Input: Claim: Plant-based diets require no planning to meet daily protein needs. [SEP] Text: The study did not determine a more precise dietary protein level needed for weight reduction. However, the efficacy of increased protein to support weight loss does have support from a human trial that used biscuits enriched with plant-based protein and found that the group with the protein-added biscuits lost significantly more body weight and fat mass than the control group [39]. In this study, having a plant-based diet had the most significant association with lower body fat, followed by a high protein diet. It suggests that a plant-based diet high in protein might be optimal for the Korean population and possibly people of other ethnic groups. The findings support the possibility that substituting plant protein for animal protein can decrease the incidence of type 2 diabetes, probably by decreasing obesity-induced inflammation [40]. It was also demonstrated that elderly Korean men with concurrent sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and obesity had the same total and animal protein intake but a significantly lower intake of plant protein than controls [41]. This research revealed that modest differences in dietary choices could have a significant impact on fat accumulation in the Korean population. Other studies have shown that people who adhere to vegetarian diets are less obese than their omnivorous counterparts [42] and that vegetarians are healthier even at the same BMI [43]. However, the subjects in the present study with a plant-based diet were not necessarily vegetarians. A plant-based diet in this study indicated that plant foods contributed relatively more to the total energy intake than animal foods, but the subjects did not adhere to any particular dietary restrictions. The lack of a clearly defined diet could be both a strength and a limitation of the study. There was more variability in the dietary type and potentially less of an effect than if all subjects with a plant-based diet were vegetarians. On the other hand, this represents a more “real world” scenario for many people and shows that modest changes can have profound effects. ConclusionThis study suggested that BDNF_rs6265, FTO_rs1421085, and SEC16B_rs509325 interact with high body fat mass, that and plant-based and high protein diets are beneficial for maintaining a lower body fat in adults with a high PRS of the three genetic variants. This study demonstrated that the discovery of PRS-environment interactions in body fat was applicable in the clinical setting.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: enzymes appear to specifically act on the dsRNAs leading to their degradation (digestion) by their 5'–3' ends resulting in the production of small 21–24 base (ds) ribonucleotides known as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) [4]. The double-stranded siRNAs are incorporated into a multiprotein complex known as the RNA-induced-silencing complex (RISC) that is actually induced by the presence of the RNAs. In this complex, the "passenger" (sense) strand of siRNAs is degraded and the antisense or guide strand is directed to the mRNA target. The guide sequence enables Watson-Crick complementarity to the mRNA target which is enzymatically degraded by a family of proteins called "Argonauts" (Argonaute proteins), thereby preventing translation of the mRNA. Arguably, the mechanism of gene silencing is specialized and targeted at the nucleotide sequence level. The possibility of specific gene downregulation through RNAi has proven mainly in insects which lack methods for functional genomic analysis [5]. The extremely interesting observation that dsRNA molecules taken up through the digestive tract of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans induce gene-specific downregulation [6, 7] created hopes that oral dsRNA uptake could regulate gene expression in other invertebrates as well, including insects. This technology could be used for the reasonable purpose of developing environmentally friendly pesticides to combat agricultural insect species. The first-historical publications describing the use of RNAi technology in crop insect control were those of Baum et al. [8] and Mao et al. [9]. These researchers showed that genetically modified plants expressing dsRNAs of entomological origin could influence the development and growth of phytophagous insect species which were feeding on these plants. Corn plants expressing hairpin dsRNAs, which target the A subunit of the ATPase gene in Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (western corn rootworm, WCR), showed significant protection from the damage caused by this insect species [8]. Following previous discoveries, Arabidopsis plants expressing double-stranded RNA hairpins targeting the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene in the corn pest Helicoverpa armigera showed decreased resistance to the sesquiterpene gossypol [9].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 00% QC) had the smallest percentage of respondents considering them ‘very/extremely important’ sources of crop pollination in both regions. The sources of pollination information with the greatest regional differences in perceived importance were crop consultants (42. 59% WI, 80. 95% QC), grower extension or conference days (35. 18% WI, 70. 00% QC), and beekeepers (58. 18% WI, 90. 48% QC). These survey results highlight the opportunities for beekeepers, crop consultants, and university specialists to work together in order to keep cranberry growers informed about current best practices for cranberry pollination, and to increase the overall sustainability of the cranberry industry. These trusted sources of information on pollination could also work together to advance the cause of wild bee conservation, through promoting the establishment of pollinator gardens on cranberry farms. Crop consultants and university specialists should continue to develop informative materials which explain the benefits of pollinator gardens toward promoting wild bee biodiversity (Amon, Reference Amon2021; Williams et al. , and Peters2015), greater pollination service delivery (Blaauw and Isaacs, and Isaacs2014), and providing additional support to managed bees (Evans et al. , Reference Evans, Smart, Cariveau and Spivak2018). Figure 2. Percentage of Quebec and Wisconsin survey respondents indicating that each factor is a very or extremely important source of information in determining their crop pollination approach. Grower perceptions of managed bumble bees Grower attitudes and knowledge about managed bumble bees varied considerably by region (Table 4, Fig. 3). A substantial proportion of respondents in both regions reported not knowing much about managed bumble bees (40. 00% WI, 22. 73% QC responding ‘agree/strongly agree’), though more QC respondents reported feeling well informed than WI respondents (38. 18% WI, 54. 54% QC responding ‘disagree/strongly disagree’). Perceptions of pollinator efficiency varied by region, with 50. 00% of QC respondents agreeing or strongly agreeing that honey bees are more efficient pollinators of cranberry than bumble bees, compared with 14. 29% of WI respondents. Conversely, 22. 73% of QC respondents agree or strongly agree that bumble bees are more efficient pollinators of cranberry than honey bees, while 58. 18% of WI respondents felt the same.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets require no planning to meet daily protein needs. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2009. | DOI: 10. 1097/MOL. 0b013e32832956da Dietary interventions have established that high-protein diets can induce weight loss. As reviewed [1••], several of the popular high-protein diets are high in fat. Most investigations of high-protein diets, including a recent study [2••], have relied primarily on animal sources of protein as indicated by typical menus [1••] and reported high content of cholesterol and saturated fat [2••]. The high content of cholesterol and saturated fat in popular high-protein diets raises concerns regarding the long-term impact of such diets on cardiovascular disease as well as other chronic diseases. Importantly, no randomized, controlled clinical trial has demonstrated the long-term safety of high-protein diets. Just as the long-term safety of high-protein diets remains to be established, the long-term impact of the source of dietary protein remains to be determined. However, accumulating evidence suggests that plant proteins, particularly legumes, may be valuable components of high-protein diets. Popular high-protein, low carbohydrate diets are based on the assumption that lowering carbohydrate to the point of ketosis is desirable or even necessary to reduce food intake. However, recent work not only demonstrates that induction of ketosis may not be necessary to inhibit food intake but also provides additional evidence that prolonged intake of a ketogenic diet can have negative health consequences. Prior work had established that under most conditions, protein induces greater satiety than isoenergetic intake of carbohydrate or fat [3]. Recent work in rats fed diets with increased levels of protein without a corresponding increase in fat showed that both acute and habitual increase in protein content of the diet reduced food intake [4]. Importantly, that study, which evaluated changes in brain activation, demonstrated that the reduction in food intake by the high-protein diet was associated with increased activation of the noradrenergic/adrenergic neurons involved in cholecystokinin-induced satiety and did not involve the activation of brain centers indicative of nonphysiological anorexia. A recent study in children with intractable epilepsy treated with a ketogenic diet documented the progressive loss of whole-body and spine bone mineral density during 15 months [5•].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The above developments in gene-targeting research gave birth to a new term known as environmental RNAi [10]. Environmental RNAi involves the phenomenon in which RNAi is induced after environmental exposure to insect dsRNAs by oral or topical administration. Successful environmental RNAi has been reported in a wide range of insect families belonging to the classes of and Orthoptera [11]. The technology of environmental RNAi is the best candidate for replacing conventional insecticides and avoiding collateral damages to the ecosystem, beneficial insects and human health. Advertisement 2. dsRNA delivery systems2. 1. dsRNA injectionThe most widely used methodology for administrating dsRNA molecules in insect cells is by injecting volumes of in vitro synthesized dsRNAs into their hemocoel. This methodology was mostly used for functional analysis of genes in model and non-model insects from the early 2000s till date. DsRNAs could be in vitro synthesized using different approaches (there are many alternatives but we describe the one which was extensively used in our laboratory). In this approach, the gene of interest should be cloned in both sense and antisense directions in plasmids flanked with at least one T7 promoter. Then, the plasmids are linearized with restriction enzymes and transcribed in two different reactions (using T7 RNA polymerase) to synthesize sense and antisense ssRNAs. The complementary RNA molecules are then mixed and annealed. For the annealing step, the two transcripts should be mixed in precisely equimolar amounts (Figure 1). We have been using this methodology for synthesizing a wide range of targets for functional analysis of genes of the lepidopteron Sesamia nonagrioides. For the juvenile hormone esterase-related gene of Sesamia, we have targeted different parts of the full gene transcript by synthesizing in vitro three different dsRNAs, corresponding to a 472-bp part of its 5′-translated region, a 1276-bp part of its central translated, 3′-translated and part of its 3′ -untranslated region and a 1725-bp part encompassing both of the above regions, which spanned 94% of the total cDNA. All transcripts resulted in gene-specific knockdown of SnJHER but only the 1725 bp dsRNA was able to cause a significant phenotype [12].