Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: GABA neurotransmission in the hypothalamus: developmental reversal from Ca2+ elevating to depressing J Neurosci 15: 5065–5077. [PubMed] and Proctor, WR (1995). Ionic mechanisms of neuronal excitation by inhibitory GABAA receptors Science 269: 977–981. [PubMed] de Jeu, M and Pennartz, C (2002). Circadian modulation of GABA function in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: excitatory effects during the night phase J Neurophysiol 87: 834–844. [PubMed] and Albers, HE (1996). Rhythms of glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus J 11: 311–316. [PubMed] and Albers, HE (1999). Glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rats housed in constant darkness 851: 266–269. [PubMed] and Colwell, CS (2004). Circadian rhythm in inhibitory synaptic transmission in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurophysiol 92: 311–319. [PubMed] Liu, C and Reppert, SM (2000). GABA synchronizes clock cells within the suprachiasmatic circadian clock Neuron 25: 123–128. [PubMed] Ohta, H, Yamazaki, S and McMahon, DG (2005). Constant light desynchronizes mammalian clock neurons 8: 267–269. [PubMed] and Tei, H (2004). Temporal precision in the mammalian circadian system: a reliable clock from less reliable neurons J 19: 35–46. [PubMed] and Okamura, H (2003). Two types of VIP neuronal components in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J 74: 852–857. [PubMed] and Masson-Pevet, M (2002). Per and neuropeptide expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei: compartmentalization and differential cellular induction by light 958: 261–271. [PubMed] and Masson-Pevet, M (2002).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Educator should assist students with building their own insight through request measures, both freely and intellectually, to play out these cycles, they need the eagerness, affectability, and capacity to take care of the issues experienced, hence thinking fundamentally as an expertise part of deep rooted learning should be possible well. Reasoning manner has explicit seven pointers: truth-chasing, liberality, analyticity, systematicity, fearlessness, curiosity, and development. The seven hats out intelligent abilities and inclination to carry on. In this relation, the basic reasoning mien mirrors an individual's demeanor toward a critical thinking ability. An individual with a basic inclination will show high interest, scholarly excitement, committed to recommending an activity, urgent for significant data, and tending to utilize critical thinking disposition contrasted with people with low reasoning propensities. 17, 18 Six hats thinking skills improve problem solving which defined as a cycle comprises of understanding the issue, at that point contriving an arrangement, doing the arrangement lastly thinking back for assessment. Problem solving has the explicit cycle which incorporates firstly, appraisal of the issue to distinguish its reality then gather information and set up it. Second examination to distinguish the issue, its measurements, viewpoints, related components, causes, potential arrangements and the need of it. Thirdly, result distinguishing proof as having a reasonable brief objective and right course by recognizing the idealistic and undesired results and potential systems. Fourthly, arranging by choice the choices that have the most obvious opportunity with regard to progress and least unfortunate results, at that point the pre-latter is execution of the chose arrangement or option. At long last, the assessment of the difficult arrangement on the off chance that it is fruitful or not and contrast it and the ideal results, it is positive and negative perspectives and the level of progress. 16, 17, 18, 19 1. 1. The aim of the studyIs to determine the effect of six hats thinking technique on development of critical thinking disposition and problem solving skills of nursing students. 1. 2. Research HypothesesH1: Students who are subjected to six hats thinking technique exhibits higher critical thinking disposition than those who do not. H2: Students who are subjected to six hats thinking technique exhibit higher problem solving skills than those who do not. 2. Materials and Method2. 1. MaterialsResearch design; A quasi experimental research design was used to conduct this study.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice Given that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that this treatment is either beneficial or not, healthcare practitioners are advised to evaluate the use of respiratory muscle training (RMT) on a case‐by‐case basis when deciding whether or not to employ this form of exercise therapy in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Implications for research Further research of reputable methodological quality is needed to determine the effectiveness of RMT in people with CF. Researchers are encouraged to consider the following clinical outcomes in future studies: respiratory muscle function (e. g. maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax)); pulmonary function (e. g. forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC)); exercise capacity (e. g. maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max)); hospital admissions; time to next exacerbation; and health‐related quality of life. Sensory‐perceptual changes, such as respiratory effort sensation (e. g. rating of perceived breathlessness) and peripheral effort sensation (e. g. rating of perceived exertion) may also help to elucidate mechanisms underpinning the effectiveness of RMT. Summary of findings Open in table viewerSummary of findings 1. Summary of findings: respiratory muscle training compared with control for cystic fibrosis Respiratory muscle training compared with control for cystic fibrosis Patient or population: adults and children with cystic fibrosis Settings: outpatients Intervention: respiratory muscle traininga Comparison: controla comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) No of participants(studies) Quality of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk muscle training FEV1 % predicted Follow‐up: 1 ‐ 3 months No study reported any differences between the respiratory muscle training group and the control group. NA 83 (4) ⊕⊝⊝⊝very lowb,c 1 study reported data for FEV1 % predicted at 40% of maximal capacity (de Jong 2001). 2 studies reported FEV1 % predicted at 30% of maximal capacity (Amelina 2006; Zeren 2019). 1 study reported FEV1 % predicted, but did not specify the resistance used (Asher 1983). 3 studies reported FEV1 measured in L and 1 measured z score; 1 study did not report the units of measurement.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Phenotype of Per1- and Per2-expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of a diurnal rodent (Arvicanthis ansorgei): comparison with a nocturnal species, the rat Res 310: 85–92. [PubMed] Moore, RY, Speh, J and Card, JP (1985). Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) colocalize in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)[abstract] 11: s1139. and Albers, HE (1986). m RNA of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidineisoleucine (PHI) within the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)[abstract] 12: s597. and Piggins, HD (2002). Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei in vitro J Neuroendocrinol 14: 639–646. [PubMed] and Piggins, HD (2003). The mouse VPAC2 receptor confers suprachiasmatic nuclei cellular rhythmicity and responsiveness to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in vitro Neurosci 17: 197–204. [PubMed] Dardente, H, Menet, js, chalet, and Masson-Pevet, M (2004). Daily and circadian expression of neuropeptides in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of nocturnal and diurnal rodents Res 124: 143–151. [PubMed] and Inouye, SIT (1992). A circadian rhythm of somatostatin messenger RNA levels, but not of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine messenger RNA levels in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus Neurosci 3: 29–35. and Inouye, ST (1993). Photic regulation of peptides located in the ventrolateral subdivision of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat: daily variations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, and neuropeptide Y J Neurosci 13: 793–800. [PubMed] Ban, Y, Shigeyoshi, Y and Okamura, H (1997).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: It taking place in the first term of the second academic year of the faculty of nursing 2019-2020. The training program was based on the integration between the six hats' technique and Educational strategies' nursing module. 3. phase: In this phase the researchers evaluated the Educational strategies nursing students in mutually the study and control groups to appraise their critical thinking disposition and problem solving skills expending the two study tools at the completion of the sessions. 2. 4. Statistical AnalysisData were fed to the computer and analyzed via software platform version 20. 0. (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) Qualitative data were defined by means of number and percent. Qualitative data were labelled by means of mean, standard deviation. Significance of the attained results was mediated at the 5% level. Table 1. Distribution of the studied groups according to their demographic data Tables indexView option Next TableTable 2. Comparison between the studied students according to their critical thinking disposition dimensions’ Tables indexView option 3. Comparison between the studied students according to their six hats problem-solving skills mean scores Tables indexView option 4. of the studied variables among the study group Tables indexView option 5. Predictors of critical thinking among the study group using regression analysis Tables indexView option Previous Table3. ResultsTable 1 shows the distribution of the studied nurse students according to their characteristics. In relation to demographic data, about half of the studied nursing students of the control and study groups had 21 years (54%) with the equal distribution of male and females (45%). Also, one third of bot study and control group had B+ (34, 39%) respectively and half of both groups had very good computer skills (50, 52%), while one third of both groups very good English level (34,38%). No statistical significant differences were found between stud and control groups. Table 2 shows the comparisons between the studied students according to their critical thinking disposition dimensions mean score. It was found that there was a statistically significant difference between study and control groups and within study group before and after the application of six hats technique in the favor of study group after application of six hats training regarding all dimensions of critical thinking disposition and total score, where (P=0. 000) correspondingly. Table 3 shows a comparison between the studied students according to their six hats problem-solving skills mean scores.