Input: Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: Regular physical activity in old age : effect on coronary heart disease risk factors and well-being. / Schuit, A. J. Wageningen: Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, 1997. 163 p. Research output: Thesis › internal - THEST1 - Regular physical activity in old age : effect on coronary heart disease risk factors and well-beingAU - Schuit, A. J. N1 - WU thesis 2286 Proefschrift WageningenPY - 1997/6/16Y1 - 1997/6/16N2 - Background. Regular physical activity is considered an important aspect of a healthy lifestyle. It may improve fitness, physical competence and may lower the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, until now, data on the effects of regular exercise on CHD risk factors in elderly are limited, and there is a particular lack of data about the training effects on recently indicated risk factors, such as fibrinolytic and coagulation factors, and factors involved in the autonomic regulation of the heart. Methods. We have conducted a randomised, controlled intervention study, which addressed the effect of a 6 months training programme on 'classical' and 'new' CHD risk factors and well-being in 229 (intervention: 143 and control:86) apparently healthy, free- living elderly men and women (60-80 years). Results. Physical fitness (maximal exercise capacity) improved significantly in subjects of the intervention group (mean increase 14. 1 Watt 95%Cl: 10. 1-18. 1, +9%), compared to the controls. Among the classical CHD risk factors, only the reduction in serum triglyceride concentration in women was significant (-0. 11 mmol/L, 95%Cl: -0. 22-0. 0, -7%). Blood pressure, high- and low density lipoprotein and total serum cholesterol concentration changed in a favourable direction, but not significantly from the control group. No effect of training on body weight and fasting insulin concentration was found. Among the new risk factors, the concentration of tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA), a fibrinolytic factor, was significantly increased (+0. 07 IU/mL, 95%Cl: 0. 0-0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Segregation of duties among network engineers, (DBAs), internal control and operators of smart IDSs in Systems (CPSs) is highly recommended. It is disastrous if the logs are deleted while the toolkit is running. Auditors should recommend enforcement of strong access controls to restrict illegal logging in to the configurations and logs of smart IDSs as panacea to information leakages and attacks on smart IDS through the back-end of applications in Systems (CPSs) [12]. The root causes of intrusions are dynamic security and privacy issues in Systems (CPSs). Broad audit should be able to reveal how log analyzers adopt classification rules to segment logs of smart IDSs in Systems (CPSs) and classify alerts into normal and abnormal events. Without sound understanding of data mining procedures, IDS auditors might face difficult challenges to audit association and episode rules necessary to expose hidden relationship among alerts that are not obviously related. Research has discovered that sequence of the intrusions on cyber physical resources in an organization can occur within different timestamp. Practically, it is difficult to find the mean of categorical datasets that have no numerical attributes. Instances whereby the designers of log analyzers have adopted weighted values to transform alerts in the logs of smart IDSs must be clearly reviewed during audit. The reports will enable end users to establish limitations of algorithms that adopt concepts like k-nearest-neighbor (KNN) classifiers and how to improve on the underpinning concepts for transposing alerts into human readable form in the organization. Auditors should establish types of (SIEM) and other threat solutions in Systems (CPSs). The above results submit that auditors must audit log analyzers irrespective of whether they are locally designed or they are proprietary models in the organization. The reports should reveal expert rules that are used to process events’ logs and their characteristics. Auditors should strongly recommend proper documentations for log analyzers and other threat solutions in Systems (CPSs). Essentially, the above audit model should establish the existence or absence of audit team in the organization. Reports obtained from the audit should be submitted to the unit in charge of monitoring smart IDSs in the organization. Thereafter, auditors should notify them and management with written reports stating past audit issues that have been suitably addressed [16, 26].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: : The potential to reduce the risks posed by tailings dams using satellite-based information, Int. J. Disast. Risk Reduct. , 38, 101209, 2019. Lumbroso, D. Roca Collell, M. , Petkovšek, G. , Davison, M. , Liu, Y. , Goff, C. , and Wetton, M. : An eye in the sky for monitoring tailings dams, and the Environment, J. Int. Assoc. , 2020. Lyu, Z. , Chai J. , Xu, Z. , Qin, Y. , and Cao, J. : A comprehensive review on reasons for tailings dam failures based on case history, Adv. Civ. Eng. , 2019, 4159306, 2019. Martin, T. E. and McRoberts, E. C. : Some considerations in the stability analysis of upstream tailings dams, in: Proceedings of Conference on Tailings and '99, 24–27 January 1999, 1999. Martin, V. and Akkerman, A. : Challenges with conducting tailings dam breach assessments, in: Annual meeting of the Dams (ICOLD), 3–7 July 2017, Prague, Czech Republic, 2017. McConnell, A. and Drennan, L. : Mission impossible? Planning and preparing for a crisis, J. Contingen. Cris. Manage. , 14, 59–70, 2006. Milanović, P. T. : Dam engineering and its environmental aspects, in: Environmental Geology, Encyclopaedia of edited by: LaMoreaux, J. , 2019. Mining Journal: March underway to Brumadinho to mark year since fatal dam collapse, 21 January 2020, available at: last access: 8 April 2020. and Ghataora, G. S. : Improving the accuracy of prediction of breach formation through embankment dams and flood embankments, in: Proceedings of the international conference on fluvial hydraulics (Riverflow 2002), 3–6 September 2002, Louvainla-Neuve, France, 2002. Morris, M. W. : Breaching of earth embankments and dams, PhD thesis, 2011. Naef, D. , Rickenmann, D. , Rutschmann, P.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: 14,+11%) in subjects of the intervention group, while plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1, inhibitor of fibrinolysis) was reduced, but not significantly different from the controls. These changes reflect an increase in fibrinolytic activity. However, fibrinogen concentration increased (+0. 18 g/L 95%Cl 0. 04-0. 32,+6%). In addition, heart rate variability was increased and heart-rate- adjusted-QT interval was reduced in subjects of the intervention group (P<0. 05). Both changes probably represent increase in parasympathetic activity and a more favourable autonomic regulation of the heart. Finally, physical self-efficacy was significantly improved in the subjects of the intervention group. Symptoms of depression were reduced, but not significantly different from the controls. Conclusion. Regular physical activity beneficially affected CHD risk factors, physical fitness and self-efficacy, which are important determinants of the quality of life and longevity in elderly. The magnitude of the benefits on CHD incidence remain unclear, since there is little information on the predictive value of the new risk factors in elderly. However, since elderly, in general, have advanced atherosclerosis and autonomic dysbalance, the improvements of these factors may be of particular importance in this age- group. In conclusion, our observations underline the importance of a public health policy aiming at stimulating regular physical activity in elderly peopleAB - Background. Regular physical activity is considered an important aspect of a healthy lifestyle. It may improve fitness, physical competence and may lower the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, until now, data on the effects of regular exercise on CHD risk factors in elderly are limited, and there is a particular lack of data about the training effects on recently indicated risk factors, such as fibrinolytic and coagulation factors, and factors involved in the autonomic regulation of the heart. Methods. We have conducted a randomised, controlled intervention study, which addressed the effect of a 6 months training programme on 'classical' and 'new' CHD risk factors and well-being in 229 (intervention: 143 and control:86) apparently healthy, free- living elderly men and women (60-80 years). Results. Physical fitness (maximal exercise capacity) improved significantly in subjects of the intervention group (mean increase 14. 1 Watt 95%Cl: 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Otherwise, a terminal date to ensure that all pending audit issues must be addressed and potential impacts of noncompliance must be issued to the above stakeholders as well. Advertisement 6. ConclusionThis 1. A. W. Colombo, T. Bangemann, S. Karnouskos, J. Delsing, P. Stluka, R. Harrison, F. Jammes, and J. Lastra: Towards the of Industrial Cyber-in: Industrial Cloud-Based Cyber-Physical Systems: The IMC-. 2. J. Epstein: Learned from Société Générale. IEEE Security & Privacy, Vol. 6, Issue 3 (2008)3. W. H. Baker, A. Hutton, C. D. Hylender, C. Novak, C. Porter, B. Sartin, P. Tippett: (2009)4. L. George: Cyber-Physical Attacks: A growing invisible threat. Oxford, UK; Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780128012901 (2015)5. Gubb P, Takang A. Software Maintenance. New Jersy, USA: World scientific Publishing; 20036. IANA: (ICMP) Parameters D. Adams and A. Maier: & Audit of GoldBug-Encrypting E-Mail-Client & Messenger (2016)8. J. O. Nehinbe: for Detection Systems, 1st on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulations (ISMS2010), proceedings of ’s Services (CPS), London (2010)9. J. O. Nehinbe: Methods for reducing workload during investigations of Intrusion Logs; PhD Thesis, University of Essex, Colchester, London (2011)10. J. Fitzgerald, P. G. Larsen, M. Verhoef (Eds. ): for Embedded Systems: Co-modelling and Co-simulation. 9783642541186 (2014)11. K. Julish, C. Suter, T. Woitalla and O. Zimmermann: Compliance by Design – Bridging the Chasm between Auditors and IT Architects. Computers & Security, Elsevier. Vol 30, Issue 6-7 (2011)12. D. Wu; D. W. Rosen; L. Wang and D.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: , and McArdell, B. W. : Comparison of flow resistance relations for debris flows using a one-dimensional finite element simulation model, Nat. Syst. Sci. , 6, 155–165, 2006. Council: Tsunami warning and preparedness: An assessment of the US tsunami program and the nation's preparedness efforts. . C. , USA, 2011. NSW – Wales: Department of Planning, Hazardous industry planning advisory paper number 10 – Land use safety planning, Wales (NSW) Department of Planning, Australia, 2011. Owen, J. R. , Kemp, D. , Lèbre, É. , Svobodova, K. , and Pérez Murillo, G. : Catastrophic tailings dam failures and disaster risk disclosure, Int. J. Disast. Risk Reduct. , 42, 101361, 2020. Palú, M. C. and Julien, P. Y. : A review of tailings dam failures in Brazil, 24 to 28 November 2019, in: Conference: ósio Recursos Hídricosat: Foz do Iguaçú, Brazil, 2019. Petkovšek, G. , Hasan, M. A. A. H. , Lumbroso, D. , and Roca Collell, M. : A two-fluid simulation of tailings dam breaching, and the Environment, J. Int. Assoc. , 2020. Petley, D. : The speed of the Brumadinho tailings dam landslide, The landslide blog, 4 February 2019, available at: (last access: 2 April 2020), 2019. Porsani, J. L. , de Jesus, F. A. N. , and Stangar, M. C. : iGPR Survey on an iron mining area after the collapse of the tailings dam I at the Córrego do Feijão Mine in Brumadinho-MG, Brazil, Remote Sens. , 11, 860, 2019. Raman, A. and Liu, F. : An investigation of the Brumadinho dam break with simulatio, preprint: arXiv:1911. 