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: The results from QC are noteworthy, as scientific literature has long maintained that bumble bees are more efficient pollinators of cranberry than honey bees (Broussard et al. , Reference Broussard, Rao, Stephen and White2011; Cane and Schiffhauer, and Schiffhauer2003; Evans and Spivak, and Spivak2006), yet half of QC survey respondents believe that honey bees are more efficient pollinators of cranberry than bumble bees. Additionally, over half of QC respondents reported feeling well-informed about managed bumble bees, a far greater proportion than what was observed for WI respondents. This seemingly paradoxical result may be due to the way previous scientific literature has defined pollination efficiency in cranberry- namely, the amount of pollen vectored per bee on a per-visit basis. QC growers may instead conceive of pollination efficiency on a per-colony/hive basis, or by inferring that a heavier yielding crop was more efficiently pollinated. Additionally, since QC respondents had larger marshes (on average) than WI respondents, the larger foraging range of honey bees (Beekman and Ratnieks, and Ratnieks2000) compared to bumble bees (Osborne et al. , and Edwards1999) may lead growers to believe honey bees are better suited to the task of cranberry pollination. Also noteworthy is that in neither region do the majority of respondents believe that using a combination of honey and bumble bees improves farm profitability (45. 45% QC, 26. 79% WI agreeing or strongly agreeing). Though pollination complementarity between honey bees and wild bees has not been documented in cranberry, it is speculated to occur in closely related blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) (Rogers, Tarpy and Burrack, Reference Rogers, Tarpy and Burrack2014) and has been demonstrated in a number of other crops, including squash (Hoehn et al. , Reference Hoehn, Tscharntke, Tylianakis and Steffan-Dewenter2008), strawberry (Chagnon, Gingras and DeOliveira, Reference Chagnon, Gingras and DeOliveira1993), and sunflower (Greenleaf and Kremen, and Kremen2006). Table 4. Grower perceptions regarding managed bumble bees as pollinators of cranberry Figure 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets require no planning to meet daily protein needs. [SEP] Text: The low saturated fat content of many plant proteins would be expected to improve lipids whereas the high fiber content of plant proteins would be expected to improve lipids and blood pressure and increase satiety, facilitating weight loss and limiting weight gain. Several recent reports provide increasing support for the notion that a specific source of plant protein, legumes, may be a particularly relevant component of high-protein diets aiming to reduce weight or cardiovascular risk factors and promote long-term health. A recent analysis [10•] of data collected as part of the Survey reported on differences between physiological measures and dietary composition for persons who consumed beans compared with those who did not consume beans. Interestingly, both weight and waist circumference were lower in those who consumed beans compared with those who did not, even though total energy intake was higher in the former. In addition, a number of measures of dietary status, including saturated fat, dietary fiber, phosphorus, magnesium, and folate, were more favorable in those who consumed beans. A recent crossover study investigated the influence of incorporating chickpeas, a legume high in dietary fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids, on lipids and measures of glycemia [11]. In that study, daily chickpea intake representing 119 kcal per day for 12 weeks reduced plasma total and LDL cholesterol, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance as assessed by the homeostasis model, with a trend for reduced weight. A recent study in a rat model of carcinogenesis [12•] demonstrated that incorporating increasing amounts of small red beans into the diet while holding total protein, crude fiber, and carbohydrate constant resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in mammary tumor incidence, cancer multiplicity, and tumor burden. That study also demonstrated dietary red bean to induce a dose-dependent reduction in plasma glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor, and the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and IL-6. Overall, these studies suggest that increasing legume intake to increase dietary protein may provide most, if not all, of the benefits associated with typical high-protein diets while promoting better long-term health outcomes. In summary, though long-term clinical trials evaluating the safety of high-protein diets are lacking and not likely to ever be completed, recent evidence provides increasing support for greater potential health benefits of plant proteins, particularly legumes, both for weight reduction and control of obesity and for minimizing chronic disease. There is much opportunity for research in the area of high-protein diets emphasizing plant protein.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: In order to silence the 1276-bp part, we ligated a SnJHER 1276-bp fragment into the MCS of the RNAi L4440 vector (Figure 2A). The L4440/ SnJHER1276 plasmid was then linearized with either XhoI or NcoI (to create sense and antisense plasmids) and used as template for RNA synthesis. After DNase treatment (to destroy the DNA templates), sense and antisense ssRNAs were annealed to form dsRNA and analyzed in agarose gels before injection to insects (Figure 2B). Figure 1. In vitro dsRNA synthesis strategy. Plasmid sequences are indicated in black while inserts for RNA productions downstream of the T7 promoter (cloned in two different orientations) are displayed in gray. Sense and antisense RNAs are indicated in red and green, respectively. Figure 2. Production of dsRNA corresponding to the gene representation of L4440 plasmid and its polylinker for cloning gene fragments for dsRNA production ( The polylinker is flanked on either side by a T7 RNA polymerase promoter for RNA synthesis. B. Synthesis of dsSnJHER1276. Sense and antisense ssRNAs running in 1% w/v agarose gel (first and second lanes counting from the left). The two ssRNAs were annealed and subjected to DNase treatment (third lane). DNA marker is being shown on the fourth lane. In other insect species, a wide range of successful experiments of intra-hemolymph RNAi have already been published and some of them will be described below:In adult fruit flies, RNAi could be induced by injecting dsRNAs into the abdomen of anesthetized individuals targeting genes which were expressed in their central nervous system (CNS) [13]. mori, injection of double-stranded RNA corresponding to the silkworm white gene (Bmwh3) into preblastoderm eggs of wild-type silkworm induced phenotypes similar to those observed with mutants of the white egg 3 locus. The induced phenotypes were characterized by the presence of white eggs and translucent larval skin [14].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Percentage of Quebec and Wisconsin survey respondents indicating that they agree or strongly agree with a number of statements regarding honey bee and bumble bees as pollinators of cranberry. Survey respondents were also asked about perceived declines in honey bee quality or availability over the last five years. The majority of respondents in both regions did not feel that there had been any decrease in honey bee colony availability over the last five years (50. 00% WI, 63. 64% QC respondents answering ‘disagree/strongly disagree’, 3). This tracks with data available from national agricultural censuses (Statistics Canada, 2019; 2021), which have not reported any substantial decline over the last five years in honey bee colony stocks. However, a substantial proportion of QC respondents felt that there had been a decrease in the quality of honey bee colonies offered over the last five years, while most WI respondents have not noticed a decrease in quality (17. 86% WI, 40. 91% QC respondents answering ‘agree/strongly agree’). The greatest perceived benefit of utilizing managed bumble bees for pollination in both regions was their ability to pollinate in inclement weather (74. 54% WI, 81. 82% QC respondents). This makes sense, as the cranberry growing season in both WI and QC is often cool and rainy (Peel, Finlayson and McMahon, Reference Peel, Finlayson and McMahon2007), and bumble bees are able to fly better and forage at lower temperatures than honey bees in cranberry (Broussard et al. , Reference Broussard, Rao, Stephen and White2011). For QC respondents, the second most important advantage of utilizing bumble bees for pollination services was the fact that they are native to (13. 64% QC, 3. 64% WI), while in WI it was the utility of bumble bees for pollinating early blooming cranberry cultivars (0. 00% QC, 10. 91% WI). The greatest perceived challenge of utilizing managed bumble bees for pollination in both areas was the price of colonies (41. 82% WI, 60. 00% QC respondents considered this ‘very/extremely’ challenging). This is somewhat perplexing, as bumble bee quads are less expensive to purchase than the rental price for colony rentals in either region, with an approximately $40 USD discrepancy in QC (Table 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets require no planning to meet daily protein needs. [SEP] Text: Trial to Disease (OmniHeart) protein diet included some plant sources of protein [1••,13] and has been demonstrated to effectively improve cardiovascular risk factors [13,14••,15]. As the protein content of the OmniHeart protein diet did not reach the levels of popular high-protein diets [1••], it seems possible that modifying the OmniHeart protein diet by partial replacement of sources of carbohydrate with legumes may result in a diet that induces even more beneficial changes in cardiovascular risk factors. As the existing positive information for dietary plant protein concerns primarily plant protein consumed within the relatively intact vegetable ‘protein package’, rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals which may contribute to the health benefits of these vegetable sources of protein, it is recommended that future research focuses on the entire vegetable ‘protein package’ rather than on proteins isolates. Most dietary interventions that included plant sources of protein have provided very limited information concerning the amounts of specific types of plant protein that were included. The value of future research on dietary protein and health outcomes will be enhanced by detailed description of the specific types of plant (and animal) protein that are included in experimental diets, ideally in somewhat more detail than the best example to date [13]. Relatively few head-to-head comparisons of the health implications of different plant sources of protein have been conducted; such studies will be valuable to increase understanding of the differences among plant proteins and to suggest hypotheses concerning mechanism(s) by which plant proteins confer health benefits. 11. This report will be of interest to readers for comparative information for dietary guidelines from the Institute of Medicine, the Association, the Association, and the Society. This report will also be of interest for the comparative information concerning menus and macronutrient profiles for five popular diets as well as for the to (DASH) Diet and the OmniHeart diets. 2•• Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. J Med 2008; 359:229–241. This report will be of interest to readers for the comparative data for the impact of three dietary interventions, a low-fat diet, a Mediterranean diet, and a high-protein low carbohydrate diet, on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors. Of particular interest, this report provides information for cardiovascular risk factors after both 6 and 24 months of intervention with more frequent measures of weight.