Input: Claim: Quantum computing could revolutionize data encryption and processing. [SEP] Text: In view of this result, Broadbent and Jeffery devised two remarkable T gadgets for non-Clifford circuits and presented three efficient QHE schemes based on classical q-IND-CPA secure homomorphic encryption (CHE), one of which is designed for Clifford circuits and the other two are for non-Clifford circuits with a limited number of T gates11. They also formally defined an important property—compactness—for QHE. In outline, a QHE scheme is compact if the circuit complexity of the decryption procedure for any allowed evaluation C is independent of the circuit complexity of C; the decryption procedure is the task being performed by the client to recover the outcome evaluated by the server. For example, the interactive schemes4,6,7,8,9 based on QOTP are not compact, and some non-interactive ones—the CL scheme for Clifford circuits and the AUX scheme for circuits with constant T-depth—provided by Broadbent and Jeffery11 are compact. Subsequently, Dulek and Schaffner extended Broadbent’s work and proposed a QHE scheme for polynomial-sized T gates utilizing another kind of T gadget12. In addition, other issues, such as multi-party decryption, circuit privacy, quasi-compactness, and generalization to classical encrypted data are also investigated in various QHE schemes13,14,15. It should be noted that introducing CHE (combining with some sophisticated techniques) into QHE is double edged: it not only reduces the communication complexity and gains compactness or quasi-compactness but also compromises security and narrows the schemes’ applicability. These hybrid QHE schemes cannot reach perfect security as many pure quantum cryptosystems do, and they become inefficient for circuits with a large number of T gates (e. g. the circuit of Grover’s search). Apart from the foregoing QHE schemes based on CHE and QOTP, constructions utilizing other techniques are explored, such as a private-key QHE protocol based on the centralizer of a subgroup of operations16, a practical somewhat-secure QHE on coherent states17, a QHE scheme for circuits with constant number of T gates based on quantum codes18, and a QHE scheme with multiple evaluators based on (k,n)-threshold quantum state sharing19. These schemes only apply to limited circuit families.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 1038/495050a12. Development of muscular dystrophy in a -engineered mutant rabbit model with frame-disrupting ANO5 mutations. and Disease. 2018;9(6):609. DOI: 10. 1038/s41419-018-0674-y13. Generation and characterization of a hypothyroidism rat model with truncated thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. Scientific Reports. 2018;(1):4004. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-018-22405-714. . Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease: Targets for potential treatments. Translational Neurodegeneration. 2018;6:28. DOI: 10. 1186/s40035-017-0099-z15. . The basic building blocks and evolution of -CAS systems. Transactions. 2013;41(6):1392-1400. DOI: 10. 1042/BST2013003816. -Cas12a target binding unleashes indiscriminate single-stranded DNase activity. Science. 2018;360(6387):436-439. DOI: 10. 1126/science. aar624517. . Discovery of cancer drug targets by -Cas9 screening of protein domains. Nature Biotechnology. 2015;33(6):661-667. DOI: 10. 1038/nbt. 323518. Mutation in rice Abscisic Acid2 results in cell death, enhanced disease-resistance, altered seed dormancy and development. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:405. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2018. 0040519. ZmCCT9 enhances maize adaptation to higher latitudes. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America. 2018;115(2):E334-E341. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 171805811520. Efficient genome editing in cultured cells and embryos of Debao pig and swamp buffalo using theCas9 system. Cellular & Animal. 2018;54(5):375-383. DOI: 10. 1007/s11626-018-0236-821.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: ResultsQuantification of LesionsNissl staining demonstrated the drastic change in cell size and number within the lesioned area compared to shams (Suppl. Figure S1). The size of these cells was significantly smaller in the lesioned tissue within both the vSPVZ (t98 = 18. 1, p < 0. 05) and SCN (t98 = 16. 4, p < 0. 05; Suppl. Figure S1). In the vSPVZ, an average of 23. 9% of the cells survived in lesioned animals compared to shams (range, 0. 0%-53. 1%). Importantly, an average of only 3. 3% (range, 0. 0%-7. 9%) of the surviving cells were in the size range of those from shams (Suppl. Figure S1). In the SCN, an average of 32. 