Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 114 There is therefore a risk that stringent car emission standards will be challenged in the wto dispute settlement, especially if they are significantly above standards of other countries. Fossil fuel car bans are particularly susceptible to a challenge, as they constitute quantitative restrictions normally prohibited under wto rules. However, fossil fuel car bans, as long as they apply on sales of all fossil fuel cars (domestically produced and imported), can be justified under the health and environmental exceptions. 115 Import and export bans on second-hand cars can be justified on the same grounds. 116 They can also be potentially negotiated within the group of willing wto members under an international (plurilateral) agreement. Prospects for the conclusion of such an agreement require a separate study. 3. 2. 4 in the wto setting, harmonization of car emission standards under regional trade agreements117 (rtas) gives less reasons to worry about race to the bottom concerns, as long as an rta party with a larger market power can offer trade concessions in return for accepting higher standards by its rta partner. Being a package deal, an rta increases bargaining power needed to adopt a common standard that might be costly for the other party. 118 According to Dietrich, rtas can support alignment of car emission standards based on two approaches: domestic treatment and harmonization. 119 Under the first approach, trade in cars under an rta will only be liberalized if imported cars comply with standards of the importing rta party. Following the harmonization approach, governments agree on the application of a common standard and, in the case of upward harmonization, raise standards to the highest level of the two. But if rta Parties accept mutual recognition of standards, there will be no effect on standards’ alignment, as governments accept imports of cars under standards of the exporting country. Some existing rtas contain provisions on car emissions and air pollution control policies. 120 Some of these provisions are very general, in which rta Parties just agree to participate in joint work programs on air pollution standards (e. g. comesa 1993) or reiterate provisions from specific bilateral agreements addressing air pollution (e. g. China–Korea 2015). Some EU rtas provide for specific car emission standards to be used in trade between Parties (e. g. EU–Montenegro 2007). Many non-EU countries in Southern and (e. g. Ukraine, Serbia, Turkey etc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The best power model that fits the data is one that includes yeast cell density as a predictor of nectar sugar concentration and a multiplicative effect of the interaction between yeasts and host plant species (Table 3). To illustrate the interaction between Yeast and Plant factors and its impact on nectar sugar concentration, along with the overlap effect of yeast cell density, scatter plots for representative yeast species and their respective host plant species are shown in Fig. 4. Table 2: Nectar samples with yeasts and nectar samples without yeasts. Comparisons of average (±SD) concentrations of the three nectar sugars between nectar samples containing yeast cells and nectar samples without cells. t-tests and statistical significance are shown for each sugar. Nectar sugars Nectar samples (g of solute per 100 mL solution) t d. f p With yeasts Without yeasts Sucrose 6. 3 ± 7. 8 10. 6 ± 11. 1 4. 48 215 <0. 0001 Glucose 2. 5 ± 3. 2 5. 5 ± 3. 8 7. 95 196 <0. 0001 Fructose 2. 9 ± 2. 9 5. 6 ± 3. 5 8. 81 172 <0. 0001 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/table-2 Figure 3: The relationship between nectar sugars and yeast cell density. Overall relationship between yeast cell density and the concentration of nectar sugars: (A) sucrose, (B) glucose and (C) fructose. Power models are shown in each panel along with their statistical significance. The percentages of variance of each sugar explained by each model (adjusted R2) are 10%, 30%, and 36% for sucrose, glucose, and fructose, respectively. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-3 Table 3: Type III least-square analyses and Criterion (AIC) values for the effect of yeast cell density on the concentration of nectar sugars. Sum of squares (SS), degrees of freedom (d. f. ), F-values (F) and statistical significance (P-value) for the co-factors Yeast (different groups of yeasts) and Plant (different host plant species) are shown jointly with their respective AIC value. The lower the AIC value, the better the model fits to the data when a variable/co-factor is included in the model.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Search methods On 4 April 2018 we searched (via PubMed), the (published in the Cochrane Library), and. We also searched the. gov, clinical trial reports from manufacturers' websites, and reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews. Selection criteria We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in children comparing rotavirus vaccines prequalified for use by the WHO versus placebo or no intervention. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently assessed trial eligibility and assessed risks of bias. One review author extracted data and a second author cross‐checked them. We combined dichotomous data using the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We stratified the analysis by country mortality rate and used GRADE to evaluate evidence certainty. Main results Fifty‐five trials met the inclusion criteria and enrolled a total of 216,480 participants. Thirty‐six trials (119,114 participants) assessed RV1, 15 trials (88,934 participants) RV5, and four trials (8432 participants) Rotavac. RV1 Children vaccinated and followed up the first year of life In low‐mortality countries, RV1 prevents 84% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 16, 95% CI 0. 09 to 0. 26; 43,779 participants, 7 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and probably prevents 41% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 74; 28,051 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). In high‐mortality countries, RV1 prevents 63% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 60; 6114 participants, 3 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 27% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 95; 5639 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In low‐mortality countries, RV1 prevents 82% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 14 to 0. 23; 36,002 participants, 9 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and probably prevents 37% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea episodes (rate ratio 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: ) have harmonized car emission standards with the corresponding EU standards through rtas concluded with the EU. However, this does not concern second-hand cars and consequently the average age of fleets in and Balkans continues to be much older than in Western Europe. By contrast, the US-Mexico-(formerly nafta) has been irrelevant for both upward harmonization of car emission standards121 and promoting restrictions on second-hand cars. 122 In fact, US and Canadian standards have been harmonized through bilateral regulatory cooperation outside the rta. 123 Efforts to bring greater alignment between Canadian and U. S. car emission standards are ongoing through the Canada-US Council. Regarding standards in Mexico, US standards are adopted through market forces, as automobile plants in Mexico are operated by U. S. firms and many cars are exported to the US. Finally, it should be mentioned that an opportunity for harmonization of car emission standards was missed once the negotiations of the a mega-regional US-EU trade agreement, had been suspended in 2016. Driven by interests of costs savings from the elimination of differences in product standards, the EU and the US attached considerable importance to achieving regulatory convergence under the bilateral trade negotiations. Obtaining equivalency was extremely difficult, however, particularly for car carbon (fuel economy) standards, where differences existed not only in the design of standards but also in the level of emission reduction they achieve. 124 4 the above overview shows, the regulatory landscape addressing road transport emissions comprises diverse and predominantly national measures to combat air pollution or climate change. In most cases, black carbon emissions are only indirectly affected by policies and measures to reduce air polluting substances from cars. Mainly motivated by climate policy considerations, bans on fossil fuel cars are by far the most effective means of reducing road transport emissions and are considered in the EU, China and in an increasing number of other countries. However, they are unlikely to be feasible for many less developed countries in the foreseeable future, as they require investments in necessary infrastructure, such as charging and refueling stations, and consumer ability to pay higher prices for zero emission vehicles. These countries will therefore have to continue relying on alternative measures, particularly on car exhaust standards requiring the installation of diesel particulate filters. The adoption of the right mix of instruments is crucial. While the protection of climate, environment and health requires reducing both black carbon and CO2 emissions, CO2 and black carbon reduction measures are not always compatible.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Model terms Fructose SS d. f F P-value AIC SS d. f F P-value AIC SS d. f F P-value AIC Full model −126 −206 −190 Yeast cell density 1. 35 1 5. 88 0. 0178 −120 0. 84 1 7. 85 0. 0064 −197 0. 56 1 4. 48 0. 0375 −186 Yeast 0 0 −126 0 0 −206 0 0 −190 Plant 0 0 −126 0 0 −206 0 0 −190 Yeast × Plant 4. 74 8 2. 57 0. 0155 −117 2. 39 8 2. 81 0. 0089 −194 2. 62 8 2. 64 0. 0133 −180 Residual 0. 48 73 0. 33 73 0. 35 73 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/table-3 Figure 4: Differential effects of nectar-living yeasts. The effect of the interaction of different types of yeasts and host plants on the relationship between yeast cell density and the concentration of sugar in nectar samples. Data are shown only for fructose concentration in nectar of (A) Ipomoea crinicalyx, (B) Ipomoea hederifolia, (C) Ipomoea nil, (D) Ipomoea triloba, (E) Merremia aegyptia, (F) Merremia dissecta, (G) Operculina pinnatifida, (H) Opuntia dillenii, and (I) Tecoma stans. Not all yeasts are distributed in all host plants; some yeasts seem to be specific to some plants. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-4 other studies of nectar-living yeasts have been conducted in tropical nectariferous plants to date, excepting Herrera et al. (2009) and Canto & Herrera (2012), where the frequency of yeasts in floral nectar samples was assessed in three regions, two in southern Spain and one in southern Mexico. However, the diversity of nectar yeasts was not explicitly addressed in these previous studies, although their results suggest differences between temperate and tropical regions. A similar study was conducted by Mittelbach et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 63, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 71; 39,091 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). In high‐mortality countries RV1 probably prevents 35% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 65, 95% CI 0. 51 to 0. 83; 13,768 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 17% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 83, 95% CI 0. 72 to 0. 96; 2764 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence). No increased risk of serious adverse events (SAE) was detected (RR 0. 