Input: Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: In our study, we tested teens’ creative thinking and problem-solving skills before and after an activity that was aimed at promoting their creativity. This way, we could check whether the creativity training improved their creative thinking and problem-solving skills. The problem-solving activity was done in an online learning environment. The participants were asked to lead a virtual astronaut through several tasks to get her to her destination. In each task, participants were presented with a path the astronaut should follow and with a pool of blocks that each represent a certain action, like “move forward” or “turn right. ” The blocks could be dragged and connected like Lego bricks to construct a sequence of actions. For example, if a participant wanted the astronaut to go one step forward and then turn right, they used a “move forward” block connected to a “turn right” block (Figure 2). We tested how well participants solved these problems by measuring the time it took them and the number of tries they needed to complete the tasks. The creative thinking test we gave them was just like the one we described above, with 12 empty circles. Figure 2 - A task from the online learning environment that we used in our study, and its solution. Participants had to put together steps to guide the astronaut through the path to her destination. We measured how many attempts it took participants until solving this task, how much time did it take then, and how original were their solutions. Then, we gave some participants a special activity, called an intervention, for nurturing their creativity. This involved one 15-min meeting per week for 10 weeks. In each meeting, we presented the participants with pictures of everyday objects—like a paper cup, ruler, car wheel, basketball, etc. —and for each object, we asked participants to write down as many uses as they could think of (Figure 3). They worked independently, so no one could see or hear what the others wrote, and we recorded their responses anonymously. Once in a few intervention sessions, we shared with them interesting uses that were mentioned by the group. This way, we helped them to practice thinking creatively. We also had a control group made up of a group of participants that did not take part in this intervention. Using a control group allows to test whether the results of the experiment replicate with no intervention.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: The WCL is not sufficient on its own to ensure the viability of the Park (NNP) ecosystem, and it must be complemented with other tools, including conservation easements, predator compensation schemes, and land use regulations among other. The WLC is particularly essential for the protection of the wildlife rich area nearest to the open southern border of the Park in Triangle I, and the wildebeest calving zones located in Triangle 11 of the Athi(AKP). Social and economic benefits The WCL is a source of cash income diversification that is critical for pastoralists especially during drought periods when it helps buffer pastoral families from increased poverty. The WCL has contributed to financial supporting the education of the Maasai youth helping build critical human capital for the future. The WCL has also contributed towards gender empowerment of the Maasai women within families that are benefiting directly from the initiative. Partnership and learning Strong partnership is essential for the successful implementation of the WCL. The initiative benefited from the involvement and contribution of a range of local and international partners, including the Friends of Park (FoNNAP), the Association (KILA), the Kenya government (through the Service and the Ministry of Lands), the (ILRI), the Foundation (AWF) [10], Conservancy (TNC), the Facility (GEF)/among others. The WCL has informed and catalyzed the implementation of payments for environmental services (PES) based on the land lease for wildlife model in other pastoral areas in southern Kenya on lands that serve as dispersal areas for protected areas.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Если же сравнивать последовательности клТ-ДНК между представителями подродов Petunioides и Tabacum, то уровень сходства последовательностей оказывается низким и составляет от 66,3 до 68,6 % для rolC и от 70,2 до 82,9 % для ORF13 (Intrieri, Buiatti, 2001). Cузуки с соавторами (Suzuki et al. , 2002) исследовали сайты локализации клеточной Т-ДНК в геномах Nicotiana методом блот гибридизации по Саузерну. Их данные можно было интерпретировать с точки зрения независимых актов трансформации представителей подродов Petunioides и Tabacum.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 - During our intervention, we presented the participants with daily objects—one at a time—just like the ones shown here. For each object, participants were asked to write down as many uses as possible. This intervention was shown to improve their creative thinking and problem-solving abilities. After this intervention, all the participants were given another problem-solving test, this time with different, more difficult tasks, and another creativity drawing test, this time with squares instead of circles. When we analyzed the data by comparing their performance on the pre/post-tests, we observed two fascinating patterns. First, all participants improved in measures of creativity, but those who did the intervention improved more than those in the control group. Second, everybody improved their problem-solving skills, but those who participated in the intervention improved these skills more than those in the control group. So, in our study, we were able to improve creativity and, by doing so, we also improved problem solving! and a Solver! These findings are promising, especially because our intervention was simple and it could be given by anyone, anywhere, without special equipment or special knowledge. This means that you too can use this intervention to improve your own creativity, or you can help your friends or classmates improve their creativity. Simply think of a daily object you are familiar with, and think of as many possible uses to it. By doing so, you will probably become a better problem solver, which can help you in school and throughout life. Solving: ↑ Finding correct solutions to challenges, tasks of puzzles. Creativity: ↑ A mental skill that helps produce something that is both new and useful. Intervention: ↑ An action researchers take to test the impact on research participants. Control Group: ↑ A control group holds part of a research population who do not get an intervention. Comparing the control group to the other participants helps scientists deduce that the intervention worked. Pre/Post-Tests: ↑ Similar or identical tests that are given to research participants before (“pre”) and after (“post”) an intervention, to determine the impact of the intervention. Conflict of authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 2022. Cultivating creativity improves middle school students’ computational thinking skills. Inter. Learn. Environ. doi: 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Conservation and Society 16(3):p 305-319, Jul–Sep 2018. | DOI: 10. 4103/cs. cs_17_1 India, human-wildlife conflict (HWC) around protected areas (PAs) has magnified social conflict over conservation and development priorities. India introduced financial compensation for HWC as a policy solution to simultaneously promote human security while protecting biodiversity. We evaluate compensation as a mitigation policy for HWC around four protected areas in Rajasthan (Jaisamand, Sitamata, Phulwari, and Kumbhalgarh). We argue that compensation is failing to reconcile conservation and development priorities for two reasons. First, a focus on charismatic megafauna obscures the livelihood costs of human-wildlife interactions as reported by households, especially conflict perpetrated by non-priority herbivores like antelope. This highlights disagreements about what constitutes ‘acceptable’ conservation costs between communities and the state. Second, government bureaucrats control the compensation process, a model incongruent with the highly negotiated and reciprocal nature of environmental governance at local levels. Using interviews with Department officials (n=21) and household surveys (n=2234), we argue that compensation is a policy designed to conserve (internationally) threatened species and not to safeguard local livelihoods. Ultimately, we suggest that policy solutions that are insensitive to local ecological and social dynamics can undermine efforts to reconcile conservation and development goals. Funding: This work was supported by the for Management, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India and the of. Funders were not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in writing the manuscript, or in the decision to submit the 2005. According to this data, nilgai populations have been increasing whereas wild pig, hyena, wolf, chinkara, and four-horned antelope numbers have been decreasing. The estimated human population density around the PAs is about 262 people/sq. km(Census of India 2011) whereas the estimated livestock density is 197 livestock/sq. km (of India 2007).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Нашей группой (Хафизова и др. , 2014) была создана тест-система, которая методом ПЦР в реальном времени позволяет выявить виды, которые содержат Т-ДНК такой же структуры (в приграничной зоне) и локализации в геноме, что и у N. glauca. При проверке N. tabacum c использованием данной тест-системы были получены данные о различных местах локализации клТ- ДНК у N. glauca и N. tabacum. Таким образом, можно говорить о независимых актах трансформации данных видов.