it is recommended to print either model, or a variant thereof, at a fixed frequency (monthly or quarterly) and to perform routine testing of the phantom by either physically measuring the object or by more sophisticated methods involving imaging and computer analysis. Data from these measurements should be recorded and analyzed. Such analysis provides valuable information regarding the long-term stability of the printed materials, identifies factors that impact the accuracy of the models, and also provides valuable information on whether or not the 3D printer is in failure. The QA process should be standardized and an operation manual created to document that the QA process is performed precisely and consistently. Identification and documentationEach 3D printed anatomic model is labeled with a unique patient identifier for traceability. This could be achieved either directly using patient information (e. g. last name or clinic number) or generating a specific unique identifier that can be linked to the patient information. Any patient information should be protected according to the Portability and (HIPAA), similar to other areas of medical practice. In certain scenarios, additional identifiers, such as left or right side or mirror image anatomy, may be necessary. These labels can be imprinted on anatomic models through a computer aided design program. For long-term record keeping, the segmentation, STL files, and photographs of each model are stored in a designated repository. In addition, a photograph of each model is placed in the patient’s medical record. The STL files can be used to reprint the model at any time, without the need to re-segment patient images and redesign the parts. All files should be saved on secured large capacity storage servers with daily backup. DiscussionThe past decade has seen remarkable growth in the use of 3D printing in medicine. The growth has been fueled by the development of high resolution imaging studies merging with the rapid development of 3D printing technologies, and the development of new printing materials. These advances have resulted in reductions in the costs associated with creating high resolution medical models. The evolution of this disruptive technology is expected to revolutionize medical practice.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: : Survey of sugarcane pests and their natural enemies on the Atherton Tableland, far North Queensland. 2011; 33:1–8. 33. Bozsik A: Natural adult food of some important Chrysopa species (Planipennia, Chrysopidae). Hung 1992; 27:141–146. 34. Coll M, Guershon M: Omnivory in terrestrial arthropods: Mixing plant and prey diets. Entomol 2002; 47:267–297. 35. : Can generalist predators be effective biocontrol agents? Entomol 2002; 47:561–594. 36. Pineda A, Marcos-García MA: Use of selected flowering plants in greenhouses to enhance aphidophagous hoverfly populations. 2008; 44:487–492. 37. : Application of a powdered artificial diet to promote the establishment of the predatory bug Geocoris varius (Hemiptera: Geocoridae) on strawberry plants. Zool 2013; 48:165–169. 38. Waite MO, Scott-: Evaluation of seven plant species/cultivars for their suitability as banker plants for Orius insidiosus (Say). 2014; 59:79–87. 39. van Rijn PCJ, van : How plants benefit from providing food to predators even when it is also edible to herbivores. Ecology 2002; 83:2664–2679. 40. Hulshof J, Ketoja E, Vänninen I: Life history characteristics of Frankliniella occidentalis on cucumber leaves with and without supplemental food. Appl 2003; 108:19–32. 41. : Conservation biological control of arthropods using artificial food sprays: Current status and future challenges. 2008; 45:185–199. 42. : Pollen subsidies promote whitefly control through the numerical response of predatory mites. 2010; 55:253–260. 43. : Plant-feeding and non-plant feeding phytoseiids: Differences in behavior and cheliceral morphology. Acarol 2012; 58:341–357. 44. -Mor S, Palevsky E: Pollen on-Twine for food provisioning and oviposition of predatory mites in protected crops. 2014; 59:307–317. 45.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: La traduction implique un travail de mémoire, où la création littéraire et philosophique contemporaine hérite de la perspective d’un univers ouvert : ce sont les clés pour pouvoir penser et repenser l’humanisme contre les percées de l’anti-humanisme et du nihilisme. 