88 95% CI 0. 83 to 0. 93; high‐certainty evidence). There were 30 cases of intussusception reported in 53,032 children after RV1 vaccination and 28 cases in 44,214 children after placebo or no intervention (RR 0. 70, 95% CI 0. 46 to 1. 05; low‐certainty evidence). RV5 Children vaccinated and followed up the first year of life In low‐mortality countries, RV5 probably prevents 92% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 08, 95% CI 0. 03 to 0. 22; 4132 participants, 5 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). We did not identify studies reporting on severe all‐cause diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries. In high‐mortality countries, RV5 prevents 57% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 29 to 0. 62; 5916 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence), but there is probably little or no difference between vaccine and placebo for severe all‐cause diarrhoea (RR 0. 80, 95% CI 0. 58 to 1. 11; 1 trial, 4085 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence). Children vaccinated and followed up for two years In low‐mortality countries, RV5 prevents 82% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 08 to 0. 39; 7318 participants, 4 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). We did not identify studies reporting on severe all‐cause diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: The adoption of higher carbon and fuel economy standards for cars requires a simultaneous adoption of higher car exhaust and fuel quality standards in order to prevent the negative impacts of dieselization. Car exhaust standards and fuel quality standards, in their turn, should constitute one system of emissions controls, given that diesel particulate filters promoted by higher car exhaust standards can only function with low-sulfur fuels. In any case, due to specificities of countries, a mix of policy instruments, tailored to specific needs of countries is required. While diesel particulate filters and other emission reduction technologies have become cost-effective, existing discrepancies among countries in car emission standards preclude their diffusion on a global scale. This forms an obstacle to addressing domestic air pollution problems and hinders global climate action. The absence of maximum emission levels in road transport together with the lack of restrictions on trade in second-hand cars will slow down the transition to zevs. Global alignment of car emission standards with their gradual convergence to the level of the highest standards is therefore an outcome to strive for. There are two major ways for such alignment to take place. The first is through market forces that induce carmakers to follow higher car emission standards to get access to export markets. The second is through governments negotiating minimum emission levels and common standards in international and regional fora. The two ways can perfectly complement each other: governments can improve where markets fail and steer market-induced regulatory alignment in the direction of mutual economic and environmental interest. Today, unece as a regional organization with a global impact on vehicle regulation provides the best forum for negotiations on car emission standards. It has already managed to adopt uniform car approval procedures and a global standard for car emission testing based on high standards of the EU. Work of public-private partnerships and initiatives, such as ccac, can facilitate worldwide adoption of higher emission standards for vehicles, contributing through guidance and technical assistance to countries lagging behind. wto, for its part, can play a useful role by encouraging the use of international standards and promoting good regulatory practices that ensure the quality of regulations and their transparent and non-discriminatory application. Alignment of car emission standards can also be pursued through negotiations on trade liberalization under regional trade agreements, which offer ample scope for bargaining. If the goal of zero-emission road transport is taken seriously, front-runner countries should seize every opportunity offered by the above-discussed fora to promote higher standards for emissions from vehicles and their worldwide adoption.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: (2015) in a subtropical environment of the Canary Islands. We will first discuss diversity patterns found in the present study and then compare them with previous findings. Finally, we will discuss the association between yeast species and host plants and the implications of differential yeast effects on nectar sugars. Yeast diversity Our results indicate that the assemblage of yeasts in the plant community surveyed was composed of a relatively high number of species at the highest sampling levels (plant genera and botanical families), along with a substantial number of equally common species and relatively low species dominance. This tropical plant community harbored a higher diversity of nectar yeasts than our sampling design could detect. While the expected yeast diversity at the drop and individual levels was estimated acceptably with the sample size set in this study, the analysis predicts that diversity increased remarkably at higher levels in the sampling hierarchy. Reducing the number of nectar drop replicates per plant, as well as the number of individual plants per species, while increasing the number of plant genera and families will probably achieve a more encompassing picture of diversity of nectar-living yeasts in tropical plants. A frequent pattern of animal and plant diversity is the latitudinal gradient of species richness (Pianka, 1966; Hillebrand, 2004). Although latitudinal clines in species richness are discernible in several groups of marine bacterioplankton and phytoplankton microorganisms (e. g. , Fuhrman et al. , 2008; Schattenhofer et al. , 2009; Barton et al. , 2010), microbial diversity has been less studied in these clines, particularly for diversity associated with tropical floral nectars. Although more studies are necessary, our results and those of the other studies reveal a possible tendency for lower latitudes to support more nectar-living yeast species than higher latitudes. For example, Herzberg, Fischer & Titze (2002) studied microfungal diversity in the nectars of native plants in temperate communities of Germany, reporting a species richness of 20 yeasts in a total of 25 different plant species. Pozo, Herrera & Bazaga (2011) found 12 yeast taxa in 24 plant species in southern Spain; later, Álvarez Pérez & Herrera (2013) found 20 yeasts in nectar of 30 plant species in a large plant assemblage from southern Spain. Most recently, Mittelbach et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In high‐mortality countries, RV5 prevents 41% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 43 to 0. 82; 5885 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence), and 15% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 85, 95% CI 0. 75 to 0. 98; 5977 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence). No increased risk of serious adverse events (SAE) was detected (RR 0. 93 95% CI 0. 86 to 1. 01; moderate to high‐certainty evidence). There were 16 cases of intussusception in 43,629 children after RV5 vaccination and 20 cases in 41,866 children after placebo (RR 0. 77, 95% CI 0. 41 to 1. 45; low‐certainty evidence). vaccinated and followed up the first year of life Rotavac has not been assessed in any RCT in countries with low child mortality. In India, a high‐mortality country, Rotavac probably prevents 57% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 30 to 0. 60; 6799 participants, moderate‐certainty evidence); the trial did not report on severe all‐cause diarrhoea at one‐year follow‐up. Children vaccinated and followed up for two years Rotavac probably prevents 54% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases in India (RR 0. 46, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 60; 6541 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence), and 16% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (RR 0. 84, 95% CI 0. 71 to 0. 98; 6799 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence). No increased risk of serious adverse events (SAE) was detected (RR 0. 93 95% CI 0. 85 to 1. 02; moderate‐certainty evidence). There were eight cases of intussusception in 5764 children after Rotavac vaccination and three cases in 2818 children after placebo (RR 1. 33, 95% CI 0. 35 to 5. 02; very low‐certainty evidence).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 17Other contributing factors include changes in people’s behavior and habits (reducing travel), as well as availability of technical solutions, such as speed limits on the road. 18Benjamin Brown-Steiner and others, ‘Black carbon emissions from trucks and trains in the Midwestern and States from 1977 to 2007’ (2016) 129 155–166. 19William Dietrich, ‘Harmonisation of : Lessons from the Applied to the wto and the nafta’ (1996), 20 William and Law and 175. 20, ‘A technical summary of Euro 6/vi vehicle emission standards’ (icct, 2016). 21In the EU, the ongoing revision of car emission standards is part of the legislative package in support of the EU goal to reduce ghg emissions by 55% by 2030 and achieve a zero-carbon future by 2050. 22and others, ‘from Motor Vehicles: Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions’ (1996). 23Arabic numerals refer to light duty vehicles, whereas Roman numerals refer to heavy-duty vehicles. 24Williams and Minjares (n20). 25countries have a similar set of car standards, e. g. US Tier 1–3 standards for passenger vehicle emissions and US 2004 and 2010 standards for heavy duty vehicle emissions. 26dpf is a filter that captures and stores exhaust soot. doc is a device that reduces carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas by oxidizing them but, through the oxidation of hydrocarbons absorbed on p2. 93 billion for participating in a cartel’ (Press Release, 2016) < accessed 23/11/2022. 34Vehicle type approval is a process applied by national authorities to certify that a car model meets all safety, environmental and conformity of production requirements before authorizing it to be placed on the market. 35Regulation (EU) 2018/858. 36ccac (n30). 37Low-sulfur fuel is also required for some systems that control NOx. Moreover, sulfur in fuel is problematic on its own, because it leads to increased air pollution. When diesel sulfur content is high, sulfate p14. 10. 2020). < (last accessed 23 November 2022). 42See EU Regulation 443/2009.