05219 [physics. comp-ph], 2019. Rickenmann, D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: 1-18. 1, +9%), compared to the controls. Among the classical CHD risk factors, only the reduction in serum triglyceride concentration in women was significant (-0. 11 mmol/L, 95%Cl: -0. 22-0. 0, -7%). Blood pressure, high- and low density lipoprotein and total serum cholesterol concentration changed in a favourable direction, but not significantly from the control group. No effect of training on body weight and fasting insulin concentration was found. Among the new risk factors, the concentration of tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA), a fibrinolytic factor, was significantly increased (+0. 07 IU/mL, 95%Cl: 0. 0-0. 14,+11%) in subjects of the intervention group, while plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1, inhibitor of fibrinolysis) was reduced, but not significantly different from the controls. These changes reflect an increase in fibrinolytic activity. However, fibrinogen concentration increased (+0. 18 g/L 95%Cl 0. 04-0. 32,+6%). In addition, heart rate variability was increased and heart-rate- adjusted-QT interval was reduced in subjects of the intervention group (P<0. 05). Both changes probably represent increase in parasympathetic activity and a more favourable autonomic regulation of the heart. Finally, physical self-efficacy was significantly improved in the subjects of the intervention group. Symptoms of depression were reduced, but not significantly different from the controls. Conclusion. Regular physical activity beneficially affected CHD risk factors, physical fitness and self-efficacy, which are important determinants of the quality of life and longevity in elderly. The magnitude of the benefits on CHD incidence remain unclear, since there is little information on the predictive value of the new risk factors in elderly. However, since elderly, in general, have advanced atherosclerosis and autonomic dysbalance, the improvements of these factors may be of particular importance in this age- group.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Schaefer: Cloud-based design and manufacturing: A new paradigm in digital manufacturing and design innovation; Computer-Aided Design, Vol 59, pp 1-14 (2014)13. P. R. Bitterli, J. Brun, T. Bucher, B. Christ, B. Hamberger, M. Huissoud, D. Küng, A. Toggwhyler and Wyniger: Guide to the Audit of IT Applications. ISACA (2009)14. R. E. : Cascarino, Auditor’s Guide to Auditing. & Sons publication (2007)15. R. Ciprian-Radu; H. Olimpiu; T. Ioana-Alexandra and O. Gheorghe: of Potato Crop: A Cyber-in the Field of Precision Agriculture; Agriculture and Procedia, vol. 6, 16. R. U. Rehman: Systems with Snort: and ACID, Library of Congress, (2003)17. Manual 2. 9. 11:Project; Cisco and/or its affiliates (2017)18. S. Senft and F. Gallegos: Control and Audit; (2009)19. T. S. Kumar and P. Radivojac: Introduction to Data Mining:- (2017)20. ISACA: Auditing: Tools and (2016)21. Certification (2003), Audit: An Auditor’s pers-pective; GSNA practical version 2. 1 (2007)22. D. E, Robert: IT Auditing: Process. Mission Viejo: (2005)23. Science Foundation-US: Cyber-(CPS) (2020)24. T. Phatak; P. Isal, O. Kadale; A. Nalage and S. Bhongle: Detection System, International research journal on engineering and technology, Vol. 4, Issue 04 (2017)25. R. . Esler, J. C. Foster, M. Jonkman, C. Keefer, R. Marty and E. S. Seagren: Snort: IDS and IPS Toolkit, Syngress publishing, Burlington, Canada (2007)26. R. K. Rainer, C. G. Cegielski, I.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: : Empirical relationships for debris flows, Nat. Hazards, 19, 47–77, 1999. Rickenmann, D. , Laigle, D. , McArdell, B. , and Hübl, J. : Comparison of 2D debris-flow simulation models with field events, Comput. Geosci. , 10, 241–264, 2006. Robertson, P. K. , de Melo, L. , Williams, D. J. , and Ward Wilson, G. : Report of the expert panel on the technical causes of the failure of Feijão Dam I, available at: (last access: 4 January 2021), 12 December 2019. Rotta, L. H. S. , Alcântara, E. , Park, E. ,. , Mendes, T. S. G. , and Filho, C. R. S. : tailings dam collapse: Possible cause and impacts of the worst human and environmental disaster in Brazil, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinform. , 90, 102119, 2020. Sagan, S. : The limits of safety: Organizations, accidents and nuclear weapons, 1993. Sampaio, J. A. L. : The deficiencies of the emergency action planning for dams in Brazil, Vol. 12, de Direito, Passo, Fundo, 7–17 December 2016. Tagg, A. , Di Mauro, M. , Lumbroso, D. , Vinet, F. , and Stone, K. : Development of a framework for improving flood emergency plans, and its use in dam risk reduction, in: Association of 16–20 September 2012, Denver, Colorado, USA, 2012. Terra: Diário de Brumadinho de vilarejo bucólico a comunidade esvaziada, available at: last access: 22 April 2020. Tudor, I. , Bublić, I. , and Vukadin, V. : The sound propagation prediction of the siren alarm system for Peruća hydropower dam, in: Euronoise conference, June 2012, Prague, Czech Republic, 2012. Department of Dams sector: Estimating loss of life for dam failure scenarios, available at: (last access: 4 January 2021), September 2011.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. [SEP] Text: The recommendation that COPD patients be encouraged to maintain or increase their levels of regular physical activity should be considered in future COPD guidelines, since it is likely to result in a relevant public health benefit. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseFEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 secondFVC, forced vital capacitychronic obstructive pulmonary diseasephysical activityhospitalisationmortality Statistics from Altmetric. com If you wish to reuse any or all of this 12. 0 years. The study is part of the (CCHS) which has already provided relevant information about the course of COPD. 14–16 design and population The CCHS involves the study of an ongoing prospective cohort of adults recruited from the general population, with repeated examinations every 5–10 years. A random age stratified sample of the general population aged 20 years or more was drawn from the Register as of 1 January 1976 and a first examination (n = 14 223) took place in 1976–8. At the second examination 5 years later (1981–3), the cohort was supplemented with a new sample of subjects aged 20–24 years (total n = 12 698). In the third examination (1991–4) the sample was supplemented with 20–49 year old subjects (total n = 10 135). 17,18 The institutional review board and Danish regional ethics committees approved the research protocol. Participants gave written informed consent. Since the first CCHS examination provided limited information about regular physical activity, for the present study we selected all participants included in the second examination (1981–3) together with the complementary sample of the third CCHS examination (1991–4). Of these 15 563 subjects, 2386 met the criteria for COPD and were included in the present analysis. COPD was defined on the basis of lung function test results including forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) as the presence of airway obstruction (FEV1/FVC ⩽70%) and classified according to the degree of airway obstruction:3,4 mild (FEV1 ⩾80%), moderate (FEV1 <80% and ⩾50%), severe (FEV1 <50% and ⩾30%), and very severe (FEV1 <30%).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 5. 0 Era [Working Title] Open access peer-reviewed 10. 5772/intechopen. 115018 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechRole of Cybersecurity in the Industry 5. 0 by From the of Cybersecurity in the Industry 5. 0 Era [Working Title] Associate Prof. 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 5. 0 and smart grid technologies are mutually dependent and synergistic. They complement each other by leveraging advanced digital capabilities to enhance energy efficiency, integrate renewable energy sources, and improve the resilience and reliability of industrial operations and electricity distribution systems. With the mounting threat of cyberattacks targeting digital supply chains, including those of the smart grid, it is evident that vendors, service providers, and outsourced Information and (ICT) providers face equal susceptibility to exploitation by malicious actors. Since all security measures hinge on dependable hardware, comprehending the origins of hardware vulnerabilities in Devices (IEDs), a key component in smart grid systems, is imperative. Given the extended nature of digital supply chains, often involving components from various manufacturers, it is equally important to adopt novel approaches and methodologies to verify that IEDs are as secure as required. Integrating a Engineering business subprocess into the equipment procurement process offers a promising avenue for enhancing the cybersecurity and the cyber resilience of the digital supply chain of smart grid operators. This 1. IntroductionIndustry 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: USACE – of Engineers: Safety of dams policy and procedures, Report ER 1110-2-1156, available at: (last access: 4 January 2021), 28 October 2011. USBR – Bureau of Reclamation: Guidelines for achieving public protection in dam safety decision making, Office, Department of the 2003. USBR – Department of the of Reclamation: RCEM – – Interim – Guidelines for estimating life loss for dam safety risk analysis, available at: (last access: 4 January 2021), February 2014. Vale: information on the dam breach in Brumadinho 27 January 2019, available at: last access: 3 September 2020. Vick, S. : Planning, design, and analysis of tailings dams, 978-0921095125, 1990. Xinhua: 200 people missing after tailings dam collapse in Brazil, available at: last access: 14 April 2020. YouTube: Brumadinho dam collapse footage Brazil, 2019 provided to the investigation by the Agency of Brazil, available at: last access: 9 April 2020. 1 The lead time is the time between a warning being issued and an event occurring. 2 A Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which the viscous stresses arising from its flow, at every point, are linearly correlated to the local strain rate, the rate of change of its deformation over time. 3 An agent-based model comprises a collection of autonomous decision-making entities called agents. Each agent individually assesses its situation and makes decisions on the basis of a set of rules.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: Subjects with more severe COPD had lower levels of physical activity. View this table:View inline View popup Table 2 Regular physical activity in 2386* COPD subjects recruited from the general population in Copenhagen, Denmark according to COPD severity (GOLD stages) During the mean (SD) follow up period of 12. 0 (5. 9) years, 22% of participants had at least one hospital admission due to COPD (median 3, interquartile range 1–5 for those with an admission). As expected, the subjects admitted to hospital were older, had a higher proportion of cardiovascular disease and asthma, performed lower levels of physical activity, and suffered more severe COPD. The time to first COPD admission during follow up was shorter for the subjects with lower levels of physical activity (fig 1A). Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure 1 (A) Kaplan-Meier curve of time to first COPD admission during follow up according to level of regular physical activity. (B) Kaplan-Meier curve of time to death (all-cause mortality) according to level of regular physical activity. During the follow up period 1425 subjects (60%) died. Death from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases constituted 18% and 32% of all deaths, respectively, with 14% of deaths due to COPD. The subjects who died were older, had a higher proportion of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, performed lower levels of physical activity, and also suffered more severe COPD. The time to death was shorter in subjects with lower levels of physical activity (fig 1B). Association between physical activity and both COPD hospital admission and mortality In the multivariate negative binomial model with the number of COPD admissions as the outcome, subjects who reported low, moderate, or high levels of physical activity had a lower risk of a COPD admission than those reporting a very low level of physical activity, after adjusting for confounders (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0. 72, 95% CI 0. 53 to 0. 97, p = 0. 033; table 3). Using the time to first COPD admission as the outcome in a multivariate Cox regression model yielded very similar results (hazard ratio (HR) 0. 76, 95% CI 0. 58 to 0. 99, p = 0. 039).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: 0 marks the evolution of industrial progression, centered on the synergy between human operators and robots and the incorporation of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data analytics. In contrast to the emphasis on automation and machine-to-machine communication in Industry 4. 0, Industry 5. 0 prioritizes the seamless collaboration between humans and machines to foster the development of adaptable, flexible, and highly productive industrial ecosystems. A smart grid refers to a sophisticated electrical grid infrastructure incorporating digital communication technology, sensors, and automation to oversee, regulate, and enhance the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. These grids facilitate two-way communication between utility providers and consumers, enabling real-time monitoring of energy consumption, integration of renewable energy resources, and effective electricity distribution management. Industry 5. 0 technologies, such as IoT sensors and data analytics, can be employed in industrial facilities to monitor energy consumption patterns, identify inefficiencies, and optimize energy usage. Smart grid technologies provide the infrastructure necessary to support these energy optimization efforts by offering real-time data on electricity availability, pricing, and demand. Industry 5. 0 emphasizes sustainability and environmental consciousness. Smart grid technologies facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, into the electricity grid. Industrial facilities adopting Industry 5. 0 principles can leverage smart grid infrastructure to incorporate renewable energy into their operations, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering carbon emissions. Industry 5. 0 technologies enhance the resilience and reliability of industrial systems through predictive maintenance, fault detection, and adaptive control mechanisms. Similarly, smart grid technologies improve the electricity grid’s reliability by enabling proactive maintenance, rapid fault identification, and dynamic load balancing. The synergy between Industry 5. 0 and smart grid technologies enhances overall system resilience and reduces the risk of disruptions in industrial operations and electricity supply. Therefore, Industry 5. 0 and smart grid technologies complement each other by leveraging advanced digital capabilities to enhance energy efficiency, integrate renewable energy sources, and improve the resilience and reliability of industrial operations and electricity distribution systems. Moreover, this symbiotic relationship extends to the supply chain of the components crucial for the smart grid’s functionality. The concept of supply chain embodies the intricate network of procedures, individuals, entities, and suppliers engaged in the production and delivery of a finished product or service.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: AbstractSimple and complex climate models suggest a hard snowball – a completely ice-covered planet – is one of the steady-states of Earth’s climate. However, a seemingly insurmountable challenge to the hard-snowball hypothesis lies in the difficulty in explaining how the planet could have exited the glaciated state within a realistic range of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Here, we use simulations with the Earth system model MPI-ESM to demonstrate that terminal deglaciation could have been triggered by high dust deposition fluxes. In these simulations, deglaciation is not initiated in the tropics, where a strong hydrological cycle constantly regenerates fresh snow at the surface, which limits the dust accumulation and snow aging, resulting in a high surface albedo. Instead, comparatively low precipitation rates in the mid-latitudes in combination with high maximum temperatures facilitate lower albedos and snow dynamics that – for extreme dust fluxes – trigger deglaciation even at present-day carbon dioxide levels. Similar content being viewed by others The radiative feedback continuum from to an ice-free hothouse 2. Two extraordinary glacial periods are thought to have occurred during the Neoproterozoic Era1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, but it remains a matter of debate whether these would have featured a complete ice cover, a so called “hard” snowball (HSB), or whether parts of the oceans remained ice free—a state often referred to as a “waterbelt”9,10,11,12. On one hand, certain factors—such as the survival of photoautotrophic organisms or large-scale basin-filling sedimentary patterns—are harder to explain in the context of a complete glaciation2. On the other hand, energy balance models, as well as intermediate- and full-complexity climate models agree that an HSB is indeed one of Earth’s equilibrium states13,14,15,16,17, whereas it is vastly more difficult to maintain an extreme icehouse state that retains open ocean surfaces17,18,19,20,21,22. Possibly the largest obstacle for the HSB hypothesis lies in the difficulty in explaining how Earth could have left the snowball state once it had been established.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: View this table:View inline View popup Table 3 Crude and adjusted associations between level of physical activity and number of COPD admissions in COPD subjects (zero-inflated negative binomial regression) After adjusting for all relevant confounders, subjects who reported low, moderate or high physical activity had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR 0. 76, 95% CI 0. 65 to 0. 90, p = 0. 001), death from respiratory causes (HR 0. 70, 0. 48 to 1. 02, p = 0. 060), and death from cardiovascular causes (HR 0. 77, 0. 58 to 1. 02, p = 0. 065) than the group with very low physical activity (table 4). View this table:View inline View popup Table 4 Crude and adjusted associations between physical activity and mortality in COPD subjects (Cox regression) After stratification for sex, age, COPD stage, and history of ischaemic heart disease, subjects who reported low, moderate or high level of physical activity had a reduced risk of both hospital admission for COPD and death due to any cause in all subgroups of subjects than those with a very low level of physical activity, although statistical significance was lost in many models, most likely due to a reduction in statistical power (data not shown, available from the authors). Sensitivity analyses yielded very similar results. After excluding the subjects who reported having suffered asthma at some time, the adjusted IRR of a COPD admission for those with low, moderate or high physical activity compared with those reporting very low physical activity was 0. 72 (95% CI 0. 50 to 1. 04, p = 0. 082); correspondingly, the adjusted HR for all-cause mortality was 0. 76 (95% CI 0. 63 to 0. 91, p = 0. 003). After excluding never smokers, the adjusted IRR of a COPD admission was 0. 70 (95% CI 0. 52 to 0. 96, p = 0. 026) and the adjusted HR of all-cause mortality was 0. 76 (95% CI 0. 64 to 0. 90, p = 0. 001). After excluding subjects less than 40 years of age, the adjusted IRR of a COPD admission was 0. 72 (95% CI 0. 53 to 0. 98, p = 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: In pivotal sectors like the smart grid, the digital supply chain encompasses a diverse array of Information and (ICT) components, encompassing hardware, software, storage solutions (cloud-based or local), distribution platforms (such as web applications and online stores), and management software [1]. While the integration of ICT and (OT) offers evident advantages for advancing the smart grid, it also expands the vulnerability to cyber threats. Potential risks within the digital supply chain encompass various issues such as the infiltration of counterfeit goods, unauthorized manufacturing, tampering, theft, introduction of malicious software and hardware, and subpar manufacturing and development standards. These risks stem from organizations lacking comprehensive insight into the development, integration, and deployment of the technology they procure, as well as the processes and practices employed to ensure the integrity, security, resilience, and quality of products and services. Moreover, threats and vulnerabilities originating from malicious actors, including individuals, entities, or even nation-states, are often highly sophisticated and elusive, posing significant challenges for detection and thereby presenting substantial risks to organization. Building entirely secure systems is almost impossible; the smart grid and its components may be vulnerable to cyberattacks, and existing cybersecurity techniques may not satisfy cybersecurity requirements [2]. Regarding software, it is generally understood that purchasers expect comprehensive support agreements from suppliers, ensuring timely software updates to rectify programming flaws as they emerge. Nevertheless, vulnerabilities are not confined to software alone; they can also extend to hardware components. Many embedded systems and devices incorporate diverse hardware elements sourced from various vendors across the power infrastructure, spanning from generic IT products to specialized industry-specific components. This diversity amplifies the potential actions a deceitful vendor within the supply chain could undertake. While the specific capabilities may vary based on the attacker’s motives, malicious actors might seek to obtain sensitive operational data from businesses, individuals, or even nation-states or perform permanent or temporary equipment damage [3]. A digital supply chain attack can breach even the most sophisticated security defenses through legitimate third-party vendors. Over the past year, significant cyberattacks have occurred against critical infrastructure and digital supply chains. Adversaries may manipulate hardware components in products before receipt by the end user. Through alterations to hardware or firmware within the supply chain, adversaries possess the ability to embed backdoors into consumer networks. These backdoors, challenging to identify, afford the adversary significant control over the system.