50Dans ce devenir du texte l’exercice de la traduction est le seul à pouvoir libérer les êtres humains de tout discours imposé et pré-construit, afin qu’ils puissent développer leur capacité de penser, d’imaginer et de reconstruire toujours un monde meilleur. Haut de page Notes 1 L’humanisme est un dispositif philosophico-littéraire qui met l’homme au centre de sa démarche et de ses préoccupations. Il comporte trois axes de réflexion : 1. Un objet d’étude : l’homme 2. Une critique de l’autorité 3. Une réflexion sur l’homme comme fondement de la connaissance. Il existe trois vagues d’humanisme : l’humanisme de la Renaissance, moitié du XVe et XVIe siècle, par exemple avec Érasme et Luther l’humanisme Classique au XVIIe siècle avec Descartes et l’humanisme des Lumières au XVIIIe siècle avec Locke, Kant, Newton, Bayle, etc. Cependant l’humanisme n’est pas absent dans la philosophie antique.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: While much attention has been focused on the application of 3D printing in medicine, less attention has been given to ensuring that the 3D printed model is a true and accurate representation of the physical object under study. If this technology is to be widely integrated into advanced medical practices, ensuring the physical accuracy and reproducibility of 3D models by means of a comprehensive QA program is essential. This work addresses these concerns by providing the necessary framework for developing and maintaining a QA program for 3D printing. Incorporation of existing imaging quality procedures forms the foundation for the program. It begins with acquisition of high quality imaging data using ACR accredited personnel and machines. Accuracy of segmentation by trained staff and awareness of the impact of processing STL files is the second step in the program. Verification and validation of the 3D printing process including phantom testing and model analysis is the third step. Unique identification of models along with documentation in patient medical record is also an important part of the process. The QA program delineated in this work thus describes an end-to-end testing of the entire 3D printing process. Among the three major steps in 3D printing: imaging, segmentation, and printing; the segmentation step is the most challenging with regards to QA. Significant effort was reported investigating accuracy when printing boney anatomy, with scanning bone in air, water and in situ with subsequent removal of soft tissues to reveal bone dimensions to perform the comparison [33,34,35,36]. The accuracy of segmenting highly depends on the image quality, such as spatial resolution and contrast to noise ratio. For models scanned in air, such as the QA phantom or the printed model, the segmentation is relatively easy given the high contrast between the model and the air background. It becomes much more challenging for patient cases, especially for segmentation of different types of soft tissues with low contrast. Therefore, it is essential to check for accuracy of the segmentation before printing. We recommend checking the overlaps between final STL files and the original source images. Medical knowledge about anatomy and pathology is required to judge the accuracy of segmentation. Work presented here represents early and simple approaches. Further development on objective, quantitative and time-effective QA method in segmentation is desired. Phantoms are critical for the QA process. Two generations of QA phantoms have been developed and used in this study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Delisle JF: Evaluation de divers types de supplements alimentaires pour deux espe ces d’acariens prédateurs, Amblyseius swirskii et Neoseiulus cucumeris. Memoire de Maîtrise. Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2013. 46. : Conservation of Macrolophus caliginosus in greenhouses during tomato crop-free periods. IOBC/WPRS Bull 2000; 23:241–246. 47. Frank SD: Biological control of arthropod pests using banker plant systems: Past progress and future directions. 2010; 52:8–16. 48. Messelink GJ, van Maanen R, van : Biological control of thrips and whiteflies by a shared predator: Two pests are better than one. 2008; 44:372–379. 49. : How to enhance pest control by generalist predatory mites in greenhouse crops. In: Proceedings of the 3rd 2009; 318. 50. : Approaches to conserving natural enemy populations in greenhouse crops: Current methods and future prospects. Biocontrol 2014; 59:377–393. 51. Kühne S: Open rearing of generalist predators: A strategy for improvement of biological pest control in greenhouses. Phytoparasitica 1998; 26:277–281. 52. Sampson C: The commercial development of an Amblyseius cucumeris controlled release method for the control of Frankliniella occidentalis in protected crops. In: The 1998 Brighton Conference—Pests & Diseases. Brighton, UK, 1998; 416. 53. Wright IW: System for providing beneficial insects or mites. Patent US20050178337. AG; 2006. 54. : Field results of a sachet release system using the predator Amblyseius swirskii and the factitious prey, Suidasia medanensis Oudemans. IOBC/WPRS Bull 2011; 68:1–4. 