Input: Claim: Neural networks can simulate certain aspects of human cognition. [SEP] Text: Each sensor is connected to a neuron that has natural oscillation, the time constant of which is modulated by the photocurrent. As the latter increases, the on-time duty cycle of the neuron decreases. This means that more power is diverted to moving the actuator in the direction of that sensor. This continues until both sensors see the same brightness of target (they have "locked" onto it) and the system stops moving. The latest incarnation of this kind of technology is to be incorporated into the Hugin satellite, due to be launched on 15 August. The main body of this craft was designed by the of and is identical to their Munin craft. However, the control systems for Hugin have been designed at the of Technology, Stockholm, with a heavy emphasis on nonstandard technologies such as neural networks. Figure 3. This three-axis magnetic-coil-controlled robot automatically seeks the light: an early prototype of the satellite control system. In Hugin, 12 photodiodes will initially be used to detect UV radiation from the sun in order to monitor the orientation of the spacecraft. The photodiodes will simply represent a source of information for the main controller via an analog-to-digital converter. However, the sensor circuit is also equipped with torque coil actuators and controllers, so it can be used as a backup attitude-control system. This is a crucial job because the satellite relies on solar power to keep its batteries charged -- which means the solar cells must always be facing the sun. If the experiment is successful, engineers may more frequently consider using cheap, robust, and specialized analog systems that can take over if their all-purpose computer controllers fail. 1. B. Hasslacher and M. W. Machines, Robotics and 15, 1995. 2. B. Hasslacher and M. W. Foundations for Nervous Networks, Dynamics and Near the Millenium, 1997. 3. J. R. Frigo and M. W. Tilden, A biologically-inspired neural network controller for an infrared tracking system, Proc. SPIE 3525, 1998. 4. K. R. Moore, J. R. Frigo and M. W. Tilden, A novel microsatellite control system, on Engineering of (EIS '98), Tenerife, Spain, 9-13 February. is a science and technology journalist.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: [44] performed a systematic review including the results of 8 randomized controlled trials, with a total of 258 patients included, the average study duration being 6 weeks (summarized in Table 1). Five were performed in CKD patients with heterogeneous intervention methods, and most mostly including patients in early stages of CKD. Interestingly, reducing sodium intake was consistently associated with a decrease in BP by 8/3 mm Hg mirrored by a drop in proteinuria ranging from 20 to 50% [44]. Table 1. Summary of studies on sodium reduction strategies and their main findings View largeTwo randomized controlled trials were published after the mentioned meta-analysis. In the cross-over study of Saran et al. [45], in which 58 patients were advised to reduce sodium intake for 4 weeks; a decrease of 1. 3 g sodium resulted in a decrease of 10. 8 mm Hg in systolic BP, without impacting albuminuria. Meuleman et al. [46] compared patients in regular follow-up for over 6 months with those who received additional intervention with a focus on education, motivational interview, coaching and self-monitoring of BP and sodium consumption. They found modest improvement in outcomes after the first 3 months (sodium excretion, BP, and proteinuria), which decreased the follow-up time [46]. Thus, although effective in improving the control of risk factors for renal and cardiovascular outcomes in short periods, the clinical practice also shows that the adherence to a low-sodium diet for longer periods is a huge challenge for medical staff and patients. Regarding the effect of lowering sodium intake in renal and cardiovascular outcomes, no clinical trial was performed. Available data on this relationship are from post-hoc analysis and observational studies. The avoidance of high sodium intake increased the effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in 2 post hoc analyses of clinical trials in these outcomes [47, 48]. The analysis of a large cohort of people with established CKD demonstrated the prospective association of high urinary sodium excretion with adverse outcomes, such as CVD incidence [49], CKD progression and all-cause mortality [50]. 2012 Guideline for the Management of BP in Disease recommends lowering salt intake to <90 mmol (<2 g) per day of sodium (corresponding to 5 g of sodium chloride), unless contraindicated (level of evidence: 1C) [51]. Specific strategies are important in the implementation of these recommendations.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: Since AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans, with a decrease in the number of accidents, we may also expect a lesser loss in GDP, in other words, an increase in the net GDP. 5. 1. 3 Social benefits Besides its economic burdens, traffic accidents create severe physical and emotional impacts for surrenders of accidents who became disabled. Reducing the number of accidents will prevent these consequences [23]. Another social benefit of AVs is helping the disabled, elderly, children, and other people who are in need to be transported without the help of others [24]. This help will increase the rate of disabled and older people’s contribution to the workforce. Eventually, those who were carried with AVs will reach what they need, and the overall quality of life of nations will increase. 5. 1. 4 Environmental impacts A new discussion is about ownership of, and beyond it, sharing AVs. For future projections, there are expected two different styles of ownership models for AVs: public service and individual owning [25]. According to the first option, an AV will be owned by a private company or a governmental agency or a municipality. The second option means that an AV will be owned by a person and become his or her private property. The owner will be able to put his or her AV into the service of others. In this way, the owner will be able to compensate for the (high) cost of his or her AV. Another study on possible energy impacts of using AVs suggests that factors such as ridesharing, less time for looking for parking can reduce fuel consumption by 90% [26], which also means lower carbon emission. 5. 2 The cons of AVs 5. 2. 1 Software-related problems One of the most common concerns and critics against AVs is their reliability in the context of cybersecurity. As mentioned in Section 4 of this 5. 2. 2 Privacy AVs rely on data and their processing to drive safely; however, it becomes another serious concern regarding AVs: the possible violation of personal privacy by obtaining these data illegally. An AV will have the ability to gather and process your personal data such as how you drive, whom you travel with, where you go, how much you stay there, whom you talk to on the phone, and so on. All these data might be used to analyze your personality traits or to track you.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Adaptation studies in recent years have presented a more complex picture where prolonged exposure to a non-preferred orientation has shown modifications in neurons’ preferred orientations. After adaptation to a non preferred orientation, obtained tuning curve for the new preferred orientation (after adaptation) can shift in two directions relative to the original preferred orientation: attractive or repulsive [11, 61, 63, 64]. An attractive shift is a shift of the tuning curve towards the adapting orientation. On the other hand; a repulsive shift is a shift of the tuning curve in the opposite side of the adapting orientation. Figure 4 illustrates types of shifts post-adaptation. Figure 4a corresponds to an attractive shift, in which blue tuning curve represents control optimal orientation (before adaptation), and red tuning curve represents new optimal orientation (after adaptation). The tuning curve shifted towards the adapting orientation. Figure 4b corresponds to the repulsive shift, in which blue tuning curve represents control optimal orientation (before adaptation), and red tuning curve represents new optimal orientation (after adaptation). The tuning curve shifted away from the adapting orientation. Red arrows depict adapting orientation (non-preferred orientation in control). Figure 4. Types of shifts post-adaptationAttractive shifts are more frequent than repulsive shifts in longer adaptation durations (≥ 6 min) [11, 61]. Repeated or prolonged exposure to an adapter diminished neuronal responses evoked by the original optimal properties, furthermore in parallel, if it is the neuron’s preferred stimulus [61]. Optical imaging investigations in recent years have also revealed the impact of adaptation-induced-plasticity, showing that orientation maps in V1 can be modified by imposing one particular orientation [62, 65, 67]. Advertisement 5. Crosscorrelograms and neuronal relationships in visual cortexAs reviewed above [11, 49, 61-65], adaptation- induced studies on visual cortex can reveal a great deal about the functioning of the visual cortex. Crosscorrelogram analysis is an efficient tool to establish the functional connectivity between neurons. Ever since the crosscorrelogram approach was introduced [68], it has proved to be an invaluable tool to determine how specific neurons interact with each other. A crosscorrelogram is a histogram used to infer the connectivity between two neurons, where one neuron is reference and other target. The histogram shows us when the spikes of target neuron are related in time to the spikes of reference neuron.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Sodium intake and dietary patterns vary enormously worldwide, and therefore, the strategies need to be based on the local reality. Some practical strategies developed in Brazil, South Africa, Japan and Italy are published; they can serve as examples of implementation at the local level taking into account local patterns and peculiarities [52-55]. Summary and is good evidence supporting the positive effects in decreasing sodium intake on surrogate markers of cardiovascular events (BP) and progression of kidney disease (albuminuria) in CKD patients. Moreover, most of the trials available in the area have a relatively shorter follow-up, and the long-term sustainability of a low-sodium diet is a major challenge, since it involves not only patient’s self-motivation but also tailored multidisciplinary approach, family involvement and government actions. Larger studies with longer follow-up periods looking at hard endpoints will be important to drive future recommendations related to sodium intake, and particularly efficient strategies for implementation of this low-cost measure with potential impact in kidney and cardiovascular disease are to be developed. F. B. N. and V. C. -S. have no disclosure. R. P. -F. receives Speake fees and research honoraria from and Care. 1. Institute of Medicine: Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Press, Washington, 2005, p 640. 2. : Dietary factors associated with hypertension. Cardiol 2011; 8: 456–465. 3. : Reducing population salt intake worldwide: from evidence to implementation. Dis 2010; 52: 363–382. 4. : Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation 2016; 134: 441–450. 5. : Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes. N Med 2014; 371: 624–634. 6. O': on Monitoring of the of Protocol for validation of blood pressure measuring devices in adults. Monit 2002; 7: 3–17. 7. Organization: WHO | for Adults and Children. Geneva, Organization, 2012, p 56. 8. : Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24 h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e003733. 9.