Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: These inhibitory potentials are consistent with ionotropic glutamate-gated inhibitory currents described in previous work (Marder and Paupardin-Tritsch, 1978; Eisen and Marder, 1982; Marder and Eisen, 1984; Cleland and Selverston, 1995). Although voltage responses were uniformly inhibitory across the neuronal structure, their amplitudes varied (Figure 4A–C). Figure 4A–C show dye-fills of three individual GM neurons with photo-uncaging sites indicated with colored circles (left) and maximal responses to focal glutamate photo-uncaging that vary in amplitude across these sites (right). These focal glutamate responses were relatively stable, desensitizing only when the inter-pulse period (IPPs) was less than 10 s (Figure 4—figure supplement 1E–G). Across GM neurons (N = 10), a non-zero response (measured at the soma) to glutamate applied to the soma was observed in only one GM neuron. Response amplitudes varied across positions with a mean maximum amplitude of 2. 15 ± 1 mV. The mean coefficient of variation of non-zero responses, across preparations, was 0. 4 ± 0. 1 (N = 10), suggesting that, on average, non-zero responses varied by approximately 40% of the mean response amplitude within each neuron. The electrotonic decrement of a voltage signal, from photo-stimulation site to recording site, is dependent on a number of factors: the diameter of the neurite through which it propagates (which influences the axial resistance to current flow), the membrane resistance, the extent of branching and associated loss of conductance at branch points, and the absolute distance the signal travels (Rall, 1959; Goldstein and Rall, 1974). To quantify the dependence of response amplitude on each neuron’s cable properties, we generated ‘lolliplots’ of response amplitude, measured at the soma, to each photo-stimulated site, as a function of their distance from the somatic recording site, branch order, and neurite size (measured in terms of neurite diameter in the x-y plane; Figure 5). The lolliplots show that the greatest response amplitudes can occur from photo-stimulation at sites with any distance from the soma, of any branch order, and of any size.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: The focus here is on the narrower question of the effects of low interest rates on banks' NIMs. Analytics and existing empirical findings suggest that, controlling for other factors, banks' NIMs are lower when interest rates are low. We briefly review the reasoning and this literature. Low short-term interest rates can depress bank margins because for many types of deposits, banks are reluctant to lower deposit rates, especially below zero (while there is anecdotal evidence that some banks are passing negative rates onto corporate customers in select cases, banks have been reluctant to pass on negative policy rates to retail depositors). As a result, when interest rates decline, bank margins compress, since banks must pass on lower rates on assets based on contractual repricing terms (e. g. , floating rate loans) and have an incentive to do so to those borrowers that have other financing choices (e. g. , from corporate bond markets). Moreover, low long-term interest rates can depress NIMs by flattening the yield curve. Because banks transform short-dated liabilities into longer-dated assets, their NIMs are negatively affected by shallower yield curves. Modeling (see 3. New analysis New cross-country analysis we conduct confirms and expands on these findings. We first describe below the data and sample of commercial banks we use, as well as some raw statistics. We then provide the methodology and empirical findings. Data sample and raw comparisons. To investigate the impact of the short-term interest rate on banks' NIMs, a database was assembled with (yearly averages of) three-month and ten-year sovereign yields from Bloomberg and of bank balance sheet and income statement data from Bankscope at an annual frequency. 4 The final sample contains 3,418 banks from 47 countries for 2005-2013. 5 Unconsolidated data are used, where available, to isolate the effect of a country's interest rate on only the bank's operations in that country. Observations are only trimmed in cases where the data is logically inconsistent, for example when assets are below zero or when deposits are greater than liabilities. We additionally ignore observations where the NIM for a bank changes by more than ten percentage points from one year to the next. To explore differential impacts, countries were classified each year as being in a low- or high-rate environment based on whether the interest rate on their 3-month sovereign bond was below or above 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can modify an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits. [SEP] Text: 8%), while ischemic stroke associated with atrial fibrillation had lower PAF in (3. 1%) compared to the rest (17. 1%)26. Emerging studies like novel ethnic specific genetic variants, such as SUMOylation pathway in Indians27, SFXN4 and TMEM108 in Africans,28 indicate the involvement of different pathways among different ethnicities in stroke. allele of c. *84G>A loci in CETP gene was found to be a risk factor for IHD in South Asians29. High SBP was found to be a risk factor in all major stroke subtypes except lobar ICH30. Therefore, identifying differential risk in different ethnicities for stroke and its subtypes, and its impact on comorbid conditions might also indicate different treatment modalities which can minimize adverse metabolic side effects. Identifying the pattern of genetic variation is critical in distinguishing stroke and its endophenotypic variations. The risk variants rs528002287 (locus 15q26. 3) in PCSK6 and rs148010464 (locus 1q31. 1) an intergenic variant in PLA2G4A/LINC01036 for stroke were unique to South Asia, and were found to be associated with cardioembolic stroke and small vessel stroke in South Asians27. A recent study reported association of short sleep duration with increased risk for stroke to be highest in the ethnicity (OR 9. 13, 95% CI 5. 86-14. 66)43. Decreased sleep quantity and quality has been reported to increase blood pressure44, prevalence for which was found to be highest for in our study. These observations are interesting as PCSK6 is known to regulate sodium homeostasis and thereby maintaining diastolic blood pressure. 31,32 Reports also indicate 2. 34 fold difference in the expression of PCSK6 during maintenance phase of hypertension33. PCSK6 has also been reported to be involved in processing of precursors of hormone (MCH) under certain conditions45. MCH is known to play a central role in promoting and stabilizing sleep46,47. In insomnia patients, PLA2G4A was reported to be upregulated by 1. 88 fold after improvement in sleep48. In sleep deprived mice, glycolytic pathway and lipid metabolism was upregulated and expression of PLA2G4A was downregulated49.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Linear regression analyses of response amplitudes as a function of each of these geometric parameters showed no significant linear relationships, with insignificant p-values>0. 1 (Figure 5—figure supplement 1, Table 1). Taken together, these data suggest that there is no apparent dependence of somatic response amplitude on where the responses were evoked. Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Response amplitudes as a function of various cable properties. Each lolliplot shows the normalized maximal response amplitudes for photo-uncaging sites that vary in distance from the soma, branch order, and neurite diameter. Each color is indicative of focal responses from a single neuron (N = 10). Focal glutamate responses were evoked at a depolarized membrane potential (−40 or −50, constant within each neuron), in two-electrode current clamp at the soma. Scatter plots at the bottom show these same data from all 10 neurons on the same axes. To allow comparison across neurons, voltage responses. were normalized to the maximum voltage response within each preparation. Distance and branch order measurements were generated from skeletal reconstructions. Diameter measurements were measured manually from neuronal dye-fill confocal stacks. Results from linear regression analyses of the above data are shown in the Figure 5—figure supplement 1 and in Table 1. Table 1 Linear regression analysis for response amplitudes as a function of distance, branch order, and neurite diameter. Each row corresponds to a different GM neuron, with same color scheme, as shown in Figure 5 and Figure 5—figure supplement 1. Note insignificant p values suggesting no dependence of the response amplitude on these cable properties. n corresponds to the number of photo-uncaging sites in each GM neuron. DistanceBranch order (mV/um)MSERpslope (mV/order)MSERpslope (mV/um)n0. 11−0. 27 0. 418−0. 0009 0. 12−0. 20 0. 55−0. 0104 0. 100. 390. 240. 1028110. 020. 280. 5920. 00030. 020. 260. 62 0. 00520. 030. 01 0. 990. 0007 70. 03−0. 190. 656−0. 00030. 03−0. 210. 62−0. 00570. 02−0. 440. 28−0. 033190. 590.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: 25 percent (other cutoffs were also tested and yielded similar results). Figure 1 shows the sample of countries covered and the range and median of the short-term yields in each. The variations in rates are large for many countries, and many countries are both in the high- and low-yield environment for some time (the median provides a sense of how long each country has been in each environment). 2013. It is notable that many more countries, especially advanced economies, are in the low-yield environment post-GFC: 19 in 2009 vs. only two in 2005. These shifts help to estimate the differential impact of low interest rates on banks' NIM and profitability, and whether effects are greater the longer banks are in a low interest rate environment. Figure 2 compares the broad composition of bank balance sheets in low- and high-rate environments. Overall, there do not appear to be major shifts in asset compositions or liability structures in low- versus high-rate environments that could be expected to drive differences in how net interest margins respond to interest rates. Banks have roughly the same loan-to-deposit and loan-to-asset ratios in the high-rate environment (the orange bars) as in the low-rate environment (the blue bars) at about 125 and 60 percent, respectively. Banks in the high-rate environment have slightly higher leverage ratios, while deposits-to-total liabilities and securities-over-assets are slightly higher in the low-rate environment, possibly because low rates are associated with lower economic and loan growth, less non-deposit borrowing, greater investment in safer securities, and lower profits and capital. Figure 1: Range of 3-Yield by Country (2005-2013) Note: The figure shows the range of the three-month sovereign yield for each country from 2005-2013. Values used are yearly averages of the implied three-month rate published daily by Bloomberg. Sources: Bloomberg, staff calculations. Accessible version Figure 2: Composition Source: Bankscope, staff analysis. Accessible version Figure 3 shows that average NIMs are higher in the high-rate environment (the orange bars) than in the low-rate environment (the blue bars). Profitability, measured by return on assets, is higher too in the high-rate environment, likely reflecting both higher NIMs and concurrent better overall economic and financial environments.