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Deglaciation is thought to have eventually occurred as the ice cover prevented silicate weathering and photosynthesis, causing volcanic emissions to raise the atmospheric CO2 concentration (pCO2) to a level that allowed the planet to leave the icehouse state1. However, it has been extremely difficult to simulate the onset of deglaciation under plausible conditions. This can partly be attributed to the specific characteristics of the atmosphere of snowball Earth, such as the nearly isothermal structure during winter and a low water vapor content that leads to a comparatively weak greenhouse effect23,24,25,26,27,28. But the most fundamental challenge for initiating the deglaciation of an ice-covered planet is posed by its surface albedo. The high reflectivity of ice and snow, which would have enabled snowball Earth in the first place, may have also prevented its surface from absorbing enough energy to initiate a terminal deglaciation. In the following, we analyze simulations with the Earth system model MPI-ESM1. 2 (ref. 29, “Methods—Model configuration”) to investigate dust deposition fluxes as a potential cause for HSB deglaciation. First, we use the model in a setup with prescribed reflectivities, that are independent from the snow cover, to estimate the surface albedos that trigger deglaciation within a range of plausible pCO2 (“Dependency of ablation rates on albedo and CO2”). Then, we briefly discuss the processes that modulate the albedo on an ice-covered planet (“Snowball albedo”), before using the MPI-ESM with interactive surface albedos--based on an adapted snow-albedo-scheme—to investigate if these mechanisms could have sustained sufficiently low albedos to deglaciate an HSB (“Thawing the snowball”). The key modifications to the MPI-ESM’s snow-albedo-scheme enable the representation of a sustained dust accumulation due to variable deposition fluxes and separate the snowpack into a main layer and a top layer, each possessing its own thickness, cover fraction, age, and albedo (“Methods—Snow-albedo-scheme”).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: 037) and the adjusted HR of all-cause mortality was 0. 77 (95% CI 0. 65 to 0. 91, p = 0. 002). Given the results of the bivariate analysis (figs 1A and B), all analyses were run taking together those reporting a very low or low level of physical activity (n = 513) as the reference category, providing an adjusted IRR for a COPD admission of 0. 80 (95% CI 0. 64 to 1. 01, p = 0. 065) and the following adjusted HRs for mortality: all-cause 0. 71 (95% CI 0. 63 to 0. 80, p<0. 001), respiratory causes 0. 71 (95% CI 0. 53 to 0. 95, p = 0. 021), and cardiovascular causes 0. 82 (95% CI 0. 66 to 1. 03, p = 0. 084). 20 year follow up study of 2386 subjects with COPD shows that, for these subjects, a level of physical activity equivalent to walking or cycling 2 hours/week or more was associated with a 30–40% reduction in the risk of both hospital admission due to COPD and respiratory mortality. This is the first population-based cohort study showing that a relatively small amount of physical activity may have important beneficial effects on the course of COPD. To date, only the British guidelines for COPD8 advise that COPD patients should be encouraged to exercise (page S12), a recommendation that so far is not evidence-based. The present results provide robust evidence in favour of this recommendation and support for its consideration in future COPD guidelines. The results of this study are highly consistent with our previous observation of a reduction in COPD hospital admissions among patients with COPD recruited from tertiary hospitals in Barcelona who reported a level of physical activity equivalent to walking 1 hour daily. 6 The important environmental and climatic differences between Copenhagen and Barcelona are likely to result in different patterns of physical activity, reinforcing the external validity of the reported associations. Some respiratory rehabilitation trials have shown a reduced risk of COPD admission. 29–31 Since the majority of respiratory rehabilitation programs include a component of exercise training, it could be considered that the effects reported in our study and those reported in respiratory rehabilitation studies are consistent. However, respiratory rehabilitation also incorporates other pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions and the effect of exercise training cannot be isolated.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, hardware backdoors could potentially infiltrate a wide array of devices, including servers, workstations, network infrastructure, or peripherals [4]. A single attack may have a widely propagated impact on Systems (ICS) in critical infrastructures. These attacks can lead to disruption, destabilization, chaos, and even physical harm [5]. Given the critical importance of the smart grid, it is essential to understand such attacks and attack vectors, the security challenges thereof, and measures to mitigate these [6]. The ICT devices used in critical sector applications contribute to the integrity of the digital supply chain. The components of the ICT devices are manufactured, owned, and operated by different entities across the globe. Therefore, they need a long-term trustworthy relationship between the end users and the companies who developed and produced it. The relationship between makers and buyers of ICT devices is thus very different from most other buyer–vendor relationships. Nevertheless, vendors continue to exhibit a deficiency in grasping the concept of secure-by-design. In addition to common implementation errors like plaintext and hardcoded credentials, various recurring design flaws underscore the insufficient grasp of fundamental security control design principles among numerous OT vendors. Moreover, the superficial nature of many identified vulnerabilities raises concerns regarding the efficacy of the security testing procedures employed by these vendors for their products [7]. Engineering (HRE) can significantly enhance digital supply chain security in OT systems in the smart grid. Potential vulnerabilities, counterfeit components, or security weaknesses can be identified by applying reverse engineering techniques to electronic components and devices. This encompasses a range of techniques, methodologies, tools, procedures, and a systematic approach for their application. Such measures are designed to aid the power industry, critical infrastructure operators, and relevant authorities in verifying the security of currently deployed products, even in the absence of prior knowledge regarding their potential vulnerabilities. This 2. BackgroundThis section delves into the transformation of the power grid into a Cyber-(CPS) through the integration of computing and communication. It discusses the evolution to smart grids, driven by IoT, and the significance of DG(DS) and Devices (IEDs) in enhancing real-time functionalities and information access in power systems. However, ensuring the cybersecurity of these intelligent embedded systems and their components is essential for maintaining the reliability of the power infrastructure. The incorporation of computing and communication functionalities has transformed the power grid into a vast CPS.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: This allows a more accurate representation of the surface albedo of an HSB, where the reflectivity would have partly been determined by a thin layer of comparatively fresh snow, which partially covers a thicker layer of perennial snow, and whose optical properties and extent can vary substantially on short timescales. Our simulations with this adapted model confirm previous studies, showing that a sustained dust accumulation at the surface could indeed have allowed to escape the snowball state30,31,32,33. However, in contrast to previous findings our results indicate that deglaciation would not have been triggered in the tropics, where a strong hydrological cycle constantly regenerates fresh bright snow at the surface, but in the midlatitudes, where snowfall rates are notably lower. Results and discussionDependency of ablation rates on albedo and CO2 Plausible albedos on an HSB range between roughly 0. 9, the albedo of fresh snow and precipitated salt, and 0. 45, the albedo of sea ice34,35,36,37. In agreement with previous studies17,21,27,38, our simulations with prescribed surface albedos show that ablation rates, and hence the CO2-threshold for deglaciation, are very sensitive to this surface property, especially for higher values that are representative of extensive snow covers (Fig. 1). For albedos > 0. 65, a tenfold increase in pCO2 hardly increases the maximum ablation rates, while an albedo reduction of <0. 1 increase them by up to two orders of magnitude. Only when the albedo approaches that of old snow or meteoric ice—an albedo < 0. 65—do ablation rates become more sensitive to changes in pCO2. Fig. 1: Dependency of maximum ablation rates on surface albedo and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Simulated annual mean net ablation rates, that is the sum of sublimation and melt minus precipitation, as a function of atmospheric CO2 concentration (pCO2) and surface albedo (α). Rates show the average over the 18. 75°-wide latitudinal band (~2000 km), in which maximum ablation rates were simulated. Values are interpolated between 10 simulations with the MPI-ESM1. 2 (ref.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: 32 Whereas respiratory rehabilitation should be considered in specific COPD patients, our results suggest the convenience of incorporating the advice of increasing or maintaining a moderate level of physical activity at any medical encounter with patients with COPD of all stages. Further interventional studies should test the efficacy and effectiveness of physical activity advice in COPD subjects. The mechanisms underlying the potential beneficial effects of regular physical activity in COPD are not known, although some evidence regarding muscle function, exercise capacity, and inflammation may give support to its biological plausibility. Physical activity improves peripheral muscle function,33 and this has been related to reduced use of health services in patients with COPD. 34 At the cellular level, exercise training improves the bioenergetics of skeletal muscle in COPD patients35 which, through a reduction in lactate production during exercise, could reduce symptoms. 36 On the other hand, exercise capacity has been associated with a lower risk of hospital admission for COPD exacerbation37 and a lower risk of mortality38,39 in COPD cohorts. The extent to which exercise capacity in COPD patients is influenced by regular physical activity and vice versa is not known, although a cross sectional association between the two has been reported. 40 Finally, important anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects have been reported both in healthy subjects exposed to moderate levels of exercise41,42 and in COPD patients participating in rehabilitation programs. 43,44 As with any observational study, ours may be affected by several limitations. Since losses to follow up are the main cause of selection bias in longitudinal studies45 and only four subjects (0. 2%) were lost to follow up in our study, it is unlikely that selection will have biased the estimates of the effects of physical activity in the course of COPD. It is most likely that we will have measured regular physical activity with a degree of non-differential misclassification, both because of the inherent limited validity of the questionnaire and the omission of changes in physical activity during follow up. In either case, the resulting effect was most probably a reduced estimate of the effects of physical activity. 