Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: But this methodology should not be used for functional analysis of genes implicated in larval-pupal transformation since we observed that when insects were infected with either the AcMNPV-BmA::GFP or the BmNPV-BmA::GFP virus in the prepupal stage, larval-pupal transition was blocked while singular adults emerging from surviving pupae were also abnormal. Taking the above observations into consideration, it was nevertheless clear that the infection of S. nonagrioides larvae with a BmNPV-BmA::GFP-JHER472 hairpin-expressing virus resulted in specific gene downregulation with similar phenotypes than those after intra-hemolymph dsRNA administration [12]. Therefore, this methodology should be improved in order to create genetically modified baculoviruses that will cause even less physiological impact to the infected cells and to allow more clearly the distinction between infection-related effects and those caused by RNAi. Advertisement 3. Two bottlenecks for efficient RNAi in insects: dsRNA stability and dsRNA uptakeRecently, several studies were published that focused directly on the causes for the variability of RNAi efficiency among different insect groups [52–54]. Beetles (Coleoptera) and cockroaches (Blattaria) are very sensitive to RNAi that is administered by injection or feeding; locusts (Orthoptera) are sensitive to RNAi by injection but are refractory to RNAi by feeding, while caterpillars (Lepidoptera) are refractory to RNAi by both injection and feeding. A series of experiments with insects as well as derived cell lines investigated differences in cellular uptake of dsRNA as well as degradation of dsRNA among the different groups. One important finding was that dsRNA degradation correlated negatively with RNAi efficiency, that is, insects with low efficiency in RNAi (e. g. lepidopterans) degrade dsRNA faster in hemolymph and midgut than insects with high efficiency in RNAi (e. g. coleopterans) [52, 54].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Skill and knowledge gap on the farmers how and when to use pesticides [89, 91, 92]. Farmer’s awareness of honey bees pollination service to agricultural crop production is low [60]. Developing conservation policy for pollinators; especially, honey bees, and legislation and monitoring for pesticide application [47, 89, 92]. Awareness creation on protecting the honey bees from pesticide poisoning and the importance of honey bees on agricultural crop pollination [47, 60]. one-third of the total human food supply depends on insect pollination and animal pollination. The honey bee is responsible to pollinate 62. 2% of crops cultivated in Ethiopia. In this respect, mainly, the honey bee has brought about a significant economic contribution to improve agricultural crop production quantity and quality, essential for ecological maintenance and improvement, human food, and nutrition security in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, the double benefit approach of honey bees pollination service has been overlooked in agricultural development strategies and has not been included as a technological input in agricultural development packages. High-value agriculture is being promoted in several areas and extension institutions offer packages of practices for each type of crop. However, the importance of managing pollination to achieve higher yields still has been overlooked in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, farmers have no way of knowing how essential honey bees pollination services to their crops. This gap in the agricultural extension system needs to be addressed by designing policies and strategies to use honey bees pollination service as a tool and technology for the improvement in production and sustainability. Recently, a decline in honey bee keeping has been reported in Ethiopia, owing to several factors including the unwise use of pesticide climate change. The use of pesticides has been affecting the honey bees through poisoning, death, destroying the honey bees forage, pollination service, and efficiency. This, in turn, results in a reduction of bee products and crop yield. To reduce the ecological damage and losses, what is required is understanding the commercial and pollination service needs of the country. Furthermore, utilizing honey bees pollination services will help to maintain and sustain the ecology and agricultural crop production. In conclusion, promoting the honey bees pollination service as the tool for improving honey production and crop yield in Ethiopia is essential. applicable. . author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise. would like to express my heart full gratitude to my friend Mr. for providing critical comments and suggestions besides spending lots of his valuable time editing the manuscript. 28.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: VR technology is equally accessible and comfortable for all learners. [SEP] Text: This edited volume arose from the first on Translation and Accessibility in held at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) on 2 -3 December 2010, organised by the Transof UAB, which is part of the Centre for and Accessibility in Catalunya (CAIAC). The focus of the conference was unique in its comprehensive approach combining game accessibility, game translation and localization and also related issues in broader environments of virtual worlds. Such combination was due to a broad view of accessibility, which not only encompasses users with functional diversity, but also those who due to age or skill are not able to play a game successfully, those who do not speak the original language of the game, and those who due to socioeconomic conditions cannot access games or virtual platforms. In addition, both game localization and accessibility are issues that ideally need to be taken into account early in the development process of a game, in order prevent costly modifications at a later stage. If accessibility and localization are considered since the conception of the game, it should not be too costly or cumbersome to translate the game into other languages or include accessibility ← 9 | 10 → features, such as the possibility to remap the controls or have intralingual subtitles. Gathering together researchers in academia as well as practitioners from the industry, the conference provided an ideal forum to exchange different perspectives to add to the emerging areas of research in translation and media accessibility of digital content. The conference demonstrated how research on game localization and research on game accessibility are gathering momentum, albeit they are still relatively unexplored academic fields. To date, most of the research conducted on game accessibility has been carried out by academics from engineering and computer studies backgrounds, such as the Games (UA-Games) at the Human-Laboratory of ICS-FORTH in Greece, who have developed a number of universally accessible games, and a handful of industry professionals interested in the topic, such as the Group (SIG) at the (IGDA). Most information and guidelines on game accessibility can be found on specialised blogs and websites, and are addressed to developers, to help them make their games accessible to the widest range of population. However, there seems to be a lack of awareness by mainstream developers and publishers about accessibility issues and due to the pressures and time limits associated to the release of a game, accessibility services usually are not a priority.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The second important finding relates to the cellular uptake of dsRNA: while both lepidopteran and coleopteran cells can take up efficiently labeled dsRNA from the extracellular medium by endocytosis, this results in the production of siRNAs and silencing of target genes only in the coleopteran cells [52, 53]. The use of pH-sensitive dyes coupled to dsRNA molecules suggests that in lepidopteran cells endocytosis of dsRNA is followed by fusion of endosomes with lysosomes and subsequent degradation while in coleopteran cells presumably endosomal escape can occur and subsequent interaction of dsRNA with the RNAi machinery [53]. In lepidopteran cells, the core RNAi machinery works very efficiently [55] and the obstacle seems to be mainly the efficient arrival of the dsRNA trigger at the intracellular RNAi machinery. These investigations indicate that the use of “naked” dsRNA to trigger RNAi by feeding will only work efficiently in beetles and cockroaches and that for other insects special delivery systems need to be developed. In the first instance, those delivery systems need to protect the dsRNA trigger from degradation in the midgut, an effort which is especially difficult to achieve for lepidopterans in which the alkaline gut content is prone to destabilize dsRNA even in the absence of nucleases [56]. Second, methods need to be developed for more efficient “functional” uptake of dsRNA in locusts and caterpillars in the sense that the internalized dsRNA is not degraded but efficiently presented to the RNAi machinery. Besides naked dsRNA, other delivery methods using bacteria, algae, plants, symbionts and viruses have been tested with variable efficiency [e. g. 36, 55, 57–59] but mechanistic details of how dsRNA escapes from the different vehicles to enter the cellular cytoplasm are lacking and should become an active area of research in the future. Also synthetic nanop4. Commercialization of RNAi for crop protectionBecause of the increasing burden of chemical pesticides (residual toxicity in the environment, pesticide resistance), interest for developing biological pesticides has expanded significantly during recent years. Biological pesticides are pesticides derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria and certain minerals [68, 69].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: [ 2 Klein AM, Vaissière BE, Cane JH, et al. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Sci 2007; 274(1608): 303-13. CrossRef PubMed 3 Jivan A. The impact of pesticides on honey bees and hence on humans. 2013; 46(2): 272-7. 4 Foraging behavior of the Himalayan Honeybee, Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) associated with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ) at of (KP). J Stud 2015; 3(3): 203-7. 5 Food and of the (FAO) Roubik DW, Adriano- of Cultivated Plants: A Compendium for Practitioners12018; 6 Calderone NW. Insect pollinated crops, insect pollinators and US agriculture: Trend analysis of aggregate data for the period 1992-2009. PLoS One 2012; 7(5):e37235. CrossRef PubMed 7. Multivariate morphometric analysis of honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the Ethiopian region. Apidologie (Celle) 2004; 35(1): 71-81. CrossRef 8 Allsopp MH, de Lange WJ, Veldtman R. Valuing insect pollination services with cost of replacement. PLoS One 2008; 3(9):e3128. CrossRef PubMed 9 Y, Navajas M. Climate change: Impact on honey bee populations and diseases. Rev - Epizoot 2008; 27(2): 485-497, 499-510. CrossRef PubMed 10 Evaluation of the distribution and impacts of parasites, pathogens, and pesticides on honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations in East Africa. PLoS One 2014; 9(4):e94459. CrossRef PubMed 11. Honey Bees: Beneficial Robbers. Res 2015; 5(5): 343-52. [ 12 Kevan PG. Pollinators as bioindicators of the state of the environment: species, activity, and diversity. Environ 1999; 74: 373-93. CrossRef 13 Garibaldi LA, Steffan-Dewenter I, Winfree R, et al. Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science 2013; 339(6127): 1608-11.