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: (2015) reported nectar fungal diversity from a subtropical plant community in the Canary Islands. A total of 34 yeasts species were found in eight native plant species. Belisle et al. (2014) reported 38 microfungi species, associated with mouthparts of 21 hummingbirds and six bat species of Costa Rica. In this work in a tropical environment, 18 nectariferous plants were surveyed and a total of 39 yeast taxa were found. Therefore, yeast species richness seems to steadily decrease from the tropical community of Yucatan and subtropical community in the to the temperate plant communities of southern Spain and Germany. Yeast-plant associations The diversity of nectar-living yeasts in our sample was also shaped by associations between yeast, host plants and flower visitors. This pattern creates a mosaic of nectar environments at the community level where habitat features are filters that influence the probability that the taxa, with their specified traits, can join and persist as members of a local community (Soininen, 2012; Hillebrand & Blenckner, 2002). According to our results and previous evidence (e. g. , Lachance et al. , 2001; Lachance & Starmer, 2008; Lachance, Hurtado & Hsiang, 2016), two types of non-exclusive filters may influence nectar-yeast interactions. First, floral nectar may act as a yeast community filter because of its physicochemical and nutritional factors such as availability of nutrients, water activity and the presence of yeast limiting/enhancing solutes, which can together lead to physiological specialization in nectar-living yeasts (Lievens et al. , 2015). Our results show the existence of frequent yeast and host plant correspondences, which is compatible with the existence of nectar filters that ‘sieve’ yeasts arriving to nectar and drive yeast distribution across host plants. However, experimental evidence culturing yeasts under different nectar environments are necessary to test the existence of this type of filter. Second, flower visitors can also be seen as an ecological filter as they show particular associations with yeasts. Different plant species have different pollinators that can transport different yeast species to floral nectars. In a preliminary nectar-yeast assessment in plants, de Vega, Herrera & Johnson (2009) observed that differences among plant species in yeast incidence were related to variations in pollinator types.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: There was insufficient evidence of an effect on mortality from any rotavirus vaccine (198,381 participants, 44 trials; low‐ to very low‐certainty evidence), as the trials were not powered to detect an effect at this endpoint. Authors' conclusions RV1, RV5, and Rotavac prevent episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea. Whilst the relative effect estimate is smaller in high‐mortality than in low‐mortality countries, there is a greater number of episodes prevented in these settings as the baseline risk is much higher. We found no increased risk of serious adverse events. model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in English Español Français for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea: vaccines in use What is the aim of this review? The aim of this was to find out if rotavirus vaccines are effective in preventing diarrhoea and deaths in infants and young children. We also aimed to find out if the rotavirus vaccines are safe. We collected and analyzed all relevant studies to answer these questions, and found 55 studies. Key messages RV1, RV5, and Rotavac prevent episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence). We found no increased risk of serious adverse events (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence) including intussusception (where the bowel telescopes on itself, and can cause obstruction) (very low to low‐certainty evidence). What was studied in the review? Rotavirus infection is a common cause of diarrhoea in infants and young children, and can cause mild illness, hospitalization, and death. Since 2009, the Organization (WHO) has recommended that a rotavirus vaccine be included in all national infant and child immunization programmes, and 95 countries have so far followed this recommendation. In the years before infants and children started receiving rotavirus vaccine, rotavirus infection resulted in about half a million deaths a year in children aged under five years, mainly in low‐ and middle‐income countries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 43Starting in the years 2025 and 2030, the EU fleet-wide CO2 targets will be stricter and defined as a percentage reduction from the 2021 level – for cars, 15% reduction from 2025 and 37. 5% reduction from 2030; for vans, 15% reduction from 2025 and 31% reduction from 2030. See EU Regulation 2019/631. 44In addition to fines for non-compliance, the so-called gas guzzler tax is levied on individual passenger car models that do not meet cafe standards. See nhtsa, ‘Fuel Economy’ < accessed 23 November 2022. 45Aleksandra Čavoški, ‘The unintended consequences of EU law and policy on air pollution’ (2017) 26 reciel 3, 255–265. 46Dylan Loh, ‘Singapore vows to be first in to ditch petrol cars’ (nikkei Asia, 2020)< accessed 23 November 2022. 47Hongyang Cui, Pramoda Gode, and Sandra Wappelhorst, ‘A of Zero-in Cities and their Development Progress’ (icct Briefing, 2021) < accessed 23 November 2022. 48Roadmaps for Energy, ‘on: Norway’s to “of Fuels by 2025”’ (2016) < accessed 23 November 2022. 49Charles Riley, ‘Europe aims to kill gasoline and diesel cars by 2035’ (cnn Business, 14 July 2021). 50While this plan is to be fulfilled mainly through car carbon standards, the ongoing revision of car exhaust standards will also contribute to this goal. 51The proposed changes are part of a larger package aimed at steering the EU towards its goal of cutting ghg emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels and become the first continent to be climate neutral in 2050. Commission, ‘Deal: Commission proposes transformation of EU economy and society to meet climate ambitions’ (Press Release, 2021) < accessed 23 November 2022. 52for a Regulation of the and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) 2019/631 as regards strengthening the CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles in line with the Union’s increased climate ambition, com/2021/556 final. 53The planned tightening of Euro exhaust emissions standards will also work for this outcome.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Mittelbach et al. (2015) also found that differences in pollinator types partly explained variation in nectar yeast composition between plants. Pollinators of plants sampled for this study included solitary bees, stingless bees, hummingbirds, beetles, and bats. Thus, it seems reasonable to postulate that these different groups will carry different yeast species, and the closest yeast-plant correspondences are also caused by particular flower visitors carrying particular yeasts to flowers. For example, correspondence between K. cleridarum and the cactus O. dilleni is explained by the association of this yeast with beetles of the genus Carpophilus, which contact cactus flowers to feed on nectar and pollen and release yeast cells to this environment (Lachance & Starmer, 2008). Correspondence of Starmerella sp. and M. ipomoeae with I. crinicalyx denote that the flower visitors are bees and nitidulid beetles (Rosa et al. , 2003; Lachance et al. , 2001). The association of M. ipomoeae and M. lochheadii with Ipomoea species results from the association of these yeasts with Conotelus beetles (Lachance et al. , 2001). In contrast, looser yeast-plant correspondences involved mostly basidiomicetous yeasts (except C. sorbosivorans) isolated in non-flower, non-nectar substrates and probably arrive to nectar through accidental contamination or air dispersal (Lachance et al. , 2001; Valério, Gadanho & Sampaio, 2002; Fell & Tallman, 1980; Yang et al. , 2010). Additionally, plant-yeast species correspondences mostly involved ascomycetous yeasts. In fact, ascomycetous yeasts showing correspondence with plants all belong to the same Saccharomycetes class (subphylum Saccharomycotina), while basidiomycetous taxa isolated from nectar belong to several classes such as Tremellomycetes, Ustilaginomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, and Hyphomycetes (subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina, and Ustilaginomycotina).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In this review we included randomized controlled trials in infants and young children that evaluated a monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1; Rotarix, GlaxoSmithKline) or a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5; RotaTeq, Merck). These vaccines have been evaluated in several large trials and are approved for use in many countries. We also included trials that evaluated another monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotavac; Bharat Biotech), which is used in India only. The rotavirus vaccines were compared with placebo or with no vaccine. The included studies did not allow comparisons between the vaccines. What are the main results of the review? We found 55 relevant studies with 216,480 participants. The trials took place in several locations worldwide. These studies compared a rotavirus vaccine versus placebo or versus no vaccine for infants and young children. The vaccines tested were RV1 (36 trials with 119,114 participants), RV5 (15 trials with 88,934 participants), and Rotavac (four trials with 8432 participants). Fifty‐one studies were funded or co‐funded by vaccine manufacturers, while four were independent of manufacturer funding. In the first two years of life, RV1: ●prevents more than 80% of severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with low death rates (high‐certainty evidence) ●prevents 35% to 63% of severe rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with high death rates (high‐certainty evidence) ●probably prevents 37% to 41% of severe cases of diarrhoea from all causes (such as any viral infection, bacterial infection, or parasitic infection) in countries with low death rates (moderate‐certainty evidence) ●probably prevents 18% to 27% of severe cases of diarrhoea from all causes in countries with high death rates (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 77and others, ‘Impact on Households of the Inclusion of Transport and in the EU ets’ (Institute, 2021). 78Michal Glowacki, ‘Emissions trading for road transport and buildings’ (Emissions-EUETS. com, 2021) < accessed 23 November 2022. 79The proposal on a road transport ets does not exclude possible merger of the two trading systems on assessment of the functioning of the new ets to be conducted after a few years based on information and collected market experience. 80Fuel suppliers will have to submit emissions allowances acquired at auction within a total cap on emissions reduced over time. The total quantity of allowances should be established for the first time in 2026, to follow a trajectory starting from the value of the 2024 emissions limits calculated on the basis of the reference emissions for this sector in the period from 2016 to 2018. (n78). 81Some EU (e. g. Germany) and other European countries (e. g. Switzerland) have carbon taxes on fuel and other pricing mechanisms for transport already in place. 82Maj and others (n77). 83See e. g. ercst, ‘Workshop: The ets for road transport and buildings: Why yes? Why not? ’ (2021)< accessed 23 November 2022. 84Kurt van Dender, ‘Taxing vehicles, fuels, and road use: Opportunities for improving transport tax practice’ (oecd Papers no. 44, 2019). 85When purchasing a car, a buyer had to pay a levy per gramme of CO2 per kilometer if the emission value of the car was above a certain threshold. If it was below the threshold, a rebate was paid. The scheme has eventually been abolished under the pressure of some operational and litigation challenges. 86unep, ’Addressing the Market’ (n4). 87Callejas and others (n56). 88ibid; The US is currently preparing an extension of tax credits for zev purchasers designed in the way that simultaneously stimulates local zev production. See cnbc, ‘EU, say U. S. plan for ev tax breaks may breach wto rules’ (2022) < accessed 23 November 2022. 