5% of the cells survived in lesioned animals compared to shams (range, 3. 6%-53. 1%). Importantly, an average of only 21. 1% (range, 9. 8%-30. 6%) of the surviving cells were in the size range of those from shams (Suppl. Figure S1). The smaller cells observed following lesions to either the vSPVZ or SCN are likely to be glia rather than surviving neurons. MaskingLight PulsesThe effects of 1-h light pulses given to shams and those with bilateral lesions of the SCN/vSPVZ were assessed using a 3-way ANOVA, which revealed a significant lighting condition × time interaction (F3,63 = 4. 8, p < 0. 005; within-subjects effect) but no significant difference in surgical condition (F1,21 =. 063, p = 0. 805; between-subjects effect). When the SCN-lesioned animals were compared to the vSPVZ-lesioned animals, no significant differences were detected between the groups for masking (F1,10 = 1. 6, p = 0. 227; between-subjects effect). In addition, neither group was significantly different from shams (F1,21 = 1. 1, p = 0. 347; between-subjects effect). Therefore, the vSPVZ and vSPVZ/SCN animals are analyzed as a single “lesion” group.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum computing could revolutionize data encryption and processing. [SEP] Text: Entropically secure encryption with faster key expansion üseyin : orcid. org/0000-0002-7386-63961 & Boris Škorić2 554 all metrics AbstractEntropically secure encryption is a way to encrypt a large plaintext with a small key and still have information-theoretic security, thus in a certain sense circumventing Shannon’s result that perfect encryption requires the key to be at least as long as the entropy of the plaintext. Entropically secure encryption is possible when a lower bound is known on the entropy of the plaintext from the adversary’s point of view. The typical implementation is to expand the short key to the size of the plaintext, e. g. by multiplication with a public random string, and then use one-time pad encryption. This works in the classical as well as the quantum setting. In this paper, we introduce a new key expansion method that is faster than existing ones. We prove that it achieves the same security. The speed gain is most notable when the key length is a sizeable fraction of the message length. In particular, a factor of 2 is gained in the case of approximate randomization of quantum states. In the classical case, we obtain a reduction of the ciphertext size. Similar content being viewed by others for Encryption to Multi-1. 1 Entropic securityAn encryption scheme is called perfect if the ciphertext reveals no information whatsoever about the plaintext. For perfect encryption of classical plaintexts, the length of the key needs to be at least the entropy of the plaintext, and the simplest implementation is the One-(OTP) or Vernam cipher [1] applied to compressed plaintext. In the quantum setting, perfect encryption of an n-qubit plaintext state requires a key length of 2n bits and the simplest cipher achieving this kind of encryption is the Quantum One-(QOTP) [2,3,4]. If one does not aim for perfect security, it is possible to get information-theoretic guarantees about the encryption even with shorter keys, as long as a lower bound is known on the min-entropy of the plaintext.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Generation of myostatin gene-edited channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) via zygote injection ofCas9 system. Scientific Reports. 2018;7(1):7301. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-017-07223-722. provides acquired resistance against viruses in prokaryotes. Science. 2007;315(5819):1709-1712. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 113814023. Waltz E. Gene-edited mushroom escapes US regulation. Nature. 2016;532(7599):293. DOI: 10. 1038/nature. 2016. 1975424. . Diatoms in biotechnology: Modern tools and applications. and Biotechnology. 2009;82(2):195-201. DOI: 10. 1007/s00253-008-1804-825. . /Cas9 system adapted for gene editing in marine algae. Scientific Reports. 2016;6:24951. DOI: 10. 1038/srep2495126. . -Cas encoding of a digital movie into the genomes of a population of living bacteria. Nature. 2017;547(7663):345-349. DOI: 10. 1038/nature2301727. Lynch VJ, Bedoya-- Elephantid genomes reveal the molecular bases of woolly mammoth adaptations to the arctic. Cell Reports. 2015;12(2):217-228. DOI: 10. 1016/j. celrep. 2015. 06. 02728. . A novel tool for monitoring endogenous alpha-synuclein transcription by NanoLuciferase tag insertion at the 3′ end using -Cas9 genome editing technique. Scientific Reports. 2017;8:45883. DOI: 10. 