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: The need to efficiently transfer skills is one which bleeds over into technology education because a knowledge base is a prerequisite to devel- oping problem solving ability. However, ef- ficiency should not be allowed to overshadow effectiveness; they should be balanced. When teaching design, a strategy must be developed which not only tolerates but rewards alterna- tive solutions. This type of problem solving should involve a divergent as opposed to a convergent thinking process (Hatch, 1988). Students who are encouraged to take control of their own learning will be much more likely to develop a broad rather than nar- rowly focused approach to problem solving. The idea that students can help teach them- selves (Villalon, 1982) is appropriate for teaching design. The temptation is present to simply teach divergent thinking the way one might teach multiplication tables. The problem with this approach lies in the critical role creativity plays in the type of divergent thinking which is required to come up with truly unique solutions to problems. Can one teach creativity? Can an educational system so steeped in convergent thought encourage or even tolerate divergent thinking? A discovery method of learning can be utilized in the teaching of design. When students are faced with the need to know cer- tain information, they will seek out that in- formation. This requires them to work their way down Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning, per- haps even jumping around a bit filling in the gaps as they find need. For example, suppose a student wants to assess the impact of a coal gasification. First, the student must satisfy him or herself that they understand what coal gassification is (knowledge and comprehension). Second, the student should begin to ask questions like: how is coal con- verted to a gas, why is this process desira- ble, what type of pollution can be eliminated by coal gassification, and will new problems be created? In this second step the student breaks the problem down into managable chunks (analysis). Finally, the student brings the answers to all the smaller questions together in order to answer the question: considering both the positive and negative aspects of coal gassification, what should be done with this technology (synthesis and evaluation). This method casts the teacher as guide and facilitator. The student becomes an investi- gator (Sellwood, 1989). The following illus- trates a design brief in which the student uses this investigative approach.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: Crop raiding does happen with nilgai or wild pig. If people report [the damage], officers will go to observe it but do not compensate for it” (Feb 13, 2014). Around Kumbhalgarh, the ACF observed, “crop raiding is an increasing problem in this area. [We] cannot tell the impact because [we] do not know the extent to which it is happening. [There] can be a wide range of damage—[covering a] large extent of crops” (Feb 21, 2014). In Sitamata, “wild pig damages crops. Nilgai [is] also widespread in Rajasthan. [Households] protect crops by being present in fields at night as well. [There is] no compensation for crop loss” (Feb 25, 2014). HWC around the four wildlife sanctuaries (Jaisamand, Sitamata, Kumbhalgarh, and Phulwari) looks substantially different when viewed from the household perspective. About 22% of survey respondents were female and 78% male, and the three most common languages spoken were Mawari, Hindi, and Rajasthani. For those households that experienced HWC, we asked respondents to report each incident separately, define the type of HWC (crop damage or livestock depredation), and identify the species involved. About 78% of respondents had experienced some form of HWC in 2013-2014—either crop raiding or livestock depredation. Crop damage was more substantial than livestock loss (Table 1). We modelled whether the sanctuaries were statistically different from one another in terms of conflict outcomes. Jaisamand and Kumbhalgarh had the highest level of HWC (Kumbhalgarh was higher but the outcome was not significant) and Phulwari and Sitamata had significantly less HWC compared to Jaisamand (Table 2). Additionally, we found that crop loss was significantly lower in Phulwari (p<0. 001) while livestock loss was significantly higher in Kumbhalgarh (p<0. 001) (14. 7% of herbivore incidents to the government, as compared to 10. 3% of carnivore incidents, a result that is significant using a Chi 2 test at the p<0. 002 level.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Более глубокое исследование клТ-ДНК методом геномного секвенирования позволяет сказать, что трансформация табаков происходила неоднократно. Поскольку все вставки Т-ДНК представляют собой повторы, можно приблизительно оценить их возраст. Так, самой древней считают вставку ТС, за ней следует клТ-ДНК из N. glauca, далее ТB, ТD и ТА (рис. 1). В трех сортах N. tabacum выявлена полная делеция TC, включая приблизительно 1 тпо растительной ДНК с каждой стороны.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Self-directed learning can foster creativity and problem-solving in children more effectively than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: Finally, for the problem solving ability during the three semesters, the experimental group showed a reverse U-shape change while the control group showed a U-shape change. In the experimental group, there was no change after two semesters. the basis of the findings in this study, the following conclusions can be made. First, problem-based learning has a positive educational effect compared to didactic-based learning within one year. Second, the appropriate length of PBL is two semesters, or one year. It could be recommended that dental education in Korea should be combined or hybridized with PBL; for example, PBL could be used in combination with brief lectures or block lectures by teachers. Keywords: Communication, Dental education, PBL (problem based learning), Problem solving abilities, Self-directed learning 1. Cho YS. Theory and reality of PBL. Seoul: Hakjisa;2006. p. 117–282. 2. . Correlations among meta cognition, critical thinking and self-efficacy of nursing students studying through problem based learning. . 2007; 18:146–154. 3. Choi HJ. The effects of PBL(Problem-Based Learning) on the meta-cognition, critical thinking, and problem solving process of nursing students. J Nurs. 2004; 34:712–721. 4. . Effects of PBL(Problem-Based Learning) on self-directed learning and critical thinking disposition of nursing students. J Korean acad society of nursing education. 2005; 11:184–190. 5. . The clinical competence and related factors of the nursing students: focused on the subjects who studied problem-based learning. J Nursing. 2007; 19:753–762. 6. . Introduction to problem based learning. Med Educ. 1995; 6:84–87. 7. Application of the revised case matrix format to tutorial in pathology teaching: an interim approach toward problem-based learning under traditional curricular structure. J of Pathology. 1996; 30:653–661. 8. Three kinds of problem-based learning formulas experienced in Konkuk university college of medicine. Med Educ. 2000; 12:191–205. 9. Pilot study of web-based PBL in emergency medicine clinical education. J of Emergency Medicine. 2006; 17:203–209. 10. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: If [the doctor] says the animal is worth less or he is not sure what killed it—[the claimant] may get less than the stated rate… or nothing. The government veterinarian is supposed to be free, but he might ask for a side payment” (Feb 13, 2014). The burden of proof remains with the claimant to negotiate an uncertain process and demonstrate that wildlife inflicted significant damage—often, this is only possible with carnivore HWC (carcass) and large herbivore species like elephants (trampled crops, trees that have been uprooted). Even though there is evidence in the literature that wild pig, langur, nilgai, and sloth bear represent major problems for farmers around Kumbhalgarh, the state government remains unconvinced that such damage can or should be compensated (Chhangani et al. 2008). A Forester in Kumbhalgarh reasoned that the government could not provide crop compensation because “crop raiding [is] also done by other domestic animals. [We] cannot prove that wild animals did [the] crop raiding” (Feb 21, 2014). Differences between what is compensated versus what is experienced as HWC on the ground may represent a conflict over the actual cost of conserving wild species. To the government, compensation is performing as expected—there are few claims for livestock loss and the top levels of government perceive HWC overall to be low. Households, however, report that HWC, especially with herbivores, is a major problem. Thus, households continue to experience high costs to conservation from crop raiding even while the government perceives it is mitigating HWC costs through compensation. Costs include not only monetary losses from crop raiding, but also the opportunity costs associated with commonly used mitigation techniques. This disconnect may reflect a divergence about conservation priorities in India. In particular, the state may seek to mitigate HWC costs only where they pose a threat to the conservation priorities of wider India. Compensation is a policy tool designed to protect (internationally) threatened and valuable species and not a tool to safeguard local livelihoods from interactions with nuisance species like nilgai, wild pig, or langur. Resolving HWC incidents associated with non-priority species may be less important to the state than those associated with more charismatic megafauna because they have fewer ramifications for broader conservation goals.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Эта делеция могла возникнуть у растения N. tomentosiformis давшего начало N. tabacum или могла произойти после гибридизации N. tomentosiformis x N. sylvestris. Известно, что N. tabacum терял различные родительские последовательности после события гибридизации (Volkov et al. , 1999, Lim et al. , 2004, Lim et al. , 2007, Petit et al. , 2007, Renny-Byfield et al. , 2011 цит по Chen et al. , 2014). Потери ДНК были также отмечены у синтетических гибридов N. tomentosiformis x N. sylvestris (Skalicka et al. , 2005, Renny-Byfield et al. , 2012 цит по Chen et al. , 2014). Центральная часть TA района была потеряна у восточных сортов N. tabacum.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Online learning platforms provide the same quality of education as in-person classes. [SEP] Text: Additionally, professional support from faculty at the appropriate moment fosters engagement and collaborative application activities, underlining the critical nature of establishing communities of inquiry in the classroom – whether in-person, remote learning or integrated. Creating communities of inquiry through blended learning is a well-researched pedagogical strategy in universities and colleges. The original Garrison et al. 7 essay elucidating this paradigm has been mentioned more than 4,000 times in the scientific literature. Much early research focused on social presence as a novel teaching method beyond traditional transmission models 8. According to a recent literature review, the most often used and widely accepted instrument for measuring and applying the CoI is "the CoI survey instrument created by Arbaugh et al. 9. Social presence is defined as "participants' capacity to connect with a community (e. g. , a course of study), speak meaningfully in a trusting atmosphere, and create interpersonal relationships via the projection of their unique personalities" 10. Teaching presence conceptualizes, facilitates, and directs cognitive and social presences to achieve personally meaningful and educationally beneficial learning results 11. In a CoI, the teaching function applies to both faculty and students. While the teacher, or faculty of record, serves as the leader, teaching presence enables and promotes cooperative learning among students. Recent research demonstrates the critical role of teaching presence in creating pleasurable student learning experiences. It is, nevertheless, inextricably related to other presences 12. The amount to which learners can build and reinforce meaning via extended thinking and discourse is called cognitive presence 7. Cognitive presence develops from four independent but complementary components of practical inquiry: triggering experiences, investigation, integration, and resolution. Establishing a foundation for deep and meaningful learning requires engagement in all four components. On the other hand, the evidence that cognitive presence involves a mix of cognitive, social, and instructional presence. Beyond just delivering information, direct teaching and encouraging cognitive activity are critical roles for faculty utilizing this approach. Considering everything, I firmly believe that the community of inquiry provided a detailed approach to establishing a learning modality that considers various situational factors when determining how students learn. 