89An example is the environmental protection tax in China that covers key components of pm2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Yeast effects on nectar Our results show that the overall effect of yeast cell density on nectar sugars generally involves changes in the composition of nectar sugars that denote not only a chemical signature of yeast metabolism but also a nectar quality impoverishment since the sugar concentration decreases with increasing yeast cell density. This phenomenon has been reported previously by Herrera, García & Pérez (2008) and de Vega & Herrera (2013). By reducing the nutritional value of nectar, the foraging behavior of pollinators is affected and nectar-living yeasts become a factor that drives plant–pollinator interactions (Herrera, Pozo & Medrano, 2013; see also Vannette, Gauthier & Fukami, 2013; Good et al. , 2014; Schaeffer & Irwin, 2014). Although more data from additional tropical communities are needed, it is reasonable to expect that nectar-living yeasts will have ecologically significant implications in plant–pollinator interactions at the community level because of their effects on community-wide floral nectar traits and the foraging behavior of flower visitors. The results from this study also show that nectar alteration by yeasts is not a rare phenomenon in the community of host plants and is probably more frequent in tropical plant communities than is currently acknowledged. Yeast cell density and the interaction between different yeast groups and host plants account for most of the variance observed in nectar sugar concentration in this study. Although different yeast groups were not found to have different impacts on nectar traits, their interaction with host plants impacted nectar sugar concentration. One explanation is that the initial sugar concentration of nectar depends on the variance inherent to plant species in their nectar secretion. Nectar-living yeasts can match or mismatch with traits of initial nectar (e. g. , because of physiologic requirements of yeasts), therefore, different types of yeasts will differ in their ability to grow in different nectars (Herrera, Pozo & Bazaga, 2014). Moreover, floral nectars frequently contain plant metabolites that prevent yeast degradation of nectar (Adler, 2000; Thornburg et al. , 2003; Herrera et al. , 2010; Heil, 2011; Nepi et al. , 2012). The result is that some types (or species) of yeast will occur in specific host plants but will not occur in others. This pattern was observed across host plants in this study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In the first two years of life, RV5: ●probably prevents 82% to 92% of severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with low death rates (moderate‐certainty evidence) ●prevents 41% to 57% of severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with high death rates (high‐certainty evidence) ●probably prevents 15% of severe cases of diarrhoea from all causes in countries with high death rates (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence); we did not identify any studies that reported on diarrhoea from all causes in countries with low death rates. In the first two years of life, Rotavac: ●probably prevents more than 50% of severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in India, a country with high death rates (moderate‐certainty evidence) ●probably prevents 18% of severe cases of diarrhoea from all causes in India (moderate‐certainty evidence). Rotavac has not been evaluated in a randomized controlled trial in a country with low death rates. We found little or no difference in the number of serious adverse events (moderate‐ to high‐certainty evidence), or intussusception cases (low‐ to very low‐certainty evidence), between those receiving RV1, RV5, or Rotavac compared with placebo or no intervention. How up‐to‐date is this review? We searched for studies that had been published up to 4 April 2018. Visual summary Authors' conclusions available in English Español Implications for practice RV1, RV5 and Rotavac are efficacious vaccines in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea with comparable safety and efficacy profiles. The systematic review data support the global WHO rotavirus vaccine recommendation (SAGE 2009; SAGE 2012). The data from the included RCTs exclude a risk of intussusception with RV1, RV5, and Rotavac of the magnitude observed with the first licensed vaccine (RRV‐TV, RotaShield). However, since the data cannot exclude a smaller risk of intussusception or other rare serious adverse events, routine vaccine introduction should be accompanied by safety surveillance (Buttery 2011; Patel 2011; Shui 2012; Weintraub 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of -to the people Nations are turning to citizen assemblies to weigh up climate policies. 29 Oct 2020ByCathleen O’to content The 110 members of the U. K. were randomly selected. /:FacebookShare on recently, Sue Peachey, an apartment building manager in Bath, U. K. , didn't think much about climate change. "I did my recycling," she says. "I just wasn't aware of how serious it was. " She never imagined the U. K. Parliament asking for her advice on climate policy. But last year, a letter arrived in her mailbox inviting her to do just that, by joining the United Kingdom's first ever climate assembly. "I'd never done jury service—I'd never done anything like it before," Peachey says. She thought about her stepchildren and stepgrandchildren, and the legacy they would inherit. "That was the main reason why I thought, ‘Well, if somebody is going to have input on it, why shouldn't it be me? '" So, Peachey signed up to spend four weekends driving to Birmingham to listen to experts, deliberate with 109 fellow citizens, and recommend climate policies. The assembly was more than a focus group or a town hall meeting: It was an experiment in handing political power to a random but representative set of citizens. Last month, it produced its final report, and its recommendations will shape debates in Parliament. The U. K. is one of a growing number of similar gatherings popping up across Europe, many of them charged with addressing climate change and other science-heavy issues. A citizens' assembly in Ireland that deliberated from 2016 to 2018 led to a referendum that legalized abortion and a government plan to quadruple its carbon tax by 2030. This year in France, an assembly made 149 climate policy recommendations, and Macron has agreed to push for 146 of them, including making "ecocide" a crime and including climate goals in the French constitution.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: For example, Metschnikowia group yeasts occur in I. crinicalyx, O. pinnatifida and T. stant but did not occur in the rest of the host plants. Similarly, Papilotrema group yeasts occurred only in I. hederifolia, M. aegyptia, M. dissecta and O. pinnatifida, and Ustilago group yeasts occurred only in I. hederifolia, I. nil, I. triloba, and M. dissecta. The observed diversity of nectar-living yeasts in the assemblage of host plants surveyed most likely represent only a portion of the actual number of species occurring in floral nectar in the area, suggesting that tropical communities harbor an impressive, as yet undiscovered diversity of yeast taxa associated with flower-nectar environments. The diversity of these types of yeasts is not only characterized by an important number of equally common species with low dominance but also by significant species correspondences between yeasts and nectariferous plants. Finally, the impact that the interaction between different types of yeasts and nectariferous plants exert on nectar sugars observed in this study suggests the existence of a nectar filtering process that sieves the initial assemblage of yeast species arriving to nectar from pollinators mouthparts, thus creating the opportunity for yeast ecological specialization. Data sets of tropical yeasts and host plants used in this study for the analyses of diversity, correspondence analysis, and power model regression Raw data of the incidence and cell density of nectar-living yeasts on the floral nectar of a tropical host plant community. Three data sets are shown, one used for the diversity analysis (diversity), another applied for the analysis of correspondence between yeasts and host plants (correspondence), and the last one used in the analysis of power model regression of yeast cell density versus concentration of nectar sugars (yeast effects). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/supp-1 Download 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/supp-2 sequences of representative yeasts resulted from nectar samples Nucleotide sequences of the large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene (D1/D2 region).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Implications for research Placebo‐controlled efficacy trials of RV1 and RV5 have been undertaken in representative populations of low‐ and high‐mortality countries and do not require repetition; efficacy or effectiveness trials of Rotavac outside of India should be considered if Rotavac is introduced globally. Further research would be valuable in the following areas: Continued post‐introduction studies to examine the impact and effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination, particularly in high‐mortality countries. A greater understanding of the lower vaccine efficacy observed in high‐mortality countries compared to low‐mortality countries in Africa and Asia in the first and second years of life. Studies to assess the potential benefit of alternative dosage schedules of rotavirus vaccine, especially in high‐mortality countries (e. g. neonatal dosing, additional dosing). Continued post‐introduction studies in representative countries should examine vaccine safety with particular respect to intussusception and should analyze the risk/benefit of rotavirus vaccination (Patel 2011). Post‐introduction safety studies of Rotavac are currently lacking (Dutta 2017). Given the rarity of the event, data from different countries may need to be pooled (Escolano 2011; Escolano 2015), or self‐controlled case series analyses may need to be carried out (Carlin 2013; Stowe 2016; Tate 2018; Yih 2014). Summary of findings Open in table viewerSummary of findings for the main comparison. RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Setting: low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) Intervention: RV1 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV1 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 13 per 1000 2 per 1000 (1 to 3) RR 0. 16 (0. 09 to 0. 26) 43,779 (7 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ higha RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. One study (RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU) reported higher efficacy compared to the pooled data.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: And they fear punishment at the ballot box, where citizens express their opinions about a multitude of policies at the same time: "Voting is such a blunt instrument. " In mid-2019, the set a target of net zero carbon emissions by 2050, a first step toward keeping its commitments to the 2016 Paris agreement. But since then, there's been no action to meet the goal, says Darren Jones, a politician. "We've legislated this target, and that's great," he says. "But now how are we going to get there? " Climate policies need the backing of the public, Willis says, which means the public should be involved in creating them. And so, like Macron, Jones and other members of the U. K. Parliament asked the public to help. The U. K. deliberated in Birmingham, after hearing from climate scientists and advocacy groups. /was one of the 30,000 people whose postcode came up in a random lottery to choose potential participants, and one of 1748 people who responded to the invitation. An algorithm whittled the sample down to 110 people who matched the overall U. K. population's gender, age, ethnicity, education level, geographic region—and, crucially, their degree of concern about climate change. This two-stage process limits the influence of self-selection, which skews toward people who already have strong interests in a topic and drives polarization, says Stephen Elstub, a political scientist at who is studying how well the U. K. worked. The nonprofit Involve, contracted by Parliament to run the assembly, tried to eliminate barriers to entry, says Sarah Allan, Involve's head of engagement. The team chose Birmingham as a geographically central city and arranged travel, accommodation, child care, and accessibility adaptations like large-print reading materials. They covered all the members' costs, paying upfront when necessary so as not to exclude members who couldn't pay out of pocket. And they paid all members an honorarium of £150 for each weekend, a lure to those with little preexisting interest in the subject. "It's really important to try and get the people who wouldn't normally participate," Elstub says. On a gloomy Friday evening in late January, the assembly members gathered for the first time on the top floor of the glossy, high-rise hotel. Famed naturalist made an appearance to greet the members and host a Q&A about his work.