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: With the current average life expectancy standing at around 49 years and the number of CF adults increasing (CFF 2019; UK CF Trust 2019), the participants in these studies may not be representative of the diverse CF population. Studies specifically targetting paediatric or older adult participants would be beneficial. Due to the progressive nature of CF, the pulmonary function of the participants could limit the effectiveness of RMT in comparison to a healthy population. Some of the included studies lack details in the clinical status and pulmonary function of participants, and some limited recruitment to those with higher lung functions (e. g. over 70% predicted FEV1) so this may limit the applicability of the evidence. With the recent introduction of CFTR modulator therapies the presentation of the CF population is changing, often with more stability in clinical outcomes (Bell 2020), which may also affect the applicability of these results in the future. There is an apparent under‐use of assessing dyspnoea and exercise capacity following RMT which may limit the external validity of the research base. In healthy individuals, both an individual’s perception of breathlessness and their maximal exercise capacity has found to improve following RMT (El‐Manshawi 1986; Romer 2002). Quality of the evidence Overall, the methodological quality of the included studies was inconsistent and none addressed all aspects completely. A systematic review requires homogeneity between the included studies to allow firm conclusions to be drawn. Despite finding 10 studies which met the inclusion criteria of this review, the variation in their methodologies and outcomes was such that no combined analyses could be made. These differences occurred in all the major aspects of the studies including the outcomes employed, the units of measurement for certain outcomes and the method and extent to which the clinical status of the participants was established or reported. Following the GRADE assessments, we deemed the outcomes pulmonary function, exercise capacity, health‐related quality of life and postural stability and respiratory muscle function to have very low‐quality evidence (summary of findings Table 1). We downgraded the quality of the evidence due to the variations in resistance levels used across the studies, serious risks of bias (see below) and imprecision (small numbers of participants and numerical results not being available for some of the studies). The execution of the included studies (randomisation and blinding) ranged from being fully acknowledged, considered and reported to either being merely stated as "randomised to the two groups" or not being mentioned.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Neuronal activity is required for the circadian rhythm of vasopressin gene transcription in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro Endocrinology 143: 4165–4171. [PubMed] Hofman, MA and Swaab, DF (1994). Alterations in circadian rhythmicity of the vasopressin-producing neurons of the human suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) with aging 651: 134–142. [PubMed] Hofman, MA and Swaab, DF (1995). Influence of aging on the seasonal rhythm of the vasopressin-expressing neurons in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus 16: 965–971. [PubMed] and Swabb, DF (1995). Increased light intensity prevents the age related loss of vasopressin-expressing neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 693: 261–266. [PubMed] and Bult-Ito, A (2004). Number of arginine-vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei is not related to level or circadian characteristics of wheel-running activity in house mice 34: 131–136. [PubMed] Kalamatianos, T, Kallo, I and Coen, CW (2004). Ageing and the diurnal expression of the mRNAs for vasopressin and for the V1a and V1b vasopressin receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of male rats J Neuroendocrinol 16: 493–501. [PubMed] Biemans, BAM, Van der and Daan, S (). A double role for vasopressin in the SCN? Research Conference. . 5–10, August 2001. and Gold, RM (1981). Circadian rhythms in vasopressin deficient rats Bull 6: 125–130. [PubMed] Stoinev, AG and Ikonomov, OK (1990). Effect of continuous infusion of vasopressin on circadian rhythms of food and water intake, diuresis and electrolyte excretion in Brattleboro rats 09: 122–124. Castel, M, Morris, J and Belenky, M (1996).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: It was found that; there was a statistically significant difference between study and control groups and within stud group before and after the application of six hats training in the favor of study group after regarding six hats' problem solving skills application where (P=0. 000) respectively. Table 4 shows of the studied variables among the study group. It was found that there was a statistically significant correlation between the problem solving and critical thinking disposition regarding the study group before application of six hats. Also, there were statistically significant correlations between the problem solving skills post application and critical thinking pre and post and problem solving post where (p= 0. 012, 0. 053, 0. 003, 0. 012) respectively. Table 5 shows of the studied variables among the study group. It was found that there was a statistically significant correlation between the problem solving and critical thinking disposition regarding the study group before application of six hats. Also, there were statistically significant correlations between the problem solving skills post application and critical thinking pre and post and problem solving post where (p= 0. 012, 0. 053, 0. 003, 0. 012) respectively. 4. DiscussionPlanning successful instructing needs to include critical thinking skills, so it is ordinary that students need to think about it. Thinking critically implies that students should pass judgment, and think something cautiously to assess and afterward finally choose whether something is acceptable or not. Instructors should go about as a coach who will control students in sharpening their critical thinking abilities utilizing suitable techniques. The quantity of material students should educate requires the correct strategy to control them in critical thinking. Hats is a basic idea however suitable to be applied to assist students with thinking 25, 26. In such manner, the current study worried about considering the impact of six hats thinking technique on advancement of critical thinking disposition and problem solving skills of nursing students. Building up the innovative thinking abilities is one of the significant objectives of current teaching and the Six-Hats instructing strategy is one of the DE Bono’s thinking model that targets upgrading thinking and disentangling it together. Six-Hat' thinking technique, which is the significant focal point of this study is viewed as extraordinary compared to other inventive thinking models, determined that; this model is an incredible showing strategy for speculation abilities, on the grounds that the students can manage one thing only as one, while changing their thinking style 27.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: 1 FEV1 (% predicted) absolute Show forest plot 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 1. 1 One to three months 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 2 FEV1 (% predicted) change from baseline Show forest plot 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 2. 1 One to three months 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 3 FVC (%) absolute Show forest plot 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 3. 1 One to three months 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 4 FVC (%) change from baseline Show forest plot 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 4. 1 One to three months 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 5 Peak expiratory flow (%) absolute Show forest plot 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 5. 1 One to three months 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 6 Peak expiratory flow (%) change from baseline Show forest plot 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 6. 1 One to three months 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 7 Six‐minute walk test absolute Show forest plot 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 7. 1 One to three months 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 8 Six‐minute walk test change from baseline Show forest plot 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 8. 1 One to three months 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 9 Maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) absolute Show forest plot 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 9. 1 One to three months 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 10 Maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) change from baseline Show forest plot 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected 4. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Non-synaptic and dendritic exocytosis from dense-cored vesicles in the suprachiasmatic nucleus NeuroReport 7: 543–547. [PubMed] Isobe, Y and Nishino, H (1998). AVP rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in relation to locomotor activity under constant light Peptides 9: 827–832. [PubMed] Van der and Gerkema, MP (2002). Vasopressin immunoreactivity and release in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of wild-type and tau mutant Syrian hamsters 936: 38–46. [PubMed] and Stopa, EG (1988). Putative melatonin receptors in a human biological clock Science 242: 78–83. [PubMed] Van den and Hermes, ML (2001). Melatonin generates an outward potassium current in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro independent of their circadian rhythm Neuroscience 107: 99–108. [PubMed] Watanabe, K, Yamaoka, S and Vanecek, J (1998). Melatonin inhibits spontaneous and VIP-induced vasopressin release from suprachiasmatic neurons 801: 216–219. [PubMed] and Deng, MH (1994). Effect of inducing nocturnal serum melatonin concentrations in daytime on sleep, mood, body temperature, and performance 91: 1824–1828. [PubMed] and Arendt, J (2000). Melatonin administration can entrain the free-running circadian system of blind subjects J Endocrinol 164: R1–R6. [PubMed] and Lewy, AJ (2000). Entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people N Med 343: 1070–1077. [PubMed] and Hishikawa, Y (2000). Supplementary administration of artificial bright light and melatonin as potent treatment for disorganized circadian rest-activity and dysfunctional autonomic and neuroendocrine systems in institutionalized demented elderly persons 17: 419–432. [PubMed] Sack, RL and Lewy, AJ (1997). Melatonin as a chronobiotic, treatment of circadian desynchrony in night workers and the blind J 12: 595–603. [PubMed] and Eastman, CL ().

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: The current study revealed that was a statistically significant difference between study and control groups and within study group before and after the application of six hats technique in the favor of study group after application of six hats training regarding all dimensions of critical thinking disposition and total score. This finding is in accordance with study done by Ziadat. and (2016) 28 which presumed that there are a differences among the groups in the side of the study group, showing the positive effect of the planned and its impact in improving the critical thinking disposition among students. The result of the current study is in full concurrence with the study done by Kivunja (2015) 29 on utilizing De Bono's six thinking hats technique to teach critical thinking disposition and problem solving skills crucial for realization in the 21st era economy the outcomes scolded that there is the huge connection between the six hats and critical thinking skills. Correspondingly, Kenny (2003) 30 expressed that six thinking hats may emphatically influence critical thinking disposition, and the capacity to discover answers for the patients' problems in nursing. Likewise, Mostafa et al. (2020) 31 findings publicized that; furthermost of the nursing students concurred that utilizing six hats thinking model encouraged them to produce inventive thoughts and improved their critical reasoning frameworks. On the other hand, a study done by Kalelioglu, & Gülbahar, 2014 32 based on their qualitative analysis, the study concluded that arguing with diverse instructional techniques (Six thinking hats, Brainstorming, Role playing, Socratic seminary, anyone here an expert) did not lead to any significant differences to critical thinking dispositions. The current study finding publicized that there is a statistically significant difference between study and control groups and within stud group before and after application of six hats training in the favor of study group after as for six hats' problem solving skills. The results of the current study concurs with study done by Mostafa et al. (2020) 31 who underpins that utilizing and functioning with the six hats technique in critical care nursing instruction is mutually dominant method and simple to utilize. Also, it progresses nursing students' innovative critical thinking disposition, sharing their various thoughts and musings, expanded their knowledge and inspiration and caused them to examine and orchestrate the information they had. Consequently, it permits them to tackle nursing problems.