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, if these data are obtained by a criminal organization, it can also be used for blackmailing or any other cyber-crime against you. 5. 2. 3 that the car you drive collides with another vehicle. You stop, get off, and walk through the other vehicle to negotiate the accident with its driver. Suddenly, you see that there is no one in the car. After getting out of the shock, you notice that you had an accident with an AV. So, what is going to happen now? Who will be responsible or how will the responsibilities be shared between the driver (if exists), manufacturer, sensor producer, or programmer? Currently, lawmakers and government authorities work on it (up to a point). In the USA, the federal government, via NHTSA, sets the rules for new motor vehicles and their equipment. These rules are known as Standards (FMVSSs), and NHTSA enforces FMVSSs to ensure that manufacturers comply with them [24]. Besides, federal governments do not act to create nation-wide legislation; however, requests state governments to regulate the responsibilities [24]. In Germany, a law for AV-related liability issues was put into action on June 21, 2017 [27]. The law makes the liability be shared between the manufacturer and driver. Drivers are allowed to avert their attention from driving but not to sleep [27]. Also, the law only keeps drivers responsible for an accident unless they take control of the car within an “adequate time reserve. ” Nevertheless, this undefined “adequate time reserve” is still controversial [27]. It might be claimed in advance that the responsibility issue may remain as a concern, and it will be solved in time as long as AVs and their technology level developed. 5. 2. 4 Environmental issues Besides possible effects resulted from factors such as ridesharing, negative factors may result in an energy consumption increase by up to 150% [26]. As long as AVs become safer, particular speed limits might be set for them, and those limits might also be increased gradually. Also, the comfort that AVs would provide to us might cause them to be used more frequently than before. Nevertheless, higher speeds or frequent use result in more fuel consumption, which also means an increase in carbon emissions. 5. 2. 5 Car sharing-related health issues A recent pandemic caused hundreds of thousands of losses of human lives.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: The technique has been instrumental in revealing widespread incidences of neuronal synchrony and neuronal time-relationships among various cortical areas [64, 70-78]. For instance, as revealed by crosscorrelogram analysis, synchrony has been reported to be strong between cells with similar preferred parameters due in part to specific connections between cortical domains having similar tuning properties. Thus, based on the crosscorrelogram analysis, the functional network connections can be established between the neurons [58, 71, 79-81]. Figure 5. Crosscorrelograms between two neurons (reference and target)A typical crosscorrelogram between two neurons to interpret the relation between them is obtained by keeping one of the neurons as reference and calculating the spikes of the other neuron with reference to it. An investigator generally is interested in one of the following patterns as illustrated in figure 5, while he is interpreting crosscorrelograms. Figure 5 illustrates the time relations between two neurons as revealed by shifted and corrected crosscorrelograms when one neuron is reference and other target. A shifted crosscorrelogram is a histogram obtained, when the spikes of the reference cell are shifted by one or two cycles of stimulation. This eliminates the possibility of stimulus-induced-relationship between two neurons. After this the shifted crosscorrelogram is subtracted (corrected) to remove the stimulus-locked -component. Figure 5a corresponds to target cell projecting onto the reference cell. Target neuron fires few milliseconds before the reference cell since the peak of the crosscorrelogram appears few milliseconds before zero, that is, offset from zero, within 5ms. This means there is an excitation from target to the reference cell [79, 81]. Figure 5b corresponds to the reference cell projecting onto the target cell. Target neuron fires few milliseconds after the reference cell since the peak of the crosscorrelogram appears few milliseconds after zero, within 5ms. This means the excitation is from reference cell to the target cell [79, 81]. Figure 5c corresponds to the synchrony between two neurons, as the peak straddles zero [73, 82]. This means there is a common excitatory input to both neurons most likely from other neuron or neurons. Though, various time windows have been taken into consideration ranging from 3ms to 10 ms [72, 79] to reveal the functional connections between the involved neurons, but a time window within 5ms is most frequently used. Figure 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: : The effect of lowering salt intake on ambulatory blood pressure to reduce cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease (study): protocol of a randomized trial. BMC Nephrol 2012; 13: 137. 10. Essig M, Escoubet B, de : Cardiovascular remodelling and extracellular fluid excess in early stages of chronic kidney disease. Transplant 2008; 23: 239–248. 11. : Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the to (DASH) diet. DASH-Research Group. N Med 2001; 344: 3–10. 12. : Salt – a potential ‘uremic toxin’? 2006; 24: 63–66. 13. : Sodium intake affects urinary albumin excretion especially in overweight subjects. J 2004; 256: 324–330. 14. De Brito-: The role of salt intake and salt sensitivity in the management of hypertension in people with chronic kidney disease: a randomised controlled trial. Heart 2013; 99: 1256–1260. 15. : Predictors of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy and hypertension: a case for albuminuria. Suppl 2004; 66:S50–S55. 16. Borch-Johnsen K, Kreiner S: Proteinuria: value as predictor of cardiovascular mortality in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J (Ed) 1987; 294: 1651–1654. 17. -: Glycosaminoglycan polymerization may enable osmotically inactive Na+ storage in the skin. 2004; 287:H203–H208. 18. Guyton AC: Dominant role of the kidneys and accessory role of whole-body autoregulation in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Hypertens 1989; 2: 575–585. 19. : Salt sensitivity and circadian rhythm of blood pressure: the keys to connect CKD with cardiovasucular events. 2010; 33: 515–520. 20. : Salt sensitivity of blood pressure in chronic renal failure. Evidence for renal control of body fluid distribution in man. Hypertension 1982; 4: 190–197. 21. : Salt induces myocardial and renal fibrosis in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Circulation 1998; 98: 2621–2628. 22. Rocha R, Funder JW: The pathophysiology of aldosterone in the cardiovascular system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: Covid-19 proved that keeping physical (social) distance between people and following hygiene rules are crucial for avoiding contagions. Since it may not be possible to be sanitized between users, there would be a risk that AVs might be responsible agents for the spread of infection. If this happens, AVs would be banned for a while. In this case, severe health or transportation problems would be inevitable. 5. 2. 6 Financial-infrastructure burdens on states AVs require certain elements to ensure awareness of their surroundings, such as traffic lights, dyed lanes, and traffic signs. In many underdeveloped or developing countries, unordered traffic may be witnessed. What if an AV comes to an intersection with no traffic lights, no lanes, no signs, cars moving bumper to bumper ignoring safe distance, and drivers not yielding? How could an AV determine the right of the pass in a situation like that? To be able to have AVs on its roads, governments will have to order the traffic in their countries. They may also have to educate their citizens. Overall, this will become a financial burden because of the increase in spending on investments in transportation infrastructure and traffic education. 5. 3 Moral issues with AVs AVs mostly rely on AI technologies. However, as mentioned above, AIs can be attacked and misled easily. A 3D printed turtle was classified as an assault rifle by Google’s [28]. Another issue with AI is its moral dimension. Again, assume that an AV drives an individual or a group of people from someplace to another. Suddenly, a small child or an animal that is on the edge of extinction steps onto the road. There is no such possibility for AV to stop. Its only options are hitting itself to barriers and kill the passenger(s) it carries or killing the child or the animal in front of it. What do we expect from the AV to do in this scenario? Or if a human driver is seated behind the wheel, what do we expect from him or her? People can be kept responsible for their behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors. Hence, after an accident resulting from a human driver’s fault can be handled by law enforcement and judicial authorities easily. Nevertheless, when it comes to an accident caused by an AV, the situation changes. Because instead of instincts, education level, or experience, an AV acts on its codes compiled by someone.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Based on the above example, we hypothesize and propose a model how the network of neurons is modulated prior and post adaptation as revealed by the functional time-relationship of neurons between them. Figure 8 depicts the functional connections between the same neurons before and after adaptation. White projections in figure 8a show the projections that cells have onto each other before adaptation, whereas figure 8b depicts how the network changes in the same group of neurons after adaptation. Some of the connections between the cells remain distinct (white projections) whereas some connections disappear (dotted gray arrows) with appearing new connections (yellow projections). Figure 8. Network model before and after adaptation Advertisement 7. ConclusionThis 1. 1959 of in the Cat’s Striate Cortex. J Physiol. 148 574591. 2. 1968 of Cortex. J Physiol. 195 215243. 3. Movshon JA 1975 Tuning of in Cortex. J Physiol. 249 445468. 4. MartinezL. M. WangQ. ReidR. C. PillaiC. 2005 with Layer in the Cortex. Nat Neurosci. 8 372379. 5. 1972 Striate Neurons: Concepts. Invest Ophthalmol. 11 346354. 6. 1962 Receptive Fields, in the Cat’s Visual Cortex. J Physiol. 160 106154. 7. 1963a Shape and Arrangement of Columns in Cat’s Striate Cortex. J Physiol. 165 559568. 8. 1963b of Cells in of Very Young, Kittens. J Neurophysiol. 26 9941002. 9. TanakaS. TaniT. RibotJ. O’HashiK. Imamura 2009, (2009) A Period for in the Cortex. PLoS One. 4: e5380 EOF. 10. ChiuC. Weliki 2003 2003 The role of neural activity in the development of orientation selectivity. The visual neurosciences. 117125 Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 12. SouthwellD. G. FroemkeR. C. Alvarez-BuyllaA. StrykerM. P. GandhiS. P. 2010 Induced by Transplantation. Science. 327 11451148. 13. 1998 Cortical Plasticity: to Maps. Neurosci. 21 149186. 14.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: : Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Hypertens 2005; 18: 1300–1305. 37. Elliott P, Brown I: Around the World. Geneva, Organization, 2007. 38. : Dietary assessment in epidemiology: comparison on food frequency and a diet history questionnaire with a 7-day food record. Epidemiol 1996; 143: 953–960. 39. Bingham SA: Limitations of the various methods for collecting dietary intake data. Metab 1991; 35: 117–127. 40. Nerbass FB, Pecoits-: Development of a formula for estimation of sodium intake from spot urine in people with chronic kidney disease. Pract 2014; 128: 61–66. 41. : Spot urine sodium measurements do not accurately estimate dietary sodium intake in chronic kidney disease. 