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health awareness aims to reduce stigma around mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: We can easily imagine how the first explanation could be shrugged off as “bad luck” and have no long-term impact on the possessed person’s reputation, while the second might lead to assumptions that the possessed person is in some way “tainted” for having upset local spirits or dabbled in black magic. is similar controversy when examining evidence for the existence of stigma throughout the history of the major civilizations of Europe, Asia, and Africa (information on the Americas is largely missing). Indeed, there seems to have been some variability in how mental illness was responded to, depending on how its causes were understood. In ancient Greek writings, there is ample discussion of behavior consistent with mental illness, and many of the terms that we use currently to describe psychiatric symptoms (such as mania, melancholia, and phobia) were first used in ancient Greece. The ancient Greeks introduced biological explanations developed by Hippocrates (specifically, that madness resulted from an imbalance of body fluids or “humors”), but primarily saw mad behaviors as resulting from supernatural factors (being cursed by the gods, for example). Although we might expect that demonstrations of madness resulting from the actions of the gods might be seen as temporary and not the fault of the affected person, it appears that the Greeks usually regarded madness to be evidence that the person had done something to deserve being cursed. Reference Scull10 As a result, the response often consisted of many of the reactions that we would now see as consistent with stigma, including ridicule, condemnation, avoidance, and the ritual of spitting upon the sight of the mad person. Reference Fabrega11 For example, an incident that was recorded as occurring in Alexandria indicated that a “lunatic named Carabas … whose madness … was of the easy-going gentler style” was “made game of by the children” and publicly mocked. Reference Rosen12 Similar responses seem to have predominated in ancient Rome. In ancient Israel, despite the belief in only one God, madness (represented by the still-familiar word meshugga) was also often seen to be the result of a divine curse. And, since the actions of God were believed to always be correct, this meant that the curse was justified because the person had done something to incur God’s punishment. As a result, people who demonstrated “mad” behavior were often mocked and publicly scorned.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Because of these issues, RNAi as an economically viable approach to control insect pests so far is limited to two coleopteran species, the western corn rootworm (D. virgifera) and the Colorado potato beetle (L. decemlineata), that are extremely sensitive to environmental RNAi [8, 74]. For other species, most notably non-coleopterans, it is perceived that the development of specialized “formulations” is necessary to deliver dsRNA with sufficient efficiency to cause an impact on larval growth and crop damage [75]. Specialized formulations could be tailored to the ecological and physiological characteristics of the targeted pests to stimulate oral uptake (e. g. food attractants), stability in the gut (e. g. chitosan nanop5. ConclusionRNAi has been successfully applied in entomological research to analyze gene function in homeostasis, development, immunity and reproduction of insects. Furthermore, the potential of RNAi to control agricultural insect pests and vectors of human disease was revealed. In this review, an overview was presented of the success of the main methods of RNAi delivery (injection and feeding) and the use of different delivery vehicles was discussed (naked dsRNA versus bacterial-, plant- and virus-mediated RNAi) together with highlights of our own experiences with the lepidopteran pest S. nonagrioides. Our experiences and a survey of the literature indicate the usefulness to try different approaches for the delivery of dsRNA to achieve successful gene silencing. Regarding injections of dsRNA, we observed much more efficient gene silencing and phenotypic effects in the prepupal stage than in the larval stage and this effect was dependent on the length of the injected dsRNA fragment [12]. Thus, the success of the method of dsRNA injection may be dependent on the size of the dsRNA and the developmental stage of the insect. For feeding of bacteria expressing dsRNA, silencing of targeted genes was observed but phenotypic effects were limited, indicating insufficient delivery of the dsRNA trigger in our experimental system. Finally, in our work [12], we have pioneered the method of virus-mediated RNAi. Baculoviruses that express an RNA hairpin directed against the JHER gene could induce specific developmental phenotypes during metamorphosis in Sesamia.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Insect pollination of crops. Press 1976; 125-34. 28 Berenbaum MR. and the Bees-before the Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife and Oceans, Committee on 2007. 29. Economics of beekeeping as pollination management practices adopted by farmers in Chitwan district of Nepal. Secur 2016; 5(6): 1-6. CrossRef 30. Back to the future: Apis versus non-Apis pollination. Evol 2012; 27(3): 142-3. CrossRef 31. The worldwide importance of honey bees as pollinators in natural habitats. Sci 2018; 285(1870):20172140. CrossRef PubMed 32 Jadran KK. Measurement of economic efficiency for the projects of bee raising inside and outside towns in Wasit Governorate. Al-2011; 9(3): 112-21. 33. Scope for non-wood forest products income generation from rehabilitation areas: Focus on beekeeping. J Drylands 2006; 1(2): 171-85. 34 -Nestor TF. of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Flowers of Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae) at Bilone (Obala, Cameroon). 2018; 4(3): 12-20. [ 35. Preliminary studies on the effect of bee (Apis cerana indica F. ) Pollination on yield of sesamum and niger. J 1988; 50: 63-4. 36 Das R, Jha S. Insect pollinators of sesame and the effect of entomophilous pollination on seed production in new alluvial zone of west bengal. 2019; 3(8): 1400-9. CrossRef 37 Stephen E, Irshad M. Economics impact of pollinators in crop production of Pakistan 2012. 38 Role of pollination in yield and physicochemical properties of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum). 2018; 25(7): 1291-7. CrossRef PubMed 39 Admasu A, Nuru A. Effect of honeybee pollination on seed yield and oil content of niger (of the Conference of. 2002; 73. 40. Effects of honeybee pollination on seed allium cepa: HBRC, ethiopia. 2008; 8(1): 79-84.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health awareness aims to reduce stigma around mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: This suggests that, despite high rates of confinement, the early period of the asylum movement represented a time of greater optimism regarding the potential for people with what we now call mental illness to recover, and therefore less of a complete discrediting of the person. Nevertheless, the early optimism of the asylum movement deteriorated within a few decades and, by the mid-1800s, asylums were becoming overcrowded and considerably less humane in their treatment approach. Reported cure rates declined and it became increasingly less likely that persons admitted to asylums would be able to return to the community. For example, of the roughly 8,000 people admitted to a large asylum in State between 1869 and 1900, less than 20% were ever discharged, with the remainder spending the rest of their lives in the asylum. and Stastny24 Were people who were confined to asylums “discredited”? Evidence from the writings of people who lived in them certainly suggests so. For example, John Clare, a poet who spent 27 years in British asylums in the early 1800s, poignantly wrote:I AM: yet what I am none cares or knows,My friends forsake me like a memory lost …And e’en the dearest – that I loved the best –Are strange – nay rather stranger than the rest25A later account of the experience of living in an asylum that communicates the “discredited” nature of living in one of these settings is provided in the memoir of Dr. (recovered and transcribed by his daughter), a prominent dermatologist who experienced periodic manic/psychotic episodes. Dr. Baird wrote: “once one has crossed the line from the normal walks of life into a psychopathic hospital, one is separated from friends and relatives by walls thicker than stone; walls of prejudice and superstition … The brutalities that one encounters in state and city psychopathic hospitals must be the by-product of the fear and superstition with which mentally ill patients are regarded. ”Reference Baird26 of toward people deemed to be insane took a particularly negative turn in the late 1800s as the idea of “moral degeneracy” (popularized in the work of French psychiatrist Benedict-Augustin Morel) became part of the conventional wisdom in Europe and North America. Essentially, this perspective viewed social ills, including insanity, to be signs of the decay of civilization.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Ingestion of bacterially expressed dsRNAs can produce specific and potent genetic interference in Caenorhabditis elegans. Gene 2001; 263:103–12. 8. . Control of coleopteran insect pests through RNA interference. Nat. Biotechnol. 2007; 25:1322–6. 9. . Silencing a cotton bollworm P450 monooxygenase gene by plant-mediated RNAi impairs larval tolerance of gossypol. Nat Biotechnol. 2007; 25(11):1307–13. 10. Kupferschmidt K. A lethal dose of RNA. Science 2013; 341:732–3. 11. . Progress towards RNAi-mediated insect pest management. Adv. Insect Physiol. 2014; 47:249–95. 12. . Functional characterization of a juvenile hormone esterase related gene in the moth Sesamia nonagrioides through RNA interference. PLoS One. 2013; 8(9):e73834. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 007383413. . Intra-abdominal injection of double-stranded RNA into anesthetized adult Drosophila triggers RNA interference in the central nervous system. Mol. Psychiatry. 2001; 6(6):665–70. 14. . Induction of the white egg 3 mutant phenotype by injection of the double-stranded RNA of the silkworm white gene. Insect Mol. Biol. 2002;11(3):217–22. 15. . Hemolin gene silencing by ds-RNA injected into Cecropia pupae is lethal to next generation embryos. Insect Mol. Biol. 2002;11(3):267–71. 16. anderson. A hemocyte-specific integrin required for hemocytic encapsulation in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Mol Biol. 2005; 35(5):369–80. 17. . Distinct roles of broad isoforms in regulation of the 20-hydroxyecdysone effector gene, Vitellogenin, in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 2007; 267(1–2):97–105. 18. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 41 Bezabih G, Gebretsadikan K. Managed honeybees (Apis mellifera L. ) increase onion (Alliun cepa) seed yield and quality. 2014; 26(1) [ 42 Crane E. Bees and Beekeeping: Science, practice and world resources. Associates (Press) 1990. 43. Role and economic benefits of honey bees’ pollination on fruit yield of wild apple (Malus sylvestris (L. ) Mill. ) in central highlands of ethiopia. 2018; 95(4): 113-6. CrossRef 44 Gebremedhn H, Tadesse A. Effect of honeybee (Apis mellifera) pollination on seed yield and yield parameters of Guizotia abyssinica (L. f. ). 2014; 9(51): 3687-91. [ 45 Pollination effect of honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on apple fruit development and its weight. 2012; 1(2): 1-5. [ 46 Çolak. The effect of honeybee pollination on productivity and quality of strawberry. J 2017; 32(2): 87-90. [ 47 Bareke T, Addi A. Effect of honeybee pollination on seed and fruit yield of agricultural crops in Ethiopia. 2019; 4(5): 205-9. CrossRef 48. Global growth and stability of agricultural yield decrease with pollinator dependence. 2011; 108(14): 5909-14. CrossRef PubMed 49. Avoiding a bad apple: Insect pollination enhances fruit quality and economic value. Environ 2014; 184(100): 34-40. CrossRef PubMed 50 ía N, Pereira A, Vaissiére EB, Garibaldi AL. The impact of honeybee colony quality on crop yield and farmers’ profit in apples and pears. Environ 2017; 248: 153-61. CrossRef 51. The value of honey bees as pollinators of US crops in 2000. Magazine, Published by the 2001; 1-5. 