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can modify an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits. [SEP] Text: The ASMRs and ASPRs thus obtained for the different diseases in each region were subjected to a temporal rank analysis for 2009, 2014, and 2019 using custom perl scripts and change in the trend was plotted as a bump plot. The size and position of the points indicates the rate and rank respectively. To quantify the temporal trends, estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was modeled using Poisson regression using a generalized linear model for the log-transformed rates: log(y)= β0+ β1x1 + β2x2 + …. +βpxp, where y is the age-standardized rate, xi are the calendar years, βi are the rate trends. Under the assumption of linearity of log of age-standardized rate with time, EAPC =100* exp(β^) – 1. The 95% uncertainty interval is calculated as CI(EAPC) = β + (Z(1-α)/2) x SE, where α is the confidence level, SE is the standard error of β^. EAPC for ASMRs and ASPRs were calculated for the time period 2009 to 2019 (table 1 and 2). EAPC for high SBP prevalence was calculated from 2009 to 2015 and for high BMI prevalence from 2009 to 2016. EAPC was considered statistically significant if the uncertainty interval of EAPC did not cross zero. Statistical significance of spatio-temporal difference in rates was calculated using chi-square test by assuming the rate to be under Poisson distribution. 2019 ASMRs (or ASPRs) in each region were compared with global ASMR (or ASPR) to compare change over locations and with 2009 ASMRs (ASPRs) to compare change over time. 2014 ASPRs were used when 2019 data was not available. P-values (two-sided) for ASMRs and ASPRs are shown in table S3 and S4, respectively. Chi-square tests were done using for (www. openepi. com/Menu/OE_Menu. htm). The relation between ASMRs and ASPRs of each region was measured using Pearson correlation. For correlation, we considered the data of 2014 due to the complete spectrum of data availability. All analysis, unless specified, was done using R (version 4. 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: 42 0. 2290. 0026 0. 510. 54 0. 110. 0472 0. 57−0. 450. 19−0. 1713110. 140. 22 0. 6790. 0005 0. 140. 23 0. 660. 0100 0. 12−0. 48 0. 33−0. 0680 70. 010. 900. 0020. 00130. 020. 680. 070. 02320. 01−0. 75 0. 03−0. 0728 90. 02-−0. 490. 269−0. 00050. 03−0. 440. 33−0. 00730. 030. 32 0. 480. 0338 80. 110. 200. 4430. 00080. 110. 240. 350. 01420. 10−0. 37 0. 14−0. 0682 180. 020. 260. 5790. 00040. 020. 320. 490. 00600. 01−0. 60 0. 16−0. 0244 80. 32−0. 27 0. 477−0. 0021 0. 25−0. 53 0. 15−0. 0455 0. 250. 510. 160. 389111Mean0. 140. 110. 4340. 00020. 120. 090. 390. 00370. 12−0. 19 0. 300. 0089SD0. 180. 410. 2140. 00130. 150. 410. 230. 02420. 170. 450. 270. 1520 In each neuron, heterogeneous response amplitudes are likely a consequence of variable receptor densities and cable properties. Thus, simply measuring the maximal response amplitudes arising from photo-stimulation at each of these sites and regressing them against their varying cable properties does not negate the possibility that the measured amplitudes are a consequence of both of these factors. Probing electrotonic structure with reversal potential measurements A neuron’s distributed cable properties, or electrotonic structure, can be quantitatively assessed by measuring the reversal potentials (more specifically, the apparent Erevs measured at the soma) of local glutamate responses evoked at sites varying in distance from the somatic recording site (Calvin, 1969; Carnevale and Johnston, 1982).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: Specifically, a one percentage point decrease in the short-term rate is associated with a 63 basis-point decrease in the ratio of interest income to earning assets in the low-rate environment and only a 35 basis-point decrease in the high-rate environment, a 28 basis-point difference. The equivalent difference is about 20 basis points for the ratio of interest expense to liabilities. In other words, at low rates, banks have greater difficulty reducing their funding rates, while they have to pass the lower rates to a greater degree on to their borrowers, likely due to greater competition, including from non-bank lenders, and lower demand for loans -- as economic activity is less in times of low interest rates, leading NIMs to decline more. We also analyzed if effects differ by banks' maturity mismatches. We defined a bank as having a "long" maturity (asset and liabilities separately) if it has an average balance sheet maturity over the sample period greater than the median maturity for banks in its country and as having a "short" maturity otherwise. We then analyze using the same methodology, for a smaller sample of banks, the impact of a one percentage point increase in the short-term interest rate on the same period interest income ratio (the interest expense ratio) differentiating by the maturity of the banks' assets (liabilities). 9 Consistent with a priori expectations, the analysis shows that the highest contemporaneous pass-through from a decrease in interest rates to interest income is for banks with short asset maturities in the low interest rate environment. Banks with longer maturity assets see statistically significantly less pass-through, 64 basis points vs. 92 basis points (Figure 5). Similarly, although somewhat lower, the pass-through to interest expenses is significantly higher in the low interest rate environment than in the high environment for banks with short liability maturities. Figure 5: Effect of 1 p. p. Decrease in 3-Yield, by Duration Note. The figure shows the estimated effect of a 1 percentage point decrease in the three-month sovereign yield on a bank's net interest income margin and interest expense margin adjusted for interest rate environment and a bank's balance sheet maturity. A bank is classified as having a "long" maturity if it has an average balance sheet maturity over the sample period greater than the median maturity for banks in its country, and is classified as having a "short" maturity otherwise.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: pCS2-mCherry and pSP64-hCas9 were linearized by digestion with NotI and SalI, respectively and used as templates for mCherry and hCas9 mRNA synthesis using an in vitro RNA transcription kit (mm6 ), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A pair of oligos targeting Fgf10 or mCherry was annealed and inserted into the BsaI site of the pDR274 vector (Addgene). The sequences of the oligos were as follows: Fgf10 (5’--3’) and mCherry (5’- -3’). After digestion with DraI, gRNAs were synthesized using the MEGAshortscript T7 (Ambion, Austin, TX). The synthesized mRNAs and gRNAs were purified by phenol-chloroform-isoamylalcohol extraction and isopropanol precipitation. The precipitated RNA was dissolved in Opti-MEM I (Life Technologies) at 2–4 μg/μl and stored at –20 °C until use. RNAs were quantified by absorption spectroscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis. The ssODNs were purchased from Sigma in dry form, dissolved in Opti-MEM I to 1 μg/μl and stored at –20 °C until use. Mice and egg and embryo collection and transferWe used ICR and B6D2F1 (C57BL/6 x DBA2 F1) female mice in this study. The ICR strain was mainly used for determining the optimal conditions for electroporation and the B6D2F1 strain was used for genome editing. Fertilized eggs were collected from the oviducts of E0. 5 (12 hours after the midpoint of the day of vaginal plug) ICR or B6D2F1 females naturally intercrossed with males of the same strain. The covering cumulus cells were removed by incubating in 1% hyaluronidase/M2 medium (Sigma). For the genome editing experiments targeting H2b-mCherry, the eggs were obtained from B6D2F1 females intercrossed with R26-H2b-mCherry males. The collected eggs were pre-cultured in mWM medium until electroporation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: This approach distinguishes the degree to which the passive cable properties cause electrotonic decrement of voltage signals in their path of propagation to the somatic recording site, independent of the maximal conductance or receptor density at the photo-stimulation site. To demonstrate this logic, we built a library of passive cable models in the simulation platform (Hines and Carnevale, 1997; see Materials and methods) and simulated activation of local inhibitory chloride currents (actual Erev = −70 mV) at varying distances from the recording site. were measured by manipulating the membrane potential (Vm) with current injections between −8 and +2 nA at the recording site. First, we demonstrate that the apparent Erev of an inhibitory event evoked 200 µm away from the recording site (as shown in Figure 6A) is independent of its maximal conductance (or receptor density; Figure 6B–C). The apparent Erevs were measured with four maximal conductance (gmax) values: 1, 5, 10, and 50 nS. Although the response amplitudes measured at the recording site vary with gmax, all voltage responses flip their sign at −77 mV (Figure 6B). This is shown graphically in Figure 6Ci, where response amplitude (deltaV) is plotted as a function of Vm (as measured at the recording site at 0 µm). For each gmax value, the apparent Erev was calculated as the x-intercept of the linear regression of the deltaV versus Vm curve (R > 0. 9 and p<0. 01 in each case). The inset in Figure 6Ci and Figure 6Cii clearly show that the x-intercepts are the same for all four gmax values. The apparent Erev is independent of gmax magnitude, regardless of the activation site’s distance from the recording site (Figure 6—figure supplement 1). Figure 6 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Passive cable simulations show that apparent Erev measurements are independent of maximal conductance (gmax) and dependent on the distance between activation and recording sites. (A) An inhibitory current (actual Erev = −70 mV, τ = 3 ms) was activated 200 µm from the recording site (at 0 µm). (B) Voltage events as measured at 0 µm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: Assets are used to determine maturity for the interest income margin, while liabilities are used for the interest expense margin. This figure only includes those countries with over 100 banks reporting maturity information. Sources: Bankscope, staff calculations. Accessible version 4. for AFE cross-country analysis conducted suggests that low interest rates negatively affect many AFE banks' NIMs, which is consistent with several studies on individual countries. We can summarize our results by considering the situations of banking systems in four key AFEs, the euro area, Canada, Japan, and the UK, and comparing these to U. S. banks (Table 1). Wide differences remain between the relatively strong profitability reported by Canadian, U. K. and U. S. banks, and the weaker profitability reported by euro area and Japanese banks. 10 These differences in profitability partially reflect differences in NIMs, which are typically lower in the AFEs than in the United States, as many AFE banks have higher shares of typically lower-yielding mortgages and sovereign debt. And the lower NIMs in the later period in turn likely reflect the large declines in sovereign yields in these economies. Table 1: on Assets - 2007 on Assets - 2013 - 2007 - 2013 3-Yield - 2007 3-Yield - 2014 33 24 253 235 398 14 Canada 54 56 229 214 425 92 Japan 23 18 181 139 45 3 84 66 195 128 535 31 Economies 30 22 236 213 277 10 96 81 391 382 450 5 Sources: Bankscope, staff analysis. Using our regression results, our estimates suggest that the NIMs in these four banking systems declined by roughly 26 basis points due to the actual decreases in interest rates between 2007 and 2013 (Table 2), or roughly 82 percent of the median decline in NIMs observed over this period, which was 32 basis points. These impacts vary by interest rate declines and are between 3 basis points for Japan and 46 basis points for the U. K. If already in a low-rate environment, e. g. , Japan and the euro area today, estimates suggest a NIM contraction of 17 basis points for every 1 percentage point further decline in the 3 month rate. Table 2: Predicted and in Margins from 2007-2013 Change in 3-(b. p. ) in Margin (b. p. ) in Margin (b. p.