Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: (F) Top, population data showing significant decreases in mean Vm and EGABA but not DF five minutes after electroporation. Below: changes in DF over time. Point at which electroporation occurred marked with orange arrow. ‘ns’, non-significant; *p<0. 05. The data for ‘D’, ‘E’ and ‘F’ is provided in Figure 5—source data 1. Figure 5—source data 1 Source data for Figure 5D–F. Resting membrane potential, EGABA and driving force at time points as indicated relative to electroporation of anionic dextran (at time 0 min), for each experiment. Download elife-39575-fig5-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Large volume shifts occur when average impermeant charge is changed via temporary anion species flux across the membrane. Repeating the methodology in Figure 5C for ion species with different charges (zflux) demonstrates the effect of driving shifts in the average intracellular impermeant charge on cell volume. Generating even small shifts in average z by adding or removing impermeant anions can cause large changes in cell volume. Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Impermeant anions drive small shifts in chloride driving force by modifying the Na+/K+-ATPase pump rate under conditions of active chloride cotransport. (A) ECl (green), EK (purple) and Vm (black) (top panel), [Na+]i (pink, middle panel) and mean impermeant anion charge z (orange, lower panel) over time in the default single compartment model. Changing z from −0. 85 to −1 generated small, persistent Cl- driving force (DF) shifts (arrows, red) only when the effective ATPase pump rate (Jp) was variable (solid line) and not when Jp was kept constant (dashed line). (B) Solving analytically across different values of z with either a variable Jp (solid lines) or a constant Jp (dashed line), demonstrates the direct relationship between Na+ (pink), effective pump rate (Jp) (top panel) and DF (lower panel, red).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Small businesses are crucial to local economies and job creation. [SEP] Text: This leads to the second stage where there is increased factor productivity due to the innate desire for increased production which leads to higher efficiency and higher economies of scale, scope and size. Following this, the third stage is the increased rate of employment involving the utilisation of idle and underutilised productive resources including labour. The outcome is the higher income per capita stage. Per capita income increases as a result of higher demand for factor inputs and increased relative scarcity of productive resources. Next comes higher consumption per capita stage as increased access to employment reduces financial dependency rates and income earners effectively demand necessities of life. These necessities include quality food, healthcare, shelter and protection, education and training, clothing, and security. In the sixth and final stage, there is a manifestation of poverty reduction to the extent that the vicious cycle is broken, and households escape from the low-income trap through entrepreneurship. It is important to stress that relying solely on one business or income stream can be risky in most developing countries. Hence, there is a need for poverty-escapee households to diversify their sources of income by exploring multiple entrepreneurial ventures, investments, or other income-generating activities. Other strategies to protect households from slipping into the low-level equilibrium trap include the establishment of emergency funds or enrolling social insurance schemes, prudent investment, continuous learning, and personal development. Even though, in general, the availability and easy access to any of the essential determinants of entrepreneurship through a policy intervention is the beginning of breaking the poverty cycle, in low-income countries, financial constraints—lack of adequate equity capital and high cost of borrowing arising from excess demand for investible funds—are probably the most prominent barrier for growth and development of entrepreneurship. It is, thus, believed that holding all other factors constant, a policy intervention by way of making investible funds available to potential entrepreneurs would go a long way in creating job opportunities, raising incomes, and reducing the high incidence of poverty in low-income economies. 5. 2. Evidence-of the 5. 2. 1. Entrepreneurship, Income, Employment, and Poverty in Figure 6 provides some empirical evidence that there is a trend relationship between entrepreneurship as proxied by business density rate, income and poverty reduction in developing economies between 2014 and 2020. As entrepreneurship (business density rate) increases from 17. 53 percent in 2014 to 27. 03 percent in 2020, real annual per capita income increases5 steadily from US$2489.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: ” (Beyond those I discuss, other instruments that posit an inherent human dignity include the 1976 of Civil and Political Rights, the 1981 Convention on the Elimination of of Women, the 1987 Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane, or Punishment, and the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child. ) By means of the essentializing notion of inherent qualities—permanent and inseparable attributes, in other words, an essence—it seeks to defend human dignity by prohibiting genetic editing. (Convention thereby confuses changing an individual’s genome with changing the germline. ) Beriain (Reference de Miguel Beriain2018) invites us to imagine a “human embryo with mutations of the Huntington gene that will inevitably lead to Huntington’s disease if the embryo grows into a human being. If we edit its germline to replace the gene with a normal variant, we will modify the embryo’s genome but not the human genome. The ultimate result of the intervention—a human being with a genome that does not show the specific pathological variant that triggers Huntington’s disease—will not introduce any novelty into the human gene pool” (p. 3). (Reference Andorno2013) is vulnerable at this point to the genetic essentialism of deriving human rights from a notion of human dignity understood as a trait inherent to human beings: “each human being, as a holder of intrinsic dignity, is entitled to inalienable rights, which are the same for all, regardless of their genetic make-up” (p. 90). To remain consistent with the rest of his reading of the on the he would better view the notion of human dignity symbolically, as a social construct that, as a political tool, can be deployed in the cultural project of advocating equal legal rights for all persons. 4. Alternative to genetic essentialism: dignity as a future person’s decisional autonomy In place of framing human identity as the human genome (a biological identity), I frame it as human dignity: a socially constructed, political identity. I assign a political and legal status to the human genome and then derive, from that status, a human right to dignity. (I also reject the idea that human rights somehow derive from our species’ genetic identity; I view them as social constructs [see Gregg, Reference Gregg2012, Reference Gregg2016, Reference Gregg2021]. ) I begin by analyzing dignity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: ECl (green), EK (purple) and Vm (black) (top panel), [Na+]i (pink, middle panel) and average impermeant anion charge z (orange, lower panel) over time in the default single compartment model. Changing the average z from −0. 85 to −1 generated small, persistent Cl- driving force shifts (arrows) only when the effective ATPase pump rate (Jp) was variable (solid and dashed line) for both pump models, and not when Jp was kept constant (dotted line). (B) The experiment for Figure 6C was repeated comparing the usual ATPase model (solid line) with Hamada et al. , 2003’s model and is consistent with the results in the main text. ECl (green), EK (purple) and Vm (black) (top panel), [Na+]i (pink, middle panel) and cell volume (black, lower panel) over time in the default single-compartment model. Impermeant anions of the same average charge of the cell were added. A volume constraint on Hamada et al. ’s model was incorporated by adding a hydrostatic force dependent on membrane tension (dotted lines), which resulted in an impermeable anion induced transmembrane osmotic differential. This caused a small change in Cl- driving force when Jp was variable (dotted line), but not when Jp was held constant (dash-dotted lines). Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Local changes in KCC2 activity generate local differences in chloride reversal and driving force only under conditions of constrained chloride diffusion. (A) Schematic depicting the multi-compartment model representing a virtual dendrite of length 100 μm. The virtual dendrite consists of 10 compartments of length 10 μm and initial radius 0. 5 μm. Each compartment contains the same mechanisms and default parameterization as the single compartment model. All ions, except impermeant anions, could move between compartments by electrodiffusion. (B) Top panel, ECl (green), EK (purple), Vm (black) and DF (arrows, red) from the second from top compartment (indicated with a white triangle) where the conductance of KCC2 was increased.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Small businesses are crucial to local economies and job creation. [SEP] Text: In this regard, a collaborative effort from the central government, local government, non-governmental organisations including native associations resident locally or abroad, and religious bodies should be critical in this regard; · labour wages and national compensation policies must be designed and enforced to ensure that, in real terms, minimum wages are above the statutory unemployment compensation rates; · regulatory reforms, privatisation, civil service reforms, trade liberalisation and economic openness, financial sector reforms, and improved governance could be key structural measures that governments may pursue to support economic growth and development; and, · coordinating efforts at the international, national, and local levels to support entrepreneurship development to propel accelerated growth and sustainable development. NOTES *Originally an unpublished09/001 presented by the author at the Inaugural/Programme of the of Economists of on August 15, 2009. 1Jobs are created directly and indirectly through the chain of interrelated value-addition processes within and outside the enterprise. It is common to find positive spillover effects concerning job creation. 2A survey by Dun and Bradstreet Holdings, Inc. (2002) on small-scale business owners shows that 17% strictly devoted at least 60 hours a week to their businesses. Again, about 50% of these entrepreneurs spend between 41 and 60 hours a week on their businesses. 3Based on 150 countries/regions viz. and (China), of (China), and Tobago, Tunisia, Türkiye, and Zimbabwe. The selection was strictly based on the availability of consistent data. 4Persons trapped in the vicious cycle of poverty. 5The sharp decline in per capita income in the year 2020 could be attributed to the effects of COVID-19. 6Econometrically, these results cannot be reliable as test is not applicable to cross-sectional inclined data as is the case for the panel dataset with an N > T structure. 730 LDCs covered are ôte d’and Zambia. The selection was based purely on the availability of consistent data. Conflicts of author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. 226. [2] Coleman, B. E. (2006). Microfinance in Northeast Thailand: World Development, 34, 1612-1638. [3] Dun and Bradstreet Holdings, Inc. (2002). 21st. Washington D. C. [4] Hulme, D. (1999).