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: In young children, the main clinical manifestations of VOCs are dactylitis, osteomyelitis, osteonecrosis, splenic infarct, splenic sequestration, acute chest syndrome, stroke, papillary necrosis leading to kidney failure (Yaster 2000). In young adults with SCD the most frequent causes of hospitalizations are pain crisis, pneumonia, sepsis, acute chest syndrome and heart failure (Brousseau 2010; Caroll 2009; Platt 2000). Recent evidence on the presence of circulating free heme and haemoglobin, related to the saturation of the physiological binding system, such as haptoglobin and haemopexin (1995; Lane 1996; Vinchi 2013) has opened an interesting prospective on the intravascular pro‐oxidant environment and the local reduction of nitric oxide, which avidly binds free Hb promoting regional relative nitric oxide deficiency (2003; Kato 2008; Rees 2010; Siciliano 2011). Thus, the two main clinical manifestations of SCD are acute VOCs and chronic haemolytic anaemia. The clinical manifestations of SCD are related to the peculiar biochemical properties of HbS, which polymerises when deoxygenated. Sickling of red blood cells has been shown to be exponentially related to the haemoglobin concentration. This demonstrates a crucial role of HbS concentration in sickling. Cyclic polymerization‐depolymerization of HbS is paralleled by the abnormal activation of red cell membrane cation systems resulting in a reduction of cell ion and water content (cell dehydration), increased red cell density and further acceleration of HbS polymerizations (Brugnara 1993a; 1994; McNaughton‐Smith 2008; Stocker 2003). Dense, dehydrated erythrocytes are likely to undergo instant polymerizations in conditions of mild hypoxia due to their high HbS concentration, and HbS polymers may be formed under normal oxygen pressure. Analysis of membrane physiology of sickled red cells have shown abnormalities in different specialized membrane‐embedded transporters that carry cations, anions and water across the erythrocyte membrane.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Advancing human circadian rhythms with afternoonmelatonin and morning intermittent bright light J Metab,. [PubMed] Wehr, TA (1997). Melatonin and seasonal rhythms J 12: 518–527. [PubMed] Pévet, P (2003). Melatonin: to J Neuroendocrinol 15: 422–426. [PubMed] Lincoln, GA, Andersson, H and Loudon, A (2003). Clock genes in calendar cells as the basis of annual timekeeping in mammals – a unifying hypothesis. J Endocrinol 179: 1–13. [PubMed] Kalsbeek, A, Teclemariam-Mesbah, R and Pevet, P (1993). Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) J 332: 293–314. [PubMed] and Gooley, J (2005). The hypothalamic integrator for circadian rhythms 28: 152–157. [PubMed] Deurveilher, S and Semba, K (2003). Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the median preoptic nucleus in rat 987: 100–106. [PubMed] and Saper, CB (2003). A broad role for melanopsin in nonvisual photoreception J Neurosci 23: 7093–7106. [PubMed] Deurveilher, S, Burns, J and Semba, K (2002). Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus: a dual tract-tracing study in rat Neurosci 16: 1195–1213. [PubMed] Watts, AG (1991). ed. The efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: anatomical insights into the control of circadian rhythms Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the mind's clock. New York, Press, 106. and Honma, K (2000). Clock genes outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus involved in manifestation of locomotor activity rhythm in rats Neurosci 12: 4206–4214. [PubMed] Balsalobre, A, Damiola, F and Schibler, U (1998). A serum shock induces circadian gene expression in mammalian tissue culture cells Cell 93: 929–937.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Analogous study done by Chien (2020) 33, which determined that; students had a positive affect toward six hats' method as students advancement, basic reasoning, and critical thinking were encouraged. Additionally, comparable study done by Ku (2011) 34 which presumed that the six hats thinking inspire the imaginative reasoning and critical thinking capacities of nursing students. Also, Kenny (2003) 30 expressed that; six hats thinking stratagem emphatically influence a basic problem solving skills, and the capacity to discover answers for the patients' issues in nursing. Also, the results of the present study showed statistically significant differences between critical thinking disposition and English level and also between critical thinking disposition and problem solving after the application of six hats training. The results are in accordance with study done by Kaya, Şenyuva, and Bodur (2017) 35 which expressed that the advancement of critical thinking disposition is considered as an advanced objective in education, and it requires an intensive time to create and serious level of English level. In the same line, study done by Yang (2013) 36 to explore the connection concerning the critical thinking disposition and problem solving capability over and above the impelling aspects the problem solving ability in nursing students showed that a significant positive relationship was perceived amongst the critical thinking disposition and problem solving ability. From the researchers’ point of view in the light of the present studies and the previous studies, which reviled that there is significant relation between critical thinking, and the used of six hats thinking also there is relation between the problem solving and six hats thinking and finally there is a relation between critical thinking disposition and problem solving this relation reflect that there is a relation between critical thinking disposition, problem solving ability after using the six hats strategy, which supported both hypostasis. 5. ConclusionThe teaching of problem solving and critical thinking has come to be crucial in nursing education currently. Student’s that have critical thinking and problem solving skills touch the inevitability to heighten themselves and review what they have learned. While, students who haven't multiplied this skill stay inflexible on what was learned and are not commonly creative and beneficial. Consequently, there is a have to experiment the expenditure of educative models that will demonstrate creative and constructive thinking in nursing education.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: 2 (mmol/kg Hb) 229 233 223 232 236 236 Both mean levels of plasma ionised Mg and plasma total Mg at week 8 were slightly greater compared to placebo (P value = 0. 02 for ionised Mg) (P value = 0. 04 for total Mg). Cl: chloride Hb: haemoglobin K: potassium Mg: magnesium Na: sodium Figures and Tables - Table 2. Effects on K‐Cl cotransport, red cell K+ and Mg2+ content Navigate to table in 1. Intravenous magnesium sulphate versus placebo Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size 1 Pain score Show forest plot 1 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only 1. 1 Up to 1 month 1 104 (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0. 10 [‐0. 82, 1. 02] 2 Quality of Life (Child self‐report total score) Show forest plot 1 (Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only 2. 1 Child self‐reported PedsQL (Pre‐discharge) 1 173 (Fixed, 95% CI) 1. 5 [‐37. 50, 40. 50] 2. 2 Child self‐reported PedsQL (1 week follow‐up) 1 161 (Fixed, 95% CI) ‐2. 3 [‐7. 21, 2. 61] 2. 3 Child self‐reported (Pre‐discharge) 1 175 (Fixed, 95% CI) 2. 8 [‐2. 06, 7. 66] 2. 4 Child self‐reported (1 week follow‐up) 1 160 (Fixed, 95% CI) ‐1. 4 [‐13. 44, 10. 64] 2. 5 Child self‐reported (Pre‐discharge) 1 179 (Fixed, 95% CI) ‐3. 20 [‐7. 75, 1. 35] 2. 6 Child self‐reported (1 week follow‐up) 1 160 (Fixed, 95% CI) ‐3. 5 [‐14. 95, 7. 95] 3 Quality of Life (Parent self‐report total score) Show forest plot 1 (Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] and Cassone, VM (2001). Oscillating on borrowed time: diffusible signals from immortalized suprachiasmatic nucleus cells regulate circadian rhythmicity in cultured fibroblasts J Neurosci 21: 7937–7943. [PubMed] and Ishida, N (1998). Humoral signals mediate the circadian expression of rat period homologue (rPer2) mRNA in peripheral tissues 256: 117–119. [PubMed] and Weitz, CJ (2001). Regulation of daily locomotor activity and sleep by hypothalamic EGF receptor signaling Science 294: 2511–2515. [PubMed] Junier, MP (2000). What role(s) for TGFα in the central nervous system? 62: 443–473. [PubMed] and Ojeda, SR (1992). Transforming growth factor-alpha gene expression in the hypothalamus is developmentally regulated and linked to sexual maturation Neuron 9: 657–670. [PubMed] and Gall, CM (1993). Cellular localization of transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA in rat forebrain J Neurochem 60: 1777–1782. [PubMed] and Allen, CN (2004). Potential pathways for intercellular communication within the calbindin subnucleus of the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 123: 87–99. [PubMed] Li, X, Sankrithi, N and Davis, FC (2002). Transforming growth factor-alpha is expressed in astrocytes of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in hamster: role of glial cells in circadian clocks Neuroreport 13: 2143–2147. [PubMed] Van der and Meerlo, P (2005). TGFα and AVP in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus: Anatomical relationship and daily profiles 1054: 159–166. [PubMed] and Moore, RY (1999). Suprachiasmatic pacemaker organization analyzed by viral transynaptic transport 819: 23–32. [PubMed] and Buijs, RM (2000). Functional connections between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the thyroid gland as revealed by lesioning and viral tracing techniques in the rat Endocrinology 141: 3832–3841. [PubMed] la and Buijs, RM (2000).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: ##plugins. themes. bootstrap3. accessible_menu. label## ##plugins. themes. bootstrap3. accessible_menu. main_navigation## ##plugins. themes. bootstrap3. accessible_menu. main_content## ##plugins. themes. bootstrap3. accessible_menu. sidebar## : 2736-4534 (Online) About the Team 3. 10. 24018/ejedu. 2024. 5. 3. 835 Abstract viewed = 1262 times Table of Contents ##plugins. themes. bootstrap3. 80. 27% and 80. 20%, respectively. It is expected that teachers can use the PBL method and Wordlwall learning media so that student compatibility becomes better. Keywords: Critical thinking skill problem-based learning problem-solving skill In the national curriculum, mathematics is a lesson that can support the development of science and technology and also contribute to problem-solving abilities (Batureet al. , 2020; Trimurtiniet al. , 2021). However, most teachers still teach mathematics monotonously, which makes students think that learning mathematics is boring. As a result, students become less active during learning (Fernández-Martínet al. , 2022; Vansdadiyaet al. , 2023). The emphasis on developing students’ scientific, systematic, logical, critical, and creative thinking skills in mathematics education necessitates teachers’ ability to create new learning media that may not yet be readily available in schools (Kinasihet al. , 2023; Maharani, 2018). Apart from that, to increase students’ interest in learning, interesting learning media is needed (Afriansyah & Arwadi, 2021; Puhkaet al. , 2023). In the knowledge method, media contributes to enhancing the grade of learning and also provides added value in learning activities (Devegaet al. , 2022; al. , 2023). Learning media can improve students’ readiness for knowledge and help students understand knowledge material easier. Apart from that, learning media can also make it easier for teachers to convey learning information to students. So, it is necessary to implement interesting and interactive knowledge media for students (Afriansyah & Arwadi, 2021; Muhammadet al. , 2023; Puhkaet al. , 2023).