55. Bolckmans KJF, van Houten YM, van : Phytoseiid predatory mite releasing system and method for production. WO/2013/043050. Koppert B. V. 2013. 56.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: Le mythe de Prométhée dans le Protagoras de Platon, 320 e-321a, dont le personnage de Prométhée incarne la lutte contre la tyrannie et l’esprit de liberté, illustre une réflexion humaniste : « De toutes choses, l’homme est la mesure ». Ce mythe sera réutilisé par d’autres grands humanistes comme par exemple chez de la Mirandole, dans le Discours sur la dignité humaine, 1486. Gilson, Humanisme et Renaissance, Paris, Vrin, 1983. 2 Jean-Claude Margolin, Humanisme en Europe au temps de la Renaissance, Paris, PUF, « Que sais-je », 1981. 3 Michel Ballard, Histoire de la traduction : repères historiques et culturels, Bruxelles : de Boeck, 2013 Michaël Oustinoff, La traduction, Paris, PUF « Que sais-je », 2012. 4 Georges Mounin, Infidèles, Lille, PUL, 1994. 5 Écrivain hollandais d’expression latine, né en Hollande, à Rotterdam vers 1467 sous le nom de Geert Geertsz, il prendra le nom latinisé de Roterodamus après la mort de ses parents et est ordonné prêtre en 1492. Plus tard, il suivra des cours de théologie au collège de Montaigu, sur la montagne Sainte-Geneviève à Paris. C’est à la fois un théologien et un lettré qui voyage beaucoup et fréquente les grands intellectuels de l’Europe : entre autres. C’est avant tout un homme de dialogue et de vérité qui milite pour la paix et la concorde entre les peuples. Le pape Léon X le dispense du port de l’habit de moine en 1517, Érasme a 50 ans.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: A similar QA process and testing phantom like the first generation QA phantom can be easily developed by those starting a 3D medical modeling program. In this way, experience and expertise can be gained without creating too complex of a QA program which may absorb limited resources and personnel. However, the 2nd generation phantom has more test objects and shapes which can more comprehensively test all facets of the 3D printing process. One of the validation methods presented in this study was to scan a printed model and compare with the initial segmentation. This method works well to evaluate the total shape of the printed model, but challenges exist to evaluate internal structures of models with multiple components. For models with multiple components, materials with different HU values should be carefully selected to represent different components. The HU range of available printing materials could be a limiting factor in this approach [14]. The alignment of the source STL and that resulting from scanning the printed model could be potentially difficult in certain scenarios. Although automatic alignment tools exist in some software, the accuracy of the alignment should be carefully evaluated and manual adjustment may be needed. Misalignment will result in errors in the evaluation of agreement. Also, appropriate imaging modality and imaging protocols should be used. High resolution, high geometric accuracy, low noise, and artifact-free imaging method should be used to avoid additional errors introduced by the imaging process in alignment and measurement. This method also has challenges for models built with flexible materials. Since these models may deform after being printed, it is not an easy task to ensure that the model maintains its original shape during the scan. For this scenario, it is helpful to build some supporting structures while building the model to support the model in order to have it retain the original shape it has in the patient. This way, the same method can be used. Given these potential limitations, this method should be carefully evaluated for the specific applications before used as a routine QA process. There are several limitations to this work. First, the protocols are based on experience with a single type of 3D printer and with segmentation software from a single vendor. The general framework and concepts of this QA program, though, can be extended to other types of printers with appropriate adjustments made according to the specific printing technology and to type of segmentation software.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Markkula M, Tiittanen K: “Pest-in-First” and “natural infestation” methods in the control of Tetranychus urticae Koch with Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot on glasshouse cucumbers. Fenn 1976; 15:81–85. 57. Messelink GJ, van Maanen R, van Holstein-: 2010 Pest species diversity enhances control of spider mites and whiteflies by a generalist phytoseiid predator. 2010; 55:387–398. 58. Butler CD, O’Neil RJ: Life history characteristics of Orius insidiosus (Say) fed diets of soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura and soybean thrips, Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach). 