52 Commonwealth of Australia. Honey: The future of the Australian honey bee and pollination industries. House of Committee on 2008. 53 -Mueller K. Economic benefit of crop pollination by bees: A case of Kakamega small-holder farming in western Kenya.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health awareness aims to reduce stigma around mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: New ideas about heritability combined with this view to lead to the belief that insanity was biologically determined, immutable, and a sign of “inferiority. ” Although charged with caring for people with mental illness, psychiatrists (or alienists, as they were also called) could be among the most virulent believers that these persons were “tainted” and “defective. ” For example, prominent British psychiatrist Henry Maudsley, after whom a major London psychiatric hospital is named, wrote repeatedly about the incurability of insanity and equated it with moral degeneracy and criminality. Reference Scull27The term “eugenics” was coined by British aristocrat (and cousin of Charles Darwin) in 1883 to describe a moral philosophy to improve human society. Influenced by his cousin’s writings and the belief that human traits were genetically inherited, he proposed that it would be to the betterment of society if people with the “healthiest” traits were encouraged to have more children with each other. The types of traits that most interested Galton were “genius,” “beauty,” “talent,” and “character”; he did not put much of an emphasis on insanity, and experienced at least two “nervous breakdowns” himself (descriptions of them are consistent with the interpretation that he experienced manic episodes). Reference Gillham28 However, his colleague Karl Pearson, after whom a major statistical analytic technique is named, linked “insanity” to degeneracy and bad character, and others were quick to agree. Reference Painter29Galton’s ideas soon enjoyed wide support in Britain and especially took off in the United States, where their popularity was probably linked to their appeal in providing “scientific” justification for racist and anti-immigrant sentiment. Rather than just focusing on increasing positive traits, American eugenicists ( Kellogg, of the breakfast cereal company, were two major adherents) also focused on the need to eliminate “defective” inherited traits, including “insanity,” “feeble-mindedness,” and “criminality” (see Figure 4). eugenicists also introduced a new idea for reducing the degree to which “defective” traits existed in the human gene-pool: forced sterilization.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Disruption of Spodoptera exigua larval development by silencing chitin synthase gene A with RNA interference. Res. 2008; 98(6):613–9. doi: 10. 1017/S000748530800593219. Tan A, Palli SR. Ecdysone [corrected] receptor isoforms play distinct roles in controlling molting and metamorphosis in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Endocrinol. 2008; 291(1–2):42–9. doi: 10. 1016/j. mce. 2008. 05. 00620. -Vos M. RNA interference with the allatoregulating neuropeptide genes from the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda and its effects on the JH titer in the hemolymph. J Insect Physiol. 2008; 54(6):997–1007. doi: 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2008. 04. 01921. . Functional analysis of the circadian clock gene period by RNA interference in nymphal crickets Gryllus bimaculatus. J Insect Physiol. 2009; 55(2):183–7. doi: 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2008. 11. 00522. . RNA interference as a method for target-site screening in the Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. J Insect Sci. 2010; 10:162. doi: 10. 1673/031. 010. 1412223. . Silencing of two alternative splicing-derived mRNA variants of chitin synthase 1 gene by RNAi is lethal to the oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen). Mol Biol. 2010; 40(11):824–33. doi: 10. 1016/j. ibmb. 2010. 08. 00124. Revuelta L, Ortego F, Díaz-Ruíz JR, Castañera P, Tenllado F, Hernández-Crespo P. Contribution of Ldace1 gene to acetylcholinesterase activity in Colorado potato beetle. Mol Biol. 2011; 41(10):795–803. doi: 10. 1016/j. ibmb.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sharks are one of the top causes of human deaths from animal attacks worldwide. [SEP] Text: , States; QS, Quacquarelli Symonds; of Food and Agriculture; of Agriculture; in Jordan IntroductionCurrent research practices in most Arab countries are not governed by nation-wide federal requirements nor do they involve research ethics (RE) training mandates. The situation in the country of Jordan is much similar to most Arab countries in that there are no RE education requirements for students and researchers regardless of research funding source [1]. In fact, these educational requirements have become increasingly essential, with federal agencies in countries that leads the scientific research, such as the of Health (NIH) of the (U. S. ), implementing such requirements for all individuals involved in research-based activities. The U. S. NIH requirement for education in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) [2] states that the practice of science with integrity involves “the awareness and application of established professional norms and ethical principles in the performance of all activities related to scientific research". Clearly, ethical behavior in science is valued, and it would follow that RE education is the modality for acculturating scientists to the accepted norms and conventions. In 1989, the NIH announced its first RCR educational requirement for selected NIH trainees [3]. Although increased cases of research misconduct may have triggered the federal requirements for RCR training [4,5], the desire to preserve the integrity of science and to foster a good research practices and a socially responsible community could arguably be another reason [6–10]. The educational requirements were expanded in 1992 and 2000 for the NIH [11,12] and by the Service (PHS) in 2000 ( The NIH updated its mandate for RCR training in 2009 [2] and, that same year, the Foundation (NSF) introduced an RCR requirement that called for “appropriate training and oversight in the responsible and ethical conduct of research" [13]. In 2010, the requirement went into effect, which required that institutions receiving NSF support have a plan for offering RCR education for all students/trainees (undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral) supported on NSF grants.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: However, since the sample contained not only patients with depressive or anxiety disorders, the use of instruments that measure symptoms of depression and anxiety could have missed other aspects of distress that patients might endure. ConclusionPROM data is a valuable source of patient information. By aggregating PROM data with diagnostic and treatment registers using FMM, information about symptom-homogenous subgroups may be obtained. Informed by class results and clinically relevant covariates, a group of patients had lower levels of somatic symptoms of depression, and at the same time higher levels of functional impairment, and higher service use. Exposure to daily stressors or chronicity could be factors influencing these results. By linking PROM data with register data and applying FMM, this study shows the benefits of accounting for latent groups of patients and demonstrates a procedure for how to provide researchers, clinicians, and providers a more profound understanding of the mental health treatment-seeking population. AbbreviationsPROM: Patient-: : : Post-: : Obsessive-PHQ-9: The nine item Questionnaire-9 GAD-7: The seven item Disorder scale-7 WSAS: : with Robust standard errors CFA: : : of Approximation CFI: : Tucker-Lewis index AIC: : Criterion aBIC: sample size adjusted : Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test aLMR: adjusted Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test BLRT: approval and consent to participate Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants. This study complies with the 7th revision of the Declaration of Helsinki, and with the laws and regulations in Norway. It was approved by the regional committee for medical and health ethics, REK Midt-Norge (REK 2019/31836). Further, the for has approved the project (NSD 2020/605327). A data protection impact assessment has been conducted in collaboration with NSD. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare none. access funding is provided by of Science and Technology. Authors' contributions All authors participated in designing the study. MB and FA did statistical analyses. MB prepared the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors participated in revising and approving the final manuscript. applicable. 2019.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 2011. 06. 00125. . Long-term effect of systemic RNA interference on circadian clock genes in hemimetabolous insects. J Insect Physiol. 2013; 59(4):494–9. doi: 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2013. 02. 00926. -. Effects of chitin synthase double-stranded RNA on molting and oogenesis in the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius prolixus. Mol Biol. 2014;51:110–21. doi: 10. 1016/j. ibmb. 2013. 12. 00627. 'anna. Functional evaluation of Proteins 70 (HSP70/HSC70) on Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) physiological responses associated with feeding and starvation. Mol Biol. 2016; 77:10–20. 28. . Prolonged gene knockdown in the tsetse fly Glossina by feeding double stranded RNA. Biol. 2009; 18(1):11–9. 29. . RNA interference-mediated knockdown of a cytochrome P450, CYP6BG1, from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, reduces larval resistance to permethrin. Mol Biol. 2009; 39(1):38–46. 30. -Foster D, Paldi N. Large-scale field application of RNAi technology reducing Israeli acute paralysis virus disease in honey bees (Apis mellifera, Hymenoptera: Apidae). PLoS Pathog. 2010; 26(12):e1001160. doi: 10. 1371/journal. ppat. 1001160. 31. Lü ZC, Wan FH. Using double-stranded RNA to explore the role of heat shock protein genes in heat tolerance in Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). J Exp Biol. 2011; 214(Pt 5):764–9. 32. . Different functions of the insect soluble and membrane-bound trehalase genes in chitin biosynthesis revealed by RNA interference. PLoS One. 2010; 5(4):e10133. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 001013333. . Development of an RNA interference tool, characterization of its target and an ecological test of caste differentiation in the eusocial wasp polistes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 17 June 2010 Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein Hulmi1, Lockwood2 & Stout2 Nutrition & Metabolism 1. 4-1. 5 g/kg bodyweight/day). Conversely, in older males, the effects of PRO/EAA supplementation on exercise adaptation have been less clear. Verdijk et al. [36] reported no effect of casein versus a non-energetic placebo when consumed before and after resistance exercise in older men, and Godard et al. [34] showed no effect of 12 weeks of combined resistance training and low-dose EAA ingestion in older males. Similarly, Kukuljan et al. [38] reported no significant between-group differences in older males involved in 18 months of resistance training or with those also consuming fortified milk twice daily. Main effects for time were, however, noted for subjects in the milk plus exercise group for increases in lean mass and muscle cross-sectional area. Therefore, the long-term data thus far would appear to support the occurrence of a more robust MPS [39, 40], or possibly altered MPB response from PRO/EAA ingestion in younger populations than older. However, this difference may not always exist, at least with large doses of PRO ingestion [41]. Katsanos et al. [39] showed that older individuals may require a higher absolute dose of leucine to effectively stimulate MPS. Additionally, PRO source and/or form may significantly affect the MPS response observed in older subjects [10]. It is evident that more long term studies comparing healthy younger and older subjects are needed, as are more studies in healthy female populations. However, the few available studies involving females seems to suggest that PRO ingestion is comparably effective within this population as in healthy young males [32]. It must also be noted that a large variability exists to resistance training only, at least in previously untrained subjects [42]. Therefore, any effect of PRO/EAA supplementation within previously untrained subjects may be overshadowed by a large standard error of means. This may be especially true when the intervention is of short duration and/or sample sizes are small.