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: The international instruments I reviewed earlier wield the term “human dignity” in ways that are indeterminate in meaning. Indeterminacy hardly impedes the authors’ intention: to legitimize a viewpoint. Their intention is familiar from older debates about a right to physician-assisted suicide, a right to privacy, or a right against self-incrimination, where such debates invoke a legitimizing notion of human dignity. Current debates also draw on human dignity to reject human genetic engineering (e. g. , to support a future person’s putative right not to be genetically modified). The term “human dignity” has no rational grounds as long as it remains indeterminate in meaning, and as long as it treats — as intuitively evident or as a first principle of a metaphysical or theological vision about human good — a putative right not to be genetically modified. To render the term rationally useful, its legitimizing function must be grounded in a determinate meaning. Any particular definition follows from the definer’s cognitive interest in defining. Mine is informed by consequentialism, a philosophical position that, while not itself scientific, does not contradict any claims of natural science or a naturalistic understanding of the human being. Consequentialism holds that whether an act is morally right depends only on it consequences, or that those actions are right that render the future world the best possible world. In a consequentialist spirit, I define “dignity” as the individual’s decisional autonomy vis-à-vis other persons— such as the autonomy afforded by the right to choose whether and how to be genetically engineered. Autonomy is choice, and choice is the “recognizable capacity to assert claims,” whereby a person is understood as a “potential maker of claims” (Feinberg, Reference Feinberg1970, 5. A future person’s interest in decisional autonomy When speaking of present persons, I speak of those persons in a position to decide whether and how to genetically modify an embryo that will develop into a future person. On a broad understanding of justice such as Mill’s (Reference Mill2001, ch. 5), might present persons have a duty of justice toward future persons? Might future persons have rights vis-à-vis present persons?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: The insets depict the diameter, and absolute change from baseline of ECl, Vm and DF for all compartments before (i), during (ii) and after (iii) the activity of KCC2 was selectively increased. This resulted in ECl decreasing in all compartments with minimal changes to EK and V. Consequently, the Cl- DF (red) increased. In this case the diffusion constant for Cl- (DCl = 2. 03×10−7 dm2. s−1) resulted in ECl and DF changes being widespread across the virtual dendrite. (C) Reducing the Cl- diffusion constant to 0. 2 × 10−7 dm2. s−1 resulted in a localized effect of compartment-specific KCC2 activity increases on ECl and DF. Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Local changes in impermeant anions do not establish the local driving force for chloride. (A) Multi-compartment model of a 10 compartment 100 μm virtual dendrite as in Figure 7. (B) Top panel, ECl (green), EK (purple), Vm (black) and DF (arrows, red) within the compartment where additional impermeant anions were exclusively added (indicated with a white triangle). The insets depict the diameter, and absolute change from baseline for ECl, Vm and DF for each compartment of the virtual dendrite before (i), during (ii) and after (iii) impermeant anions were added. The selective addition of impermeant anions of default charge (z = −0. 85) to the 2nd from top compartment resulted in transient but non-permanent shifts in ECl, Vm and the Cl- DF in all compartments. The volume of the compartment where impermeant anion addition occurred increased permanently. (C) Traces and insets as in ‘B’ showing the addition of impermeant anions of more negative charge in order to decrease z in the second from top compartment specifically. Note that during addition of impermeant anions, ECl, EK, Vm changed. We also observed persistent decreases in ECl and Vm in the compartment manipulated, with a negligible change in DF (0. 01 mV). Again, impermeant anion addition resulted in an increase in the volume of the specific dendritic compartment manipulated.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: All high-paying jobs require a college degree. [SEP] Text: In the second stage of our analysis, we used a meta-analytic approach to summarize findings across institutions (Cooper & Hedges, 1994; Lipsey & Wilson, 2001). Although the impact studies for each institution followed a generally consistent approach, there was some variation among the OER initiatives and the institutions rolling them out as described (see the “Research context and procedure” section). Using meta-analysis offered more flexibility to combine the results across individual studies with variation as compared to combining the data into a single analysis. Though it was not possible to test for interactions between student- and institutional-level characteristics, our meta-analytic approach allowed us to explore implementation and study design features that are associated with the size of the impact in different institutions. ResultsDescriptive statisticsTable 3 presents the characteristics of the final analysis samples for each site in terms of size and student demographics. These data are for the matched samples, after propensity score matching was used to establish baseline equivalence between the treatment and comparison conditions. The sample size available for analysis ranged considerably across the 11 colleges, with some having samples in the low hundreds and others approaching 5,000. With the exception of one site, the average student age was around 20 years old. At least a third or more of the sample at each college consisted of students eligible for or who had received Pell grants. The proportion of students from historically underrepresented ethnic minority groups ranged considerably across colleges from 25 to 88%. Table 3 Demographic characteristics of the final analysis samples, by collegeFull size tableRQ1 main impact analysisCredit accumulationIn 6 of the 11 colleges, treatment students taking OER courses accumulated significantly more course credits than those who had not taken any OER courses (see Table 4). The number of additional credits accumulated by treatment students ranged from 2 to 8 across these six schools. In the remaining 5 colleges, students’ credit accumulation in the two conditions was not statistically different after controlling for differences in student characteristics. Table 4 Credit accumulation results, by collegeFull size tableTable 4 also shows the estimated effect size for each of the research partner colleges on credit accumulation. An effect size is a standardized measure of the magnitude of an effect and is calculated as the standardized mean difference between two groups. The effect size increases in magnitude as the difference between the groups on the outcome measure gets larger. The U. S. Department of Education’s Clearinghouse (2017) defines effect sizes equal or greater than 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2010. | DOI: 10. 1097/01. COT. 0000387939. 55124. 80 —Clinicians can extend the lives of patients whose solid tumors are refractory to standard therapies by looking deep into the tumor’s genome in search of its Achille’s heel. Matching a mutation that defines the tumor’s vulnerability with a specific agent is particularly important for patients in the last 12 weeks of life. So said Daniel D. Von Hoff, MD, Physician in Chief and at the in Phoenix, presenting the 2010 David A. here at the which he titled, “12 Weeks. ” “trials can be more therapeutic for the individual patient sitting in front of us right now. Do whatever it takes to maximize a patient’s chances of having a benefit from a specific agent. Let’s not just try the next new agent to come along. ” Over the last 35 years, Dr. has taken 317 new anticancer agents into clinical trials with four different clinical trial teams. I trials include patients who have not responded to multiple standard therapies, and have a life expectancy of 12 weeks, a Karnofsky status of at least 70%, and acceptable hepatic and renal function. “People trust us in this time of their life for the best help we can possibly provide with a great sense of urgency,” Dr. said. “[A trial] may be the last thing our patients have an opportunity to try. ” three of the first 26 (8%) new agents he took into trials had evidence of clinical antitumor activity. To improve a patient’s chance of response, he began to utilize the human tumor cloning assay (HTCA). “There are quite a few drugs we now use every day because a specific patient went on a specific agent suggested by the HTCA. When using the HTCA to select patients, we saw responses, dramatic responses, durable responses, in almost every trial. ” The agents first identified in this way include docetaxel, temsirolimus, irinotecan, and gefitinib.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: 1 Constants, default parameters and usual steady state values for variables used in the biophysical models. ValueDescriptionConstantsF96485. 33 C/molFaraday constantR8. 31446 J/(K. mol)Universal gas constantT310. 15 KAbsolute temperature (=37°C)ParametersCm2× 10−6 F/cm2Unit membrane capacitance (Qian and Sejnowski, 1989)gNa20 µS/cm2Na+ leak conductance (Kager et al. , 2000)gK70 µS/cm2K+ leak conductance (Kager et al. , 2000)gCl20 µS/cm2Cl- leak conductancegKCC220 µS/cm2KCC2 conductance (Doyon et al. , 2016)vw0. 018 dm3/molPartial molar volume of water (Hernández and Cristina, 1998)pw0. 0015 dm/sOsmotic permeability (Hernández and Cristina, 1998)km25 N/dmVariable for membrane tension (higher than reported (Dai et al. , 1998): used in this paper to accentuate differences in osmolarity)p0. 1 C/(dm2. s)Default pump rate constant[Na+]o145 mMExtracellular Na+ concentration[K+]o3. 5 mMExtracellular K+ concentration[Cl-]o119 mMExtracellular Cl- concentration[X-]o29. 5 mMExtracellular impermeant anion (X) concentration (Lodish et al. , 2009; Raimondo et al. , 2015)DNa1. 33 × 10−7 dm2/sNa+ diffusion constant (Hille, 2001)DK1. 96 × 10−7 dm2/sK+ diffusion constant (Hille, 2001)DCl2. 03 × 10−7 dm2/sCl- diffusion constant (Hille, 2001)Variables (default steady state)Vm−72. 6 mVMembrane potential[Na+]i14. 0 mMIntracellular Na+ concentration[K+]i122. 9 mMIntracellular K+ concentration[Cl-]i5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionSummer heatwaves have received intensive attention over the past decades due to their severe adverse impacts on human society and ecosystems. summer heatwave in 2003 was responsible for more than 35,000 deaths and economic losses of 10 billion USD (Fischer et al. 2007). This event also led to forest fires in Portugal and associated severe damages to ecosystems with economic losses of more than 1 billion Euros (García-Herrera et al 2010). The USA summer heatwave in 1988 resulted in 5000–10,000 deaths (2001). An estimated 840 deaths of Canada and the USA resulted by the direct consequences of the America heatwave in 2021 (Overland 2021). Heatwaves also have negative effects on crops, livestock, and milk production (Sejian et al. 2012). Meanwhile, the frequency of heatwaves has increased in large parts of Europe and Asia since the middle of the twentieth century (Seneviratne et al. 2021). Peterson et al. (2013) reported the highest and second highest number of heatwaves occurred in the 1930s and 2000s decades in the USA; however, a higher number of heatwaves in the 2010s than in the 2000s were reported (Alizadeh et al. 2022). Anthropogenic global warming is blamed for increased probability of heatwave occurrences (e. g. , Fischer and Knutti 2015; Seneviratne et al. 2021). Moreover, projections from multi-model ensembles of global climate models (GCMs) suggest that heatwaves will be more intense, more frequent, and last longer over most land areas in future warming climates (e. g. , Fischer and Knutti 2015; Dosio et al. 2018). Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms driving heat extremes and how these mechanisms and extremes will be affected by climate change. Heatwaves occurring in mid- to high-latitudes are often associated with atmospheric blocking events, which are originally defined as quasi-stationary anti-cyclonic circulation anomalies that interrupt the predominant westerly flow and persist for several days (Trigo et al. 2004), but they are also associated with persistent or unusual features in storm tracks (Zappa et al. 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: Dr. provided a dramatic example of a 43-year-old man with abdominal mesothelioma whose disease had progressed on a handful of agents and who had been referred to Dr. in 1998. “We tested this patient’s tumor in the HTCA and found it to be resistant to many agents, but it was sensitive to the new anticancer agent LY2313514. We had been looking at this agent in the cloning assay to see where we might take it and what patients to put on trial,” he said. The investigational agent was active in 2 of 3 mesothelioma patients tested as well as in 9 of 36 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The referred patient was sensitive to LY2313514, which is now known as pemetrexed, and the man had more than a four-year response to the drug. “This was the first patient we tested with the continual reassessment method of one patient per dose level,” he said. Pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin has since proven to extend survival of mesothelioma patients beyond 12 months. Pemetrexed is also approved for non-small-cell lung cancer and for maintenance of non-squamous histology patients. “Where you see an initial response in a trial can be critically important to the development of the agent,” noted Dr. Von Hoff. “There is a good correlation between the first response in a trial and what the new agent is initially approved for. ”. : “What do you do when in spite of all the guile and profiling you can muster against a patient’s tumor, we have nothing we think will help? But actually we do have something that helps, and that is trying to help. ”The cloning assay helped provide responses for patients in other trials and paid off in multiple areas of early drug development, including gemcitabine, irinotecan, topotecan, docetaxel, mitoxantrone, and gefitinib, among others. Then funding for the cloning assays dried up. “Unfortunately, with less direct guidance on what new agent to use, the number of responses seen in our trials dropped off dramatically. It was obvious we needed new tools to measure sensitivity or targets in a greater percentage of patients,” Dr. said.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 13378 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordApril 26, 2016 Accepted ManuscriptMarch 29, 2016 Accepted ManuscriptMarch 23, 2016 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 6,717 views 1,545 downloads 110 3378. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Figures 6 figures 1 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Rapamycin treatment increased neuronal ATP levels. (A) The effect of rapamycin (RAPA) on cellular ATP level was examined in 5-week neurons differentiated from human neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) derived from H9 ESCs. Rapamycin was used at 20 nM (final concentration). Mitochondrial dysfunction was mimicked by chemicals disrupting mitochondrial oxidative function: oligomycin (2 µM), blocking complex V (ATP synthase); rotenone and antimycin A (R&A; 1 µM each), complex I and III inhibitors; CCCP (20 µM), a mitochondrial uncoupler. All were prepared in DMSO as vehicle. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was used at 750 µM (final concentration). The treatment was done for 6 hr with neurons grown in duplicate wells from the same batch of differentiation. The relative ATP level for each treatment was calculated as percentage after normalization to DMSO-treated neurons. Bars are mean ± SD, n=3. *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01, calculated by two-tailed t-test. (B) Immunoblot analysis of cell lysates prepared from neurons treated with oligomycin, rapamycin or both for 6 hr. The intensity of phosphorylated protein was quantified after normalization to non-phosphorylated signal, and was presented as fold change compared to control group treated with DMSO. (C) Immunoblot analysis of cell lysates prepared from neurons treated with oligomycin or AICAR for 6 hr. (D) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurement by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer. The basal OCRs of neurons treated with rapamycin for 6 hr were compared to neurons treated with DMSO as control.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: Atmospheric blocking drives above-normal temperature anomalies for several days based on the combination of radiative heating under clear-sky conditions and warm air advection driven by clockwise anti-cyclonic circulations, dependent on the flow patterns and position of blocking and its features at the seasonal scale (Pfahl and Wernli 2012; Schaller et al. 2018). Besides this, heatwaves can be amplified by land–atmosphere feedbacks in transitional climate regions based on reduction in evaporative cooling with enhanced persistence driven by soil moisture memory. Drought conditions are also a triggering factor that can exacerbate surface and low-level air temperature from an increase in surface sensible heat flux during drying persistent conditions (Black et al. 2004). GCMs are the most widely used tools for simulating the historical climate, with observed greenhouse gas concentrations and radiative forcing, as well as for making projections of future climates under different anthropogenic forcing scenarios on a global scale. Ideally, GCMs should properly replicate atmospheric circulation features on various spatiotemporal scales. In particular, the linkage between blocking and heatwaves is an important synoptic-scale feature of the climate system that should be replicated by GCMs for current risk management and future adaptation strategies. However, GCMs generally show biased atmospheric circulation features due to coarse-scale resolution, missing orographic drag, sea surface temperature bias, etc. which affect the simulated blocking features; thus, underestimation of blocking frequency is a longstanding challenge (Anstey et al. 2013; Berckmans et al. 2013; Pithan et al. 2016; Davini and D’Andrea 2020). According to GCMs that contributed to the Phase 5 (CMIP5) (Taylor et al. 2012), blocking frequency is underestimated in the Atlantic-European sector by around 10–30% in summer, with smaller negative biases in the Pacific-sector (Woollings et al. 2018). Underestimation of summer blocking frequency is also reported in CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6) GCMs (Eyring et al. 2016), although they show an improvement in representing blocking frequency and persistence in the Atlantic and Pacific compared to CMIP5 (Davini and D'Andrea 2020; Schiemann et al. 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: ” Dr. recalled a patient with metastatic basal cell carcinoma who had the PTCH1 mutation and was treated with the Hedgehog pathway antagonist GDC-449. The patient had a dramatic response with only mild side effects, he said. This experience led him to consider a complete sequencing approach. “Complete sequencing of a cancer patient’s genome is hard. Our team realizes the massive amounts of information that needs processing, the time and effort. Also, how will you tell what abnormality drives the tumor? But you have to start somewhere. It’s not too early for the person with advanced refractory disease sitting in front of you now. ” He reported on the third person in the world, a 63-year-old man who has the rare pancreatic ampullary adenocarcinoma, whose tumor has been completely sequenced. “It took three to four weeks and 200 people hours to generate the data and three weeks of analysis including 400 hours of computing time. ” He and his research teams found a Kras mutation and a PTEN deletion. The patient will be treated with a combination of PI3 kinase inhibitor and mTOR inhibitors. . noted that the context of vulnerability in a patient’s tumor may be in the stroma of a patient’s tumor, not just the tumor cells. When he profiled the 112 tumors in the pilot study, he also looked at the stroma and found the protein SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) that came up in pancreatic cancer, melanoma, and other tumor types. Nab paclitaxel interacts with SPARC and is approved for treatment of women with breast cancer. Phase I/II trials of nab paclitaxel and gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer have shown improvement in survival to more than 12 months, and Phase III trials are now ongoing. “There are many other targets in the stroma, including hyaluronan, Hedgehog pathway, and multiple others,” he said. Finally, Dr. asked, “What do you do when in spite of all the guile and profiling you can muster against a patient’s tumor we have nothing we think will help? But actually we do have something that helps, and that is trying to help.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Bars are mean ± SD, n=3. (E) Immunoblot analysis of cell lysates prepared from neurons treated with CCCP for 6 hr. (F) Immunoblot analysis of cell lysates prepared from neurons treated with rotenone and antimycin-A for 6 hr. (G) Immunoblot analysis of cell lysates prepared from neurons treated with oligomycin or rotenone & antimycin-A for 20 min. (H) Immunoblot analysis of cell lysates prepared from NPCs treated with rapamycin, oligomycin, and rotenone/antimycin-A for 6 hr. (I) Immunoblot analysis of cell lysates prepared from NPCs treated with oligomycin or rotenone & antimycin-A for 20 min. (J) The effect of protein synthesis inhibition on cellular ATP level was examined in 5-week neurons differentiated from human neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) derived from H9 ESCs. Cycloheximide (CHX) was used at 20 µg/ml, and 4E1RCat was used at 50 µM. The treatment was done for 2 hr with CHX and 4E1RCat alone, and for 6 hr when combined with mitochondrial inhibitors with neurons grown in duplicate wells from the same batch of differentiation. (K) Five-week neurons differentiated from human neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) derived from H9 ESCs were treated with vehicle (DMSO) or rotenone & antimycin-A (R&A). Protein synthesis was measured by pulsing for 2 hr with 35S-Cys/Met every 2 hr from 0 to 6 hr, and 35S incorporation into protein and neuronal ATP levels were quantified and normalized to the DMSO-treated controls. Data are mean ± SD, n=3. (L) Five-week neurons differentiated from human neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) derived from H9 ESCs were treated for vehicle (DMSO), rotenone & antimycin-A, rapamycin or both (R&A Rapa) for 4 hr. Protein synthesis was measured by labeling for 2 hr with 35S-Cys/Met from 2 to 4 hr. **p<0. 01, calculated by two-tailed t-test.