Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: ” A patient from out-of-state with back-to-back appointments was particularly happy with having these visits from home. Avoiding the risk of COVID was one benefit of video, but also due to their illness, the patient becomes easily tired for even their first face-to-face appointments. Subsequent back-to-back visits were an even greater challenge, and video resolved all of these issues. -19 continues to impact the delivery of healthcare, sustaining video visits throughout 2020 and beyond is, and will continue to be, critical. This modality will ensure continued access to and delivery of high-quality healthcare for regional, national and international patients. Key lessons learned include the need to closely partner with a multidisciplinary team of experts, move with agility, experiment using innovative approaches, employ multifaceted solutions to deal with dynamic and complex situations and always include the voice of the consumer. to and systems engineering along with analytics brings a unique and advanced set of frameworks, methods and models that when integrated with the clinical practice and other multidisciplinary expertise can enable a rapid response in emergent situations. Addressing staffing constraints, scaling video visit technology, experimenting with innovative approaches, and supporting the care of patients in the comfort of their own homes helped to assure safety and satisfaction while delivering medical care. From early March through December 2020, approximately 300,000 video visits have been completed thanks to the collaboration, dedication and tireless work of various teams at Mayo Clinic. Aaron Stelpflug, M. A. , is a senior health systems engineer in the Department of and Consulting (ME&C) and an instructor in in the College of Medicine and Science. Michelle Leung, M. P. H. , is a health systems engineer in the Department of and Consulting (ME&C). . H. A. , M. A. , is an operations manager in the Center for Connected Care. Antony Newman, M. A. , is a unit head in ME&C and an instructor in in the College of Medicine and Science. Amerett (Amy) Donahoe-(Amy) Donahoe-Anshus, M. A. , is a unit head in the Department of and Consulting (ME&C) and an assistant professor of and an instructor in physical therapy in the College of Medicine and Science. Janine R. R. Kamath, M. A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: single protein molecule with one or more cysteine residues can occupy a plurality of unique residue and oxidation-chemotype specified proteoforms that I term oxiforms. In binary reduced or oxidised terms, one molecule with three cysteines will adopt one of eight unique oxiforms. Residue-defined sulfur chemistry endows specific oxiforms with distinct functionally-relevant biophysical properties (e. g. , steric effects). Their emergent complexity means a functionally-relevant effect may only manifest when multiple cysteines are oxidised. Like how mixing colours makes new shades, combining discrete redox chemistries—colours—can create a kaleidoscope of oxiform hues. The sheer diversity of oxiforms co-existing within the human body provides a biological basis for redox heterogeneity. Of evolutionary significance, oxiforms may enable individual cells to mount a broad spectrum of responses to the same stimulus. Their biological significance, however plausible, is speculative because protein-specific oxiforms remain essentially unexplored. Excitingly, pioneering new techniques can push the field into uncharted territory by quantifying oxiforms. The oxiform concept can advance our understanding of redox-regulation in health and disease. complexity is powerful. Take genetics. 4-nucleotides can be combined in 256 ways to make one tetranucleotide. In a prime example of emergent complexity, tetranucleotide combinations encode genomes. The human genome harbours the instructions to incorporate the sulphur functional group of cysteine into ∼18,625 proteins >250,000 unique residues spanning 92% of the proteome. [1-3] Fittingly, the cysteine proteome reacts with chemically complex mixtures of distinct reactive oxygen species (ROS). [4] ROS-sensitive cysteine redox state changes—a covalent-switch from a reduced to an oxidised chemotype—regulate essential biological processes by post-translationally controlling protein function. [5] Like nucleotides and genomes, a relatively simple event—a reduced or oxidised cysteine—produces the emergent, hierarchal layers of complexity that govern elemental redox-regulatory phenomena: Compositional defines what proteins can be oxidised—identity—and to what extent—a protein molar abundance sensitive parameter.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: of Sports and : 2469-5718 10. 23937/2469-5718/1510056 Attributable to Activity: A in the Rosana Poggio1 Laura Gutierrez1, Vilma Irazola1, Adolfo Rubinstein1 and Goodarz Danaei2 1Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Health, Institute for Argentina 2of Public Health, USA *Corresponding author: Rosana Poggio, Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Health, Institute for and : +54-11-4777-8767, Fax: +54-11-4777-8767-int-27, E-mail: rpoggio@iecs. org. ar Received: October 04, 2016 | Accepted: April 04, 2017 | Published: April 07, 2017 Citation: (2017) Attributable to Activity: A in the Argentinian Population. Med 3:056. Copyright: © 2017 Poggio R, et al. This is an open-access 2010. We considered 4 categories of PA based on the metabolic equivalent tasks per minute per week (METs. min/week): inactive, < 600, ≥ 600 to < 1,600 and ≥ 1,600. Argentina, 76. 8% (CI 95%; 75. 8%-77. 7%) of the population older than 30-years-old engaged in < 1,600 METs. min/week. This level of insufficient activity contributed to 26% of CVD deaths (IHD or stroke) (11,234 of 43,796 deaths; 6,013 in men and 5,221 in women); 29% (7,292) of IHD deaths; and 21% (3,942) of stroke deaths. The impact of insufficient PA was higher in individuals younger than 70-years-old due to stronger associations between non-optimal PA and mortality from IHD and stroke. non-optimal level of PA contributes substantially to the mortality burden of cardiovascular diseases in Argentina, especially in individuals under 70-years-old. More substantial resources should be directed toward enhancing built and social environments which are essential to effectively increase PA, to improve health-related quality of life and reduce the burden of cardio-metabolic diseases in Argentina.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 18. ResultsOut of the 1226 participants who completed the questionnaire, 865 (71%) preferred in-person visits, while 361 (29%) preferred telemedicine. Factors such as education level, specific health conditions, and prior experience with telemedicine influenced the preference for telemedicine. The participants provided a total of 183 different reasons for choosing either telemedicine (108 reasons) or in-person visits (75 reasons). Avoiding infectious diseases, saving cost, and eliminating and overcoming geographical distance barriers were three primary telemedicine benefits. The primary reasons for selecting an in-person visit were: more accurate diagnosis of the disease, more accurate and better examination of the patient by the physician, and more accurate and better treatment of the disease. ConclusionThe results demonstrate that despite the numerous benefits offered by telemedicine, the majority of patients still exhibit a preference for in-person visits. In order to promote broader acceptance of telemedicine, it becomes crucial for telemedicine services to address patient p0. 991 and 0. 81 for four-option and two-option questions, respectively, calculated through Cronbach’s alpha and Kuder–Richardson tests (see Additional file 1). Demographic information (section A) and medical conditions (section B) are typically not included in the calculation of Cronbach’s alpha because they are not part of the scale meant to measure a specific construct. This information is collected to describe the characteristics of your study participants, while Cronbach’s alpha is used to assess the reliability of the scale itself [32]. Therefore, Cronbach’s alpha was computed for all 36 questions in section C and the first question of section D. Data collectionPrior to distributing the questionnaire to the participants, 30 test users completed the questionnaire online to accurately gauge the time required for its completion. These users recorded both the start and finish times. The time needed to complete the questionnaire ranged from 10 to 15 min. The questionnaire link was distributed to the patients through social networks, specifically WhatsApp and Telegram, from October 3 to October 30, 2021. 30, 2021, the participants had responded to the questionnaires. In addition to the link, participants received a guide on how to complete the questionnaire.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: [6] Spatiotemporal defines the properties setting protein composition in space and time within cellular nanodomains from organelles to biomolecular condensates. [7, 8] Combining the same building blocks in different ways yields complex non-uniform space-geometries evolving on divergent temporal trajectories. [9] Chemical defines the precise cysteine sulphur chemotype[10, 11] (e. g. , a disulphide bond). They cement the non-binary nature of cysteine oxidation and endow it with disparate chemotype-specific chemistries. Chemotype diversity echoes the plurality of (1) heterogenous ROS cysteine reacts with,[4] (2) direct and indirect cysteine oxidation mechanisms[12] and (3) associated regulatory phenomena. [11] All of the above (e. g. , ROS-type), and hence chemotypes are shaped by 1 and 2. Like the p8. 5 × 109 unique cysteine residue- and chemotype-specified proteoforms. I wish to term the cysteine residue- and chemotype-specified proteoforms ‘oxiforms’ to capture the essence of the idea by combining ‘oxi’ from oxidation and ‘forms’ from proteoforms. [14] Herein ‘oxiforms’ refers to cysteine residue- and chemotype-specified proteoforms as opposed to any other redox proteoform (e. g. , a single-molecule with a 3-nitrated tyrosine residue) and chemotype defines different post-translational cysteine modifications (e. g. , a sulfenic acid). Along with other factors (e. g. , splice variants), oxiforms comprise part of the wider proteoform landscape[15] critique the emergent higher-dimensional combinatorial chemistry-dependent single-molecule complexity of oxiforms. Just as discrete genes emerge from combining different tetranucleotides, the essential idea I wish to express is that: cysteine residue and chemotype-specified combinations endow oxiforms with distinct chemistry-dependent functions. The present discourse will (1) define oxiforms terminologically and mathematically; (2) provide a chemical basis for combination-dependent functions and speculate on their biological significance (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: activity, Mortality, Ischaemic heart disease, Stroke, Comparative risk assessment, Burden of disease, is substantial evidence from epidemiological studies to support that physical activity (PA) is causally associated with morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [1-3]. For example, a recent meta-analysis of 33 prospective cohort studies found a dose-response relationship between physical activity and risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Individuals who expended at least 600 or 1200 of metabolic equivalent tasks (MET) minute per week had respectively a 14% and 20% lower IHD risk compared with those reporting no leisure time physical activity [1]. These benefits are thought to be mediated through blood pressure reduction [4], weight loss, and improved insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and endothelial function [5,6]. According to the of Disease study 2010, and despite the current international guidelines [7], low PA (< 600 METs. min/week) is the 9th most important risk factor for deaths [8]. However the impact of insufficient PA on deaths from different causes as well as the impact of different non-optimal levels of PA on cardiovascular mortality remains unknown. Previous studies have estimated the impact of non-optimal levels of PA on CVD mortality in the US [9], other high-income countries [10] and one study in Argentina. However, this study only accounted for the impact of engaged in less than 600 METs. min/week [11]. Considering the growing burden of cardiovascular disease and costs in developing countries, especially for transitional countries like Argentina, it is critical to provide local decision-makers with accurate data about the actual proportion of the cardiovascular disease burden attributable to one of the most important modifiable risk factors. Hence, we aimed to estimate the proportion and number of IHD and stroke deaths in Argentina that are attributable to different non-optimal levels of PA (< 1600 METs. min/week) using nationally representative data and age-specific relative risks derived from important observational studies. conducted a population-level comparative risk assessment (CRA) analysis to estimate the number of deaths that would be prevented if current levels of PA were changed to a hypothetical alternative distribution.