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: One child in the fluticasone group developed peeling of the fingers for three days (in reality it is unlikely this relates to ICS), and another coughed for five minutes on one occasion after inhaling fluticasone (given as dry powder) (UK Trial 1997). In addition, the Canadian trial was halted prematurely because it was noted that six out of the 17 participants enrolled had become colonised with P aeruginosa for the first time (1997). When the code was broken, five of the six participants enrolled were from the active treatment group (n = 9) and one from the placebo group (n = 8). In addition one participant from the active group, previously negative for both P aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia grew B cepacia for the first time. Subsequently, the authors identified 56 out of 133 participants attending this clinic who were being treated with inhaled steroids, of whom nine had become culture‐positive for P aeruginosa between three months and three years after starting this treatment. Related to this, the Belgian trial reported no increase in the isolation of P aeruginosa between the two groups of participants (2007). 7. trial reported that there were no deaths (2006); the remaining trials did not report this outcome. of main results The effectiveness of long‐term treatment with ICS is of clinical relevance in view of its widespread use in clinical practice in Europe and North America. However, the findings of this review suggest that evidence to support this practice is still lacking. The review identified 13 trials reporting the use of inhaled steroids in 506 people with CF aged between 6 years and 55 years. Lung function was measured before and after treatment with ICS in 12 of the 13 included trials. The different measures and time periods used precluded us from including the results in a meta‐analysis, but no significant difference was found for either FEV1 or FVC in any of the trials. We deemed the quality of this evidence to be low. Changes in bronchial hyperreactivity were only reported in three trials and we judged the quality of the evidence to be very low due to risk of bias within the trials. trial did, however, show an improvement in histamine reactivity in the budesonide group compared to placebo (1997).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Polysynaptic neural pathways between the hypothalamus, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the liver 871: 50–56. [PubMed] De la Iglesia, HO, Meyer, J and Schwartz, WJ (2003). Lateralization of circadian pacemaker output: Activation of left- and right-sided luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons involves a neural rather than a humoral pathway J Neurosci 23: 7412–7414. [PubMed] Ralph, MR and Lehman, MN (1991). Transplantation: a new tool in the analysis of the mammalian hypothalamic circadian pacemaker 14: 362–366. [PubMed] Silver, R and LeSauter, J (1993). Efferent signals of the suprachiasmatic nucleus J 8: 89–92. and Bittman, EL (1990). Dispersed cell suspensions of fetal SCN restore circadian rhythmicity in SCN-lesioned adult hamsters 525: 45–58. [PubMed] and Zhou, QY (2002). Prokineticin 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus Nature 417: 405–410. [PubMed] and Ibata, Y (1996). Somatostatin neurons form a distinct peptidergic neuronal group in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: a double labeling in situ hybridization study 215: 119–122. [PubMed] Shigeyoshi, Y, Maebayashi, Y and Okamura, H (1997). Co-localization of preprosomatostatin mRNA and preprotachykinin A mRNA in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus Res 48: 159–163. [PubMed] Daikoku, S, Hisano, S and Kagotani, Y (1992). Neuronal associations in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy J 325: 559–571. [PubMed] and Van der Zee, EA (2002). Increase in somatostatin immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of aged Wistar rats 958: 463–467. [PubMed] and Hill, SA (2001).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Media and learning models have an influential effect on student knowledge. The subject of this problem is that it is necessary to choose an appropriate learning model assisted by using interesting learning media. The appropriate learning model to overcome HOTS problems in mathematics learning is the PBL model. The PBl model is a constructivist knowledge model that requires students to play an active role in understanding information, developing reasoning, developing higher skills, increasing self-confidence, developing insight and providing ideas, and being more effective (Wandari & Fardillah, 2021). Some of the characteristics of PBL are as follow: First, student-paced learning. Second, learning in small groups, where learning is not only carried out individually but can be done in groups and discussing with each other. Third, the teacher serves as a facilitator or principal; fourth, PBL problem-based learning; finally, students develop and present the results of their work (Markula & Aksela, 2022). Meanwhile, the learning media that is suitable for the PBL learning model is Wordwall. This word wall media is in the form of a gaming platform that can be played online, so this media is not only used at school, but students can also access it at home. This media can be an exciting and fun learning tool for students, so it can make learning more interesting and help students concentrate and pay attention to learning well (Fakhruddinet al. , 2021; Jannah & Syafryadin, 2022). Apart from that, this application is suitable for designing and reviewing learning assessments because it has assessment tools in the state of considerable selection questions (quiz), matching the correct answer (find the match), closed questions, and anagrams (Bilova, 2023). Based on the description above, with changes in media and learning models in schools, it is hoped that students can develop critical thinking skills to solve problems that may appear during learning. Critical thinking skills are essential to use in every subject, especially mathematics (Maulidiya & Nurlaelah, 2019; Rohmanet al. , 2020). Mathematics learning also brings a strategic and systematic reasoning process that can be employed in problem-solving abilities (Rohmanet al. , 2020). Polya (1973)’s book entitled defines problem-solving as an effort to find a path out of a problem to achieve a plan that cannot be completed directly.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: However, a retrospective study of 83 participants under 10 years of age, found no significant effect of the use of ICS on the risk of early P aeruginosa acquisition, including those on higher doses (Minicucci 2003). Growth in childhood is always a concern with long‐term corticosteroid use, and this includes inhaled corticosteroids. trial has shown that one year of high‐dose fluticasone adversely affected growth which did not catch up in the subsequent year (and in a subgroup followed for two years) (2007). However, the large difference in growth could have been due in part to the age difference between groups, 9. 0 years for the placebo group and 8. 2 years for the fluticasone group which might lead to a greater effect of pubertal growth over 24 months in the older (placebo) group. This was the first trial to look at growth over a reasonably long period and has provided important evidence that ICS can do harm in children with CF. Finally, with regards to systemic adverse effects, there have been reports of children and adults with CF who developed adrenal insufficiency and sometimes Cushing’s syndrome whilst taking ICS (400 to 1200 mcg/day) together with itraconazole for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, due to cytochrome P450 inhibition (Main 2002; Parmar 2002; Skov 2002). Figures and Tables - Figure 1 Study flow diagram. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Figure 2 Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 1 Comparison 1: Inhaled corticosteroid versus placebo, Outcome 1: Mean absolute FEV1 Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 2 Comparison 1: Inhaled corticosteroid versus placebo, Outcome 2: Mean absolute FEV1 Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Aging selectively suppresses vasoactive intestinal peptide messenger RNA expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster Res 87: 196–203. [PubMed] and Inouye, SI (1994). Phase advances of circadian rhythms in somatostatin depleted rats: effects of cysteamine on rhythms of locomotor activity and electrical discharge of the suprachiasmatic nucleus J [A] 175: 677–685. [PubMed] and Watanabe, S (1992). Effect of substance P on circadian rhythms of firing activity and the 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro 597: 257–263. [PubMed] and Inouye, ST (1994). Emergence of VIP rhythmicity following somatostatin depletion in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 645: 343–346. [PubMed] and Nunez, JM (1996). Calbindin-D28K cells in the hamster SCN express light-induced 7: 1224–1228. [PubMed] and Romero, MT (2000). Retinal innervation of calbindin-D28K cells in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus: ultrastructural characterization J 15: 103–111. [PubMed] and Moore, RY (1999). Hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus: chemoarchitecture and topography of projections Abst 25: s552. and Silver, R (2002). Calbindin-D(28 K) cells selectively contact intra-SCN neurons Neuroscience 111: 575–585. [PubMed] and Silver, R (2003). Calbindin influences response to photic input in suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurosci 23: 8820–8826. [PubMed] Ikeda, M and Allen, CN (2003). Developmental changes in calbindin-D28k and calretinin expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus Neurosci 17: 1111–1118. [PubMed] and Mutt, V (1983). Galanin – a novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine FEBS Lett 164: 124–128. [PubMed] Skofitsch, G and Jacobowitz, DM (1985).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: According to Polya, in solving a problem, there are four indicators, scilicet: (1) comprehending the problem, (2) scheduling problem-solving, (3) determining the problem, and (4) checking the results obtained (Rahayuet al. , 2023). Previous research related to the PBL model on critical thinking skills has been widely carried out, including Fitriaet al. (2020) examining the use of the PBL model on students’ mathematical critical thinking skills. This analysis was completed at Luqman Al-School. The material provided is about Social Arithmetic. The results of this research show that the PBL model can enhance students’ critical thinking skills. Meanwhile, PBL research related to problem-solving abilities was carried out by Aminet al. (2021), examining the effectiveness of the Problem-(PBL) model and Problem-based Learning (MBPBL) on mathematical problem-solving abilities. The results of this analysis show that the MPBL learning model is more effective than the PBL model. model can enable teachers and students to learn anywhere on their mobile devices. This research suggests that if you only use the PBL model, it is recommended to use the PBL model and media so that learning can be done anywhere, even if it is done online. Nasution et al. (2019)’ aimed to determine the significance of implementing the PBL model with the CRH method assisted by crossword puzzle media. The development of this study implies that the media is suitable for use in the PBL model. However, the media is still lacking in variety, so the researcher suggests looking for other media to use in the PBL model. What differentiates the research that has been carried out previously from the research that the researchers will carry out lies in the use of learning media. Researchers use wordwall media. There has already been research related to wordwall media, namely research conducted by Elhefniet al. (2023) and Asriet al. (2024). Variables related to several Wordwall media research include learning outcomes, learning motivation, and increasing student vocabulary. However, Wordwall media is very varied, which can help teachers create interesting content. Wordwall media related to critical thinking skills and problem-solving abilities, as well as those related to the PBL model, have not yet been implemented.