22,45 Given that the present study was not specifically designed to examine the effects of physical activity, direct measures were not available but should be considered in future studies. Our study was designed to test the hypothesis that physical activity may reduce the risk of COPD admission or respiratory related death in COPD patients, and consequently our study population included only patients with COPD.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: CPS serves as a collective term for systems wherein cyber components, Internet of Things (IoT) elements encompassing computing and communication, and physical components are closely intertwined, both during the design phase and throughout operation. These systems leverage embedded computations and communication, intricately interwoven with other processes, to introduce novel capabilities to physical systems [10]. Power grids have also heavily adopted information and communication technology (ICT) to perform real-time control, monitoring, and maintenance tasks through IEDs, turning into smart grids [11]. The IoT-based smart grid is the empowered form of conventional power lines with IoT technologies. A (DS) is an electrical substation where operational management occurs through interconnected IEDs, facilitated by communication networks. A typical design of a DS is shown in Figure 1, where HMI stands for “Interface” and MU stands for “Measurement Unit. ” It is possible to use microprocessors and computing technology in the substation environment [12]. DS offers essential functionalities for industrial power operations, providing real-time capabilities and access to critical information. A novel approach, aligned with the IEC 61850 standard, involves the adoption of process bus technology over fiber cabling to replace traditional hardware copper connections within the substation. The evolution of DS enhances real-time functionality and access to valuable information essential for optimizing the efficiency of power infrastructure operations. DS encompasses a combination of physical and cyber infrastructures located within switchyard and substation buildings. Ensuring the security, availability, and reliability of power systems, akin to conventional methods, alongside ensuring interoperability among different vendors, poses a significant challenge in DS implementation [13]. These components are embedded systems susceptible to cybersecurity risks and necessitate protection measures to prevent, mitigate, and manage cyberattacks, thereby safeguarding the availability and reliability of the power system. Figure 1. Typical design of a DS. IEDs are microprocessor-based controllers that provide advanced monitoring, control, and automation functions to the power systems equipment, such as circuit breakers, transformers, and capacitor banks. A typical architectural design of an IED is shown in Figure 2 [14]. Figure 2. Block diagram of a typical IED. IEDs are more cutting-edge substitutions for typical remote terminal units (RTU) [15]. They offer several advantages, including robust communication capacities, flexibility, adaptability, and multipurposeness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Here, the most prominent hypothesis for HSB deglaciation argues that the tropics featured a particularly low albedo—making it the region where deglaciation would have started—due to additional mechanisms that increase the surface dust concentration in ablation zones30,31,32,33. While ablation is driven by sublimation, it is reasonable to assume that degrading snow and ice leave behind the embedded p49. Here, the tropics—between 10°N and 10°S—constitute the main ablation zone with sublimation outweighing the precipitation rates during the largest part of the year (Fig. 3). However, even during the (boreal) winter and summer season not all of the sublimated water is advected into the extratropics, and this fraction is almost negligible during spring and fall. Thus, fresh snow is constantly being regenerated at the surface within the tropics and only north of 30°N and south of 30°S does precipitation cease entirely during certain months. Fig. 2: Surface albedos on a hard snowball. Positive (solid lines) and negative (dashed lines) feedbacks between surface albedo, atmospheric CO2 concentrations (pCO2s), dust deposition fluxes, sublimation, melt, and snowfall. Blue colors pertain to the hydrological feedbacks for temperatures below the melting point, while yellow colors refer to feedbacks at the melting point. On an HSB, the surface albedo is largely determined by the albedo and extent of the snow cover. The snow albedo decreases due to snow aging, while snowfall (partly) restores it to the values of fresh bright snow. Here, the rate of decrease depends on the surface temperature and the dust deposition rates, with higher temperatures and dust fluxes accelerating snow aging. Furthermore, the surface albedo is reduced by sublimation and melt, because these diminish the snow cover, exposing more of the underlying darker surface. The temperature dependency of the above processes, leads to a lower albedo in ablation regions and an albedo decrease with rising pCO2s. However, as long as temperatures stay below the melting point, the sublimated water will precipitate eventually, stabilizing the snow albedo and cover fraction, especially in regions with high and frequent precipitation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease. # factual [SEP] Text: 47 However, because the kind of dose-response relationship is important for public health, we recommend that this issue should be addressed in further research by using more accurate measures of physical activity including frequency, duration, and intensity. 47 In summary, our results provide robust evidence that the performance of regular physical activity by patients with COPD is associated with an important reduction in the risk of both admission to hospital with COPD and all-cause and respiratory mortality. The magnitude of this effect and the fact that the type of physical activity required to achieve it can be easily recommended without the need for additional training or specialised supervision make these findings particularly promising. Our results provide evidence that future COPD guidelines should consider the recommendation that COPD patients be encouraged to maintain or increase their levels of regular physical activity. Given that COPD is a chronic disease associated with a high socioeconomic burden and health consequences, such a measure is likely to result in a relevant public health benefit. 2000. MMWR2002;51:1–16. OpenUrlPubMed ↵. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: of Disease Study. Lancet1997;349:1498–504. of Science ↵ Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO for (GOLD). Workshop summary. 2001;163:1256–76. ↵ Society and Society. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Available at ↵. The economic burden of COPD. Chest2000;117:5–9S. ↵ Garcia- Risk factors of readmission to hospital for a COPD exacerbation: a prospective study. Thorax2003;58:100–5. OpenUrlAbstract/↵ Morgan MD. Preventing hospital admissions for COPD: role of physical activity (editorial). Thorax2003;58:95–6. ↵ of the Standards of of the BTS. BTS guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax1997;52 (Suppl 5) :S1–28. ↵ Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for and Prevention and the of Sports Medicine. JAMA1995;273:402–7. of Science ↵ Make your diabetic patients walk: long-term impact of different amounts of physical activity on type 2 diabetes.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: They gather information from sensors and other equipment, process it, and then send commands or change the tap positions to maintain the proper voltage level and avoid failures [16]. Because of its multiport communication capability, an IED can connect simultaneously with a substation and several other IEDs in the network. The typical IED functions can be divided into five categories: protection, control, monitoring, metering, and communications [17]. The IED can be used as a protection device circuit from basic overcurrent and earth fault protection to more complex functionalities, which can be integrated at the generation, transmission, and distribution levels. One of the essential functionalities of IEDs is event recording and fault diagnosis. With the help of IEDs, events can be reported in the order in which they occurred. Once events are correctly time-tagged, the need for additional sequencing in the control room is eliminated. Even after a blackout, faults are easily diagnosed, as the values are recorded in the IED and can be recovered later. IEDs are crucial components of the power system. Therefore, they must have built-in cyber security protection. Advertisement 3. Related workAs operators of critical infrastructure integrate technology into their operations, adopting a holistic approach to their supply chain resilience strategy becomes imperative. This involves implementing prudent procurement practices, understanding the composition of their extended supply chains, and adhering to fundamental cybersecurity hygiene principles [18]. Numerous strategies have been suggested to enhance the security of the digital supply chain. Certification stands out as a particularly effective method for guaranteeing the security of components sourced from various vendors. Nonetheless, challenges arise when third-party vendors and suppliers neglect to implement proper cybersecurity practices or adhere to industry standards aimed at safeguarding sensitive data and functionalities [5]. Additionally, there is a risk that some third-party vendors may have ulterior motives and could be affiliated with state-sponsored adversaries. As a result, these vendors might produce parts or components in regions where laws or standards prohibit access to their supply chains, rendering certification unattainable. When evaluating vendor security practices, the (NCSC) advises operators against solely depending on vendor documentation to assess vendor security [19]. Rather than relying solely on vendor documentation, security assessments should be grounded in the observed security practices implemented by the vendor. This entails conducting product-line-specific spot checks and gathering objective evidence derived directly from the product.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: As precipitation also increase with higher pCO2s, the rise in snowfall could potentially offset the effects due to accelerated snow aging at higher temperatures. When temperatures reach the melting point this negative snowfall-albedo feedback is eliminated because the meltwater drains from the surface and there is no link between melt and precipitation. Full size imageFig. 3: Atmospheric dynamics on an HSB approaching deglaciation. a Zonal mean divergence, precipitation (thick solid line), sublimation (dotted line), and precipitation–sublimation rates (dashdotted line) averaged over the the period December—February, simulated with a prescribed surface albedo of 0. 66 and atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 100 mbar. b Same as a but for March–May. c Same as a but for June–August. d Same as a but for September–November. When simulated with ECHAM6, the atmospheric dynamics of an HSB are comparable to those simulated with other GCMs28, hence the resulting precipitation minus sublimation (P − S) patterns are also very similar. The center of the tropics, roughly between 10. 0° N–10. 0° S, constitutes a predominantly descending region and the sublimation fluxes are larger than the precipitation rates, while they are much smaller than the precipitation rates in the ascending regions between 10. 0° N–20. 0° N and 10. 0° S–20. 0° S. This results in the typical P − S pattern with the tropical ablation zone located between 10. 0° N–10. 0° S and the main accumulation regions located between 10. 