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: Du and co-workers [46] documented utilization of ELR protein for identification of an elicitin which is considered as an extremely conserved in Phytophthora species contributing a wide range durable resistance against late blight pathogen. For production of potato virus Y (PVY) resistant potatoes, four viral genes, P3, CI, Nib, and CP were targeted throughCas approach. Cas13a protein was utilized to confer resistant against three strains of RNA virus, PVY [47]. Makhotenko and co-workers [48] demonstrated efficient use of host genes (eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E and coilin) for development of PVY resistant potatoes. 4. 2 Resistance/tolerance to abiotic stressesAbiotic stresses include high and low temperatures, drought and salinity cause major constraints in potato production; still limited research work is documented until now. In 2017, Zhou et al. [17] modified MYB transcription factor gene (StMYB44), responsible for restraining StPHO1 gene expression which negatively control phosphate transport activity in potato, with a proficiency rate of 85%. In 2020, Tiwari et al. [49] documented the utilization of gene editing approachCas for modification of nitrogen metabolism genes to enhance the nitrogen use efficiency of potato plants. 4. 3 Herbicide resistanceButler and co-workers [50] developed a ss gemini virus-based DNA replicon (GVR) as a vector for transfer of TALEN genes and a mutated fragment of ALS1 gene. TALEN genes were transferred to target Acetolactate synthase1 (ALS1) gene in potato while the mutated ALS1gene fragment verified tolerance for numerous categories of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. 4. 4 Post harvestPotato is harvested annually which makes it imperative for producers and sellers to store these tubers in cold stores. Cold storage reduces sprouting and extend shelf life. But during storage in cold storage houses the sucrose in tubers is reduced to sugars which react with amino acids on heating and cause the processed potato products to turn brown and bitter. Moreover, the acrylamide level also goes up. This deterioration in organoleptic properties and enhancement in acrylamide levels negatively affects potato tuber quality thereby leading to a reduced public demand.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: The membrane potential at the recording site was manipulated with current injections between −8 and + 2 nA. Colors correspond to responses evoked at 200 µm with different gmax values (as indicated). (C) (i) Response amplitude (deltaV) plotted as a function of membrane potential (Vm) as measured at 0 µm. were identified for each gmax by calculating the x- intercept of linear fits to these curves (R > 0. 9 and p<0. 01 in all cases). The inset shows a magnification along the x-axis and illustrates that all curves share the same x-intercept, regardless of. gmax value. (ii) plotted as a function of gmax values. (D) To determine the dependence of apparent Erev as a function of activation site distance from recording site, inhibitory currents (Erev = −70 mV, τ = 3 ms, gmax = 5 nS) were evoked at 0, 200, 400, 600, 800,. and 1000 µm from the recording site. (E) Voltage events as measured at 0 µm. The membrane. potential at the recording site was manipulated with current injections between −8 and + 2 nA. Colors correspond to responses evoked at different activation sites (as indicated in D). (F) (i) Response amplitude (deltaV) plotted as a function of membrane potential (Vm) as measured at 0 µm. were identified for each activation site distance by calculating the x-intercept of linear fits to these curves (R > 0. 9 and p<0. 01 in all cases). The inset shows a magnification along the x-axis and illustrates the hyperpolarizing shift in apparent Erev as activation site distance increases. This is explicitly plotted in (ii). The cable model used to generate all of these data had a passive conductance of 20 nS·cm−2 and axial resistance of 30 Ω·cm (see Materials and methods). Second, we show that the apparent Erev for a locally activated inhibitory current changes as a function of distance from the recording site (Figure 6D–F). The apparent Erevs were measured for inhibitory currents of the same gmax (5 nS) but with increasing distance from the recording site: 0 to 1000 µm, at increments of 200 µm (Figure 6D).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: ) Percent of -373 -33 -34 97% Canada -329 -29 -39 74% Japan -38 -3 -39 8% -526 -46 -28 168% Economies -297 -26 -32 82% Note. Change in the 3-month rate is the change in the 3-month sovereign yield from 2007-2013. We predict a change of 8. 8 basis points in a bank's net interest margin for every 100 basis point change in the sovereign's 3-month yield. Observed change is shown as the median change in net interest margins for banks in that sample. There are caveats to this analysis, related to appropriate lags and potential other non-linearities between changes in interest rates and NIMs. First, there may be important non-linearities in the impact of interest rate changes in a low-yield environment compared to the high-yield environment not captured with our specification. Second, while we included one lag for the dependent variable, which was statistically significant with a coefficient of about 0. 5, there are likely additional lags in the relationship between changes in interest rates and NIMs that are not captured (for example, as long-term loans are repriced over time at higher or lower interest rates, affecting NIMs many years after an interest rate change). Analysis using German banks, Memmel (2011), suggests for example that the full effects of repricing take place over a period of 1-1. 5 years. This is consistent with the pattern in NIMs which seems to progressively decline as the banks are longer in a low interest rate environment (Figure 6). Third, the analysis only looks at the effect on current margins assuming no shifts in behavior, while changes in interest rates and the full effect on banks' NIMs (and profitability, capital adequacy and franchise values over time) may vary as banks adjust their funding structures, lending and investment portfolios and their non-interest activities. These adjustments have been found to be important in the case of Japan (see Deutsche Bank, 2013). Lastly, there have been many regulatory changes since the GFC that could also have affected banks' NIMs, as has been found for large U. S. banks (see Covas, Rezende and Voitech, 2015). Figure 6: Change in NIM in a Environment Note.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: Essentially identical results have been achieved by different means of reducing expression of both SBE isoforms (SBE1 and SBE2): antisense RNA [60], expression of single-domain SBE-specific camelid antibodies [61] andCas [12, 62]. Though genome editing technologies proved useful in lowering or boosting starch content in potatoes but transient application of vectors harboring inserted DNA fragments lead to the unwanted insertions of vector genome into targeted regions [63]. 4. 6 Steroidal glyalkaloid (SGA)Solanaceous plants produce secondary metabolites called glycoalkaloids. More than 80 steroidal glyalkaloids have been identified in different potato species; the two most common ones in cultivated potatoes are α-solanine and α-chaconine [64]. Higher levels of steroidal glyalkaloids have neurotoxic and anti-nutritional effects on human [65]. Therefore, the amount of steroidal glyalkaloids in tubers meant for eating should not exceed the threshold value of 200 mg/kg fresh weight. Nonetheless, significant efforts have been made to reduce SGA content. RNAi suppression of the SGA biosynthetic genes sterol side chain reductase 2 (StSSR2) [26] and 1 (GAME1) [66] resulted in decreased SGA content. One study on theCas system’s use for controlling SGA levels in potatoes looked at knocking down the gene encoding steroid 16-hydroxylase (St16DOX), which appears in the genome in a single copy [67]. Two mutants showed positive results for no detectable levels of solanine or chaconine but the plants as a whole were not regenerated so success forCas-mediated deletion of St16DOX was partial and not all attempts at SGA reduction in potato were equally successful [67]. /Cas9-editing of StSSR2 was used to manipulate the SGA level in the cv. Atlantic with significant success [14]. But on the other hand, SGAs are the plant’s first line of defense against viruses and herbivores and participate in ecological interactions with microorganisms therefore eliminating SGAs would be damaging to the plant. 4. 7 Enzymatic browningHigh tuber quality is a desirable characteristic in the potato processing business and among consumers.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: It is evident from the traces in Figure 6E that the apparent Erev, or membrane potential at which the responses change sign, occurs at increasingly hyperpolarized membrane potentials as a function of increasing distance from the recording site. This hyperpolarizing shift in apparent Erev is illustrated in Figure 6Fi, where the x-intercepts for the deltaV versus membrane potential curves (as measured at the recording site at 0 µm) shift leftward with increasing activation site distance (shown clearly in the inset, a magnification of the x-intercepts). The apparent Erev shifts from an accurate measure of the actual Erev of −70 mV when activated at the recording site (0 µm) to −110 mV when activated 1000 µm away (Figure 6Fii). Thus, from considering one cable model with one set of passive properties, we can deduce that the apparent Erev of a locally-activated inhibitory current is independent of its maximal conductance (or receptor density) and is dependent on the site’s distance from the recording site. Figure 7 demonstrates that the dependence of the apparent Erev on distance is contingent upon the effective electrotonic structure of the voltage signal’s path of propagation, from activation site to recording site. With a similar set-up to the simulation shown in Figure 6C–F, apparent Erevs were measured for responses arising from activation of the inhibitory current at sites with increasing distance from the recording site (Figure 7A). We conducted this simulation in a library of cable models with uniform diameters (5 µm) and lengths (1000 µm), but varying passive properties. Specifically, this set of 20 cable models varied in their combinations of passive leak conductances (gpas): 5, 10, 20, or 50 nS/cm2 and axial resistances (Ra): 1, 5, 10, 30, or 50 (Ω·cm). Thus, each cable model is distinguished by its electrotonic length constant (λ), determined by the expression: λ=rRm2Ra where Rm=1gpas. λ, in µm or mm, is equivalent to the distance at which a propagating voltage signal decrements to 37% of the maximal voltage signal (as would be measured at the site of activation).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: The figure above reflects the average change in net interest margins between the year prior to entering the low interest rate environment and each successive year after entering a low rate environment, t=1 through t=4. Sources: Bankscope, staff analysis. Accessible version While there are these and other caveats to the analysis, nevertheless, the findings suggest strongly that when NIMs are low -- due to persistently low rates or otherwise -- the important issue is how banks can adjust their activities and cost structures so as to offset low rates' adverse effects on profitability and capital. Similar regressions of the effects of low interest rates on bank ROA show no consistent results, however, likely as the direct effects of changes in interest rates on NIMs are confounded by the volatility in other sources of income and costs, including gains on security holdings and provisioning, especially since the GFC, and possibly because banks are taking actions to offset the effects on ROAs of changes in NIMs due to interest rate declines (as well as in light of recent regulatory changes, heightened market pressures, and changed opportunities). Although institutions are making adjustments, such efforts take time, as Japan's experience shows, with limited immediate payoffs when facing weak cyclical conditions and deleveraging pressures. As such, banking systems in many low interest rate countries will face challenges. Until lost income can be offset through other actions, lower profitability will reduce financial institutions' ability to build and attract capital, increasing their vulnerability to shocks and declines in market confidence and undermining their ability to support the real economy. 