2016; 104: 298–305. 42. de Brito-: Barriers and facilitators of dietary sodium restriction amongst Bangladeshi chronic kidney disease patients. J Diet 2011; 24: 86–95. 43. Meuleman Y, ten : Perceived barriers and support strategies for reducing sodium intake in patients with chronic kidney disease: a Qualitative study. 2015; 22: 530–539. 44. : Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane database 2015; 2:CD010070. 45. : A randomized crossover trial of dietary sodium restriction in stage 3-4 CKD. Nephrol 2017; 12: 399–407. 46. van der Boog PJM, et al: Sodium restriction in patients with CKD: a randomized controlled trial of self-management support. 2017; 69: 576–586. 47. : Sodium intake, ACE inhibition, and progression to ESRD. J Nephrol 2012; 23: 165–173. 48. : Moderation of dietary sodium potentiates the renal and cardiovascular protective effects of angiotensin receptor blockers. 2012; 82: 330–337. 49. : Sodium excretion and the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. JAMA 2016; 315: 2200–2210. 50. : Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and CKD progression. J Nephrol 2016; 27: 1202–1212. 51. Foundation: KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: The codes of an AV may change with its programmer’s nationality. A study published on Nature was conducted upon scenario-based AV behaviors. The researchers managed to collect 39. 61 million decisions made by thousands of people from 233 countries [29]. An online platform called has been shared in the domain of the of Technology (MIT). Machine reached people in 10 different languages and asked them questions related to the actions of AVs in 13 different scenarios. With the first question, people are asked to answer what an AV should do in case of sudden brake failure at a pedestrian crossing. Omitting whom it carries, the AV is supposed to hit and kill:two pedestrians – a homeless person and a woman – who are violating the law by crossing on red andtwo male executives crossing the street on the green abiding by the law. Upon completing the questions, people are also given an option to enter their demographic data. In the end, results are shared, and people can have a chance to compare their standings to the general average of others. Some of the findings of the study are as follows:Globally; humans, more lives, and younger people are preferred to pets, single life, and older people, respectively andCulturally; when people are clustered by their geographic and cultural proximity, people fromWestern countries [and European (protestant, catholic, and orthodox Christian)] give higher importance to humans over the pets more lives over the single life, young over old, and fit over less fit;Eastern countries [Confucianist (i. e. , Japan and Taiwan) and Islamist (i. e. , Indonesia, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia)] give higher importance to pedestrian over (AV) passenger, humans over the pet, and law-abiding over law-violating; andSouthern countries (France, French-influenced, and Latin American) give higher priority to females over males, fit over less fit, higher status over lower status, young over old, and more lives over the single life. These findings may lead us to ask this question: Should these types of differences and concerns be taken into account by manufacturers? from Audi implies the importance of this type of studies [30]. From the legislative perspective, the first ethical guideline regulating AVs was published by the of Germany’s of Transport and in 2017 [30]. This guideline brings some regulations on decisions that would be made by AVs in future. 6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: 2003 Communication in Neuronal Networks. Science. 301 18701874. 15. Singer 2011 (2011) of by Synchronization. Neuron. 69 191193. 16. Buzsáki 2010 (2010) Neural Syntax: Cell Assemblies, Synapsembles, and Readers. Neuron. 68 362385. 17. (2012) of the Extrastriate Cortex. Funct. [Epub ahead of print]18. 1991 Processing in the Cortex. Cereb Cortex. 1 147. 19. KaschubeM. SchnabelM. LöwelS. CoppolaD. M. WhiteL. E. Wolf 2010 (2010) Universality in the Evolution of in the Visual Cortex. Science. 330 11131116. 20. 1998 of the Macaque and Cortex: of Elements. J Comp Neurol. 400 449468. 21. OhkiK. ChungS. Ch’ngY. H. KaraP. ReidR. C. 2005 with Micro-architecture in Visual Cortex. Nature. 433 597603. 22. SD 2007 Similarity and Diversity in Visual Cortex: a of Cortical Computation? Neuroscientist. 13 639656. 23. Casagrande VA, 2004u X (2004) Parallel visual pathways: a comparative perspective. Neurosciences. 494506 Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 24. 1979 Morphology and of Neurones in the Cortex. Nature. 280 120125. 25. DavisF. A. BergenD. SchaufC. Mc DonaldI. Deutsch 1976 (1976) in Optic Neuritis: A Sign. Neurology. 26 11001104. 26. 1977 in Demonstrated by the 2-Technique. Nature. 269 328330. 27. Blasdel 1986G, (1986) Voltage-sensitive a in Cortex. Nature. 321 579585. 28. 2007 of Columns in Visual Cortex. J Neurosci. 27 1039110403. 29. 1996 of in Monkeys. J Neurosci. 16 72287239. 30. 1978 in Layer IV of the Cat’s and the Effects of Monocular Deprivation. J Physiol. 281 267283. 31. CarandiniM.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, the results show that a high-Na diet introduced immediately after suckling does not affect Na preference and Na intake in adult WKY rats. Furthermore, the findings provide evidence that both blood volume and arterial blood pressure are highly protected in normotensive rats on a high-Na diet. Keywords High-sodium dietFood preferenceBlood volumeof Nutrition Issue 2 28 July 2011 10. 1017/S0007114511000110 [Opens in a new window] © 2011 Both humans and rats demonstrate an innate appetite for salt and ingest it in excess of their apparent needs. A high-Na diet may result in hypertension; however, there are significant individual differences between humans as well as between strains of rats in sensitivity to salt(Reference McCarron1, and Yuan2). The causes of Na intake in amounts greater than physiologically needed as well as the mechanisms whereby salt intake elevates blood pressure are not clear. Several causative links between a high-Na diet and the development of hypertension have been postulated. For example, it has been suggested that a high-Na diet increases the concentration of Na in the plasma or the cerebrospinal fluid. These in turn may stimulate peripheral or brain mechanisms leading to the expansion of blood volume, increased cardiac output or peripheral resistance, all of which may elevate arterial blood pressure(Reference de Wardener, He and MacGregor3, Reference Huang, and Leenen4). Interestingly, there is strong evidence for the involvement of common pathways in the regulation of Na intake and arterial blood pressure. It has been found that aldosterone and angiotensin II, two hormones that play a pivotal role in the regulation of blood pressure, have also a significant influence on Na intake(Reference Stellar5). Total intake of Na depends on Na appetite, also referred to as Na hunger, and on Na preference. The latter can be described as a relative measure of the ingestion of high-Na food in comparison with the ingestion of low-Na food. An increased preference for a high-Na diet usually signifies the increased intake of Na, on condition that total food intake is not affected. Pioneer research studies on Na appetite were undertaken by Richter(Reference Richter6), who found that adrenalectomised rats significantly increase their intake of saline solutions in preference to water. Later, Epstein & Stellar(and Stellar7) demonstrated that salt appetite is innate and does not depend on learning.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All autonomous vehicles will eliminate traffic accidents entirely. [SEP] Text: Legal concerns AVs are supposed to decrease the number of accidents and improve safety for people. However, accidents involving AVs happen, and some of them even be fatal. While in some cases those accidents have been alleged to stem from human errors, questions arise for the safety of AVs and eyes turn to government authorities to see how they regulate AV testing and deployment procedures. A study published on by Taeihagh and Lim provides a detailed analysis of how selected states regulate the main issues related to AVs: safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industrial risks [33]. The study also groups the strategies implemented by states chosen into five groups, as well:No-response; due to the uncertainty of the situation, policymakers do not take any action. Prevention-oriented; policymakers set preventive regulations to avoid risks. Control-oriented; the existence of risks is allowed; however, necessary steps are taken to control it. Toleration-oriented; policymakers clarify the steps to be taken in case of realization of risks. Adaptation-oriented; policymakers seek opinions to adopt regulations based on common sense. Selected states are then categorized by their strategy implementations on four domains of safety, liability, privacy, and cybersecurity [33]. On the other hand, in Section 5 of this 4. Figure 4. Comparison of moral value and policy points. Figure 4 shows a comparison of policy points of states and moral value points of their citizens. It was prepared by a primary data visualization method in the absence of enough data for further statistical analyses. However, the figure still helps us compare states’ p7. Conclusion Today, thousands of AVs are on roads. Besides, that number is anticipated to climb up, and AVs are expected to constitute 25% of cars worldwide in 2035 [37]. This 1. Road traffic injuries [Internet]. Organization. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 20 April 2020] 2. for Safety [Internet]. Administration. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 22 April 2020] 3. What causes traffic accidents? [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 05 February 2020] 4. (Report to Congress). Springfield, VA: Information Service; 2008 5. Top 25 Causes of [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 10 February 2020] 6. . What are the factors that contribute to road accidents?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Sengpiel 2004 (2004) of in Visual Cortex. J Vis. 4 130143. 32. IssaN. P. TrepelC. StrykerM. P. 2000 Maps in Cortex. J Neurosci. 20 85048514. 33. IssaN. P. RosenbergA. HussonT. R. 2008 Models and Measurements of in 1 J Neurophysiol. 99: 2745 EOF2754 EOF. 34. 1990, (1990) Modular and of Cortex in the Macaque Monkey. . 55 679696. 35. 1978 Organization of Prestriate Cortex. J Physiol. 277 193226. 36. 1992, Gadotti A, (1992) 4 and its Role in the Perception of Color. J Neurosci. 12: 4056 EOF65 EOF. 37. 2005 Structure and Function of MT. Neurosci. 28 157189. 38. MishkinM. UngerleiderL. Macko 1983 (1983) : Pathways. Trends in Neuroscience. 6 414417. 39. Di CarloJ. J. ZoccolanD. RustN. C. 2012 the Recognition? Neuron. 73 415434. 40. MilnerD. A. GoodaleM. (1995 (1995). The visual brain in action. Press41. 1979 Morphology of Neurons in the of the Cat. Brain Res. 172 344348. 42. Peters 1984 (1984) Identified neurons in visual cortex. Trends in Neurosci. 7 375378 43. González-BurgosG. . LewisD. A. 2005 of Interneurons and their with in Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurophysiol. 93 942953. 44. PovyshevaN. V. Gonzalez-BurgosG. ZaitsevA. V. KrönerS. BarrionuevoG. LewisD. A. KrimerL. S. 2006 Properties of Responses in Fast-spiking Interneurons and Cortex. Cereb Cortex. 16 541552. 45. MarkramH. Toledo-RodriguezM. WangY. GuptaA. SilberbergG. Wu 2004 (2004) Interneurons of the System. Neurosci.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Influence of macronutrients and micronutrients on maize hybrids for biogas production 1, Petro Kucheruk2, Kostantin Pavlichenko1 & …Hynek Roubík ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0002-7498-41403 Show authors 1913 Accesses 1 all metrics in the cultivation of corn for biogas production is the selection of appropriate hybrids, macro- and micronutrient dozing and the evaluation of energy and economic efficiency of their use. Therefore, this 1. 