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Initially, the extracted codes underwent a thorough review, leading to the categorization of codes into primary themes and corresponding sub-themes, guided by shared semantic contexts. The subsequent stage entailed a reevaluation of the responses, codes, and thematic structures by a panel of three accomplished medical informatics experts and health information management. It should be noted that, these experts possess a robust background in qualitative research methods, gained from diverse projects involving content analysis, encompassing coding, theme development, and pattern recognition in textual data. Their experience stems from coursework, mentorship, and prior research. With extensive involvement in various qualitative studies and a strong publication record, they showcase skill in thematic analysis, coding coherence, and data interpretation. Ethical considerationsTo conduct this study, ethics approval (IR. KMU. REC. 1401. 390) was obtained from the Committee of of Medical Sciences. Prior to participation in the study, informed consent was obtained from the patients. ResultsOut of the total participants, 922 (75. 2%) were women. The largest age group was between 18 and 27 years old. The majority of participants resided in metropolitan areas (1105 patients). Furthermore, a significant number of participants reported having oral and dental diseases (359 patients). A total of 171 participants (13. 9%) had prior experience using telemedicine (Table 1). Among the 1026 surveyed patients, 856 (71%) favored in-person visits, while 361 (29%) preferred telemedicine (Table 2). The Chi-square test revealed a significant difference in preference percentages, with in-person visits being more popular (Chi-Square = 91. 58; p < 0. 0001). Regardless of gender and location, most participants leaned towards in-person visits. For individuals with a PhD, those with specific conditions (skin/hair, musculoskeletal, disabilities), and those experienced with telemedicine, the preference skewed towards telemedicine visits (p < 0. 0001). Table 2 Selection of telemedicine or in-person visit based on patients’ demographic characteristicsFull size tableConsidering participant consensus or mean scores, three primary telemedicine benefits prominently emerged: avoiding infectious diseases, saving cost, and eliminating and overcoming geographical distance barriers. Quick diagnosis of the disease, better diagnosis of the disease and reduction of medical errors also received the lowest mean scores (Table 3).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: , for phenomena like bet-hedging[16]) and (3) critique technologies for quantifying oxiforms. PART 1. define an oxiform as the unique cysteine residue and chemotype-specified proteoform a single-molecule occupies. The number of unique oxiforms a single-molecule can occupy can be calculated by solving nR where n and r denote the number of cysteine sulphur chemotypes and residues, respectively. The chemical logic of n is specified by the exact sulphur chemotype integer. To a broad approximation, chemotype diversity[10, 11] yields n = 22. Specifically, (1) reduced with (RS-/RSH), (2) persulfide (RSSH/RSS−); (3) sulfenamide (RSN), (4) thiyl radical (RS∙), (5) sulfinyl radical (RSO∙), (6) sulfonyl radical (RSO2∙), (7) sulfonylperoxyl radical (RSO4∙), (8) S-nitrosated (RSNO), (9) S-glutathionylated (RSSG), (10) intramolecular disulfide (RSSR), (12) sulfenic acid (RSOH/RSO−), (12) intramolecular disulfide radical (RSSR. ), (13) intramolecular thiosulfinate (RSSOR); (14) intramolecular thiosulfonate (RSSO2R), (15) inter or intramolecular nitrogen-oxygen-sulfur (NOS) bridge with a lysine (R-NOS), (16) S-palmitoylation (S-PAM), (16) S-coalation (RScoA), (18) S-thiolation with L-cysteine (RS-L-Cys), (19) S-alkylation with an electrophile (e. g. , 4-hydrononeneal), (20) cysteine carboxyethylation (C-ET) mediated by 3-hydropropinic acid,[17] (21) sulfinic acid (RSO2) and (22) sulfonic acid (RSO3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: We included deaths from stroke (ICD10 code: I60-I69), IHD (ICD10 code: I20-I25) and 80% of sudden death (ICD10 code: R96) assuming that this percentage of sudden deaths were due to IHD [19]. We incorporated a correction factor for "garbage coding", by increasing the number of IHD deaths by 21. 5%, which was the percentage globally used in the GBD 2010 study [20]. Garbage codes are deaths that have been coded to an intermediate, immediate, or ill-defined cause and must instead be attributed to the underlying causes. In addition, we corrected the number of deaths for underreporting of deaths which is estimated to be 1% [21]. Data analysis We computed the proportional reduction in disease-specific deaths that would occur if PA level were increased to an alternative level with lower risk (i. e. ≥ 1600 or ≥ 600 METs. min/week separately), through calculating the population attributable fraction (PAF) using the following formula ∑ i p i * ( RR i −1 )/( ∑ i P i * ( RR i -1 )+1 ) where • і is the index categories of PA. • Pі is the prevalence of PA in category і. • RRі is the relative risk of the disease in category і compared with the reference category. We conducted all analyses separately by sex and age group (30-69, 70-79 and +80 years). We restricted analyses to ≥ 30 y because there are limited data on the mortality effects of these risk factors at younger ages and also because there are very few deaths from IHD and stroke in those aged 30 or younger. The number of attributable deaths was simply calculated by multiplying PAFs for each outcome and age-sex group by the observed number of IHD or stroke deaths in that age-sex category. We also report proportion and number of IHD or stroke deaths (hereafter denoted by CVD) that were attributable to non-optimal PA. population of the third ANSRF survey was constituted by 32,365 participants. After exclusion of individuals younger than 30-years-old, the final sample consisted in 24,427 participants of which 10,640 (43. 6%) were men and 13,787 (56. 4%) were women.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Advantages of using telemedicine versus in-person visitFull size tableReasons for choosing an in-person visit or telemedicineA total of 401 reasons for in-person or telemedicine visits were identified. Through an iterative process, similar items were aggregated, resulting in the formation of 183 main reasons (different reasons for choosing either telemedicine (108 reasons for telemedicine and 75 reasons for in-person visits). Reasons for choosing an in-person visits A total of eighty-two reasons for opting for an in-person visit were categorized into ten main themes: physical examination, disease diagnosis, treatment, prescription and drug consumption, face-to-face communication with the physician, psychological aspects, insurances and reimbursements, information technology infrastructure, security and privacy, and laboratory tests. Among the themes, treatment had the most cited sub-themes. “More accurate diagnosis of the disease”, “More accurate and better examination of the patient by the physician” and “More accurate and better treatment of the disease” were the primary reasons for selecting an in-person visit. Table 4 displays the rationales behind patients’ choice of in-person visits. Table 4 Reasons for choosing an in-person visitFull size tablePhysical examinationThe patients believed that an in-person visit allows for a thorough and comprehensive physical examination, precise and accurate decision-making by physicians, increased physician attention to the patients, lowered risk of medical errors, improved patient assessment accuracy, and a more comprehensive understanding of the individual’s condition. “I agree with the in-person visit because the examination is physical, and the physician can provide a more accurate diagnosis. ” (Participant 200) “I believe a more comprehensive examination is possible in-person, aiding the physician’s accurate decision-making. ” (Participant 305) Disease diagnosisCorrect and timely diagnosis was another reason for patients choosing an in-person visit. “I dislike telemedicine as the physician’s accurate diagnosis seems possible only in-person. ” (Participant 105). TreatmentThe most frequently cited reasons for choosing in-person visits were related to treatment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: N expands if all adducts from acrolein to itaconate or RSSH space (e. g. , persulfide radical) are counted. [18, 19] Separate intermolecular (e. g. , lysine for NOS bridges[20]) or intramolecular partners can multiply n by orders of magnitude owing to their proteome-wide scale. Single protein molecule identity specifies r as the number of cysteine residues in the amino acid sequence inclusive of departures from the canonical genomic template resulting from mutations or translational errors. Some numbers. If we deal in binary reduced (0) and oxidised (1) terms (i. e. , n = 2), then a single-molecule with 1 cysteine can adopt 2 unique oxiforms. A single-molecule with three cysteines yields eight oxiforms: 1: C1-3-RED, 2: C1-OX, C2-3-RED, 3: C2-OX,C1&C3-RED, 4: C3-OX, C1-2-RED, 5: C1-OX, C2-3-RED, 6: C2-3-OX, C1-RED, 7: C1&C3-OX, C2-RED, 8: C1-3-OX (see Figure 1). 223 equals 10,648. The quadratic scale law means adding one cysteine (r = 4) generates an order of magnitude more oxiforms: 16 and 234,256 for 24 and 224, respectively. The average number of cysteine residues in a human protein (∼261,000/18,625) rounded down is 12. 212 and 2212 yield 4,096 and 1. 2 × 1016 unique oxiforms, respectively. Even without considering any other proteoform class like splice variants, the dimensions of the potential oxiform space resulting from 1. 2 × 1016 x 18,625 or 22261,000 are stupefyingly vast. 1Open in figure viewerPowerscheme. Top left: Scheme of oxiform equation. Top right: Sulfur-chemotype space (defining the n term). See text for details on the exact n integer.