2. 2. (CABLS) Framework was developed by Wang, Han, and Yang 13.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All wildlife populations can recover without human intervention if protected areas exist. [SEP] Text: Despite the fact that local populations of nilgai have increased due to conservation efforts and a cultural taboo around hunting (Chhangani et al. 2008), the state has done little to mitigate their impact on livelihoods. The capacity of compensation to act as a tool to reconcile conservation and development priorities is constrained by the substantial inequity ingrained in a system balanced toward conservation at the expense of livelihoods. This is particularly true in Rajasthan, where a ban on hunting and cultural taboos that prohibit culling nilgai further limit local capacity to address herbivore-related HWC. Barriers to the disconnect, communities have failed to challenge compensation's procedural inefficiencies. This is surprising given the tendency toward collective protest in other areas of India (Swain 2010). We argue that there are two ways to think about barriers to change compensation policies in Rajasthan. First, HWC incidents are often widely dispersed over space and time, and affect individuals unevenly (Nyhus 2016). Unlike the immediate and collective impacts from exclusion from a PA, the random nature of HWC results in erratic effects that may diminish the possibility of collective action against the state. While all respondents experienced high levels of HWC, incidents were reported to occur at any time of year and affected households to differing degrees even within the same or neighbouring communities. Crop loss is often randomly situated around large areas, and can be impacted by available crops, mitigation techniques, and the distribution of wild animals (Karanth et al. 2012; Karanth et al. 2013a). This tends to promote individual rather than collective-level responses. We found that households tended not to engage in communal mitigation activities such as hiring community guards or contributing money to a communal pot for mitigation or repairs. While we found that respondents were more likely to attend community meetings to address HWC around Kumbhalgarh (23%), this effect was not consistent across sanctuaries (13% in Jaisamand, 6% in Phulwari, and 15% in Sitamata). This suggests that the nature of HWC itself imposes barriers to collective action. Second, the structure of compensation programmes in Rajasthan—embedded within a centralised public bureaucracy geared toward addressing livestock depredation—poorly fits the local social and ecological context.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Таким образом, клТ-ДНК в отсутствие отбора претерпевала сильные изменения. В то же время, отдельные гены сохранили свою функциональность. У табаков это прежде всего rolC и orf13 (Furner et al. , 1986, Mohajjel-Shoja et al. , 2011, Chen et al. , 2014). В целом, можно отметить накопление все большего количества фактов в пользу неоднократной трансформации агробактериальной Т-ДНК представителей рода Nicotiana. Заключение Природно-трансгенные растения были описаны более 30 лет назад.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Online learning platforms provide the same quality of education as in-person classes. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, most of the students were non-native (53%) in our study and had less than 24 years old (78%) (Table 1). Table 1 Background characteristics of medical studentsFull size table of e-learning and in-person methods in medical students’ learning outcomes based on background characteristics is presented in Table 2. The findings indicated that students learning outcomes were significantly higher during e-learning than in in-person education for all examined variables (P < 0. 05). The relation between teaching method and students’ gender was insignificant (P = 0. 205) as male and female students had approximately an equal increment of average scores during e-learning compared to in-person education. There wasn’t any statistically significant difference between students’ types of admission (P = 0. 533) and their residency status (P = 0. 085) with intended learning outcomes. The students with different age categories had similar average scores in both teaching methods (P = 0. 546). Moreover, the difference between students’ GPA categories among the two groups was significant (P = 0. 022). Students with a GPA of less than 14 experienced higher increments in their average scores after the e-learning compared to in-person education. Table 2 Comparison of E-learning and In-person methods in medical students’ learning outcomes based on background characteristicsFull size table Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) post hoc test showed statistically significant diffrences between every two groups based on grade point average. of e-learning and in-person methods in participants’ performance based on different lessons of preclinical medical education is presented in Table 3. Compared to face-to-face courses, improvements in pharmacology, theoretical semiology, and pathology scores after e-learning courses were statistically significant (P < 0. 001). The differences in mean scores related to practical pathology and semiology in the two approaches were not statistically significant, P = 0. 624 and P = 0. 149, respectively. Furthermore, the overall students’ average scores increased significantly during e-learning versus in-person education (P < 0. 001). Table 3 Comparison of E-learning and In-person methods in participants’ performance based on different lessons of preclinical medical educationFull size table DiscussionIn this study, we compared the intended learning outcomes of undergraduate medical students based on e-learning and in-person methods during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: Map showing the localities where bacterial samples were obtained Atelopus aff. limosus (green dot), Atelopus spurrelli (blue triangle) and Atelopus elegans (red square). Individuals brought to captivity were collected in the same localities where samples from wild individuals were obtained. The map was created using the profiles provided by GADM. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3594/fig-1 Table 1: Number of sampled individuals of each Atelopus species in wild and captive conditions. The table includes the localities in Colombia and Ecuador where Atelopus individuals were sampled, the year when individuals were collected and entered into an ex situ facility, as well as the year when bacterial samples were taken for the analysis of the culturable portion of the skin microbiota. of collection ind. Year of collection Date of sampling captive individuals Wild ind. Date of sampling wild individuals Atelopus elegans Esmeraldas, 2 1 ind - 2009 1 ind - 2010 2012 – – Adult 8 2 ind - 2009 3 ind - 2010 1 ind - 2011 2 ind - 2012 2012 5 2012 Atelopus aff. limosus Capurganá, 2 Born in captivity in 2011 2012 – – Adult 5 2 ind - 2008 3 ind -2009 2012 8 2009 Atelopus spurrelli Arusí, 4 2011 2012 5 2009 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3594/table-1 Ex situ conditions Atelopus spurrelli and A. aff. limosus were brought to the facilities and kept isolated during quarantine (60 days). Then individuals were transferred to the enclosures (1m × 0. 5m × 0. 5m) built using 6 mm-thick glass. To better simulate natural conditions, we created a 10 cm-depth pool that occupied a fifth of the tank’s base. Each terrarium was connected to an external canister filter AE 306 Resun® (flow: 700L/H, power: 12 watts). The filters were placed below each terrarium and connected with 1 2 ” tubing. Natural plants were placed in the tank to provide shelter, sleeping sites and visual barriers for the frogs, as well as to maintain high humidity, good water quality and low levels of nitrogenous waste. Bromeliads, aroids, mosses, orchids and calatheas were preferred because they tolerate high humidity levels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Однако в последние годы интерес к ним сильно возрос. До 2012 года в литературе был известен только один четко задокументированный пример горизонтального переноса генов от агробактерий к растениям Nicotiana. В 2012 году в нашей лаборатории был описан новый пример горизонтального переноса генов от агробактерий к растениям рода Linaria (Matveeva et al. , 2012), в 2015 Т-ДНК обнаружена у растений рода Ipomea (Kyndt et al. , 2015).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: • Braz. J. Phys. 35 (4b) • Dec 2005 • copy Braneworld black holes as gravitational lenses holes acting as gravitational lenses produce, besides the primary and secondary weak field images, two infinite sets of relativistic images. These images can be studied using the strong field limit, an analytic method based on a logarithmic asymptotic approximation of the deflection angle. In this work, braneworld black holes are analyzed as gravitational lenses in the strong field limit and the feasibility of observation of the images is discussed. Braneworld black holes as gravitational lenses Ernesto F. de Astronomía y Física del Espacio, C. C. 67, Suc. 28, 1428, holes acting as gravitational lenses produce, besides the primary and secondary weak field images, two infinite sets of relativistic images. These images can be studied using the strong field limit, an analytic method based on a logarithmic asymptotic approximation of the deflection angle. In this work, braneworld black holes are analyzed as gravitational lenses in the strong field limit and the feasibility of observation of the images is discussed. I. cosmologies [7] have attracted great attention from researchers in the last few years. In these cosmological models, the ordinary matter is confined to a three dimensional space called the brane, embedded in a larger space called the bulk in which only gravity can propagate. Cosmologies with extra dimensions were proposed in order to solve the hierarchy problem, that is to explain why the gravity scale is sixteen orders of magnitude greater than the electro-weak scale, and are motivated by recent developments of string theory, known as M-theory. The study of black holes on the brane is rather difficult because of the confinement of matter on the brane whereas the gravitational field can access to the bulk. The full five dimensional bulk field equations have no known exact solutions representing static and spherically symmetric black holes with horizon on the brane. Instead, several braneworld black hole solutions have been found based on different projections on the brane of the five dimensional Weyl tensor. Since the publication of the paper of Virbhadra and Ellis [1] there has been a growing interest in the study of lensing by black holes. They analyzed numerically a Schwarzschild black hole at the Galactic center acting as a gravitational lens.