4–24. 0% compared to options without their use. The evaluation of the theoretical yield of CH4 based on the content of fats, protein, cellulose, and hemicellulose is also presented in different samples of maize. The findings show that the application of macro-and micro-fertilizers is suitable from the energy and economic points of view — profitability begins to appear at the price of biomethane of 0. 3–0. 4 euros per 1 m3. Similar content being viewed by others Influence of the Quantitative and of Hybrids 7. 5 kg N da−1 as a starter fertilizer at the sowing stage and 15. 0–22. 5 kg N da−1 as top dressing in the 6-leaf stage. et al. (2014) noted decreased maize grain yield with the sole application of N, P and K in a split (2% each) in the 30 days after emergence (DAE). At the same time, the combined application of N + P and N + P + K in a split at 30 DAE or 60 DAE or in two equal splits (1% each at 30 and 60 DAE) increased the yield of the maize grain. Furthermore, the results showed the increased productivity of maize with the combined application of the N + P + K at a rate of 1% each in two equal splits at 30 and 60 DAE. The grain yield of maize increased by 43% with the application of half N as base and half N as foliar spray compared to that obtained by applying full N (100 kg N/ha) (Islam et al. 1996). Foliar fertilization with nutrients cannot replace soil fertilization in the case of maize and it is recommended to use it as a supplement to fertilizers applied to the soil-applied fertilizers (Ling and Silberbush 2002).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: AbstractDiscussions of autonomous land vehicles often invoke the example of air traffic, where the autopilot is responsible for steering except for take-off and landing. The question arises: what can we learn from air traffic? What autonomously flying aircraft and autonomously driving vehicles have in common is that the pilot or driver bears the final responsibility. But, there are a number of differences between road traffic and air traffic (besides their type of locomotion) that make transferring the systems from one to the other impractical. You have full access to this open access 1. The “driver,” i. e. the person in the driver’s seat, is preoccupied with other activities inside the vehicle and eye contact does not occur. In that case, the other road user cannot assume that their negotiation proposal has been accepted and will act accordingly. 2. The “driver” of the autonomous vehicle is looking outside and makes incidental eye contact with the other road user. In that case the eye contact with non-autonomous road user can lead to an inaccurate understanding of the situation and thus cause a conflict. If the driver’s seat is not occupied, the other road user does not receive any information, so the situation is equivalent to the “no eye contact” scenario. Gestures and body movements Gestures are a pervasive and effective method of communication between road users. Many signals conveyed using gestures are generally comprehensible and mostly clear. For instance, nodding signifies agreement with the other person’s request. Pedestrians move their arms up and down to request vehicles to stop, for instance in order to secure the scene of an accident. Moving one’s hands downwards (Fig. 7. 1) signifies that the other person should slow down. A sweeping hand movement (Fig. 7. 2) or a gesture of offering (Fig. 7. 3) with the palm facing upward signifies “Go ahead. I cede my right-of-way. ”Fig. 7. 1Slow down. Image rights: Risser [8]Full size image Fig. 7. 2Sweeping hand movement. Image rights: Risser [8]Full size image Fig. 7.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: 5 793807. 46. MJIsonMormann. F. CerfM. KochC. FriedI. QuirogaR. Q. 2011 Selectivity of and Interneurons in the Temporal Lobe. J Neurophysiol. 106 17131721. 47. Wilson FA, O’Scalaidhe SP, Goldman-Rakic PS 1994 Gamma-Aminobutyrate- in Prefrontal Cortex. . 91 40094013. 48. Gilbert CD 1977 in Properties of Cells in Visual Cortex. J Physiol. 268 391421. 49. MarshanskyS. ShumikhinaS. Molotchnikoff 2011, Shumikhina S, (2011) of Tuning in Visual Cortex. Neuroscience. 172 355365. 50. 1976 Receptive-field Characteristics of Neurons in Cortex: Changes with Eccentricity. J Neurophysiol. 39 512533. 51. JDPettigrewNikara. T. BishopP. O. 1968 Responses to by in Cortex. Res. 6 373390. 52. DasA. GilbertC. D. 1995 Long-range in Revealed by of Visual Cortex. Nature. 375 780784. 53. SompolinskyH. GolombD. Kleinfeld 1990, (1990) of in a of Coupled Oscillators. . 87 72007204. 54. Ts’o 1986 in Cortex as Revealed by Cross-correlation Analysis. J Neurosci. 6 11601170. 55. (1991) between by Cross-correlation Analysis in the Cat. J Physiol. 441: 593-614. 56. (2000) Properties of Horizontal and to in the of the Cortex. J Neurosci. 20: 1931-1940. 57. StratfordK. J. Tarczy-HornochK. 1996 Inputs to Cells in Cortex. Nature. 382 258261. 58. 1996 Firing in Cells of the Nucleus. Nature. 383 815819. 59. De WeerdP. VandenbusscheE. De BruynB. OrbanG. A. 1990 in the Cat. Res. 39 117. 60. BravoM. BlakeR. Morrison 1988 (1988) Subjective Contours.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Until recently, the use of micronutrients on crops was considered as an additional and optional technological measure. However, in some studies, the importance of all nutrients in shaping plant productivity was shown (Safdarian et al. 2014; de et al. 2011; Karlen et al. 1985). Therefore, both macronutrients and micronutrients play the key role in the fertilisation of crops, including maize. Maize is susceptible to low Zn in soils (Alloway 2008). A very positive response of maize plants to increasing soil Zn application was pronounced in the case of ZnSO4 application (Grujcic et al. 2021). The use of concentrated stilbite (650 g) or natural zeolite (470 g) with urea increases the dry matter yield of maize for silage and the concentration of nitrogen in the leaves (de et al. 2011). The use of micronutrients and growth regulators in maize crops has a positive effect on plant growth and, in turn, on crop formation. Regardless of the maturity group of hybrids, the application of micronutrients increases the grain yield of the maize hybrids by 0. 38–1. 26 t/ha by 3. 8–10. 0% (Lavrynenko et al. 2016). Amon et al. (2007) revealed the regression dependence of the specific methane yield of maize silage on the content of crude protein, crude fat, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The maturity phase of maize significantly affects the content of dry matter in the silage and the ratio of individual groups of organic compounds in its composition. The methane yield per hectare of late ripening maize varieties in different stages of vegetation is estimated to be in the range of 6000 to 9000 Nm3CH4/ha (Amon et al. 2007). The specific methane yield decreased towards full ripeness, from 312–365 NlCH4/kgVS (milk ripeness) to 268–286 NlCH4/kgVS (full ripeness) (Amon et al. 2007). Szempliński and Dubis (2011) noted the dry matter yield (DM) of 23. 8 t ha−1 and energy intensity of maize cultivation of 21. 7 GJ ha−1 with fertilization of 180 kg N ha−1, while Barbanti et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: 3Gesture of offeringFull size image 4 Implications of on Traffic SafetyAt first glance, informal signals such as eye contact, gestures, or anticipatory behavior seem less clear-cut than standardized signals such as turn signals, the horn, headlight flashing, etc. In fact neither is entirely clear-cut. Interestingly, the philosopher Heidegger, who investigates the nature of symbols in his treatise Being and Time [9], chooses cars as an example: “Motor cars are equipped with an adjustable red arrow whose position indicates which direction the car will take, for example, at an intersection” (cit. after Frerichs, [10], p. 138. Perhaps this symbol was still crystal-clear and situation-independent in those early days of cars, but it quickly becomes apparent that symbols take on different meanings in different contexts. All symbols, both verbal and non-verbal, can only be understood in relation to their context. [11] explains, a distinction must be made between the signal and the intended meaning. Headlight flashing may have different intended meanings depending on the situation. If a driver who has right-of-way slows down and flashes her headlights, it is interpreted as an offer to yield right-of-way; if she is accelerating or maintaining speed when she makes the same signal, it means that she is asserting her right-of-way. Likewise, a right-turn signal might mean “I’m turning” or “I’m looking for a parking space—go ahead and pass me. ”To consider the vulnerable road users, let us take a look at the interesting example of cyclists. Cyclists still use signals from the early days of motorized driving to indicate their intended change in direction. This means that for pattern recognition outside of highway traffic, an automated system needs the ability to identify both cyclists’ presence and the signals they make. What are the implications for traffic safety? Initially we may assume that autonomous vehicles will not be familiar with the assorted context-dependent meanings of signals and must therefore behave very cautiously. As long as visual recognition or a pedestrian’s hand signals cannot be reliably perceived and interpreted based on the situation, any pedestrians located on a potential collision course with the vehicle must be treated as hazards and trigger a suitable reaction by the autonomous vehicle. So when autonomous vehicles identify pedestrians on the roadway, they will stop.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Vision Res. 28 861865. 61. GhisovanN. NemriA. ShumikhinaS. Molotchnikoff 2009humikhina S, (2009) of in Visual Cortex. Neuroscience. 164 12741283. 62. DragoiV. SharmaJ. Sur 2000 (2000) Adaptation-induced Plasticity of in Cortex. Neuron. 28 287298. 63. NemriA. GhisovanN. ShumikhinaS. Molotchnikoff 2009humikhina S, (2009) of During Adaptation-induced Plasticity of in VI. BMC Neurosci. 10: 147 EOF. 64. GhisovanN. NemriA. ShumikhinaS. Molotchnikoff 2008humikhina S, (2008) : Plasticity of Orientation Selectivity. PLoS One. 3: e3689 EOF. 65. DragoiV. RivadullaC. Sur 2001 (2001) Foci of in Visual Cortex. Nature. 411 8086. 66. . NeveR. L. BearM. F. 2006 of in Cortex. Neuron. 51 339349. 67. VoussoughiA. ShumikhinaS. MilleretC. Molotchnikoff 2010humikhina S, Milleret C, (2010) the Organization of in Visual Cortex. II. Pinwhell Reorganization. Soc. Neurosci:371. 2268. 1967 Trains and Processes. I. Spike Train. Biophys J. 7 391418. 69. KönigP. EngelA. K. 1995 in Sensory-Motor Systems. Neurobiol. 5 511519. 70. SingerW. . RoelfsemaP. R. 1997 Neuronal Assemblies: Necessity, Signature and Detectability. Sci. 1 252261. 71. 2002 Conditional Cross-correlation Analysis of Thalamocortical Neurotransmission. Res. 135 191196. 72. SingerW. GrayC. M. 1995 Integration and the Hypothesis. Neurosci. 18 555586. 73. (2004) of Synchronization to in the Cortex. Res. 158: 223-232. 74. KönigP.