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: dDowngraded once due to imprecision: no numerical data provided and small sample size. Open in table viewerSummary of findings 3. Hypertonic saline compared with rhDNase with for cystic fibrosis Hypertonic saline compared with rhDNase with for cystic fibrosis Patient or population: adults and children with cystic fibrosis Settings: outpatients Intervention: hypertonic saline (daily) Comparison: rhDNase (daily)a comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) No of participants(trials) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk rhDsaline FEV1 (% predicted) change from baseline, short‐term Follow‐up: 3 weeks The mean change from baseline in FEV1 (% predicted) was 1. 6% higher (7. 96% lower to 11. 16% higher) in the hypertonic saline group compared to the daily rhDNase group. b NA 14(1 trial) ⊕⊝⊝⊝very lowc,d,e Trial had a cross‐over design. No significant difference in the primary outcome (lung function) at this time‐point, with improvements only in secondary outcomes. FEV1 (% predicted) change from baseline, long‐term Follow‐up: 3 months The mean change from baseline in FEV1 (% predicted) was 8% higher (2% higher to 14% higher) in the hypertonic saline group compared to the daily rhDNase group. b NA 47(1 trial) ⊕⊝⊝⊝very lowb,f,g Trial had a cross‐over design. An additional cross‐over trial of 18 participants found no difference between treatments in FEV1 after 10 weeks (no data presented). LCI Outcome not reported. not reported. of sputum clearance Outcome not reported. exacerbations Follow‐up: NA 15 episodes occurred during treatment with hypertonic saline and 18 with daily rhDNase. There was no statistical difference between treatments (see comment). NA 47(1 trial) ⊕⊝⊝⊝very lowb,f,g Trial had a cross‐over design. Number of episodes reported rather than the number of participants with exacerbations (leading to a unit of analysis issue) so data not entered into the analysis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Immunohistochemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous system Peptides 6: 509–546. [PubMed] and Blessing, WW (1990). Galanin immunoreactive neurons in the human hypothalamus: colocalization with vasopressin-containing neurons J 298: 265–280. [PubMed] and Beauvillain, JC (1999). Expression of the galanin receptor subtype Gal-R2 mRNA in the rat hypothalamus J 16: 265–277. [PubMed] and Ganten, D (1985). Organization of angiotensin II immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat central nervous system. An immunohistochemical study Neuroendocrinology 40: 2–24. [PubMed] and Lemmer, B (2004). Localization of components of the renin-angiotensin system in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats: part A. angiotensin I/II, a light and electron microscopic study 1008: 212–223. [PubMed] and Lemmer, B (2004). Localization of components of the renin-angiotensin system in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats: part B. angiotensin II (AT1)-receptors, a light and electron microscopic study 1008: 224–235. [PubMed] Takatsuji, K and Tohyama, M (1989). Geniculo-geniculate projection of enkephalin and neuropeptide Y containing neurons in the intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus in the rat J 2: 19–27. [PubMed] and Pert, A (1987). Autoradiographic visualization of sex differences in the pattern and density of opiate receptors in hamster hypothalamus 421: 1–13. [PubMed] Tubbiola, ML, Nock, B and Bittman, EL (1989). Photoperiodic changes in opiate binding and their functional implications in golden hamsters 503: 91–99. [PubMed] and Mason, R (1999). Electrophysiological effects of opioid receptor activation on Syrian hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro Bull 50: 119–125.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Based on the description above, this analysis aims to encourage researchers to research critical thinking skills and HOTS mathematical problem-solving abilities in students with the help of the PBL model and Wordwall media. With this research, it is hoped that it can help teachers to be more creative in using media and learning models in the classroom, and it is also hoped that it will improve student activity when in the classroom and also improve students’ critical thinking abilities when solving mathematics problems, especially HOTS questions. type of research is descriptive qualitative research. The data described is data regarding the application of the Wordwall-assisted PBL model to critical thinking abilities and problem-solving abilities. Participants in this research were 31 students consisting of 22 male students and 9 female students. This research was implemented at SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Batu class VIII offline (face-to-face). This research was carried out in the odd semester of the 2023/2024 academic year. research instruments used for data collection are three different questionnaires and a test instrument. The first questionnaire is a media validation questionnaire. There are 10 statements given to media experts to test the media that has been created. The second questionnaire, namely the material expert validation questionnaire. There are 9 statements given to material experts to test the material and test questions that have been created. The third questionnaire is a questionnaire regarding the application of media to students. The questionnaire will be given to students directly (offline) with 10 statements. The test instrument contains HOTS questions related to class VIII mathematics learning SPLDV material. The test questions given are in the form of 1 essay question to measure students’ critical thinking abilities and to measure students’ mathematical problem-solving abilities. Data analysis related to the validation of responses from 31 students was obtained from questionnaire results based on the percentage of students’ responses to the media, and data analysis was related to tests of students’ critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. The calculations were analyzed using Excel, which uses Eq. (1) (Kusumahet al. , 2021): (1)P=xy×100%where: P: percentage number, x: score from data collection, y: Ideal score (highest score for each item × number of respondents × number of items). The percentage results of student response data collection from the media validation questionnaire were categorized using a 4-point Likert scale.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: In the non‐sputum producers group, sodium‐2‐mercaptoethane sulphonate had no effect (0) on RV or TLC, whilst hypertonic saline had some effect (‐6), again this did not reach statistical significance. 2. included trial did not report on this as an outcome. Secondary outcomes 1. Measures of sputum clearance We are uncertain whether there is any difference in sputum volume, colour or cough frequency between the groups (very low‐certainty evidence) (Weller 1980). 2. Measures of exercise capacity The included trial did not report on this as an outcome. 3. Measures of QoL and symptom scores The included trial did not report on this as an outcome. 4. Pulmonary exacerbations There was no change in sputum bacteriology or the number of courses of antibiotics prescribed (Weller 1980) (very low‐certainty evidence). 5. Delivery time The included trial did not report on this as an outcome. 6. included trial did not report on this as an outcome. 7. included trial did not report on this as an outcome. 8. included trial did not report on this as an outcome. 9. Adverse events In the Weller 1980 trial, the group given sodium‐2‐ mercaptoethane sulphonate and hypertonic saline described coughing at the beginning of their inhalations; no other serious adverse events occurred (very low‐certainty evidence). Hypertonic saline versus mannitol One trial was eligible for inclusion in this comparison (n = 12) (Robinson 1999). In the analysis, due to data limitations, data from this cross‐over trial have been entered and analysed as if they were from a parallel trial. The main results and the certainty judgements on the evidence are presented in summary of findings Table 6. Primary outcomes 1. Lung function The change from the pre‐intervention FEV1 was reported at five minutes after inhalation and again 95 minutes later (Robinson 1999). The paper reported the mean (standard error (SE)) value for each intervention and their respective controls at each time‐point, but only reported the level of significance compared to control. At five minutes post inhalation the mean (SE) change in FEV1 for hypertonic saline was ‐5. 8 (1. 2) and for mannitol ‐7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Mice were either maintained on this schedule (LD control, n = 48), released from LD12:12 into constant darkness for 2 days (DD, n = 48), or exposed to the ECD schedule (ECD, n = 48) as previously described (Castanon-Cervantes et al. , 2010). Briefly, mice were exposed once a week to a 6-h phase advance of the light:dark cycle for 4 weeks. For blood and cell assays, mice were euthanized with CO2, and ECD mice were euthanized on the seventh day after the last shift. Within text and figures, ZT/CT refers to the time of sacrifice and blood collection. All procedures and protocols were approved by the of Medicine’s Care and Use Committee. Whole-blood was collected into EDTA-coated tubes once every 3 h (n = 6 mice/time point/group). Blood (270 μL) was incubated for 4 h at 37 °C with 30 μL of LPS in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with L-glutamine and 2 m(final LPS concentration = 50 μg/mL). Following centrifugation (1000 g, 5 min), plasma was collected and frozen at –20 °C. CountsBlood was collected either 4 h after lights-on (i. e. , ZT4; ECD, n = 10; LD controls, n = 10) or 4 h after lights-off (i. e. , ZT16; LD controls, n =10). Small-volume complete blood count differential assay was performed by (Wilmington, MA). LPS Stimulation in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated from trunk blood at ZT4 using 1083 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). After mononuclear cell layer separation, cells were suspended in RPMI-1640 with 10% FBS, and approximately 2 × 106 cells were seeded before overnight incubation at 37 °C (5% CO2). Cells were then washed with PBS and provided LPS (1 µg/mL) in fresh RPMI-1640 with 10% FBS before being returned to the incubator. Medium (100 µL) was extracted from each dish after 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h of LPS stimulation and then frozen at –20 °C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: The data obtained were the results of a questionnaire regarding the use of learning media and HOTS test questions, which were then analyzed. stage is the final stage of research. Researchers create research reports containing analysis of student data results. The report is written descriptively and explained based on existing facts. Results and Discussion Students’ to in the Wordwall-assisted test questions with SPLDV discussion are given after students have applied the PBL model assisted by Wordwall media. The critical thinking abilities of Muhammdiyah 2 School students are classified as critical. The average percentage obtained for the student score category was 82. 45 (Critical) and resulted in the categories presented in Table IV. Critical thinking ability critical 14 46% 82. 45% Critical 5 16% Quite critical 6 19% Less critical 6 19% Table IV. Students’ categorization results given in Table IV show that 1 student was taken from the average results, namely critical students. Analysis of Students’ answers are presented in Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Student answers in the critical category. The student’s score in the critical category is 87. 