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, CMIP5 and CMIP6 GCMs project decreases in future blocking frequency in mid-latitudes but increases in high-latitudes in summer due to the poleward shift in blocking activity with global warming (Woollings et al. 2018; Davini and D'Andrea 2020). The changed summer blocking frequency in a future climate could result in a change in summer heatwaves; however, changes in the background state or local feedbacks could counteract this linkage (Seneviratne et al. 2010; Woollings et al. 2018). Connections between blocking and summer heatwaves have been studied over Atlantic-European sector. In particular, influences of blocking on individual mega-heatwave events that occurred over northern Europe and western Russia in 2003 (Fischer et al. 2007) and 2018 (Li et al. 2020) were investigated based on historical reanalysis datasets. Climatological blocking-heatwave linkages for historical and future simulations were also investigated using ensembles of GCMs. For instance, Brunner et al. (2018) found that version 2 (CanESM2) (Arora et al. 2011) reproduces observed blocking-heatwave linkages in simulations for summer over the 1981–2010 historical period; blocking significantly increases heatwave frequency in northern Europe, and the historical blocking-heatwave connection is maintained into the future (2070–2099). Similarly, Schaller et al. (2018) reported that (1) there is a significant correlation between blocking and summer heatwave magnitudes in northern Europe and western Russia for 1979–2015, (2) large ensembles of three GCMs (i. e. , CanESM2, CESM-CAM4, CESM-CAM5) are able to reproduce that connection, and (3) the connection will not change in the future (2070–2099). However, blocking-heatwave connections and abilities of GCMs to reproduce these connections are rarely studied over the Pacific-region from either a historical or future climate change perspective. In an analysis of the for Environmental Prediction-for (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis dataset, Dong et al. (2018) found that a blocking event that persisted over the USA during August 2007 led to a record-breaking heatwave over southeastern USA. Although, changes in summer blocking intensity and persistence in the future have been investigated (Lee et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: modified (GM) foods are items that had their deoxyribsoe nucleic acid (DNA) altered through genetic engineering. Unlike conventional genetic modification that is carried out through time-tested conventional breeding of plants and animals. Combining genes from different organisms is known as recombinant DNA technology (RDT), and the resulting organism is said to be “genetically modified”, “genetically engineered” or “transgenic”. GM products include medicines and vaccines, foods and food ingredients, feeds, and fibers. Apart from the advantages of the GM food consumption, there are also various perils associated it their consumption that may prove a threat to humankind. Keywords: Genetic Modification; Genetic Engineering; Recombinant Technology; The region around the globe under genetically modified (GM) crops shows growth enhancement from 1. 7 million hectares in 1996 to 134 million hectares in 2009. Today, 14 million farmers worldwide have grown GM crops in 25 countries; including 16 developing countries [1]. Nearly fifteen years have passed after the introduction of genetic modifications (GM) in food and new GM food are added to the existing list of foods. Is GM safe for human health? There are still few studies available for the safety related issues along with toxicity studies that must accompany the application of any novel drug for approval by the corresponding drug administration. In the absence of adequate safety studies, the lack of evidence that GM food is unsafe cannot be considered as safe for consumption. Furthermore, if they are not considered safe for human consumption why should they be approved for animals? One has to wonder what will happen if we start consuming food crops contaminated by GM crops containing genes for the production of drugs and industrial chemicals that have never been assessed for their toxicity [2]. Authority and each individual member state have detailed the requirements for a full risk assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed ( In the USA, the Food and Drug Agency, the Agency and the US Department of Agriculture are all involved in the regulatory process for GM crop approval [3]. The controversies of GM are always in debate, but there is always something new to add. Origin of genetically modified 1997 and 1999, gene modification (GM) ingredients suddenly in 2/3rds of all US processed foods. It is allowed, for the first time, the patenting of life forms for commercialization. Since then thousands of applications for experimental GM organisms have been filed with the US patent Office alone, and many abroad.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: (M) Protein synthesis in NPCs derived from H9 ESC treated with rotenone & antimycin-A for 6 hr. Data are mean ± SD, n=3. All the experiments were repeated at least three times. (see associated Figure 1—source data 1). Figure 1—source data 1 Download elife-13378-fig1-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Five-week neurons differentiated from human neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) derived from H9 ESCs were treated for vehicle (DMSO), cycloheximide and 4E1RCat. Protein synthesis was measured by pulsing for 2 hr with 35S-Cys/Met, and 35S incorporation into protein was quantified and normalized to DMSO-treated control. Data are mean ± SD, n=3. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset The glucose concentration in the medium growing 3-week neurons derived from H9 ESCs treated with DMSO and rapamycin for 8 hr were quantified by YSI 2950 metabolite analyzer. Before drug treatment, 1 ml fresh neuronal growth medium was added to neurons grown in duplicated wells of 12-well plate. Glucose used was calculated by minus from glucose in fresh medium. Bars represent mean ± SD. n=3. Figure 2 with 9 supplements Download asset Open asset Established iPSCs and neuroprogenitor cells (NPC) from GM13411, a MILS fibroblast line. (A) T8993G iPSC expressed pluripotency markers that included Tra-1–60, Lin28, Tra-1–81 and Nanog. NPCs derived from T8993G iPSCs were stained with anti-Sox2 and Nestin. (B) T8993G mutation generates a restriction enzyme site. T8993G iPSCs and NPC cells still retained the mutation as confirmed by PCR and digestion. DNA products were separated on agarose gel by electrophoresis. (C) Mitochondrial membrane potential analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using TMRE staining. Two lines of iand neurons derived from BJ fibroblasts and one from H9 hESCs were used as controls (WT).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: 4%)/decade) is projected by CanESM2 ensemble at BR1, while the largest absolute decrease (− 0. 27 day (− 1. 7%)decade) is shown by CanESM5 at BR2. In general, results from CanESM5 are in better agreement with previous findings from CMIP5 and CMIP6 multi-model ensembles (Woollings et al. 2018; Davini and D’Andrea 2020). In these studies, it is suggested that warming leads to a poleward shift in the jet stream and Hadley circulation and an attendant decrease in summer blocking frequency, while the signal over the Pacific area is less clear and robust (compared to Greenland) from both CMIP5 and CMIP6 models (Davini and D’Andrea 2020). 3. 2 Heatwave eventsThe spatial variability in summer heatwave frequency simulated by CanESM2 and CanESM5 is generally consistent with the ERA-Interim and NCEP-DOE-R2 reanalyses (Fig. 2a). Inter-ensemble agreement in the spatial pattern of climatological heatwave frequency is high (spatial correlation of 0. 84), with slightly lower agreement with the reanalyses (spatial correlation of 0. 58 between both ensembles and NCEP-DOE-R2). This suggests that the surface response of the two models to persistence of synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation anomalies and land–atmosphere feedbacks is reasonable (Diro and Sushama 2017). Furthermore, results are in agreement with those reported by Diro and Sushama (2017) in their analysis of heatwaves based on a gridded observation dataset developed using in situ station records. Fig. 2a Summer heatwave days of ERA-Interim, NCEP-DOE-R2, and CanESM2 and CanESM5 ensemble averages (EAs) over for 1981–2010 baseline, and b projected changes of CanESM2 and CanESM5 EAs under the nonstationary threshold condition for 2071–2100 relative to the baseline. Grid points are marked by black dots when ensembles between the baseline and future period are statistically significant based on the two-sample t-test at 10% significant level.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: Tomato known as was the first commercially grown genetically modified whole food, which was made more resistant to rotting by Calgene. The grand releasing of these tomatoes brand was done officially in 1994 to markets without specific labels. 1996, J Sainsbury and (UK) launches Europe’s first genetically modified food product. A variant of the was used by Zeneca to produce tomato paste which was sold in Europe during summer of 1996. Following GM crops included insect resistant cotton and herbicide-tolerant soybeans both of which were commercially available in 1996. In 2003, 99% of the GM food cultivation was contribute by the (63%), Argentina (21%), Canada (6%), Brazil (4%), China (4%), and (1%) and today the grocery manufacturers of America estimate that 75% of all processed foods in the U. S contain a GM ingredient. Between 1995 and 2005, the total surface area of land cultivated with GMOs had increased by a factors of 50, from 17,000 km2 (4. 2 million acres) to 900,000 km2 (222 million acres), of which 55 percent were in Brazil. In the US, by 2006 89% of the planted area of soyabeans, 83% of cotton, and 61% maize were genetically modified varieties. Several techniques exist for the development of GM plants. The commonly employed are the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which is naturally able to transfer DNA to plants, and the “gene gun”, which shoots microscopic p1. 3 billion people are living on less than US dollar 1/day [27] and do not access to food. Most of the farmers can’t afford to irrigate their crops and to make their livings [28]. Genetic engineering is one of the most suitable approaches to combat these problems of the developing countries. Particularly, studies are under way for genetically modified plants to increase crop yields, or to directly improve nutritional content. Enhancing nutritional content The problem of nutrition is not a major issue with the developed countries, as every individual is fulfilling its nutritional requirement. But for the individuals in developing countries, a great concern is required; most of the population of developing nations is undernourished. The people relying on single staple food crop for their energy intake. GM technology inviting a hope to cope up with this drastic issue of malnutrition. “Project” is the finest citation for this technology.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: The relative mitochondrial membrane potential was presented as percentage compared to the mean of control. Bars are mean ± SD, n=3. The experiment was repeated three times. (D) Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) analyzed by FACS using CM-H2DCFDA staining. Two lines of iand neurons derived from BJ fibroblasts and one from H9 hESCs were used as control (WT). The relative ROS level was presented as percentage compared to the mean of control. Bars are mean ± SD, n=3. The experiment was repeated three times. (E) T8993G NPCs and neurons had higher expression of oxidative stress response genes including SOD1, GPX1 and GSS. Two lines of iand neurons derived from BJ fibroblasts and one from H9 hESCs were used as control (WT). The gene expression levels were quantified by real-time PCR after normalization to β-actin. The relative expression level was presented as percentage compared to the mean of control. Bars are mean ± SD, n=3. The experiment was repeated three times. (F, H, J) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measured by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer. FCCP (F) is a mitochondrial uncoupler; rotenone and antimycin A (R&A) are complex I and III inhibitors. Error bars represent SD, n=6. Non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption has been subtracted. The relative percentage of basal and maximum OCR of T8993G iand neurons at 3 weeks of differentiation were calculated by comparing to the mean of BJ and H9 cells (WT). The original data was in Figure 2—figure supplement 9. (G, I, K) Measurement of lactate secreted by iand neurons at 3 weeks of differentiation. The relative percentage of secreted lactate from T8993G iand neurons was calculated by comparing to the mean of BJ and H9 cells. Bars represent mean ± SD. n=3. *p<0. 