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: min/week), was responsible for an estimated 11,234 CVD deaths (26%) of which 7,292 were IHD deaths and 3,942 were stroke deaths (Figure 1). The proportional impact of non-optimal PA on IHD (29%) was higher than that for stroke (21%), because the etiological effect (RRs) of non-optimal PA on IHD mortality was stronger (Table 4). A quarter of CVD deaths in men and women were attributable to non-optimal PA. The proportional impact of non-optimal PA on CVD mortality decreased in older age groups, due to lower RRs and despite higher prevalence of non-optimal PA. Therefore, the higher number of attributable deaths in older ages were mainly a consequence of the larger number of CVD deaths. Figure 1: Cardiovascular deaths attributable to engaging in physical activity < 1600 METs. min/week by sex and age groups. Bars represent the total disease-specific deaths reported in 2010 by sex and age groups. The striped segment represents the number of the total deaths attributable to engaging in < 1600 METs. min/week. 1 Engaging in less than recommended levels of PA (< 600 METs. min/week) was responsible for 7,278 (17%) of CVD deaths (43,796) in Argentina in 2010, 4,907 attributable deaths were from IHD (20% of all IHD deaths) and 2,371 were from stroke (13%) deaths (Table 5 and Figure 2). The largest number of attributable CVD deaths were observed between ages 30 and 69 accounting for 2,680 (19%) of CVD deaths, followed by 2,621 deaths (14%) in those aged 80 years or older. Figure 2: Cardiovascular deaths attributable to engaging in physical activity < 600 METs. min/week by sex and age groups. Bars represent the total disease-specific deaths reported in 2010 by sex and age groups. The striped segment represents the number of the total deaths attributable to engaging in < 600 METs. min/week. 2 Table 5: PAFs and deaths attributable to physical activity < 600 METs. min/week by sex and age. 5 than three quarters (76.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Patients chose in-person visits for several reasons, such as: more accurate and better treatment of the disease, more confidence and trust in-person visits, faster treatment, more adherence of the patient to the treatment, more commitment of the physician to treat the patients, better and more complete exchange of patient information with the physician, reducing medical errors and the risks of treatment, more motivation of the physician to treat the patients, better understanding of how to perform post-treatment processes, easier remembering of previous treatments done for the patient, receiving medical services more easily from the nurses, reducing treatment problems for patients, and high quality of treatment in in-person visits. “In my view, in-person visits are unmatched by telemedicine. I strongly believe they offer superior, more accurate, and effective treatment. ” (Participant 505) “I have more faith in my treatment process during in-person visits, expecting quicker and more effective care. ” (Participant 321) “Unlike telemedicine, I sense that the physician’s dedication to treating the patient is considerably greater during an in-person visit. This is why I never opt for telemedicine. ” (Participant 71). Prescription and medicationPatients pointed out that in-person visits can lead to better prescription of medicines, regular use of medicines, more accuracy of physician in prescribing medicines and fewer errors in prescriptions and fewer drug side effects. “In the clinic, when the patient visits in person, the physician can directly assess test results and the patient’s condition. This leads to more precise medication prescriptions. ” (Participant 41) “During in-person visits, I feel the physician allocates more time to me, resulting in better medication prescriptions that I consistently follow. ” (Participant 320) “The in-person physician’s cautious medication prescriptions lead to fewer drug side effects. ” (Participant 901) Face-to-face communication with the physicianIn-person visits were underscored by patients as they enabled direct face-to-face communication with the physician, leading to heightened physician attentiveness, improved clinical history collection, and a more focused, comfortable interaction between patients and physicians. This approach also resulted in clearer patient responses, stronger patient-physician relationships, enhanced service quality, effective transmission of clinical information, ease of interaction for children, and improved guidance throughout treatment processes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: Bottom: Graphical representation of the eight oxiforms a molecule with three cysteines can adopt in binary reduced or oxidised terms. An oxiform can only exist if the protein is expressed. The compositional rule drastically constrains the oxiform space on expression grounds alone. A single-molecule can only occupy one oxiform at a time. The occupancy rule means a single-molecule is always an oxiform. Oxiform mathematics must describe change—the evolution from one oxiform to another—and informed by residue- and chemotype-specific rates of oxidation and reduction, assign probabilities to (1) the initial starting condition; (2) the likelihood of each chemically possible evolution of 1 and (3) cyclically repeating 1 and 3 to map defined trajectories. Probability imparts stochasticity. The assigned probability weights depend on the identity of the protein molecule. Consider the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) regulator peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2, UniProt ID:32119). H2O2-specific kinetics means an RSOH is far more likely to form on the active site C51 versus C70. The chance of observing C51-RSOH, C70-RS−/H, C172-RS− oxiform would far outweigh the C51-RS, C70-RSOH, C172-RS oxiform. Two things become clear (1) the probabilities have co-dependencies, in this case H2O2, and (2) the starting oxiform is influential. A unique PRDX2 oxiform with C51-RSO2 is more likely to result from an initial condition of C51-RSOH versus RS− owing to kinetics and co-dependents. With enough time (set by variable single-molecule lifetimes), even an improbable oxiform like C51-RS−, C70-RSOH, C172-RS− can come to pass. Just like the transient hydroxyl radical they can be created by,[21] some oxiforms are ephemeral. RS∙ is unlikely to last in the vicinity of RS− or NO. RS− and NO stress co-dependence and the importance of the initial condition. The word unlikely signifies the Bayesian mathematical basis of oxiforms. PART 2. primary colours produces a kaleidoscope of spectrally distinct shades.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: 8%) of adults in Argentina older than 30-years-old did not reach the optimal level of PA (< 1600 METs. min/week) and this was responsible for 29% of IHD deaths and 21% of stroke deaths in 2010. When a more feasible scenario for recommended activity levels was considered, half (52. 5%) of the adult population did not reach these levels. If all adults would engage in at least the recommended level of PA (equivalent to 30 minutes of briskly walking five days a week), one fifth of IHD deaths and slightly less than one-sixth of stroke deaths would have been prevented. We found that women expended less energy than men in all age groups, mainly at expense of engaging in less intense activities. Previous research conducted in showed similar results, women were less likely to perform vigorous activities and to participate in leisure time PA and more prone to spend more time in household activities [22]. Similar patterns of PA were also described in women from developed populations [23,24]. In 2010, the global burden of disease (GBD) Study estimated that low levels of PA (< 600 METs. min/week) accounted for 3. 2 million deaths and 31% of worldwide representing the tenth most important contributor to the total burden of disease. Low PA ranked seventh in America [8]. From 1999 to 2013, prevalence of low PA has increased by 20% worldwide [25]. The impact of non-optimal PA was estimated to be larger in developed versus developing countries (3. 2% vs. 1. 6% of total DALYs respectively), however over the years the proportion of this contribution had changed in different directions. The share of burden of disease that was attributable to non-optimal PA in developed countries declined by 9% (3. 5% to 3. 2% of total DALYs. ) while in developing countries, its share increased by 89% (0. 9% to 1. 6% of total DALYs) [26]. This increase reflects the increased share of cardiovascular diseases in the total burden of disease in the developing countries which itself may be due to urbanization, changes in diet and reductions in physical activity [27]. Previous studies have estimated the impact of low PA on cardiovascular mortality in Argentina. Rubinstein, et al. estimated that low levels of PA accounted for 18. 1% of CVD events in 2006 [11].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: “During in-person visits, I’m certain the physician attentively listens to what I say. ” (Participant 12) “I believe that more effective treatment occurs when there’s direct visual and verbal communication between the physician and the patient. ” (Participant 1002) “I believe direct patient-physician interaction in-person boosts physician accuracy and focus more than telemedicine. That’s why I exclusively visit clinics for treatment. For this reason, I choose to only seek treatment by physically visiting clinics. ” (Participant 679) Psychological aspectsIn this category, creating a positive feeling to continue further treatment, the patient’s mastery of speaking to provide a history to the physician, feeling better and more confident about the quick treatment of the disease, more peace of mind for the patient during the treatment, more understanding of the patient by the physician, traditional and religious view, increasing self-confidence and the habit of visiting the office in person were the most important reasons of patients to choose an in-person visit. “During an in-person office visit, I feel more inclined to pursue additional treatment. ” (Participant 718) “Personally, seeing a physician in person brings me a sense of peace that outweighs a faster recovery, as I trust their in-depth understanding of my condition leads to a more accurate diagnosis. ” (Participant 347) “I will have more self-confidence because I talk face-to-face with the physician during the in-person visit. ” (Participant 417) Insurance and reimbursementPatients believed that in in-person visits, drugs related to certain diseases are covered by insurance and it is possible to use insurance easily. “I have MS and require specific medications. Affording these drugs without insurance is unfeasible due to my financial situation, and I’m unsure if my insurance covers telemedicine visits and prescriptions. ” (Participant 197) “In-person visits offer more accurate clinical examinations, improved patient care from physicians, and notably, the ability for patients to utilize insurance.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: Combining different chemistries in specific ways produces unique oxiforms (see Figure 2). To draw an analogy to paint, chemistries are the primary colour palettes and oxiforms are the resulting spectrum of shades. The underlying logic rests on the distinctive chemical properties of the cysteine sulphur chemotype ‘colours’. An essential pre-requisite for oxiform ‘shades’. Even if they were monochrome, adding or subtracting a chemotype over r would darken or lighten the shade. The word chemotype betokens specific chemistry. Chemotype-specific chemistries are unequivocally established. For example, RSOH is a soft electrophile and weak nucleophile compared to RSH. [10] And RSS− is a stronger nucleophile than either. [22] Chemotypes endow the modified sulphur atom with distinct steric, electrostatic, nucleophilic and hydrophobic characteristics; which often produce a structural effect. [23] They paint a chemical picture. 