2007; 40:339–346. 59. Walter DE: Living on leaves: Mites, tomenta, and leaf domatia. Entomol 1996; 41:101–114. 60. : Testing banker plants for biological control of mites on roses. Phytoparasitica 2013; 41:249–262. 61. Thierry D, Rat-Morris E, Caldumbide C: Selective attractivity of artificial overwintering chambers for the common green lacewing species of the Chrysoperla carnea complex in (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Hung 2002; 48:351–357. 62. : Colonization and predation of thrips by Orius spp. in sweet pepper greenhouses in Northwest Italy. 2008; 44:331–340. 63. : Evaluation of the effectiveness of Dicyphus errans as predator of Tuta absoluta. 2013; 67:246–252. 64. Paré PW, Tumlinson JH: Plant volatiles as a defense against insect herbivores. 1999; 121:325–331. 65. Turlings TCJ, Wäckers F: Recruitment of predators and parasitoids by herbivore injured-plants. In: Cardé RT, Millar JG (Eds. ), Advances in Ecology. 2004; pp 21–74. 66.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent - Document suivant 16 | 2012rendus et notes de lecture Luba Freedman, of the in Adeline Grand-Clément p. 336-338 Référence(s) :Luba Freedman, of the in 2003 (Hardback), 2010 (Paperback), 301 p. +, 78 ill. 85 dollars isbn 0-521-81576-2. Texte | Citation | intégral PDF Partager par e-mail 1On sait depuis l’ouvrage de J. Seznec (La survivance des dieux antiques, 1939) que les hommes de la Renaissance n’ont pas redécouvert les divinités du panthéon gréco-romain. Ces dernières n’ont cessé d’occuper une place dans l’imaginaire et la culture de l’Occident médiéval depuis la fin de l’Antiquité. Mais, d’après L. Freedman, la nouveauté du xvie siècle italien réside dans le mode de représentation qui est alors adopté : peintres, sculpteurs et graveurs figurent désormais les puissances olympiennes « all’antica ». Les dieux païens retrouvent alors leurs attributs, dans des mises en scène qui tendent à leur redonner leur splendeur et leur majesté antiques. Or la prolifération de telles images sculptées ou peintes dans l’espace public (jusqu’au début du xviie siècle) ne va pas sans poser problème, dans un contexte où artistes, commanditaires et public appartiennent tous à la communauté chrétienne. L’ouvrage de L. Freedman, initialement paru en 2003 et republié en 2010, s’emploie à mettre en lumière les enjeux d’un tel phénomène.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Secondly, our experience relies heavily on the use of CT imaging data which is used for the majority of our models as CT provide high spatial resolution and high geometric accuracy, both of which are critical for 3D printed models used in medicine. However, general principles outlined in this paper apply to 3D printing using other imaging modalities too. MRI data is increasing used as an adjunct to the CT data as higher resolution MRI imaging sequences are being developed. The use of 3D Ultrasound data is still in early stages of exploration for 3D printing. Finally, the QA program does not provide specific and quantifiable standard for 3D printing. As this technology evolves substantial QA data from multiple institutions needs to be accumulated over time so that appropriate specific and quantifiable QA standard will be developed and adopted by the medical 3D printing community. ConclusionsIn conclusion, this work describes the development of a comprehensive QA program for 3D printing in medicine. It is the hope that the methodologies here described will contribute toward the growing body of work needed to establish standards for QA programs for medical 3D printing. 9. 64. 5. 2006. Mitsouras D, et al. Medical 3d printing for the radiologist. Radiographics. 2015;35(7):1965–88. 9. 4. 18. 6. 36. 1. 92. 2. 21. 3501. 53. 57. Solomon J, et al. Design of anthropomorphic textured phantoms for CT performance evaluation. Proc. SPIE 9033, 2014: Physics of Medical Imaging, 90331U (March 19, 2014). doi:10. 1117/12. 2043555. Su S, Moran K, et al. Design and production of 3D printed bolus for electron radiation therapy. J Med Phys. 2014;15(4):194–211. Yoo TS, et al. Toward quantitative X-ray CT phantoms of metastatic tumors using rapid prototyping technology. on Biomedical Imaging: to Macro; Chicago. 2011;1770–73. doi:10. 1109/ISBI. 2011. 5872749. Ehler ED, et al. Patient specific 3D printed phantom for IMRT quality assurance. Biol. 2014;59(19):5763. 2502. 2012. Price R, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging quality control manual. Radiol. 2015.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: El-Wakeil N: New aspects of biological control of Helicoverpa armigera in organic cotton production, Agric Fac, Goettingen Univ, Germany, 2003; 140 554. 68. : Increased parasitization of aphids on trap plants alongside vials releasing synthetic aphid sex pheromone and effective range of the pheromone. Technology 1998; 8:607–614. 