05. Calculated by two-tailed t-test. The experiments were repeated three times. (see associated Figure 2—source data 1). Figure 2—source data 1 Download elife-13378-fig2-data1-v3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: c Regional averages of heatwave days for ERA-Interim (black dots), NCEP-DOE-R2 (green dots), CanESM2 ensemble (red box-plot), and CanESM5 ensemble (blue box-plot) at the four regions of (and SE) for the baseline, and projections of the two ensembles for future 30-year periods. Unfilled and filled box-plots represent stationary and nonstationary hot day threshold definitions. The four regions are presented in the first panel of (a)Full size imageUnder the stationary hot day definition, the two ensembles show significant increases in heatwave days over all regions of as the future projection horizon increases from the baseline (Fig. 2c). These increases are due to background warming in response to future emissions and the time-invariant hot day threshold, which is determined from the historical baseline period. CanESM5 projects larger increases in the frequency of heatwave days than does CanESM2 (Fig. 2c), in part because CanESM5 has a higher climate sensitivity than CanESM2 and also because of differences in emissions between the SSP5 8. 5 and RCP 8. 5 scenarios (Swart et al. 2019). Under the nonstationary hot day definition, the two ensembles both project small changes in heatwave frequency over by the end of the twenty-first century (Fig. 2b). Climatologically, the average number of hot days per summer remains constant over time as the threshold used to define a hot day is calculated separately for each future period. Therefore, a possible way for the number of heatwaves to increase is for the persistence of heat wave days to increase. While changes are statistically significant at some grid points (Fig. 2b), results are not field significant. Furthermore, changes in regional averages over the four regions of are not significant (Fig. 2c). 3. 3 Linkage between blocking and heatwavesIt should be noted before discussing the blocking-heatwave linkage that blocking cores and associated high-pressure anomalies dominate in the northern parts of blocking regions (higher than 60°N) (Fig. 1a).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: deficiency is widespread in the developing world and is estimated to account for the deaths of approximately 2 million children per year. In surviving children it has been identified as the leading cause of blindness. The strategy of genetic engineering in Project for the Humans is to fulfill the requirement of β-carotene (precursor of vitamin A). In 2003, genetically modified variety of rice has been made [29] having moderate level of β-carotene and since then researchers have produced the much improved variety of rice having more content of β-carotene “2” [30]. It is estimated that 72g of dry 2 will provide 50% of the RDA of vitamin A for a 1-3 year old child. was made by the researchers for the farmers of developing world and will be given to subsistence farmers with no additional conditions. This is serving as a health solution that can be made available with the tool of genetic engineering. Scale up of food production Crops are the major target of parasites, pathogens and herbivorous insects that reduces the yield worldwide [31]. Two examples of commercial GM crop emerging in this area are the insect resistant crops expressing the bt gene (from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis) and virus resistant GM papaya [32, 33]. In USA insect resistant GM maize is successfully cultivated within an area of 10. 6 million hectares and comprises 35% of all maize (GM and non GM) grown in the country. A primary cause of crop yield worldwide is abiotic stress, particularly salinity, drought, and temperature extremes [34]. These basic problems will become chaos for the farmers and requiring the implementation of new technologies for their eradication. Conclusion GM technology is not a magic stick against all problems of the developing world, but it hold a prominent role in the contribution to poverty reduction, better nutrition and health, and sustainable overall development of the mankind. Some of these potential have already materialized. This 147. Mckeon TA (2003) Genetically modified crops for industrial products and processes and their effects on human health. 14: 229-241 (1995) Factors affecting the genetic engineering of plants by microprojectile bombardment. 13: 631-657 (2005) Antibiotic resistance markers in genetically modified plants: a risk to human health. Lancet infect Dis 5: 637-646 Smith JM (2007) Genetic Roulette. Fairfield: 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: A, C and E present the OCR measurement normalized to protein content, while B, D, F show the OCR percentage change after normalization to measurement point 5. FCCP (F) is a chemical uncoupler of electron transport; rotenone and antimycin A (D) are complex I and III inhibitors. Error bars represent SD, n=6. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Shutoff of aerobic glycolysis during neuronal differentiation exposes mitochondrial ATP synthesis deficiency in T8993G MILS neurons. (A) Relative ATP level of T8993G compared to healthy control (BJ, H9 hESC) in iand neurons. The relative percentage of ATP levels in T8993G was calculated by comparing to the mean of control cells respectively. Bars are mean ± SD, n=3. *p<0. 05. Calculated by two-tailed t-test. Immunoblot analysis of AMPK Thr172 and ACC Ser79 phosphorylation in cell lysates prepared from primary fibroblasts, iand neurons. (B) Cellular ATP level and secreted lactate from H9 NPCs and neurons treated with DMSO and oligomycin for 6 hr. The relative percentage of ATP levels was calculated by comparing to the mean of DMSO-treated cells respectively. Bars are mean ± SD, n=3. (C) Immunoblot analysis of representative enzymes in glycolysis, TCA and mitochondrial respiratory complexes in BJ and T8993G NPCs and neurons. 20 µg protein lysate from each sample were loaded for SDS-PAGE. (D) Measurement of lactate secreted by NPCs and neurons derived from human BJ iPSCs at 3 weeks. NPC and differentiated neurons at 3 weeks were incubated in fresh medium for 12 hr, and lactate in the medium is quantified. Bars represent mean ± SD of the absolute concentration of lactate after normalized to protein content. n=3. All the experiments were repeated at least three times. (see associated Figure 3—source data 1). Figure 3—source data 1 Download elife-13378-fig3-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 4 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Degenerative phenotype of T8993G MILS neurons.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: For the 1981–2010 period, ERA-Interim and NCEP-DOE-R2 display statistically significant connections (tested, as before, by bootstrap resampling at a 10% significance level) between blocking and above-normal heatwave frequency in the northern parts of blocking regions where the blocking cores are dominant, as well as their eastern and/or western sides (Fig. 3a for blocking events at selected regions BR2 and BR3). In particular, based on the reanalyses, about 76% of heatwave events in the NW region occur at the same time as a co-located blocking event over northern North America. Meanwhile, the reanalyses show a statistically significant relationship between blocking and below-normal heatwave frequency at remote locations on the southeastern and/or southern flanks away from the blocking cores (i. e. , the northern parts of the blocking regions). These warm/cold temperature anomalies are mainly due to the location (and extent) of the blocking events and their changes from warm to cold seasons (Wazneh et al. 2021), while cold air advection anomalies on the eastern-side and downstream (i. e. , clockwise) from anti-cyclonic blocking episodes could result in the blow-normal frequency anomalies (Pfahl and Wernli 2012; Whan et al. 2016). Fig. 3a Summer heatwave frequency anomaly of ERA-Interim, NCEP-DOE-R2, and CanESM2 and CanESM5 ensemble averages (EAs) over when blocking occurs in BR2 (first column) and BR3 (second column) for 1981–2010 baseline as well as b those of CanESM2 and CanESM5 EAs for 2071–2100 period. Black dots of ERA-Interim and NCEP-DOE-R2 represent statistical significance at the 10% significant level tested by bootstrap approach. Larger dot size of CanESM2 and CanESM5 ensembles represents larger number of ensemble members yield statistical significance (percentages of the number are defined in the legend)Full size imageThe two ensembles generally agree with the two reanalyses in terms of the spatial patterns of the blocking-heatwave linkage, although they overestimate the above-normal heatwave frequency in the NW region during blocking occurring from BR2 to BR4 (Fig. 4).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: Hill AB (1965) The environmental and disease: association or causation? Proceeding of the of Medicine 58: 295-300. ( 2008) Intestinal and peripheral immune response to MON 810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice. J Chem. 56(23): 11533-11539. (1999) E Genetic engineering of crops as potential source of genetic hazard in the human diet. 443: 223-234. (1993) Contaminants in L-tryptophan associated with eosinophilia myalgia syndrome. 25: 134-142. (2004) Concluding remarks. Toxicol 42: 1195-1202. (2007) Histological, digestive, metabolic, hormonal and some immune factor responses in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. fed genetically modified soybeans. J 30:65-79. Adams NR (1995) Detection of the effects of phytoestrogens on sheep and cattle. J 73: 1509-1515. (2000) Scientists avert new GMO crisis. 18: 13. Paparini A, Romano-(2004) Public health issues related with the consumption of food obtained from genetically modified organism. Rev 10: 85-122. Paparini A, Romano-(2006) Gene transfer and cauliflower mosaic virus promoter 35S activity in mammalian cells. J 41: 437-449. (2009) Transgenic multivitamin corn through biofortification of endosperm with three vitamins representing three distinct metabolic pathways. 106(19): 7762-7767. Richards HA, Chung- (2003) Safety assessment of recombinant green fluorescent protein orally administered to weaned rats nutrient interactions and toxicity. J Nutr 133: 1909-1912. (2003) Determining whether transgenic and endogenous plant DNA transgenic protein are detectable in muscle from swine fed soybean meal. J 81: 1447-1455. . (1997) Foreign (M13) DNA ingested by mice reaches peripheral leukocytes, spleen, liver via the intestinal wall mucosa can be covalently linked to mouse DNA. 94: 961-966. Beever DE, Kemp (2000) F. Safety issues associated with the DNA in animal feed derived from genetically modified crops. A review of scientific and regulatory procedures. Revs 70: 197-204. nad Nap JP (2003) The release of genetically modified crops into the environment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: (A) Phase contrast photo of T8993G and BJ neurons at 8 weeks of differentiation. Scale bar, 20µm. (B) The percentage of neuronal processes containing neuritic beads was quantified by counting 20 neuronal processes for T8993G, BJ and H9 neurons as control. Bars are mean ± SD, n=3. *p<0. 05 calculated by two-tailed t-test. (C) T8993G neurons differentiated at 3 and 8 weeks still retained the original high T8893G mutation load as confirmed by PCR and digestion. DNA products were separated on an agarose gel by electrophoresis. (D) Glutamate-induced toxicity test. Eight-week T8993G and BJ neurons containing DCX promoter-driven GFP were treated with 100 µM glutamate in neuron growth medium. (E) To quantify the extent of neuronal process collapse, the number of discernible neuronal processes in a fixed photo area (350x350 pixel) were counted at time points of 0, 3, and 6 hr. Bars are mean ± SD, n=3. *p<0. 