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: At the same time, these crops have lower biodegradability and methane yields compared to maize silage. Currently, there are not enough studies on the impact of fertilizers on energy and economic efficiency of biogas production from energy crops, including maize. In addition, most of these studies reduce the role of fertilisation level to a helpful effect on biomass yield. Meanwhile, it was found that differentiated fertilization rates affect not only biomass yield, but also biomass chemical composition and biodegradability, and thus biogas production efficiency (Kacprzak et al. 2012). Oleszek and Matyka (2020) proved that increasing the level of nitrogen fertilization increases biogas yield due to positive changes in the chemical composition of biomass, mainly due to a decrease in lignin content and improved digestibility. Therefore, this study aims to assess the influence of macro- and micronutrients on the quality indicators of maize hybrids, their productivity, methane yield, and the economic and energy efficiency of their cultivation. Materials and methodsField experimentFor cultivation and further analysis, 4 different maize hybrids of the company & Co, Germany were selected, namely: the mid-early hybrid Amaros (FAO 230), the mid-early hybrid Bogatyr (FAO 290), the mid-ripening KWS 381 (FAO 350) and the mid-late hybrid Carifols (FAO 380). During 2019–2021, a 3-factor field experiment was conducted with 4 maize hybrids and macro fertilizers (NPK), as well as additional seed treatment and spraying of plants with micro fertilizers. For each type of maize hybrid, 9 different combinations of exposure factors were applied, as shown in Table 1. Table 1 Staging an experiment*Full size tableIn four replicates, the total area was 224 m2, the accounting area — 186 m2, in a randomised complete block design in a ‘split plot’ system. The macro fertilizer was used as complex fertilizer under the trademark “nitroamophoska” (N18P18K18), applied in the fall for ploughing. Nitrogen fertilisation in the form of ammonium nitrate (N33) was applied before maize sowing.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: What happens if the pedestrian is a police officer directing traffic? For one thing, the police officer must be identified as an upright obstacle that the robotic vehicle must steer around. Beyond that, though, the vehicle needs to interpret the police officer’s signals. If the police officer holds strictly to the rules, as shown in the photographs Figs. 7. 4 and 7. 5, an autonomous vehicle can learn the associated meanings. Experience has shown, however, that police officers directing traffic or parking lot attendants assigning parking spaces use very dynamic gestures to speed up traffic, such as waving their arms or hands or making rowing motions with their arms. See Figs. 7. 6, 7. 7 and 7. 8. Humans usually understand these signals from context. Alongside the ability to recognize patterns of gestures and postures, autonomous vehicles would need to have contextual knowledge allowing them to identify and evaluate gestures correctly. Fig. 7. 4Traffic police officer: traffic flowing. Image rights: Full size image Fig. 7. 5Traffic police officer (North Korea): chest facing driver means “stop”. Image rights: Full size image Fig. 7. 6Police officer in Minneapolis signals that traffic can start moving on one side of the street. Image rights: Full size image Fig. 7. 7Police officer in Bangkok gestures to a vehicle to turn. Image rights: Full size image Fig. 7. 8Police officer (Sweden) gestures to vehicle to move forward. Image rights: Olle NebendahlFull size image One exceptional case is the need to accommodate vehicles with special rights, such as police cars, fire trucks, or ambulances. These vehicles draw attention to themselves using auditory signals. Visual and auditory signals (such as sirens and flashing lights) obligate the rest of traffic to stop, cede right of way at an intersection, or move aside to create a rescue lane. In everyday road traffic, vehicles do not stop right away when they hear this type of auditory signal in the distance. Such a reaction would severely inconvenience traffic, especially near a hospital for instance. It is also impossible from a distance to precisely identify the direction the auditory signal is coming from. Likewise, the functionality to identify special vehicles from a distance and to determine the best way to rearrange the lanes would be difficult to design.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: EngelA. K. Singer 1996 (1996) Integrator or Coincidence Detector? of the Revisited. Trends Neurosci. 19 130137. 75. Softky WR, Koch 1993 (1993) of is Inconsistent with of Random EPSPs. J Neurosci. 13 334350. 76. AbelesM. 1982 Local cortical circuits: an electrophysiological study. 6769 Berlin:Springer-Verlag. 77. TakahashiN. KitamuraK. MatsuoN. MayfordM. KanoM. MatsukiN. Ikegaya 2012 (2012) Synaptic Inputs. Science. 335 353356. 78. DuretF. ShumikhinaS. Molotchnikoff 2006humikhina S, (2006) in a Synchrony-encoding Assembly. BMC Neurosci. 7: 72 EOF. 79. BarthóP. HiraseH. MonconduitL. ZugaroM. HarrisK. D. Buzsáki 2004 (2004) Characterization of Cells and Interneurons by. J Neurophysiol. 92 600608. 80. YoshimuraY. CallawayE. M. 2005 Fine-scale Specificity of Depends on Type and Connectivity. Nat Neurosci. 8 15521559. 81. CsicsvariJ. HiraseH. CzurkoA. Buzsáki 1998 (1998) Reliability and of Pyramidal Cell-interneuron Synapses in the Hippocampus: Approach in the Behaving Rat. Neuron. 21 179189. 82. GhisovanN. NemriA. ShumikhinaS. Molotchnikoff 2008humikhina S, (2008) Synchrony between Orientation-selective Neurons is Adaptation-induced Plasticity in Cortex. BMC Neurosci. 9: 60 EOF. 83. HeH. Y. HodosW. QuinlanE. M. 2006 in Cortex. J Neurosci. 26 29512955. 84. (1992) for in the Cortex. J Neurophysiol. 67: 197-20285. YakaR. YinonU. Wollberg 1999 (1999) of Areas in Deprivation. Neurosci.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 3%, depending on the use of macronutrients and microfertilizers. The leading indicator that affected the yield of green mass was the amount of precipitation from April to August. In 2019, the amount of precipitation for April–August was 193. 8 mm, and the average yield of green mass, according to the experiment, was 29. 2 t/ha. In 2020, it was 48. 9 t/ha (sum of precipitation 332. 7 mm), and in 2021 — 46. 0 t/ha (sum of precipitation 300. 6 mm). From Fig. 2, the clear dependence of the yield of green mass on the amount of precipitation by year can be seen. Fig. 2Maize crop yield vs the amount of precipitation (2019–2021)Full size imageA better moisture supply in 2021 led to an increase in the yield of green mass of maize by 50. 6–67. 3%, and in 2020 by 50. 6–80. 1%, compared to 2019 (Supplementary information S. 1). At the same time, most of the increase in yields is characteristic of the later stages of maturity of maize (R4 and R5), which is especially noticeable in the most the moisture-reliable year of 2020. The second most influential factor on maize yield was macronutrient application (Fig. 3). Fig. 3Maize crop yield (stage R3), average value for 2019–2021Full size imageIn phase R4 on the variant without fertilizer application, the yield of fresh mass was 36. 6, 38. 1, 40. 5, and 40. 7 t/ha for hybrids Amaros, Bohatyr, KWS 381, and Karifols, respectively, while N90P60К60 application increased the FM yield on average by 11. 4–15. 5%, and N120P90К90 application — by 15. 8–21. 0%. The use of micronutrients in the F3 scheme increased the yield of the green mass of maize by 1. 4–2. 9% compared to unfertilized options. When applying micronutrients according to the F4 scheme, the FM yield increased by 2. 1–3. 6%. It should be noted that there is no significant difference (LSD, P < 0. 05) between F3 and F4 variants of micronutrient application in all studied hybrids.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: For that reason, autonomous vehicles would need to stop upon all of these signals for safety reasons so as not to put traffic in danger. The following section will delve more deeply into the implications of the above on public acceptance. 5 Is the Ability to Communicate a Requirement for the Users to Vehicles? In terms of public acceptance, we must once realize again the effect of informal communication in “negotiating situations. ” In keeping with the aforementioned Sect. 1 of the Highway Code, drivers communicate in negotiating situations in order to resolve situations that are rule-governed in principle but where blindly following the rules would disturb traffic considerably. Example 1 If a vehicle is parking or idling in your lane, it is sometimes necessary to cross over to the opposite lane and, in extreme cases, even to cross a solid center line. In busy traffic, this requires coordinating with the oncoming vehicles. Apart from (unauthorized) crossing of the solid center line, the situation can be solved without a “negotiation” if oncoming traffic becomes sparse enough that the opposite lane can be used without vehicles communicating. The busier the traffic, the more likely a negotiation is necessary. How does the driver of an oncoming vehicle signal willingness to cooperate? First of all, by slowing down in order to leave room for you to cross onto the opposite lane. Yet in most cases slowing down alone is not enough of a signal because there are many reasons why a vehicle might keep a larger-than-usual following distance. That is why approaching drivers would usually signal this kind of offer by both slowing down and flashing their headlights. If the autonomous vehicle did not recognize this signal, it would be seen as a “traffic obstacle,” which would certainly not encourage public acceptance. Example 2 As shown above, autonomous vehicles will generally behave more cautiously than human drivers as they have a limited grasp of the context and informal signals. Yet they can also perform driving maneuvers that are normally not performed by a human driver. For one thing, they react more quickly than human drivers. Since they tend not to have a “moment of shock,” their reaction time is much faster. That is one reason why autonomous vehicles would cause fewer accidents. Furthermore, accident research has shown that many drivers do not make the most of their cars’ braking capabilities and, even when swerving, tend not to reach the physical limits based on the circle of forces.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: receptive fields are large enough that they can contain more than one perceptible stimulus. How, then, can the brain encode information about each of the stimuli that may be present at a given moment? We recently showed that when more than one stimulus is present, single neurons can fluctuate between coding one vs. the other(s) across some time period, suggesting a form of neural multiplexing of different stimuli (Caruso et al. , 2018). Here, we investigate (a) whether such coding fluctuations occur in early visual cortical areas; (b) how coding fluctuations are coordinated across the neural population; and (c) how coordinated coding fluctuations depend on the parsing of stimuli into separate vs. fused objects. We found coding fluctuations do occur in macaque V1 but only when the two stimuli form separate objects. Such separate objects evoked a novel pattern of V1 spike count (‘noise’) correlations involving distinct distributions of positive and negative values. This bimodal correlation pattern was most pronounced among pairs of neurons showing the strongest evidence for coding fluctuations or multiplexing. Whether a given pair of neurons exhibited positive or negative correlations depended on whether the two neurons both responded better to the same object or had different object p10. 7554/eLife. 76452. sa0 Decision letter Reviews on Sciety eLife's review process population coding has been widely explored in motor systems, where neurons show broad activity profiles and are thought to ‘vote’ for the movement typically associated with their peak activity (e. g. , Georgopoulos et al. , 1986; Lee et al. , 1988). However, individual motor systems only generate one movement at a time. Such a coarse coding/population voting scheme cannot work in sensory systems where there are generally many stimuli to be represented rather than a single (e. g. , arm or eye) movement to be specified. It has been assumed that sensory receptive fields are small enough that coarse coding does not apply, but this seems questionable. For example, the letters on the page you are reading now are probably <0. 