2Open in figure viewerPowerpaint. Top left: Mixing primary colours produces a spectrum of shades. Top right: Primary sulfur redox properties with chemotype examples. Bottom: Graphical representation of ‘monochromatic’ functionality about a chemotype, in this case addition and subtraction of SSG versus SH. A single-molecule redox kaleidoscope portraying the discrete chemical characters (italic text) of each oxiform. Depending on the molecular context (e. g. , protein molecule and cysteine residue), chemotypes can produce the same, in uniform or different ways, or a unique, even diametrically opposed, functional effect. First, in cases where the active site relies on deprotonated sulphur nucleophile chemistry (e. g. , C215 in the tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B[24]), any chemotype masking the nucleophilic character will inactivate the enzyme. and RSNO all inhibit PTP1B. Less-appreciated C215-RSH is inhibitory. Despite a low C215 pKa some PTP1B molecules will inhabit the RSH oxiform. Second, unique chemistries produce distinct functional effects even on the same cysteine residue. Take EGFR: C797-RSOH activates it whereas C797-RSSG inhibits it.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: In 2013, the GBD study estimated that low PA was responsible for 12. 6% of IHD deaths and 7. 6% of stroke deaths in Argentina [25]. These analysis estimated a lower proportional impact of non-optimal PA (< 600 METs. min/week compared to that estimated in our study (20% for IHD and 13% for stroke deaths) mainly because the first study [11] used lower relative risks than that used in this study and the second [25] modeled the exposure data from a not representative sample of Argentina which reported a lower prevalence of non-optimal PA (26. 7%) [28,29]. This study has a number of strengths: (1) It is the first population-level analysis in estimating the effects of non-optimal PA on IHD and stroke mortality using a nationally representative survey in Argentina. (2) Age-specific effect sizes were derived from meta-analysis of observational studies that had adjusted for important confounders. (3) Deaths from Stroke and IHD in 2010 were obtained from the death registry, which provides robust national-level data by age and sex for all causes of death with almost complete coverage. (4) The number of CVD deaths was adjusted using methods to enhance comparability by reducing garbage codes and underreported causes. However, this study has some limitations; first, like many other comparative risk assessments conducted in developing countries [30,31], effect sizes (here for non-optimal PA) had to be extrapolated from epidemiological studies conducted in developed countries. Second, these effect sizes were not corrected for regression dilution bias due to insufficient information on exposure measurement error and variability, which is especially important when error and variability of self-reported exposure may themselves differ across studies [9,17]. Third, the number of deaths from different stroke subtypes was not available through the vital registration system as only a small fraction of deaths from stroke are analyzed using imaging. Fourth, we did not adjust the distribution of PA for the regression dilution bias due to insufficient data from epidemiological studies on exposure measurement error and variability. Fifth, we used mortality data from the year 2010 since more recent national data on causes of death were not available. Therefore, we may have overestimated the absolute number of IHD and stroke deaths that are attributable to non-optimal PA in 2013 as CVD death rates are declining in Argentina [32-35].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: “ (Participant 521) Information technology infrastructureOther reasons for choosing an in-person visit were: lack of suitable computer and networking infrastructure for telemedicine, slow Internet speed, frequent internet outages, low bandwidth, no need for computer and digital knowledge and literacy, no need for computers and other communication equipment such as mobile phones, lack of culture to use technologies and lack of experience in using telemedicine. “Telemedicine infrastructure should be built in our country first, then we should use telemedicine, I think there is still no strong infrastructure. ” (Participant 359) “I live in a village and I am reluctant to use telemedicine due to the slow internet speed in my area. ” (Participant 344) “Due to my parents’ elderly status, using telemedicine is challenging for them as they lack computer and internet skills. Hence, in-person visits are more suitable for them. ” (Participant 81) “During an in-person visit, there’s no requirement to use devices like laptops or mobile phones for communication with the physician. Additionally, my economic situation does not allow me to afford such tools. ” (Participant 651) “I believe that a culture of using telemedicine has not yet fully developed, and if we intend to adopt it, we are likely to encounter numerous challenges. ” (Participant 25) Security and privacyChallenges related to the fear of easy disclosure of information in telemedicine, maintaining patient privacy, maintaining information security, maintaining confidentiality of information, lack of clear rules in the field of electronic disclosure of patient information, cyber fraud, hacking and unauthorized access to medical record information, fraud and abuse of patient data were other reasons to the choice of in-person visits over telemedicine. “Due to my unique medical condition, I choose not to use telemedicine as I am constantly concerned about information disclosure. I believe that sharing information is much more straightforward in telemedicine compared to an in-person visit. ” (Participant 219) “In my view, a telemedicine system might jeopardize patients’ privacy by potentially sharing their sensitive data with third parties for personal financial gains.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: [25] There might be more examples lurking in the 500 cysteine residues that the Qian group[26] demonstrated to be modified by multiple distinct chemotypes. Pursuant to the foundational principle of redox-regulation[5]: chemotype-specific chemistry can regulate protein function. Oxiforms are holistic entities. Holism means the totality of the n of each r matters. Consider a purely hypothetical example of a protein called X (PX) with three cysteines. Suppose two PX molecules were defined by different oxiforms RSH (PX-a) and RSSG (Px-B). Compared to PX-a, PX-b has three more negative charges and ˜915 Da extra mass. Mass and charge alter the biophysical properties of the protein (e. g. , charge introduces electrostatic effects). All else being equal, PX-b would bind a positively charged interactant with greater affinity than PX-a. The reverse applies to a negatively charged interactant. Combined electrostatic effects may amplify a functional effect (e. g. , in an enzyme-substrate binding context). If we change PX-a to all RS−, then it would be a greater nucleophile than PX-b and could, unlike PX-b, be targeted by a Michael addition reaction-based drug. [27] Combinatorial chemistry is powerful. Take PX-c where c defines a C1-RSOH, C2-RS− and C3-PAM oxiform. PX-c combines a soft electrophile weak nucleophile (RSOH), a negatively charged nucleophile, and a bulky, aliphatic saturated lipid. Their combination-dependent chemical traits could produce a distinct functionally-significant behaviour. Hypothetically, for a C1-RSOH-dependent degron C3-PAM could spare Px from proteolysis by orientating the degron away from an E3 ligase. PX-c could also provide a unique trajectory for PX-d (same but C2-SOH) by targeting PX-c to a H2O2 rich nanodomain to promote H2O2 + C2-RS− = C2-RSOH + H2O by molecular proximity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: Finally, we did not incorporate the uncertainty of the estimates and were therefore unable to make statistical comparisons across different age groups, gender and outcomes. In summary, non-optimal levels of PA (< 1600 METs. min/week) contribute to about a quarter of deaths from cardiovascular diseases in Argentina in the population older than 30-years-old, showing that the impact of this modifiable risk factor is significantly higher than that previously estimated. The principal advantage of doing a comprehensive and comparable scientific assessment of disease burden caused by non-optimal of PA is that it provides the evidence base for informing discussion about policy and interventions to increase PA. Although, the Ministry of Heath has developed Lifestyle [36,37], more substantial resources should be directed toward enhancing built and social environments which are essential to effectively increase PA, to improve health-related quality of life and reduce the burden of cardio-metabolic diseases in Argentina. This research was supported in part by Center under the Building in Research in South America. (Grant # 4D43TW009126-02). 795. (2010) Physical activity and cardiovascular health: lessons learned from epidemiological studies across age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Circulation 122: 743-752. (2000) Physical activity and risk of stroke in women. JAMA 283: 2961-2967. (2013) Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Assoc 2: e004473. Fiuza-(2013) Exercise is the real polypill. Physiology (Bethesda) 28: 330-358. (2012) Independent and combined effects of exercise training and metformin on insulin sensitivity in individuals with prediabetes. 35: 131-136. WHO (2010) Global recommendations on physical activity for health. (2012) A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the of 2010. Lancet 380: 2224-2260. (2009) The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS Med 6: e1000058. é M, et al. (2012) Ageing, physical activity and mortality-a 42-year follow-up study. Epidemiol 41: 521-530.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 44) “In my opinion, the prevalence of cyber fraudsters who can readily exploit patients’ data is a significant concern, which is why I choose not to use telemedicine at all. ” (Participant 49) “In my opinion, there is a lot of possibility for fraud and abuse of patient data in telemedicine, which makes people less likely to go to this technology. Therefore, they prefer to use in-person visits. ” (Participant 953) Laboratory testsThe necessity of conducting laboratory tests in person and better interpretation of the results of these tests were the reasons for choosing in-person visits. “I believe that tests like mammography, pap smear, ultrasound, and eye pressure testing for glaucoma should be conducted in person. ” (Participant 852) Reasons for choosing telemedicine A total of 108 reasons for choosing telemedicine to facilitate treatment processes were categorized into 20 main themes: patient and provider safety, physical examination, diagnosis, treatment, medication prescription, access to physicians, cost management, time management, geographical distances, psychological aspects, electronic registration and data management, insurance and reimbursement, healthy environment, interaction and communication, information technology, security, privacy and legal issues, laboratory tests, remote monitoring, and admission and hospitalization. Like the in-person visit in telemedicine, the theme of treatment had the most sub-themes. The most important reasons for choosing telemedicine were “avoiding infectious diseases and preventing their further spread”, “reducing treatment costs” and “saving time” (Table 5). Table 5 Reasons for choosing telemedicineFull size table Patient and provider safetyPatients believed that telemedicine can help reduce the incidence of infectious diseases and prevent their further spread, protect service providers against infectious diseases, initial assessment and triage of patients with symptoms of infectious diseases, increase patient safety, and vaccination at national level. “Currently, due to infectious diseases such as COVID-19, I prefer not to have an in-person visit and instead opt for telemedicine. ” (Participant 230) “I work in a hospital and believe that the primary advantage of telemedicine is its ability to minimize direct contact between providers and patients.