05 calculated by two-tailed t-test. (F) Neuritic beads, indicated by white arrows, formed along the axons. (G) Cellular ATP of 8-week T8993G and BJ neurons treated with 100 µM glutamate. The relative percentage of ATP level was calculated by comparing to the mean of 0 hr cells respectively. Bars are mean ± SD, n=3. (H) BJ neurons containing DCX promoter-driven GFP were treated with oligomycin and glutamate in neuron growth medium for 6 hr. (I) Quantification of the extent of neuronal process collapse. (J) Measurement of ATP level. The relative percentage of ATP level was calculated by comparing to the mean of untreated BJ neurons respectively. Bars are mean ± SD, n=3. All the experiments were repeated at least three times. (see associated Figure 4—source data 1). Figure 4—source data 1 Download elife-13378-fig4-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) analysis by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer on neurons treated with Oligomycin.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: CanESM2 overestimates more than CanESM5, particularly on the southern flanks away from blocking cores (Fig. 3a). Overestimation by the two models may be partly due to over-representation of positive surface radiation anomalies with clear-sky conditions and/or warm temperature advection from the south/east flanks of the blocking events, with other contributing factors including different model configurations and coupling strategies (Swart et al. 2019). The two models also overestimate below-normal heatwave frequency at remote locations on the eastern and southern flanks away from the blocking cores, possibly due to over-representation of negative temperature advection anomalies during blocking events as described in the following section and from potential problems in reproducing meridional wind and storm track features at the east side of the blocking events (Poan et al. 2018). Warm anomalies patterns in eastern Canada have a weak linkage with blocking located over the BR3 or BR4 region, but rather from eastern oceanic areas and/or the Greenland sea (Pfahl and Wernli 2012; Wazneh et al. 2021). Consequently, the two reanalyses generally show insignificant or weak positive linkages between heatwaves of eastern Canada and blocking of B3 and B4, while the CanESM ensembles tend to overestimate the linkages over the baseline period. Fig. 4Regional averages of the heatwave frequency anomaly of ERA-Interim (black dots), NCEP-DOE-R2 (green dots), CanESM2 ensemble (red box-plot), and CanESM5 ensemble (blue box-plot) in the four regions of when blocking occurs in regions BR1-BR4 for the baseline, and projections of the two ensembles for 2071–2100 future periodFull size imageInvestigation of changes in the blocking-heatwave linkage with climate change is difficult when using the stationary hot day definition due to the significant increase in future heatwave frequency in a warming climate (Fig. 2c). Under the nonstationary hot day threshold, CanESM5 generally simulates similar behavior in the baseline and future periods for both the spatial patterns and regional averages of heatwave frequency anomalies on blocking days (Figs. 3b and 4).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wave energy converters capture energy from surface ocean waves. [SEP] Text: Modelling based on linear diffraction coefficients for added mass, radiation damping and excitation for all relevant modes will provide an efficient approach in the frequency or time domain, but an effective drag coefficient dependent on wave height and possibly period is needed to calibrate against experiment. The effect of viscosity on added mass also needs calibrating and there may be an effect on radiation damping. This modelling is thus a valuable adjunct to experiments for fast optimisation, but is of limited value in isolation. Viscous effects are included in full Navier–Stokes solvers with a free surface, typically RANS solvers in the volume of fluid (VOF) method. Such methods with a complex fluid mesh are exceptionally demanding computationally and subtle effects of boundary layer separation with turbulence which affect drag are very difficult to predict accurately. Nevertheless, further investigation through this type of modelling would be beneficial. While further geometric optimisation is desirable, the optimisation and design of the power take-off (PTO) is expected to be of greater importance. This is actually very difficult to achieve physically at small scale and here a calibrated mathematical model is desirable to couple with algorithms for hydraulic control (based on proven hydraulic systems) to enhance and smooth power output. For an offshore site with a known wave climate, the characterisation of the system in terms of capture width enables annual energy yield to be readily determined. While we are concerned with capture width, the device cost per MW capacity and levelised cost of energy determine practical viability. A simple preliminary economic analysis (Stansby et al. 2014) indicates that capital costs could be comparable to target costs for this stage of development given in (2010); this is competitive with offshore wind energy and without the associated environmental intrusion. 7 ConclusionsA three-float line absorber M4 has been proposed with float spacing of about half a wavelength to give anti-phase forcing between adjacent floats with excitation in heave, pitch and surge. The float size in terms of both diameter and draft increases from bow to stern, facilitating alignment of the line absorber with the wave direction. The heave resonance periods on mid and stern float are different to optimise power capture for a range of wave periods and the mid float diameter is sized to give maximum power output (based on an idealised heave analysis). Anti-phase surge forcing on mid and stern floats is significant, although without a hydrostatic restoring force for resonance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: By measuring the basal OCRs with different concentration of oligomycin, 40 nM was found to partially inhibit ATP synthase Figure 4—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Effect of AICAR on neuron differentiation. AICAR (2 mM) treatment started from day 2 of BJ neuron differentiation, and DMSO as control. The photo shows neurons after 6 days of treatment. (B) AICAR (2 mM) was added to 6-week BJ neurons. Two days of AICAR treatment led to extensive cell death. Figure 4—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Effect of AICAR on 6-week differentiated neurons. AICAR (2 mM) was added to 6-week BJ neurons. Two days of AICAR treatment led to extensive cell death. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Rapamycin treatment alleviates ATP deficiency and aberrant AMPK activation in T8993G MILS neurons. (A) Immunoblot analysis of phosphorylation of ribosomal S6, S6K and mTOR in 3-week neurons and NPCs. (B) Effect of rapamycin on ATP level was examined in T8993G neurons. Five-week T8993G neurons were treated with rapamycin (20 nM) and DMSO for 6 hr. The relative ATP levels of rapamycin-treated neurons were calculated as a percentage compared to the mean of DMSO-treated T8993G neurons. Bars are mean ± SD, n=3. *p<0. 05 calculated by two-tailed t-test. AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation was examined by immunoblot analysis and quantified. (C) Five-week neurons differentiated from BJ and T8993G NPCs were used to measure protein synthesis rate. Protein synthesis are pulsed for 2 hr with 35S-Cys/Met. 35S incorporation into protein were quantified and normalized to the total protein. Data are mean ± SD, n=3. (D) The effect of rapamycin on glutamate-induced toxicity test. Eight-week T8993G neurons containing DCX promoter-driven GFP were treated with 100 µM glutamate in neuron growth medium with rapamycin (20 nM) or DMSO.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: This is consistent with the finding for the Euro-Atlantic sector that blocking will continue to play an important role in the development of summer heatwaves in the future under the nonstationary threshold condition (Brunner et al. 2018). CanESM2 also projects the persistence of the baseline behavior into the future period for the blocking-heatwave linkage; however, it suggests large increases in regional averages of the linkage between blocking in BR3 and above-normal heatwave frequency in the NW, NE, and SW regions (Fig. 4). Notably, this is the region where blocking frequency in CanESM2 is significantly negatively biased in the baseline period (by − 55% compared to NCEP-DOE-R2). These large increases in CanESM2 are due to increases in the area of above-normal heatwave frequency over middle to northern latitude regions (> 45°N) for the future period (Fig. 3b) relative to the baseline. 3. 4 Atmosphere circulation and surface variablesCompared with the reanalyses, the two climate models simulate similar spatial patterns of positive anomalies of net surface heat flux during blocking over the northern parts of the blocking regions (i. e. , the preferred locations for blocking occurrence in Fig. 1a), as well as their eastern and western sides (Fig. 5a). This agreement indicates that the two models reproduce positive surface radiation anomalies resulting from anti-cyclonic high-pressure and clear-sky conditions during blocking, particularly in the blocking core and surrounding areas (Pfahl and Wernli 2012). The positive heat flux anomaly is spatially coincident with the above-normal heatwave frequency for each ensemble and reanalysis (Fig. 3a), indicating that surface radiation anomalies during blocking are the main driver of northern heatwaves. In addition, diabatic fluxes from sensible heat can also contribute to summer heatwave as deficit of precipitation reduces the evaporation rate and its associated surface cooling. The coupling with soil moisture may also be important. In particular, the positive anomaly of solar radiation that amplifies surface evaporation and the negative anomaly of precipitation associated with blocking causes a gradual depletion of soil moisture, which can result in larger sensible heat fluxes from the surface into the atmosphere (Pfahl and Wernli 2012).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: The basic power generation principle is the same as that of the existing cycle (ORC), but some working fluid is branched at the condenser outlet (after the boosting pump) before passing through the heat exchanger, exchanging heat with the used heat source and (partially) vaporizing it into the working part of the ejector. At this time, some vaporized working fluid serves to smooth the traction of the fluid at the ejector intake, and increases the volume of the working gas (gaseous phase of the working fluid) drawn into the ejector. The efficiency of the system varies with the dryness, optimization focuses on phase transformation. In the EPX and DEPX cycles, the actuating heat exchanger introduces a heat source with a reduced temperature after evaporating the working fluid. A low-pressure atmosphere is formed at the suction part by the traction force of the working fluid introduced into the ejector operating part, thereby reducing the pressure at the turbine outlet and obtaining more power generation at the same flow rate than in the basic cycle. The remaining fluid—branched out of the condenser—exits the evaporator, driving the turbine and entering the ejector. Figure 7. Schematic of novel OTEC cycle using ejector: (a) EPX, (b) DEPX-ORC, (c) cascade DEP. Figure 7(b) is a schematic diagram of the dual ejector pump and heat exchanger (DEPX)-ORC with a dual ejector pump and an actuator evaporator. The basic principle of DEPX is the same as that of EPX, but in DEPX-ORC, the working fluid splits into two branches after the operation of the actuating pump, and some of it passes through the actuating evaporator, as in the EPX cycle, and then enters the actuating part of the primary ejector and pulling the fluid out of the turbine. The EPX and DEPX cycles have the same system analysis and calculation principles as the EP-OTEC cycle, and both cycles contain an additional heat source called “actuating evaporator. ” Therefore, Eq. (11) expresses the amount of working fluid, branched by the P-h diagram and partial evaporation added by the amount of enthalpy before and after working-part evaporation, as shown in Figure 7(b).