1038/srep4588329. Hypoimmunogenic derivatives of induced pluripotent stem cells evade immune rejection in fully immunocompetent allogeneic recipients. Nature Biotechnology. 2019;37(3):252-258. DOI: 10. 1038/s41587-019-0016-330. . Reprint of: Building a safer and faster CAR: Seatbelts, airbags, and. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2018;24(3S):S15-S19. DOI: 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: LevelsFor total activity counts (Figure 7), a 3-way ANOVA found a significant main effect of lighting condition (F1,21 = 13. 1, p < 0. 005; within-subjects) but no significant main effects of surgical time (F1,21 =. 646, p = 0. 431; within-subjects) or surgical condition (F1,21 =. 057, p = 0. 814; between-subjects) and no interactions between any variables. Therefore, activity levels were higher in the light than during the dark of an LD cycle, but no difference was found between these activity levels in shams versus bilaterally lesioned animals. Figure 7. Total activity counts presurgery and postsurgery in shams and animals with bilateral lesions. Both prior to surgery and after surgery, average total activity counts were significantly higher during the light phase (gray bars) than the dark phase (black bars) of a 12:12 LD cycle. No significant differences were found for shams compared to lesioned animals. *p < 0. 05. Means are presented along with SEM. Free-Running AnimalOne unique animal with significant damage to the SCN, vSPVZ, and optic chiasm free-ran through all lighting conditions (Figure 8). Even though this animal was not capable of entraining to light, it was still capable of masking to acute pulses of light. A paired t test revealed that activity counts were significantly higher during the light pulse intervals than during the equivalent intervals in the dark (t3 = 3. 2, p < 0. 05). In addition, average daily activity counts in this animal were higher during the light phase of an LD cycle (397. 5 ± 26. 4) compared to the dark phase (247. 9 ± 25. 1), with 61. 6% of the activity occurring during lights-on and 38. 4% of activity occurring during lights-off, suggesting that the animal was still capable of masking. Figure 8. A unique grass rat with damage to the ventral subparaventricular zone (vSPVZ), SCN, and the optic chiasm that free-runs through all lighting conditions. Histology is presented in (A), which shows significant damage to the vand optic chiasm. Outlined regions in black indicate the lesioned area.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are being used in agriculture for monitoring crop health. [SEP] Text: Journal of 23. 12. 2022 Özyurt Hüseyin Duran İlker H Çelen Cited By: 2 Abstract Hazelnut, which has the most common cultivation area after almonds and walnuts among the shell fruits in the world, contains high levels of fat, protein, carbohydrates, various minerals and vitamins. Hazelnut has a broad growing area around the world, and Turkey accounts for 58% of world production with 776,000 tons annually. With this production capacity, Turkey ranks first in hazelnut production over the world. Harmful insects in hazelnut trees are the main factors that reduce hazelnut yield and quality. Pesticides are sprayed with backpack sprayers in the fight against these pests in hazelnut trees. Farmers are directly exposed to pesticides in these practices, which use high amounts of pesticides and water. In recent years, the use of unmanned agricultural vehicles in agriculture has increased. Drones are also used in pesticide applications in agriculture. In this study, the suitability of pesticide applications with the drone in hazelnut fields in Giresun province in terms of field conditions and spraying efficiency was investigated. 2021, applications were made with -1P model spraying drone in a selected hazelnut orchard in Uzgur village of Giresun province. The drone has 4 Teejet XR11001VS fan jet nozzles. Water-sensitive papers were placed on different regions on the hazelnut trees to be sprayed for drop measurements. In the experiments, hazelnut trees were sprayed using water at different heights and spraying rates. 6 flights were carried out at 1. 5 and 2 meters altitudes and 1, 2 and 3 L. da-1 spray rates, and three hazel trees were sprayed as three repetitions in each flight. After the flight trials, the water-sensitive papers were scanned on the scanner, and the volume median diameters and the number of droplets per square centimetre were calculated in the DepositScan software. As a result of the analyses done, it was observed that the applications performed at 1 L. da-1 and 2 L. da-1 spray rates would not be sufficient in terms of spraying efficiency. As the drone flight altitude increased, the accumulation of the drops on the inner leaves decreased. In terms of drop distribution, the most homogeneous application parameter was found to be 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. bbmt. 2017. 