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Additionally, parental silencing of the hemolin gene from the Giant silkmoth, Hyalophora cecropia, demonstrated that hemolin is crucial for the normal development of embryos. When RNAi females were mated, no larvae emerged from their eggs and when dissected, the eggs revealed malformed embryos [15]. sexta injection of double-stranded integrin-beta1 RNA into larvae resulted in decreased integrin beta1 expression in plasmatocytes and significantly suppressed encapsulation [16]. While in Aedes aegypti injection of double-stranded RNA corresponding to the broad gene (BR) isoform Z2 led to a significant decrease in the expression of the Vitellogenin (Vg) gene at 8 and 24 h post blood meal. Knockdown of Z1 or Z4 resulted in enhanced Vg expression beyond its normal expression time [17]. Injection of both dsRNA/siRNA could induce the silence of chitin synthase gene A (CHSA), which is an important gene for the growth and development of cuticles and trachea in beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. The cuticle of CHSA-silenced insects was disordered and the epithelial walls of larval trachea did not expand. Moreover, injections significantly increased abnormalities relative to control larvae [18]. castaneum, injection of dsRNA prepared using the common or isoform-specific regions of ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (USP) genes as templates caused derailment of development [19]. In S. frugiperda, silencing of the allatostatin AS-C-type (Spofr/Manse-AS) or the allatotropin AT 2 (Spofr-AT 2) genes after intra-hemolymph administration resulted in reduction of their transcript levels in brain and gut of last instar larvae and adults. This suppression led to an increased JH titer in larvae [20]. bimaculatus, injection of the circadian clock gene period (G. bimaculatus period, Gb'per) dsRNA into the abdomen of third instar nymphs knocked down the mRNA levels to 25% of that in control animals.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Survey respondents may believe that higher costs for honey bee colonies are justified due to their greater number of bees/colony, leading to a sense of a greater number of pollinators per dollar spent. The time and labor involved in bumble bee colony setup was the second most frequent factor considered ‘very/extremely challenging’ in WI (18. 18% WI, 9. 09% QC respondents), while the availability of bumble bee colonies was the second most common factor selected as ‘very/extremely challenging’ by QC respondents (5. 56% WI, 40. 91% QC). It may prove beneficial for suppliers of managed bumble bees to increase their product availability in QC, as a lack of colony availability is hindering the more widespread adoption of managed bumble bees for cranberry pollination within the region. agricultural intensification continues to increase throughout the world, the demand for pollination services continues to increase. Global honey bee stocks are not growing fast enough to keep up with this increased demand (Aizen and Harder, and Harder2009; Breeze et al. , Reference Breeze, Vaissière, Bommarco, Petanidou, Seraphides, Kozák, Scheper, Biesmeijer, Kleijn, Gyldenkærne, Moretti, Holzschuh, Steffan-Dewenter, Stout, Pärtel, Zobel and Potts2014), leading some industries to consider the benefits of managed bumble bees for crop pollination (Velthuis and Van Doorn, 2006; Garibaldi et al. , Reference Garibaldi, Requier, Rollin and Andersson2017). Here, we found that Wisconsin (WI) and Quebec (QC) cranberry growers largely follow similar pollination practices, but with some differences in the price growers pay for pollination services and the duration managed bees are left on farms. Almost all respondents utilize honey bees for pollination and the demand for managed pollinators in both regions seems fairly inelastic, as fewer than 20% of respondents in either region reported that they would stop stocking managed bees if prices got ‘too high’. In both regions, respondents consider beekeepers, crop consultants, and university specialists important sources of crop pollination information.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets require no planning to meet daily protein needs. [SEP] Text: Bean consumption is associated with greater nutrient intake, reduced systolic blood pressure, lower body weight, and a smaller waist circumference in adults: results from the Survey 1999–2002. J Nutr 2008; 27:569–576. This report will be of interest to readers as it presents data for a representative sample of 9965 and 11 039 noninstitutionalized Americans responding to the Survey () in 1999–2000 and 2001–2002, respectively. Data are presented for three categories of bean consumers: those who consumed beans only as baked beans, those consuming other specific types of beans, including pinto beans, kidney beans, etc. , and those consuming any type of bean. Data are presented for all ages and for ages 20–40 years compared with 40 years and older. 11. Chickpeas may influence fatty acid and fiber intake in an ad libitum diet, leading to small improvements in serum lipid profile and glycemic control. J Assoc 2008; 108:1009–1013. 12• Mechanisms associated with dose-dependent inhibition of rat mammary carcinogenesis by dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L. ). J Nutr 2008; 138:2091–2097. This study is of particular interest because unlike many studies of dietary protein in animal models, the red bean incorporated into the diet was representative of red bean products consumed in the USA, including prior cooking and packing in brine by a major commercial supplier of canned beans to the market for human consumption. This study is also distinguished by the formulation of the diets containing different amounts of red bean to contain equivalent levels of crude fiber, dietary protein, and dietary carbohydrate. In addition, of relevance, the bean content of each experimental diet is related to the corresponding human dose on a caloric basis. 13 Characteristics of the diet patterns tested in the to Disease (OmniHeart): options for a heart-healthy diet. J Assoc 2008; 108:257–265. 14•• Effect of protein, unsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intakes on plasma apolipoprotein B and VL DL and LDL containing apolipoprotein C-III: results from the OmniHeart Trial. 2008; 87:1623–1630. This 2464. Further recommended reading •. An approach to defining the upper safe limits of amino acid intake. J Nutr 2008; 138:1996S–2002S. This 2009.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Most Gb'per dsRNA-injected nymphs lost their circadian locomotor activity rhythm, while those injected with DsRed2 dsRNA as a negative control clearly maintained the rhythm [21]. The membrane-bound trehalase genes of S. exigua SeTre-1 and SeTre-2 were analyzed by dsRNA injections. The RNA interference (RNAi) of either SeTre-1 or SeTre-2 was gene-specific and effective, with efficiency rates up to 83% at 72 h post injection. After RNAi of SeTre-1 and SeTre-2, significant higher mortality rates were observed during the larval-pupal and pupal-adult stages [18]. In D. virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), injection of laccase 2 DvvLac2-specific double-stranded RNA resulted in the prevention of post-molt cuticular tanning, while injection of chitin synthase 2 DvvCHS2-specific dsRNA reduced chitin levels in midguts. Silencing of both DvvLac2 and DvvCHS2 was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative RT-PCR [22]. DsRNA-based gene silencing resulted in a dramatic reduction in the levels of the corresponding mRNA in the Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen) nymphs injected with dsRNA of chitin synthase 1 LmCHS1, or either of its two variants, LmCHS1A and LmCHS1B. mortalities of 95, 88 and 51% were observed in the locusts injected with the LmCHS1, LmCHS1A and LmCHS1B dsRNA, respectively [23]. decemlineata, specific interference of Ldace1, an ortholog of Anopheles gambiae Agace1 by means of dsRNA injection, resulted in a reduction of AChE activity to an approximate 50% compared to control, while interference of Ldace2 reduced AChE activity to an approximate 85%. Interference of Ldace1 in CPB adults caused a significant increase in mortality (43%) as early as 3 days post injection (p. i.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Respondent attitudes on managed bumble bees varied considerably by region regarding their knowledge of the relative efficiency of bumble bees and honey bees to pollinate cranberry flowers, though respondents from both regions agreed that the greatest potential benefit for bumble bees was their ability to pollinate in inclement weather, and their greatest challenge was the price of quad purchase. A greater understanding of cranberry grower characteristics, pollination practices, and attitudes toward managed bumble bees from some of the world's largest cranberry producing areas will assist in the development of educational materials and recommendations that will increase the overall sustainability of the cranberry industry. It is vital to note that many of the largest cranberry growing counties in WI were not thoroughly surveyed within our study, and future efforts should be made to gather responses from more growers in the region- potentially by distributing the survey physically (as in Gaines-Day and Gratton, Reference Gaines-Day and Gratton2017) rather than solely by email. Nevertheless, the recommendations we make here will hopefully result in a diversification in pollination services by encouraging greater adoption of managed bumble bees and planting of pollinator gardens to foster wild bees in cranberry agroecosystems. While this study focused on WI and QC, other cranberry growing regions in could also benefit from these recommendations. If growers become less reliant on pollination services provided by honey bees, either through the adoption of managed bumble bees on their farm, greater support of wild bees already within the agroecosystem, or some combination of these two factors, it may provide a buffer from some of the many concerns regarding honey bee colony health, or increased prices for honey bee hive rentals as the demand for pollination continues to outpace the growth of honey bee stocks. Supplementary material The supplementary material for this 10. 1017/S1742170523000352. sincerely thank all the anonymous growers in Quebec and Wisconsin who participated in our surveys. Survey questions were reviewed by and built on a previous survey conducted by Hannah Gaines-Day. Questions were approved by the University of Wisconsin-for domestic and international use (IRB # 2019-0035-CP001). provided valuable statistical insight. Funding for research was provided by grants to C. Guédot from the Growers' Association and the of Agriculture, Trade, and #19-04.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets require no planning to meet daily protein needs. [SEP] Text: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı okul-aile birliği yönetmeliği. Özçelik, U. (2007). Ortaöğretim okullarının finansman kaynaklarının okul yöneticilerinin görüşlerinden yola çıkarak belirlenmesi (Ankara ili Bala ve Gölbaşı ilçelerinde bir çalışma). (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara. Özer, N. , Demirtaş, H. , Ateş, F. (2015). Okulların Mali Durumlarına ve Bütçe Yönetiminde Yaşanan Sorunlara İlişkin Müdür Görüşleri. E-of Educational Research. (6)1, 17-39. Öztürk S. (2002). İlköğretim Okullarının Finansman Kaynakları (Ankara İli Polatlı İlçesi Örneği) (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara. Sayılan, F. (2006). Küresel aktörler (DB ve GATS) ve eğitimde neoliberal dönüşüm, ühendisleri Odası. Aylık Bülten Eğitim Dosyası. Kasım-Aralık, 44-51. Tural N. K. (2002). Eğitim Finansmanı. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. Ünal L. I. (1996). Eğitim ve Yetiştirme Ekonomisi. Ankara: Epar Yayınları. Yamaç, U. (2010).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: ). Interference of Ldace2 also caused a significant increase in mortality (29%) compared to control, although at seven days p. i. [24]. In G. bimaculatus and the firebrat Thermobia domestica, a dose-dependent effect of dsRNA was observed to achieve knockdown of clock genes. However, this effect was affected by the particular gene that was silenced and the insect species (Gryllus versus Thermobia) [25]. Injection of CHS dsRNA interfered with egg development in the ovary and the eggs that were laid were dark of color and not viable. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated reduced deposition of chitin in previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes in the ovaries [26]. In a later work, HSP70/HSC70 knockdown of Rhodnius prolixus insects showed lower resistance to prolonged starvation in comparison to appropriate controls, dying between 32 and 40 days after dsRNA injection. After blood feeding, the physiological effects of HSP70/HSC70 knockdown were more prominent and the insects died even earlier, within 14–20 days after feeding (21–27 days after dsRNA injection). These bugs showed impaired blood processing and digestion; reduced energetic metabolism and the midgut immune responses were compromised [27]. 2. 2. Oral delivery of dsRNAsOral delivery of dsRNAs aims to silence the selected gene after gut-mediated uptake and transport to the insect cells. If oral delivery is efficient, then much higher possibilities exist to formulate a dsRNA-based insecticide. For orally delivering dsRNAs, dsRNAs should be in vitro synthesized as described previously. Then, the dsRNAs are incorporated to the artificial diets of the insects or even sprayed in the plants which are used to be fed on. Important examples (highlights) from the literature are given below:Walshe et al. [28] first demonstrated specific gene knockdown by feeding in dipteran species. This was a first example of RNAi in a blood-sucking insect by including dsRNA in its blood meal. Delivery of dsRNA through the blood meal of Glossina morsitans was as effective as dsRNA injection with respect to the silencing of the midgut-expressed gene TsetseEP.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: -13-175 Back to All published 10. 2174/1874331501913010175 62. 2%) of them are dependent on biological pollinators. Besides this, honey bees play a vital economic role, and their contribution to pollination service in agriculture crops is around 0. 815 billion dollars in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, this contribution is unnoticed by Ethiopian farmers. Pollination by honey bee plays an essential role in human nutrition and supplies food security, income in households, and ecosystem services. Declines in insect pollinators, including honey bees across the world, have raised concerns about the supply of pollination services to agriculture, and it is because one-third of agriculture productions depend upon pollination, mainly by honey bees. Among the several factors responsible for the decline of honey bee colonies, improper pesticide application, and climate change are the elements and make them at risk. The potential adverse effects of pollinator declines include direct economic losses incurred by reduced crop yields as well as broader impacts on the agricultural activity because of lower productivity in the ecosystems. Through promoting and the use of honey bee pollination service as agricultural development packages, it is possible to improve honey bee production and crop yield in Ethiopia. Keywords: Crop yield, Economic benefit, Ethiopia, Honey bee, Pollination service, Public perception. 1. is an essential process in the production of seed plants, and it results in a genetically diverse production of offspring [1]. Globally, one-third of the total human food supply depends on insect pollination [2-5]. Production of agriculture crops is increasing by 50% through bees pollination [2]. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are economically essential insect pollinators all over the world [6-11]. They provide ecologically for pollination of natural, wild vegetation plants and agricultural crops; as a result, they play a significant role in the landscape and natural resource preservation [6, 10, 12, 13]. The apiculture sector is one of the essential livestock subsectors, which contributes significant importance to the livelihoods of the people in Ethiopia [14]. Beekeeping in Ethiopia plays a vital role in the agricultural, environmental activity, and it serves as a source of additional cash income for beekeepers [15, 16].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are proven to extend lifespan for everyone universally. [SEP] Text: Do dietary supplements extend lifespan and prevent brain disease? Genade, Alessia Montesano, and Mawuli MacDonaldBacked by and 8 other backersand : 10. 18258/3104$1,540Raised of $810 Goal190%Funded on 9/10/14Successfully Funded$1,540pledged190%fundedFundedon 9/10/14? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(6)Discussion (17)ProjectCan a cheap, over the counter pill, prevent the onset of ageing-related diseases and extend lifespan? I use the short-lived fish (9 to 12 weeks), Nothobranchius furzeri as a model organism to test compounds for lifespan altering affects. Using my fish to quickly identify candidate supplements would save time in testing the different compounds on long-lived (3 years) mice and rats and instead research can quickly proceed to human trials. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? A multitude of such nutraceuticals are available but are any really effective? Nothobranchius furzeri can be used to test compounds for lifespan altering affects (PMID: 16461283). Part of the work is obvious (I count the days the fish live) while another aspect is more technical. Fish are killed and their brains examined for signs of disease. In this project I am interested in signs of brain disease. Specifically, the production of scar tissue by glia; the presence of inflammation; and the abundance of misfolded proteins (such as misfolded tau and alpha-synuclein found in dementia). We know that with age there is an accumulation of misfolded tau and alpha-synuclein in the fish as well as increased glial scar tissue; and that anti-aging interventions affect these proteins in the fish. What is the significance of this project? No systematic study has been done to determine which proteins change with age in Nothobranchius and whether these changes are correlated with changes in lifespan. Identifying a panel of proteins known to change in response to lifespan would provide other researchers with a starting point to work back to the biochemical mechanisms of ageing. This information can be used to develop more effective drugs against aging-related diseases. This research would also identify nutraceuticals supplements that could be taken to offset the risk of ageing-related diseases.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: They targeted the hexamerin 2 gene in fifth (last) instar larvae by feeding with double-stranded hexamerin 2 RNA directly to larvae in naturally founded colonies in the field. Their results pave the way for functional genomic research that can contribute significantly to learning the interactions between environment and development and its significance for paper wasp evolution and behavioral ecology [33]. Luan et al. [34] developed a new and high throughput methodology to silence whitefly genes using a leaf-mediated dsRNA-feeding method. A leaf-mediated dsRNA-feeding method was developed to test silencing of whitefly genes in high-throughput format. While silencing of ecdysone biosynthetic and regulatory genes had little effect on survival and fecundity of adult whiteflies, reduced survival and delayed development were observed during the treatment of the nymphal stages. Moreover, Mao and Zeng [35] performed RNAi at the second instar stage to knock down hunchback (hb) expression in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Continuous feeding of Aphb dsRNA mixed in their artificial diet led to reduction of Aphb transcripts and rise of insect lethality. Their results indicated that the gene hunchback was an efficient RNAi target for managing populations of aphids. Li et al. [36] introduced dsRNAs of P450 CYP6CM1 genes corresponding to the B and Q biotypes into the insect body of B. tabaci adults through membrane feeding. RNAi of the P450 CYP6CM1 gene reduced gene expression, increased mortality and inhibited the ability to detoxify a pesticide or a plant secondary metabolite in both biotypes of B. tabaci, with better efficacy in B biotype than in Q biotype. Finally, Halim et al. [37] evaluated oral delivery of dsRNAs targeting sodium ion channel paralytic A (TcNav) gene in T. castaneum as a viable means of controlling this insect pest. Oral delivery of dsRNA caused dose-dependent mortalities between 19 and 51. 34% accompanied by a significant knockdown in gene expression following 3 days of continuous feeding. The majority of larvae injected with, or fed, dsRNA died during the final larval stage prior to pupation. This work provided evidence of a viable RNAi-based strategy for insect control. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: This sector plays a great role directly by providing valuable output such as honey, beeswax, queen, bee colonies and indirectly other products such as pollen, royal jelly jelly, bee venom and propolis in which it has high demand globally for different functions including medicinal and nutritional value [17-19]. Animal pollinators include many insect species (managed and wild), species of birds are crops pollinators, and the honey bee are considered one of the primary pollinators [20]. Honey bee plays a central role in agriculture as pollinators, and their contribution to the global economy for food production is estimated between $ 235 and $ 285 billion annually [21] and $0. 815 billion in Ethiopia, which is 6. 24% of the agricultural GDP [22]. According to Shrestha [23], the impact of honey bee pollination to crop production and quality has been estimated to be more than the value of honey and wax production. The economic benefit of the honey bees pollination service is 4. 58 times higher than the honey production in Ethiopia [22]. Other sources revealed that income generation, food consumption, pollination of crops, and natural resource conservation are among the list of importance of the beekeeping sector [24]. Therefore, the objective of this paper will focus on reviewing the role, economic importance of honey bees (Apis mellifera) pollination service to agricultural crops, and food security in Ethiopia. 1. 1. Role of on the Productivity of Crops in Agency informs every year, fifty-three significant crops are cultivated in Ethiopia [22]. Out of the 53 major agricultural crops cultivated in Ethiopia, 33 of them (62. 2%) are dependent on biological pollinators, and from the total biological pollinator, honey bees contribute 80% of pollination service [22]. This indicated that honey bees are the most efficient insect pollinators in cultivated crops. Workers of honey bees visit multi-flowering plant species at a time to collect nectar and pollen at a time they serve as cross-pollinator. Both survival and conservation of genetic diversity of many crops and wild plant populations largely depend on insect pollination service [25]. Concerning specific insects, it is expected that almost one-third of all plants or plant produced food eaten by humans is dependent directly or indirectly on bees for their pollination [26]. This shows that the life of humans somewhat depends on the existence of honey bee.