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: In particular, we did not demonstrate a sustainable recruitment rate and participant compliance was suboptimal at <60% in the early intervention group and <70% in the controls. Pre-eclampsia and emergency caesarean section were signalled as potentially suitable outcome measures. The strength of this study is that it was conducted across two geographically distant centres in NZ, and thus the feasibility of conducting a multicentre study and recruiting in ethnically diverse populations were assessed. The major limitation was the low recruitment rate, providing fewer data for interpretation that in turn could incorrectly guide us in planning a future definitive trail. The low numbers meant that some covariates were not well balanced between the treatment groups, but as the outcome measures of this study were related to feasibility and not to clinical outcomes the mismatch was less important. Although we conclude that the protocol of this feasibility study was not suitable for a definitive trial, we do not know with certainty that our recommend protocol changes (below) are feasible. Factors influencing our recruitment rate included an unforeseen change in the HbA1c assay in Auckland, which greatly reduced the number of referrals of potentially eligible women. We predicted that ~2%–4% of the birthing population would be eligible, whereas since the conclusion of this study, prospective laboratory data from Auckland indicate that only ~1. 2% are eligible. Further only 0. 9% of the birthing population (~80% of potential recruits) were referred. Recruitment was also hampered by the limits placed on the gestation of eligibility. However, extending the gestation of eligibility to 20 weeks’ may result in too small a difference between groups with respect to the onset and duration of the intervention, potentially masking any benefit of early intervention. An option for a definitive trial would be to extend the gestation of eligibility and perform subgroup analysis of outcomes by gestation at recruitment. Recruitment rates were particularly low in Māori and Pacific women. We assessed the characteristics of women who declined to participate to see if we captured a representative cohort of our population, as we want the results of a definitive study to be generalisable across NZ. Non-European women in NZ have a higher rate of prediabetes12 and Māori and Pacific women in particular have a greater risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, thus, they may benefit the most from early intervention.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: PLoS One. 2011; 6(11):e26641. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 002664134. . Silencing the ecdysone synthesis and signaling pathway genes disrupts nymphal development in the whitefly. Mol Biol. 2013; 43(8):740–6. 35. Mao J, Zeng F. Plant-mediated RNAi of a gap gene-enhanced tobacco tolerance against the Myzus persicae. Transgenic Res. 2014; 23(1):145–52. 36. . RNA interference of four genes in adult Bactrocera dorsalis by feeding their dsRNAs. PLoS One. 2011; 18:6(3):e17788. 37. . RNAi-mediated knockdown of the voltage gated sodium ion channel TcNav causes mortality in Tribolium castaneum. Sci Rep. 2016; 14: 29301. 38. and Zhang W. Developmental control of a lepidopteran pest Spodoptera exigua by ingestion of bacteria expressing dsRNA of a non-midgut gene. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6225. . RNA interference of the P450 CYP6CM1 gene has different efficacy in B and Q biotypes of Bemisia tabaci. Sci. 2015; 71(8):1175–81. 40. . Ingested RNA interference for managing the populations of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Sci. 2011; 67(2):175–82. 41. . Silencing of cytochrome P450 CYP6B6 gene of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) by RNAi. Res. 2013; 103(5):584–91. 42. ña -. Genetically modifying the insect gut microbiota to control Chagas disease vectors through systemic RNAi. . 2015; 12:9(2):e0003358. 43. Molnár árallyay E, Lacomme C, et al. Plant virus-derived small interfering RNAs originate predominantly from highly structured single-stranded viral RNAs. J Virol 2005; 79:7812–8. 44. . Silencing the HaHR3 gene by transgenic plant-mediated RNAi to disrupt Helicoverpa armigera development.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Similarly, though some body composition methods commonly used to report changes in fat-free mass - dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry or air displacement plethysmography - can accurately track changes, their respective total statistical error of measure may be too large to assess small, but significant changes between groups/interventions [43]. Such considerations should be accounted for in future trials to increase statistical power and reduce the probability of type II error confounding study conclusions. PRO/EAA ingestion may enhance recovery from heavy resistance exerciseSeveral studies support the use of EAA or PRO, when supplemented within the context of exercise, to enhance recovery of muscle function as measured ~1-4 days after heavy exercise [44–49] and to decrease proxy markers of muscle damage or soreness [44–48]. Though increased EAA availability may simply provide a more robust anabolic environment, enhanced recovery may also be explained, in part, by EAA's possible anti-catabolic effect of decreasing whole body myofibrillar protein degradation in the days following strenuous exercise [50]. However, more direct evidence is needed to support the hypothesis that inhibiting catabolism improves recovery and adaptations from heavy exercise. Interestingly, EAA concentration alone likely cannot entirely explain the improved rate of recovery for measures of peak isometric torque observed by Buckley et al. [46]. Specifically, when previously untrained subjects consumed either 25 g WPI or 25 g of its extensive hydrolysate (WPH), peak isometric torque was fully recovered by 6 hours post-fatiguing eccentric exercise for subjects consuming the WPH, whereas recovery was still significantly depressed by 24 hours post-exercise in both the WPI and placebo groups [46]. However, no differences between groups were observed for muscle soreness or proxy measures of muscle damage (e. g. , creatine kinase) for up to 24 hours post-exercise. Thus, more research needs to be conducted to assess changes over a greater time period. In the case of whey PRO or its hydrolysates, whether consumed in the absence or presence of carbohydrate, one explanation may be that whey provides a post-exercise insulin response [51, 52] (or augments the response from carbohydrate) such that NPB can be slightly smaller and glycogen resynthesis occurs more rapidly; thus, the recovery from exercise may be enhanced. Power et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Early intervention can improve outcomes for many mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-41156/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground: Improving the effectiveness of health interventions is a major challenge in public health research and program development. A large body of literature found low or no impact of health education and promotional interventions, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Objectives: To develop a conceptual framework in support of intervention designs of preventive health behavior improvement programs and outcomes. Methods: An overview of systematic and scoping reviews along with empirical literature was conducted to assess the limitations of preventive health education and promotion interventions using water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs and outcomes as examples. Results: We analyzed the limitations of the less effective or ineffective field interventions cited in peer-reviewed 11. BackgroundIncreasing the effectiveness of interventions focused on improving preventive health behavior is a the major challenge in public health research and program development (1) due to the complex nature and context dependency of these behaviors (2–4). Intervention programs typically require a change in behavior among the members of a treatment group (e. g. , individual, household) to improve preventive health behaviors and health outcomes (5). Behavior change interventions may be minimally effective or ineffective due to inappropriate experiment and treatment design, the influence of contextual factors (3), or unobserved events, especially in low- and middle-income countries (6–9). In interventions focused on preventive health behavior, we have noticed three distinct concerns regarding low or no treatment and intervention effects. First, intervention approaches implicitly assume that all treated individuals or households are identical and have similar mental models or cognitive capacities; this increases the likelihood of sample imbalance and bias in outcome estimates (10). Sample balance tests frequently disregard behavioral or cognitive factors (11) but do consider observable socioeconomic and demographic characteristics (e. g. , income, wealth) and, sometimes, knowledge levels regarding health behaviors. Second, behavior change interventions require a long time period (12), and treatment effects wane over time after single-treatment-based interventions (13). Third, the treatment groups’ exposure to the intervention does not vary or repeat throughout the study period (14). These three elements can, in combination, be a significant intervention-related source of poor health behaviors and outcomes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Biol Sci. 2013; 9(4):370–81. 45. 1,. The insect ecdysone receptor is a good potential target for RNAi-based pest control. Biol Sci. 2014; 10(10):1171–80. 46. . Silencing of an aphid carboxylesterase gene by use of plant-mediated RNAi impairs Sitobion avenae tolerance of Phoxim insecticides. Transgenic Res. 2014; 23(2):389–96. 47. . Silencing the HaAK gene by transgenic plant-mediated RNAi impairs larval growth of Helicoverpa armigera. Biol Sci. 2015; 11(1):67–74. 48. . Persistence and transgenerational effect of plant-mediated RNAi in aphids. J Exp Bot. 2015; 66(2):541–8. 49. Swevers L, Smagghe G. Use of RNAi for control of insect crop pests. In: Arthropod-Plant Interactions, and Approaches for IPM, Progress in Biological Control,. G. Smagghe & I. Diaz (Eds. ), 2012; Springer-Verlag, Dordrecht, pp 177–197. 50. Hajós ár P, Varjas L, de Kort CA, Závodszky P, Vlak JM. Dissecting insect development: baculovirus-mediated gene silencing in insects. Biol. 1999;8(4):539–44. 51. (2003) Use of Sindbis virus-mediated RNA interference to demonstrate a conserved role of Broad-Complex in insect metamorphosis. 100: 15607–15612. 52. . Environmental RNAi in herbivorous insects. RNA (New York, N. Y. ). 2015; 21: 840–50. PMID 25802407 DOI: 10. 1261/rna. 048116. 11453. . Reduced stability and intracellular transport of dsRNA contribute to poor RNAi response in lepidopteran insects. RNA Biol. 2016; 13(7):656–69. doi: 10. 1080/15476286. 2016. 