3. This result implies that there is an important non-linearity in the mapping of the short-term interest rate to the lending and borrowing interest rates. 2013. A country was classified as being in the "low" rate environment if its average three-month implied sovereign yield for that year was less than or equal to 1. 25 percent and was classified as being in a "high" rate environment otherwise. Sources: Bloomberg, staff calculations. Accessible version 514. Busch, Ramona and Christoph Memmel, 2015, "Banks' net interest margin and the level of interest rates," 16/2015, Deutsche Bundesbank, Research Centre. Bundesbank, 2015, "Review," September. Covas, Francisco B. Marcelo Rezende, and Cindy M. Vojtech, 2015, "Margins of So Compressed? ",.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: 1242153. . Differential DNA methylation in the Vinv promoter region controls cold induced sweetening in potato. bioRxiv. 2020:1-32. DOI: 10. 1101/2020. 04. 26. 06256254. . Starch characteristics of modern and heirloom potato cultivars. of Potato Research. 2013;90:460-469. DOI: 10. 1007/S12230-013-9320-555. . Some physical and nutritional characteristics of genetically modified potatoes varying in amylose/amylopectin ratios. Food Chemistry. 2007;100:136-146. DOI: 10. 1016/j. foodchem. 2005. 09. 03256. . Engineering starch for increased quantity and quality. Trends in Plant Science. 2000;5:291-298. DOI: 10. 1016/S1360-1385(00)01657-557. . Efficient targeted multiallelic mutagenesis in tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) by transient -Cas9 expression in protoplasts. Reports. 2017;36:117-128. DOI: 10. 1007/s00299-016-2062-358. Kusano H, Ohnuma M, Mutsuro- Establishment of a modifiedCas9 system with increased mutagenesis frequency using the translational enhancer dMac3 and multiple guide RNAs in potato. Scientific Reports. 2018;81(8):13753. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-018-32049-259. /Cas9-based mutagenesis of starch biosynthetic genes in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) for the improvement of starch quality. of Molecular Sciences. 2019;20:4702. DOI: 10. 3390/ijms2019470260. Production of very-high-amylose potato starch by inhibition of SBE A and B. Nature Biotechnology. 2000;18(5):555-554. DOI: 10. 1038/7542761. . Immunomodulation of enzyme function in plants by single-domain antibody fragments. Nature Biotechnology. 2003;21:77-8062. Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of potato starch-branching enzymes generates a range of tuber starch phenotypes. Journal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Figure 7B shows inhibitory voltage events evoked at increasing distances from the recording site (at 0 µm) in three cable models with different λ values (200, 460, and 800 µm). With distance, the apparent Erev undergoes a hyperpolarizing shift (as was the case Figure 6E). However, the rate at which this apparent Erev hyperpolarizes, as a function of distance, is dependent on the electrotonic length constant of the cable (Figure 7C). When λ = 800 µm, all apparent Erevs are −70 mV, regardless of activation site distance. When λ = 460 µm, apparent Erevs shift from −70 mV at the recording site (0 µm) to −88 mV at 1000 µm. When λ = 200 µm, the apparent Erev shifts from −70 mV at 0 µm to well below −100 mV when the activation site is 1000 µm away. It is evident that the apparent Erev undergoes a greater hyperpolarizing shift with distance with decreasing λ values. Figure 7D shows the dependence of apparent Erev as a function of activation site location for all 20 cable models with λ values ranging between 200–5000 µm. Considering a subset of these cable models, with λ values between 300–1700 µm, the apparent Erevs measured at different activation site distances diverge as λ decreases to 300 µm and converge as λ increases beyond 1000 µm (Figure 7E). Figure 7 Download asset Open asset The shift in apparent Erev with activation site distance is contingent upon the electrotonic length constant, λ. (A) For each of the 20 cable models, with varying passive properties and, consequently, λ values (see Materials and methods), an inhibitory current (actual Erev = −70 mV) was evoked at varying distances from the recording site 0 µm. (B) Voltage events as measured at 0 µm for cables with λ = 200, 460, and 800 µm. The membrane potential at the recording site (Vm) was manipulated with current injections between −8 and + 2 nA. Colors correspond to responses evoked at different activation sites (as indicated in A and Figure 6D).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: in through your institution Review of Economic StudiesC57 - Econometrics of Games and AuctionsG18 - and RegulationG23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional InvestorsL13 - Oligopoly and MarketsL50 - search term More content Advance 10. 1093/restud/rdae005 Published: 24 May 2024 10. 1093/restud/rdae005 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation of Economic StudiesC57 - Econometrics of Games and AuctionsG18 - and RegulationG23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional InvestorsL13 - Oligopoly and MarketsL50 - search term of Economic StudiesC57 - Econometrics of Games and AuctionsG18 - and RegulationG23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional InvestorsL13 - Oligopoly and MarketsL50 - search term is an estimate of interbank borrowing costs computed daily from rates reported by a fixed panel of banks. Evidence suggests that banks have manipulated Libor in recent years by misreporting their borrowing costs. I estimate a strategic reporting model that identifies banks’ borrowing costs as well as their motives for misreporting. The estimation places a lower bound on the value that Libor would have had if banks had truthfully reported their borrowing costs. The model is identified even when unobserved heterogeneity exists in the form of a common cost component that is known by all banks but unobservable to the econometrician and is allowed to follow a non-stationary process. The only data used for identification are banks’ Libor quotes. Overall, I find that the estimated lower bound for the unmanipulated Libor is always above the published Libor, with an average deviation of 25 basis points at the worst of the financial crisis of 2007–2008. The estimated bound displays a pattern similar to two other measures of interbank borrowing costs that have been used previously to assess the extent of manipulation. The model is also used to determine the extent to which misreporting was motivated by signalling or banks’ net exposure to Libor. The estimation results indicate that sending creditworthiness signals was the main driver of systematic misreporting from 2007 to 2010. 1 16 April 2008, the Journal published an 2010.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: 1Summary of barley and wheat genes with functions in agronomic features [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47], gene discovery [48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59], product quality [21, 34, 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74], and abiotic and biotic stress [46, 75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92]Full size imageEven if the targeted induction of a double-strand break can be carried out precisely, the result is random. According to previous reports, the most common outcome forCas9 is a deletion of a few (≤10) nucleotides or the insertion of one nucleotide (InDel) [93]. However, it is impossible to predict precisely whether loss or insertion will occur, and it is also somewhat random which base is inserted. Although there are reports (for review, see [94]) that a certain percentage can be predicted using microhomology-dependent repair mechanisms, the outcome remains undetermined in most applications. To achieve a prediction of the mutation result and thus precise genome editing, one can consider several possibilities. When using two gRNAs, one gets an exact deletion between the two induced double-strand breaks in a part of the mutated cells. In this case, the choice of gRNA binding sites can, for example, influence the function of a protein domain [49]. By not inducing a knockout, a reduced or altered functionality remains, similar to the RNAi effect but is genetically fixed in contrast. Another possibility is to transfer a repair template with the desired sequence simultaneously with the double-strand-inducing reagent. However, the challenge here is to bring a sufficient number of repair templates to this site at the time of the double-strand break repair. One possibility is the biolistic transfer of the repaired DNA [95].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: With increasing activation site distance, the voltage deflections flip sign at increasingly hyperpolarized Vms at the recording site. This hyperpolarizing shift is more drastic in the cable with the lowest λ. (C) Plot of the apparent Erev (measured at 0 µm) as a function of activation site distance, in the three cables shown in B. The colors are indicative of the activation site distance, as in the traces in B. (D) Plot of apparent Erev (measured at 0 µm) as a function of activation site distance for all 20 cable models. The blue colorbar indicates relative λ values, ranging between 200 µm and 5 mm. (E) Plot of apparent Erev (measured at 0 µm) as a function of λ, as measured in cables with λs between 300 and 1600 µm. As λ increases, apparent Erevs of responses evoked at different activation site distances converge toward the actual Erev. Taken together, these proof-of-principle simulations show the unmistakable relationship between electrotonic structure and apparent Erevs measured for activation sites varying in their distance from the recording site. Invariant apparent Erevs suggest a relatively high electrotonic length constant, whereas heterogeneous Erevs suggest a lower electrotonic length constant. As is shown in Figure 6, this approach to characterizing the electrotonic structure, or passive cable properties, of a neuron is independent of differential gmax values, or receptor densities, across the neuronal structure. In this simulation paradigm, current was injected at the recording site and flowed from the recording site to the stimulation site, changing the membrane potential at the distal site. The difference between the apparent Erev and the actual Erev is indicative of the ease of current flow in this direction and ability to manipulate the membrane potential at this distal site. Thus, there will always be a discrepancy between the voltage at the soma and the voltage at the photo-uncaging site and this discrepancy will depend on the effective electrotonic length constant of the neurite path. Therefore, this assay tests the passive cable properties of the path of propagation as is most relevant to current flow from recording site to stimulation site.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: The estimated lower bound of the counterfactual unmanipulated Libor is always above the published Libor. In the aftermath of Lehman Brother’s bankruptcy, the lower bound is, on average, 25 basis points (0. 