0° N–20. 0° N and 10. 0° S and 20. 0° S. Full size imageThe year-round precipitation in the tropics constitutes a crucial element of the HSB’s hydrological cycle, because it means that even the main ablation zone did not necessarily feature the low albedo of exposed—potentially dust covered—(sea) ice. Rather than being snow free, the surface in the tropics would have been partly covered by a regenerative fresh-snow-layer at any given point in time.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccinations have been critical in eliminating diseases like smallpox. # factual [SEP] Text: Citation: Hsieh MH, Mentink-Kane MM (2016) Smallpox and Dracunculiasis: Value of or Targeted for Eradication. Next? PLoS Pathog 12(1): e1005298. Glenn F. : January 7, 2016Copyright: © 2016 Hsieh, Mentink-Kane. This is an open access 1980. Vaccinia virus (VACV), like smallpox a member of the Poxviridae family, was used to produce the vaccine that led to smallpox eradication. Today, VACV remains a critical research tool and serves as the laboratory model for poxvirus. VACV is currently used for the production of 2nd- and 3rd-generation smallpox vaccines as well as for the exploration of immuno-oncolytic therapies against melanoma and other cancers [2,3]. VACV and its derivatives, including modified vaccinia virus (MVA) and attenuated vaccinia virus (NYVAC), are used as vectors by which to induce immunity to pathogens including HIV, Plasmodium falciparum, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [4,5]. VACV also continues to be an important tool for examining fundamental viral mechanisms of immune evasion, including viral immunomodulation and inhibition of cell apoptosis, and has aided investigators in characterizing the innate and adaptive host immune response to viral infection [6]. Therefore, despite the eradication of human disease caused by smallpox virus, basic and applied research using the model vaccinia virus continues to guide our understanding of host immune responses, antigen immunogenicity, viral manipulation of host defenses, and vaccine efficacy. A second infectious pathogen that is targeted for eradication is Dracunculus medinensis, or guinea worm, the nematode parasite that causes drancunculiasis. D. medinensis is contracted by drinking larvae-contaminated water. The parasite matures to an adult worm in the host gut and emerges painfully months later through the skin of the lower extremities. Through efforts of the Assembly (as part of WHO), the Carter Center, and other organizations, dracunculiasis is nearing worldwide eradication. In the 1980s, 20 endemic countries accounted for 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Reverse engineering serves as a robust approach in this regard, allowing for the extraction of insights from artificial constructs to comprehend their internal structures and functionalities [20]. Traditional cybersecurity efforts predominantly targeted software vulnerabilities. However, the rise of custom hardware applications has underscored the importance of addressing hardware-based threats. Securing an entire system now demands a holistic approach beyond software alone. Therefore, comprehensive analysis of each layer of the computing stack is imperative, recognizing hardware as the cornerstone of system security [21]. Thus, hardware security is of the utmost importance, just like the house’s foundation: if it is terrible, it may collapse at some point [22]. If an attacker breaks the security of a hardware interface, everything is at risk, and hardware weaknesses often lead to exploitation at the operating system level. As pinpointed in [13], “Neglecting the early detection and mitigation of hardware vulnerabilities can lead to significant consequences, surpassing the complexity and expenses involved in addressing software incidents. ” Therefore, leveraging different security testing techniques to identify hardware vulnerabilities is crucial. In the context of the smart grid or, more generally, critical infrastructure, collaboration with vendors and suppliers at an industry-wide level is an essential element of defense and imperative [22]. In the realm of software, reverse engineering entails analyzing an existing program when its source code or comprehensive documentation is unavailable, aiming to uncover details related to its design, security mechanisms, and implementation. However, since software operates on chipsets within systems, even the most sophisticated software-level defenses can be circumvented if the underlying hardware lacks security measures. To enhance security and resilience at the hardware level, it is crucial to understand the vulnerabilities inherent in these devices and identify pertinent attack vectors. Given that most technology-enabled products are developed through collaborations among multiple supply chain partners, Engineering (HRE) involves analyzing a subject system to discern its components and their interrelationships, thereby creating representations of the system in a different form or at a higher level of abstraction [22]. HRE for uncovering vulnerabilities introduced through the digital supply chain in ICSs in critical infrastructure can be achieved by disassembling the target system to analyze, test, and document its functionality. An HRE approach for generic IoT-based electronic devices has been proposed in [8] and is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3. A hardware reverse engineering approach. System-level reverse engineering involves analyzing and assessing the security vulnerabilities in the IED that attackers could exploit.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Snowfall rarely leads to a uniform, area-wide snow layer on the ground35,50,51,52 and, on a fully glaciated planet, there would have been sublimation from patches of fresh snow, as well as from the snow-free adjacent areas. Under these circumstances, the snow cover reaches an extent that allows its mass loss due to sublimation to be completely balanced by snowfall. Hence, on shorter timescales, the position, size, and depth of individual snow patches would have varied substantially, but over longer periods the snow cover fraction would have been proportional to the ratio of precipitation and sublimation (P/S ratio, Fig. 4). This equilibrium of the snow cover exists as long as temperatures stay below the melting point. Once melting is triggered the snowfall-albedo feedback is eliminated, because the meltwater drains without affecting precipitation. Here, several studies have argued that, over the duration of a snowball event, dust accumulation in the tropics could have resulted in a thick dust layer that would have inhibited sublimation and lowered albedos to a level at which temperatures reach the melting point30,32. However, it is highly questionable whether a thick dust layer could have persisted after the onset of melting because the dust p33. Fig. 4: Regenerative snow layer. Sublimation (S; dashed red lines), precipitation (P; dashed blue lines) fluxes, and the resulting fresh-snow-layer (white boxes) for three different P/S ratios. On short timescales the extent of a partial snow cover depends strongly on the orography and the near-surface winds. However, on longer timescales the snow cover converges to a state, in which the mass loss due to sublimation is balanced by the gain in mass due to snowfall. On an HSB, snow-covered as well as snow-free surfaces sublimate, while all precipitation adds to the snowpack. Thus, larger areas can exhibit a stable snow cover fraction even if overall sublimation exceeds precipitation. As long as temperatures stay below the melting point, the corresponding equilibrium extent is roughly proportional to the ratio of precipitation and sublimation. Thus, if precipitation is frequent enough, the surface will not be completely snow free, even in the ablation zones. In these regions, the net mass loss is proportional to sublimation from snow-free areas.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Supplements alone can fulfill all nutritional needs for a balanced diet. # questionable [SEP] Text: This has led the pharmaceutical industry to use some of these active ingredients in currently available allopathic drugs [36]. It is important to identify these active ingredients and study their effects to understand their mechanisms of action. However, it has been observed that when these compounds are isolated, they are sometimes not as efficient when compared to the whole extracts and this maybe because the other ingredients, although in small quantities, may influence the activity of the main compound. High blood glucose can be due to several different factors apart from consumption of high levels of carbohydrates and inactivity. When the patient is diagnosed with hyperglycemia, they are advised about food intake and increasing physical activity by entering an exercise program. There are drugs and nutritional supplements that will reduce the absorption of glucose in the intestines by inhibiting enzymes such as α amylase and α glucosidase, thereby, lowering postprandial glucose [37]. However, it has been recognized that there are many other factors such as pancreatic dysfunction, insulin resistance, imbalanced rate of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and increased glucagon production result in increased production of endogenous glucose [38]. In addition, these patients may also have less insulin production with progressive β-cell dysfunction [39]. Therefore, diabetic patients may benefit more with plant products as these have multiple compounds that may affect multiple targets [40, 41, 42, 43]. Traditional medicines have been popular in different parts of the world and some of them have been traced back to thousands of years - Chinese traditional medicine and Ayurveda. Many cultures around the world such as the American Indians, Mexican, Chinese, Indian subcontinent, various parts of Europe, Africans, Australians have incorporated locally available plants to treat diabetes [36]. Chinese traditional medicine describes bitter flavor and plants that release heat as the most important factors for treating T2DM [44]. Bitter flavor can consolidate the body, remove dampness and purge heat while cold property removes heat syndrome which is seen in T2DM patients during the initial and middle stages of the condition [44]. Ayurvedic treatment uses different approaches including plant medicines incorporated in the diet, exercise, medications, massage, sunlight, controlled breathing and detoxification [45]. There are hundreds of plants that are used in different traditional medicines to treat diabetes. We have listed a few of the most promising common plants that have anti-diabetic activity in animal models and human studies with minimum side effects in Table 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: This analysis helps understand the overall security posture and identify areas for improvement regarding secure architecture, interfaces, and communication protocols to identify potential attack vectors, weak security controls, or misconfigurations. PCB-level reverse engineering focuses on the analysis of the PCB to identify security vulnerabilities, for example, the integrity of the components, backdoors or unauthorized modifications, physical security features such as tamper-evident seals, and so forth. Chip-level reverse engineering focuses on the IC’s design verification, which covers analyzing the design and functionality of the IC, chip decapsulation, tamper protection, optical fault injection technique for tampering with ICs, and so on. Combining the three HRE approaches can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the entire system’s security posture. The system-level