119172854. and Han Z. Variation in RNAi efficacy among insect species is attributable to dsRNA degradation in vivo. Mol Biol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: [52] showed that 45 g of WPI or its extensively hydrolyzed WPH yielded similar rates of gastric emptying when consumed by healthy adults under fasted conditions. However, 3-hour area under the curve and peak insulin response for the WPH was found to be 43% and 28% greater than for WPI, respectively. Similarly, Morifuji et al. [53] reported that rat skeletal muscle glycogen concentrations were significantly greater two hours after completing a glycogen-depleting exercise bout when carbohydrate+WPH was consumed immediately post-exercise (CHO+WPH > CHO+WPI ≈ CHO+BCAA > CHO+CPH ≈ CHO; and CPH refer to carbohydrate, branched-chain amino acids, and casein PRO hydrolysate, respectively). Interestingly, Morifuji et al. [54] identified several BCAA-containing dipeptides from hydrolysis of the whey fraction, beta-lactoglobulin, that were shown to significantly increase glucose uptake in L6 myocytes and glycogen concentrations in isolated skeletal muscles. Whether these results can be duplicated in humans and can be achieved in response to heavy resistance training remains to be seen. Mechanisms underlying the effects of PRO/EAA ingestion on MPS and recoveryHigh-quality PRO such as whey effectively stimulates the synthesis of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein fractions in muscle under resting conditions and in response to resistance exercise [9]. Possibly the most important component of high-quality PRO may be its large concentration of BCAAs. Specifically, BCAAs [55, 56] appear to elicit similar mTOR signaling as occurs in response to intact whey [37] and casein hydrolysate [57] when provided in the context of a bout of resistance exercise. However, based upon animal and cell culture studies, only leucine is required to induce protein synthesis [58–60] and mTOR signaling [61]. In vivo human studies are needed to validate this hypothesis. The precise mechanism by which amino acids activate mTOR may involve increased intracellular Ca2+, which in turn activates a class III PI3 kinase human vacuolar protein sorting 34 (hVps34) [62].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health awareness campaigns often include resources for support and treatment. [SEP] Text: These functions may focus on providing social support, reducing isolation, and helping women to effectively navigate healthcare systems. Understanding the range of possible processes through which informal peer support functions may help to identify scalable, systematic ways to improve perinatal mothers’ engagement and adherence with formal treatment whilst also sustaining recovery post-treatment. We therefore aimed to investigate women’s experiences of mental health support during the perinatal period and the role that peer support had in those experiences. Additionally, we sought to examine and contrast women’s barriers to accessing peer support versus formal support and investigated the adjunctive roles informal peer support served alongside formal perinatal mental health. Using qualitative methods, we asked, “What are women’s experiences of peer support in receiving mental health peer support during the perinatal period? ”Methodwere 25 mothers residing in the of England and South Wales. Individuals were eligible for the study if they were 18 years of age or older, currently engaged with peer support or had been within the last 3 years, had experienced a mental health problem that caused them distress and/or affected their functioning while they were either pregnant or in the first postnatal year, and were able to speak and understand English. Women who were actively psychotic or substance dependent were excluded from participation. Participants were recruited either via third-sector organisations or Facebook groups. Non-profit organisations working with women matching our inclusion criteria emailed women details of the study and informed consent documents, or provided them with links to a Facebook group that advertised study details and arranged focus groups or invited individuals to participate. Snowballing strategies, with participants referring other participants, were also used. approval was received by the University of Exeter (eCLESPsy000150). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines and regulations. A qualitative interview guide was developed by the research team following a review of the literature, researcher discussion (HOM, clinical psychologist), and input from stakeholders (a non-profit provider and a woman who had used perinatal mental health and peer support services). Semi-structured Interviews were conducted in either four face-to-face focus groups (n=18), or, for those individuals unable or unwilling to attend the focus groups, six individual interviews were conducted. Interviews lasted between 40 minutes to 1 hour.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 2016; 77:1–9. 55. Kolliopoulou A, Swevers L. Functional analysis of the RNAi response in ovary-derived silkmoth Bm5 cells. Mol Biol. 2013; 43:654–63. DOI: 10. 1016/j. ibmb. 2013. 05. 00156. . Bombyx mori DNA/RNA non-specific nuclease isoforms: expression in insect culture cells, subcellular localization and functional assays. J Insect Physiol. 2012; 58(8):1166–76. doi: 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2012. 05. 01657. Hajeri S, Killiny N, El-. Citrus tristeza virus-based RNAi in citrus plants induces gene silencing in Diaphorina citri, a phloem-sap sucking insect vector of citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing). J Biotechnol. 2014 20;176:42–9. doi: 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2014. 02. 01058. . Engineered chloroplast dsRNA silences cytochrome p450 monooxygenase, V-ATPase and chitin synthase genes in the insect gut and disrupts Helicoverpa armigera larval development and pupation. J. 2015; 13(3):435–46. doi: 10. 1111/pbi. 1235559. ández-Martínez and Dyson PJ. Symbiont-mediated RNA interference in insects. 2016; 283:20160042. 60. . Oral RNAi to control Drosophila suzukii: laboratory testing against larval and adult stages. J Pest Sci. (2016); 89: 803. doi:10. 1007/s10340-016-0736-961. . Oral delivery of double-stranded RNA in larvae of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti: implications for pest mosquito control. J Insect Sci. 2013; 13:69. doi: 10. 1673/031. 013. 690162. . Chitosan/DsiRNA nanop8. 63. . Efficient siRNA delivery into primary cells by a peptide transduction domain–dsRNA binding domain fusion protein.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: In the activation of mTOR by amino acids, Rag GTPases [63, 64], Rheb [65] and MAP kinase 4 [66] may also be utilized. In theory, enhanced exercise recovery due to PRO/EAA ingestion may also be partially explained by the results of a recent study in older adults. Just one week of a low protein diet (0. 5 g/kg b. w. /d) decreased several transcript levels in muscle that relate positively to cell proliferation, and increased transcript levels that negatively regulate cell proliferation [67]. Moreover, gene expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2), a factor that positively affects cell proliferation [68, 69] and animal size [69], has been shown to increase in humans after acute and chronic bouts of resistance exercise, but only when whey PRO is ingested around training times [20, 70]. Regardless of the cellular mechanisms positively affected by exercise and PRO/EAA ingestion, enhanced recovery enables greater training volume [71]. Increased training volume alone may support increased muscle hypertrophy. As more studies assessing the effects of PRO/EAA at the cellular level are conducted, a viable theory will likely surface to more directly address these issues. Effect of PRO/EAA timing on MPS and skeletal muscle hypertrophyPRO/EAA intake immediately following or immediately before and after resistance exercise, as opposed to nutrient ingestion at times distal to exercise, has been reported in some studies to be more beneficial for promoting muscle hypertrophy in both previously untrained [21] and trained subjects [22]. As has been speculated (see review: [72]), one reason for the timing effect may be increased skeletal muscle circulation, and thus nutrient transport during and for a short period following exercise. Thus, there seems to exist an enhanced time-window for the uptake of amino acids and glucose into muscle [2, 73–75]. If true, this appears to occur concomitantly within the time period when MPS has the greatest elevation in response to exercise [76] and may explain why early nutrient timing after exercise seems to be especially beneficial in increasing MPS (see Burd et al. [77]). It may be possible, however, that timing of nutrient ingestion does not always significantly affect resistance training adaptations. This may be the case at least for some PRO sources or for PRO in the absence of carbohydrates. As evidence, a recent 10-week study by Hoffman et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health awareness campaigns often include resources for support and treatment. [SEP] Text: A few women reported that with repeated efforts they managed to get referred to an appropriate mental healthcare service, only to then face long waitlists. They reported that their interactions with formal health and mental healthcare systems compounded their anxiety and sense of loneliness and isolation, which led to deepening feelings of hopelessness. their frequently unsuccessful initial attempts to seek out formal support, women reported a period in which they retreated away from formal healthcare professionals. As their emotional health continued to deteriorate, however, they reported they began to accept that the difficulties they were facing were unlikely to resolve on their own, and required more intensive support to recover, regardless of the responses they’d initially received from health professionals. By this point, many women realised they could no longer seek out support by themselves. They described feeling too hopeless and exhausted to adequately describe their emotions and to actively “fight” to get needed support. Women frequently noted that at this point they needed someone to ‘take charge’, finding self-referrals difficult. Luck “Secret Society. ” Some women reported that if they were eventually successful at getting formal mental health support on their own, it was typically down to luck, rather than being able to reliably and systematically being able to access help. Many women stated that to get to formal mental health support they needed to be “invited”, labelling it a “secret society”; available only to the privileged few. To access this secret society, they felt one needed the luck of having a relationship with an empathic healthcare professional who seemed to genuinely care about them, and who had the knowledge and persistence needed to help them advocate for access to the ‘secret society’ of mental health support. Finding such a person often required asking for help from a range of health care professionals. Once women accessed support, they reported it was easier to access further support. Location and Timing. Women reported that their access to mental health support was also affected by the area they lived in and what was offered in that area, and whether or not they had the “good luck” of delivering their baby at a time that corresponded with the start of support groups. this context of isolation, confusion, and frustration in trying to seek help, peer support helped to equalise imbalances in accessing formal mental health support due to luck.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Nature Biotechnol. 2009; 27:567–71. 64. Endoh T, Ohtsuki T. Cellular siRNA delivery using cell-penetrating peptides modified for endosomal escape. Deliv Rev. 2009; 61:704–709. 65. . Delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials by cell-penetrating peptides: opportunities and challenges. Central. 2014; 7966. . Toxin delivery by the coat protein of an aphid-vectored plant virus provides plant resistance to aphids. Nat Biotechnol. 2014; 32:102–5. 67. . Delivery of intrahemocoelic peptides for insect pest management. Trends Biotechnol. 2014; 32: 91–8. 