25 percentage points) higher than the published Libor. The lower bound on the unmanipulated Libor follows similar patterns than two other measures of average costs for unsecured funding described by Kuo et al. (2012). All three metrics indicate that Libor understated borrowing costs during this period. Regarding banks’ incentives to misreport, the estimates strongly suggest that the deviation between Libor submissions and borrowing costs is mostly explained by banks’ attempts to send signals of creditworthiness. According to these estimates, previous studies focused exclusively on exposure may have overlooked the main driver of misreporting. The results also show large changes over time in the signalling incentives to misreport, and suggest that these increased dramatically immediately after Lehman Brother’s bankruptcy. A likely explanation is that banks’ signalling incentives responded to a sharp rise in the market’s perception of default risk, as measured by CDS spreads. Indeed, a simple regression of the estimated signalling parameters on CDS spreads confirms a positive association. Previous empirical work by Abrantes-Metz et al. (2011) and Abrantes-Metz et al. (2012) suggests that Libor misreporting was a generalized practice, not restricted to a few banks or dates. Cassola et al. (2013) estimate the maximum rates that banks are willing to pay for short-term collateralized loans at liquidity auctions conducted by the Bank. They find that Euribor5 quotes are usually below the estimated willingness to pay for secured loans during 2007 and 2008, even though these are quotes for unsecured borrowing, and thus should include a risk premium. Similarly, Kuo et al. (2012) compare Libor quotes to other measures of individual borrowing costs from 2007 to 2009 and find evidence of under-reporting. They also analyse changes in the spreads between Libor and other estimates of average costs for unsecured funding, specifically, the (NYFR) and the Eurodollar deposits rate (EDR) published by the Federal Reserve, showing that during the period considered the spread is negative and wider than in previous years, which suggests that Libor understated borrowing costs during the financial crisis. Gandhi et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic research contributes to advancements in medicine and agriculture. [SEP] Text: Electrostatic spraying in agriculture is not a new technique but is promoted to work on electrostatic spraying technique development in the technology of production and environmental concerns [13]. Thus, electrostatic spraying system is considered as most advanced spraying machinery for efficient application of pesticides to crops and orchards. To avoid the health problems of humans with the manual spraying mechanism Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) aircraft are used. The equipment and labors difficult to operate but UAVs can be used easily operated in the field. UAVs now widely applied in field for purpose of precision agriculture in the developed countries. Before that, a variety of UAV models are utilizing for civilian and military purposes [14]. Addition of vision and sensor systems are also increase the potential of the UAVs [15] and reduces the spray loss in form of spray drift by accurate spray application on the required field with perfect target detection sensors and a good handling system. Advancement in spray application technologies increase crop production and increase pesticide efficiency on weed and insects in the field. Spray loss in the form of spray drift, weather effects, target detection, and control flow nozzles problem solved by advanced pesticide application technologies. The time-consuming problem for tank refilling is reduced with ultra-low volume sprayers and fine droplet spray nozzles. With time the crop maintaining technology advance from weeds and pest, detection to spray application nozzles. The objective of this 2. Ground sprayers2. 1 Crop sprayersThe use of herbicides and pesticides has made sure to improve the yields from crops until now have been an overdose of pesticides and herbicides causing herbicide-resistant weeds and a very big decrease in biodiversity. At the early stage of the crop, when herbicide application takes place the detection of weeds is very difficult to identify because they are so small especially. Using conventional spraying (Knapsack, Boom sprayers) technology for the crops (Figure 1(a) and (b)), farmers lose money on herbicides and pesticides that are sprayed ineffective. Over spraying, of pesticides and herbicides put a squeezing impact on the agriculture farmers. Farmer spends a lot of money on pesticides, but a huge volume of these chemicals never reaches weeds and pests with the use of conventional sprayers. The maximum amount of spray not reached at the target and spray loss in the form of spray drift and field turns because of no path planning and GPS survey of the field.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Even so, the observations of sizeable voltage events at the recording site and reasonable reversal potentials are suggestive of a level of electrotonic compactness that is relevant to voltage signal propagation in either direction. Distributed reversal potentials in GM neurons are nearly invariant Using two-electrode current clamp at the soma, we measured apparent Erevs of local inhibitory responses evoked by focal photo-uncaging of glutamate at positions varying in distance from the somatic recording site. In these experiments, current was injected at the somatic recording site and flowed centrifugally from the recording site to the photo-uncaging site, changing the membrane potential at this distal site. Figure 8 illustrates the apparent Erevs of local inhibitory responses evoked at 7–15 sites, varying in their cable properties, across the same GM neuronal structure described in Figure 4C (a second example is shown in the Figure 8—figure supplement 1). For each photo-uncaging site, response amplitudes measured at the soma were plotted as a function of somatic membrane potential (Figure 8B,C; Figure 8—figure supplement 1B and C). These data were fit with linear regression analyses (R > 0. 9 in all cases) and the reversal potentials were determined by calculating the x-intercepts of the linear fits. The linear fits for each position show little variation in the reversal potential across all positions within each preparation, with a within-neuron coefficient of variation of 0. 04 ± 0. 01 (mean ± SD; Figure 8D; Figure 8—figure supplement 1D). Although apparent Erevs were nearly invariant within each neuron, mean reversal potentials across neurons did vary, with a pooled mean of –78. 6 ± 7 mV (Table 2). This could be attributed to real differences in the ionic current, which could be carried by potassium, chloride, or a combination of the two ions (Marder and Paupardin-Tritsch, 1978; Eisen and Marder, 1982). A consequence of variable response amplitudes across positions yielded variable linear fit slopes within neurons (as shown in Figure 8D and Figure 8—figure supplement 1D). This is likely a reflection of variable receptor densities or maximal conductances at the different photo-uncaging sites (consistent with the simulations shown in Figure 6A–C).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: (2019) find that banks’ excess equity returns correlate with changes in Libor and with their individual reports. They interpret this as evidence of exposure and signalling incentives to manipulate Libor. By contrast, I find no evidence of manipulation before September 2007, when the signalling incentive was presumably negligible. This finding is broadly consistent with the behaviour of other funding costs measures. During a period of 2 years prior to September 2007, the spread between the EDR and Libor is mostly positive and much smaller in magnitude than in the following 3 years. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes some measures of banks’ borrowing costs and credit risk that are indicative of Libor under-reporting. Section 3 presents a model of strategic Libor reporting. Section 4 discusses the identification strategy. Section 5 describes the estimation procedure. Section 6 presents estimates of the extent of misreporting separately attributable to signalling and exposure to Libor. It also compares Libor to an estimated lower bound on the unmanipulated Libor. 7, I discuss a counterfactual analysis that assesses the effectiveness of current proposals to improve interest rate benchmarks. 2 is an average of interbank offer rates, computed daily for different currencies and maturities, based entirely on quotes reported by a panel of banks. Each day, each bank in the panel reports a rate answering the question “At what rate could you borrow funds, were you to do so by asking for and then accepting interbank offers in a reasonable market size just prior to 11 am? ” After receiving all quotes, the regulator publishes the benchmark rate and also the set of all quotes submitted by the banks with their respective identities. 6 The benchmark is a trimmed mean of these quotes after dropping roughly the 25% highest and 25% lowest quotes. For each currency, the panel consists of approximately 16 leading banks trading in London that borrow and lend in this currency. 7For at least 2 years in the midst of the financial crisis, Libor was consistently below other measures of borrowing costs for unsecured funds in the interbank market. Two such measures are the NYFR and the EDR. The NYFR was based on a survey of contributors that trade in interbank markets. In contrast to Libor, individual quotes were not published and the identity of the contributors was unknown. The EDR is computed from quotes provided by brokers who act as intermediaries in the interbank market (see Kuo et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: and Pay in EMI's. Somasundaram, D. Country of Origin: Imprint:NIPA eISBN:9789390083190 Binding:EOf Pages:410 Language:Price: 229. 75 USD 206. 78 USD Add to cart Contact for About the Book Content/Buy 34. 99 Add to cart Presently the farming situation urges need to develop farming techniques, which are sustainable from environmental, production, and socio-economic points of view. Modern agricultural production throughout the world does not appear to be sustainable in the long run. Sustainable agricultural development “is the management and conservation of the natural resource base and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner to assure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for the present and future generations”. Such sustainable development in the agriculture, forestry and fishery sectors, conserves land, water, plant and animal genetic resources, is environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable. Such concerns imparted a way to organic farming. It is the need of the day to understand the prospects and problems of organic farming to launch a successful and flawless organic production programme in the farm of environment. Organic farming It is the most widely recognized alternative farming system to chemical agriculture evolved during 1940’s largely in response to the publication of J. I Rodale in the U. S. , Balfour in England and Howard in India. In 1980, USDA released a landmark report on organic farming. The report defined organic farming as follows; “Organic farming is a production system, which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, and livestock feed additives. To the maximum extent feasible, organic farming systems rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, legumes, green manures, off-farm organic wastes, mechanical cultivation, mineral bearing rocks, and aspects of biological pest control to maintain soil productivity and tilth to supply plant nutrients, and to control insects, weeds, and other pests”. 