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: In this study, we describe culturable bacterial assemblages for individuals of three Atelopus species that remain in the wild, in apparently healthy conditions, and individuals (from the same species and collection localities) brought into captivity. This study sought to determine the effect of captive conditions on the anti-Bd bacterial community in one of the most threatened genera worldwide (et al. , 2005; Mendelson et al. , 2006). Our main goal was not only to describe the culturable portion of the bacterial community for each condition, but the effect of captivity on the proportion of beneficial bacteria and their performance as Bd inhibitors. Although our results show that captive individuals harbor bacteria with anti-Bd properties, further long-term research is key to evaluate the interactions between the skin microbial communities and their amphibian hosts since those can differ from one population to the next even if the bacterial community composition is similar (Rebollar et al. , 2016). Several studies have reported changes in the microbial associated communities when animals are moved from the wild to captive environments (Isaacs et al. , 2009; Dhanasiri et al. , 2011; Wienemann et al. , 2011; Nelson et al. , 2013). In amphibians, research assessing the effect of captivity on bacterial communities is increasing (Antwis et al. , 2014; Becker et al. , 2014; Michaels, Antwis & Preziosi, 2014; Kueneman et al. , 2016). Through culture-independent and dependent approaches, these studies have demonstrated changes in the skin bacterial community composition due to conditions imposed by captivity. Our results suggest that ex situ conditions, at least for these three Atelopus species, did not reduce the diversity of bacteria or the proportion of anti-Bd bacteria, as determined by culture-based assays. Moreover, we found a higher number of culturable bacterial species in captive animals compared to wild individuals. Our findings are consistent with those obtained for other vertebrates including birds and mammals (Xenoulis et al. , 2010; Nelson et al. , 2013), where gut microbial diversity was higher in captive animals, and are also consistent with the findings for the Panamanian golden frogs (A. zeteki) where OTU richness and phylogenetic diversity was higher in captive frogs (Becker et al. , 2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: К сожалению, на данный момент в литературе не достаточно информации в отношении разнообразия вставок Т-ДНК и их распространения среди представителей родов Linaria и Ipomea. Представители рода Nicotiana изучены гораздо глубже. Анализ распространения Т-ДНК в пределах данного рода можно интерпретировать с точки зрения нескольких независимых актов трансформации. Убедительных фактов в пользу распространения трансгенов между видами путем переопыления не выявлено.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: For black hole gravitational lenses, large deflection angles are possible for photons passing close to the photon sphere. These photons could even make one or more complete turns, in both directions of rotation, around the black hole before eventually reaching an observer. As a consequence, two infinite sequences of images, called relativistic images, are formed at each side of the black hole. Instead of making a full numerical treatment, a logarithmic approximation of the deflection angle can be done to obtain the relativistic images. This approximation was first used by Darwin [2] for Schwarzschild black holes, rediscovered and called the strong field limit by Bozza et al. [3], extended to Reissner-Nordström geometries by Eiroa et al. [4], and generalized to any spherically symmetric black hole by Bozza [5]. The strong field limit was subsequently applied to retrolensing by Eiroa and Torres [6] and used by other authors in the analysis of different lensing scenarios. The study of gravitational lensing by braneworld black holes could be useful in the context of searching possible observational signatures of these objects. II. . 1, three possible lensing situations are shown schematically. In the left, the black hole, which will be called the lens (l), is between the source (s) and the observer (o); in the middle, the source is between the lens and the observer; and in the right the observer is between the source and the lens. The first case will be called standard lensing and the other two, respectively, cases I and II of retrolensing. The observer-source, observer-lens and the lens-source distances, here taken much greater than the horizon radius rh, are, in units of rh, dos, dol and dls, respectively. Defining b as the angular position of the point source and q as the angular position of the images (i), both seen from the observer, and a as the deflection angle of the photons, the lens equation [1, 6] has the form: where c3 = dls/dos for standard lensing and c3 = dos/dol or c3 = dos/dls for cases I and II of retrolensing, respectively. b can be taken positive without losing generality.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: We found that species of bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Chryseobacterium and Acinetobacter isolated from wild and captive animals inhibited Bd in the challenge assays. In a recent study, bacterial isolates from these three groups were also reported as Bd inhibitors and they appeared to be widely distributed. The proportion of bacteria that showed anti-Bd activity for those genera was 73% for Pseudomonas, 55% for Chryseobacterium and 37% for Acinetobacter (Woodhams et al. , 2015). Variations in bacterial communities due to captive conditions have been demonstrated in red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus), where environmental microbes seemed to affect host-microbial diversity and appeared to be important as regulators of the host core community (Loudon et al. , 2014). In terms of their associated microbiota, captive environments appear to be less diverse and less heterogeneous than wild habitats, which might imply that host associated bacterial communities for animals in ex situ facilities should be less diverse (Sabino-Pinto et al. , 2016). The enclosures where frogs are maintained provide a modified environment that can also vary depending on the zoo or facility. These conditions could facilitate the transmission of new bacteria capable of colonizing the frog skin, as suggested for other animals in captivity (Nelson et al. , 2013). We found that culturable bacterial communities from captive animals at the (A. aff. limosus and A. spurrelli) were not the same but more similar to each other than compared with A. elegans. The slight difference between captive A. aff. limosus and A. spurrelli (Fig. 2), suggests that a “host” component is also playing a role shaping skin bacterial communities, as suggested previously for Japanese amphibians (Sabino-Pinto et al. , 2016). Although the cages used in this study simulated natural conditions, we propose that the observed differences between frogs from both ex situ facilities might be related to the environmental conditions inside the enclosures (i. e. , substrate and water sources). Although, there is no solid evidence on which mechanisms are the frogs using to acquire bacteria from the environment, and which are the key factors modeling bacterial assemblages, we suggest that either the environment or host characteristics are modeling bacterial communities in these species of harlequin toads.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content > Journals > Review > MLR > > Issue 8 (2018) "It's Not You, It's Your Caseload": to of In the United States, defendants in both federal and state prosecutions have the constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel. That right is in jeopardy. In the postconviction setting, the standard for ineffective assistance of counsel is prohibitively high, and Congress has restricted federal habeas review. At trial, severe underfunding for state indigent defense systems has led to low pay, little support, and extreme caseloads—which combine to create conditions where lawyers simply cannot represent clients adequately. Overworked public defenders and contract attorneys represent 80 percent of state felony defendants annually. Three out of four countywide public defender systems and fifteen out of twenty-two statewide public defender systems operate with yearly caseloads that are significantly higher than the ABA recommends. argues that courts should utilize the procedural ineffectiveness presumption that the made available in v. Cronic to find state defense counsel carrying caseloads above the ABA-recommended maximums constitutionally ineffective. Thus, defendants could not be tried until caseloads in the locality fell within the maximums. This would incentivize state and local legislatures to spend more money on indigent defense. Samantha Jaffe, "It's Not You, It's Your Caseload": to Defense Underfunding, 116 Mich. L. Rev. 1465 (2018).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: They found the induced metric on the brane by a Schwarzschild black hole moving in the bulk, and also studied the deflection of light on the brane produced by the black hole. V. relativistic images produced by black hole lenses have an angular position about the size of the angle subtended by the photon sphere and they are strongly demagnified, making their observation extremely difficult. In astrophysical scenarios, the observation of these relativistic images is not possible today and it will be a challenge for the next decade. Whisker [15] have shown that a braneworld black hole in the center of our galaxy could have different observational signatures than the four dimensional Schwarzschild one. In the case of small size black holes studied as gravitational lenses by Eiroa [14], the observation of the relativistic images in astrophysical contexts will be even more difficult. But if the braneworld model is correct and these black holes can be produced by the next generation of p3405. [14] E. F. Eiroa, Phys. Rev. D 71, 083010 (2005). [15] R. Whisker, Phys. Rev. D 71, 064004 (2005). [16] N. Dadhich, R. Maartens, P. Papadopoulos, and V. Rezania, Phys. Lett. B 487, 1 (2000). [17] V. Frolov, M. Snajdr, and D. Stojkovic, Phys. Rev. D 68, 044002 (2003). Received on 23 October, 2005 [1] K. S. Virbhadra, and G. F. R. Ellis, Phys. Rev. D 62, 084003 (2000). [2] C. Darwin, Proc. Roy. A 249, 180 (1959). [3] V. Bozza, S. Capozziello, G. Iovane, and G. Scarpetta, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 33, 1535 (2001). [4] E. F. Eiroa, G. E. Romero, and D. F. Torres, Phys. Rev. D 66, 024010 (2002) [5] V. Bozza, Phys. Rev. D 66, 103001 (2002).