25° apart, but foveal V1 receptive fields are approximately 0. 5–2° in diameter (Dow et al. , 1981; Alonso and Chen, 2009; Xing et al. , 2009; Dubey and Ray, 2016; Keliris et al. , 2019).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 3 and 55. 1%, in leaves — 33. 5 and 32. 5%, in stalks — 23. 2 and 22. 5%, in cobs + husks — 31. 0 and 29. 9%, and hybrids KWS 381 and Karifols — 56. 3 and 56. 5, 33. 5 and 33. 9, 23. 1 and 23. 3 and 33. 5 and 33. 9%, respectively. On average, the Bogatyr hybrid was marked with the highest DM content — 39. 2%, and for the Amaros, KWS 381 and Karifols hybrids, this indicator was − 37. 1, 38. 8 and 38. 4%, respectively (Fig. 5). Fig. 5Total dry matter content in the studied maize hybrids at different maturity stagesFull size imageIn phase R3, the Amaros and Bogatyr hybrids in the variant without fertilizer use had a DM yield of 11. 1–12. 4 tDM/ha, in phase R4 — 13. 0–14. 6 tDM/ha, and in phase R5 — 12. 6–14. 3 tDM/ha. Medium-ripe hybrids KWS 381 and Carifols yielded 12. 7–13. 2 tDM/ha, 14. 8–15. 2, 14. 6–14. 9 t/ha, in phases R3, R4, and R5, respectively (Supplementary information S. 2). With N90P60K60 application, DM yield increased, on average for hybrids, by 1. 3–2. 0 t/ha or by 11. 4–15. 5%, and with N120P90K90 application — by 1. 7–2. 9 t/ha or 12. 8–17. 0%, compared to options without their use. The effect of applying macronutrients on the yield of DM was higher than that of microfertilizers, as it was established for the fresh mass of maize. According to the data received by Çarpici et al. (2010), increasing nitrogen rates increased the forage maize dry matter yield, with a peak value occurring at 300 and 400 kg N ha−1. The use of micronutrients according to the F3 scheme provided an increase in the yield of DM by 1. 2–2. 9%, and according to the F4 scheme by 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: Driver assistance systems such as automatic emergency brakes or emergency steer assist are intended to compensate for these deficiencies. On that basis, not only would an autonomous vehicle act more quickly in an emergency situation, but it would be able to take advantage of the physical limits of forward and lateral acceleration. How other road users will react is largely unknown at this point. The following section discusses a simple approach to solving this. 6 to Autonomous Vehicle’s Driving Errors? Closely related to the questions of interaction and negotiation discussed earlier is the issue of compensating for other road user’s errors. Apart from avoiding immediate collisions with swerving trajectories, accommodating other driver’s errors is normal in everyday road traffic. First let us clarify how “driving errors” is defined. From a human driver’s perspective, “driving errors” might include purely rule-abiding behavior that is not ideally adapted to the situation. For example, a human-driven car with right-of-way on a main road might let an autonomous vehicle from a side street turn first if the human-driven car wouldn’t otherwise be able to turn onto the side street. In other words, if the human driver yields despite having right-of-way, the autonomous vehicle would need the ability to recognize that reliably. Driving errors might also result from deficiencies in the autonomous vehicle’s repertoire of strategies for resolving special situations or might be caused by reaching system boundaries. autonomous vehicle operating in “traffic jam pilot” mode enters a safe state because the system’s boundaries have been reached. In other words, the vehicle slows down to a stop. Although slowing down to a stop is common in a traffic jam, the other road users will be confused at the least if all other vehicles are moving and only the autonomous vehicle is stopped. If the maneuver occurs fairly abruptly for a reason that other drivers do not understand, this can pose a danger. However, we should keep in mind that road users do not drive without errors either in current road traffic and other drivers usually compensate for their errors. This raises the question of which characteristics humans will ascribe to autonomous vehicles. Will they be seen as less competent than human drivers or treated as flawless machines? One goal of a deployment strategy must be to disseminate a positive yet realistic conception of autonomous vehicles among all road users. Then, and only then, will autonomous vehicles play an appropriate role in the traffic system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Receptive fields get even larger at later stages along the visual processing stream (e. g. , Alonso and Chen, 2009). In the auditory system, mammalian neurons may be responsive to nearly any location in space (e. g. , Woods et al. , 2001; Groh et al. , 2003; McAlpine and Grothe, 2003; Werner-Reiss and Groh, 2008; Grothe et al. , 2010; Higgins et al. , 2010) and even frequency tuning is broad at conversational sound levels (Bulkin and Groh, 2011; Willett and Groh, 2022). Such breadth of tuning means that there can be overlap in the population of neurons activated by individual stimuli, making it unclear how information about multiple objects is preserved. Logic suggests that information about each distinct stimulus must be segregated within the neural code in some fashion, either into exclusive neural subpopulations, different epochs of time, or some combination of both. We have recently presented the hypothesis that the nervous system might employ a form of neural turn-taking (time division multiplexing) in which individual neurons fluctuate between responding to each of the items in or near their receptive fields across various epochs of time (Caruso et al. , 2018; Mohl et al. , 2020). Such a coding scheme could preserve information about each stimulus across time and/or across neural subpopulations. This theory raises three key open questions. First, is multiplexing a general phenomenon that occurs across a range of different brain areas? Our original study tested one subcortical auditory area (the inferior colliculus) and one extrastriate visual cortical area (area MF of the inferotemporal [IT] face patch system). More areas need to be tested to understand how such a coding scheme might operate. Second, in brain areas that exhibit such coding fluctuations, do neurons fluctuate together, and if so, how? Pairs of neurons might show positive, negative, or no correlations with each other. The pattern of such correlations across the population can reveal whether the population as a whole retains information about both stimuli and whether there is bias favoring one stimulus over another. Third, does the pattern of fluctuations depend on the parsing of the scene into separate objects? Individual stimuli can fuse into one object or be perceived as distinct from each other.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 2–3. 9%, compared to the options without their use. At the same time, no significant difference between micronutrient variants F3 and F4 was found. The highest DM yield was obtained for the Carifols maize hybrid in the R4 phase in the F2 and F4 variants — 17. 7 t/ha. Chemical compositionThe key factors for the release of methane from energy crops and other substrates are the chemical composition of the substrate and its ability for biodegradation. The content of crude fat, crude protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, crude fiber and sugars affect the formation of methane (Amon et al. 2007). There is a fairly significant number of models that predict the output of methane based on the chemical properties of the substrates. Lignin is the main inhibitor of methane formation (Thomsen et al. 2014). Dandikas et al. (2014) established a significant negative correlation between biogas and methane yields (r = 0. 90) under acid detergent lignin content below 10% of total solids. The crude protein content in the maize samples was 7. 8–10. 0% to DM, crude fat — 1. 3–2. 5%, cellulose — 23. 6–29. 6, hemicellulose — 24. 5–32. 4% (Fig. 6). Fig. 6Chemical composition of dry matter of different maize hybridsFull size imageTsavkelova and Netrusov (2012) established a negative correlation between biogas yield and ash and protein content in the studied samples. The maize hybrids KWS 381 and Karifols have a higher starch content, crude protein, and fat content. |In addition, the hybrid KWS 381 is characterized by the highest cellulose content among the studied samples (28. 4–29. 6% to DM). The application of macronutrients and micronutrients led to a relative increase in the content of starch, crude protein, and cellulose (Fig. 7). Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: In general, the conditions for this are in place. For example, surveys of new technologies such as robotics have shown that Europeans have positive attitudes towards robots [12]. Likewise, driver assistance systems—as precursors of highly automated and ultimately autonomous vehicles—already enjoy a strong reputation as useful aids and are seeing increasing demand from consumers [13]. Apart from people’s general attitudes towards technological systems, the capabilities and characteristics ascribed to new technological systems depend on the user’s level of background knowledge. People who are less well-versed technically tend to apply naïve behavioral models that ascribe more capabilities to technological systems than they actually possess. Current demonstrations of autonomous vehicles in the media, largely conducted for marketing purposes, invite the impression that these vehicles are masters of all situations. This raises the expectations of autonomous vehicles so high that any driving errors would cause at least irritation, if not safety concerns. For that reason, in order to generate a realistic understanding of potential issues, it is essential to publicize autonomous vehicles’ capabilities and limitations early on. 7 Cultural DifferencesA number of questions arise related to cultural differences: Are there universal rules for non-verbal behavior that can simply be adapted? How can cultural differences in communication and expectations be reflected in a robotic vehicle’s communicative and decision-making behavior? If they can, how can they be adapted? What modes of behavior are there in different countries? The best-known culturally comparative studies on non-verbal “utterances” based on facial expressions were produced by Ekman [14]. Across cultures, he found common facial expressions for the basic emotions of fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, and contempt. Most of these basic emotions do appear in road traffic, but their significance for communication among vehicles is rather restricted. For instance, the gestures for yes and no are crucial in negotiation situations. In central and northern Europe as well as the US, nodding means “yes” and shaking one’s head means “no. ” However, in countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bulgaria, wobbling one’s head sideways, a motion akin to the European and American “no” gesture, actually signifies agreement. Finally, there is an additional way to indicate yes and no non-verbally in countries such as Greece, Turkey, and southern Italy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: In the two-object case, the distribution of spike count correlations was markedly different from previous reports involving individual stimuli (Table 1, Cohen and Kohn, 2011), and encompassed a range spanning many negative correlations in addition to positive ones. Whether the correlations tended to be positive vs. negative depended on whether the two neurons in the pair preferred the same stimulus (median correlation + 0. 25) or preferred different stimuli (median correlation –0. 05). The distribution of spike count correlation values was even more widely spread among pairs of neurons that showed demonstrably fluctuating activity across stimulus presentations (same preference: +0. 