5. Based on Fig. 1, in indicator 1, students get a score of 2. Students only write what is asked without writing what is known. In indicator 2, students get a score of 4. Namely, students make mathematical models wholly and correctly. In indicator 3, students get a score of 4, namely, students use strategies. The correct one is using the elimination and substitution method and doing the calculations correctly; on indicator 4, the student gets a score of 4; namely, the student concludes correctly and in accordance with what is asked in the question. So, it can be concluded that RRA students understand the questions well. Students’ Problem-solving to in the Wordwall-assisted test questions with SPLDV discussion are given after students have applied the PBL model assisted by Wordwall media. By implementing the PBL model and Wordwall media, the problem-solving abilities of Muhammdiyah 2 School students are relatively high. The average percentage for the student score category was 80. 98 (High), which resulted in the categories presented in Table V. Problem-solving skill 19 62% 80. 98 Currently 6 19% Low 6 19% Amount 31 100% Table V.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: fDowngraded twice due to imprecision: cross‐over trial analysed as a parallel trial (due to available data) which is likely to over‐estimate the within‐trial variability and increase imprecision, and small number of participants. gDowngraded once due to applicability: results apply only to those who can tolerate hypertonic saline and the trial only included children aged 6 to 18 years, so results may not apply to adults. hDowngraded once due to risk of bias: 1 trial was at high risk of detection bias as participants could discern the taste of the intervention. iDowngraded once for inconsistency as there was heterogeneity in the results of the trials. Three out of the four trials reported no difference whilst one trial found a slight difference in favour of hypertonic saline. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings 1. Hypertonic saline 3% to 7% versus isotonic saline for cystic fibrosis (stable lung disease) Navigate to table in of findings 2. Hypertonic saline 3% to 7% versus isotonic saline for cystic fibrosis (during acute exacerbations of lung disease) Hypertonic saline 3% to 7% versus isotonic saline for cystic fibrosis (during acute exacerbations of lung disease) Patient or population: adults and children with cystic fibrosis (during acute exacerbations of lung disease) Settings: hospitalised patients and outpatients Intervention: hypertonic saline 3% to 7% Comparison: isotonic saline comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) No of participants(trials) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Isotonic saline Hypertonic saline 3% to 7% FEV1 (% predicted) change from baseline, short‐term Follow‐up: approximately 14 days (at time of hospital discharge) The mean % change in FEV1 (% predicted) was 32. 3% in the isotonic saline group. The mean % change in FEV1 (% predicted) was 5. 10% higher (14. 67% lower to 24. 87% higher) in the hypertonic saline 3% to 7% group. NA 130 (1 trial) ⊕⊕⊝⊝lowa,b FEV1 (% predicted) change from baseline, long‐term Follow‐up: NA Outcome not reported. ‐up: NA Outcome not reported.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: and StimulationPeritoneal exudate cells (PECs) were collected at ZT4 and ZT16 as described previously (Castanon-Cervantes et al. , 2010). After extraction and washing, approximately 1 × 106 cells were seeded in RPMI-1640 with 10% FBS. PECs were incubated overnight at 37 °C (5% CO2) before PBS wash and provision of LPS (1 µg/mL) in RPMI-1640 and 10% FBS. Supernatant (100 μL) was collected 24 h after stimulation and frozen at –20 °C. proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 was selected as the primary immune response measure because it is an important mediator of the acute immune response that is associated with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmunity, and multiple myeloma (Kishimoto, 2006), and ECD-induced changes in IL-6 are representative of changes in other proinflammatory cytokines (Castanon-Cervantes et al. , 2010). IL-6 release was quantified with ELISA (product no. 550950, ) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Levels of IL-6 in plasma and supernatants were analyzed at 1:2 (plasma), 1:1 (PBMCs), and 1:10 (PECs) dilutions. StatisticsMost statistical tests were conducted with JMP software (JMP 8, SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC). LPS-induced IL-6 response rhythms were analyzed with CircWave software (Roelof A. Hut, University of Groningen), with group comparisons conducted using full factorial ANOVA and post hoc least squares mean (LSM) contrasts with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. PBMC data were assessed using repeated-measures ANOVA followed post hoc by full factorial ANOVA and LSM contrasts. Immune cell count and PEC data were assessed using the Student t test. Group differences were considered significant at p ≤ 0. 05. Results and DiscussionBlood collected from LD control mice exhibited a robust diurnal rhythm in LPS-induced IL-6 release (CircWave: F2,44 = 24. 8, p < 0. 0001) (Fig. 1A). The rhythm peaked during the day (center of gravity: ZT4. 9 ± 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Results of the Student Problem-the categorization results in Table V, 1 student was taken from the average results, namely students who had high problem-solving abilities. Analysis of Students’ Problem-solving Abilities in the answers are presented in Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Students’ answers in the high category. Students who fall into the category of high problem-solving ability have a score of 100. Based on Fig. 2, in indicator 1 the student gets a score of 3; namely, the student shows a clear understanding of the context of the problem accurately and completely. In indicator 2 the student gets a score of 3. Namely, the student can consider new strategies. The strategy used is clear and precise, namely using the elimination and substitution method. In indicator 3, the student gets a score of 3, suggesting that the student states the solution or problem-solving steps, the solution taken is correct, and the calculations carried out are correct. In indicator 4, the student gets a score of 3. The student can apply the context of the problem when considering the solution, and the student can reflect on solutions so that the conclusions made are based on the context of the problem given by the teacher. So, it can be concluded that ANS students understand the questions well. to Table VI shows students’ responses to the media used during learning. No. Category 1. Learning to use the Wordwall application media is a new experience for me 3. 38 Agree 2. It is easier for me to understand learning after using PPT and Wordwall learning media 3. 32 Strongly agree 3. I study more diligently when using PPT and Wordwall learning media 3. 32 Strongly agree 4. I am more enthusiastic about participating in learning that uses learning media 3. 41 Strongly agree 5. Learning using PPT and Wordwall media is very interesting and fun for me 3. 25 Strongly agree 6. The use of PPT and Wordwall media increases my motivation to study 3. 09 Strongly agree 7. The use of PPT and Wordwall media helps support my learning process 2. 35 Agree 8. The use of PPT and Wordwall media helps me to participate more actively in class 2. 51 Agree 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Data collection and analysis Three review authors independently applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria to publications and assessed the quality of the included studies. Main results Fourteen studies were identified. Of these eight studies with 180 participants met the review inclusion criteria. There was wide variation in the quality of the included studies. Data were not published in sufficient detail or with sufficiently similar outcome measures in these studies to perform meta‐analyses. Authors' conclusions We have not found any evidence to suggest that this treatment is either beneficial or not. We would advise that practitioners evaluate on a case‐by‐case basis whether or not to employ this therapy. We recommend that future studies make more use of health‐related quality of life and exercise tolerance measures; and that there is an agreement upon a single standard measure of classifying the clinical status of the participants. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in English Español Français The training of muscles that cause the chest to expand in order to take air into the lungs for people with cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is the most common life‐limiting genetic condition in Caucasians. The life‐expectancy of newly diagnosed patients is increasing. Inspiratory muscle training may improve quality of life, lung function and exercise tolerance in people with cystic fibrosis, so that these are closer to the levels found in people who do not have cystic fibrosis. It may also boost the clearance of mucus. Inspiratory muscle training can be performed without the help of a carer and wherever the individual feels appropriate. We searched for randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled clinical trials to determine the effects of inspiratory muscle training in the treatment of people with cystic fibrosis. We included eight studies with 180 participants in the review, but we could not combine results from these studies to answer our questions, because the studies either did not publish enough details or did not use the same standard measurements. Given this, we cannot recommend the use, or not, of this intervention. We do recommend that future studies make more use of health‐related quality of life and exercise tolerance measures.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 0001; group × time: F7,79 = 0. 6, p = 0. 78; LSM contrasts, p < 0. 0001) (Fig. 1B), consistent with the effect of ECD previously observed after LPS challenge at ZT4 for mice in vivo and for macrophages in vitro (Castanon-Cervantes et al. , 2010). By constructing the LPS-induced IL-6 response rhythm, we find that this effect extends to other times of the day and that circadian regulation is not abolished as predicted based on the blunting of clock gene rhythms in macrophages (Castanon-Cervantes et al. , 2010). Based on the time course of IL-6 release for cultured cells incubated with LPS (Castanon-Cervantes et al. , 2010) (Fig. 3A), it is likely that a longer LPS incubation would have magnified the difference between LD control and ECD groups. We next determined whether daily and ECD-induced changes were due to increased immune cell numbers and/or immune cell responsiveness. First, we collected blood at ZT4 and ZT16 for a complete blood count with differentials. Lymphocytes and monocytes, the cells most likely to be mounting the LPS response in our whole blood assay (Sabroe et al. , 2002), were more prevalent in the blood at ZT4 than at ZT16 (lymphocyte: t18 = −7. 7, p < 0. 0001; monocyte: t18 = −4. 2, p = 0. 0005) (Fig. 2A), which may account for the daytime increase in immune response. In contrast, LD control and ECD groups did not differ in immune cell count at ZT4 (lymphocyte: t18 = −1. 7, p = 0. 1; monocyte: t18 = −1. 2, p = 0. 26) (Fig. 2B), which indicates that the ECD-induced elevation of the IL-6 response at ZT4 is not due to increased cell numbers. Next, to determine if ECD increases immune cell responsiveness, we isolated and cultured PBMCs from ECD and LD control mice before LPS challenge in vitro. Consistent with previous results using macrophages (Castanon-Cervantes et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: The use of learning media is just a variation of teaching from the teacher so that you don’t get bored easily, but in fact, the material I learned was the same as if I didn’t use learning media 2. 