68. Thacker JRM. to Control. Press, 2002; Cambridge, UK. 69. öhl. Have biopesticides come of age? Trends Biotechnol. 2012; 30(5):250–8. doi: 10. 1016/j. tibtech. 2012. 01. 003. 70. Villaverde JJ, Sevilla-Morán B, Sandín-España P, López-Goti C, Alonso-Prados JL Biopesticides in the framework of the Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009. Sci 2014; 70:2–5. 71. . Towards the elements of successful insect RNAi. J Insect Physiol. 2013; 59(12):1212–21. doi: 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2013. 08. 01472. . Persistent RNA virus infection of lepidopteran cell lines: interactions with the RNAi machinery. Insect Physiol. 2016; 93–94:81–93. doi: 10. 1016/j. jinsphys. 2016. 09. 00173. . (2014). DsRNA degradation in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) associated with lack of response in RNAi feeding and injection assay. Peptides U. 2014; 307–314. 74. Palli SR. RNA interference in Colorado potato beetle: steps toward development of dsRNA as a commercial insecticide. Insect Sci. 2014; 6:1–8. 75. . Slep KC.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: [78], in resistance-trained athletes, reported that PRO-alone, consumed either immediately before and after exercise or in the morning and evening, did not significantly affect strength, power, or changes in body composition. The PRO source was a blend of collagen hydrolysate, WPI and casein. Unfortunately, total daily PRO intake for the morning-evening group increased significantly more than for the pre-/post-exercise group. Therefore, it is possible that the effects observed may not be predictive for all PRO, and in fact a positive bias for the morning-evening group may have confounded the results altogether. However, it may be possible that the subjects' high degree of prior strength training experience may have also created a "ceiling effect" requisite of a greater sample size and smaller effect size to observe small, but statistically significant between-group changes. In a study in previously untrained subjects involved in eight weeks of resistance training, 70 g/d of PRO (82% as the slow digesting PRO, casein [79]) reportedly increased fat-free mass when consumed in the morning and evening (five hours after resistance exercise) as opposed to being consumed in the morning and afternoon (immediately before training) [80]. Interestingly, these results may suggest that ingestion of slow digesting PRO, such as casein, prior to a period of prolonged fasting (e. g. , bedtime) could be advantageous to increasing muscle hypertrophy. However, it is also possible that the aforementioned Burk et al. study [80] more practically provides evidence to support the preferential need for post-exercise PRO/EAA supplementation, so long as previously untrained subjects consume PRO/EAA within five hours after exercise. Specifically, peak MPS response has been shown to be delayed in previously untrained individuals [81]. The majority of available data has concluded that whey or total milk PRO (whey+casein) ingestion immediately after resistance training better augments the MPS response beginning at ~1-3 hours post-exercise, compared to recovery under fasting conditions or consumption of carbohydrates or soy immediately post-exercise [5–11]. Moreover, in a fasted state, a decrease in MPS during or immediately after resistance exercise may be prevented by provision of EAAs before and/or during exercise [82–84].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health awareness campaigns often include resources for support and treatment. [SEP] Text: FG1/M4: “absolutely, because again, we don’t have anyone else in (location). at all. so when my husband's working and I've dropped (child) at school, if I’m feeling in a right state I don’t have anybody to go to. Like nobody. ” Distrust of M6: “when I spoke to them they said did you know you could have self-referred ages ago. . rather than wait for the doctor because I felt like I did say to the doctors a couple times about it and health visitors”. FG1/M3: “I just, I didn’t know what was on offer, I didn’t really… I was just being passed around so many people and having to explain everything to strangers so many times. . . it’s really hard and really exhausting. ” M4: “if you don’t have that information you feel like there’s no-one you can turn to and its seeking it out for yourself which in that moment can be really hard” Assumptions and M6: “you know and it’s hard but a professional doesn’t necessarily ask you or if they ask you they say it very blasé like oh we assume your mood’s okay yeah? And then they move on to the next question”, FG1/M4: “she was like 'why haven't you told me' 'I'm like you didn't me a chance so for her just to see how bad I was and just breaking down in front of her” G4/M2: “I just felt a very quick rushed appointment and to actually say no when they were just expecting to be able to tick a box - I just went along with it because it just felt like they wanted me in and out. ” FG4/M3: “I get really angry about it, just about how I feel like the system has failed the mums who struggle afterwards, because no one knows where to go for support” Acceptance M5: “because I know for a fact that I didn’t like to think aw I’m one of the statistics that ended up with depression and post-natal depression so sometimes it can be quite intimidating to admit something like that”.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The results showed that both EPNs were as effective as Emamectin benzoate in reducing the numbers of FAW larvae as well as the infestation in maize cobs compared to the control. The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Bt toxinsBotha et al. (2019), in South Africa, evaluated the insecticidal efficiency of Bt maize against larvae of FAW fed on leaves of Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab (Bt1) and Cry1A. 105 + Cry2b2 (Bt2). The results showed moderate survival (4–35%) on Bt1 maize and very high mortality (99%) on Bt2. The authors attributed the moderate survival on Bt1 to low dose of Cry1Ab in Bt1 or to that the insects arrived to the continent might have carried alleles with resistance to the Bt1. Fungi (entomopathogenic fungi, EPF)Akutse et al. (2019), in Kenya, tested 20 isolates of EPF at 1 × 108 conidia/ml for their efficacy against eggs and 2nd instar larvae of FAW as well as the neonate larvae that emerged from the treated eggs. Only B. bassiana (ICIPE676) isolate caused mortality of 30% to 2nd instar larvae. Metarhizium anisopliae (ICIPE 40) caused 83% mortality in the treated eggs. In addition, M. anisopliae (ICIPE 41) and (ICIPE 7) caused 96. 5 and 93. 7% mortality rates in the neonate larvae. Later, Akutse et al. (2020) tested 22 isolates (16 M. anisopliae and 6 B. bassiana) against FAW moths. All the 22 isolates were pathogenic to the moths, but the mortality varied significantly among the isolates 7 days post-treatment. Beauveria bassiana (ICIPE 621) and M. anisopliae (ICIPE 7) were superior among all the other isolates by causing 100% mortality of the moths with the lowest LT50 values of 3. 6 and 3. 9 days, respectively. Sisay (2018), in Ethiopia, found that Beauveria sp. and Metarhizium sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: A recent study reported no increase in post-exercise MPS following EAA ingestion 1 h pre-exercise as compared to exercise in the absence of EAA's [80]. In another study, positive but similar leg net amino acid balance (an indirect marker of protein synthesis) was observed post-exercise when 20 g of whey protein was ingested immediately before exercise or 1 h postexercise [5]. Contrastingly, an earlier study from the same group reported that the ingestion of EAAs and CHO immediately before resistance exercise produced a larger increase in leg net amino acid balance compared to EAA+CHO provided immediately postexercise [73]. Explanations for the apparently confounding results of the prior study [73] may be that the length of the fasting period prior to the intervention was of too long a duration and/or an artifact, such as pooling of amino acids within muscle may have occurred. Moreover, the observation of a 20-fold increase in blood flow would seem to indicate that it is unlikely the results completely represented MPS [73]. Therefore, the question remains whether post-exercise PRO/EAA ingestion alone is enough, especially under normal dietary situations (eg, non-fasted), to elicit optimal muscle anabolism in response to exercise. This probably depends at least on the timing of the last meal before exercise and possibly on the duration/intensity/type of exercise. Lastly, non-significant trends observed by Beelen et al. [83] indicate that PRO ingestion prior to exercise may slow the breakdown of whole-body protein during resistance exercise. However, even if whole-body protein breakdown is reduced during exercise, what effect if any this may have on MPB and eventually on muscle adaptation, remains to be explored. Mindful, of course, that a change in MPS contributes more to the NPB of muscle than a change in PRO degradation (NPB = MPS - MPB) after a bout of resistance exercise with or without nutrient ingestion [85]. Effect of PRO/EAA dose on MPS and skeletal muscle hypertrophyAs few as 10 g of whey PRO has been shown to effectively stimulate MPS following resistance exercise [8]. However, the optimal PRO/EAA dose to elicit both the most dramatic rise in acute MPS and chronic muscle hypertrophy adaptations has yet to be fully elucidated.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health awareness campaigns often include resources for support and treatment. [SEP] Text: Social services are responsible for some employment schemes and various employment intervention programs, some of which are tailored to people with mental illness, such as IPS for people with moderate to severe mental illness. While collaboration agreements have been made between social services and the health trusts in most counties in Norway, there are variations in how well the agreements are anchored, and to what extent the content of the collaboration is concretized [25]. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study is to examine mental health professionals’ expectations and efforts to include employment for people with moderate to severe mental illness. This includes first examining mental health professionals’ expectations about employment through EESMI (Expectations for the Employability of People with Illness), and then looking at aspects of how employment is integrated in current practices across sectors and professions. MethodsData collection procedureThe data were collected from mental health professionals working in primary and specialist health services across Norway between August 2021 and October 2021. The authors used a survey tool with a high degree of security and privacy (Nettskjema), to collect sensitive data. The selection of mental health professionals was conducted through a combination of purposive sampling and snowball sampling to get a variety of gender, geographical backgrounds, professional backgrounds, and fields of practice. The survey was sent to a common e-mail list for primary and specialist health services across Norway and posted in Facebook groups designated for mental health professionals. Snowball sampling techniques were used by sending an electronic questionnaire to mental health professionals in the second author’s professional and clinical networks, who were asked to forward the email to their professional network. The first page of the survey included information regarding study participation, anonymity, privacy, security, and data management. MeasuresThis survey was developed to gather data on employment and collaborative practices among Norwegian mental health professionals. The survey included 49 questions about educational background, professional training, tenure, employment, collaborative practices, and demographic questions. To determine how employment is discussed and integrated into local routines among mental health professionals, participants were asked the following questions used in the analysis. “How often are patients’ ability to work/employment opportunities, work-oriented activity or collaboration with social services a topic in staff meetings the unit? ” and “Does the unit have routines for mental health professionals to address work or work-oriented activity as a topic in consultations with patients (for example, conversation tools or treatment plan? ”.