49 and different preference: –0. 14). In contrast, in the single stimuli and fused object (superimposed gratings) cases, positive correlations predominated (single stimuli: median value 0. 15–0. 19; fused object: median value +0. 15). Distinct tuning-preference-related distributions of spike count correlations for adjacent stimuli but not for superimposed/fused stimuli were also seen in a smaller additional dataset in V4. Table 1 Summary of included data. Analyses were conducted on ‘triplets,’ consisting of a combination of A, B, and AB conditions. If the spikes evoked by the A and B stimuli failed to follow Poisson distributions with substantially separated means, the triplet was excluded from analysis. This table shows the numbers of triplets that survived these exclusion criteria for each brain area and type of stimulus condition (last column), as well as the numbers of monkeys, distinct units, and sessions that they were derived from (columns 6–9). 1. Stimuli2. Brain area3. Task4. Monkeys5. Available sessions6. Sessions for which at least one triplet was included7. Available units8. Units for which at least one triplet was included9. Triplets passing exclusion criteria for analysisAdjacentV1AttentionST, BR161616049351389V4FixationBA, HO1717991274456SuperimposedV1FixationST, BR252323047701686V4FixationJD, SY212117448171529 Table 2 Trial counts for included sessions. The values reported are calculated for individual recording sessions for which at least one triplet was included for the analysis; the numbers of trials are the same for all simultaneously recorded units within a session.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 7Relative difference in organic substances in comparison with “blank” (w/o NPK, w/o micronutrients) test, mean values for 4 hybridsFull size imageIn the research of Schittenhelm (2008), ash concentration was higher in late-ripening maize hybrids, and fat concentration increased until the end of the growing season in all hybrids. The differences in fat content in the whole plant between maize hybrids were more pronounced at later stages of development. A decrease in protein content was observed at late harvest dates. At the same time, higher values of these indicators correspond to higher doses of applied macronutrients (NPK). In the case of cellulose, its average value increases with an increase in the dose of macronutrients and with the application of microfertilizers. Application of N120P90K90 in combination with YaraCocktail seed treatment and Yaraspray of maize plants provided the greatest increase in cellulose content, up to 7%, on average in the experiment. Lamptey et al. (2018) established that application of N300, and to a lesser extent N200 decreases acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber but increases crude protein compared to unfertilized plots. Simultaneously, with an increase in cellulose content, there is an almost proportional decrease in fibre content under the influence of macronutrients and microfertilizers. There is also a noticeable increase in ash content in variants using macrofertilizers. However, no clear dependence of their content in DM was observed for the rest of the parameters with the application of macro- and micronutrients. Theoretical biogas yield estimationThe methane yield per hectare is predominantly influenced by the maize variety and the harvesting time (Amon et al. 2007; Zhao et al. 2016). The general range of theoretically estimated CH4 specific yield based on the data on crude protein, crude fat, cellulose, and hemicellulose content in maize DM is 272. 1 to 356. 6 Nm3CH4 t−1VS. In terms of the fresh mass of maize, this amounts to 97. 2–129. 2 Nm3CH4 t−1FM. Therefore, the specific methane yield based on 1 ha of land area, with a yield of 13. 8–18.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: In Germany, at any rate, it is commonplace to insist on one’s right-of-way so it would be unusual to attempt to merge without obtaining the other road user’s “consent,” as that would involve risking a collision. Traffic in the is characterized by more steady, lane-based driving. Aside from the official signals, informal signals play less of a role there. Traffic in China is—at least so far—marked by a low level of rule-abidance and by communication that is difficult for foreigners to interpret. Chinese drivers are masters of surprise, ignoring traffic rules and honking merely as a “friendly greeting” [16]. Communication between cars and pedestrians is especially critical. Pedestrians make themselves understood by gesturing with their hands, stepping onto the crosswalk, or waiting there until a car stops. What are the implications of this for the behavior of autonomous vehicles? For one thing, autonomous vehicles will predict whether a pedestrian intends to cross the street based on the pedestrian’s trajectory and acceleration. Apart from that, there are other modes of behavior that are more ambiguous, such as standing at a crosswalk without intending to cross (e. g. while having a conversation) or hesitating without making a clear signal of intending to cross. In all of these cases, the autonomous vehicle will need to stop for safety reasons. A consequence of this may be “unwarranted stopping” or the danger that children or teens catch on and begin to force vehicles to stop at crosswalks for fun. Yet the regulations and the actual behavior alike vary widely from country to country. For instance, Italy did not have a rule requiring cars to stop at crosswalks until recently. According to reports from visitors to China, it is only advisable to cross at a crosswalk there as part of a crowd because traffic is highly unlikely to stop for a lone pedestrian. While pedestrians who use hand gestures to communicate assume that their gestures are seen, they usually would not cross the street if an oncoming car did not slow down. 8 Means of CompensationIn the first stage, there is an easy antidote to the dilemma of robotic vehicles’ inability to communicate informally in “negotiation situations. ”Clearly and visibly marking autonomous vehicles as such would announce the vehicles’ uniqueness to the other road users and make their deviant behavior more understandable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: The values for ‘A’ and ‘B’ trials indicate the values for either A or B; that is, there were on average 21 ‘A’ trials and 21 ‘B’ trials for each triplet in the adjacent V1 dataset. StimuliBrain areaNumber of ‘A’ and ‘B’ trialsNumber of ‘AB’ trials121. 012. 365617. 812. 8659V472. 830. 3513672. 230. 76132SuperimposedV125. 415. 477423. 312. 1764V4131. 342. 020196184. 564. 620270 Overall, this pattern of results is consistent with the possibility that when two visual objects are presented in close proximity, a subpopulation of visual cortical neurons fluctuates in a coordinated fashion, generally retaining information about segregated objects and suggesting an account for why they can be perceived at once. experimental design The activity of neurons in visual cortex was recorded in three experimental designs in six monkeys (N = 2 per experiment per brain area), using chronically implanted multielectrode arrays (Figure 1a, Table 1). In the ‘superimposed’ dataset, the activity of neurons in V1 and V4 was recorded while monkeys passively fixated (for details, see Ruff et al. , 2016). In the ‘adjacent’ datasets, the activity of V1 and V4 neurons was recorded while monkeys either passively fixated (V4 recordings) or fixated while performing an orientation change discrimination task involving either one of these stimuli or a third stimulus presented in the ipsilateral hemifield (V1) (for details, see Ruff and Cohen, 2016). In the ‘superimposed’ dataset, the gratings were large, spanning the receptive fields of the recorded neurons, and were presented either individually or in combinations of two orthogonal gratings at a consistent location on every trial (Figure 1c). When the two gratings were presented, they superimposed and formed one fused ‘plaid’ object. In the ‘adjacent’ datasets, the stimuli were smaller Gabor patches (V1, V4, Figure 1d and e) or natural images (V4, Figure 1e, stimuli from Long et al. , 2018) and were presented either individually or adjacent to one another as two separate objects.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: 6 tVS ha−1, will be within 3860–6630 Nm3CH4 ha−1. The highest methane output potential was obtained for the Karifols maize hybrid — 5338–6630 Nm3CH4 ha−1, slightly less for the KWS 381 hybrid — 5062–6128 Nm3CH4 ha−1, for the Bohatyr hybrid — 4681–5856 Nm3CH4 ha−1 and the lowest potential was for the Amaros hybrid — 3861–4849 Nm3CH4 ha−1 (Fig. 8). In variants using macro- and micronutrients, the Karifols hybrid had a 36. 6% higher CH4 output potential per 1 ha, compared to the Amaros hybrid. Fig. 8Methane yield per hectare from maize hybridsFull size imageThis corroborates with the data obtained by Oechsner et al. (Oechsner et al. 2003), where methane yield per 1 ha is assumed to be consistent with an increasing maturity group of maize hybrids. The highest methane yield of 9370 Nm3 ha−1 was obtained for the hybrid with the latest maturity. Therefore, it appears that late-energy maize can take full advantage of the growing season. According to Oslaj (2010), the late maturity hybrids of maize give higher methane yields — 7768. 4 Nm3 ha−1 (FAO 400) and 7050. 1 Nm3 ha−1 (FAO 500). Among the maize hybrids of maturity classes FAO 300–400, the hybrid PR38F70 gives the highest biomethane output per hectare (7646. 2 Nm3 ha−1). Among the hybrids of FAO 400–500 maturity classes, the Pixxia hybrid achieved the highest biomethane output (9440. 6 Nm3 ha−1). Among the hybrids of maturity classes FAO 500–600, the highest production of biomethane gives the Codistar hybrid (8562. 7 Nm3 ha−1). Biomethane production varied with maize hybrids from 50 to 60%. The application of macronutrients provides the most significant increase in CH4 output potential. Thus, the use of N90P60K60 allows to increase this indicator by 11. 2–16. 9%, compared to non-fertilized options.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: This would indicate to other road users that they cannot expect the usual behavior and would consequently increase acceptance in the sample situations described above. After all, vehicles for learner drivers are identified very visibly in order to inform other road users and excuse behavior that might be either excessively rule-abiding or overly hesitant. Especially in the introductory phase, several considerations support including identifying markings. If vehicles drive without a person sitting in the driver’s seat, as envisioned by the “valet parking” scenario, this might irritate the other road users. “Is that car moving autonomously or is it just driving out of control? ” With identifying markings, there is no need to ask. Marking autonomous vehicles can also have a marketing effect that will help give rise to rapid adoption. For example, when ABS was introduced, there were ABS stickers available that read “This vehicle has ABS brakes” to indicate that the braking distance was shorter. Technically that is not quite correct because ABS mainly makes it easier to steer while braking, but from a marketing viewpoint the sticker was a great success. There are also some reasons not to give autonomous vehicles identifying markings. Because they must strictly adhere to the rules, due to their limited ability to negotiate among other things, they might also be targets for unwanted external interventions. A simple example:Pedestrians would not cross a street if a car was approaching due to uncertainty as to whether the car sees them or whether it will stop. In the case of an autonomous vehicle, pedestrians can be positive that the vehicle will stop no matter what (within physical limits). As a result, stopping autonomous cars could become a game for teenagers or cause adults to cross the street without paying attention to the flow of traffic. “It has to stop—it’s programmed that way. ” Neither development would be good for the flow of traffic and this would not have a positive affect on the acceptance of autonomous vehicles. Whether it has an outright negative effect is hard to predict. That is highly dependent on how exactly autonomous vehicles are introduced. If they are seen as a positive technological innovation and excused for having certain imperfections, a negative effect would be scarcely likely. On the other hand, if they are seen as an elite status symbol, envy will predominate and attempts to disrupt the system will be more common.