12. 78931. van ürch AC, van Ham PM, et al. /Cas9-mediated genome editing of herpesviruses limits productive and latent infections. PLoS Pathogens. 2016;12(6):e1005701. DOI: 10. 1371/journal. ppat. 100570132. Modern biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches against HIV infection. Biomedical Reports. 2017;7(6):504-507. DOI: 10. 3892/br. 2017. 100633. Suppression of Epstein-Barr virus DNA load in latently infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells byCas9. Virus Research. 2018;244:296-303. DOI: 10. 1016/j. virusres. 2017. 04. 01934. /Cas9 system facilitates clearance of the intrahepatic HBV templates in vivo. Molecular Therapy--Nucleic Acids. 2014;3:e186. DOI: 10. 1038/mtna. 2014. 3835. An efficient antiviral strategy for targeting hepatitis B virus genome using transcription activator-like effector nucleases. Molecular Therapy. 2014;22(2):303-311. DOI: 10. 1038/mt. 2013. 21236. . Targeted disruption of EBNA1 in EBV-infected cells attenuated cell growth. BMB Reports. 2016;49(4):226-231. DOI: 10. 5483/BMBRep. 2016. 49. 4. 26037. Cohen J. The birth of. Science. 2017;355(6326):680-684. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 355. 6326. 68038. . -Cas transcriptional perturbation screening reveals protective genes against alpha-synuclein toxicity. Molecular Cell. 2017;68(1):247. e5-257. e5. DOI: 10. 1016/j. molcel. 2017. 09. 01439. György B, LöövCas9 mediated disruption of the Swedish APP allele as a therapeutic approach for early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Molecular Therapy--Nucleic Acids. 2018;11:429-440. DOI: 10. 1016/j. omtn.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal Journal of Impact Factor: 2. 9 5-Factor: 3. 5 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew contentJournal of Biological RhythmsCreate email alert Free accessLetterFirst published online February 27, 2015of Active GSK3 in the Suprachiasmatic NucleusRachel C. Besing, Jodi R. Paul, […], Lauren M. Hablitz, Courtney O. Rogers, Russell L. Johnson, Martin E. Young, and Karen L. Gamble [email protected]+4-4View all authors and affiliations, Issue 2 Furthermore, chronic pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 with 20 µM CHIR-99021 enhanced the amplitude and shortened the period of PER2::luciferase rhythms in organotypic SCN slice cultures. These results support the model that GSK3 activity status is regulated by the circadian clock and that GSK3 feeds back to regulate the molecular clock amplitude in the SCN. At the cellular level, 24-h timing is maintained by transcriptional-translational feedback loops resulting in rhythmic expression of core “clock genes,” in which the activators (CLOCK and BMAL1) are expressed in antiphase to the suppressors (PERs and CRYs; Partch et al. , 2014, for review). A secondary feedback loop consists of CLOCK-BMAL1 activation of a nuclear orphan receptor REV-ERBα, which feeds back to transcriptionally repress Bmal1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are being used in agriculture for monitoring crop health. [SEP] Text: 5 meters high above the upper leaves of the hazel trees and 3 L. da-1 spray rate. Keywords Hazelnut, Drone, Spraying, Volume median diameter, Pesticide, Droplet, Drone 03. 02. 2022). Anonymous (2020b). Institute (), (accessed date: 03. 02. 2022). Anonymous (2022a). Protection AG, (accessed date:03. 02. 2022). Anonymous (2022b). Stewardship (PES), (Accessed date: 03. 02. 2022). Ateş, S. , Kaçar, G. (2021). Sakarya ili fındık bahçelerinde fındık yeşil kokarcası (Palomena prasina L. ) ve fındık kurdu (Curculio nucum L. )’nun popülasyon gelişimleri. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 24(2): 362-371. Chojnacki, J. , Pachuta, A. (2021). Impact of the parameters of spraying with a small unmanned aerial vehicle on the distribution of liquid on young cherry trees. Agriculture, 11(11): 1094. Çelen, İ. H. (2016). Hava emişli yelpaze hüzmeli püskürme memelerinde püskürtme dağılımının ilerleme hızına bağlı olarak değişimi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1): 99-106. Çelen, I. H. , Önler E. , Özyurt H. B. (2020). Drone technology in precision agriculture. Engineering Sciences, 121. Irfan, M. , Ahmad, F. , Kahliq, A. , Awais, M. , Hamid, S. (2021). ıng Pollution. of Abstracts (p. 295). Kılıç, B. (2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: 1 a TradeoffThe first plant breeding technique was the selection and propagation of plants