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: To quantify the extent of neuronal process collapse, the number of discernible neuronal processes in a fixed photo area (350x350 pixel) were counted at time points of 0 hr and 6 hr. Bar are mean ± SD, n=3. *p<0. 05 calculated by two-tailed t-test. (E) Immunoblot analysis of phosphorylation of ribosomal AMPK, S6, S6K and mTOR in 3-week neurons and NPCs depleting of ATP5A1. Control (Ctl) lysate were from cells infected with scramble shRNA. (F) Three-weeks ATP5A1-depleting BJ neurons containing DCX promoter-driven GFP. Neurons were infected with lenti-sh5A1 and scramble shRNA from day 2 of differentiation. Relative ATP levels were quantified after normalized to protein content. Data are mean ± SD, n=3. (G) Three-weeks ATP5A1-depleted BJ neurons containing DCX promoter-driven GFP treated with DMSO, rapamycin and cycloheximide (200 ng/ml) for 12 hr. (H) Quantification of beaded neuronal process. (I) Measurement of ATP level. All the experiments were repeated at least three times. (see associated Figure 5—source data 1). Figure 5—source data 1 Download elife-13378-fig5-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Metabolite profiling of amino acids, TCA and glycolysis intermediates. (A) Metabolites measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The metabolites were extracted from 3-week T8993G and control including two BJ and one H9 neurons. Relative cellular amino acids were shown. Bar are mean ± SD, n=3. (B) Metabolites of glycolysis and TCA reactions. The relative amount of metabolites in T8993G neurons was presented as percentage compared to the mean of control. Bar are mean ± SD, n=3. (C) A simplified metabolic flow diagram of glycolysis and the TCA cycle.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: Black dots of ERA-Interim and NCEP-DOE-R2 represent statistical significance at the 10% significant level tested by bootstrap approach. Larger dot size of CanESM2 and CanESM5 ensembles represents larger number of ensemble members yield statistical significance (percentages of the number are defined in the legend)Full size imageIn the 2071–2100 period, CanESM5 projects similar spatial patterns of temperature advection and net surface heat flux anomalies during blocking as in the baseline period (Figs. 5b and d). Similar spatial behavior in the two variables supports similar spatial patterns in the linkage between blocking and heatwave frequency anomalies of CanESM5 under the nonstationary threshold condition in the two periods (Fig. 3). However, CanESM2 projects an increase in positive net heat flux anomalies at southern parts of blocking in region BR3. This leads to overestimation of above-normal heatwave frequency as shown in Figs. 3b and 4. CanESM2 also projects an increase in positive temperature advection anomalies at the southern flank of blocking region BR3, which is driven by southerly wind anomalies and contributes to the increase in future heatwave frequency anomalies. Meanwhile, CanESM5 projects similar spatial patterns of geopotential thickness and precipitation anomalies during blocking in the 2071–2100 and baseline periods (Figs. 6b and d), again supporting the similar spatial patterns in the blocking-heatwave linkage in the two periods. CanESM2, however, projects an increase in geopotential thickness anomalies as well as a decrease in precipitation amount anomalies at the southern parts of the blocking cores in BR3; this also supports the large increases in future above-normal heatwave frequency simulated by CanESM2 during the blocking events. 4 Summary and discussionThe goals of this study are to elucidate the climatological relationships between blocking and summer (June–August) heatwaves over North America, which have been rarely studied before, using two reanalysis datasets (ERA-Interim and NCEP-DOE-R2), and to evaluate the ability of two generations of (i. e. , CanESM2 and CanESM5) to replicate the observed relationships.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean energy technologies are emerging as renewable sources in coastal areas. [SEP] Text: Although considerable technical advances have been made in extracting energy from ocean waves, tides, temperature gradient, current, and salinity gradient, there is reluctance in moving forward with projects by the international community. Perhaps, the reasons are that in each device, there are technical and environmental problems and the amount of energy produced in each category cannot address the entire nation’s energy problem. 1. Committee on the Advancement of OTEC for Hawaii. OTEC for Oahu, A Report on the Development of a for at Kahe Point,Oahu, Hawaii, February, 1980. 1980. 2. Behrens, D. W, Champ, M. A (editors). (“A of the Development of Technologies,”, Proceedings of the Ocean ‘89 Symposium, 1989. 3. Bernstein, L. B. (Problem of the Use of and the 1969. 4. Bernstein, L. B. (Power Plant, Symposium on Structures, Tbilisi, 1972. 5. Budal, K, Falnes, J. (A Absorber of Power, Nature, August 1975, 1975. 6. Carmichael, D. A, Falnes, J. (State of the Art in : of the Art, of Civil Engineers, 1992. 7. Carmichael, D. A, Feher, S. J. (of of Civil Engineers, 1992. 8. Compendium of Energy Activities. prepared by. 1988. 9. Cotillon, J. (La Rance: of Operating a in France, Water Power, 1974. 10. Count, B (Editor). (Power from Sea Waves, Academic Press, 1980. 11. Delory, R. P. (“Station,”, Proceedings of Water for Energy Conference, May 1986, 1986. 12. Department of Energy. Barrage Project: General Report, Number 57, London. 1989. 13. Gray, T. L, Gashus, O. K. (Tidal Power, Plenum, New York, 1972). 10. 1007/978-1-4613-4592-3. 14. Hagerman, G. (Economics of of Civil Engineers, 1992. 15. Hagerman, G. M, Heller, T. (Wave Energy: A Survey of Twelve near-term Technologies, Proceedings of the 18-24, 1988, 1988.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: When we add a long list of numbers in our heads, we must keep track of the running total while performing the individual summations. Neural circuits integrating information must similarly retain a representation of what has been gathered up to a given point in time, so that this can be augmented by further information as it becomes available. Integration, the task of summing and accumulating a series of inputs, involves both computation (addition) and memory (retention of the sum). Models of neural circuits performing integration suggest that the memory part of the task is the more challenging to accomplish and difficult to understand. There is considerable experimental evidence supporting the ability of neural circuits to act as integrators in tasks such as target selection (Schall and Thompson 1999), sensory discrimination (Gold and Shadlen 2000), and oculomotor control (Robinson 1989). The oculomotor system is the subject of a theoretical study by Seung, Lee, Reis, and Tank appearing in this issue of Neuron (Seung et al. 2000). Neurons in the prepositus hypoglossi and medial vestibular nucleus of the mammalian oculomotor system, and in an analogous oculomotor circuit of the goldfish modeled by Seung et al. , maintain, in their persistent activity, a memory trace of the horizontal position of the eyes. This information is obtained by integrating the transient outputs of burst neurons that signal changes in eye position. Brief pulses from the burst neurons shift the activity of the integrator neurons either upward or downward, and that activity is maintained between burst discharges as in the upper trace of the figure. Following a path set by earlier work (Robinson 1989; Seung 1996), Seung et al. show that integration can be achieved in a network of relatively realistic spiking model neurons. The sustained activity seen in the oculomotor integrator, like that shown in the figure, provides a representation of the running integral of the burst neuron inputs. Similar types of sustained activity have been seen in a number of brain areas in monkeys doing tasks that require short-term memory of transient stimuli (Fuster 1995). They have been interpreted in this context as a neural correlate of working memory (Goldman-Rakic 1994; Fuster 1995). Therefore, the question of what sustains this activity is important for understanding not only neural integrators, but potential mechanisms of short-term memory as well.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, this study attempts to improve understanding of coincident and remote relationships between blocking and heatwaves using relevant atmosphere circulation and surface variables, including surface heat fluxes, temperature advection, and surface precipitation. Finally, changes in blocking-heatwave linkages in a future warming climate, which have been studied over the Euro-Atlantic sector (e. g. , Brunner et al. 2018; Schaller et al. 2018), are evaluated over the for the first time. The comparisons between the two climate models and reanalyses for the 1981–2010 baseline period show that summer high latitude blocking occurs more frequently over the north Pacific, Alaska, and western Canada than central and eastern Canada, as well as at high latitudes (60–70°N) with a systematic misplacement of the two ensembles for the blocking activity from the Alaska toward the continent. The two models, however, underestimate summer blocking frequency over those regions (on average by − 37% for CanESM2 and − 36% for CanESM5 relative to NCEP-DOE-R2), while CanESM2 ensemble also underestimates the frequency in central and eastern Canada (by − 36% relative to NCEP-DOE-R2). Underestimation by the two climate models is in line with previous findings based on reanalyses and CMIP5 and CMIP6 GCMs (e. g. , Woollings et al. 2018; Davini and D’Andrea 2020). The two climate models and reanalyses generally agree in terms of spatial variability of summer heatwave frequency, for example showing larger values over western and southeastern North America, which is also consistent with results based on a gridded observation dataset (Diro and Sushama 2017). The two climate models and reanalyses generally agree in terms of blocking-heatwave relationships, with above-normal heatwave frequency at co-located blocking cores and surroundings areas (i. e. , high-latitudes 60–70°N), but below-normal heatwave frequency occurring at remote locations along the southeastern and/or southern flanks away from the blocking cores.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Ocean energy technologies are emerging as renewable sources in coastal areas. [SEP] Text: Regarding wind power generation, Brazil’s installed wind power capacity is concentrated in three main regions: the Northeast Coast, being do Norte, Ceará, and Piauí states; Bahia, which also comprises the interior of Pernambuco state; and do Sul, which accounts for more than 90% of the entire installed wind farms in the country. According to reference [5], the average statistics regarding these generation parks are summarized in Table 2. BasinsEnergy index (W/m2)Production index (kWavg/machine)Wind generatorsAverage power (kW)Average height (m)Northeast Coast345. 4860. 9193487. 6Bahia471. 3812. 1171583. 5do Sul329. 3660. 2200082. 