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Plant-based diets are proven to extend lifespan for everyone universally. [SEP] Text: I also work with under-graduate students, involving them in my work. This is an important learning opportunity for them---especially those that wish to pursue careers in scientific research and medicine. Your support will support them. What are the goals of the project? Test several over-the-counter nutraceuticals on Nothobranchius furzeri and determine whether or not it affects their lifespan. Obtain protein samples and perform to determine how the expression of the proteins change with age. . . . . . and whether this expression pattern correlates with lifespan (i. e. do longer-lived fish have less of the pathological protein? ). Publish the results. (I wish to publish but I'm not asking for funding for that now---lets first get the results! )wait. . . To determine whether the dietary supplements are protecting the brain from disease we need to analyse protein samples and measure the abundance of certain protein markers of disease. To do this we need to purchase chemical reagents to prepare the protein; and antibodies to view and measure the proteins. The bulk of this budget is for the purchase of research consumables: reagents for Western Blotting: protein concentration quantification kit, protein size markers (to identify proteins by size); chemiluminescence reagents (to observe proteins on the blots); blotting paper (to blot the proteins onto); as well as antibody probes to look for and measure proteins of interest. The antibodies represent the largest fraction of the research costs. These antibodies are: Syn211 anti-alpha-synuclein (a protein implicated in Parkinson’s Disease) SMI311 anti-neurofilament (a protein marker of neurons and axons) Anti-tau antibody (a protein implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease and other dementias) Iba1 anti- allograft inflammatory factor 1 (a marker of inflammation) The first three are known to work against zebrafish protein; and the last has high sequence similarity to the Nothobranchius protein. Your generous contribution will aid the purchase of these antibodies and make the research possible. In our current budget we are only seeking funding for the GA5 and actin antibodies. We would need to raise an additional $1620 for the other antibodies mentioned above. Right now we need the reagents and GA5 & Actin antibodies* to proceed with the experiments and see if the dietary supplements have any affect on lifespan.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 3. Bacterial-mediated RNAiBacterial dsRNA administration is based on the observations of Timmons and Fire [6] which showed that ingestion of bacterially expressed dsRNAs could produce specific and potent genetic interference in C. elegans. This approach uses an RNase III-deficient Escherichia colistrain known as HT115 (DE3) [F-, mcrA, mcrB, IN(rrnD-rrnE)1, rnc14::Tn10(DE3 lysogen: lavUV5 promoter -T7 polymerase]. In this methodology, the gene of interest is being cloned between two T7 promoters on a special RNAi plasmid known as L4440 (T7p, T7p, lacZN, OriF1) (Figure 2A). The plasmid is being transformed in HT115 cells and dsRNA production is achieved after induction with IPTG. The induced cells are then introduced in the worm’s growth media and RNAi is achieved after a short period of incubation. Similarly in insects the IPTG-induced bacteria are incorporated in their artificial diets or they are even sprayed in plant organs that insects are feeding on and RNAi is induced after a period of continuous feeding (Figure 3). Figure 3. Strategy behind bacterial-mediated RNAi. The gene of interest is being cloned in the RNAi L4440 plasmid and transformed to competent HT115 cells. The transformed cells are then induced with IPTG and incorporated in insect’s diet in order to induce RNAi. The successful application of bacterial-mediated RNAi has been reported in several cases:Tian et al. [38] showed that the growth and development of S. exigua larvae fed with HT115 cells expressing dsRNAs of the chitin synthase gene A (SeCHSA) was disturbed, resulting in lethality. The survival rates of fifth instar larvae, prepupal and pupal stages were significantly lower than those of controls. Similarly, Li et al. [39] used genetically engineered HT115 E. coli cells.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Without any extra cost for inputs, only the use of crops pollinated by honey bees, has been proven to produce higher yields and better quality [27-29]. Even though improved agricultural technologies include the use of the quality seed, applying techniques, high-yielding varieties, good agronomic practices (timely irrigation and fertilizers) increased agricultural crop production. However, without pollination, neither the fruit nor the seed will be set appropriately. The pollination process is an essential activity for the production of fruit plants, a variety of flowering plants deal with fundamental ecosystems facilities to human welfare [2, 12]. Beekeeping plays a parallel role in the cross-pollination of industrial farming crops and medicinal plants with the manufacturing of honey. The honey bee is a strong pollinator for many crops. It is the pollinator species that can be most easily managed by humans in enormous numbers for the pollination of highly diverse crops [30, 31]. Reports indicate that honey bee boosts the production of different fruit crops up to 30-40% [32] and increases the production of most agriculture crops by 5-50% [2]. Honey bee pollination is as essential for crop production as water and fertilizer but, its role is not well understood and appreciated in the local farming system [33]. Exposing sesame (Sesamum indicum L. ) to honey bee during flowering time increases the pod and seed productions [34]. In a study conducted previously, both open pollination and Apis mellifera pollination treatments were sufficient to increase the seed yield of sesame by 22% and 33% [35], and 43. 92% and 35. 23% [36] respectively, which is more than that of pollination excluding insects. Other scientific documents describe that it is possible to increase the production of sarsoon (rilocularis) and toria (Brassica napus) by 47% [37] and yield and physicochemical properties of tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum) [38] through honey bees pollination and insect pollinators respectively. In Ethiopia, research evidence documented that honey bee pollination increased the seed yield of Niger seed by about 43% [39], onion (Allium cepa L. ) yield by double [40] and by 94% [7]. According to Bezabih & Gebretsadikan [41], the seed yield of onion increased by 41.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Virtual labs in VR can offer a safe alternative for learning about hazardous materials. [SEP] Text: Virtual hearings have the potential to allow parties, witnesses, and experts to attend or participate in hearings that, for a range of reasons, they may otherwise have been unable to. Where, for example, it is the cost of travel to a hearing venue, particularly one that is overseas, which proves to be prohibitive, virtual hearings offer an accessible alternative. Easier access may prove a significant benefit for, by way of example, public interest groups who wish to intervene in investment disputes by way of “amicus curiae” submissions. To some extent, virtual hearings may thus permit international arbitration to become more inclusive by facilitating voices that might not otherwise be heard. This could include not only the voices of parties who might otherwise be bound by certain geographical, medical, financial, or legal constraints preventing their physical attendance at a hearing, but also witnesses and experts, potentially even extending to counsel and arbitrators. In sum, virtual hearings may offer a more level playing field in international dispute resolution. Of course, virtual hearings are not a cure-all in respect to other inequalities present in the international legal system, such as a lack of access to legal education or adequate legal representation. 2. 3 “aspects of the hearing room drama might be lost,”15 virtual hearings may offer clients a preferable hearing experience, at least in some respects. 16 In an in-person hearing, a client’s ability to communicate with her/his legal team and/or to assess the arbitrator(s)’ reaction instantaneously, may be curtailed by room layout/configuration, and clients (often sat behind counsel) can feel disconnected from the proceedings, particularly if they do not have a clear view of all the advocates or the tribunal. 17 In virtual hearings, the experience of the hearing room is the same for all. 18 Anecdotally, many clients appear to view this positively: they have the same visibility over the proceedings as all other participants,19 leading them to feel “much more connected with the proceedings. ”20 As for other participants, analysis of the published by the Forum of suggests that, in the eyes of judges and arbitrators, oral submissions and arguments are no less effective when delivered via video than they would be in person, as the insight and assistance provided to the judge is not hindered. 21 An improved client (and/or arbitrator) experience at hearings is perhaps a more unexpected benefit of virtual hearings.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Engineered bacteria were generated that produce specific dsRNAs targeting several essential genes in Bactrocera dorsalis, such as the ribosomal protein Rpl 19, the type V ATsubunit, the fatty acid elongase Noa and the small GTPase Rab11. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that feeding of both engineered bacteria and isolated dsRNAs proved effective at silencing the four targeted genes when compared with nonspecific (EGFP) dsRNA. In the Colorado potato beetle, L. decemlineata (Say) (CPB), Zhu et al. [40] successfully triggered silencing of five target genes by dsRNA feeding resulting in significant mortality and reduced body weight gain in the treated beetles. These results suggested that the efficient induction of RNAi using bacteria to deliver dsRNA is a possible method for the management of CPB. Moreover, Zhang et al. [41] demonstrated the efficacy of RNAi in the cotton bollworm, H. armigera, using bacterial-mediated dsRNA expression of CYP6B6 gene. Gene and protein expression levels of CYP6B6 were reduced in H. armigera larvae fed with HT115 bacteria expressing CYP6B6 dsRNAs. Taracena et al. [42] silenced R. prolixus heme-binding protein (RHBP) and catalase (CAT) genes after feeding nymphs and adult triatomine insects with dsRNA expressing HT115 bacteria. The RNA interference effect was systemic and temporal. RHBP expression in the fat body was reduced by 99% three days after feeding and CAT expression was reduced by 99 and 96% in the ovary and the posterior midgut, respectively, 5 days after ingestion. Essential for successful RNAi-feeding experiments is correct dsRNA induction before the oral administration step. A general protocol for bacterial-mediated dsRNA expression is given as follows. In this experiment, we cloned the 1276 bp part of S. nonagrioides juvenile hormone esterase-related gene in the L4440 plasmid and then we used it to transform HT115 (DE3)-competent cells. We used empty L4440-transformed HT115 cells as control.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 2%, the mass of 1000 seeds by 25%, and the germination percentage by 68% through open pollination especially by honey bees. Crane [42], also reported that honey bees pollination increases the yield of Citrus sinesis by 30%, watermelon by 100%, and tomato by 25%. Besides the yield maximization of honey bee pollination service, they also contribute to improving the quality of different crops such as onion [41], apple fruit [43], and sesame seeds [34]. According to Tura et al. [43] from Table 1 through honey bees pollination, it is possible to increase the marketable apple fruit yield by about 50%, and the average marketable apple fruit yield per individual tree is 3. 2 kg (caged with honey bees), and 2. 