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Each sequence was obtained by two-way sequencing method using the primer combination NL1-NL4, according to Kurtzman & Robnett (1998) and Lachance et al. (1999). Raw sequences were edited, assembled and consensus sequences were obtained using 8. 1. 7 bioinformatics software (Biomatters Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/supp-3 We thank ópez for assistance with DNA sequencing of yeasts; Atzelby López, Blanca Lizama, Cesar Canché and Raymundo González for assistance in the field and laboratory; Marina García for chemical analyses; Paulino Simá, for host-plant identification. authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper. Carlos M. Herrera conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper. performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, reviewed drafts of the paper. following information was supplied relating to field study approvals (i. e. , approving body and any reference numbers): Permission to collect from natural areas of the Yucatan was granted by Secretaría del y Recursos Naturales, Delegación Yucatán-Subsecretaría de Gestion para la Protección Ambiental: Dirección General de (oficio 00837/09). DNA following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences: The group large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene (D1/D2 region) sequences used here are provided in a Supplemental File. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data has been supplied as a Supplementary File. work was supported by the de Ciencia y Tecnología through CB-2007-01 program (grant number 80031), the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (grant number CGL2010-15964) and the Junta de Andalucía (grant number P09-RNM-4517).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: When we excluded this study from the analysis, there was no heterogeneity observed in the pooled data Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 24 per 1000 4 per 1000 (3 to 5) RR 0. 18 (0. 14 to 0. 23) 36,002 (9 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 41 per 1000 24 per 1000 (19 to 30) RR 0. 59 (0. 47 to 0. 74) 28,051 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderateb due to reporting bias RV1 probably reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe episodes of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 39 per 1000 24 per 1000 (22 to 28) 0. 63 (0. 56 to 0. 71) 39,091 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatec due to reporting bias RV1 probably reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Three additional studies reported on cases of children with severe all‐cause diarrhoea (RR 0. 60, 95% CI 0. 36 to 1. 02; 9417 participants); these data could not be pooled with the studies reporting on number of episodes All‐cause death Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 2 per 1000 (1 to 2) RR 1. 22 (0. 87 to 1. 71) 97,597 (22 studies) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ lowd due to imprecision RV1 may make little or no difference to all‐cause death compared to placebo. All serious adverse events Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 45 per 1000 40 per 1000 (37 to 42) RR 0. 88 (0. 83 to 0. 93) 96,233 (24 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 slightly reduces serious adverse events compared to placebo.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: of Forthcoming and 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10060563 from Multi-Buildings: A Sustainable and Novel Closed-to and Biogas by Policherla, K. Abstract: One of the most challenging issues in underdeveloped nations is the treatment of domestic blackwater. This study adopts environmentally conscious solar ETC powered MED technology to treat wastewater and biogas digester for handling human waste. This study proposes an integrated solution for a 100-family neighbourhood, processing 3,900 litres of wastewater and 160 kg of faeces each day. In April, the MED unit achieves a 49. 25% recovery rate during 5 hours/day operation, yielding 13. 22 tonnes of distillate annually. It also generates 1,875. 37 kg methane and 55. 27 tonnes of organic fertiliser each year. System performance is analysed using a 2020a-based mathematical model. Keywords: domestic waste; multi-effect distillation; MED; reusable water; biogas digester; fertiliser; decentralised unit. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10060569 Process and Analysis for Assessment of Sources by Müjgan Bilge Eriş, Kemal Tepret, Hande Çavuş Arslan, Çağrı Özgün Kibiroğlu Abstract: Most of the energy resources consumed today come from fossil fuels which are non-renewable and cause harmful effects on the environment. Technological improvements and increasing energy deficit have made countries to prioritize the exploration of alternative options and place greater emphasis on renewable energy resources. In this research, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) techniques are used to assess the relative efficiency and generate priority rankings for a set of renewable energy resources in T Keywords: analytic hierarchy process; AHP; data envelopment analysis; DEA; energy efficiency; renewable energy resources; multi-criteria decision making. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10062237 Investigation of the effect of solar energy use in buildings on reducing carbon dioxide emissions by Ebru Hancioğlu Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the reduction in CO2 emissions by using solar modules. In the 63. 58% of the facilitys electricity needs would be met by PV panels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2000. The ecological significance of toxic nectar. Oikos 91:409-420 äffer. 1997. and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Research 25:3389-3402 Álvarez Pérez S, Herrera CM. 2013. Composition, richness and nonrandom assembly of culturable bacterial—microfungal communities in floral nectar of Mediterranean plants. 83:685-699. 2010. Patterns of diversity in marine phytoplankton. Science 327:1509-1511 -Brenes F, Fukami T. 2014. Temporal variation in fungal communities associated with tropical hummingbirds and nectarivorous bats. 12:44-51. 2012. Flowers as islands: spatial distribution of nectar-inhabiting microfungi among plants of Mimulus aurantiacus, a hummingbird-pollinated shrub. 63:711-718 Brysch-Herzberg M. 2004. Ecology of yeasts in plant–bumblebee mutualism in Central Europe. 50:87-100 Canto A, Herrera CM. 2012. Micro-organisms behind the pollination scenes: microbial imprint on floral nectar sugar variation in a tropical plant community. Annals of Botany 110:1173-1183 ía IM, Pérez R, Vaz M. 2011. Intraplant variation in nectar traits in Helleborus foetidus (Ranunculaceae) as related to floral phase, environmental conditions and pollinator exposure. Flora 206:668-675 érez R, García IM. 2008. Pollinator foraging modifies nectar sugar composition in Helleborus foetidus (Ranunculaceae): an experimental test. of Botany 95:315-320 Chan-Vermont C, Rico-Gray V, Flores JS. 2002. Guía ilustrada de la flora costera representativa de la Península de Yucatán. 19:1-133. 2014. Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. 84:45-67 Chao A, Jost L. 2012.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: high‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Intervention: RV1 Comparison: placebo or no intervention comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo or no intervention RV1 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 60 per 1000 22 per 1000 (14 to 36) RR 0. 37 (0. 23 to 0. 60) 6114 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to one year follow‐up. We did not downgrade for inconsistency as the heterogeneity observed in the pooled data (I2 statistic = 57%) was due to within‐study heterogeneity (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF results split by country) Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 43 per 1000 28 per 1000 (22 to 35) RR 0. 65 (0. 51 to 0. 83) 13,768** (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to two years follow‐up. Sensitivity analysis excluding the cluster‐RCT (RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD) that contributed data to this outcome showed no significant change in effect estimate or 95% CI (RR 0. 58, 95% CI 0. 42 to 0. 79, n = 2764, 1 RCT) Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 176 per 1000 129 per 1000 (99 to 167) RR 0. 73 (0. 56 to 0. 95) 5639 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to one year follow‐up.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: It was revealed that by using the use of PV panels, an improvement of 6. 98% in primary energy, 12. 27% in CO2 emissions and 7. 51% in PER would be achieved. The repayment period is calculated as 7. 1 years. Keywords: energy analysis; solar energy; energy consumption; CO2 emission. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10062931 Assessment of within Blockchain and Subfield of Artificial Intelligence: a Review by : How can blockchain and AI revolutionise carbon trading? This 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10064244 Cells: Recycling Fluorine-for by Elif Damgaci, Ayşe Seyhan, Emre Kartal, Furkan Güçlüer Abstract: The limited lifetime of perovskite solar cells raises concerns about disposal, recycling, and environmental impact. Recycling perovskite materials, including crucial components like fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates, offers an opportunity to mitigate environmental impacts and production costs. This research focuses on chemically and physically cleaning and recycling FTO substrates, crucial for reducing the overall manufacturing cost of perovskite solar cells. Comparative analysis between RecFTO glasses and commercial FTO counterparts encompassed structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties. This approach fosters sustainability in perovskite solar cell production by effectively addressing environmental concerns and cost challenges through FTO recycling. Keywords: recycling; perovskite solar cells; PSC; fluorine-doped tin oxide; FTO. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10064776 and Power with or Engines using nearly for Decarbonisation by Birol I. Kilkis Abstract: The carbon footprint of fuel-cells and internal combustion engines for cogeneration with green hydrogen are compared. A new definition based on the exergy destructions by the renewable energy systems is introduced for the green hydrogen concept. With six rating and evaluation metrics, 11 major emission-responsible points were identified in comparing fuel cell and internal combustion engine type of combined heat and power. Flat-plate solar panels, and geothermal energy are considered for temperature peaking to replace heat pumps. Results show that they cannot meet the emission minimisation objective. Case studies provide ways and for minimum carbon dioxide emissions responsibility.