with improved heritable traits, which were based on the cumulative net positive outcome of genetic changes. In more modern breeding, Loci (QTL) studies have led to the discovery of alleles responsible for the improvement of traits. Molecular breeding was then developed to cross such alleles into the crop variety of interest, thereby increasing speed and accuracy of the breeding process. Studying the effects that these alleles had on a trait made apparent how common pleiotropic effects are due to the introduction of an allele from a wild donor to a receiving elite line: often the improvement of one trait goes hand in hand with negative effects on other traits. The association between breeding values of linked traits can be positive or negative so that if one trait changes, other traits will change as well. A positive value indicates a win-win situation. For example, shorter plants have been shown to be easier for the mechanical harvest and also lead to a yield gain because plants put more energy into seed production. A negative value indicates a tradeoff: for example, an average increase in seed number often leads to a decrease in average seed weight. Genome wide association study (GWAS) experiments are very effective in indicating which genes or alleles are important for a given trait. Trait correlations are often caused by a set of genes that form the connection between two traits. However, some alleles have been discovered which cause breaks in trait associations. They can be the key to overcoming tradeoffs. However, such findings are rare and can often not be translated to crop plants. Transgenic approaches can be used to introduce these alleles. Alternative approaches to influence trait associations include selection of novel alleles from mutant populations or targeted mutagenesis with genome editing. Mutant populations have been created by random mutagenesis with a mutagen such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and such populations are very expensive to make because they require thousands of chemically treated individuals that are grown for multiple generations. Therefore, targeted mutagenesis is attractive as it can make targeted mutations in the gene or promoter of interest, so that only a few plants need to be edited instead of a large population. A few types of editing are discussed here: editing to create genetic variation including knockouts, editing to alter expression of target genes and cutting DNA to induce crossovers in recombination cold spots.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The length of the molecular clock cycle can be regulated by posttranslational events, including phosphorylation by kinases such as casein kinase I enzymes (Partch et al. , 2014). We know much less about how other kinases, such as glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), regulate the period and/or amplitude of the molecular clock, especially in neurons of the central circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Given that dysregulated GSK3 signaling has been implicated in psychiatric and neurological disorders (Hooper et al. , 2008; Li and Jope, 2010; Duncan and Zee, 2013), and many therapeutic drugs target GSK3 (e. g. , lithium, valproate, risperidone, etc. ; Li and Jope, 2010), important questions to address are how GSK3 activity varies over the course of the day and how the molecular clock is affected by these rhythms. A key feature of GSK3 is that it is active in its default state and that its 2 isoforms are inactivated by phosphorylation (at Ser-21 for GSK3α [S21-GSK3α] and Ser-9 for GSK3β [S9-GSK3β]). This critically important phosphorylation state balance of S9-GSK3β changes across the light-dark cycle in the SCN (Iwahana et al. , 2004; Iitaka et al. , 2005). In some brain regions, the 2 distinct GSK3 isoforms can have functional differences, such as differences in substrate recognition, axonal growth, regulation of synaptic plasticity, and formation of senile plaques in an Alzheimer mouse model (Castaño et al. , 2010; Soutar et al. , 2010; Hurtado et al. , 2012; Shahab et al. , 2014). Therefore, it is important to determine whether phosphorylation of S21-GSKα also varies across the subjective day-night cycle in the SCN. Because rhythmic phosphorylation of S9-GSK3β is dependent on the molecular clock in peripheral tissues such as the heart (Durgan and Young, 2010), we hypothesized that rhythmic phosphorylation of GSK3α and GSK3β persists in constant darkness in the SCN.