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Together they spanned the receptive fields of the V1 or V4 neurons being recorded in a fashion similar to the ‘superimposed’ experiment. For data collected during performance of the attention task (V1), we focused our analyses on trials in which the monkeys attended to the third stimulus and judged its orientation, that is, attention was consistently directed away from either of the two adjacent Gabor patches that elicited responses in the neurons under study (Figure 1d). Trials in which the monkey was required to attend to one or the other of the adjacent Gabor patches were excluded from the analyses, as were incorrectly performed trials. Figure 1 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Experimental design. (a) Multiunit activity was recorded in V1 and V4 using chronically implanted 10 × 10 or 6 × 8 electrode arrays in six monkeys (see ‘Methods’). (b) In both ‘superimposed’ and ‘adjacent’ datasets, the stimuli were positioned to overlap with (‘adjacent’ dataset) or completely span (‘superimposed’ dataset) the centers of the receptive fields of the recorded neurons. (c) In the ‘superimposed’ dataset, gratings were presented either individually or in combination at a consistent location and were large enough to cover the V1 and V4 receptive fields (stimulus diameter range: 2. 5–7o). The combined gratings appeared as a plaid (rightmost panel). Monkeys maintained fixation throughout stimulus presentation and performed no other task. (d) In the V1 ‘adjacent’ dataset, Gabor patches were smaller (typically ~1o, see Figure 1—figure supplement 1) and were presented individually or side-by-side roughly covering the region of the V1 receptive fields. Monkeys maintained fixation while performing an orientation change detection task. The data analyzed in this study involved trials in which the monkeys were attending a third Gabor patch located in the ipsilateral hemifield to perform the orientation change detection. (e) In the V4 ‘adjacent’ dataset, the stimuli consisted of either Gabor patches or natural image stimuli, and monkeys performed a fixation task. Incorrectly performed trials and stimulus presentations during which we detected microsaccades were excluded from all analyses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: (2020), mineral fertilizers are the important source of energy (72–73%) in the cultivation of maize, mainly due to the high energy value of mineral fertilizers (65–70%) and to a lesser extent due to the energy requirement during fertilization. Due to the high energy demand for macronutrients and the increase in costs for their preparation and application, an increase in energy consumption (EI) was observed when using N90P60K60 by 34. 8–53. 0%, compared to the option without its use. Increasing the dose of macronutrients from N90P60K60 to N120P90K90 requires an additional 36. 2–43. 9% energy expenditure (EI). The application of micronutrients requires additional energy expenditure (EI) of 3. 2–7. 3%. When applying macronutrients, a decrease in energy use efficiency (EUE) is observed. Thus, in the variant without the application of macronutrients, this indicator was 4. 5–5. 0, with N90P60К60 EUE decreased to 3. 5–4. 1, and with N120P90К90 EUE decreased to 2. 9–3. 5. When using scheme F3 with microfertilizers, energy output from biogas (Eo) increased by 1. 3–4. 4%, and energy consumption (EI) increased by 1. 5–3. 4%, compared to the option without their use. However, energy use efficiency (EUE) did not change practically. When using the F4 scheme of micronutrients, the energy production of biogas (Eo) and energy consumption (EI) were 200. 5–339. 5 GJ ha−1 and 26. 2–46. 0 GJ ha−1, respectively. At the same time, the EUE was 3. 0–4. 8, which is 1. 4–4. 2% higher than the option without micronutrients. It should be noted that most of the studied schemes of applying macro- and micronutrients make it possible to obtain from 0. 4 to 16. 4% of additional energy in biomethane compared to options without their application. Our results corroborate with the research of other scientists.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Self-driving technology makes human drivers obsolete immediately. [SEP] Text: 9 of Communication for an of Information from Autonomous vehicles must generally be able to recognize and interpret other road users’ gestures and trajectories. In order to interpret them, they will need situational knowledge allowing them to put signals in the correct context. The “official” signals such as turn signals, the horn, and headlight flashing would probably suffice in most situations in order to convey information to other vehicles or road users. Kent Larsen’s research group at MIT proposed an interesting approach for communication between autonomous vehicles and pedestrians [17]. A prototype with a variety of sensors but only remotely resembling an actual car was fitted with a number of devices. Swiveling, blinking LEDs designed to look like an eye turn towards a pedestrian, signaling “I’ve seen you. ”Additionally, directional speakers point towards pedestrians and tell them that it is okay to cross the street. If any pedestrians are identified, color-coded LEDs in the wheels could change from green to yellow to red in order to acknowledge pedestrians or warn them (Fig. 7. 13). Fig. 7. 13:. Image rights: Nicholas Pennycooke, Changing places group, MIT (copyright belongs to author)Full size image Another signal that autonomous vehicles can use to communicate with others is “explicit driving. ”For example, if another vehicle would like to merge and the autonomous vehicle wants to cooperate, the autonomous vehicle should visibly slow down in order to accentuate the gap and assure the other driver that it is safe to merge. Communication and informal rules are in constant flux. To illustrate this point with a verbal example, take the expression that something “sucks. ” Not too long ago, this word was understood as a direct sexual reference, provoking understandable consternation when young people began generalizing it. Similarly, the non-verbal signal “thumbs up” recently spread to countries where it was unfamiliar due to its iconic use in social media. From one angle, that means that autonomous vehicles will need to periodically learn new signals of non-verbal behavior, for instance by regularly updating their visual “vocabulary” along with associated meanings. Yet another effect can also be anticipated. The increased presence in road traffic of autonomous vehicles practicing a distinct, particularly rule-based set of behavior could also encourage other road users to adopt such behavior. This would make traffic more standardized, but not necessarily more efficient.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The brain's visual cortex processes visual information in a hierarchical manner. [SEP] Text: Any potential contribution of eye movements and/or fixation variation to visually evoked activity was minimized as follows: (1) fixation windows were small, ±0. 5° horizontally and vertically, and trials with broken fixations were excluded from further analysis. (2) Any trials with microsaccades during the stimulus presentations (defined as eye velocity exceeding 6 standard deviations above the mean velocity observed during steady fixation; Engbert and Kliegl, 2003) were excluded from further analysis. (3) Only a 200 ms period after stimulus onset was analyzed. Our reasoning is that any stimulus-evoked modulation in eye position would have a latency of 150–350 ms (Engbert and Kliegl, 2003). This would have limited the consequences of any potential stimulus-evoked fixational modulation to at most only roughly the last 50 ms of the 200 ms spike counting window. In addition, we verified that there actually was no difference in eye position variation based on the stimulus conditions (Figure 1—figure supplement 2), so even this slim possibility was not borne out. Finally, we assessed the responses of individual units to ascertain what proportion of units showed a correlation between firing rate and fixational scatter; this proportion was small overall (4–9%) and did not co-vary with the outcomes of the main analyses of the study (see Figure 1—figure supplement 3 for details). Two objects evoke fluctuating activity patterns in V1 We first evaluated the response patterns for evidence of fluctuating activity profiles consistent with multiplexing of information on multistimulus trials. Figure 2a illustrates three V1 example units from the adjacent-stimuli dataset, each of which showed spike count distributions on dual stimulus presentations (black lines, 200 ms spike-counting window) that reflected a mixture of the distributions evident on the corresponding single-stimulus presentations (red and blue lines). The dual-stimulus distributions of spike counts are over-dispersed compared to what would be expected if the spikes on dual-stimulus presentations were generated from a similar Poisson process as the single- stimulus presentations, and a tendency for bimodality with modes near the modes for each of the individual stimulus presentations is evident. Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Examples of V1 units showing fluctuating activity pattern and formal statistical analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: For example, in Poland, the energy output from maize silage ranged from 197 to 290 GJ ha−1, whereas the average energy output of sorghum silage was 61 GJ ha−1 lower. The energy efficiency ratio and the energy gain for maize were determined at 7. 7–11. 3 and 172–265 GJ ha−1, respectively (Jankowski et al. 2020). In Belgium, the energy output of maize biomass ranged from 319 to 363 GJ ha−1. In different production technologies maize biomass grown in Germany accumulated 300 − 368 GJ ha−1 of energy (Boehmel et al. 2008). According to the experiment, operational expenditures for the cultivation and harvesting of maize were 208. 1–605. 8 euros ha−1 or 5. 8–13. 5 euros t−1 of silage. Conditionally, the gross income from selling biomethane from maize silage ranges from 307–757 euros/ha at a biomethane price of 200 euros per 1000 m3 to 3226–5364 euros ha−1 at a biomethane price of 1000 euros per 1000 m3. Figure 10 shows that from an economic point of view, at a cost of biomethane of 400 euros/1000 m3, the use of macronutrients and micronutrients to grow maize hybrids becomes profitable. Fig. 10Relative difference in “net” profit “in the field” in comparison with “blank” test (w/o macronutrients, w/o micronutrients)Full size imageAt a biomethane price of 1000 euros/1000 m3, applying only micronutrients according to the F3 scheme (Bogatyr hybrid) allows for increasing profitability by 3. 8% only, and by 5. 3%, according to the F4 scheme. The application of N90P60K60 macronutrients allows for increasing profitability by 7. 9–15. 8%. Using macronutrients according to the F1 scheme and micronutrients according to F3 is economically impractical, as it leads to an increase in profitability by only 0. 5% (KWS 381 hybrid). The application of micronutrients according to the F4 scheme is more economically feasible and increases the profitability of growing maize for biogas production by 2. 2–7.

Output: corroborate