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Coverage-based rarefaction and extrapolation: standardizing samples by completeness rather than size. Ecology 93:2533-2547. 2012. Models and estimators linking individual-based and sample-based rarefaction, extrapolation and comparison of assemblages. Journal of 5:3-21 Dafni A. 1992. Pollination ecology, a practical approach. Oxford: Press. de Vega C, Herrera CM. 2013. Microorganisms transported by ants induce changes in floral nectar composition of an ant-pollinated plant. of Botany 100:792-800 de. 2009. Yeasts in floral nectar of some plants: quantification and associations with pollinator type and sugar concentration. Journal of Botany 75:798-806. 1980. Rhodosporidium paludigenum sp. nov. , a Basidiomycetous yeast from intertidal waters of South Florida. of 30:658-659. 2008. A latitudinal diversity gradient in planktonic marine bacteria. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 105:7774-7778 Good AP, Gauthier M-. 2014. Honey bees avoid nectar colonized by three bacterial species, but not by a yeast species, isolated from the bee gut. 9:e86494. 2016. Simple, multiple and joint correspondence analysis. Version 0. 64 Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. software Heil M. 2011. Nectar: generation, regulation and ecological functions. Trends in 16:191-200. 2010. Inhospitable sweetness: nectar filtering of pollinator-borne inocula leads to impoverished, phylogenetically clustered yeast communities. Proceedings of the B: 277:747-754 Herrera CM, de. 2009. Yeasts in floral nectar: a quantitative survey. Annals of Botany 103:1415-1423 Herrera CM, García IM, Pérez R. 2008. Invisible floral larcenies: microbial communities degrade floral nectar of bumble bee-pollinated plants. Ecology 89:2369-2376 Herrera CM, Pérez R, Alonso C. 2006. Extreme intraplant variation in nectar sugar composition in an insect-pollinated perennial herb. of Botany 93:575-581. 2014.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Low‐certainty: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low‐certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. aDowngraded by one for imprecision. The total number of events was very low. bDowngraded by one for inconsistency. We found substantial heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 44%). Consistency was restored when removing the one study carried out only in a very low‐mortality (stratum A) country, with results then showing a slightly smaller effect (RR 0. 22, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0. 36, 6291 participants, 3 studies). cDowngraded by two for imprecision. These trials were not powered to detect an effect on mortality. dDowngraded by two for imprecision. There was a 1:10,000 to 1:32,000 increased risk of intussusception with a previous rotavirus vaccine (Bines 2005), so these trials were not powered to detect an association between RV1 and intussusception. Open in table viewerSummary of findings 4. RV5 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: high‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Intervention: RV5 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV5 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 30 per 1000 13 per 1000 (9 to 19) RR 0. 43 (0. 29 to 0. 62) 5916 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 63 per 1000 37 per 1000 (27 to 51) RR 0. 59 (0. 43 to 0. 82) 5885 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Keywords: CO2 emissions; exergy destruction; fuel cell; combined heat and power; solar and geothermal energy; heat pump. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10064824 Experimental study of precursor greenhouse gas reduction in biofilter systems using by Andac Akdemir, Ümmükülsüm ÖZEL Akdemir Abstract: Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), emitted in animal farms, were measured in this study for 84 days. To reduce precursor VOC emission, poultry litter were covered with nanomaterial (graphene oxide, single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon, activated carbon, and graphite) as daily cover. The adsorbent material performances between the cabinets were compared statistically using Mann-Whitney U, H and Wilcoxon tests. It was concluded that a decrease in pollutant emission was observed when adding carbon nanotubes. Different materials did not cause a difference in pollutant release between benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene. Keywords: poultry litter; volatile organic compound; VOC; BTEX; nanomaterials; air pollution; climate change. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10065079 Intelligence? for Climate Change: A Review by H. Can Barutcu, Serra Çelik, Abstract: Climate change is a significant problem that requires urgent action to identify and mitigate its causes. While artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms offer a promising tool to identify these causes, black box constructs often obscure the meaning and impact of essential elements. At this point, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), which illuminates algorithms and allows understanding of which factors significantly affect climate change, can be a saviour. This study focuses on applying XAI to reveal the factors affecting climate change, starting with identifying the areas that AI technologies can affect based on the existing literature. The pros and cons of artificial intelligence are discussed before delving into the concept of XAI and its potential in climate change research. This research aimed to clarify how AI can be effectively leveraged to address the complexities of climate change through XAI, highlighting the role of XAI in making AI insights into climate change understandable and actionable. Keywords: Intelligence; Climate Change; Artificial Intelligence.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Nonrandom genotype distribution among floral hosts contributes to local and regional genetic diversity in the nectar-living yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii. 87:568-575. 2013. Yeasts in nectar of an early-blooming herb: sought by bumble bees, detrimental to plant fecundity. Ecology 94:273-279. 2002. Conflicting results obtained by RAPD-PCR and large-subunit rDNA sequences in determining and comparing yeast strains isolated from flowers: a comparison of two methods. of Systematic and 52:1423-1433 Hill MO. 1973. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54:427-432 Hillebrand H. 2004. On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient. Naturalist 163:192-211 Hillebrand H, Blenckner T. 2002. Regional and local impact on species diversity-from pattern to processes. Oecologia 132:479-491. 2016. iNEXT: an R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers) Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7:1451-1456. 2013. Microbial diversity in the floral nectar of seven Epipactis (Orchidaceae) species. MicrobiologyOpen 2:644-658. 1998. Identification and phylogeny of ascomycetous yeasts from analysis of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA partial sequences. Leeuwenhoek 73:331-371. 1999. Kodamaea kakaduensis and Candida tolerans, two new ascomycetous yeast species from flowers. of Microbiology 45:172-177. 2016. A stable phylogeny of the large-spored Metschnikowia clade. Yeast 33:261-275. 2008. Kurtzmaniella gen. nov. and description of the heterothallic, haplontic yeast species Kurtzmaniella cleridarum sp. nov. the teleomorph of Candida cleridarum. of Systematic and 58:520-524. 2001. Biogeography of the yeasts of ephemeral flowers and their insects. 1:1-8. 2015. Microbiology of sugar-rich environments: diversity, ecology and system constraints. 17:278-298. 2015.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Moderate‐certainty: further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low‐certainty: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low‐certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. aDowngraded by one for indirectness. Single trial conducted in three African countries (Mali, Ghana, and Kenya), so generalization to any high‐mortality country is difficult. bDowngraded by two for imprecision. These trials were not powered to detect an effect on mortality. cDowngraded by one for imprecision. The 95% CI includes both no effect and appreciable harm. dDowngraded by two for imprecision. There was a 1:10,000 to 1:32,000 increased risk of intussusception with a previous rotavirus vaccine (Bines 2005), so these trials were not powered to detect an association between RV1 and intussusception. Open in table viewerSummary of findings 5. Rotavac compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: one high‐mortality country (India) (WHO stratum D) Intervention: Rotavac Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of Participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 1 year 31 per 1000 13 per 1000 (9 to 19) RR 0. 43 (0. 30 to 0. 60) 6799 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness Rotavac probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 2 years 47 per 1000 21 per 1000 (16 to 28) RR 0. 46 (0. 35 to 0. 60) 6541 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness Rotavac probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10065140 A for Reduction of Emissions from Groundwater Treatment: Biochar derived by by Pelin Yapicioglu, Mehmet İrfan Yesilnacar, Nurdan Büyükkamaci Abstract: This study has aimed to recommend an innovative approach which is biochar adsorption process to mitigate greenhouse house gas (GHG) emissions resulted from groundwater treatment. This study has showed a point of view to present the potential of biochar application on the mitigation of GHG emissions from groundwater treatment. There is a limited point of view to minimise the GHG emissions due to water resources treatment. This study has proposed to mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions originated from groundwater treatment using biochar derived from pomegranate (Punica granatum) peels, carob (Ceratonia siliqua) seeds and Turkish coffee (Coffea Turkish) residue generated by solar assisted pyrolysis. A GHG emission calculation and mitigation index () based on biochar adsorption process has been developed and validated in this study. According to the simulation, the recommended indicator () has been meaningful in the range of 89 Keywords: Groundwater treatment; GHG emissions; biochar; mitigation. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10065385 A Review and Classification of Conventional, Advanced, Smart and Technologies for Low-and Applications by : In this study, various smart window technologies are introduced, examined in terms of energy efficiency, and their advantages over existing conventional windows are presented. Smart window technologies used today are more energy efficient than traditional single and double-glazing windows. It is possible to achieve up to 80% energy savings in building heating/cooling costs compared to traditional window technologies, with a correctly selected and applied smart window technology depending on various external factors such as building facade, climatic conditions and window area. Therefore, smart windows technologies play a leading role in the realisation of nearly/zero energy building goals. Keywords: smart glazing; multifunctional glazing; glazing coating; U-value; low-carbon buildings. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 6. 2%. The resultant strain, RH15, was capable of producing 121. 9 g/L l-lactic acid at high yield (95. 3%) after 40 h of fermentation from a mixture of glucose and xylose. When a lignocellulosic hydrolysate was used as the substrate, 99. 