2 for Manure is the organic material derived from animal, human and plant residues which contain plant nutrients in complex forms. Manures are used as source of plant nutrients. They release nutrient after their decomposition. They are applied in large quantities Advantages of Organic manure provides all the nutrients that are required by plants but in limited quantities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: There was no significant linear relationship between input resistances measured at the soma (Table 2) and the mean within-neuron reversal potentials (p=0. 2; data not shown graphically, but available in Table 2). Figure 8 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Reversal potentials are nearly invariant across individual neuronal structure. (A) Photo-uncaging sites are indicated as unique colors on the skeletal reconstruction of one GM neuron. (B) Raw voltage traces show focal glutamate responses as measured at the soma in two-electrode current clamp when evoked at positions indicated in A. (C) Plots of response peak amplitude (deltaV) as a function of membrane potential at soma (Vm) for each photo-uncaging site. (D) Linear functions for each position generated by linear regression analyses of data shown in C. Note that the x-intercepts (apparent Erevs) are highly invariant across photo-uncaging sites. The mean apparent Erev + SD = −84. 6 + 4. 3 mV and coefficient of variation (CV) is 0. 05 in this neuron. Table 2 Linear regression analysis for reversal potentials as a function of distance, branch order, and neurite diameter. Each row corresponds to a different GM neuron, with same color scheme, as shown in Figure 8 and Figure 8—figure supplement 1. Note slopes of nearly zero across all 10 neurons, suggesting invariant reversal potentials across the neuronal structure. n corresponds to the number of photo-uncaging sites in each GM neuron. Reversal potentials DistanceBranch order DiameterNeuronMean (mV)(mV/um)MSERpslope (mV/order)MSERpslope (mV/um)nRinput (MΩ)−73. 8 2. 9−0. 04 5. 990. 440. 180. 0126. 520. 350. 300. 1396. 520. 340. 300. 7121110−79. 2 1. 2−0. 02 1. 210. 000. 990. 0001. 16−0. 210. 68−0. 0290. 54−0. 750. 09−0. 513615−81. 9 3. 2−0. 04 8. 800. 140. 760. 0068. 860. 12 0. 800.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Interest rates set by central banks affect borrowing costs. [SEP] Text: Since the lower bound is estimated from banks’ Libor quotes alone, this result validates the model based on testable implications, under the assumption that the NYFR and the EDR are more accurate measures of borrowing costs than the distorted Libor. Although most empirical research on Libor manipulation has focused on the financial crisis when the signalling incentive was presumably stronger, related court documents contain evidence of manipulation attempts going back to 2005. To test whether these attempts succeeded in manipulating Libor, I extend the sample to include two more consecutive periods, from 3 September 2005 to 2 September 2006, and from 3 September 2006 to 2 September 2007. The estimated lower bound on the unmanipulated Libor provides very weak evidence, if any at all, of Libor manipulation during 3 September 2005–2 September 2007. Figure 5 shows the results. For this period, the average estimated spread between Libor and the lower bound on ct is −0. 6 bp. During this same period, the EDR is much closer to Libor than in any other period in the sample, and lies mostly above Libor. A likely explanation is that before the BNP Paribas announcement, there were no serious concerns about large financial institutions facing credit or liquidity risk; thus, banks did not have strong incentives to use Libor reports as signals of creditworthiness. Moreover, their individual attempts to benefit from trading positions may not have been sufficient to cause a substantial distortion in the benchmark rate. Figure 5Spread between Libor and the estimated common borrowing costs before the crisis Notes: This figure shows the spread between the published Libor and the estimated unmanipulated Libor from 3 September 2005 to 14 September 2008. It also includes the Libor–EDR and Libor–NYFR spreads for comparison. The NYFR is only available from 2 June 2008. The highlighted dates are 3 September 2006, 3 September 2007 (the first trading day after BNP Paribas suspended two sub-prime mortgage funds), and 16 March 2008 (when JPacquired for less than 7% of its market value 2 days before). The model is estimated separately for each corresponding period. I compute 95% confidence intervals (dotted lines) using the bootstrap. Open in new tabDownload slide 6.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: Pests are often controlled with man made chemicals which have many harmful effects, for example: 6 Knowledge (ITK) Knowledge (ITK) based inputs (Most of the ITK’s needs scientific validation before large scale adoption) Is the systematic body of knowledge acquired by local people through the accumulation of experiences, informal experiments, and intimate understanding of the environment in a given culture (Rajasekaran, 1993). Learning from ITK can improve understanding of local condition and provide a productive context for activities designed to help the communities. In addition, the use of ITK’s assures that the end user of specific agricultural development projects are involved in developing technologies appropriate to their needs’. Yet, ITK is still an underutilized resource in the development activities. It needs to be intensively and extensively studied, and incorporated into formal research and extension practices to make agriculture and rural development strategies more sustainable. Many of our indigenous practices in agriculture and allied fields have been replaced by the so-called modern technologies and they have become obsolete, especially among the younger generations. Now these indigenous practices are endangered ones and these are a possibility for them to become extinct particularly during this era of globalization, liberalization and commercialization. Now the need has come to re-examine and then gradually re-introduce the effective traditional technologies of crop production. Therefore, there is a need to systematically document the ITK as they are the unwritten body of knowledge. There is no systematic record to describe what is, what it does, how it does, means of changing it, its operations, it boundaries and its applications. It is held in different brains, languages and skills in as many groups, cultures and environments. is also a treasure land of indigenous practices in agriculture. However, only a few attempts have been undertaken by social scientists to document the available indigenous agricultural practices but none has evaluated scientifically. The documented ITK practices are given below. 181 - 194 (14 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Knowledge (ITK) based inputs (Most of the ITK’s needs scientific validation before large scale adoption) Is the systematic body of knowledge acquired by local people through the accumulation of experiences, informal experiments, and intimate understanding of the environment in a given culture (Rajasekaran, 1993). Learning from ITK can improve understanding of local condition and provide a productive context for activities designed to help the communities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: 071 5. 86−0. 59 0. 16−1. 123 712−83. 6 4. 3−0. 05 13. 130. 45 0. 230. 013 13. 350. 43 0. 240. 175 14. 39−0. 35 0. 35−0. 613 912−75. 6 3. 8−0. 05 9. 420. 150. 900. 00109. 61-0. 050. 97−0. 0580. 34−0. 98 0. 12−10. 756 311−87. 7 2. 7−0. 03 5. 180. 34 0. 510. 009 5. 270. 32 0. 540. 142 5. 200. 340. 510. 47867−64. 8 3. 6−0. 06 8. 59−0. 500. 26−0. 0117. 53−0. 580. 17−0. 18511. 38−0. 04 0. 93−0. 084 75−69. 9 3. 3−0. 05 9. 37−0. 22 0. 46−0. 008 9. 01−0. 290. 33−0. 1469. 840. 05 0. 870. 015 117−84. 6 3. 0−0. 04 7. 88-−0. 020. 97−0. 0017. 800. 10 00. 830. 039 7. 88−0. 0 0. 96−0. 020 710−85. 0 2. 2−0. 03 3. 02−0. 53 0. 28−0. 042 4. 110. 130. 800. 1442. 840. 570. 241. 805610Pooled Mean−78. 6 −0. 04 7. 260. 030. 55−0. 001 7. 320. 030. 570. 0296. 48−0. 14 0. 45−1. 010 9. 9Pooled SD7. 43. 470. 350. 320. 0163. 340. 320. 290. 1284. 570. 510. 343. 5182. 9 Lolliplots for each preparation, showing apparent Erevs for each photo-uncaging site as a function of their distance from the somatic recording site, diameter, and branch order (Figure 9), confirm no dependence of the apparent Erev on these cable properties.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: Pesquisar Sumário - Documento anterior - Documento seguinte 05 | 2009As fundações institucionais da economia in the Developing World: Resumo | Índice | Mapa | Notas do autor | Texto | Bibliografia | Notas | Citação | This study attempts to identify the evolution of labor markets paying specific attention to female labor in the developing world and to its relationship with recent trends of globalized production, investment and trade. This is an inductive study which uses summarized statistics, tables and figures to provide an understanding of the developing world labor markets in the era of globalization and economic integration. Topo da página Entradas no índice Keywords: globalization, labor, gender, international trade, investmentTopo da página Mapa 1. Introduction: Globalization and 2. in and Investment 3. and Feminization of 4. of the World’s in 5. ConclusionTopo da página Notas do autorI am grateful to and Luís for their interesting suggestions, to Ana C. Santos and to the participants of the CES (2009) for their valuable contributions and to the anonymous referees for their helpful comments. Texto integral PDF 944k Partilhar por e-mail 1. Introduction: Globalization and 1Since the 1970s the world economy has been going through substantial changes through which new patterns of production, new technologies and new labor control systems have been introduced (Standing, 1999). Globalization has brought major transformations in goods, capital and labor. To begin with, in terms of goods, “production has changed from a linear assembly line (Fordist production) to a networked form of production that depends on outsourcing or subcontracting around the world to different manufacturers” (Bayes, 2005: 7), becoming a more flexible form of production, able to adapt itself to varying conditions related to resources and other factors of production. In this sense, the new form of production is capable of creating or abolishing jobs without any time limit (Bayes, 2005). 2Second, with the deregulation of capital flow restrictions, international capital flows have been moving easily into both developed and developing countries in the form of foreign direct investment, loans and bonds.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: In addition, the use of ITK’s assures that the end user of specific agricultural development projects are involved in developing technologies appropriate to their needs’. Yet, ITK is still an underutilized resource in the development activities. It needs to be intensively and extensively studied, and incorporated into formal research and extension practices to make agriculture and rural development strategies more sustainable. Many of our indigenous practices in agriculture and allied fields have been replaced by the so-called modern technologies and they have become obsolete, especially among the younger generations. Now these indigenous practices are endangered ones and these are a possibility for them to become extinct particularly during this era of globalization, liberalization and commercialization. Now the need has come to re-examine and then gradually re-introduce the effective traditional technologies of crop production. Therefore, there is a need to systematically document the ITK as they are the unwritten body of knowledge. There is no systematic record to describe what is, what it does, how it does, means of changing it, its operations, it boundaries and its applications. It is held in different brains, languages and skills in as many groups, cultures and environments. is also a treasure land of indigenous practices in agriculture. However, only a few attempts have been undertaken by social scientists to document the available indigenous agricultural practices but none has evaluated scientifically. The documented ITK practices are given below. 