2 kg (open to all insect pollinators). Another study by Gebremedhn and Tadesse [44], revealed that pollination of crops caged with a honey bee was significantly affecting the seed yield Niger seed (16. 7 quintals/ ha) than crops yield caged without insects (9. 6 quintals/ha). Sufficient pollination service results in higher marketable fruit yields and quality, per tree of apple crops, compared with those unexposed to insect pollinators [30, 43, 45]. Generally, the fruit yield of Malus sylvestris increased by 77. 8% if we were using honey bee as pollinators and by 22. 2% using insect pollinators with free access to the apple trees compared to trees caged without pollinators [43]. The productivity and quality of strawberry were increased by the use of honey bee as a pollinator [46]. Stimulating the use of beekeeping for pollination of crops will be of benefit to both the beekeeper and the farmer. Therefore, farmers should use pollination service to maximize their income without paying an extra cost through only placing the honey bees on the cropland during the flowering session. 1. 2. of Cross-pollination through honey bee is essential to increase quality through a more unified ripening period and earlier harvesting time. Honey bees pollination service not only maximizes agricultural crop production but also increases the honey yield harvested from the hive because honey bees collect more nectar and pollen while they pollinate the flowering The economic value of pollinators for some agricultural crops was estimated to be $ 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR is increasingly being adopted as a supplementary learning tool in classrooms. [SEP] Text: in Self-Skip to content Home Editors/advisors -– A Tool for in Lower-tier. , & Kinoshita, Y. (2019). Self-assessment surveys – A tool for independent learning in lower-tier dependent classrooms. Studies in Self-Journal, 10(3), 296-318. Download paginated PDF version project took place over an academic year, using self-assessment surveys as a unique tool for guiding students to engage in the learning process, with the goal of improving their motivation and overall awareness in second language studies. The participants (n=94) were first year students from a private Japanese university from the departments of Aerospace and (n=11), Architecture (n=11), Sciences (n=49), (13) and (n=10). The surveys were bookended with two similar Likert-scaled questionnaires. The first was used as a baseline of participants’ initial beliefs, motivation and overall awareness regarding their L2 education, while the second was used as a comparison, through a paired sample T-test, to mark any changes. The self-assessment survey sought to elicit students’ knowledge and confidence in areas of vocabulary, use of English and usage of the target language, with a survey report given to everyone prior to unit assessments. The following is a report on the effect self-assessment surveys had on students’ motivation and overall awareness when used as a learning tool promoting autonomous learning for teachers and advisors wishing to empower students to take a more prominent role in their L2 education. Keywords: self-assessment, motivation, learner autonomy, CALL Japanese students are traditionally exposed to a passive learning environment from the beginning of their primary education through secondary education and even throughout much of their post-secondary education, a characteristic Aspinall (2008, p. 151) labeled “Deference to the authority of the teacher”. As a result of recent reforms by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, schools are working to “Enrich educational content in relation to nurturing individual’s sense of Japanese identity,” (MEXT, 2014, p. 1) and attempting to change the view of Japan being a collectivist society.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Single colonies of HT115/L4440-SnJHER1276 and HT115/L4440 cells were cultured in LB at 37°C with shaking at 220 rpm overnight. The cultures were diluted 50-fold in 100 ml LB supplemented with 100 μg/ml ampicillin plus 15 μg/ml tetracycline (Sigma) and cultured at 37°C to OD600 = 0. 5. After induction of T7 RNA polymerase expression with 400 μM IPTG for 4 h with continuous shaking at 37°C, the bacteria were centrifuged (5000 g, 10 min) and the pellet was re-suspended with 0. 5 ml of water. Total RNAs were extracted from bacterial cells using Trizol (Sigma). To remove excess sssamples were treated with 1 μg of RNase-A (Sigma) in the presence of 0. 3 M NaCl, which protects against digestion of dsRNA. The reaction occurred for 10 minutes at 37°C. The length and the quality of the produced dsRNAs were confirmed by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gel (Figure 4). As shown in Figure 4 in the no RNase-A lane, no band was observed for the control L4440-transformed bacteria while a band running to ~1200 bp was observed in the L4440-SnJHER1276-transformed bacteria. After adding 1 μg of RNase-A, all RNAs were degraded leaving unaffected the DNA band. In the third lane after co-incubating dsRNAs with 1 μg of RNase-A in salinity of 0. 3 M NaCl, only ssRNAs are degraded while dsRNAs remain unaffected. It was reported that RNase-A in high salinity buffers selectively digests ssRNAs leaving undigested the dsRNAs [43]. An alternative of the previous experiment was published in our laboratory by Kontogiannatos et al. [12]. In this experiment, we used a JHER hairpin expressed in pGEM T-easy plasmid which was used to transform HT115 cells and induce dsRNA expression. Figure 4. Bacterial-mediated production of SnJHER1276 in HT115 cells.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 815 billion dollars in Ethiopia, and in addition to this, the regional distribution is shown as Oromia and Amhara regional being ranked the first and second regional states to benefit from biological pollinators in the country [22]. In the absence of the pollinators, the economic value may drop by 16% [47]. Table 1. The mean and standard error (SE) of marketable fruit yield per tree, per hectare of apple trees, and seed yield of Niger seedhectare under different treatment. kg/tree + SE (kg) kg/ha ofha(kg) T1 = Caged with honey bees 3. 2 + 0. 4a 3,560 1669a T2 = Open pollination 2. 2 + 0. 37ab 2,440 1324ac T3= Caged without insect pollinators 1. 8 + 0. 22b 2,000 960c Table 2. of Pollination (EVP) service for biotically pollinated crops (agricultural and horticultural) in Ethiopia. Crops EVP in US$ EVP in US$ 2,500,905. 0 1 Groundnut 50,262. 1 18 Faba beans 1,431,599. 4 2 Linseed 45,561. 6 19 Niger seed 1,430,488. 6 3 White haricot bean 27,764. 2 20 Sesame 549,087. 7 4 Ethiopian cabbage 27,082. 1 21 Cotton 485,714. 2 5 Fenugreek 23,506. 0 22 Red pepper 383,424. 3 6 Green pepper 14,050. 8 23 Mangoes 175,806. 2 7 Mung bean 12,932. 8 24 Chick peas 166,539. 2 8 Safflower 10,192. 7 25 Field peas 118,422. 3 9 Tomatoes 8,139. 8 26 Rape seed 101,567. 4 10 Papayas 6,174. 8 27 Lentils 99,589. 2 11 Oranges 4,473. 4 28 Potatoes 90,280. 9 12 Head cabbage 4,091. 3 29 Grass peas 85,822. 8 13 Lupine 3,565. 0 30 Avocados 85,132. 5 14 Beetroot 3,378. 3 31 Soya beans 81,145. 1 15 Guavas 1,622. 5 32 Red haricot bean 66,134.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR will replace traditional teaching methods entirely within the next few years. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-115592/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: Rain classroom teaching (RCT) is now used as a teaching method to increase interaction between teachers and students. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of rain classroom teaching and traditional teaching on self-directed learning ability(SDLA) of nursing undergraduates. Methods: This was a randomized controlled study. The research enrolled two classes of junior nursing undergraduates, they were randomly divided into two groups. The content and time of Stomatology courses were the same. The control group (n=32) adopted traditional teaching method and the experimental group (n=31) used RCT method. SDLA, satisfaction and teaching quality were evaluated by questionnaire. A final examination was used to estimate the quality of learning. Results: The complete data displayed that rain classroom group had more excellent results than the traditional group. The rain classroom group had higher SDLA, satisfaction, teaching measure, teaching effectiveness and final examination scores. Conclusion: Rain classroom teaching method is more effective than traditional teaching method in promoting SDLA and teaching quality for undergraduate nursing students in stomatology. and TheoryInternal MedicineSelf-directed learningRain classroomUndergraduateSatisfactionNursingBackgroundStomatology is a complex subject for nursing undergraduates, because it is strong professional and less in class hours, and all nursing undergraduates are supposed to study stomatology in order to reserve knowledge for future. Compared with other internal medicine and surgery courses, stomatology has fewer class hours and lays more emphasis on practice, which puts forward higher teaching requirements for theoretical teaching of stomatology. Although student-centered traditional teaching is widely used in teaching, it is easy to lead to passive learning[[i]]. Self-directed learning(SDL) is a effective strategy to promote students' lifelong learning[[ii]]. Medical students need to develop self-directed learning ability(SDLA) to adapt to the changing technology[[iii]]. Therefore, new teaching methods should be applied in the teaching of stomatology to improve students' learning interest and SDLA.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Total RNA isolated from L4440 or L4440-SnJHER1276-transformed HT115 cells was analyzed in 1% w/v agarose gel. RNA extracts were treated with Ror RNase A+0. 3 M NaCl. M: Molecular marker. Production of dsSHER1276 is indicated. There is an alternative procedure for bacterial-mediated RNAi in which dsRNAs are first isolated from bacteria before injection into insects. In the following experiment, we silenced S. nonagrioides ultraspiracle gene after injecting bacterially expressed dsRNAs into its hemolymph. For doing that, we cloned a 689-bp fragment of SnUSP partial cDNA sequence (GenBank: JN704569) to the L4440 plasmid which was then used to transform competent HT115 cells. The protocol described previously was used to induce dsRNA expression. HT115 dsSnUSP expressing bacterial cells were Trizol treated and total RNAs were extracted and analyzed in 1% w/v agarose gels. In this case, we did not perform RNase-protection assay since dsRNAs were clearly visualized (Figure 5B). Note that in Figures 4 and 5B, a 1000-bp band exists in the empty L4440-transformed bacteria which disappear when the gene of interest is cloned. Total RNA extracts were purified and injected in fifth instar larvae at day 3 (L5d3) and specific phenotypes were observed (Figure 5C). A proportion of dsSnUSP689-injected animals died presenting a large range of developmental abnormalities. Gene-specific downregulation was observed after RT-PCR analysis (data not shown). Figure 5. Phenotypes observed after knockdown of SnUSP by dsRNA produced in bacteria. A. Schematic representation of the partial cDNA sequence of Sesamia nonagrioides ultraspiracle gene (GenBank: JN704569). The bar above the sequence indicates the 689 bp fragment used for RNAi experiments. B. Confirmation of dsUSP689 synthesis in HT115 IPTG-induced bacteria.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 4 16 Lemons 1,010. 7 33 Onion 57,005. 6 17 In Ethiopia, during the 2015/16 production season (Table 2), the economic value of pollination service for the specific crops ranges from $ 2,500,905. 0 to $ 1,010. 7 in which coffee is higher pollination economic value ($ 2. 5 million), followed by Faba bean ($ 1. 431 million) and Niger seed ($ 1. 430 million) respectively [22]. Honey bee pollination service improves both the quantity and quality of apples and its impact is increasing the market value and growers’ profits [48-50]. According to Tura et al. [43], application honey bees pollination service has boosted the income by 136. 