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: PX-d could via the PAM anchor persist for longer if it were spatially insulated against reductants (e. g. , thioredoxin 1, UniProt: P10599). Combinatorial chemistry produces oxiform-specific molecular properties of functional significance. I wish to speculate on the functional significance of oxiforms. With ∼103 cysteine containing proteins, a single cell (SC) may possess ˜109-12 unique oxiforms. Their proteome and ROS differences,[28, 29] means the abundance of many oxiforms will vary between cells. They host a perpetually evolving amalgam of co-existing oxiforms. Some may contain rare oxiforms. Their stochastic nature brings an arresting thought to mind: some oxiforms may only ever exist once. Or never. The biological implications of 10−9-12 unique oxiforms per cell evolving on the second timescale over decades across the 37-trillion cells in the human body are profound. The sheer number of oxiforms alone provides a redox basis for heterogeneity. They may contribute to our individuality. Fleeting oxiforms, compared to more persistent modifications, are likely to be more important determinants of such individual characteristics as transiently deviating from homeostasis is central to redox signalling. Oxiforms may also contribute to a defining feature of life: the inherent adaptability of cells. They can generate evolutionary significant bet-hedging behaviours[16] by enabling cells to mount divergent responses to the same stimulus. The ability to overtly to subtly perturb the function of a protein by generating unique oxiforms is evolutionary significant. The hotbed of functional possibilities may even enable certain favourable oxiforms to be selected for. Sometimes they can be maladaptive. Perhaps, some pro-proliferative oxiforms are enriched in cancer cells. Their probabilistic nature means they may contribute in idiosyncratic ways to certain stochastic elements of the ageing process, especially when entropy may prolong the lifetime of some oxiforms or even favour their formation. Ultimately, the emergent complexity of oxiforms and their potential functional significance is important for understanding redox-regulation in health and disease. PART 3. fundamental questions on oxiform abundances and functional significances demands technical innovations. Most immunological (e. g. , RedoxiFluor[30]) or proteomic (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Exercise can lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. [SEP] Text: Secondary prevention trials should not only focus on the first 2–3 years Because the next most common event within 3 years after a stroke is having another stroke, most of the recently published or ongoing clinical trials in secondary prevention of stroke focused, by design, on the prevention of recurrent stroke as primary end-point. This puts an emphasis on outcomes during the next 5 years, but may have led to the wrong perception that MI is not an important event, or trial end-point, after a stroke. Because many studies have relatively short follow-up, of <3 years, they likely did not capture late events, such as the continuously increasing 10 year risk of MI. For example, in the and ESPS-2 trials, the risk of stroke was significantly reduced by 23% with the treatment with combination of low-dose aspirin/dipyridamole, but there were no clear evidence that the agent tested had an effect on the 5–10 year risk of CHD. 16,17 None of the major antiplatelet trials could show a significant reduction in major coronary events (MACE) in patients with stroke likely because they did not accrue enough MACE. 17–19 This was likely because these trials lasted only 18–36 months and were not powered enough to capture the CHD risk in stroke patients. Two long-term (4–5 years) secondary prevention trials showed reduction in coronary heart disease events Antihypertensive trials in patients with stroke, such as which lasted for 4 years, could show a benefit on MACE reduction [118 vs. 158 fatal or non-fatal MACE, 0. 74 (0. 58–0. 94)]. 20 In the trial, performed in patients with recent (<6 months) stroke or TIA, the 5 year risk of any CHD event was 10% in the placebo group and was reduced by 42% (27–54%) in the atorvastatin 80 mg/day group. 21 Since patients with a past history of CAD were excluded from for ethical reasons, this trial demonstrated that stroke with no known CHD is a CHD risk equivalent and that this risk can be substantially reduced by atorvastatin therapy. Stroke/TIA patients are at high long-term risk of major coronary events. Future secondary stroke prevention trials should assess that the drug under investigation not only reduces the risk of having another stroke, but also reduces the risk of MACE.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 765) “A great feature of telemedicine is its ability to perform initial assessments and triage for patients with symptoms of infectious diseases like COVID-19. This allows for prompt identification and guidance towards suitable treatment. ” (Participant 413) “Now that COVID-19 has spread, I think one of the most important applications of telemedicine is national vaccination. Telemedicine can be used to encourage people to get vaccinated as soon as possible through video conferences or text reminder messages. ” (Participant 310) Physical examinationPatients have noted that telemedicine offers easier history-taking, allowing more time for physicians to examine patients. This approach ensures that patients can provide a comprehensive medical history and share information more honestly. “I personally believe that I can more easily explain my medical history and concerns to the therapist through telemedicine. ” (Participant 485) “I have had the experience of using telemedicine once or twice. In my opinion, during telemedicine appointments, physicians devote more time to examining patients. ” (Participant 1012) “During in-person visits, long waits and rushed consultations due to high patient volume can stress patients and lead to missed important illness details. ” (Participant 963) “When using telemedicine, I find that I can provide the physician with a more honest presentation of my clinical information and medical history. ” (Participant 1125) DiagnosisPatients also opt for telemedicine due to factors such as the physician’s enhanced accuracy in diagnosing diseases, minimized diagnostic errors, access to the patient’s complete clinical history, reliable information accessibility for physicians, decreased clinical complications, and cost savings. “I find telemedicine consultations to be better because I believe physicians are more accurate in diagnosing my condition. ” (Participant 842) “In my view, telemedicine leads to better diagnosis and management of diseases, resulting in reduced clinical and financial burdens for the patient. ” (Participant 514) TreatmentPatients prefer telemedicine due to reasons like streamlined treatment with improved quality and speed, convenient access to electronic records, and comprehensive recording of treatment steps.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: , OxiMouse[31]) techniques cannot quantify oxiforms in binary reduced versus reversibly oxidised terms let alone chemotype-specific oxiforms. RedoxiFluor, a microplate technique based on immunoaffinity-dependent capture of proteins decorated with cysteine redox state-specific fluorophores, cannot differentiate between individual oxiforms. [32] Rather, RedoxiFluor quantifies the class-average cysteine redox state of all the captured target-specific oxiforms. Meanwhile, digesting proteins into peptides for bottom-up proteomic analysis destroys oxiforms. [33] Target-specific oxiforms can be quantified in percentages using mobility-shift immunoblot methods. [34, 35] Invented in 2001,[36] they use cysteine-reactive warheads to ligate polyethylene glycol (PEG)-payloads to reversibly oxidised cysteines. Oxiforms are detected as mobility-shifted bands with target-specific antibodies. A protein with four cysteines can theoretically fractionate into five bands: all reduced, one oxidised three reduced, two oxidised two reduced, three oxidised one reduced, and all oxidised. Many bands may contain reductant-insensitive chemotypes (e. g. , RSO2[37]) or unlabelled cysteines (i. e. , bulky PEG-payloads incur steric labelling penalties[38]). Multiple oxiforms can inhabit the same band. The 3rd band (e. g. , 50% reversibly oxidised), may contain 6 oxiforms: C1 + C2, C1 + C3, C1 + C4, C2 + C3, C2 + C4, C3 + C4. Paradoxically, the PEG-payload—the very thing the method needs to work—causes it to fail for most targets by sterically blocking antibody binding. Placing the antibody-first to capture a target before adding the PEG-payload may prove more effective. Analysing an entire undigested protein by tandem mass spectrometry (m/s) in top-down proteomics[39, 40] can quantify oxiforms[41] by tell-tale chemotype-specific diagnostic mass changes (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, not viral ones. [SEP] Text: pneumoniae) was the main infectious agent that caused the diagnosed pneumonia [10]. The autopsy showed the presence of S. pneumoniae in the lungs of 44% and in the blood of 33% of the patients who died from the Spanish influenza [10, 11]. Though S. pneumoniae was the leading cause of mortality, other infectious agents like Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), H. influenzae and a number of other Streptococcus spp. were also identified in the autopsied lung specimen [5, 7]. Therefore, the catastrophic outcome of the 1918 influenza pandemic could have been defined by the lack of vaccines and antiviral drugs against the influenza virus as well as by the lack of antibiotics that could suppress the secondary bacterial complications. Pandemic influenza in the era of antibiotics in the absence of vaccination and antiviral drugsIn 1957, the pandemic of the Asian flu affected 40-50% of the people around the globe with estimates of total mortality between 1. 5 and 4 million people [13], with the death toll in the reaching around 69,800 people [13-15]. The cause of this pandemic was the A(H2N2) strain of the influenza virus [12]. Analysis of the autopsied specimens revealed evidence of bacterial infection in 80% of all the severe and fatal cases [8, 16, 17]. It should be noted that, by this time, such antibiotics as penicillin and streptomycin were already available and used in medical practice in developed countries. However, during this pandemic in the US and a number of other countries, there was a noticeable increase in the number of hospitalizations associated with pneumonia caused mainly by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and S. aureus [18]. Similar data were reported in the Netherlands, wherein, of the 148 deaths allegedly caused by the Asian pandemic influenza, 75% were associated with bacterial pneumonia provoked in 15% of cases by S. pneumoniae and in 59% cases by S. aureus [16]. It should be mentioned that the cited bacteriological examination data could be highly distorted since at that time many patients were already treated with antibiotics [19].