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: A cure or mechanism that allows threatened amphibian species to survive chytridiomycosis in their natural habitats is still needed. Although many different disease mitigation strategies have been proposed (Woodhams et al. , 2011; Bosch et al. , 2015), keeping viable assurance colonies in captivity seems to be the best option for Bd-susceptible species yet (Gratwicke et al. , 2015). The main goal of ex situ programs is to eventually reintroduce animals to their natural habitats. Management in captivity can lead to alterations of the species’ microbiota that may reduce survival chances after reintroduction (Redford et al. , 2012). In this study, we isolated a similar number of bacterial species with anti-Bd activity from captive and wild individuals of three Atelopus species, suggesting that they might count on their skin bacteria as a potential defense barrier against Bd. Redford et al. (2012) proposed that more studies are needed to determine changes and alterations in the animals’ microbiome in order to increase the success of reintroduction efforts. Here, we presented evidence that although bacterial community structure changed in captivity, the predicted anti-Bd function remained intact. In addition, it seems that animals are acquiring new microorganisms that are also providing protection against the fungal pathogen. Our findings suggest that selection acted on bacterial community function (e. g. , antifungal activity and protection) as opposed to selection for specific community structures. We hope this study might be considered when reintroduction plans are proposed as the next step for many species that are now part of ex situ programs. Accession numbers for bacteria isolated from the skin of three Atelopus species The table summarize the information of each isolate. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3594/supp-1 method Control and experimental digital images from two tests: upper panels show an experiment where we visually detected antifungal activity; lower panels show an experiment where tested bacterium did not inhibit Bd growth. On the right, kernel density estimates for color composition in experimental images (solid blue line) and its mode (dashed blue line). Red and brown dashed lines represent the modes of the kernel density estimates for the two assessment methods. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: Available at: 04, 2018 Included in and About this or RSS Select an issue: Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 2007 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: Inspired by their works, Perlick [34] delved into the study of lensing within spherically symmetric and static spacetime, employing the light-like geodesic equation without employing any approximations. Virbhadra [35] comprehensively studied the relativistic images produced by the gravitational lensing of a Schwarzschild black hole using numerical methods. The research has unveiled the profound significance of gravitational lensing, particularly in the context of black holes, as an invaluable tool in astrophysics. It allows for the exploration of the strong gravitational effects in the vicinity of these massive celestial objects and provides valuable insights into distant and faint stars. Due to its critical importance, gravitational lensing by various black holes has garnered considerable attention over recent decades. Researchers have employed functional and analytical techniques, as introduced by Bozza et al. in their 2001 work [30], which was founded on the strong deflection of light rays. These techniques have revealed that the deflection angle exhibits a logarithmic divergence as light rays approach the photon sphere of a Schwarzschild black hole. Bozza’s approach has not been limited to Schwarzschild black holes but has also been extended to other scenarios. For example, it has been applied to the study of Reissner–Nordström black holes [36] and implemented in metric systems that are both static and spherically symmetric [37]. The extensive research on gravitational lensing is motivated by the understanding that the paths of light near black holes provide valuable insights into the fundamental features and characteristics of the underlying spacetime geometry. Numerous studies have been dedicated to examining gravitational lensing caused by a variety of sources, including the distribution of structures. [38,39,40], dark energy [41,42,43], dark matter (DM) [44,45,46], quasars [47,48,49,50], gravitational waves [51,52,53] and various other compact celestial objects [54,55,56,57,58]. Recently, the Telescope collaboration successfully achieved an angular resolution that enables the observation of the image of the supermassive black hole situated at the center of the M87 galaxy. This development marks the onset of a new era in the exploration of gravitational lensing within the context of strong gravitational fields [59,60,61,62,63,64].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: Figures Abstractcapercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) is a specific bird species, which, despite its very broad distribution and large global population size, is highly endangered in many Western and countries. According to the species situation, in many countries (including Poland), breeding and reintroduction programmes have been started. One of the most complex and large-scale reintroduction programmes was started in Bory Dolnośląskie Forest, and the Centre in Wisła was used as one of the sources of individuals for reintroduction. As genetic tools provide essential knowledge about species biodiversity, which is crucially important during the breeding process and reintroduction, both captive and reintroduced grouse populations were genetically analysed. We were particularly interested in genetic diversity of the individuals in both populations and the genetic relationship between them, as well as between them and other capercaillie representatives from their current range. To fulfil these goals we determined nine microsatellite loci along with a fragment of the mitochondrial control region. Genetic diversity parameters were moderate to high compared to populations from other Central and countries. Both populations were clustered into three distinct genetic clades based on microsatellites. Phylogenetic analysis placed all mitochondrial haplotypes we revealed in the Eurasian clade. The present results will play an important role as they will help to preserve and maximize genetic diversity in captive populations, and will provide a basis for future monitoring of the reintroduction process. Citation: Strzała T, Kowalczyk A, Łukaszewicz E (2015) Reintroduction of the from the Centre in Wisła Forest District: of Captive and Reintroduced Populations. 10(12): e0145433. Bi-: August 8, 2015; Accepted: December 3, 2015; Published: December 18, 2015Copyright: © 2015 Strzała et al. This is an open access 3517. Funding: The experiment was supported financially by the Centre, NN 311 081040. The publication was supported by of Biotechnology, programme “Centre (KNOW) of of Environmental and for years 2014-2018”. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text:  Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 5&6 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issues 4&5 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 5&6 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issues 5&6 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issues 6&7 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: • Braz. J. Phys. 34 (4a) • Dec 2004 • copy Non gravitational black holes models of general relativity have recently been considered with great interest by the scientific community. They connect branches of physics as different as gravitation, condensed matter physics, electrodynamics, acoustics, and quantum field theory. One of the main expectations about such models lies on the possibility of testing in laboratory some aspects of quantum field theory in curved spacetimes. For instance, it seems to be possible to probe the existence of Hawking radiation by means of analogue models in the context of certain condensed matter systems. We briefly report the present day status of this topic of research. Some specific models are considered, particularly those presenting analogue event horizons as solutions. The issue of thermal emission (analogue Hawking radiation) is also discussed. gravitational black holes V. A. De Lorenci; R. de Ciências Exatas, de Itajubá, Av. BPS 1303 Pinheirinho, 37500-903, Itajubá, models of general relativity have recently been considered with great interest by the scientific community. They connect branches of physics as different as gravitation, condensed matter physics, electrodynamics, acoustics, and quantum field theory. One of the main expectations about such models lies on the possibility of testing in laboratory some aspects of quantum field theory in curved spacetimes. For instance, it seems to be possible to probe the existence of Hawking radiation by means of analogue models in the context of certain condensed matter systems. We briefly report the present day status of this topic of research. Some specific models are considered, particularly those presenting analogue event horizons as solutions. The issue of thermal emission (analogue Hawking radiation) is also discussed. 1 general relativity theory predicts that a bounded region in space from which nothing can scape appears as an external solution for the gravitational field associated with a spherically symmetric configuration for matter. Such exotic object is known as a black hole and it is delimited by a one-way surface called event horizon. However, semi-classical analysis revels that black holes are expect to emit thermal radiation with a Planckian spectrum with temperature TH =8pkBGM [1]. The energy radiated in this process comes from the mass M of the black hole which is thus continuously diminished by a small amount. In other words, black holes evaporate.