6 US$ per 100 apple trees. It is important to use honey bees pollination service as a yield-enhancing tool and/or technology and as a development extension package to improve productivity and food security in individual producers’ level and boosting the national economy in Ethiopia (Table 3). 1. 3. Perception of Farmers’ on Pollinators and Pollination Nowadays, there is a global loss of pollination services that resulted in a $302 billion reduction in the value of production across all sectors [57]. Reduction in output through pollination service is due to human-induced impacts such as habitat destruction, land-use change, use of chemicals (pesticides and herbicides), climate change, and invasive species [58, 59]. Abundances and distributions of pollinator species are affecting agricultural yields, and other agroecosystem functions in many ways. About 77% of farmers in the gozamin district of the Amhara region in Ethiopia did not know pollination and the importance of insect pollinator, and they consider crop pests to insect pollinators [60]. The majority of cocoa producing farmers in Ghana (87. 6%) did not have the general scientific concept of pollination [61]. However, 50% of beekeeping farmers in the Chitwan district of Nepal were aware of the pollination services provided by the bees [29]. Only a few farmers (23%) know the role honey bees play in pollination service [60], and similar to this the majority of farmers in western Kenya [62] and Uganda [63] were not aware of the importance of pollination for crop production.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR will replace traditional teaching methods entirely within the next few years. [SEP] Text: Teachers play a dominant role in traditional teaching, with teachers lecturing and students listening. The theoretical content of stomatology is boring and abstract, which is difficult to comprehend and students can't concentrate all the time. The boring teaching content and old teaching methods will lead to the decrease of students' learning enthusiasm. Recently, a variety of teaching methods have emerged, such as flipped classroom, rain classroom, etc. , all of which have achieved good teaching results[[iv]-[v][vi]]. Rain classroom is a teaching software and a small plug-in cut in PPT. Office of and the jointly developed this software. With the help of WeChat, it realizes the interaction with students before, during and after class, which improves students' learning interest and enlivens the classroom atmosphere. Using rain class, we can make single choice questions, multiple-choice questions, voting questions, inserting MOOCS, etc. in PPT, and we can also make preview courseware, upload review materials and exercises after class to rain class. In class, exercises, voting, barrage and random roll call can be used to increase classroom interaction and arouse students' enthusiasm. At the same time, class courseware is synchronized to students' mobile phone for easy learning and review. At present, it has been widely used in colleges and universities. In this study, rain classroom teaching had been used in teaching undergraduate nursing students of stomatology. The teaching effect had been measured through questionnaire survey and final examination results. [i]. Mazur E. Education. Farewell, lecture? Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):50-1. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1168927. PMID: 19119207. [ii]. . Validating Self-Reflection and to Measure readiness for Self-Regulated Learning. J Promot. 2019 Aug 30;8:150. doi: 10. 4103/jehp. jehp_101_19. PMID: 31544115; PMCID: PMC6745879. [iii]. . Self-directed learning readiness of Indian medical students: a mixed method study. BMC Med Educ. 2018 Jun 8;18(1):134. doi: 10. 1186/s12909-018-1244-9. PMID: 29884155; PMCID: PMC5994133. [iv]. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Total RNAs isolated from IPTG-induced HT115/L4440 (1) and HT115/L4440:SnUSP689 (2) bacteria were analyzed in 1% w/v agarose gels. C. Lethal phenotypes of L5d3-injected S. nonagrioides larvae injected with total RNAs isolated from the HT115/L4440:SnUSP689 (2) bacteria. Control HT115/L4440-injected animals are also indicated (1). 2. 4. Plant-mediated RNAiThe observation that genetically modified plants expressing dsRNAs targeting specific insect genes could induce RNAi in the insect pests was first reported in independent publications of Baum et al. [8] and Mao et al. [9]. Baum et al. showed that corn plants expressing hairpin dsRNAs that target the A subunit of ATPase gene in the western corn rootworm were significantly protected by the damage caused by this pest [8]. Furthermore, Arabidopsis plants expressing dsRNA hairpins targeting the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene in the corn pest H. armigera led to decreased resistance to the sesquiterpene gossypol to the feeding insects [9]. Following these publications of proof-of-principle, several other reports have documented the successful application of plant-mediated RNAi:In H. armigera, a molt-regulating transcription factor gene was selected to be used in plant-mediated RNAi experiments. Four different fragments covering the coding sequence of HaHR3 were initially tested by bacterial-mediated RNAi. The most effective fragment (in terms of RNAi efficiency) was used for Nicotiana tabacum agrobacterium-mediated transformation. When H. armigera larvae were fed the E. coli or transgenic plants, the HaHR3 mRNA and protein levels dramatically decreased, resulting in developmental deformities and larval lethality [44]. Similarly, dsRNAs of the gap gene hunchback (hb) of Myzus persicae were overexpressed in transgenic tobacco. Continuous feeding of neonate aphids on transgenic diet reduced Mphb mRNA level in the fed aphids and inhibited insect reproduction [35]. In the brown planthopper N.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: This indicates the need for training and awareness creation to the farmers on the significance of pollinators to enhance productivity. In most parts of Ethiopia, golden pollination service of honey bees is not recognized well. Therefore, it is still a need and essential to create awareness on the relevance of honey bees pollination service to farmers. Table 3. Economic values of honey bee pollination in different parts of the world. Values (US$) 14. 6 billion [51] Australia 4-6 billion [52] 1. 2 billion [53] Ethiopia 0. 815 billion [22] China 0. 7 billion [54] Uganda 0. 46 billion [55] Benin 0. 199 billion [56] 1. 4. Pollination and The most significant benefit of beekeeping lies in the fact that honey bees pollinate agricultural and horticultural plants. Pollinators play an essential role in human nutrition in the developing world [64]. Besides, the economic impacts and the possible consequences for the socio-economics of human societies, loss of pollination may also affect human nutrition [65]. Insect-pollinated crops are crucial for proper human diet [66], and they provide nutritional variety and nutrients, including lipids, vitamins, folic acid, and minerals, which are essential for human health [2, 66]. In addition to the quality and quantity improvement, insect-pollinated crops also provide about 70% vitamin the deficiency of which is a primary human health concern worldwide, and pollinators are responsible for up to 40 percent of the world’s supply of nutrients [66]. Hence, generally, it is possible to deduce that loss of pollinators and the service they provide could produce a potential problem on human nutrition, although the magnitude of the problem will often depend on geographical location and degree of societal development. 1. 5. Contribution of Apiculture to Ethiopia designed a competitive advantage in honey and beeswax production improvement to develop a substantial export trade is an essential goal of the Growth and (GTP) to eradicate poverty [67]. Apiculture is one of the livelihood sources in most developing countries, and its success has been noted in countries like Ethiopia [68]. Beekeeping plays a critical role in agriculture and having many comparative advantages that help farmers to improve their livelihoods and ensure food security [69, 70]. In addition, it is an excellent source of income for landless farmers [71].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR will replace traditional teaching methods entirely within the next few years. [SEP] Text: Rain classroom teaching was adopted in the experimental group. Rain class is a small plug-in for cutting in PPT. After downloading the rain class program from the teacher's computer, the teacher could make single-choice questions, multiple-choice questions and voting questions in PPT. Before class, teachers made rain courseware, including preview courseware, teaching courseware and review of expansion materials. The teacher paid attention to the official account of rain class in WeChat, and set up courses and classes in the rain classroom, in this way, pre-school materials and after-school development exercises could be sent to mobile phones. In the classroom, the teacher logged in the rain classroom courseware with the function of wechat, displayed the "start teaching" two-dimensional code, and the students entered the classroom by scanning the QR code on wechat, so that the teacher could master the students' arrival situation. In class, Using the function of random roll call, the teacher asked the key teaching contents randomly, each student had the possibility of being selected, so to a certain extent, it mobilized the enthusiasm of students. In order to concentrate the students' attention, the teacher carried out a classroom test of 1-2 questions every few knowledge points. The teacher could view the test results of students in real time and displayed the test results on the screen, which was conducive to students' mastering the overall answering situation and adjusting their attention and learning methods in time. Students could also send questions to the teacher at any time through the barrage or contribution, and the teacher wouldl explain or answer questions according to the students' situation. In the teaching process, the teacher's ppt was synchronized to the student's mobile phone, students might click to collect and pay attention to the content they don't understand, which was convenient for review and consolidation in the future. After class, teachers released review and expansion materials, including exercises, MOOCS, literature, etc. , to consolidate the classroom content, make up for the lack of class time, and expand the teaching content. Teachers could see the preview, review and class situation of students in the background of rain class. For students who had not prepared and reviewed in time, teachers could issue announcements to remind students. Students could preview and review anytime and anywhere on the mobile phone. Compared with paper learning materials, rain classroom was more convenient.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: lugens, a common 360-bp fragment between ecdysone receptor (EcR) NlEcR-A and NlEcR-B genes was used to construct a transgenic RNAi rice line. After newly hatched nymphs of N. lugens fed on the transgenic rice lines, effective RNAi was observed. The NlEcR expression levels were decreased in all lines compared with the controls. In all lines, survival rates of nymphal stages were nearly 90%, but the average number of offspring per pair in the treated groups was significantly less than that observed in the control, with a decrease of 44. 18–66. 