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Additionally, they believed that telemedicine offers quick emergency responses, efficient chronic disease management, and enhanced patient engagement Moreover, telemedicine addresses physician shortages, facilitates self-care, and ensures precise treatment recommendations, all while increasing physician involvement in monitoring treatment progress. “I’m very fond of telemedicine because I believe it makes my treatment process easier and faster. ” (Participant 574) “I believe that in emergency situations, physicians can manage and control patients much more quickly online. ” (Participant 1019) For individuals with a chronic disease, telemedicine is highly beneficial as it enables them to enhance their lifestyle and manage their condition through convenient and easy communication with their physician. ” (Participant 1001) “As a disabled person still living with my family, when I fall ill, I need to visit the medical center accompanied by a family member. However, with telemedicine, I can readily undergo treatment without relying on anyone. ” (Participant 219). “Telemedicine enables me to easily manage self-care processes, treatments, and take better care of myself. ” (Participant 917) Medication prescriptionPatients believed that telemedicine could facilitate improved health status monitoring by physicians for prescribing appropriate medicines, particularly benefiting individuals with chronic diseases. “From my perspective, telemedicine holds value in prescribing medication for individuals dealing with chronic conditions. It facilitates convenient communication with physicians to obtain personalized prescriptions. Furthermore, it proves useful in addressing drug side effects through telemedicine consultations, providing guidance on proper usage and the management of emerging effects. ” (Participant 444). Access to physiciansPatients believe that telemedicine provides access to a wider range of specialties and enables quick and easy access to physicians at any time and from any place. “was diagnosed with Covid-19, I could easily communicate with my physician brother who lives in Canada and receive medical advice. ” (Participant 1009) “I live in a village and can’t go to the hospital or the hemophilia treatment center in the city every day for my treatment. With telemedicine, I can easily communicate with my physician anytime and anywhere.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: , PSSG = + 305 Da per modification), which can, in principle, be linked to other proteoforms (e. g. , mutated forms or splice variants). Top-down approaches are powerful: Ansong et al. [42] unearthed a chemotype switch from PSSG to PS-L-Cys in salmonella under infection-like conditions. Deconvoluting chemotypes with similar masses, especially when there are many target cysteines, or detecting labile forms (e. g. , RSSH) is challenging. Without stable chemical handles, some oxiforms may evolve during the sample processing procedures. Like mobility-shift assays, it is challenging to ascribe top-down redox proteomic detected oxiforms to specific cysteines. Technical advances in individual ion m/s[43] motivated by the human proteoform project,[44] will benefit oxiform research. The next decade will witness considerable progress when the human proteoform project is completed[25] and gains in chemical diversity and resolution are achieved. [45] Advances in combinatorial chemotype analysis inclusive of orthogonal chemotype-specific and preferably reaction-based chemistry hold the key to unlocking oxiform complexity. Examples include the recent pioneering work from the Kate Carroll[46] and Tobias Dick[47] groups regarding RSOH and RSSH, respectively. Incidentally, the latter used top-down proteomics. Continued progress in m/s[28] and immunological[48, 49] techniques is needed to achieve SC-resolution. SC-resolution can uncover rare oxiforms. Consider ATR (UniProt: Q13535). With 45 cysteines, ATR can generate a staggering 3. 15 × 1013 unique oxiforms. Although the number of ATR-oxiforms coexisting in one SC is rate-limited by the protein copy number (∼104-5), the total number of ATR molecules amounts to 3. 7 × 1019. So, there is ample space for rare oxiforms to form within some of our 37-trillion cells. Emerging single-molecule resolutions technologies, such as nanopores, may be invaluable. [50] For example, a single-molecule compatible nanopore discerned cationic carrier peptide charged L-cysteine from L-cystine.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, not viral ones. [SEP] Text: The world death toll from the pandemic of 1968-1969 that was caused by the A(H3N2) strain of influenza virus was around 2 million people [20, 21]. A 55% increase in mortality from the respiratory infections with most cases accompanied by secondary bacterial pneumonia was recorded in in 1969 [22]. The staphylococcal pneumonia turned out to be the main complication of the H3N2 influenza. For example, from the 129 adults diagnosed with pandemic influenza, pneumonia was found in 16% of cases of which 40% (6% of all 129 cases of influenza) were lethal. S. aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were found in 75% of the autopsied specimen of the deceased [23]. It should be mentioned that over the course of the Spanish pandemic, most of the lethal cases of the secondary bacterial pneumonia were caused by S. pneumonia, but during the pandemics of 1957 and 1968, S. aureus became the prevailing etiological agent of the secondary bacterial pneumonia. This could be explained by the increased antibiotic resistance of S. aureus due to the widespread use of antibiotics by the population at that time. Pandemic influenza in the presence of influenza vaccines, antiviral drugs, and antibioticsThe outbreak of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 2009 spread to 41 countries in the course of four weeks and became a pandemic [20, 24]. The H1N1 component of the seasonal influenza vaccines produced for 2009 did not antigenically match the newly emerged pandemic strain A(H1N1)pdm09. It is believed that the total death toll from this pandemic was around 284,000 people worldwide [25]. The common causes of death in the course of this pandemic in the US were the secondary bacterial infections induced mostly by S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes [26, 27]. Other US studies have shown that in almost 30% of the 77 lethal cases the influenza infection was accompanied by bacterial infections 46% of which were caused by S. pneumoniae, 9% by S. aureus, and 1% by H. influenzae. Palacios et al. examined the nasopharyngeal swabs of almost 200 patients with pandemic influenza and found H.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 770) Cost managementPatients note that telemedicine can lower treatment expenses, reduce personal protective equipment usage, decrease fuel consumption, simplify payments, minimize office-related costs, cut paper-related expenses, decrease accounting errors, and boost healthcare providers’ and organizations’ income. “Due to my limited economic situation, I prefer using telemedicine as I can’t afford to visit medical centers every day. ” (Participant 1209) “Another advantage of telemedicine is the reduction in fuel consumption, such as gasoline, as individuals do not need to visit the clinic in person. ” (Participant 1204) “I endorse telemedicine for its ability to markedly cut costs related to office and paper processes, postage, printing, and paper-based information storage. ” (Participant 409) Time managementPatients have indicated that telemedicine can save time, enable better time management, and decrease patient waiting times. Due to the widespread Covid-19 situation, minimizing medical center referrals is essential, saving patients from lengthy wait times. (Participant 883) “I am confident that telemedicine allows me to better manage my time and plan my daily activities more effectively. ” (Participant 706) Geographical distancesAccording to patients’ perspective, telemedicine can eliminate geographical barriers, minimize the need for extra trips, provide access to medical centers globally, offer prompt emergency care services, and expand the reach to access healthcare services across larger geographic areas. “Telemedicine not only enables individuals with mental health conditions, who are particularly susceptible to self-harm and suicide, to consult a therapist or psychiatrist promptly day or night, but it also seamlessly extends healthcare services’ geographic reach to anywhere in the world. ” (Participant 174) “Telemedicine can effortlessly extend the geographic reach of healthcare services to anywhere in the world. ” (Participant 967) Psychological aspectsPatients choose telemedicine for psychological benefits, experiencing reduced fear, stress, and anxiety. This leads to greater peace of mind during treatment, lowers stress for providers, reduces social stigma, boosts patient self-confidence, enhances motivation to continue treatment, and accelerates recovery for mental health patients. Additionally, telemedicine offers a comfortable platform for shy and isolated individuals to interact with therapists.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: [51] For now, the prospect of using mobility-shift methods and top-down proteomics (see Figure 3) to answer fundamental questions by quantifying target-specific oxiforms is exciting. 3Open in figure viewerPowerfeatures, advantages and disadvantages of immunological, proteomic and emerging oxiform technologies. See the main text for specific details. Unravelling the biological roles unique oxiforms play presents formidable technical challenges. Recapitulating their chemistry, especially labile properties like a free radical, and abundance is difficult. Abundance is important because the functional weight of an emergent property is concentration-dependent. A functional phenotype may only manifest when the number of single-molecules inhabiting the unique oxiform reaches a critical threshold. Promising approaches for functionally phenotyping oxiforms are threefold. First, sophisticated genome editing technologies[52] can mutate multiple cysteine residues to disable certain oxiforms. Second, genetically encoded chemotype mimetics (e. g. , an RSOH mimetic amino acid) or introduction handles may recapitulate their chemistry. For example, click chemistry could produce the desired oxiform by selectively adding clickable amino acid mimetics (e. g. , a click-in L-Cys-SSH) to distinct residues. Third, computational methods, such as deep learning models and quantum dynamical stimulations, could predict their functional relevance. [53] They are also powerful tools for using established biochemistry (e. g. , kinetic constants)[6] to predict the identity of the oxiforms that might exist in a cell and how they might evolve from the initial starting conditions. possessing a similar number of genes to other species, such as worms, argues against an intuitively appealing genomic basis for our complexity[54] and begs the question: what make us so complex? Some think that much complexity stems from the sheer number of forms a protein molecule can adopt so-called proteoforms. [15] Inspired, I have developed the oxiform concept to describe cysteine residue and chemotype-specified proteoforms. The idea is simple. Like how mixing colours produces different shades, combining different types of redox chemistry can create new potentially functionality-relevant oxiforms. Oxiforms may contribute to our complexity. Is that why our proteome encodes more cysteine residues than many other species? Potentially.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, not viral ones. [SEP] Text: influenzae in 52% of the samples, S. pneumoniae in 31%, and S. aureus in 18% of samples, respectively [28]. The severity of the disease was most often associated with the secondary infection induced by S. pneumoniae. In another study of 838 critically ill children in the US, it was shown that in 72 hours following the hospitalization to the intensive care unit, bacterial superinfection developed in 33% of the patients, 48% of which was caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 5. 