32 Agree 10. I understand the questions better with the help of PPT and Wordwall media 3. 29 Strongly agree Average 3. 02 Strongly agree Table VI. Results of to suggested by Table VI, students’ responses to the media used during learning showed that out of 31 respondents, after calculating the average of the results of the total number of respondents divided by the number of students, it is 3. 02%. So, it falls into the strongly agree category. This means that most students are helped by the presence of media during learning. The results of data analysis regarding students’ critical thinking skills assisted by the PBL model and Wordwall media at SMP Muhammadiyah 2 Batu are classified as critical with the 80. 27% category. This research was conducted on class VIII students using SPLDV discussion material. The use of the PBL model is very influential for students. Students are faced with problems with mathematical concepts. Students are required to think more and discover for themselves the concepts of the problems they have studied. This is in line with research conducted by (Yolanda, 2019), which states that students’ critical thinking abilities when applying the PBL model are classified as critical. This research was carried out at with the subject of class VIII students, with material on relationships and functions. Research conducted by Patimahet al. (2023) regarding students’ critical thinking abilities using Wordwall media stated that before using Wordwall media, students’ critical thinking abilities were still relatively low. After implementing learning using Wordwall media, students’ critical thinking abilities increased. It is proven that using learning media can improve students’ critical thinking abilities. This research was carried out at the 5th grade with thematic learning material. The results of data analysis regarding problem-solving abilities assisted by the PBL model and Wordwall media of Muhammadiyah 2 School students are classified as high with a category of 80. 20%. The results of data analysis regarding the use of Wordwall learning media for 31 female students produced an average of 3. 02, which is in the strongly agree category. This aligns with research conducted by Asriet al. (2024).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: We also suggest there should be agreement upon standard measurements used. Visual summary Authors' conclusions Implications for practice Given that we have not found any evidence to suggest that this treatment is either beneficial or not. We would advise that practitioners evaluate on a case‐by‐case basis whether or not to employ this therapy. Implications for research We recommend that future studies choose task specific measures such as PImax and inspiratory muscle strength and endurance as well as exercise tests such as VO2max. Such functional measures ought to dovetail nicely with an assessment of health‐related quality of life. To facilitate such future research and to improve research into the remedial benefits of IMT, it is necessary for the research community to agree upon a single standard measure of classifying the clinical status of the participants. Finally, there is emerging evidence to suggest that IMT is beneficial to people with other chronic respiratory conditions, such as COPD (O'Brien 2008). It would be prudent to apply this to the clinical population and implement longitudinal studies to assess the role of IMT in maintaining good pulmonary function and exercise tolerance within the CF population. of the condition Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the result of a genetic mutation that directly affects ion transport within cells by altering the function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). In the case of secretory cells, this results in the production of dehydrated, viscous and ultimately dysfunctional secretions (WHO 2005). Two main sites of secretory cells are the digestive and respiratory systems. Both of these systems have a major influence on health and development. The adverse effect on the respiratory system in people with CF contributes to it being the most common, life‐limiting autosomal recessive genetic disorder in Caucasians (Kosorok 1996); and in the UK it currently affects over 7500 people (CF Trust 2005). With advancement in the medical management of the condition, the life‐expectancy of babies newly diagnosed is now into their fifties (Dodge 2007). This brings with it a responsibility for all clinicians working with people with CF, and in particular physiotherapists, to consider ways of enhancing quality of life. Description of the intervention Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) involves the training of muscles that act to expand the chest in order to take in air into the lungs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: It is not clear how commonly variation in photoperiodic seasonality is correlated with circadian rhythms, and additional models that relate genetic variation in circadian and seasonal function would be useful. Strains of laboratory rats vary both in circadian rhythms [21 - 25] and in photoperiodic responses that include reproduction, food intake, and body mass [26 - 30]. The F344/NHsd strain of rats suppresses reproduction, food intake, and somatic growth in short photoperiods, while Dawley (HSD) rats do not. F344 rats are becoming a model for mechanisms of photoresponsiveness [31], and may be useful models for the study of correlated genetic variation in rhythms, regulation of appetite and body mass, and reproduction. A recent comparison of the rhythm of excretion of the major metabolite of melatonin, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, between photoperiodic F344 rats and nonphotoperiodic HSD rats suggests that both strains have long duration melatonin secretion in short photoperiod and short duration melatonin secretion in long photoperiod [32]. Thus, both photoresponsive F344 and nonphotoresponsive HSD rats were similar in pattern of melatonin production to photoresponsive rather than nonphotoresponsive Siberian hamsters [10]. However, HSD rats excreted only about half as much 6-sulfatoxymelatonin per unit body mass as F344 rats, and some individual HSD rats had little or no nocturnal rise in excretion, similar to nonphotoresponsive Siberian hamsters [10]. For this study, a companion study to Price et al. [32], we tested two competing hypotheses. One hypothesis is that differences in photoresponsiveness between F344 and HSD rats are caused by differences in circadian clock function and/or clock outputs cause differences in photoresponsiveness. A competing hypothesis is that differences in photoresponsiveness are caused by differences at the level of melatonin secretion and responses to melatonin [32], rather than by differences in clock function. We tested for circadian differences between young male F344 and young male HSD rats by measuring running wheel activity in short photoperiod, long photoperiod, and constant dark (DD) to assess circadian traits and the degree of nocturnality.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Critical thinking skills are crucial for effective problem-solving. [SEP] Text: It can be seen that students like Wordwall as a learning medium. This research was carried out at SMA 10 Semarang with subjects in class XI, with English as the subject. Most students enjoy using this online game as their learning medium. Wordwall media can increase student learning motivation, build student interest in learning media, and make the use of media easy to understand. Based on the results of the research conducted by researchers, it can be seen that each research conducted obtained different percentages of students’ critical thinking abilities and different results of students’ problem-solving abilities. This is caused by internal factors and external factors of students (Mahanalet al. , 2019). Internal and external factors can be overcome by increasing the use of media and learning models in schools. It is also recommended that teachers be more creative and innovative when teaching. research investigated the PBL model and Wordwall media on critical thinking and problem-solving skills in solving questions among students at Muhammadiyah 2 School. The findings revealed that the intervention significantly enhanced students’ critical thinking abilities to an average score of 80. 27%, which is regarded as very critical, and the problem-solving abilities also improved considerably, reaching a high category with an average of 80. 20%. Furthermore, the students who were classified in the very critical category exhibited superior critical thinking skills and analyzed mathematical issues effectively compared to those in lower categories. This pattern also occurred for the students in the moderately critical category who outperformed those in the less critical category. Hence, this notion also holds true for problem-solving. The students in the high category demonstrated better analytical and strategic skills than their counterparts in the medium category and outperformed those in the low category. research was funded by the University of Muhammadiyah Malang. 78. 141. 10. 487. 105. 64. 52. 292. 66. 1562. 234. 4471. 2046. 1569. 14. 124. 564. 20. 99. 156. 4. 434. 118. 17. 4. 465. 64. 1817. 22. 675. 176. 58. 637. 6. 21. 29. 9. 12. 6. 107. 2767. 7. 50. /Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX ##plugins. themes. bootstrap3. 4. 0 International License.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Adverse effects (pneumothorax, musculoskeletal pains or injuries, others) One study, using 40% of maximal effort, reported that one participant experienced earache whilst performing IMT (de Jong 2001). 7. outcome was not reported by any study. the quality of the included studies was inconsistent and none addressed all aspects completely. The execution of the included studies (randomisation and blinding) ranged from being fully acknowledged, considered and reported to either being merely stated as "randomised to the two groups" or not being mentioned. The external validity (with particular regard to the participant demographics) was explicit in only three of the studies (de Jong 2001; Enright 2004; Sawyer 1993). This aspect is of particular significance given that people who have CF are the target population. The nature of the disease means that two people of similar age, height and weight may have been affected by the condition in drastically different ways and therefore may not "match" as far as clinical status goes. Adverse events were poorly covered by the studies, with only one making specific reference to this (de Jong 2001). Two studies report withdrawals but offer no explanation for these (Amelina 2006; Chatham 1997). We acknowledge that the nature of the intervention (IMT) makes it very difficult to blind the participants to which arm they are in, although five studies made use of "sham" interventions for controls (Amelina 2006; Chatham 1997; de Jong 2001; Enright 2004; Sawyer 1993). There is currently insufficient evidence to either support or refute the use of IMT for people with CF (Altman 1995). There are several factors that may have contributed to this conclusion. Firstly, four out of the eight studies have only been published as abstracts within conference proceedings. This format limits the amount of detailed data that are presented and, therefore, that can be extracted from the studies. This is particularly true in this case. Without that detail a full meta‐analysis cannot be performed and this subsequently detracts from the rigour of the process. Another, more generic, factor relates to the execution of studies examining the effects of a rehabilitation technique for people with CF. A systematic review requires homogeneity between the included studies to allow firm conclusions to be drawn. Despite only finding eight studies which met the inclusion criteria of this review, the variation in their methodologies and outcomes (type and units) was such that no combined analyses could be made.