27% [45]. Efficient RNAi after plant-mediated dsRNA delivery was reported in the Triticum-Sitobion system. S. avenae fed on transgenic T. aestivum lines expressing dsRNAs of its carboxylesterase (CbE E4) gene presented reduced CbE E4 gene expression. The number of aphids grown on transgenic T. aestivum lines was lower than the number raised on non-transgenic plants. CbE E4 enzyme isolated from S. avenae fed on dsCbE plants hydrolyzed only up to 20–30% Phoxim solution within 40 min whereas a solution of the enzyme from CbE E4 fed on control plants hydrolyzed 60% of Phoxim solution within 40 min [46]. Efficient plant-mediated RNAi was also reported in H. armigera [47]. Researchers used this technology to silence the arginine kinase (AK) gene of H. armigera (HaAK), encoding a phosphotransferase that plays a critical role in cellular energy metabolism in invertebrate species. plants producing HaAK dsRNAs were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The feeding bioassays clearly showed that resistance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants to H. armigera was improved and levels of HaAK transcripts were drastically suppressed. Parental RNAi after plant-mediated dsRNA delivery was observed in M. persicae. DsRNA producing A. thaliana lines were constructed to target genes with different functions in the aphid.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Beekeeping has a significant contribution in alleviating poverty and improving the standard and wellbeing of the rural beekeeping community through the income from the sector as secures of financial power [72]. Practically, beekeeping does not compete with crop production and animal husbandry practice, but it is advantageous for agricultural and horticultural plants. Ethiopian government focuses on the rehabilitated Ex-closure areas given to landless youths through organizing them as trained cooperatives and providing initial capital to run modern beekeeping activities as alternative employment opportunities and food security [73]. The honey bee produces honey, and brood is an essential source of food [74, 75]. In agriculture production, pollination plays a crucial role in enhancing food security and yield stability through the linking of an ecosystem with agricultural production [76-78]. In the country, about 1. 55 million households are engaged and getting incomes from beekeeping [79]. Due to bimodal rains, beekeepers harvested honey twice a year [73, 80, 81]. The country produces about 47,352 tons of crude honey and 5. 4 thousand tons per year [82-84]. Out of the total honey produced, almost 80%is used for local consumption and for local brewing called Tej, and the remaining is sold either as table honey in the domestic market or to the export market [74]. Keeping a resilient honey bee colony and managing them in a wall manner help to ensure the future viability of crops. It provides vital stability in the agricultural sector and millions of people as employment opportunities. Maximizing the yield of honey bee-pollinated plants can improve the performance of the agriculture sector, increase national wealth, and help to ensure the long-term food security and economic resilience of the rural populations. 1. 6. Challenges of Farmers use different inputs, including pesticides, to grow subsistence and commercial crops of different varieties for agricultural crop maximization. Even if honey bees pollination has proved to be essential for food production, directly and indirectly, the supply of human food and animal feed resources are considered to be at risk today [85-87]. Beekeepers are experiencing high colony losses due to the unwise application of pesticides [88, 89] and climate change [90]. Insecticides and herbicides have been reported as significant causes of death and absconding of the honey bee colonies [91, 92] and their food source [88].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR will replace traditional teaching methods entirely within the next few years. [SEP] Text: Nursing students should develop self-directed learning ability in school. Rain classroom teaching mode is conducive to the improvement of self-directed learning ability. Rain classroom provides students with digital learning resources, and learning is not limited by time and place. In this study, the rain classroom teaching group's self-directed learning ability had been greatly improved, and students' final exam scores were significantly higher than the traditional teaching group. Some researcher had proved that higher self directed learning ability had a positive impact on academic results[[xviii]-[xix]]. The satisfaction scores of the two groups had no significant difference, but the scores of teaching effect and teaching measure dimensions in rain classroom group were significantly higher than those of the traditional teaching group(p<0. 05). While the ability of self directed learning is correlated with personal characteristics and demography[[xx]], teachers should adopt individualized teaching methods. Rain classroom teaching arouses the enthusiasm of students and learning enthusiasm, so it achieves good teaching effect. At the same time, rain classroom teaching requires students to have sufficient mobile phone power, fast and stable network speed to ensure effective interaction with teachers. The enlightenment to managers and educators is to reasonably configure power sockets and improve network speed. This study has some limitations as folowings. Firstly, there was no large sample size and multicenter large sample study hasn’t been included, and the impact of large sample studies on the results is not known. Secondly, the course lasted for two months. We only observed the short-term teaching effect, but the long-term influence of rain classroom teaching on students' self-directed learning ability is not clear. Finally, because the teachers engaged in stomatology teaching are clinical teachers, who are busy and whose time is limited, there is no qualitative interview on rain classroom teaching. We only carried out questionnaire investigation and final examination to evaluate the two teaching methods’ teaching quality. How rain classroom works to promote students’ self-directed learning ability is unknown. [i]. Alharbi HA. Readiness for self-directed learning: How bridging and traditional nursing students differs? Today. 2018 Feb;61:231-234. doi: 10. 1016/j. nedt. 2017. 12. 002. Epub 2017 Dec 11. PMID: 29248841. [ii]. . Medical student use of digital learning resources. Clin Teach. 2018 Feb;15(1):29-33.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: RNAi-mediated knockdown in aphids was achieved independently of gene identity and function and could reduce original expression levels by 70% between 4 and 8 days after feeding on dsRNA-producing transgenic A. thaliana. Target genes were also downregulated in nymphs born from mothers exposed to dsRNA-producing transgenic plants and the RNAi effect lasted twice as long (12–14 days) in these nymphs [48]. 2. 5. Virus-mediated RNAiThe use of viruses is a less common methodology to transfer dsRNAs into the insect tissues. Virus-mediated-RNAi involves the expression of a dsRNA transgene into a virus which is then used to infect the insect cell or a tissue in order to express dsRNAs intracellularly. This methodology has not been used extensively because of the general viral interference with normal cell physiology; for instance, baculoviruses cause high lethality and potential phenotypes could not be distinguished between dsRNA-producing and control viruses. In addition, viruses can produce inhibitors of RNAi, thereby lowering silencing efficiency [49]. In order to successfully distinguish effects of virus-mediated RNAi, wild-type viruses should be somehow inactivated or at least should not cause highly toxic effects in the insect host. The first report of successful viral dsRNA delivery was made by Hajos et al. [50]. In this paper, the researchers used a recombinant baculovirus, Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), to express Heliothis virescens juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) gene in antisense orientation, driven by the viral p10 promoter. Infection with this recombinant virus greatly reduced the hemolymph JHE levels and resulted in aberrant morphogenesis of final-instar H. virescens larvae. This was the first time that baculovirus-mediated gene silencing could be accomplished and utilized to dissect insect development and to design a new class of baculovirus-based insecticides. One of the most interesting virus-mediated RNAi reports is by Uhlirova et al. [51]. In this paper, researchers used a recombinant Sindbis virus as a tool to silence the gene encoding for the transcription factor Broad-Complex (BR-C) in B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Due to the misapplication of these chemicals, honey bee mortality and reduction of honey bee colonies, which eventually results in a reduction of bee products and crop yield are faced [88, 93]. Reports indicate that there was a decline of honey bee colonies in Ethiopia [47, 60, 91, 94] due to pesticide application and deforestation. The impacts of pesticides on honey bee production are likely to be aggravated by the limited knowledge among users on the toxicological and chemical properties of these substances and the fact that labels on pesticide containers were in a language that cannot be understood. Even variation in the production system, the average honey bee colony holding capacity of beekeepers is 5 [24, 95, 96]. Agrochemical poisoning is the primary challenge for the beekeeping sector, and three-quarters of beekeepers lose two honey bee colonies per year [89] and some beekeepers lost all their colonies [88] due to unwise application. Through the application of pesticides, the subsequent financial loss to the beekeepers is estimated to be about 819291. 4 US$ at selected districts of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia [91]. Scientific study indicates that all of the farmers apply agrochemicals on barley, wheat, millet, and onion before blooming [89] and majority of farmers apply chemicals on mango (92. 9%), orange (97. 2%), potato (81%) and maize (81%) at blooming and liquid spray at the morning and the middle of the day [89, 91, 92]. The majority of farmers use pesticides at the time when the honey bees most visited the flowering plants to collect nectar and pollen; as a result, they poison themselves or contaminate the resources found in the hive. Pesticide application is increasing its impact, including honey yield, killing flowering plants, pollination service, and efficiency and honey bees population. Limiting the use of pesticides [94] and wise application of pesticides during the flowering period of crops is important to minimize honey bee losses in Ethiopia. 1. 7. and Priorities for on Honey bee The contribution honey bees to pollination service to the yield and/or quality of multiple crops from individual pollinator species and pollinator communities should be identified and documented appropriately. It needs a further assessment of why farmers do not use pollination services as yield and quality improvement tools and technology. The socioeconomic and environmental relevance of honey bees pollination service should be assessed and documented.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Students retain all VR-learned information more effectively than any other method. [SEP] Text: 55(0. 67, 3. 59) 0. 307 Older Age(26+) 1. 11(0. 58, 2. 14) 0. 749 1. 2(0. 57, 2. 57) 0. 63 0. 43(0. 16, 1. 18) 0. 101 Male 1. 16(0. 68, 1. 96) 0. 591 1. 02(0. 56, 1. 87) 0. 95 0. 33(0. 13, 0. 83) 0. 018 0. 82(0. 43, 1. 58) 0. 555 1. 61(0. 82, 3. 16) 0. 17 1. 99(0. 87, 4. 53) 0. 101 Canadian 0. 83(0. 41, 1. 69) 0. 608 0. 39(0. 2, 0. 78) 0. 01 1. 3(0. 38, 4. 52) 0. 675 Upperclassman 1. 59(0. 95, 2. 67) 0. 08 0. 81(0. 43, 1. 51) 0. 5 2. 63(1. 32, 5. 25) 0. 006 (95% C. I. ) P-value OR(95% C. I. ) P-value OR(95% C. I. ) P-value Aboriginal 39. 9(8. 58,185. 4) <. 001 56. 73(6. 91,465. 8) <. 001 0. 58 (0. 24, 1. 42) 0. 234 Older Age(26+) 0. 8(0. 24, 2. 63) 0. 712 0. 22 (0. 04, 1. 14) 0. 07 0. 90 (0. 37, 2. 2) 0. 815 Male 1. 24(0. 42, 3. 71) 0. 695 1. 39(0. 39, 4. 9) 0. 67 0. 93(0. 49, 1. 73) 0. 811 0. 52(0. 17, 1. 59) 0. 255 1. 06(0. 31, 3. 61) 0. 92 0. 46(0. 17, 1. 22) 0. 119 Canadian 4. 96(1. 18,20. 96) 0. 029 Upperclassman 0. 87(0.

Output: pass