3 g/L l-lactic acid was produced within 40 h, with a specific productivity of 2. 48 g/[L h] and a yield of 94. 6%. ConclusionsOur engineered strain B. licheniformis RH15 could thermophilically produced l-lactic acid from lignocellulosic hydrolysate with relatively high concentration and productivity at levels that were competitive with most reported cases of l-lactic acid-producers. Thus, the engineered strain might be used as a platform for the production of other chemicals. In addition to engineering the B. licheniformis strain, the “dual-channel” process might serve as an alternative method for engineering a variety of other strains. BackgroundLignocellulosic biomass—one of the most abundant and attractive second-generation resources—is regarded as an economical substrate for sustainable bioprocesses [1]. Hydrolysis of lignocellulose yields a mixture of sugars, with glucose and xylose as the two main components [2]. Although the production of several biofuels and chemicals, such as ethanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, butane-2,3-diol (2,3-BD), and acetone, has been achieved from lignocellulose, most bacteria and yeasts cannot efficiently utilize glucose and xylose simultaneously due to the so-called carbon catabolite repression (CCR) [3, 4]. Glucose-mediated CCR always prefer sugar in the form of glucose via repressing the consumption of other sugars such as xylose, resulting in low efficiency during mixed-sugar fermentation processes [5]. Other reasons for such inefficient processes include the lack of robust genes involved in xylose metabolism or use of the hetero-phosphoketolase pathway, which leads to the generation of equal amounts of byproducts (mainly formic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol) [6].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: We excluded 78 studies for the reasons given in the Characteristics of excluded studies section. Included studies The 55 included trials enrolled about 216,480 participants (approximate number, as some trials provided only the number evaluable), and each trial compared a rotavirus vaccine with a placebo. The vaccines tested were RV1 (36 trials reported in 171 publications or reports; 119,114 participants), RV5 (15 trials reported in 60 publications or reports; 88,934 participants), and Rotavac (4 trials reported in 13 publications or reports; 8432 participants). The trials were conducted in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, and the location can be identified in the study reference: AF, Africa; AS, Asia; EU, Europe; INT, several international locations; LA, Latin America; NA, North America; or country three‐letter acronym according to ISO 3166‐1 Alpha‐3 (e. g. BGD for Bangladesh) from www. all‐acronyms. com/special/countries_acronyms_and_abbreviations, if the study was conducted in a single country. 1. RV1 The 36 RV1 trials were published between 1998 and 2017. Five of the trials are unpublished and were located on the GlaxoSmithKline website through clinicalstudyresults. org or clinicaltrials. gov. One trial (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF) provided country‐specific data for efficacy outcomes but not for safety outcomes, and was consequently split into RV1 Madhi 2010‐MWI and RV1 Madhi 2010‐ZAF for the Malawi‐ and South Africa‐specific data. Twenty‐five trials enrolled around 500 participants or fewer, three trials enrolled around 1000 participants, seven trials enrolled between 2155 and 12,318 participants, and one large trial enrolled 63,225 participants. Most children were aged between one and three months at the time of the first vaccination. trials included healthy infants. Two trials included HIV‐infected or ‐exposed infants (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF; RV1 Steele 2010a‐ZAF), one trial included premature infants (RV1 Omenaca 2012‐EU), and one trial included children aged two to six years (RV1 Li 2013a‐CHN). Outcome measures Each trial reported on one or more of the outcome measures specified for this review (see 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 10065478 Assessment and Costing of a in UAE: A in the Region by Rami Alsodi, Abstract: Global warming is a major challenge for engineers, researchers, governments, and the entire world. Buildings have a huge contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, especially from the continuous electricity production and consumption of fossil fuels. Net-zero energy buildings (nZEBs) are emerging as a promising solution for an efficient and gradual transition toward clean energy utilisation. Within UAE's vision toward net zero energy in 2050, the Department of in Sharjah built Sharjah Ports, Customs, and as an nZEB. This paper performs a life cycle assessment aiming to evaluate the global warming and ozone layer depletion potentials of nZEB building compared to a standard building mode. The results show a reduction of around 70% in these potentials compared to the traditional building model. A further analysis using life cycle costing shows that the nZEB model has 38% less expenditure on electrical energy over 25 years. Keywords: net-zero energy buildings; nZEB; life cycle assessment; LCA; global warming; ozone depletion; carbon neutrality; carbon footprint; climate change; solar energy. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10065490 Assisted with a PVT Collector in a by : In the hot climate of (Algeria), the thermal comfort of tramway cabins is investigated. In July, achieving a thermal comfort of 25 Keywords: tramway cabins; desert climate; air conditioning; PV/T panels. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10066157 in Indonesia: Assessing the Impact of on and CO2 Emissions by : This study examined the impact of fertiliser use on crop production and CO2 emissions in Indonesia from 1991 to 2020 using the ARDL model. The findings revealed that fertiliser use increased crop production in the long-term, with a coefficient of 0. 578. However, excessive fertiliser use negatively impacted crop production in the short term, with a coefficient of 1. 092. High fertiliser usage, especially potassium oxide (K2O), significantly raised CO2 emissions, with long-term and short-term coefficients of 0. 553 and 0. 717, respectively. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P2O5) fertilisers showed long-term coefficients of 0. 484 and 0. 301.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: licheniformis was maintained at 4 °C on a GSY agar slant [21], which contains 10 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L soybean peptone, 20 g/L glucose and 10 g/L CaCO3. The fermentation medium contained 10 g/L yeast extract, 5 g/L soybean peptone, and different concentrations of glucose and/or xylose or lignocellulosic hydrolysates. In short, for xylose fermentation, the initial concentration of xylose was approximately 57. 0 g/L. For mixed-sugar fermentation, the initial concentration of glucose and xylose were approximately 60. 0 and 20. 0 g/L, respectively, in both batch and fed-batch fermentations. The seed culture was prepared as follows: a loop of cells from a fully grown slant was inoculated into a 100-mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 30 mL of GSY medium and was incubated statically at 50 °C for 24 h. The seed culture was then amplified in an Erlenmeyer flask with an inoculum volume of 10% (v/v). Genetic manipulation in B. licheniformis MW3All primers used for construction are listed in supplementary Table S1, and the constructed plasmids and strains are listed in Table 1. The DNA fragment (termed as P als) upstream of the start codon (300 bp) of the alsS gene (GenBank: 52350029) from B. licheniformis MW3 was used. The genes encoding thermophilic xylose isomerase (xylA) were from B. coagulans 36D1 (termed as xylA Bc GenBank: AEO99969), Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum (termed as xylA Tx GenBank: WP_013788598), Thermobacillus composti (termed as xylA Tc GenBank: WP_015253490), and Muricauda lutaonensis (termed as xylA Ml GenBank: WP_045800855), respectively. The ldh Bc gene encoding thermophilic l-lactate dehydrogenase was from B. coagulans 2–6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: One trial was conducted in high‐mortality India (RV5 Dhingra 2014‐IND). Four trials were conducted in several low‐ and high‐mortality countries. RV5 Armah 2010‐AF was conducted in three high‐mortality countries, Ghana, Kenya, and Mali, and when available the data were split into RV5 Armah 2010‐GHA, RV5 Armah 2010‐KEN and RV5 Armah 2010‐MLI. RV5 Levin 2017‐AF was conducted in four high‐mortality countries (Botswana, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe). RV5 Vesikari 2006b‐INT was conducted mainly in European and low‐mortality countries, but also in Guatemala, a high‐mortality country, and was placed in the low‐mortality group. RV5 Zaman 2010‐AS was conducted in one high‐mortality country (Bangladesh) with 1136 participants, and in one low‐mortality country (Vietnam) with 900 participants, and was placed in the high‐mortality group, except when data could be split into RV5 Zaman 2010‐BGD and RV5 Zaman 2010‐VNM. Vaccine schedule Each trial used three doses of RV5 vaccine, with intervals between doses of four and 10 weeks (see 3. identified four trials of Rotavac vaccine. The earliest was reported in 2006 and the most recent in 2017. Overall, 8432 participants were included in the trials; the largest trial included 6799 participants (VAC Bhandari 2014‐IND) and the smallest included 90 participants (VAC Bhandari 2006‐IND). trials included healthy infants. Trials enrolled infants aged between six weeks and nine weeks. Outcome measures Three trials were safety studies (4. Open in figure viewer Figure 3 Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies. Open in figure viewer Figure 4 Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study. RV1 Since the previous update of this review, detailed clinical study reports of most of the GlaxoSmithKline‐sponsored studies (another five, totaling 27 of the 36 trials) have been published online (gsk‐clinicalstudyregister. com).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: The study evaluates five different System (ILS) categories to determine the necessity and type of ILS system required based on point-specific climatic conditions. The study showed that patchy fog and mist reduce visibility below 2,000 metres at airports, while heavy rain and mist affect visibility below 10,000 metres. Keywords: aviation; meteorological parameters; low visibility; runway visual range; instrumental landing system; aviation activities. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2025. 10067153 Investigating the Knowledge of Stakeholders in the Chain to Establish a System by Abstract: Addressing the impacts of climate change on the supply chain requires the preparedness of all stakeholders. This study aims to assess stakeholder perspectives on climate change in the healthcare supply chain, focusing on environmental sustainability and risk reduction. A questionnaire was prepared and 1290 respondents were examined. Krejcie and Morgan method was used to determine the appropriate sample size. The results showed that stakeholders in five different categories have increased their understanding of the risks of climate change. However, most of them have not implemented sufficient preventive measures that require effective action by macro decision makers. Keywords: Climate awareness; Questionnaire survey; Stakeholder theory; Statistical analysis; Healthcare supply chain. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10067399 Analysing the Propagation in India under Scenarios by Maaz Abdullah, Abstract: The alteration of weather patterns due to global warming has resulted in an unprecedented impact on the environment. This study analyses increasing temperature and heat wave frequency in India under two representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios. By the end of the 21st century, RCP 4. 