5% of the cases by S. pneumoniae, and 5% by H. influenzae [29]. Therefore, despite the widespread introduction of seasonal influenza vaccines, antiviral drugs, and antibiotics, the problem of bacterial complications in the course of influenza has not ceased to be relevant. Moreover, due to the development of the bacterial flora resistance to modern antibiotics this problem could be exacerbated in the case of a new influenza pandemic [30]. Respiratory viral infections of non-influenza etiology as provokers of the secondary bacterial pneumoniaState-of-the-art diagnostics allows scientists to analyze the bacterial complications in various non-influenza respiratory infections. Table 1 summarizes numerous studies that show the relationship of respiratory viral pathogens with certain bacteria that can cause pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, and meningitis as complications. Despite the fact that other respiratory viruses are not able to cause pandemics, these viruses proved to be as dangerous as influenza in provoking secondary bacterial complications. For example, the representative of the family Paramyxoviridae, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), can cause severe complications as influenza virus including both the viral pneumonia with the development of ARDS and bacterial pneumonia [31]. Another representative of this family – the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) – turned out to be even more dangerous than influenza in terms of the mortality rate among the hospitalized patients diagnosed with pneumonia. Thus, the mortality from all of the causes in 20 days after hospitalization was higher in patients with an RSV infection (18. 4%) than in patients with influenza (6. 7%) [32]. Unfortunately, there are no vaccines and effective antiviral drugs for the prevention and treatment of pneumoviruses as well as for the most respiratory viruses of noninfluenza etiology.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: “I favor telemedicine for its convenience and peace of mind during treatment, offering me increased confidence and easy communication with the physician. ” (Participant 97) “ I believe telemedicine’s key benefit is seen in socially stigmatized conditions like HIV and addiction, where patients feel at ease with physicians, enabling open sharing of information. ” (Participant 54). “I believe telemedicine not only fosters improved physician and therapist ethics, encouraging patient commitment to treatment, but also aids isolated and shy individuals by alleviating shyness and creating a comfortable space for sharing information with therapists. ” (Participant 710). Electronic registration and management of patients’ informationPatients cite advantages like preserving electronic records, fast data retrieval, cutting paper use, minimizing physician data-gathering time, storing audio/video data, informed decisions using clinical records, accessing current information, sharing patient data easily among peers, and safeguarding data from natural events. “Telemedicine facilitates electronic exchange of patient information between patients and physicians, enabling the electronic storage and management of clinical data and information, consequently minimizing the requirement for paper usage. ” (Participant 7) “In my view, another significant advantage of telemedicine is its ability to effectively safeguard patient information against natural events like floods, earthquakes, and more. ” (Participant 4) Insurance and reimbursementsPatients noted that telemedicine simplifies insurance reimbursement for healthcare providers, irrespective of their location, and enables them to furnish official care evidence for insurance claims. “In my opinion, telemedicine simplifies the process of providing legal evidence for insurance claims compared to in-person visits. ” (Participant 367) “ I believe that in telemedicine, insurance companies enable doctors and other therapists to bill for the healthcare services they offer, regardless of the patient’s or provider’s location. ” (Participant 19) Healthy environmentIn the theme of healthy environment, the patients emphasized on reasons such as reducing pollution, not destroying green spaces, reducing urban traffic and increasing the physical and mental health of patients by eliminating noise pollution. “I don’t like in-person visits because of my asthma. In polluted environments, my disease worsens, with in-person visits, travel between or within cities increases and the environment becomes more polluted.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: At any rate, they offer a way to paint different redox pictures on blank single-molecule canvases. The concerted effects, be they subtle or overt, generate a kaleidoscope of functional possibilities via emergent combination chemistry-dependent complexity. The deep redox logic of the cysteine proteome interfaces with metabolism—virtually all cysteine oxidation and reduction depend on NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H[55]—offers vast possibilities for dynamically responding to the environment. A way to compound chemical elements on cysteine-punctuated single-molecule amino acid backbones to respond to nature. Excitingly, technological innovations stand to advance our understanding of redox-regulation by quantifying and functionally annotating unique oxiforms. would like to express my sincere apologies to the authors of all the 581. 10. 1038/nature13302 of Science®1239. 10. 1093/oxfordjournals. molbev. a026406 of Science®45. 10. 1016/j. freeradbiomed. 2015. 03. 022 of Science®286. 10. 1038/nchembio. 85 of Science®383. 10. 1038/s41580-020-0230-3 of Science®7. 10. 1016/j. redox. 2017. 04. 039 of Science®248. 10. 1016/j. molcel. 2016. 05. 040 of Science®557. 10. 1038/s41589-021-00739-0 of Science®336. e6. e6. 10. 1016/j. chembiol. 2023. 02. 006 PubMedWeb of Science®4679. 10. 1021/cr300163e of Science®8888. 10. 1021/acs. chemrev. 7b00698 of Science®70. 10. 1038/nchembio. 1695 of Science®511. 10. 1038/nchembio. 607 of Science®187. 10. 1038/nmeth. 2369 of Science®214. 10. 1038/nchembio. 2576 of Science®302. 10. 1038/s41580-018-0094-y of Science®2482. 10. 1126/science. abg2482 of Science®1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, not viral ones. [SEP] Text: Table 1Respiratory viruses and the bacterial infections associated with themVirusPathogens associated with secondary infectionReferenceInfluenza virus Streptococcus pneumoniae [7], [33-40] Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus pyogenes Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Neisseria meningitidis RSV Streptococcus pneumoniae [41]pneumoniae [42] Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Streptococcus pneumoniae [43-45] Staphylococcus aureus Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Parainfluenza virus Moraxella catarrhalis [46] Streptococcus pneumoniae hMPV Streptococcus pneumoniae [47]While the observational studies conducted in different regions of the world on the relationship of viral and bacterial infections lead to consistent conclusions, they can differ in the evaluation of the roles various pathogens play in the development of bacterial CAP. This can be explained by the significant influence of the climate conditions and genetic characteristics of the population on the prevalence of particular viral and bacterial pathogens. In the US, 1,024 patients with CAP were examined and compared with a group of 759 control patients without symptoms [48]. It turned out that influenza viruses, RSVs, hMPVs, and to a lesser extent parainfluenza viruses and coronaviruses were significantly more often isolated from the group of patients diagnosed with pneumonia, regardless of the patient’s age. At the same time, rhinoviruses were a common cause of CAP in adults but were practically not diagnosed in children with pneumonia. In contrast, adenoviruses were associated with CAP only in children younger than 2 years old. In a study performed in Japan that involved 2,617 elderly (≥65 years old) patients, diagnosed with chronic respiratory or other concomitant diseases, the viral pathogens were isolated in 23. 1% of cases [49]. Rhinoviruses were the most common cause of pneumonia (9. 8%), while both influenza and RSV were found in 3. 9% of cases. RSV was most often diagnosed in individuals with chronic respiratory diseases, while other viruses were associated with pneumonia, regardless of the presence of respiratory and other chronic diseases.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: (Participant 10)” “I love nature and green spaces. My top reason for choosing telemedicine is to lower pollution by minimizing in-person medical visits, which in turn helps preserve the environment. ” (Participant 38). “I appreciate telemedicine as it relieves me from city traffic fatigue. It helps reduce urban traffic congestion. ” (Participant 1012) “I believe car-related noise pollution is a major issue in urban areas, posing a threat to mental health, particularly for hospital patients. Through telemedicine, additional trips to hospitals and medical centers can be reduced and noise pollution can be prevented. ” (Participant 1068) Interaction and communicationsPatients value telemedicine for enhancing therapist interactions, enabling private communication, facilitating peer support, enabling physician consultations, and reducing stress/anxiety. “Telemedicine not only enables convenient communication between patients and physicians, preventing unnecessary time waste, but also alleviates the stress of in-person medical center visits, resulting in more relaxed interactions. ” (Participant 988) “ I get stressed when I want to go to medical centers in person and communicate with my physician, while with telemedicine I am not stressed at all. ” (Participant 45) Information technologySome patients have mentioned that telemedicine aids in training patients for self-care processes, decreasing repetitive tasks, generating medical record backups, and enabling patient access to their medical information. “Another advantage of telemedicine is its ease in delivering self-care training to patients through multimedia technologies following their treatment. (Participant 1)” “Through telemedicine, numerous repetitive processes can be minimized, such as multiple visits to medical centers for medicine renewal. New medicines can be prescribed each time based on the patient’s current condition. (Participant 13)” Security, privacy and legal issuesPatients opt for telemedicine due to reasons such as authorizing information access, identifying information-disclosing individuals, setting medical record access levels, preventing data loss, reducing unauthorized information use, and facilitating legal issue follow-ups. “I highly value my medical privacy and vehemently oppose unauthorized use of my information. Telemedicine can significantly reduce such unauthorized access and enable patients to determine who will have access to their information.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: Nature, 556(7699), 113–117. 10. 1038/nature25986 of Science®31. 10. 1016/j. freeradbiomed. 2016. 09. 020 of Science®464. 10. 1038/s41586-021-03513-3 of Science®1337. 10. 1021/acs. chemrev. 7b00205 of Science®4522. 10. 1038/s41467-018-06790-1 PubMedWeb of Science®773. 10. 1038/nature01680 of Science®64. 10. 1038/nchembio. 736 CASWeb of Science®2111. 10. 1016/j. redox. 2021. 102111 of Science®574. 10. 1038/nature18002 of Science®513. 10. 1126/science. aaz6695 of Science®9169. 10. 15252/embj. 2021109169 PubMedWeb of Science®129. 10. 1016/j. freeradbiomed. 2022. 01. 023 of Science®983. e24. e24. 10. 1016/j. cell. 2020. 02. 012 of Science®280. 10. 1016/j. freeradbiomed. 2021. 08. 018 of Science®207. 10. 1038/nature01511 of Science®315. 10. 3390/antiox9040315 of Science®1258. 10. 1016/j. redox. 2019. 101258 of Science®1118. 10. 1089/152308601317203611 of Science®1004. 10. 1038/s41589-018-0116-2 of Science®382. 10. 1016/j. freeradbiomed. 2017. 03. 037 PubMedWeb of Science®258. 10. 1038/nature10575 of Science®127. 10. 1021/acs. analchem. 7b04747 of Science®32. 10. 1016/j. freeradbiomed. 2018. 09. 012 of Science®0158. 10. 1073/pnas. 1221210110 of Science®394. 10. 1038/s41592-020-0764-5 of Science®0734. 10. 1126/sciadv.