69. : Oviposition response of green lacewings to aphids and potential attractants on pecan. 2007; 36:577–583. 70. -Gordon GUS: Attract and reward: Combining chemical ecology and habitat manipulation to enhance biological control in field crops. J 2011; 48:580–590. 71. Kaplan I: Attracting carnivorous arthropods with plant volatiles: The future of biocontrol or playing with fire? 2012; 60:77–89. 72. El-: Side effects of insecticides on natural enemies and possibility of their integration in plant protection strategies. S (Ed. ), Agricultural and “Insecticides—Development of Safer and Technologies”. Intech, Rijeka, Croatia, 2013; 54. 73. El-: Effects of some botanical insecticides on wheat insects and their natural enemies in winter and spring wheat. 2014; 2:19–36. 74. : Enhancing biological control: Habitat management to promote natural enemies of agricultural pests. 1998. 75. : Use of castor bean, Ricinus communis, for the introduction of the thrips predator Amblyseius degenerans on glasshouse-grown sweet peppers. Gent 1995; 60:885–891. 76. : Development of a grower rearing-release system for Atheta coriaria, for low cost biological control of ground-dwelling pest life stages. IOBC/WPRS Bull 2008; 32:21–24. 77. : The potential use of flowering alyssum as a ‘banker’ plant to support the establishment of Orius laevigatus in everbearer strawberry for improved biological control of western flower thrips. IOBC/WPRS Bull 2011; 68:15–18. 78.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: L’auteur, professeur à l’université hébraïque de Jérusalem, est spécialiste de l’art italien des xve et xvie siècles et vient de publier une étude sur la réception de la mythologie gréco-romaine dans la peinture de la Renaissance italienne (in Painting, 2011). Revival of the in Renaissance Art, L. Freedman s’emploie à démontrer que, pour rendre acceptable les « épiphanies » de dieux païens, les artistes s’inspirent des œuvres antiques mais y ajoutent des éléments empruntés à leur propre époque : ils parviennent ainsi à rendre acceptables les Olympiens, à neutraliser le pouvoir de ces « faux dieux ». Les images peintes, sculptées ou gravées ainsi créées sont alors appréhendées d’un point de vue esthétique ou allégorique, et non plus en tant que figurations de puissances surnaturelles. 2L’ouvrage comporte neuf chapitres, répartis au sein de trois parties. La première, assez courte, présente les notions clefs utilisées pour l’analyse et précise les contours du phénomène étudié. L’auteur justifie d’abord le choix de limiter l’étude au groupe des « dieux olympiens », à savoir ceux qui occupent le sommet du panthéon gréco-romain. Elle précise ensuite qu’elle n’étudie que les « représentations autonomes » des divinités en question.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Navigating the intersection of 3D printing, software regulation and quality control for point-of-care manufacturing of personalized anatomical models Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 07 April 2023 Navigating the intersection of 3D printing, software regulation and quality control for point-of-care manufacturing of personalized anatomical models Naomi C. Paxton1 3D Printing in Medicine 3. 3D printed anatomical models produced using five of the software platforms have been cleared for diagnostic use “in conjunction with other diagnostic tools and expert clinical judgement” [14] for a range of clinical applications, namely orthopaedics (also referred to as musculoskeletal), craniomaxillofacial (incl. craniofacial and maxillofacial), and cardiovascular areas. (Company) and Simpleware ScanIP (Synopsis) may only be used for “visualization and educational purposes” and do not currently possess clearance for diagnostic use. This means the models cannot be used by a healthcare professional to diagnose a patients’ condition based on the 3D printed model, however they may still be used for other activities within a healthcare setting such as surgical training and patient education [15, 16]. Table 1 List of 3D modelling with the intended use of producing 3D printed anatomical models, cleared by the FDA (Class II 510(k) pathway)Full size tableMaterialise products (Mimics, Mimics InPrint and Mimics Medical) have played a critical role in establishing a benchmark for the safety and efficacy of these software platforms, with all other software platforms using a Materialise product as either a predicate or reference device for comparison of their safety and performance, and assessment of substantial equivalence (Fig. 2). Their 3D visualisation technology is underpinned by their platform 3D image viewing and surgical planning software developed in the 1990s for dental surgery applications. remains in routine clinical use for dental surgery planning and surgical guide design after being acquired by a US dental equipment manufacturer, [27]. Fig. 2Timeline of 510(k) clearance for medical imaging software for producing 3D printed anatomical models. The company name, software name and 510(k) number are provided on a timeline, as well as arrows indicating a software application’s 612.