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: were highly effective against FAW larvae inducing 100% and 80% mortality rates, respectively, 5 days post-treatment. Viruses (entomopathogenic Viruses: Baculoviruses)Bateman et al. (2018) stated that the commercial product of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SlNPV), which targeted S. littoralis was found to be effective against FAW in Cameron and was being registered there. Further, Bateman et al. (2021) reported that commercial isolates of S. frugiperda NPV (SfMNPV) have been registered and successfully employed to control the FAW in some African and Asian countries (Kenya, Zambia, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka). In Nigeria, a new S. frugiperda multiblenucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV-KA1) could be isolated from larvae of S. frugiperda (Wennmann et al. 2021). Role of insect pathogens against S. frugiperda larvae in Asian countries (Table 2)Table 2 Virulence of Entomopathogens against Spodoptera frugiperda larvae in Asian countriesFull size tableNematodes (Entomopathogenic nematodes, EPNs)In Korea, laboratory studies were conducted by Acharya et al. (2020) to evaluate the efficiency of EPNs against 6th instar larvae and 5-day-old pupae at a concentration of 600 IJs/larva and 600 IJs/10 pupae. In larvae, 100% mortality was achieved by Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema carpocapsae, whereas S. arenarium, S. longicaudum and H. bacteriophora caused 97, 93 and 53% mortality rates, respectively. The emergence rates of adults from treated pupae were 33% (S. carpocapsae), 37% (S. longicaudum), 40% (H. indica), 57% (S. arenarium) and 60% (H. bacteriophora). Similarly, Lalramliana et al. (2021), in India, treated 3rd and 5th larval instars and 1-day-old pupae of S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Acute studies utilizing egg PRO [86] or EAA [40] seem to indicate a plateau in MPS from the ingestion of between 20-40 g of intact PRO, or approximately 9-10 g of EAA, respectively. In agreement (to the existence of a plateau effect), no difference in mixed MPS was observed in a recent study involving the ingestion of 30 or 90 g of PRO from intact beef [87]. Whether or not such a plateau effect is predictive and independent of PRO source has yet to be determined. Similarly, subject-specific dosing and resistance training variables (e. g. , volume, intensity, etc. ) may also have an effect on the optimal PRO dose. Frequency of PRO dosing is also in its infancy and requires more analyses. For example, it would appear from the available acute MPS data that small (delivering ~10 g EAA), frequent (every 2-5 hrs) PRO feedings are ideal for maintaining a positive NPB in skeletal muscle, at least when consuming a fast-acting EAA source [40]. However, some studies suggest that larger, less frequent PRO/EAA containing feedings provide similar or possibly better responses on lean body mass and protein balance [88, 89]. More studies are clearly needed to fully address this issue and to determine if, for example, the optimal frequency and/or dose is a protein source dependent phenomenon. Effect of protein source on MPS and skeletal muscle hypertrophyThe literature is relatively sparse in comparing the acute or chronic effects of PRO source on MPS or muscle hypertrophy, respectively. Greater peak leucine net balance over time (indirect estimate of net muscle protein synthesis) was observed for whey versus casein PRO when ingested 1 h post-exercise, though no significant differences in net phenylalanine balance were observed [90]. A recent study by Tang et al. [11] showed that whey PRO appears to promote a larger MPS response than either casein or soy, at least during the first three hours post-ingestion; both at rest and after resistance exercise in young, healthy males. In fact, at rest, whey was shown to be ~93% and ~18% more effective than casein and soy, and whey was ~122% and ~31% more effective than casein and soy following exercise, respectively.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: Process evaluation of a workplace-based health promotion and exercise cluster-randomised trial to increase productivity and reduce neck pain in office workers: a RE-AIM approach 22. 7% but varied across organisations (range 9 to 83%). Participants were generally representative of the recruitment pool though more females (n = 452 or 59%) were recruited than were in the pool (49%). Effectiveness measures (health-related productivity loss and neck pain) varied across all organisations, with no clear pattern emerging to indicate the source of the variation. Organisation-level adoption (66%) and staffing level adoption (91%) were high. The interventions were implemented with minimal protocol variations and high staffing consistency, but organisations varied in their provision of resources (e. g. training space, seniority of liaisons). Mean adherence of participants to the EET intervention was 56% during the intervention period, but varied from 41 to 71% across organisations. At 12 months, 15% of participants reported regular EET adherence. Overall mean (SD) adherence to EHP was 56% (29%) across organisations during the intervention period (range 28 to 77%), with 62% of participants reporting regular adherence at 12 months. No organisations continued the interventions after the follow-up period. ConclusionAlthough the study protocol was implemented with high consistency and fidelity, variations in four domains (reach, effectiveness, adoption and implementation) arose between the 14 participating organisations. These variations may be the source of mixed effectiveness across organisations. Factors known to increase the success of workplace interventions, such as strong management support, a visible commitment to employee wellbeing and participant engagement in intervention design should be considered and adequately measured for future interventions. Trial registrationACTRN12612001154897; 29 October 2012. reports BackgroundNeck pain is a major burden to industry in terms of lost productivity (reduced work performance and lost days) [1,2,3] and personal suffering (pain, disability, reduction in quality of life and reduced job satisfaction) [4, 5]. With more than 50% of office workers experiencing neck pain at some stage of their working life [6,7,8], significant resources have been allocated to prevent the onset of this problem and/or reduce the impact for the employee and employer.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: frugiperda by four EPNs at five concentrations for larvae (10–800 IJs/larva) and four concentrations for pupae (200–1600 IJs/pupa). The tested nematodes were H. indica, H. baujardi, S. sangi and S. surkhetense. The results revealed that rates of mortality in larvae ranged 43–100% in the 3rd instar larvae, 25–100% in the 5th instar larvae and 37–69% in the pupae. Wattanachaiyingcharoen et al. (2021), in Thailand, evaluated the efficiency of two indigenous H. indica and S. siamkayai against FAW larvae in laboratory and greenhouse. In laboratory, 2nd and 5th larval instars were treated at six concentrations (50–300 IJs/larva), whereas in the greenhouse, maize plants in pots, infested with 2nd instar larvae, were sprayed with 100 ml of each of the two species at 20,000 and 50,000 IJs/ml one day after releasing the larvae on the plants. Rates of mortality in 2nd instar larvae at the tested concentrations ranged 27. 5–82. 5 and 17. 5–67. 5% by H. indica and S. siamkayai, respectively. The respective values in the 5th instar larvae were 45 and 32. 5% at 300 IJs/larva. In the greenhouse, rates of mortality 10 days post-treatment at 20,000 IJs/pot were 37. 9% by H. indica and 28. 75% by S. siamkayai. The respective values at 50. 000 IJs/pot were 57. 8 and 44. 7%. In China, Abbas et al. (2022) reported that 280 IJs of Steinernema sp. could kill 100% of 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda, whereas 400 IJs of H. indica killed only 75%. Also, Wang et al. (2022a) compared the virulence of an indigenous strain of Heterorhabditis sp. to a commercial S. feltiae against 3rd and 6th larval instars and 5-day-old pupae of FAW in laboratory.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: It should be noted that WPH was used in the aforementioned study, whereas the soy and casein were intact. It may be probable, though, due to the large differences observed between the proteins, that WPI or whey PRO concentrate (WPC) would have provided similar results. However, recent results [46, 53] would seem to indicate that at least some differences in acute effects may occur in response to WPH versus intact whey. Whether such acute differences between the intact and hydrolysed PRO sources summate over time and reveal significant chronic effects is an area of needed research. Few long-term studies comparing different PRO sources have been published thus far. Hartman et al. [15], for example, observed greater gains in fat-free mass and muscle hypertrophy in response to 12 weeks of resistance training with ingestion of fat-free milk versus soy. Additionally, Cribb et al. [26] reported a five-fold increase in lean body mass from supplementation with hydrolyzed whey PRO isolate versus intact casein, when combined with 10 weeks of resistance training in recreational bodybuilders. Candow et al. [17] and Brown et al. [91], however, reported no significant differences on changes in body composition in response to combined resistance training and either whey or soy PRO ingestion. Kalman et al. [92] also found no differences between groups for lean body mass when examining the effects of 12 weeks of resistance training combined with 50 g/d PRO supplementation from either a whey PRO blend (50:50 ratio of WPI:WPC), soy concentrate, soy isolate, or a 50:50 ratio of soy isolate and the whey blend. Although interesting, some limitations within the aforementioned pilot study [92] do exist, as is evident by the author's own statement that "the data is considered inferential and not conclusive". That is, the sample size was too small to yield high statistical power. Indeed, of many of the studies to date, statistical power has likely not been high enough to adequately differentiate the effects between PRO source. A meta-analysis of studies (>200 subjects) in which PRO supplementation was used to promote muscle hypertrophy in combination with resistance training, was recently published that addresses this issue of statistical power [93]. Specifically, Phillips et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: Maintenance – setting levelNone of the 14 participating organisations took steps to continue the exercise training or health promotion interventions beyond the study period. Participants in one organisation formed a working group to canvas ideas for improving their health and wellbeing. The research team were invited to contribute to this group. During the liaison interviews with four organisations, common themes on not adopting the intervention included the work required to maintain the program, the lack of meeting space, and changes of leadership within the organisation. One liaison noted, however, that participating in the study had increased participation in other wellness activities ‘and there’s getting more take-up of these types of activities, so if you provide the right environment … ’ (liaison, Org14). DiscussionThis paper examined the implementation of a workplace study using the RE-AIM framework domains of reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance. The interventions were evaluated in the context of a cluster-randomised effectiveness trial with the research team closely involved in recruitment, organisation and delivery of the EET and EHP sessions. Despite this approach, there were considerable variations between all organisations for each of the RE-AIM dimensions, including effectiveness. These organisational variances were examined to understand their potential impact on outcomes. Overall reach was lower than anticipated (at 18. 