analysis identifies high-level security risks, PCB-level investigation uncovers vulnerabilities specific to the board, and chip-level study reveals detailed insights into the security measures and potential weaknesses of the IC level [8]. HRE is a complex process in which semiautomated steps are interwoven with human sense-making processes. It is usually the tool of choice to detect fabrication faults, copyright infringements, counterfeit products, or malicious manipulations. Even though initially, HRE was employed to understand a product’s physical and functional details to replicate or redesign the original, it has, from our perspective, evolved to enable the understanding of increasingly complex systems [20]. (HRE) is a versatile and intricate tool commonly used for legitimate purposes, it can also be misused for nefarious activities. This misuse includes tampering with the integrity of integrated circuits through piracy, compromising security functions, or clandestinely inserting hardware Trojans [22]. Hence, an ethical framework for its use in identifying vulnerabilities is necessary [6]; such a framework has been proposed in [9]. One component of this framework is an operational HRE process to guide all HRE-related activities, which will be embedded within the equipment procurement process [23]. Note that this is in line with the for Management [24], where it is recommended to “Adjust the ICS procurement process to weigh cybersecurity heavily as part of the scoring and evaluation methodology. ”To the best of our knowledge, and according to the findings in [6], the literature still lacks a proposal for such a process. Such a proposal is presented in the next section. Advertisement 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: Full size imageThawing the snowballConsidering the above processes, the feasibility of HSB deglaciation depends largely on the dust deposition rates, the planet’s hydrological cycle, and the resulting snow dynamics. If aging and ablation reduced the snow albedo and cover sufficiently, deglaciation would have been possible within the plausible pCO2 range, but if the snowfall-albedo feedback had been strong enough to maintain high surface albedos, Earth would have stayed in the snowball state indefinitely. Here, our simulations with an interactive surface albedo demonstrate that the deglaciation of an HSB would have generally been possible, if dust deposition fluxes had been high enough. However, contrary to the prevailing theory, our results indicate that it would not have been initiated in the tropical ablation zone. Tropical SMPRs stay well <100 mm year−1, even for dust deposition rates that are twice as large as the present-day values, and melting is not triggered within the reasonable pCO2 range (Fig. 5a). These ablation rates would not have been sufficient to sustain deglaciation, as (sea) glacier flow from the accumulation zones would have been fast enough to balance the glacier degradation in the main ablation zone28,47. In the tropics, deglaciation is inhibited by an extensive, regenerative snow cover that prevents the albedo from decreasing to low enough values, even raising it with increasing pCO2s. When more radiation is absorbed at the surface due to rising pCO2s, sublimation and precipitation increase similarly and the P/S ratio remains very high (Supplementary Fig. 2). Consequently, the intensification of the hydrological cycle does not lower the snow cover fraction—which remains steady at ~85–90% (Fig. 5c)—but increases the renewal rate of the snow at the top of the snowpack. This limits the aging process because it constrains snow grain growth and reduces the amount of dust that accumulates at the snowpack’s surface. As a result of the increasingly short residence time of snow on the ground in combination with the large snow cover fraction, tropical surface albedos remain too high to initiate deglaciation and become increasingly independent of the dust accumulation rate and the properties of the material underlying the (fresh) snow layer. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: 1748-9326/8/3/034028 loss and climate change both result from tropical deforestation, yet strategies to address biodiversity loss have focused primarily on protected areas while strategies to address climate change have focused primarily on carbon payments. Conservation planning research has focused largely on where to prioritize protected areas to achieve the greatest representation of species at viable levels. Meanwhile research on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) has focused largely on how to design payments to achieve the greatest additional reduction in greenhouse gases relative to baseline rates. This divergence of strategies and research agendas may be attributed to four factors: rare species are more heterogeneously distributed than carbon; species are more difficult to measure and monitor than carbon; species are more sensitive to ecological processes and human disturbance than carbon; and people's value for species diminishes beyond a threshold while their value for carbon storage does not. Conservation planning can achieve greater biodiversity benefits by adopting the concept of additionality from REDD+. REDD+ can achieve greater climate benefits by incorporating spatial prioritization from conservation planning. Climate and biodiversity benefits can best be jointly achieved from tropical forests by targeting the most additional actions to the most important places. These concepts are illustrated using data from the forests of Indonesia. Export citation and abstract 3. 0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. 1. IntroductionTropical deforestation contributes to two global environmental crises—biodiversity loss through the destruction of forest species' habitat, and climate change through emissions of greenhouse gases when forests are cleared or degraded [1, 2]. To address these crises, the 1992 in Rio de Janeiro produced two international environmental conventions—the Convention on (CBD) and the on (). Despite their common natural and political origins, the international policy responses to biodiversity loss and climate change have evolved largely in isolation and have diverged in a number of important aspects. The same countries that have used protected areas ('parks') to preserve their forests' stocks of biodiversity [3] are now preparing to receive carbon payments to reduce their forests' flows of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere [4]. The scientific research agendas informing these two policy responses have diverged as well. A thirty-year-old literature on systematic conservation planning has focused predominantly on determining where protected area networks can be sited to achieve the greatest representation of species at viable levels [5].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: A business process for HRE in smart grid operatorsThe method proposed in this section is of the “operational” type, which focuses on adequately executing the operational tasks of an entity; this is where personnel “get the things done” [25]. Additionally, according to the business process classification of [26], it is a “supporting” process. Procurement within the power industry’s digital supply chain involves sourcing equipment, software, and services from various suppliers. In [27], procurement knowledge was identified as critical in managing risks and making informed decisions regarding services and suppliers. The results presented in [27] align well with CISA’s recommended practices for supply chain management [24]. This is why we propose embedding the HRE process into the procurement process. Still, it is essential to include the rights to verify and test in the procurement process. To this end, we propose following an approach consistent with that described in ISO 27001 for handling third parties. The ISO approach can be modified to improve cybersecurity and resilience by introducing a “reverse engineering” subprocess, as shown in Figure 4. In this context, this must be already agreed upon in the procurement files and the vendor contracts [28]. Figure 4. Proposed inclusion of an HRE business process into the equipment procurement process [28]. A business process consists of a series of interconnected tasks or activities that collectively aim to achieve a specific business goal. The main elements that define the proposed HRE business process are the following:Inputs: Inputs are the resources or materials needed to initiate and complete a business process. For the HRE process, these include data, information, documents, and materials. Activities/Tasks: Activities or tasks are the individual steps or actions that comprise the business process. The following are graphically depicted for the HRE process using the ANSI workflow standard in Figure 5 [29]. and Scope: Clearly outline the goals of the HRE project. Specify the project’s scope, that is, what aspects of the hardware will be analyzed, such as functionality, components, or security features. Legal and Ethical Considerations: Before starting the HRE process, ensure compliance with relevant laws and regulations and the rules specified in the procurement files. Identify intellectual property rights, patents, and other legal constraints. Obtain necessary permissions from the device manufacturer and fill in the project ethical checklist [9].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: 5: Surface dynamics for varying dust deposition rates and CO2 levels. a Simulated annual mean ablation rates in the tropical ablation zone as a function of pCO2, prescribed dust deposition fluxes and the resulting annual mean albedo. The values are representative for a 18. 75°-wide latitudinal band in the equatorial regions between roughly 10. 0° N and 10. 0° S. b Same as a, but showing values representative of a latitudinal band in the midlatitudes roughly between 30° S and 50° S. c Same as a, but showing the simulated annual mean snow cover. d Same as b, but showing the simulated annual mean snow cover. Symbols indicate the assumed dust deposition rates relative to the present-day global-mean dust flux (GDF): down-pointing triangle = no dust depositions, left-pointing triangle = 0. 03 × GDF, right-pointing triangle = 0. 16 × GDF, up-pointing triangle = 0. 33 × GDF, circles = 0. 66 × GDF, squares = GDF, hexagons = 1. 33 × GDF, and diamonds = 2 × GDF. The simulations were carried out using the MPI-ESM1. 2 (ref. 29) with an adapted snow-albedo-scheme that estimates the albedo based on snow age and surface temperatures, and separates the snowpack into a top layer and a main layer (“Methods—Model configuration and Simulations”). Note that in subfigures c and d, an annual mean snow cover fraction of <75% indicates largely snow-free surfaces during several months in the snow melt season. Full size imageIn contrast, the simulated snow dynamics in the extratropics—between roughly 30° and 50°—allow for deglaciation well with in a feasible pCO2 range (Fig. 5b and Supplementary Fig. 3), and for extreme dust deposition rates snow and ice melt are simulated even at present-day pCO2s (Fig. 6c). In the midlatitudes, the average sublimation and precipitation rates are lower than in the tropics, allowing more dust to accumulate on the snowpack.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: of Forestry > Vol. 8 No. 3, July 2018 Deforestation and in the Rainforest of Nigeria () Oliver O. O. Enuoh1, Augustine U. Ogogo2 1Department of Forestry and Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria. 2Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria. DOI: 10. 4236/ojf. 2018. 83025 1,739 Downloads 7,330 Views 408. doi: 10. 4236/ojf. 2018. 83025. 