7 for 7. 1. of paddy seeds in diluted bio gas slurry for 12 hours increases resistance of seedlings to pests and diseases. During panicle formation in paddy, the flowers of Cycas circinalis are placed on sticks in paddy fields @ 4/ac. Its unpleasant odor repels ear head bugs. About 30 kg of tamarind seeds are applied for an acre of paddy field 1 day after transplanting to boost up the crop growth and yield.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Linear regression analyses revealed near-zero slopes for all 10 neurons (Figure 9—figure supplement 1; Table 2). This suggests that, even though these sites vary in their absolute distance, diameter, and branch order, they do not vary substantially in their electrotonic distance from the somatic recording site. The minimal hyperpolarizing shift for apparent Erevs measured for activation sites between 100 and 800 µm from the recording site is consistent with a λ > 1. 5 mm (referencing Figure 7D and E). Taken together, these results demonstrate that GM neurons are surprisingly electrotonically compact, despite their expansive structures and morphological complexity. Figure 9 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Reversal potentials as a function of various cable properties. Each lolliplot shows the glutamate response apparent reversal potentials (Erevs) for photo-uncaging sites as function of their distance from the soma, branch order, and neurite diameter. Each color and lolliplot is indicative of the set of reversal potentials across sites within a single neuron (N = 10). Focal glutamate responses were evoked at varying membrane potentials (between −120 and −40 mV) with two-electrode current clamp at the soma. for each photo-uncaging site were determined as in Figure 6. Distance and branch order measurements were generated from skeletal reconstructions. Diameter measurements were generated by manual measurement of neuronal dye-fill confocal stacks. circuits function reliably despite remarkable animal-to-animal variability in the synaptic and intrinsic conductances of their constituent neurons (Goaillard et al. , 2009; Norris et al. , 2011; Roffman et al. , 2012 Sakurai et al. , 2014); see Calabrese et al. (2011) and Marder et al. (2015) for reviews). Given that neuronal physiology also depends on the passive cable properties arising from geometry, we examined the physiological consequences of animal-to-animal variability in neuronal morphology. Despite their expansive and complex morphologies, GM neurons have electrotonically compact structures. This effectively compensates for morphological variability and contributes to consistent neuronal and circuit-level function across animals. Complex yet compact Here, we present the ostensible conundrum wherein an identifiable neuron type, despite its complex, highly-branched, neurite tree, is surprisingly electrotonically compact.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: While this rose the accessibility to different economic opportunities for international capital, it brought together capital’s ease of entering and exiting any country that served up high profit possibilities. This ease usually left many developing countries with bankruptcies, current account deficits, and financial crises and eventually with more poverty and lost jobs (Standing, 1999). 3Third, in terms of labor, companies have been shifting their location of production to cheap-labor abundant parts of the world mostly because of the cost reduction motive that still continues to drive them. This often means female labor which is usually employed in inhumane and unsafe working conditions and is usually low-paid at very low labor standards. 4This paper aims to explore the gender dimensions of globalization and recent production networks (such as free trade areas and export processing zones) in terms of employment and labor standards in light of the data and statistics from and of Unions. 2. in and Investment 5The world economy has been going through substantial changes since the 1970s. We have been witnessing to an increased liberal orientation in policy-making, followed by growing volumes of international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and other financial flows, and novel forms of economic integration promoted by developments in information technologies (Dejardin, 2008). For instance, the share of inward and outward global FDI stocks in world GDP grew from below 5% in 1980 to around 25% in 2006 (OECD, 2008). The amount of FDI inflows reached 648 billion dollars in 2004 while it was only 59 billion dollars in 1982, while GDP in current prices only more than tripled during the same period (see Table I). By the same token, international trade volume has followed an increasing trend fostered by trade liberalization, namely by the removal of obstacles to trade, by regulations put forward by the Organization, by easier access to regional or global markets and by decreased costs of transportation, coordination and communication. Exports of goods and non-factor services reached the value of 11 069 billion dollars in 2004 with an annual growth rate of 20,1%. It is striking that the annual growth rate of exports always exceeded the annual growth rate of global output between 1986 and 2004, except the year 2001, in which the September 11 terrorist attacks took place in the US.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: Soaking the paddy seeds in diluted cow’s urine before sowing, considerably reduces the incidence of leaf spot and rice blast Presoaking of paddy seeds in milk increases its resistance against ‘tungro’ virus and ‘stunt’ virus For control of red leaf spot disease in paddy, the seeds are soaked in ‘Pudina’ leaf extract (Mentha sativa) for 24 hours ‘T’ shaped bamboo stands are placed in many places in the paddy fields so that birds can sit on them and feed on the larvae and adults of rice pests. Sowing on eighteenth day (Aadipperukku) of Tamil month Aadi (Jul-Aug. ) ensures good harvest. Daincha (Sesbania spp. ) seeds are sown on paddy main fields when paddy nursery is raised and the grown up daincha is ploughed in-situ during field preparation. Plough the main field for four to six times for better yield. 195 - 220 (26 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 7. 1. of paddy seeds in diluted bio gas slurry for 12 hours increases resistance of seedlings to pests and diseases. During panicle formation in paddy, the flowers of Cycas circinalis are placed on sticks in paddy fields @ 4/ac. Its unpleasant odor repels ear head bugs. About 30 kg of tamarind seeds are applied for an acre of paddy field 1 day after transplanting to boost up the crop growth and yield. Soaking the paddy seeds in diluted cow’s urine before sowing, considerably reduces the incidence of leaf spot and rice blast Presoaking of paddy seeds in milk increases its resistance against ‘tungro’ virus and ‘stunt’ virus For control of red leaf spot disease in paddy, the seeds are soaked in ‘Pudina’ leaf extract (Mentha sativa) for 24 hours ‘T’ shaped bamboo stands are placed in many places in the paddy fields so that birds can sit on them and feed on the larvae and adults of rice pests. Sowing on eighteenth day (Aadipperukku) of Tamil month Aadi (Jul-Aug. ) ensures good harvest. Daincha (Sesbania spp.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: While the overall membrane conductance may be higher in the absence of TTX (although, no change in input resistance as measured at the soma was detected before and after TTX addition), we would not expect these TTX-sensitive currents to substantially alter inhibitory voltage signal propagation at the range of membrane potentials probed here (−120 to −40 mV). Furthermore, spike initiation zones, where TTX-sensitive channels are most likely to reside, are located in the periphery, where the axons exit the neuropil (Raper, 1979; Miller, 1980). Thus, it is unlikely that TTX-sensitive voltage-gated channels would shunt the current arising from these evoked events in the same way as has been seen in other systems (Laurent, 1990). In STG neurons, it is an intriguing possibility that separation of synaptic integration and slow waves from spike initiation zones may be a morphological strategy established to avoid shunting of synaptic currents. Future experiments in varying pharmacological and modulatory conditions could shed light on how different voltage-gated currents, modulatory currents, and ongoing synaptic input during rhythmic activity, may effectively compartmentalize these otherwise compact passive neuronal structures. Electrotonic structure in circuit context GM electrotonic structure is best understood in light of STG circuit architecture. The identified neurons of the STG exhibit complex morphologies (Wilensky et al. , 2003; Baldwin and Graubard, 1995; Bucher et al. , 2007; Goeritz et al. , 2013; Otopalik et al. , 2017). Like the GM neuron, all STG neurons display large somata (50–150 µm in diameter) and primary neurites that ramify throughout the STG neuropil, wherein synaptic partners form numerous, sparse synapses (King, 1976a, 1976b; Baldwin and Graubard, 1995). If each neuron type were highly electrotonically compartmentalized, yet variable across animals, wiring this circuit would be a puzzling developmental task. The fact that these neurons present electrotonically compact structures simplifies our understanding of the developmental wiring rules that may be required and how such a circuit can be relatively immune to structural differences. The neurons of the STG rely on graded transmission and slow oscillations, rather than fast spikes, to maintain phase relationships at the circuit level (Graubard, 1978; Raper, 1979; Graubard et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: Table I: Selected indicators of FDI and international production, 1982-2004 (Billions of dollars and per cent)(jpeg, 160k) Source: (2005), Report (2005:14) 6Contributing to these figures, another recent phenomenon has arisen. Following the fast transition of many developing and relatively closed economies to more open trade policies has also increased the participation of those countries in world trade. China and India are two major economies that are changing the face of globalization with their huge populations. The estimates of IMF in Outlook (2007) show that these two countries led to a fourfold rise in the effective global labor force over the past two decades. 7Coe (2007) points out that the changing nature of globalization through technological progress, specifically the sharp reduction of communication and coordination costs, “have allowed the emergence of global supply chains that are increasingly fragmented geographically” (Coe, 2007: 7). Baldwin (2006) characterized this change by defining two “unbundlings” of globalization that are rooted in technological advances followed by diminished cost of trade and increased volume of trade. The first unbundling he mentioned started in the late 19th with the necessity of producing goods close to the point they are consumed. With the second unbundling, accelerating more recently, the need to perform production close to consumption locations came to an end resulting in the spread of factory activities to offshore service sector jobs in their far offices. The second unbundling was also called as fragmentation, offshoring, vertical specialization, and slicing up the value-added chain. In order to survive supply chains, international trade has been rapidly evolving towards the exchange of intermediate inputs rather than in final goods or commodities. Increasingly, with the help of technological progress, intermediate inputs that were previously non-tradable (like business services) are now becoming tradable. Baldwin depicts a figure of the Japanese automobile and electronics plants in as an example for the evolution of the second bundling. He highlights how spectacularly the second unbundling rose in starting from 1985. Japanese manufacturers offshored some of their labor-intensive activities to the nearby countries such as China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam. The most obvious reason for this was the increased wages in Japan and decreased comparative advantage of Japanese companies in manufacturing (Baldwin, 2006: 23).