5 and 8. 5 anticipate a significant rise in mean temperature of 6. 0 Keywords: weather pattern; heat wave; climate change; policy intervention; mitigation. DOI: 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10067407 Research on win-win Mode of from the Perspective of Low-Development by : Low-carbon emissions protect the environment and sustain economic growth. Green growth and economic improvement data are tailored to on-demand economic development. This 10. 1504/IJGW. 2024. 10067435 of CHP with by : With concerns on the increasing greenhouse gas emissions, CO2 capture is the extensive interests in the world.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All four xylA genes were codon-optimized (Text 1) for B. licheniformis ATCC 14580 and were synthesized by Co. , Ltd. To knock out alsS and alsD (GenBank: 52350028), the flanking regions 749 bp upstream and 659 bp downstream were amplified using the primer pairs AlsSD-up-F/AlsSD-up-R and AlsSD-dn-F/AlsSD-dn-R and were then seamlessly assembled into the EcoRI/BamHI sites of plasmid pKVM1, resulting in plasmid pKVM01 (Figure S1A). Similarly, the vectors for deletion of genes ptsG, xylR, pflA, adhB, and ackA were constructed and called pKVM03, pKVM06, pKVM12, pKVM13, and pKVM14, respectively (Additional file 1: Figure S1C, F, L, M, and N). To construct the vector for the replacement of the ldh gene with ldh Bc the flanking regions 737 bp upstream and 667 bp downstream of the ptsG gene were amplified from the genomic DNA of strain MW3 using the primer pairs Ldh-up-F/Ldh-up-R and Ldh-dn-F/Ldh-dn-R. These two flanking regions were ligated along with ldh Bc (cloned from B. coagulans 2–6 using primer pairs Ldh-F/Ldh-R) into the EcoRI/BamHI sites of plasmid pKVM1 via the seamless cloning and assembly method, creating pKVM02 (Additional file 1: Figure S1B). Plasmids pKVM04, pKVM05, pKVM07, pKVM08, pKVM09, pKVM10, and pKVM11 were generated using the same procedure as for pKVM02 (Additional file 1: Figure S1B, D, E, G–K). Escherichia coli S17-1 cells harboring pKVM plasmids were used as the donors in conjugation with B. licheniformis MW3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RV1 Bernstein 1999‐USA; RV1 Kawamura 2011‐JPN; RV1 Li 2014‐CHN; RV1 Phua 2005‐SGP; RV1 Phua 2009‐AS; RV1 Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA; RV1 Tregnaghi 2011‐LA; RV1 Vesikari 2004b‐FIN; RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU), and high‐mortality countries (RV1 Colgate 2016‐BGD; RV1 Madhi 2010‐MWI; RV1 Madhi 2010‐ZAF; RV1 Steele 2010b‐ZAF; RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) RV1 reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 84% after one year (RR 0. 16, 95% CI 0. 09 to 0. 26; 43,779 participants, 7 trials) and by 82% after two years (RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 14 to 0. 23; 36,002 participants, 9 trials; Analysis 1. 2). After three years there was no statistically significant difference between RV1 and placebo (RR 0. 10, 95% CI 0. 01 to 1. 52; 12,109 participants, two trials (RV1 Phua 2009‐AS and RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU; data not shown)). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year (I2 statistic = 61%, Analysis 1. 1) and three years (I2 statistic = 69%, data not shown) follow‐up. High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) RV1 reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 63% during the first year of follow‐up (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 60; 6114 participants, 4 comparisons from 3 trials) and by 35% after two years (RR 0. 65, 95% CI 0. 51 to 0. 83; 7113 participants, 3 comparisons from 2 trials; Analysis 1. 2). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 statistic = 57%, Analysis 1. 1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Full size image Since the hire of additional nephrologists might be expected to reduce wait times, through diluting the demand for services among more physicians, we examined wait times within health authorities that both added and did not add nephrologists. Results are shown in Table 4. There was no correlation between addition of nephrologists and reduction in wait time. Table 4 Change in actual wait times within health authorities that did or did not add nephrologists between 2010-2012 Full size table DiscussionIn this study, we implemented a Provincial change strategy, which invested physicians in the wait time management process. This intervention associated with a significant reduction in waiting for out-patient nephrologist consultations. Multiple factors may influence wait time dynamics, including time-varying referral rates, number of nephrologists, pooled versus individual triage systems, and practice sizes (Figure 2). We found that the proportion of patients seen within the recommended timeframes improved in the interval spanning the 2010 and 2012 data collection cycles. The fact that the magnitude of improvement aligned with referral priority (the greatest percentage reduction in wait times was for priority 1 patients), suggests that our intervention exerted an influence over nephrologists’ triaging behavior. The 35% reduction in actual wait times (from median 98 to 64 days) was proportionately greater than the 22% reduction in total referrals (from 518 to 402, Table 1), which refutes the possibility that a reduction in referral rate fully accounts for the change in wait times. The reasons for observing a lower referral rate are unknown, but seasonal variation is not implicated because the post-implementation data collection was done over the same annual two-week period in both instances. Ongoing efforts to educate referring physicians about appropriate nephrology consultation criteria could have played a role in reducing referrals, but this effect has not been measured. There was a net addition of five nephrologists in the Province between 2010 and 2012, which could have impacted upon wait times. However, Health authority 1 experienced a near 60% reduction in wait time, despite no net change in the number of nephrologists between 2010 to 2012, while health authority 2 had wait times increase 4% despite adding a nephrologist. Health authorities in BC are mostly closed systems with respect to patient flow, thus it is likely that nephrologist flux did not have a major impact on wait times.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The conjugation and gene knockout with pKVM plasmids were performed as described previously [22]. All the deletion and insertion mutations were verified by PCR amplification of the genomic DNA with appropriate primers, followed by sequencing of the amplified products. Enzyme activity assaysTo assay the enzymatic activities of the crude extracts, strains were grown for 12 h, and cells were harvested via centrifugation (8000×g, 10 min), washed twice with 50 mM PBS buffer (pH 7. 0), and resuspended in the same buffer. The cells were then disrupted by sonication in an ice bath. The cell extract was centrifuged at 14,000×g for 30 min at 4 °C, and the supernatant was used for the enzyme assay. Total protein concentration was determined according to the method of Bradford using bovine serum albumin as the standard [23]. The activities of l- and d-LDH were assayed in a reaction mixture containing 50 mM pyruvate, 20 mM NADH and 0. 1 mg/mL cell extracts for 10 min. Thereafter, the LDH activities were inactivated by boiling for 5 min. Then, l-lactic acid and d-lactic acid were detected by HPLC with a chiral column. The l- and d-LDH activities in B. licheniformis strains were calculated according to the corresponding concentrations of l- and d-lactic acid [24]. One unit of protein activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyzed the consumption of 1 μmol NADH per minute, as previously described [9]. Batch and fed-batch fermentationsThe fermentations were conducted in a 5-L bioreactor (. ) containing 2. 5 L of fermentation medium. The seed culture prepared was inoculated (10%, v/v) into the fermentation medium. The cultivation was conducted at 50 °C and 80 rpm. The pH was maintained at 7. 0 by the automated addition of 25% (w/v) Ca(OH)2. In fed-batch fermentation, a mixture of glucose and xylose (ratio of glucose to xylose approximately 3:1) or corn stover hydrolysate (700 g/L of sugars) was fed into the bioreactor to maintain the sugar concentration when the reducing sugar concentration was below 20. 0 g/L.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 71; 39,091 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 1. 6). One trial reported on severe all‐cause diarrhoea after three years follow‐up (RV1 Phua 2009‐AS); RV1 reduced the number of severe cases by 27% (RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 61 to 0. 88; 10,519 participants; data not shown). High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) RV1 reduced the number of severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea by 27% at one year follow‐up (RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 95; 5639 participants, 3 comparisons from 2 trials; Analysis 1. 3), and by 17% at two years follow‐up (RR 0. 83, 95% CI 0. 72 to 0. 96; 2764 participants, 2 comparisons from 1 trial; Analysis 1. 4). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 statistic = 75%). 1. 1. 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: We also have poorly integrated health information technology that creates a lot of administrative burdens and decreases the number of patients we can take on. The amount of time I spend on administrative work has increased over the years to the point that I’m now doing close to one hour [of paperwork] for every hour I spend doing direct patient care. McGee: Often there are profound failures of understanding and communication. A third of referrals may not make it to specialists. Error is rife — errors in process, in communication, and in practice. My access to care was delayed all three times I’ve been diagnosed with cancer. The third time, I found out my cancer was worsening on March 17, the very day of the COVID-19 lockdown. It took weeks of effort to communicate with my cancer doctors. There was no getting through. I waited three months for treatment of any kind, when normally chemotherapy should be initiated within weeks, and five months to even speak to a surgeon. CMAJ: Is part of the problem that Canadians accept these waits as the price of publicly funded health care? Premji: The fact that the United States, our closest neighbour, has such a problematic health care system creates a bit of complacency at every level, from the patients to the physicians to the policymakers and administrators. I also think some people don’t realize how long the queues are until they’re in one — it’s an abstract concept until you hear, like one of my patients did recently, it’s going to take two years to get cataract surgery. Simpson: Canadians have accepted that some delay is reasonable in order to have an equitable health care system, and that’s not necessarily a bad thing. But one of the things we’re doing in Kingston now is a major project to guarantee that every patient who is referred to a specialist waits no more than three months. In my view, this is what organizations need to take on — a sense that we have a responsibility to the patients we serve and if we can’t provide a three-month guarantee, then we’re not doing it right. We just haven’t put our feet to the fire on this stuff as much as we could. McGee: In the United Kingdom, [certain] urgent cancer cases must receive treatment in two weeks.

Output: contrast