1. rainforests are “the most species-rich natural environments on Earth, and have extremely important biophysical properties which affect local, regional and global environmental quality” (WWF/ODNRI, 1989: p. 1). Terborgh & Schaik (2002: p. 4) maintain that 75% or more of the Earth’s biological diversity resides in the tropics. Oates (2002: p. 65) comment that the Rainforest of Nigeria is a global biodiversity hotspot and region of species endemism. Unfortunately, tropical rainforests especially in are under increasing pressure from growing human populations, and from the consequent demands for new land for agriculture, urbanization, and industrial development (Burley, 1997). Ojong (1996: p. 148) observes that “over 90% of the rainforest of Nigeria has been devastated through massive illegal logging activities, careless deforestation, urbanization, subsistence farming and plantation agriculture. What is left is less than 10% from which the (CRNP) was established under decree 36 of 1991 to conserve its biodiversity. ” Prior to the advent of colonialism in Nigeria in the 1800s, different ethnic or tribal kingdoms existed and had land boundaries that protected their intact natural resources from external exploitation and misuse. Nigeria’s rainforest was thus blessed with various flora and fauna species. For flora, examples include trees such as Baillonella toxisperma, Pterocarpus osun, Brachystegia spp. , Etandrophragma spp. , Terminalia ivorensis, Milicia excels, Poga Oleosa, Piptandeniastrum africanum, etc.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Resource and Skill Assessment: Evaluate the resources required for the HRE project, including specialized tools, equipment, and personnel with expertise in hardware design, electronics, and HRE techniques. Confirm that all necessary resources are available. Samples: Obtain one or more physical hardware samples to be reverse engineered. This involves collaboration with the hardware vendor. HRE technical steps: Follow the steps of the HRE approach described in [8]. These are graphically depicted in Figure 6. Documentation and Reporting: The report should describe the test method, environmental conditions, equipment details, software, and other important information for testing purposes. Quality Assurance: Verify the accuracy and completeness of the HRE results. Conduct tests to ensure that the identified vulnerabilities accurately reflect the original device. Ethical Disclosure: If security vulnerabilities are identified, follow responsible disclosure practices, for instance, those described in the [30], and follow the pertinent stipulations of the EU NIS2 directive. Provide the manufacturer/vendor with sufficient information to address the vulnerabilities and improve the security of their product. Post-Analysis Actions: Decide on the appropriate actions based on the project’s goals. This may include considering an alternative product, requesting improving an existing product, enhancing security, or conducting further research. Continuous Improvement: Learn from the HRE process and incorporate insights into future security practices. Continuously update processes and methodologies to stay abreast of evolving hardware technologies. Roles and Responsibilities: Clearly defined roles and responsibilities outline who performs each activity within the business process. This ensures accountability and helps in the efficient execution of tasks. Resources: Resources encompass the people, tools, equipment, technology, and facilities required to carry out the activities of the business process. Proper allocation and management of resources are crucial for the smooth functioning of the process. Decision Points: Decision points are junctures in the process where a decision must be made. These decisions can be automated or require human judgment. They influence the flow of the process and may lead to different paths or outcomes. Outputs: Outputs are the results or deliverables from completing the business process. This includes reports and any other tangible or intangible outcomes that meet the objectives of the process. Controls and Checks: Controls and checks monitor and ensure the process’s quality, accuracy, and compliance. This may involve validation checks, reviews, approvals, or audits at various stages to maintain the desired standards.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: In addition, the daily-averaged solar irradiance peaks in the midlatitudes—during summer and winter, respectively—and the annual maximum temperatures are higher than in the tropics. The latter accelerate the snow aging process and the combination of large (near-) surface dust concentrations and high maximum temperatures results in albedos that are notably lower than in the tropics (compare Fig. 5a, b). Even the comparatively high peak snowfall rates at the onset of melting—of up to 20 mm month−1—do not regenerate the snow cover fast enough to maintain a high enough surface albedo to prevent deglaciation (Fig. 6a, b). Furthermore, with maximum temperatures close to the melting point, an increase in surface net radiation does not increase sublimation but instead initiates snow and ice melt, with the meltwater draining from the surface without raising snowfall rates. Thus, for high dust deposition fluxes, the midlatitudes lack the snowfall-albedo feedback that dominates the tropics, resulting in lower snow cover fractions and albedos for increasing pCO2s. Here, the surface can even become snow free during parts of the melt season (Fig. 5d). Fig. 6: Deglaciation for present-day atmospheric CO2 concentrations. a Simulated zonal mean precipitation for dust deposition rates corresponding to 10 × present-day fluxes and atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 0. 4 mbar. b Same as a, but showing the simulated surface albedo. c Same as a, but showing melt rates. Full size imageUnder these circumstances, snow and ice melt are sustained for pCO2s of 80 mbar when assuming present-day global-mean dust deposition rates (Fig. 5b), while a dust flux at 10× the present-day levels triggers melt even for present-day pCO2s (Fig. 6c). As meltwater drains without affecting precipitation, the planet’s ice cover is not necessarily in an equilibrium, in which lateral flow balances ice loss in the ablation zones. Thus, even the comparatively small melt fluxes that are simulated for pCO2s of <100 mbar and present-day dust fluxes could have degraded the ice cover in the extratropics, triggering the deglaciation of an HSB.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests. # factual [SEP] Text: For fauna, examples include Panthera pardus (Leopard), Gorilla, Elephants, Chimpanzees, Buffaloes, Potamochoerus porcus (Bush Pig), (Baboon), assorted monkey species, etc. colonization of Nigeria, and subsequent nationalization and commercialization of forest resources culminated in community alienation in forest management and the emergence of a culture of utilitarianism and recklessness in the use and management of these resources. Government and private forest resources exploitation initiatives (e. g. commercial timber logging in government forest reserves), exacerbated overexploitation of these resources. The above is the colonial root of deforestation activities in Nigeria, which have remained unchanged even after Nigeria’s national independence on October 1st, 1960. colonial rule, a forest policy was imposed which nationalized over 80% of communal forest lands by way of Reserves, leaving the balance as community forest. Marguba (2003: p. 19) informs that during colonial rule, the British established 1129 Forest Reserves, 30 Game Reserves, and 5 in Nigeria. Villagers were persuaded to support the policy, with assurance that forest reservation laws were meant to secure the forest for future generations. A serious surprise then came in the 1940s when the colonial authorities introduced and started approving timber logging concessions to various British companies like Glikstens, Cobbert & Co, UAC (Trading Company), Brandler and Company, (AT & P), () Ltd, Ltd, etc. These companies embarked on reckless and unsustainable logging operations that created and sustained the deforestation trends that have persisted in Nigeria till the present day. Government revenue basically came from these exploitations, and so Government condoned deforestation and the reckless forestry practices of the logging companies. In a book “Out of Nigeria: Witness to a Giant’s Toil”, Joseph L. Brandler, author and of the above Brandler and Rylke Ltd, London, commented that: “The tropical logger is not popular in today’s society. The uncontrolled felling of trees, particularly in the Amazon Basin, has given him a bad name. The colonial administration and its successor states were (and are) aware of the importance of forest management and conservation of trees.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart city technology is completely secure and immune to cybersecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Metrics and Indicators (KPIs): Metrics and KPIs are used to measure the performance and effectiveness of the business process. They provide quantitative data that helps assess whether the process meets its goals and allows continuous improvement. PKIs that can be used in the HRE process include time taken to complete the project; total cost incurred during the project; clarity and completeness of documentation for the reverse-engineered hardware; effectiveness of the team’s skills in utilizing hardware reverse engineering tools and techniques; feedback from stakeholders, including the manufacturer and end-users; adherence to relevant laws, regulations, ethical codes, and standards during the reverse engineering process; number of vulnerabilities discovered over a specific time period; percentage of reported vulnerabilities that are later identified as false positives; percentage of the system covered by the project; and number of vulnerabilities that were discovered before any public disclosure or exploitation. Feedback Mechanisms: Feedback mechanisms enable continuous improvement by gathering information on the performance of the process. This feedback can come from employees involved in the process, manufacturers, stakeholders, or through performance analytics. Technology and Tools: Technology and tools refer to the software, hardware, and other technological solutions that support and automate the business process. This includes instruments, tools, and techniques for HRE, such as those described in [8]; workflow tools; and collaboration platforms. Documentation: Documentation includes written guidelines, procedures, manuals, and other documentation that outline how the HRE process should be executed. It serves as a reference for employees and contributes to process consistency. Timeline and Sequencing: Timeline and sequencing define the chronological order in which activities should be performed. They provide a temporal structure to the process, helping to manage time efficiently and meet deadlines. Communication Plan: A communication plan outlines how information is communicated within and outside the process. Effective communication is crucial for collaboration and ensuring that all stakeholders are informed about the progress and changes in the process. Integration with Other Processes: Integration with other processes ensures a seamless flow of information and activities across different parts of the organization, promoting overall efficiency. The HRE process is interconnected with the procurement process. Figure 5. HRE technical steps. Figure 6. Workflow of the HRE process. 4. 1 A use caseDS in the smart grid provides industrial operation, real-time functionalities, and information access.

Output: contrast