0Table 2. Main eolic regions in Brazil. The energy generated on the coverage area of the turbines is a very important characteristic because the catchment area is closely linked with the wind regime of the region. Another factor that should be considered is that the average height of generators is above 80 m in height, which provides monumental landscapes from the wind farms and costly installation. The need for such high turbines comes from deep investigations concerning the system of winds. If such requirement is not attended the wind potential is not entirely availed. The wind behavior in Brazil has been studied since the 1970s, showing a prospective scenario for this type of energy generation in the country. The "Atlas of the potential of Brazilian Wind" [6] pointed out that by the end of the 1980s, with measurements up to 10 m tall, trends in wind speeds of 5 and 6 m/s could be considered along coastal and inland areas that have favorable topography and roughness. In the next decades, following the global trend of deploying wind power on a large scale, new studies have emerged in Brazil, made by several companies in the electricity sector promoting feasibility reports of towers of 30–50 m in height. The government of Ceará state in 2001, for example, published an Atlas of the Wind power generation potential of the state, pointing generation capabilities with average wind speeds of around 7 m/s using towers of 70 m. Therefore, it is possible to affirm that Brazil has great potential for deploying solar and wind power stations, especially large-scale projects, which are already being conducted. The high importance of these projects is, in part, justified by two reasons.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: An idea going back to Hebb 1949 is that a persistent response to a transient input can be generated when feedback input from other neurons within an integrator or memory circuit substitutes for the transient external drive (Amit 1989). For this mechanism to work, the recurrent connections within the circuit must provide each neuron with exactly what it needs to maintain an appropriate level of activity. This requirement is particularly stringent in an integrator circuit, as opposed to an associative memory network (Amit 1989), because the integrator must be capable of sustaining activity at virtually any level to represent all values of the quantity being integrated. Not surprisingly, this requires some fine tuning. If neurons in the circuit receive slightly too much input from each other during the sustained period, network activity will rise, creating even more input. This can lead to uncontrolled growth of activity. If the recurrent excitation is too weak, the network will fail to sustain itself, and activity will decline to zero. The presence of inhibitory input shifts the point at which sustained firing occurs, but it does not alleviate the fine-tuning problem. The goldfish oculomotor circuit being modeled by Seung et al. is not a perfect integrator, but it is remarkably good. The level of activity during sustained periods drifts with a time constant greater than 10 s. The time scale for the retention of activity in the absence of finely tuned recurrent excitation in the model of Seung et al. is roughly equal to the decay time of its excitatory synaptic conductances. This is set to 100 ms, similar to the decay time of NMDA conductances, which is obviously much shorter than the required 10 s. Increasing the decay time for self-sustained activity from 100 ms to greater than 10 s requires adjusting the network interactions to an accuracy better than 1%. Seung et al. achieved this fine tuning by performing a least-squares fit of the recurrent input generated by the circuit to the required input. Such a calculation is difficult in the type of spiking, conductance-based model they use. They therefore constructed an approximate description of their model in terms of firing rates and average synaptic inputs, and performed the matching calculation within the firing rate model. The firing rate model provides an accurate enough description of the spiking model that this procedure worked. This is a reassuring result for neural modelers who flip between spiking and firing rate descriptions of neural circuits in the belief that the two are in agreement.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change has contributed to more frequent and intense heatwaves. [SEP] Text: Positive heat flux anomalies at blocking cores and surroundings due to high-pressure system, and negative temperature advection anomalies at remote eastern and southern locations due to northerly/easterly wind anomalies during blocking, result in the above-normal and below-normal heatwave frequencies, respectively. Projected changes in summer blocking frequency from the 1981–2010 baseline period to 2071–2100 in the two climate models are relatively small compared to internal variability, with the range of absolute changes ranging from + 0. 40 day (+ 2. 4%) to − 0. 27 day (− 1. 7%) per decade (Fig. 1c). Projections from CanESM5 are generally in better agreement than CanESM2 with previous findings (Woollings et al. 2018) that show a poleward-shifted jet-stream and Hadley circulation in a warming climate leading to decreases in summer blocking frequency. Under nonstationary threshold definition, the two ensembles project very small changes in heatwave days over (smaller than ± 1%/decade in regional averages at four sub-regions). CanESM5 generally simulates similar behavior in the baseline and 2071–2100 periods for spatial distribution as well as regional averages of the blocking-heatwave linkage under the nonstationary threshold condition. This is consistent with the finding over Euro-Atlantic sector that blocking will continue to play an important role in the development of summer heatwaves in the future under the nonstationary threshold condition (Brunner et al. 2018). However, CanESM2 simulates large increases in the linkage between blocking and above-normal heatwave frequency over northern and southwestern regions of during blocking events in central Canada. These changes in the blocking-heatwave linkage simulated by CanESM2 can be explained by changes in anomalies of surface heat flux, temperature advection, and surface precipitation during blocking events. RCP 8. 5/SSP5 8. 5 is recently considered unrealistically high-emission scenarios (e. g. , Ritchie and Dowlatabadi 2017; Hausfather and Peters 2020). The main features in the projected linkages between blocking and summer heatwave under a lower emission scenario could be in the range of the projections of this study, given the monotonic changes in the frequencies of blocking and summer heatwaves in response to increase in emission concentrations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Wave energy devices work efficiently in any part of the ocean. [SEP] Text: AbstractUnderstanding the hydrodynamics of waves and the wave energy resource is fundamental to the good design of wave energy converters. The wave energy resource can be defined by its temporal, directional and spectral characteristics, although many representations of the wave energy resource result in the removal of this information, with a consequential distortion of the apparent resource. This 10. 1007/978-3-319-39889-1_11 You have full access to this open access 3. 1 Introduction to Ocean WavesNobody who has spent time looking at the waves from the beach and seen the damage that they can cause to coastal structures can doubt that they can contain large amounts of energy. However, to convert this wave energy resource into a useable form requires an understanding of its characteristics. Of course, the wave energy industry is not the first industry that has had the need to understand and characterise ocean waves; however, it is important to recognise that the required ocean wave characteristics for wave energy converters are somewhat different from the typical characteristics used for other industries. 3. 1. 1 Origin of Ocean WavesA combination of a variety of different disturbing and restoring forces can create the waves on the ocean surface, as shown in Fig. 3. 1. Thus, in general terms, tides could be considered as very long period waves and disturbances such as earthquakes that cause tsunamis could also legitimately be called waves. However, the waves that are exploited by wave energy converters are generally generated by wind blowing across the surface of the ocean. Fig. 3. 1The types of waves that may occur in the ocean [1]Full size image If the process of waves generated by the wind is considered in greater detail, the waves always start as small ripples, but increase in size due to the sustained energy input from the wind. Provided that the wind continues to blow then the waves reach a limit, beyond which they do not grow due to energy losses such as white-capping balancing out the energy input from the wind. In this case the waves are considered to be fully developed. Whether or not a sea is fully developed will depend on both the wind speed and also the distance, or fetch, over which the wind has been blowing. However, when the wind stops blowing the waves will continue to exist and can travel for very large distances with virtually no loss of energy. In this state, they are typically called swell waves because the wind responsible for their generation is no longer present. Figure 3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: The final spiking model of the goldfish oculomotor integrator is sufficiently realistic to allow detailed comparison with experimental results. This should prove extremely valuable in the impressive ongoing combined theory and experimental investigation of this system being conducted by Seung, Tank, and their collaborators. Related results have been obtained in studies of sustained activity during working memory. et al. used a function matching approach, fine tuning in a spiking model of sustained activity has also been achieved by imposing a symmetry on the synaptic connections of a network (Compte et al. 2000). Symmetry, like function matching, assures that the network has the approximately continuous series of self-sustaining states needed to represent virtually any value of the quantity being integrated. Wang 1999 also noted the importance of using slow, NMDA-type synapses in these circuits to stabilize sustained activity. The paper of Seung et al. shows that a spiking model integrator can work if: (1) excitatory synaptic conductances are slow, with dynamics resembling NMDA conductances, and (2) synaptic parameters are tuned to a sufficient degree of accuracy. Point 1 makes testable predictions. If excitatory transmission is glutamaturgic, we would expect an abundance of NMDA-mediated synaptic transmission in integrator or persistent-memory circuits. Blocking this transmission should significantly degrade their function. Point 2 raises a number of interesting questions that will undoubtedly be addressed in future theoretical and experimental work. Do integrator circuits really have parameters tuned to a sufficient degree of accuracy? Do they make use of activity-dependent adjustment mechanisms that do the fine tuning automatically (Arnold and Robinson 1992; Seung 1996)? Or do integrators operate by a completely different principle, for example through intrinsic properties of the integrator neurons such as regenerative plateau potentials? The construction of reasonably realistic models that act as neural integrators does not answer these questions, but it is a significant advance nonetheless, because it tells us that they are the right questions to ask, and it provides a framework for proposing and interpreting future experiments. For example, the first two questions might be addressed by experiments that perturb synaptic strength and probe for resulting plasticity, while intracellular recordings could investigate the third. Addressing the issue of stability of a neural integrator is important, even for researchers not interested in integrator circuits per se.

Output: pass