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are being used in agriculture for monitoring crop health. [SEP] Text: Yüksek miktarda ilaç ve su kullanımı ile yapılan bu uygulamalarda, çiftçiler direkt olarak pestisitlere maruz kalmaktadır. Son yıllarda insansız tarım araçlarının tarımda kullanım alanı artmıştır. İnsansız hava araçları tarımda pestisit uygulamalarında da kullanılmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmada Giresun ilindeki fındık arazilerinde insansız hava araçları ile pestisit uygulamalarının arazi koşulları ve ilaçlama etkinliği açısından uygunluğu araştırılmıştır. 2021 Eylül ayında Giresun iline bağlı Uzgur köyünde seçilen bir fındık bahçesinde -1P model ilaçlama için kullanılan insansız hava aracı ile uygulamalar yapılmıştır. İnsansız Hava Aracı üzerinde Teejet XR11001VS yelpaze hüzmeli memeler kullanılmıştır. Püskürtme yapılacak fındık ağaçlarının üzerindeki farklı bölgelere damla ölçümleri için suya duyarlı kağıtlar yerleştirilmiştir.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: These techniques are discussed in the context of a few well-known tradeoffs. 2 Unique GenesDuring plant evolution, two important whole genome duplications have occurred. First, in the ancestral seed plant whole genome duplication has led to the divergence of the seed plants. Second, whole genome duplication in the ancestral angiosperm plant has led to the angiosperm radiation. These whole genome duplications lead to gene duplication. Changes accumulate in the gene copies over time, because the alleles are under different selective pressure. This can result in divergence of gene function. It was estimated that 65% of genes have at least one duplicated copy. Genes are often part of gene families, but this does not mean that they can always be substituted by a homolog or an ortholog: this is clear when a knockout or an allele of the gene results in a phenotype. Such genes can be important regulators of plant growth and development, and often have pleiotropic effects when they are modified. Therefore, reducing the negative effects of a tradeoff is most difficult for these types of genes. Most of the time, finding another gene that affects the trait in a similar way, but with fewer pleiotropic effects would be preferable. Three examples of tradeoffs caused by unique genes are discussed in the next sections. 2. 1 vs. (FT) is a well-known and often studied flowering time regulator that is unique for its central role in the induction of flowering in most plant species [1]. Knockouts of FT exhibit a late flowering phenotype, and overexpression reduces time before flowering. FT also plays a role in control of growth, heterosis, tuberization and the regulation of stomatal opening in a variety of plants [1]. Therefore, FT can have pleiotropic effects on plant growth and development. Natural variation for flowering time in canola is frequently associated with FT alleles and comes with a biomass tradeoff [2]. Swinnen and colleagues have summarized examples from literature of genetic variation in cis-regulatory elements in genes that underly initial domestication of various crops [3]. A large part of these alleles are in the FT promoter, suggesting that altered expression pattern of this gene is of major importance in the domestication of crops, very likely due to its effect on flowering time and flowering synchrony. Pleiotropic effects are also evident in other flowering time regulators, such as 1 (TFL1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: blot analysis (as in Paul et al. , 2012), we investigated p-GSK3α and p-GSK3β levels in mice housed in constant darkness (DD) for 14 to 20 days. Both p-GSK3α and p-GSK3β (as a percentage of total GSK3α or GSK3β, respectively) displayed a statistically significant rhythm (n = 27/time course; p < 0. 05; Figure 1A,C,E) during DD conditions. Interestingly, p-GSK3α peaked during the late subjective night (circadian time or CT phase, 20. 94 ± 0. 47, where CT 12 refers to activity onset; mesor, 1. 02 ± 0. 51; amplitude, 0. 41 ± 0. 08). In contrast, p-GSK3β peaked during the early subjective day (circadian time or CT phase, 2. 93 ± 1. 45; mesor, 1. 51 ± 0. 16; amplitude, 0. 61 ± 0. 22). There were no significant differences in total GSK3α or GSK3β expression with respect to time (cosinor nonlinear regression, p > 0. 05; Figure 1A,D,F), consistent with previous reports in the SCN and liver from mice housed in LD (Iitaka et al. , 2005). The persistence of rhythmic GSK3α/β inactivation in the absence of light cues provides evidence for intrinsic clock regulation of GSK3 inactivation state. Figure 1. Rhythmic phosphorylation of GSK3 in the SCN persists in constant darkness. (A) blots of total GSK3α/β reblotted for β-actin (top), p-GSK3α reblotted for GSK3α (middle), and p-GSK3β reblotted for GSK3β (bottom). Quantification (mean ± SEM per CT bin) of (B) β-actin levels, (C) p-GSK3α to total GSK3α ratio, (D) total GSK3α (normalized to β-actin), (E) p-GSK3β to total GSK3β ratio, and (F) total GSK3β (normalized to β-actin) when sampled at various times across DD.