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Pumariño L, Alomar O: The role of omnivory in the conservation of predators: Orius majuscules (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) on sweet alyssum. 2012; 62:24–28. 79. Koptur S: Nectar as fuel for plant protectors. In: Wäckers FL, van (Eds. ), Plant-for Carnivorous Insects: A. 2005; 108. 80. : Success in conservation biological control of arthropods. In: (Eds. ), Biological Control: Measures of Success. Dordrecht, Kluwer, 2000; 132. 81. : Spatial distribution of homopteran pests and beneficial insects in an orchard and its connection with ecological plant protection. J 1994; 117:519–529. 82. Wyss E: The effects of artificial weed strips on diversity and abundance of the arthropod fauna in a Swiss experimental apple orchard. Environ 1996; 60:47–59. 83. : Habitat management for enhancing biological control: Benefits and pitfalls. In: on 11–12 July 2000; 85. 84. Denys C, Tscharntke T: Plant-insect communities and predator-prey ratios in field margin strips, adjacent crop fields, and fallows. Oecologia 2002; 130:315–324. 85. Rahim A, Hashmi A. , Khan NA: Effects of temperature and relative humidity on longevity and development of Ooencyrtus papilionis, a parasite of the sugarcane pest, Pyrilla perpusilla. 1991; 20:774–775. 86. Heinz KM, van : Biocontrol in protected culture. Ball Publishing, Batavia, IL, 2004. 87. Hulshof J, Linnamaki M: Predation and oviposition rate of the predatory bug Orius laevigatus in the presence of alternative food. IOBC/WPRS Bull 2002; 25:107–110. 88. Ode PJ: Plant chemistry and natural enemy fitness: Effects on herbivore and natural enemy interactions. Entomol 2006; 51:163–185. 89. : The influence of plant anatomy on oviposition and reproductive success of the bug Orius insidiosus. 2008; 75:1495–1502. 90.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Renaissance period was marked by a revival of art, science, and humanism in Europe. [SEP] Text: L’auteur montre comment les artistes ont composé les images des dieux, par l’association d’éléments « classiques » et « non classiques ». L’un des changements les plus importants par rapport à l’Antiquité concerne la figuration des déesses : elles sont figurées nues, de manière à mettre en valeur la plasticité de leurs formes et la valeur esthétique de leur corps. Le dernier chapitre du volume insiste sur la réception ambivalente des œuvres, entre accueil favorable et réactions de défiance, voire de rejet, face à la renaissance d’« idoles », et montre comment leur production décline à la fin du xvie siècle. 4L’ouvrage a le mérite de mettre en lumière l’importance de ce laboratoire qu’a été l’art italien de la Renaissance dans la transmission et la réélaboration de l’héritage antique. Les problèmes abordés se situent à la croisée entre histoire de l’art, anthropologie culturelle et sociale, histoire de l’archéologie et histoire des religions. L’index, fort utile, témoigne d’ailleurs de la richesse et de la diversité des sujets traités. L’ouvrage permet notamment de mesurer la progression de la connaissance que les artistes, les érudits et les antiquaires acquièrent à cette époque de la religion et des arts des Grecs et des Romains. L’auteur éclaire aussi le processus par lequel la statue « classique » devient une sorte d’icône, symbole de l’excellence artistique et objet de contemplation esthétique.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: 50 USD, n = 16), several low-cost 3D printers are available, including the Ultimate S5 fused filament fabrication (FFF) system for use with PLA within the category of material extrusion (MEX) which, importantly, does not require any peripheral post-processing materials necessary for VP fabrication [30]. However, variation in the surface quality and material finish of each technique may render some techniques more suitable that others in addition to the accessibility of the price point. Intuitively, as 3D Systems is the only company to appear on both the list of software manufacturers and 3D printer manufacturers, they have exclusively validated their D2P software with several of their 3D printers [19]. Several printers on the list, including the Form1, HP580, 540, and, 36100, are capable of fabricating parts from nylon (PA11 or PA12) which is commonly used as a biocompatible material for tissue-interfacing applications such as surgical guides [31], however the regulatory complexities for producing such