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: Introductioncapercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) is distributed among boreal and mountain forests, but in spite of its wide distribution, in many central European countries it is critically endangered [1]. The size of the capercaillie population has been systematically decreasing for over the last 100 years and has resulted in population fragmentation and the loss of many small, isolated populations [2]. The main reasons for the T. urogallus population decline are degradation of habitats due to improper forest management, disturbance of capercaillie habitats and ecosystems, excessive hunting, industrial pollution and increased density of predators. In Poland, like many other central European countries, the Western capercaillie population decline has been severe. From over 2500 individuals at the beginning of the 20th century, currently the Polish T. urogallus population is estimated at 380–500 birds, which are located in four isolated populations: and Bory Dolnośląskie Forest (BDF) [3]. Consequently, the capercaillie in Poland is under multistage protection of its habitats (Natura 2000 project) and the species itself. In 1995 it was entered into the of Animals [4] as a critically endangered species and listed in 4. 45, expected heterozygosity was 0. 585, and two populations revealed significant heterozygote deficiency, probably due to high population decline (FIS = 0. 45 in BDF and (FIS = 0. 36)). Rutkowski et al. [9] concluded that due to population fragmentation and substantial population decline, the proper way of Polish population protection and restoration should consist of implementing the captive breeding programmes combined with habitats improvement and reconstruction. To fulfil those goals, T. urogallus restitution programmes were undertaken in several Polish forest districts, and in 2009 one was started in Ruszów in the BDF [15]. The number of capercaillie in the BDF decreased from ~360 individuals in the mid-20th century [16] to 18 birds in 2006 [17], and only two incidental observations of females in 2009 [15] were noted. Such a population decline made it impossible to use local individuals in the restoration process. Thus, between 2009 and 2014, 131 capercaillie individuals (75 males and 56 females) were released in Ruszów (Merta, pers. comm.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text:  Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1 Issue 8 Issue 7 Issue 6 Issue 5 Issue 4 Issue 3 Issue 2 Issue 1

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: By considering matter flowing in-wards (b < 0), out-going light apparently freezes (dr/dt = 0) at the radius rH such that Thus rH is identified with the radius of an analogue event horizon (the optical horizon), and the solution will represent an optical black hole [23, 40]. From the above analysis, which agrees with previous calculations [23], we find that either an ultra-relativistic motion of the matter or a highly refringent medium [41, 42], as it is found in Bose-Einstein condensates (see, however, a relevant discussion in Refs. [31, 22]), is needed in order to display such a horizon structure. Highly refringent media are usually quite dispersive, and thus the effective horizon would occur in this case only for a narrow range of frequencies. A practical realization of the analogue black hole configuration requires b = b(r) and possibly n = n(r) also. Recently, it has been proposed that Hawking temperature is a purely kinematic effect that is generic to Lorentzian geometries containing event horizons [43], and thus being dependent only on the effective metric structure (see however Ref. [22]). For the spherically symmetric solution the Hawking temperature TH of the analogue black hole would be given by [40] where ¢ = Ea¶/¶Ea. Equation (13) shows that the nonlinearity may significantly contribute to this temperature. It should also be noted, however, that the complete understanding of the physical meaning of the Hawking temperature associated with an analogue black hole is still an open question [31, 22], and it can be settled only after a detailed analysis of the radiation processes at the horizon. It should be stressed that the approximation of geometrical optics becomes unreliable for the modes whose wavelengths are comparable with the size of the horizon, as occurs in Hawking radiation processes. Furthermore, Hawking radiation from analogue black holes should also face the problem of the possible difference between signal velocity and phase velocity. Experimentally though, it appears to be a rather difficult task to maintain a stationary spherically symmetric and inhomogeneous flow. In order to exhibit a more realistic configuration, we will now focus on the cylindric symmetry. A particular case of such a configuration is the vortex matter flow which was discussed recently [24, 44, 45].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: )– 39 birds from the of in Kadzidłowo, 75 individuals from the Centre in Wisła (CBC-WFD) and 17 birds from the Centre in Leżajsk Forest District. Before initiation of the reintroduction process, complex analyses of causes of the capercaillie population decline were performed. In consequence, composite actions for active protection were planned and implemented: (i) use of captive breeding individuals for reintroduction, (ii) reduction and monitoring of predator numbers, (iii) habitat improvement, (iv) anthropopressure reduction and (v) ecological education [18]. Captive reared birds were reintroduced into two historical capercaillie refuges (with a combined area of c. 18 km2), where detailed analyses of habitat quality were performed using the Index [19], and then habitats were improved to be assessed as ‘good’ [15]. The majority of individuals reintroduced in Bory Dolnośląskie Forest were reared in the CBC-WFD, which was founded in 2002 and is one of the biggest capercaillie breeding stations in Poland [20]. The CBC-WFD started its activity with birds hatched from eggs imported from Belarus (3 males and 7 females). During the next years the captive population was enlarged with eggs collected from nests found in local forest districts as well as by birds which were injured or aggressive and were sheltered by foresters. In 2012 the basic breeding flock consisted of 16 males and 32 females, from which eight (two males and six females) were of Belarusian origin [20]. Both genetic lines (Belarusian and Western Carpathian) were reproduced separately. To improve the breeding success in the CBC-WFD, assisted reproduction techniques were implemented, allowing the number of offspring to be increased [21–24]. The reintroduction process is complex and its success depends on many factors, including the understanding of species ecology, habitat preparation, the number of reintroduced individuals and the reintroduced population’s adaptive potential [5]. Adaptation to the new environment is crucial for the reintroduced population and directly depends on its genetic diversity. Choosing appropriate individuals from a captive population allows one to create a non-distorted, sustainable population that will not excessively deplete the source population.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: The editors speak to computational systems biologist Jing-Han about her pathway into aging research and the value of multi-disciplinary collaboration. Han discusses exciting questions and the latest evidence on rejuvenation and aging trajectories, and highlights the development of large-scale datasets in China to facilitate future discoveries. Tell us about your earlier research experiences. What drew you to aging-related research in the first place? I originally studied molecular pharmacology for my Ph. D. with at College of Medicine. I then conducted post-doctoral research at School on computational systems biology with whose research does not focus on aging. became interested in aging when I was analyzing protein–protein interaction network topology, in general and in cancer. I was searching for a ‘universal’ biological process that will reveal the fundamentals of biological network design principles to study in my own lab. I came across the first brain aging microarray dataset generated by Bruce Yankner’s lab and was immediately drawn to it. I thought that aging was this universal process that I was looking for, as it is universally present for all living things, and underlies almost all complex human diseases, including cancers. Starting from this brain aging dataset, we saw the aging protein–protein interaction network dynamically partition into two pairs of alternative and mutually inhibitory modules, which reach a balance between differentiation and proliferation or growth, and between reductive and oxidative metabolism, respectively (Xue et al. Mol. Syst. Biol. 4, 147; 2007). I then gobbled down over a thousand papers on aging, first trying to making sense of our discovery, and that got me more and more fascinated by the enigma of aging. Credit: As a researcher who investigates the molecular mechanisms of aging and aging-related disease, do you have a different or specific perspective on what ‘aging’ actually means? I now view aging as a trajectory — diverging from the young resilient state and moving to an old state that is less resilient to stress and challenge. Aging-related diseases are alternative old states that are particularly sensitive to certain types of stress and challenge. I now view aging as a trajectory diverging from the young resilient state and moving to an old state that is less resilient to stress and challenge.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionIn classical general relativity, under the main assumptions of the validity of the strong energy condition and of the existence of global hyperbolicity, the collapse of matter inevitable produces a singularity of the spacetime [1, 2]. At a singularity, predictability is lost and standard physics breaks down. According to the weak cosmic censorship conjecture, spacetime singularities formed from collapse must be hidden behind an event horizon and the final product of the collapse must be a black hole [3]. In 4-dimensional general relativity, the only uncharged black hole solution is the Kerr metric [4, 5], which reduces to the Schwarzschild solution in the spherically symmetric case. The Oppenheimer–Snyder model is the simplest fully analytic example of gravitational collapse, describing the contraction of a homogeneous spherically symmetric cloud of dust [6]. It clearly shows how the collapse produces a spacetime singularity and the final product is a Schwarzschild black hole. In analogy with the appearance of divergent quantities in other classical theories, it is widely believed that spacetime singularities are a symptom of the limitations of classical general relativity, to be removed by quantum-gravity effects. While we do not have yet any robust and reliable theory of quantum gravity, the resolution of spacetime singularities has been investigated in many quantum-gravity inspired models. Very different approaches have studied corrections to the Schwarzschild/Kerr solution, finding black hole metrics in which the curvature invariants are always finite [7–13]. Footnote 1 In the same spirit, one can study the modifications to the Oppenheimer–Snyder solution and to other models of collapse. In this case, the singularity is replaced by a bounce, after which the cloud starts expanding [14–18]. It is therefore disappointing that the quantum-gravity corrected model of collapse does not reproduce the quantum-gravity corrected black hole solution. In this paper, we want to investigate this apparent contradictory result. First, we determine both the quantum-gravity corrected static black hole metric and the quantum-gravity corrected homogeneous collapse solution within the same theoretical framework, since the ones reported in the literature come from different models. We find that the problem indeed exists. Second, we try to figure out the possible reason. One possibility is that the static regular black hole spacetimes are ad hoc solutions, but they cannot be created in a collapse and therefore they are physically irrelevant. The collapse always produces an object that bounces.