9%), although consistent with previous similar workplace-based studies [25,26,27]. Reach varied widely across organisations. The higher recruitment rates (e. g. > 45%) were from private and public organisations with relatively small recruitment pools (range 54 to 116). In contrast, organisations with lower recruitment rates (e. g. < 20%) drew participants from larger recruitment pools (range 459 to 702). This relationship has been demonstrated in previous examinations of recruitment predictors for workplace exercise interventions [25]. The size of the recruitment pool, however, did not always reflect the size of the organisation, with some organisations offering participation to only selected units or branches. These findings suggest that, rather than maximising the size of the recruitment pool within organisations in the hope of recruiting sufficient participants, larger organisations should be encouraged to ‘stagger’ recruitment and target smaller teams and work units. This approach may also enable team leaders to engage more directly with potential participants. Implementation effectiveness in relation to the primary outcome of health-related productivity varied across organisations, with no apparent pattern between positive or negative changes and other RE-AIM dimensions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The tested concentrations of the nematodes were 100 IJs/larva and 1200 IJs/5 pupae. Rates of mortality in 3rd instar larvae were 84 and 100%, whereas in the 6th instar larvae, they were 56 and 93%, by Heterorhabditis sp. and S. feltiae, respectively. Rate of adult emergence from treated pupae was 26. 7% by both nematodes compared to 93. 3% in the control. Chen et al. (2023) evaluated the infectivity of H. bacteriophora (HbSD) against S. frugiperda under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. In laboratory assays, the nematode was highly virulent against the larvae. In greenhouse assays, spraying aqueous formulation of the nematode showed good performance in killing larvae on maize leaves. Patil et al. (2022), in India, reported that H. indica and S. carpocapsae caused 100% mortality in third- and fourth-larval instars of S. frugiperda, and 85% and 72% in pupae, respectively. Treatment of two maize fields, naturally infested with the insect by the nematodes at 2. 5 × 108 IJs/ha, showed that H. indica significantly reduced the number of larvae and leaf damage. The efficacy of S. carpocapsae and H. indica applied twice against FAW in sweet corn field was tested by Ratnakala et al. (2023) in India. The results showed that S. carpocapsae reduced, significantly, the larval population and leaf damage in the treated crop. Shinde et al. (2022), in India, evaluated two native strains of H. indica (HI-MN and HI-CL) against larval instars of FAW. The LC50s were 21. 6 and 48. 9 IJs (3rd instar larvae) and 25. 5 and 52. 4 IJs (4th instar larvae) for HI-MN and HI-CL, respectively. In China, treatment of 2nd instar larvae of S. frugiperda with S. carpocapsae and S. longicaudum at 50 IJs/larva caused 92 and 80% mortality, respectively, as reported by Liang et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: [93] discovered that whey PRO elicited significantly greater gains in lean body mass than soy or carbohydrate, but was not significantly different than the effects of milk PRO. One explanation for the superiority of dairy PRO at increasing skeletal muscle mass may be explained by the results observed by Fouillet et al. [94] that reported significantly greater peripheral nitrogen retention from milk PRO than soy PRO; soy was found to have a more profound effect on splanchnic protein synthesis. Additionally, the rate at which amino acid concentrations rise may significantly affect MPS [11, 95]. For example, whey is absorbed rapidly and is relatively short-acting, quickly and vastly increasing whole body protein synthesis (estimated by non-oxidative leucine disposal) compared to casein [79, 96]. Paradoxically, it has been proposed that whey may have a negligible, or at least smaller decreasing effect on whole body protein breakdown (estimated by endogenous leucine rate of appearance) than may occur in response to slower acting PROs such as casein [79], but not all studies agree with this [97]. The effects of PRO sources other than milk or soy, on muscle hypertrophy, are both fewer in number and more equivocal. For example, Campbell et al. [98] showed that a meat-containing, as opposed to a lacto-ovovegetarian diet provided greater gains in fat-free mass and skeletal muscle mass during resistance training in older men. These results were refuted by a later study [99]. Though lean beef and other high quality, PRO-rich foods (e. g. , eggs) can induce a robust increase in muscle protein synthesis [86, 87, 100], clearly more studies comparing different PRO sources are needed to assess chronic adaptations when combined with resistance training. Whey proteinHuman milk contains two categories/fractions of PRO - whey and casein - in an ~90:10 ratio during early lactation; whereas the ratio shifts to approximately 60:40 and 50:50 during mature and late lactation, respectively [101]. By comparison, only ~20% of the total PRO in commercial bovine milk comes from whey [23–25]. Camel's milk, a source growing in popularity but lacking in human physiological response data, is only ~15% whey [102].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Workplace mental health programs are shown to reduce absenteeism and increase productivity. [SEP] Text: For instance, Org4 reported very low intervention adherence and the highest attrition rate at 12 months, yet also recorded the highest reduction in health-related productivity loss at 12 months across all participants, while recording an increase in both health-related productivity loss and pain for EET participants. This result may be partially explained by the lower baseline productivity costs of participants who submitted 12 month data, as those with higher costs did not have data for inclusion in the 12 month analysis and no imputation of missing data was conducted. Three organisations (Org9, Org10 and Org14) demonstrated strong commitment by appointing a senior liaison, providing a consistent venue for interventions and achieving high recruitment and (for Org9 and Org14) high intervention adherence. However, these organisations achieved different results. Org9 and Org14 achieved minor (0. 1 days for Org9) or no reduction in productivity loss across all participants at 12 months (despite the significantly lower baseline costs of the participants who submitted data (1. 1 days) in Org9) and a decrease in neck pain across all participants at 12 months (− 0. 7 for Org9 and − 1. 0 for Org14), while EET participants recorded an increase in neck pain in both organisations (1. 1 for Org9 and 0. 9 for Org14) and an increase in productivity costs (0. 2 days) in Org9. The results in Org10 were the reverse, with increases in pain and productivity at 12 months for all participants, but reductions for EET participants. Organisational participation in this study required a commitment of considerable resources, including staff time and provision of session space. In return, participating staff received a workstation assessment (with associated equipment) and a 12 week health intervention. The high adoption rate among public and private organisations reflected the awareness among employers of the impact of neck pain on office workers and their willingness to try innovative approaches to improve the health and wellbeing of their staff. However, once organisations had agreed to participate, they demonstrated different levels of commitment in terms of resource allocation (liaison seniority, venue changes, and communications) and their capacity to engage and encourage staff to participate, with mixed effects on reach and implementation. The seniority of staff engaged in the intervention also varied between organisations. With one exception, the organisations that nominated managers or senior officers as liaisons had higher recruitment rates than those with more junior liaisons.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (2020). Duza et al. (2023), in Philippines, evaluated the efficacy of three Philippine isolates of H. indica () and S. abbasi (SaMBLB) against two strains of FAW, corn strain (CS) and rice strain (RS). The strain, HiPBCB was the most virulent against the two strains. The highest LC50 for SaMBLB, was 36. 95 IJs/larva for (CS) and 35. 92 IJs/larva for (RS). These values were sufficient to achieve 100% mortality after 48 h for the three H. indica isolates. The entomopathogenic bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Bt toxinsIn China, Li et al. (2019) reported that Bt strain KN50 at a concentration of 32,000 IU/mg caused 72. 6–86. 6% control in S. frugiperda mixed larval instars in a maize field 7 days post-treatment. Wang et al. (2022b) evaluated the susceptibility of seven geographical populations of FAW larvae, collected from three provinces to four Bt insecticidal proteins in the laboratory. It was found that the ranges of LC50swere 0. 87–2. 63 μg/g for Cry1Ab; 0. 14–0. 30 μg/g for Vip3Aa; 0. 78–1. 86 μg/g for Cry1Ab + Vip3Aa and 0. 36–1. 42 μg/g for CryAb + Vip3Aa. Similarly, Zhou et al. (2023) investigated whether the FAW larvae could develop resistance to any of Bt corn hybrids planted in China in 11 geographical populations of FAW larvae from corn fields. They found that the ranges of the LC50s of the 4 Bt proteins to the 11 populations were 11. 42–88. 33 ng/cm2 for Vip3A, 111. 21–517. 33 for Cry1F, 135. 76–1108. 47 for Cry1Ab and 994. 42–5492. 50 for Cry2Ab. The study revealed that all 11 FAW populations proved to be susceptible to Vip3A, Cry1F and Cry1Ab. Xu et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protein is essential for muscle repair and growth. [SEP] Text: Comprising whey are the PRO components β-lactoglobulin (~50-55%), α-lactalbumin (~20-25%), glycomacropeptide (~10-15%), immunoglobulins (~10-15%), serum albumin (~5-10%), lactoferrin (~1%), lactoperoxidase (<1%), and other minor proteins such as β-microglobulin, lysozyme, insulin-like growth factors and γ-globulins [23–25, 103, 104]. Of the aforementioned whey fractions, β-lactoglobulin may be especially important for stimulating MPS according to at least one recent study in older rats that compared the effects of leucine-rich PROs on postprandial MPS [105]. Notably, β-lactoglobulin, representing about 50-55% of the PRO in whey, is a major source of BCAA and is composed largely of the BCAA leucine - approximately 14. 5% of β-lactoglobulin is made up of leucine residues. The potential, critical role of a PRO's leucine concentration on eliciting MPS has thus far only been observed in rats, however [106]. Interestingly enough, recent evidence also seems to indicate that native, or peptide-bound leucine, as opposed to free-form leucine may be utilized most efficiently [107]. This may imply that intact whey or its hydrolysated peptides may provide a superior MPS response than equivocal amounts of free leucine when consumed post-exercise. Similarly, whey is considered a high-quality PRO because of its abundance of EAA [23] which are necessary for stimulating protein synthesis and supporting muscle growth (Table 1) [108, 109]. Whey is also classified as a "fast" PRO due to the rate at which its consumption leads to an increase in amino acid availability [10, 79, 110], which may be important for athletes and specifically valuable around workouts. The rate and concentration of amino acid availability may also be predictive of the MPS response [95], which may explain the superiority of whey versus soy or casein at stimulating MPS [11].

Output: corroborate