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: Inoculate the soil with the bio-agents like Azospirillum, Phosphobacterium, Pseudomonas flouresens, Trichoderma viride on 30 days after sowing (DAS). Incorporate in situ 60 DAS (30 t ha-1 biomass is generated on 60 DAS) green manures. 11 in weather affects growth and development of plants. The extent of these effects depends upon the range or severity of change of weather. It is very much possible to change the weather in relatively small area to reap better harvest. Micro weather modification is defined as, “The manipulation of weather elements at increasing or decreasing the duration, intensity, quality etc. , for desired effects at microlevel of crop under investigation”. The climate near the ground can be managed partly by influencing the moisture status and temperature of the upper soil layers, e. g. by mulching and partly by action above the ground e. g. by shading or use of wind breaks. 261 - 262 (2 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart Change in weather affects growth and development of plants. The extent of these effects depends upon the range or severity of change of weather. It is very much possible to change the weather in relatively small area to reap better harvest. Micro weather modification is defined as, “The manipulation of weather elements at increasing or decreasing the duration, intensity, quality etc. , for desired effects at microlevel of crop under investigation”. The climate near the ground can be managed partly by influencing the moisture status and temperature of the upper soil layers, e. g. by mulching and partly by action above the ground e. g. by shading or use of wind breaks. 12 Knowledge (ITK) Based Inputs/Techniques for Storage 12. 1. for juice is mixed with grains and then sun dried before storage to prevent insect pests (Farmers in Nigeria). Seeds are safely stored in earthern pots after mixing with the leaves of neem and Vitex negundo (Farmers in Gujarat, India). Drying seeds and grains of all the crops on the new moon day before storing to avoid pest attack. Store seed materials in earthen pots which are kept on the ‘Paran’ directly above the furnace in kitchen. The smoke acts as a repellent. Grains, trees etc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: , 1980, 1983; Anderson and Barker, 1981; Manor et al. , 1997, 1999; Bose et al. , 2014). Given the relatively slow temporal precision of this circuit, an electrotonically compact structure is sufficient for integrating activity of many, yet sparsely distributed, synaptic inputs from each presynaptic neuron (King, 1976a, 1976b), independent of synaptic site locations. In this way, electrotonic compactness both masks the observed heterogeneity in glutamate sensitivity across the neuronal structure (Figures 4 and 5) and diminishes the consequences of presumed variability in synaptic site location arising from observed animal-to-animal variability in GM morphology (also see Otopalik et al. , 2017). In this scenario, presynaptic inputs may influence GM neuron activity with equivalent efficacy regardless of synaptic site location. This synaptic democracy (Häusser, 2001) is achieved by combining an electrotonically compact structure with graded transmission resilient to electrotonic decrement across sparsely distributed, synchronous presynaptic sites. This strategy is in stark contrast to the tight tuning of receptor or ion channel distributions employed by some neuron types. For example, CA1 pyramidal neurons compensate for passive attenuation of voltage responses with distance-dependent scaling of synaptic receptor density (Andrasfalvy and Magee, 2001; Magee and Cook, 2000; Smith et al. , 2003). It is feasible that strategies for achieving synaptic democracy vary across circuit contexts. The input-output computations of pyramidal neurons are typically dependent on spikes and fast voltage transients, whereas the neurons of the stomatogastric ganglion rely more heavily on graded transmission and slow oscillations to serve their circuit-level function (Graubard, 1978; Raper, 1979; Graubard et al. , 1980, 1983; Anderson and Barker, 1981; Manor et al. , 1997, 1999; Bose et al. , 2014). Electrotonic structure may reflect the temporal precision of the neuronal and circuit-level computations performed. Morphologies that are ‘good enough’ rather than optimal Numerous works have argued that specific neuronal geometries are optimal for precise neuronal computations (Mainen and Sejnowski, 1996; Stiefel and Sejnowski, 2007; Cuntz et al. , 2010).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: 8displays the trends in world trade of total merchandise, intermediate goods and other commercial services between 1988 and 2006. What is striking here is that all are at an increasing trend since 1988. The trade in intermediates exceeded five times of its amount in 1988. Figure I: Trends in world trade of total merchandise, intermediate goods and other commercial services, 1988-2006(jpeg, 72k) Note: Data are normalized at 100 in 1988. Source: WTO calculations based on and WTO statistics database. 9Table II exhibits the offshoring shares of the five countries that have the highest and lowest imported inputs in their production. Again, it is noticeable that goods are offshored much more than services across all countries. Offshored services account for less than the half of the goods offshored. It is striking that countries that are smaller in terms of resources appear to offshore more than larger ones. Report (2008) shows that countries that are large enough and labor and/or capital abundant take the opportunity of exploiting economies of scale and do not need to offshore part of their inputs. Contrarily, small countries choose to intensify their available resources in a smaller number of stages of production and tend to offshore the rest. Table II: Goods and service offshoring by country, 2000 (imported inputs as per cent of total inputs)(png, 106k) Source: report, 2008. WTO calculations based on OECD Input-Output tables. 10Beside global supply chains, another striking phenomenon in the age of globalization is the set up of export processing zones (EPZs) which are defined as “industrial zones with special incentives to attract foreign investors, in which imported products undergo some degree of processing before being exported again” by ILO (2007). These zones have enlarged to technological and scientific parks and can even be a country, a province or a town. EPZs are constructed with different names in different countries such as maquilas in Mexico and special economic zones (SEZs) in China. These zones are created with the aims of generating employment, gaining foreign currency, nourishing exports, contributing to the spread of technology and skills, developing underprivileged regions and flourishing the economy as a whole. The number of zones has been increasing rapidly since the 1990s and reached 3500 in 2006 (Figure II). 66 millions of workers were employed in 2006.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: harvested on full moon day are raqre prone to storage pest attack. Mixing the dried leaves of neem with seeds while storing them. 263 - 272 (10 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 12. 1. for juice is mixed with grains and then sun dried before storage to prevent insect pests (Farmers in Nigeria). Seeds are safely stored in earthern pots after mixing with the leaves of neem and Vitex negundo (Farmers in Gujarat, India). Drying seeds and grains of all the crops on the new moon day before storing to avoid pest attack. Store seed materials in earthen pots which are kept on the ‘Paran’ directly above the furnace in kitchen. The smoke acts as a repellent. Grains, trees etc. harvested on full moon day are raqre prone to storage pest attack. Mixing the dried leaves of neem with seeds while storing them. 13 of 13 1. Drawn from Vedas, the method of natural farming has been mastered by farmers of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. In this method, all on-farm sources of nutrients including composts, cattle dung manure, green leaf manure and crop biomass for mulching are exploited to their best potential with continuous soil enrichment through the use of formulation known as “Amritpani” and virgin soil. 15 kg of virgin rhizosperic soil collected from beneath of Banyan tree (Ficus bengalensis) is spread over one acre and the soil is enriched with 200 lit Amritpani. It is prepared by mixing 250 g ghee into 10 kg of cow dung followed by 500 g honey and diluted with 200 lit of water. This formulation is utilized for seed treatment (beej sanskar), enrichment of soil (bhumi sanskar) and foliar spray on plants (padap sanskar). For soil treatment it needs to be applied through irrigation water as fertigation. The system has been demonstrated on a wide range of crops i. e. fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane and cotton. 273 - 278 (6 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 13 1. Drawn from Vedas, the method of natural farming has been mastered by farmers of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Experimentalists and theorists alike have suggested that neurons employ developmental growth rules that fine-tune neuronal geometry for optimal current transfer and wiring costs (Chklovskii, 2000, 2004; Chen et al. , 2006; Wen and Chklovskii, 2008; Cuntz et al. , 2007, 2010; Kim et al. , 2012). Many of these works rely on studies in neuron types with both recognizable morphologies and known computations and/or plasticity rules. In this way, such rules hinge on a somewhat circular premise that specific neuronal functions arise from specialized geometries. As is evident in the present work, not all neuron types exhibit conserved morphologies across animals, yet show stereotyped physiological properties and circuit-level functions. We present a case in which the solution to the morphology-to-physiology transform is many-to-one. Meaning in morphology Neuron types can have characteristic, recognizable morphologies. Many studies have explored stereotypy in macroscopic dendritic and axonal arborization patterns in a variety of systems, including cricket (Miller and Jacobs, 1984) and grasshopper (Goodman, 1976, 1978) sensory interneurons, the insect (Cuntz et al. , 2008) and mammalian (Bloomfield and Miller, 1986; Hong et al. , 2011) retina, and somatosensory (Wang et al. , 2002), motor (Ghosh and Porter, 1988), and visual (Martin et al. , 1983; Martin and Whitteridge, 1984a, 1984b) cortices. That said, there are remarkably few instances (Cuntz et al. , 2008; Wang et al. , 2002) in which multiple examples of relatively complete reconstructions have been published in enough detail to judge whether the ranges of neuronal morphological features shown here, pertinent to a neuron’s cable properties, are typical or more pronounced than in other systems. Here, we argue that the fine structural details of complex morphology may not matter for the neuronal and circuit-level function of an identified neuron type. In the STG, neurons rely predominantly on slow oscillations for circuit function, and electrotonically compact structures elegantly compensate for a high degree of animal-to-animal variability in morphology.

Output: pass