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, not viral ones. [SEP] Text: In general, viral infections did not predetermine an increased risk of mortality in patients with pneumonia, but influenza led to a threefold increase in mortality in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Therefore, the contribution of the viral infection to mortality from pneumonia depends on the type of viral agent and the presence of concomitant diseases. Korean meta-analytical study conducted on 5,298 patients of different age groups showed that the provocation of bacterial superinfection is typical for all of the viral respiratory infections [50]. However, the type of bacterial pathogen that causes the secondary infection could depend on both the type of the viral infection and the age of the patient. For example, influenza A and B virus infections, rhinovirus, and hMPV caused pneumonia in adult patients that was associated with S. aureus, whereas coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, and RSV resulted in pneumonia associated with Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella spp. and Acinetobacter spp. Mycoplasma infection (M. pneumonia) was the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in children regardless of the type of previous virus infection. These studies stress the importance of viral diagnostics in patients with secondary bacterial pneumonia in terms of choosing the right antibiotic therapy. For example, the post-viral pneumonia in infants and children should be treated with antibiotics active against M. pneumoniae (macrolides). Adults with influenza, hMPV, or rhinovirus infection should be treated with antibiotics that efficiently kill staphylococcal bacteria, whereas antibiotics that are active against a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria should be prescribed in cases of infection with coronavirus and parainfluenza virus. However, as it was noted hereinabove, the relationship between the population genotype and climate conditions on the one side and the spectrum of the colonizing microbial flora on the other side should be studied further in order to develop adequate medical standards for the treatment of respiratory infections in patients across different countries. Pathogenesis of secondary bacterial infections following ARVIThe human body is a carrier of a variety of bacterial species, collectively referred to as a microbiota [51]. Normally these bacteria, which are called commensal strains, live in a mutually beneficial symbiosis with the host and provide a variety of useful functions for the host, such as protecting the host organism by means of competition with pathogenic bacteria.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 27) “visited medical centers in person several times, some of my information was lost, such as my test sheets. While in telemedicine, the possibility of losing patient information, especially the results of laboratory tests, is very low. ” (Participant 209) “Due to the advanced technologies used in telemedicine, it becomes easy to identify individuals disclosing patient information, and it also simplifies addressing legal matters for both patients and physicians. ” (Participant 22) Laboratory testsPatients emphasized their choice of telemedicine due to streamlined storage and quick access to lab results, rapid transmission to therapists, enhanced result interpretation, and reduced in-person visits for tests. “Telemedicine offers multiple advantages. It allows me to upload and store my lab test results on websites for easy access when needed by me or my physicians. Additionally, it reduces costs and distances while enabling swift transmission of laboratory test results to physicians. ” (Participant 666). “I believe that in telemedicine, physicians interpret the results of lab tests much more effectively. Unlike in-person visits, they aren’t dealing with a large population of patients, and medical centers are not as crowded. ” (Participant 946). Remote monitoringPatients recognized the telemedicine potential of remote monitoring, which involves using tools and sensors to oversee conditions, leading to life-saving measures. Moreover, this approach prevents disease exacerbation, enables health control, aids disabled individuals, monitors vital signs, assists in drug withdrawal, cares for infants and children, and provides telerehabilitation. “Telemedicine utilizes monitoring tools and sensors to track patients’ conditions and relay alerts to physicians, notifying them of health deterioration and emergencies. ”(Participant 57) “I am a chemical veteran, and I have to visit the physician’s office every week. Telemedicine could enable remote monitoring, alleviating the need for frequent visits. ” (Participant 70) “We have a disabled brother in the family who cannot speak or walk properly. Every month, we have to take him to medical centers for doctor’s monitoring. Telemedicine seems promising for providing medical care to disabled patients.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: AbstractIt is widely appreciated that the regulated translocation of signaling proteins can increase the specificity and speed of signal transduction. It is less obvious that regulated translocation can also, in principle, turn a graded response into a more switch-like one. For example, if two or more signaling proteins are induced to translocate, the result can be a switch-like, ultrasensitive response. A switch-like response will also occur if translocation raises the local concentration of a signaling protein sufficiently to partially saturate the enzyme that inactivates it. These mechanisms are likely to make the mitotic activation of CDC2 (which is accompanied by the nuclear translocation of both CDC2–cyclin-B1 and its activator, CDC25C) and the growth-factor-induced activation of MAP kinase (which, upon sustained activation, concentrates in the nucleus and might thereby partially saturate the relevant MAP-kinase phosphatases) more switch-like. Keywordssignal transductionprotein kinasephosphoprotein phosphataseenzymologystimulus/response relationshipsThe restricted subcellular localization and regulated translocation of signal-transducing proteins rank among the most important themes in cell signaling today[1–6]. Protein kinases shuttle to the plasma membrane to interact with upstream regulators and to the nucleus to interact with downstream targets; signaling molecules dock at autophosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinases, and scaffolds of different sorts organize and coordinate the actions of kinases, phosphatases and entire signaling cascades. Some of the likely benefits of restricting signaling proteins to particular subcellular compartments are clear. Keeping a signaling protein close to its correct targets and regulators, and far from incorrect targets and regulators, could improve the specificity of signal transmission. Localizing signaling proteins raises their local concentrations, which increases the frequency at which the proteins encounter each other and potentially the speed of signal transmission. Finally, having signaling molecules present where they are required, and excluded from areas where they are not, seems efficient and economical. Here, I explore a potentially important consequence of regulated translocation that might not be so immediately apparent. Regulated translocation can, in principle, change the character of a system's response, turning a graded response into a more switch-like one; regulated translocation can generate what has been termed ultrasensitivity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, not viral ones. [SEP] Text: Usually the small quantity of pathogenic bacteria, including S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae, S. pyogenes, Moraxella catarrhalis, and MRSA, are present in the microbiota of the human upper respiratory tract without serious consequences for the organism [52]. The shift in the microbiota content toward the increase of pathogenic strains can occur in the course of the viral respiratory infections due to the suppression of antibacterial protection factors. As a result, the secondary bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, provoked by the viral infection, are most often caused by resident pathogenic bacteria rather than by the external infection [53, 54]. Many factors that contribute to bacterial colonization in the course of the viral infections are known to date:The damage of the integrity of the mucous membranes by the viral and bacterial enzymes, for example, by the influenza virus NA [55]. The increase of bacterial adhesion to the cells that are infected by virus [54, 56, 57]. Disruption of the ciliary epithelium over the course of the viral infection, leading to the reduced self-purification ability of the respiratory tract mucous membranes [58, 59]. Induction of IFNs (I, II, and III types) and cytokines in the course of ARVI that reduce the effectiveness of antibacterial immunity [60-64]. Impairment of antibacterial activity of neutrophils and macrophages due to the reduction of their quantity and decreased phagocytic activity in the nidus of a viral infection [65-67]. The effect of most of these factors depends not only on the nature of the viral pathogen, but also on the type of the colonizing bacteria. For example, it is known that S. aureus can enhance the viral reproduction as a result of suppression of the type I IFN signal transmission by inhibiting the STAT-1–STAT-2 dimerization [68]. In the course of RSV infection in children, the severity of the disease could be defined by the prevalence of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae in the microbiota before the start of the viral disease [69]. Nevertheless, the results of animal experiments and clinical observations show that the colonization of the respiratory tract by the pathogenic bacterial strains is most often triggered by viral infections.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: ” (Participant 1014) “Through telemedicine, physicians can monitor patients in the ICU and monitor their vital signs, such as pulse rhythm, blood pressure, glucose levels, and more. ” (Participant 1009) “In my opinion, by using telemedicine, addicts can better quit their addiction, because physicians can monitor and control them more. ” (Participant 1072) Admission and hospitalizationAs per patients’ opinions, telemedicine is regarded as advantageous for individuals in rural areas. It provides convenient visits, streamlined appointment scheduling, decreased hospital admissions/readmissions, less crowded medical facilities, and enhanced patient capacity. “I live in the village, and it is very difficult for me to travel to the city every week for my physician to visit me, but with telemedicine it will be easier for me to be visited. ” (Participant 104) “I dislike crowded medical centers; I believe that by using telemedicine, I can easily schedule appointments without having to go to the hospital. ” (Participant 1221) DiscussionThe study determined the level of acceptance of telemedicine compared to in-person visits, identified the perceived advantages of telemedicine over in-person visits, and explored the reasons why patients choose either of these two types of visits. In the following, the findings of this study are discussed. Comparison with previous studiesMost favored in-person visits, while those opting for telemedicine had PhDs, skin/hair/neuropsychiatric conditions, disabilities, or prior telemedicine experience. Telemedicine’s benefits included cost reduction, infection control, distance elimination, and time efficiency. In-person visits were chosen for precise diagnosis, examination, and treatment, while telemedicine was preferred for lower costs, infection prevention, and time savings. In contrast to our study, where in-person visits were favored, Moulaei et al. [8], preferred to use tele-pharmacy services rather than visiting the pharmacy in person.

Output: contrast