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: Thus, first the captive and then the reintroduced population should be monitored both with genetic markers and/or with pedigree information (captive population). Such a multidirectional reintroduction process has much more chance of finishing with a wild, self-sustainable population [5]. To meet the goals of the best practices in reintroduction, we analysed the genetic diversity in both the captive (which was one of the source populations for reintroduction) and the new wild populations. We were interested particularly in: (i) the level of microsatellite and mtDNA diversity in captive and reintroduced populations, (ii) the genetic relationship between capercaillie from the CBC-WFD and the BDF revealed by its individuals genotype clustering, and (iii) the phylogenetic relationships between captive and reintroduced individuals with T. urogallus from other European countries. Materials and statement Forestry in Wisła District obtained permission (DOP-OZGIZ. 6401. 03. 171. 2011. km, dated on: May 10, 2011; expiry date: December 31, 2021) issued by the of Environmental Protection, signed by Dr Michał Kiełsznia, for keeping, reproduction and collection of the biological materials for experimental purposes, every year up to 50 adult capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and 150 juvenile birds in the CBC-WFD, Poland. The used protocol was approved by II Commission for on Animals (Permit: NR 31/2010; issued on February 22, 2010) and authors possess individual permission for carrying the experiments on animals, including capercaillie; Ewa Łukaszewicz—permit: No. 23/2009, Artur Kowalczyk—permit: No. 24/2009, both documents dated on June 19, 2009. During all procedures all efforts were made to minimize animals suffering. total, blood stains from 42 individuals from CBC-WFD were collected by a veterinarian from the vena brachialis, previously punctured with a needle. A drop of blood was taken on filter paper and dried immediately in the air. Seventeen individuals were founders—they were wild born or hatched from eggs collected in the wild. Founders source population localities are presented in Fig 1 and described in S1 Table.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: Your lab has published on a wide range of topics, from the evolution of long non-coding RNAs that affect aging to facial image analysis of aging, as well as stem cell and developmental biology and the genetic bases of different kinds of disease in general — what inspires new approaches or projects in your lab, and do you have tips for successfully running a research group with very diverse projects? As a computational systems biologist, you never know where your data will lead you. We try to do as much as we can to validate the results of analyses, either in our own lab or through collaborations. As our first aging network analysis revealed a loss of balance between differentiation versus proliferation, and growth dominates the aging process and shows a continuation from early development, I have always kept a view of aging from the perspective of development. Only later on, when I started working on stem cells and development, did I realize that there is a big field using stem cells to tackle aging processes, which is often called regeneration, or part of rejuvenation. I envision that our two ends of research will meet on this line in the near future. People in my lab are from diverse backgrounds — from biology to mathematics, to computer sciences, to physics and chemistry. Some are more interested in development, some in epigenetics and single cells, some in AI and algorithms, and most in aging, the universal topic. We find that such a setting is particularly stimulating for new ideas and approaches; we all learn from each other and can easily form an integrative team, which is essential for a systems biology lab. What are the big open questions about aging at the molecular and cellular levels that should be prioritized? What do you see as the major challenges in aging research, and what might the future hold? Some of the big open questions from the systems biology perspective include, for example, whether aging in different tissues is synchronized, and whether any one tissue is most important for aging and rejuvenation. Horvath generated a pan-tissue methylation clock, he found that clocks in different tissues seemed to tick at different rates; and a study from Michael Snyder’s group using multiomics signatures defined four ageotypes, and also found that these were not synchronized (S. Ahadi et al. Nat. Med. 26, 83–90; 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionEinstein’s general relativity (GR) has been validated by the Telescope (EHT) observation of shadows cast by supermassive black holes M87* [1] and SgrA* [2]. These also serve as further evidence of the remarkable accuracy of GR. The black hole shadow results from strong gravitational lensing of light by the intense gravitational field of the black hole. The extreme gravitational field of the black hole bends the light from the surrounding matter and stars, creating a dark area in the centre known as the “black hole shadow”, and it is surrounded by a bright ring of light known as the “photon ring” which is caused by the bending and amplification of light around the black hole. Utilizing gravitational lensing can offer a robust means to investigate gravitation on a large scale. By using strong-gravitational lensing by black holes and compact objects, it is possible to conduct gravity tests on a smaller scale, surpassing the limitations imposed by the [1, 2]. In its strong field limit, gravitational lensing exhibits intriguing characteristics, making it one of the most remarkable phenomena in astronomy. Gravitational lensing has proven to be a valuable tool for gaining insights into the structure of spacetime [3,4,5,6,7,8]. In the case of strong gravitational fields, where light passes close to the source, and the bending angle is much greater, phenomena such as shadow, photon rings, and relativistic images can occur [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. Recent discussions have focused on strong-field gravitational lensing by black holes as another avenue to test general relativity [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. Virbhadra and Ellis [17] provided a numerical method for studying the large deflection of light rays resulting in strong gravitational lensing. Later, Bozza [13,14,15,16] and Tsukamoto [21] analyzed the strong-field gravitational lensing analytically for general spherically symmetric and static spacetimes. Gravitational lensing by black holes has been critical in quantitative studies of the lensing by Kerr black holes [13, 24, 25].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: In the CBC-WFD the male-to-female ratio is 1:2. 2. In the reintroduced population the sex ratio is unknown, but in other wild capercaillie populations there is usually a majority of males: 1:1. 6 [53] and 1:1. 5 [52]. That explains why in wild populations it is difficult to detect sex linkage without separate analysis of males and females, as male birds are homogametic (ZZ). When compared to other wild capercaillie populations, the population newly reintroduced in the BDF was characterised by high values of diversity parameters revealed with nuclear DNA. An isolated, Cantabrian capercaillie population presented low genetic diversity (HE = 0. 5, NA = 3. 4 [52]; HE = 0. 57, NA = 11. 75 [14]). populations described by Segelbacher et al. [7] had diversity parameters in the range 2. 8–6. 3 (NA) and 0. 45–0. 66 (HE). Finally, a Polish T. urogallus population described by Rutkowski et al. [9] revealed average HE equal to 0. 585 and average allele number equal to 4. 45, while the former BDF population had HE = 0. 59 and NA = 5. Thus, diversity parameters presented by us (NA = 5. 3 and HE = 0. 675) in the newly created BDF population indicate high genetic variation, which may result in adaptive potential necessary for population restoration and survival. Control region amplification revealed the presence of six mtDNA haplotypes in the BDF and seven among the captive founder population (Fig 2) (we did not sequence offspring in the captive population as they share the same mtDNA with their mothers). In total, nine different mtDNA haplotypes were present (GenBank accession numbers: KT223509-KT223517) and among them four were common for both populations, three were unique for the captive population and two for the wild population (S1 Table). Despite the much lower number of analysed individuals (17 captive vs. 62 reintroduced), all mtDNA diversity parameters were higher in the founder captive population (Table 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Frequency of the mtDNA haplotypes among CBC-WFD founders’ population and BDF reintroduced population.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: Our study on facial aging rate and blood transcriptome aging rate also showed that only among fast- and slow-aging outliers was there significant consistency between the two aging rates, but not among the general population (X. Xia et al. Nat. Metab. 