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are being used in agriculture for monitoring crop health. [SEP] Text: Anonymous (2022a). Protection AG, (accessed date:03. 02. 2022). Anonymous (2022b). Stewardship (PES), (Accessed date: 03. 02. 2022). Ateş, S. , Kaçar, G. (2021). Sakarya ili fındık bahçelerinde fındık yeşil kokarcası (Palomena prasina L. ) ve fındık kurdu (Curculio nucum L. )’nun popülasyon gelişimleri. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 24(2): 362-371. Chojnacki, J. , Pachuta, A. (2021). Impact of the parameters of spraying with a small unmanned aerial vehicle on the distribution of liquid on young cherry trees. Agriculture, 11(11): 1094. Çelen, İ. H. (2016). Hava emişli yelpaze hüzmeli püskürme memelerinde püskürtme dağılımının ilerleme hızına bağlı olarak değişimi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1): 99-106. Çelen, I. H. , Önler E. , Özyurt H. B. (2020). Drone technology in precision agriculture. Engineering Sciences, 121. Irfan, M. , Ahmad, F. , Kahliq, A. , Awais, M. , Hamid, S. (2021). ıng Pollution. of Abstracts (p. 295). Kılıç, B. (2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: Brassica napus knockouts for BnaC03. TFL1 does not only have reduced flowering time but also reduced plant height, as well as reduced branch number, number of siliques, and seeds per silique [4]. Variation in the FT promoter through genome editing technologies could result in more genetic variation aimed at reducing pleiotropy. Changing expression of FT is also likely to improve synchronous flowering as a positively correlated trait, but it might be hard to limit the negatively correlated traits that result from early maturity, because of the link between early flowering and early maturity. If earlier flowering time is needed, it could be preferred to find genes that can speed the overall growth so that the plant matures faster. A knockout in cpn60β4 in Arabidopsis thaliana was shown to accelerate plant development [5]. cpn60β4 orthologs could be knocked out in the species for which accelerated flowering is needed, as this gene is conserved in angiosperms [5]. This might lead to a similar effect on reducing flowering time without early maturity. 2. 2 Life vs. Lycopene Content from the has calculated that tomato has become the third most grown vegetable worldwide in the last decade and is therefore considered a very valuable crop [6]. Two properties are indispensable for the success of tomato: firmness and high lycopene content. Delayed ripening improves firmness and reduces the damage during the shipping of tomatoes as well as storability, while high lycopene improves the attractiveness for consumers, the value for the processing industry, as well as its nutritional value. Transcription factors that are important in improving shelf life are NON-(NAC-NOR) and -(MADS-RIN). Both proteins are not knockouts but alleles causing a phenotype: NOR is a partially mistranslated but functional protein and RIN is a fusion between two proteins. They both cause physiological, transcriptional and hormonal changes in ripening tomato fruits. Both of these regulators delay fruit ripening in similar but not identical ways. Crossing the RIN mutation to eight different wild type tomato lines clearly demonstrated that the improvement of shelf life negatively correlates with reddening of the tomato in the F1 progeny, and it was shown that the reduced reddening is due to a twofold reduction of lycopene. Conclusively, RIN and NOR mutations can improve shelf life at the cost of lycopene production.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Cosinor nonlinear regression: (C) R2 = 0. 53, F(2, 24) = 13. 73, p < 0. 05, n = 27/time course; (D) R2 = 0. 25, F(2, 24) = 3. 96, p < 0. 05; n = 27/time course; (E) R2 = 0. 21, F(2, 22) = 2. 91, p > 0. 