surgical tools extend beyond the scope of the aforementioned indications for use for anatomical models. Table 2 List of validated 3D printers for the production of anatomical models using FDA-cleared software and estimates of their price points. ((BJ), (MEX), (MJ), Fusion (PBF), (VP))Full size tableIn addition to the seven software platforms mentioned in Table 1, there are other programs that have similar capabilities for converting patient scan data into digital 3D models that can be used for 3D printing. However, these software platforms do not specifically describe the physical fabrication of models as an intended use of the software in their FDA clearance documentation (Table S1). These platforms include (AW) (GE Heathcare), that has been validated with Formlabs FORM 3B and 3BL printers [36], and Visualization (Canon), validated with Stratasys Objet260 Connex3. Intelli10 (Philips) and Synapse 3D () both market their software with 3D printing output capability [37, 38], whilst Dolphin 3D Surgery (Supply), iNtuition (TeraRecon), Osirix MD (Pixmeo Sarl) and Syngo. via (Siemens) have demonstrated use for producing 3D printed anatomical models in the academic literature [39,40,41,42,43] (Table S1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: El-: Efficacy of Trichogramma evanescens in controlling the botrana in grape farms in Egypt. 2009; 42:705–714. 91. : Compatibility of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) with Amblyseius (Iphiseius) degenerans (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thripidae) on greenhouse roses. 2008; 44:259–270. 92. Bonato O, Ridray G: Effect of tomato deleafing on mirids, the natural predators of whiteflies. Dev 2007; 27:167–170. 93. Schmidt RA: Leaf structures affect predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and biological control: A review. Acarol 2014; 62:1–17. 94. van Lenteren JC, van Roermund HJW, Sütterlin S: Biological control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum with Encarsia Formosa: How does it work? 1996; 6:1–10. 95. : Selection of refuges for Nesidiocoris tenuis (Miridae) and Orius laevigatus: Het. :Anthocoridae): Virus reservoir risk assessment. IOBC/WPRS Bull 2009; 49:281–286. 96. Castañé : Colonization of tomato greenhouses by the predatory mirid bugs Macrolophus caliginosus and Dicyphus tamaninii. 2004; 30:591–597. 97. Gerling D, Alomarb O, Arnó J: Biological control of Bemisia tabaci using predators and parasitoids. 2001; 20:779–799. 98. : Adding floral nectar resources to improve biological control: Potential pitfalls of the fourth trophic level. Ecol 2009; 10:554–562. 99. El-Wakeil NE: Evaluation of efficiency of Trichogramma evanescens reared on different factitious hosts to control Helicoverpa armigera. J 2007; 80:29–34. 100. Wäckers FL, Bonifay C: How to be sweet? Extrafloral nectar allocation by Gossypium hirsutum fits optimal defense theory predictions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Pyramids were built solely by slave labor under harsh conditions. [SEP] Text: combinations of prey, a 21, and predator, a 12, interaction strengths) where LV food chains of different lengths are pyramidal. For some combinations of a 21 and a 12 only one food chain length will produce Eltonian pyramids (=unhatched sectors, e. g. two trophic level food chains within dark green sector), while for other combinations of a 21 and a 12 more than one food chain length will produce Eltonian pyramids (=unhatched sectors, e. g. both two and four, but not three trophic level food chains within light green, diagonally hatched sector). See colourbar for which lengths of a food chain that are pyramidal within each sector. (C,D) Subplots show, using horizontal bars of different colours, the range of values of consumer (a 12) interaction strengths for which LV food chains with two to six trophic levels are (i) non-feasible (red region), (ii) feasible and pyramidal (green region), and (iii) feasible but non-pyramidal (yellow region), respectively, when resource and consumer interaction strengths are assumed to be related via the ecological efficiency (i. e. a i+1,i = γ × a i,i+1). When green bars for two or more food chain lengths overlap vertically this means that food chains with these number of trophic levels all will be pyramidal for the range of values of a 12 for which there is an overlap, while if there is no vertical overlap in green bars LV food chains of different lengths cannot be pyramidal simultaneously for any value of a 12 used. Density-dependent consumer mortality is absent from food chains in (A,C) but included in food chains in (B,D). (S5 and S6 for individual plots of the pyramidal parameter space for LV food chains with two to four trophic levels and a summary plot of food chains with up to six trophic levels).

Output: pass