2, 946–957; 2020). These studies suggest that different tissues are not aging at the same rate, and might not start at the same time, but most such studies have been cross-sectional analyses. Large-scale longitudinal analyses are needed to confirm this, and to verify the rate and temporal order of tissue aging. The sequence of tissue aging may give us some clues about which is the first tissue to target to prevent or delay aging onset, or the last tissue to guard against the collapse of the whole system. However, the temporal order does not necessarily correspond to the importance of impact. I thought that aging was this universal process that I was looking for, as it is universally present for all living things, and underlies almost all complex human diseases, including cancers. Another question is, how do different tissues interact to drive aging and rejuvenation? The answers to this question are key to understanding the mechanisms at play. A recent study has shown that immune system aging alone can drive aging of solid organs and the whole system. Obviously, whether this is true for other tissues (and their associated microbiomes), and whether targeting the immune system alone can rejuvenate the whole system, awaits more extensive studies. Parabiosis studies have already shown that sharing the young blood system can rejuvenate many tissues and organs in old mice. However, the detailed tissue–tissue interactions have yet to be mapped and delineated. There are also questions about heterogeneity in aging, as we know people age biologically at different rates. What are the major contributors to heterogeneity of aging across individuals? When do aging and aging heterogeneity start? When should rejuvenation begin or stop? Our recent study on the human facial aging clock and the blood transcriptome clock both showed a drastic increase in heterogeneity in aging rate at 40 years of age and a peak at around 50 (X. Xia et al. Nat. Metab. 2, 946–957; 2020). Such heterogeneity can be attributed to different lifestyles of the individuals, which suggests that middle age is perhaps a stage for personalized aging intervention. More dimensionality and preferably longitudinal data are needed to confirm this.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: With current observational facilities, the gravitational deflection of light by rotating black holes has received significant attention [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. It turns out that we can understand the properties of black holes from the gravitational lensing effect. The observables in strong gravitational lensing can diagnose the properties of black holes in modified theories of gravity and compare them with their counterparts in GR. Moreover, the photon region of gravitational lensing also provides vital properties in the black hole shadow. In addition, gravitational lensing by regular or non-singular black holes exhibit several exciting features compared to Kerr black holes [33, 34, 36]. The prevailing belief is that singularities are an artifact of classical GR, and they can be resolved through a quantum theory of gravity [37]. Although a complete quantum gravity theory is not yet available, we must focus on regular models motivated by quantum arguments. Bardeen suggested the first regular solution for a black hole [38]. In Bardeen’s model, there are horizons, but there is no curvature singularity. Instead, the center of the black hole develops a de Sitter-like region, resulting in a black hole with a regular center. Since then, several regular black hole models have been proposed based on Bardeen’s idea, which mimic the behaviour of the Schwarzschild black hole at large distances. It is a wide belief that loop quantum gravity (LQG) could potentially address singularities in classical general relativity [39,40,41]. Because of the complexity of the complete LQG system, research has mainly focused on spherically symmetric black holes [42,43,44,45,46]. Semiclassical polymerization, which preserves the discreteness of spacetime suggested by LQG, has proved to be an effective technique for resolving the singularity issue [44,45,46]. As different polymerizations can cause various types of regularized spacetimes, exploring a broader range of models and methods is of great interest. Building upon previous research [42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49], Peltola and Kunstatter [50] used effective field theory and partially polymerized theory arguments to construct a static, spherically symmetric black hole that is asymptotically flat and encompasses the Schwarzschild black hole [50, 51].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Captive breeding programs guarantee the successful reintroduction of species into the wild. [SEP] Text: Clustering results of combined CBC-WFD and BDF population revealed with. Three distinct genetic clusters were present: one consisted of individuals from Belarussian lineage (orange) and two of lineage (blue and violet). Each line represents one individual and the amount of the colour indicates estimated membership of the individual in a distinct genetic cluster. most frequent mtDNA haplotypes in the reintroduced population were haplotypes no. four (43%), eight (32%) and two (18%), while in the captive founder population they were haplotypes no. two (35%), four (17%) and one (12%) (Fig 2). In the CBC-WFD founder population, haplotype no. one was found only among individuals from Belarus, haplotype no. two was most common among grouse from Belarus, being found only in two individuals outside this group (female no. 25 and male no. 20), and the rest of haplotypes were present only among individuals from the lineage. Both analysed populations (reintroduced and captive) presented the same genetic structure revealed with microsatellites. Three distinct genetic clusters differed however with frequencies in both populations. Thus, based on microsatellites we may state that both analysed groups of grouse were genetically similar. When we compared both populations with mtDNA, we found much greater disparities. Thirty-four percent of individuals from the BDF had two mtDNA haplotypes (no. eight and nine) not present in the captive population, which suggests that at least 34% of wild individuals were reared or are offspring of females reared outside the CBC-WFD. Phylogenetic analysis Both ML and BA phylogenetic trees revealed the same topology showing two distinct clades, Eurasian and Cantabrian (S1 Fig), as found in other studies [10–12,54]. All haplotypes from the present study were located in the Eurasian clade. Unfortunately, due to the lack of resolution resulting from the short DNA sequence used in phylogenetic analysis (CR sequences obtained from GenBank were shorter than DNA in this study, and after alignment the set of sequences had only 369 bp), we were not able to clarify relationships between particular haplotypes within the Eurasian clade. Bayesian posterior probabilities and SH-like branch support for nodes within clades were low and thus not significant.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: Although both aging rate and its heterogeneity become lower in old age, this could also mean that rejuvenation can work more uniformly among older individuals. Indeed, many aging interventions, such as rapamycin, as shown by Matt Kaeberlein’s and Joan Mannick’s groups, work effectively in old age. Identifying the windows for intervention and rejuvenation has yet to be done in a systematic manner, in particular in human populations. Related to this is the question of how many aging trajectories exist. Can a new trajectory lead to rejuvenation or everlasting youth? Many studies on aging transcriptomes, including our own, have shown that aging trajectories are often a continuum of developmental trajectories, and that lifespan-extending interventions such as caloric restriction delay these trajectories. However, not many studies set out to address whether different trajectories exist across different individuals. As a salient exception, recently Nan Hao’s group has shown beautifully, using live reporter systems to follow the replicative aging of each single yeast, two distinct trajectories — one characterized by mitochondrial decline, the other by ribosomal decline (Y. Li et al. Science 369, 325–329; 2020). More interestingly, genetically boosting both mitochondria and ribosomes created a new aging trajectory with a much longer lifespan. Our own research, combining network dynamics simulation and transcriptome profiling in Caenorhabditis elegans, has also shown that mildly but synergistically boosting multiple nodes in the aging regulatory circuitry can keep the network more frequently in the young versus the old steady state when compared with a strong perturbation of any single node, which may be lethal to the organism (Hou et al. Cell Metab. 23, 529–540; 2016). It would be interesting to see in theory and in practice whether such different perturbations can result in different aging trajectories. These studies evoked the intriguing possibility that systems or network approaches hold the key to more effective rejuvenation, consistent with the dramatic rejuvenation effects demonstrated for combined Yamanaka factor treatment by the groups of and others. I believe that in the future theorists and experimentalists will join forces to search for new trajectories — not only for longer lifespan, but also rejuvenation, or even a state of eternal youth.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Black holes are regions where the gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionGravitational lensing by black holes is one of the most powerful astrophysical tools for investigating the strong-field features of gravity and provide us with information about the distant stars that are too dim to be observed. It can help us detect exotic objects and hence verify alternative theories of gravity. The gravitational lensing theories were developed, among others, by Liebes [1], Refsdal [2], and Bourassa and Kantowski [3]. They have successfully explained the astronomical observations but in the weak field approximation. However, when a lens is a compact object with a photon sphere (such as a black hole), a strong field treatment of gravitational lensing is needed instead because photons passing close to the photon sphere have large deflection angles. Virbhadra and Ellis [4] obtained the lens equation using an asymptotically flat background metric, in the strong-field limit for a Schwarzchild black hole numerically. Apart from the primary and secondary images, they reported two infinite sets of faint relativistic images. An exact lens equation without reference to a background metric was found by Fritelli et al. [5]. Later, Bozza [6] used the strong field limit approximation to obtain analytical expressions for the positions and magnification of the relativistic images and extended his method of lensing for a general class of static and spherically symmetric spacetimes to show that the logarithmic divergence of the deflection angle at photon sphere is a generic feature for such spacetimes. Bozza’s [6] methods was extended to several static, spherically symmetric metrics which includes Reissner–Nordström black holes [7], braneworld black holes [8,9,10,11], charged black hole of heterotic string theory [12]. The strong gravitational field continues to receive significant attention, more recent works include lensing from other black holes [13,14,15,16] and from various modifications of Schwarzschild geometry [17,18,19,20,21,22,23], and more recently in 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity [24,25,26]. The gravitational lensing by a primary photon sphere with unstable circular light orbits and by a secondary photon sphere on a wormhole throat in a black-bounce regular spacetime shows the existence of an antiphoton sphere and the formation of infinite images near it [27].

Output: corroborate