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Activity patterns of young male F344/NHsd rats (breeders from Harlan, Indianapolis, Indiana) and HSD rats (Hsd:Sprague Dawley; breeders from Harlan, Indianapolis, Indiana) were compared in long days (LD), 16 L: 8 D with lights on at 0500 EST (N = 15 F344 rats and 18 HSD rats). Rats were only tested during the four weeks after weaning in order to match the period when F344 rats and other strains are known to show variation in photoperiodic responses [27,28,30,34]. In order to control for potential changes related to age, each individual rat was tested in only one photoperiod treatment. All rats were gestated and raised in LD (16 L: 8 D with lights on at 0500 EST) prior to weaning at 23 ± 2 days of age. They were then transferred to individual cages with activity wheels (and Cage, Catalog No. 60-1943) and placed in environmental and photoperiod chambers (Revco, Asheville, North Carolina) in groups of up to 12 rats/chamber. Magnetic switches on the running wheels signaled revolutions to an event recorder sending output in 6-minute data collection periods, or 'bins', to a personal computer. Rats were fed a laboratory diet (LM – 485 Sterilizable Mouse/7012, Madison, WI) and tap water ad libitum. Temperature was maintained at 22. 5 ± 1°C. Data collection ended after four weeks ± 4 days. The study followed international standards for animal care and welfare, and was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at the College of William and Mary (IACUC 0018). Experiment 2: Comparison of HSD to F344 male rats in SD This experiment was designed to compare circadian traits and nocturnality in a photoperiod with light cues that would normally trigger reproductive suppression, reduced food intake, and slowed somatic growth in a photoresponsive rat. Activity patterns of young male F344 and HSD rats (N = 16 per group) were compared for short days (SD), 8 L: 16 D with lights on at 0900 EST. Except for the photoperiod treatment, procedures and data collection were as in Experiment 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Collaborative learning can enhance communication and teamwork skills. [SEP] Text: As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the of Health. Learn more: PMC Disclaimer |. 2019 Dec 20;6(4):229–231. doi: 10. 1136/bmjstel-2019-000446 Search in PMC Search in Pubin NLM to search Initial evaluation of a virtual reality bomb-defusing simulator for development of undergraduate healthcare student communication and teamwork skills 1 School of Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Find 2020. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC8936699 PMID: 35519998 and teamworking skills are essential healthcare professional skills, yet undergraduates exhibit reluctance to engage with group work, especially in interprofessional groups. The aim of the study was to investigate whether a virtual reality bomb-defusing simulator would enable students to gain these skills through an enjoyable and challenging scenario without profession-specific knowledge. Students took it in turns to play the role of the ‘Defuser’ immersed in a headset, while the rest of the group were ‘Experts’ with a printed manual, but no sight of the bomb. The task challenged students to relay obscure symbols and instructions to each other rapidly and effectively. A subsequent focus group explored the impact of the simulation on students’ perceived learning, engagement and communication skills. The focus group of five multiprofessional healthcare students reported high levels of engagement and satisfaction while highlighting value in developing communication and teamwork. The simulator nurtured initial group dynamics and team bonding. Evaluation data indicated that the intervention facilitated cooperation, team bonding and the development of good communication skills. This method of encouraging communication would fit well into an interprofessional learning session as a useful tool ahead of more technical and clinically based group work. The focus group of five multiprofessional healthcare students reported high levels of engagement and satisfaction while highlighting value in developing communication and teamwork. The simulator nurtured initial group dynamics and team bonding. Keywords: virtual reality, teamwork, communication skills, interprofessional learning, undergraduate educationand teamwork are essential health professional skills and are typically gained during training through ‘inter-professional learning’ (IPL).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing has shown promise in treating genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Haworth suggests that bone pain may be avoided by prescribing a short course of oral corticosteroids before and at the time of pamidronate infusion (Haworth 2001). Zoledronate, a more potent bisphosphonate than pamidronate was associated with severe musculoskeletal pain resulting in discontinuation of one trial early in enrolment (Boyle 2005). In a subsequent study of intravenous zoledronate, participants were prescribed daily prednisolone for three days commencing on the day of the first infusion (and repeated if thought necessary with subsequent infusions). Musculoskeletal pain was not significantly increased in the treatment group. However, fever and other flu‐like effects were more commonly reported, severe in some participants, although the majority continued treatment. The authors proposed that a longer period of treatment with corticosteroids, including pre‐treatment dosing may diminish such adverse effects (Chapman 2009). A consensus statement has recommended pre‐treatment with oral corticosteroids for three to five days prior to bisphosphonate infusion, but this has not been studied in an RCT (Aris 2005). None of the participants in the lung‐transplanted group, all of whom were receiving corticosteroids, experienced any bone pain. For treatment duration of 12 to 24 months, there were significantly more withdrawals due to adverse events than in those not receiving bisphopsphonates. There was no significant effect on survival. The lack of significant differences in the rate of fractures, gastrointestinal adverse effects, withdrawals or survival may relate to the small numbers of participants involved and the short duration of the trials The risk of bias in the trials due to blinding was judged as present (Aris 2000; Haworth 2001), unclear (Aris 2004; Boyle 2005; Chapman 2009) or low (Haworth 2011; Papaioannou 2008). When participants are aware of the treatment they are receiving, they may be more or less likely to report adverse events. The judgment of individuals who collect and interpret patient data may be affected when the assessor is aware of the treatment a participant is receiving. Lack of blinding may result in biased results. Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 1 Comparison 1 Bisphosphonates versus control (without lung transplantation), Outcome 1 Vertebral fractures.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Experiment 3: Comparison of HSD to F344 male rats in DD This experiment was designed to compare circadian traits and nocturnality of F344 and HSD rats. Activity patterns of young male F344 rats were compared with those of young male HSD rats (N = 10 per group) in constant darkness (DD). Except for the photoperiod treatment, procedures and data collection were as in Experiment 1. Data collection and analysis of nocturnality and diurnality was carried out using a software package, Tau, generously provided by. Wheel revolutions were recorded in 6-minute bins and plotted as activity records. Preliminary analyses were conducted to test the effect of removing bins with small numbers of wheel rotations. Because variation in nocturnality was most apparent without removing bins, analyses were conducted using all activity. For all statistical analyses, data were taken only from the last 15 days of activity in order to allow rats to adjust to the treatment photoperiod in SD and DD. For rats in LD, data collection was also restricted to the final 15 days of activity in order to match ages across all three experiments. The nocturnality index is defined here as the ratio of time active in the night (or subjective night) to the total time active over 24 hours. Thus, individuals that were more active during the night had a higher nocturnality index. program also calculated the tau (free-running period) by the chi-square periodogram method for each rat in DD. Phase angle of entrainment, activity onset, activity offset, and alpha (duration of activity) were calculated following methods slightly modified from Majoy and Heideman [17] and Sullivan and Lynch [35] as described below. Activity onset was defined as the first bout of running activity lasting at least two 6-min recording bins that was preceded by at least 2 hours with no sustained activity (e. g. , activity in no more than one consecutive bin) and followed by additional activity within the next hour. Eye-fitted lines were drawn through these daily activity onsets on an actogram to obtain a mean daily activity onset for each rat. The activity offset was defined as the end of the last bout of activity followed by at least 2 hours of no sustained activity. Again, eye-fitted lines were drawn through the daily offset times on an actogram to obtain a mean offset for each rat.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Collaborative learning can enhance communication and teamwork skills. [SEP] Text: For new undergraduate students, group work with unfamiliar peers can be challenging,1 especially within the first few weeks of studies. It is essential that students gain communication and teamwork skills rapidly, so that subsequent learning can be provided. Interactive escape rooms require players to solve puzzles, complete tasks and work together efficiently, drawing on ‘soft skills’ such as leadership, teamwork and communication. 2 There is growing evidence supporting the use of ‘serious games’ for student learning3 and their role as useful constructivist learning opportunities. 4 5 Used in the correct context, with sound pedagogical underpinning, these games have proven to be valuable for increasing soft skills. 6 Clinical curricula, however, often provide group work training using resource-intensive technical simulation equipment or events7 or clinical department practice to provide this training. There is little evidence addressing the role of virtual reality training for clinical ‘soft’ skills, yet problem-based learning in a safe virtual environment (VE) not only encourages interaction, role play,8 creativity and independent thinking abilities, but can nurture communication and teamwork skills. 9 The aim of this study was to explore initial student perceptions of a bomb-defusing simulation in the development of soft skills. sampling was used to recruit a range of undergraduate health professional students who were unfamiliar with each other. Students were invited to participate verbally at a lecture session or via email. The intervention was the game ‘’10 using the HTC Vive headset and controllers. The student wearing the Vive headset is the ‘Defuser’ and is trapped in a virtual room with a ticking, timed bomb they must defuse. The other students outside the room are the ‘Experts’ who must provide clear instructions by deciphering the printed bomb defusal manual without seeing the bomb. The game uses visual symbols that are unfamiliar and hard to describe, forcing students to be creative with their communication skills. This simulation shares many characteristics with escape room games, but is designed to take place over 5 min. Uniquely, the game enables small group working despite using only one headset. After completion, a focus group, facilitated by an experienced independent moderator, harvested student feelings and attitudes concerning collaboration and learning. The resulting audio transcription was coded independently by two researchers to identify emerging patterns and themes. These themes were agreed and used to formulate a final analytic narrative.

Output: corroborate