05; n = 26/time course. Previous evidence suggests that GSK3 directly phosphorylates at least 5 core clock proteins: PER2, CRY2, 1, and α (Kaladchibachi et al. , 2007; Spengler et al. , 2009; Kurabayashi et al. , 2010; Sahar et al. , 2010). Given that phosphorylation of BMAL1 by GSK3β affects Bmal1 translation and protein stability in vitro (Yin et al. , 2006; Sahar et al. , 2010; Valnegri et al. , 2011), we tested the initial hypothesis that the time-dependent balance of phosphorylated to de-phosphorylated GSK3 is critical for BMAL1 expression rhythms in the SCN. Specifically, p-GSK3α and p-GSK3β rhythms were eliminated using a double transgenic mouse model of chronic GSK3 activity (GSK3-KI mice) in which 2 serine-alanine mutations (GSK3αS21A/S21A and GSK3βS9A/S9A) render both isoforms of GSK3 constitutively active (but at endogenous levels; McManus et al. , 2005; Paul et al. , 2012). Wheel-running rhythms of these mice have decreased rhythmic amplitude, lengthened α (active period), increased activity bouts per day, and increased SCN excitability at night compared with wild-type (WT) controls (Paul et al. , 2012). This circadian phenotype was not observed in mice bearing single KI mutations (GSK3αS21A/S21A or GSK3βS9A/S9A), likely due to functional redundancy between the GSK3 isoforms, and therefore, only mice with both α and β isoform mutations were investigated in the current studies.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydropower generation can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst. 2023, 424, 6Updated mortality estimation formulae for salmonids passing through Francis turbines at hydropower plants Sylvie Tomanova1,2*, Dominique Courret1,2, Blaise Tymen2,3, Sylvain Richard2,4, Lionel Dumond3 and Pierre Sagnes1,2 1 Office français de la biodiversité, Direction de la recherche et de l'appui scientifique, Toulouse, France 2 Pôle R&D écohydraulique, OFB-IMFT-3 ôle Énergies Renouvelables, Toulouse, France 4 Office français de la biodiversité, Direction de la police et du permis de chasser, Service prévention appui prospective, Toulouse, France * Corresponding author: sylvie. tomanova@ofb. gouv. fr Received: 8 November 2022 Accepted: 10 January 2023 migrating fish can be strongly affected by hydroelectric facilities. To set up adapted mitigation measures, it is important to identify these impacts (e. g. induced mortality rates). turbines, two mortality prediction formulas, developed in 1989 and updated in 2000, are currently used in France for salmonids according to turbine characteristics and fish size (Larinier and Dartiguelongue, 1989, updated by Bosc and Larinier, 2000). However, their use is limited when some parameters are unknown, such as turbine speed. Moreover, the updated version of can be criticized because of its unpublished development procedure and its unknown predictive power. The main purpose of this study is to update the existing formulae to meet the following objectives: (1) a transparent development procedure, (2) formulae simplification, (3) the use of simple (usually the best-known) turbine parameters, and (4) a maximization of the predictive power and an assessment of prediction errors. Based on data from 73 in situ mortality tests available in peer-reviewed and ‘grey’ literature, we developed two new formulae to estimate salmonid mortality rate in Francis turbines. The first one uses turbine peripheral speed, diameter and fish size (correlation between predicted and observed mortality rates r = 0. 89, and root mean square error RMSE = 0. 11).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: However, transgenic lines aiming to improve astaxanthin content surprisingly accumulated high levels of lycopene and also displayed an improvement in shelf life [7]. The authors explain the phenotype as the result of the extended duration of lycopene synthesis, so lycopene can accumulate, whereas the lack of β-carotene or its metabolic products possibly reduced the feedback inhibition. This phenotype demonstrates that firmness and lycopene content are not necessarily always correlated. The genes that were overexpressed originated from marine bacteria from the Brevundimonas genus and these genes are not present in tomato. However, the enzyme that forms β-carotene or its metabolic products are present in the tomato genome and hence could be knocked out. Alternatively, reducing the expression with an RNAi construct of a fruit-specific expressed pectate lyase (Solyc03g111690) reduced the softening of the tomato fruit, showing that it is possible to bypass the overall climacteric ripening program [8]. This could be easily reproduced with a genome edit aiming to knockout or knockdown this gene. A third example that firmness and carotenoid levels are not always correlated is the phenotype of the hp1 and hp1-w mutants. These plants produce tomatoes with delayed ripening, higher levels of carotenoid and other phytonutrients due to altered light transduction [9]. However, the authors point out that this results in undesirable whole plant phenotypic changes and therefore they suggest that the knockdown of the gene responsible for the phenotype, DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1), should be occurring only during fruit ripening. This demonstrates that the tradeoff of high lycopene content vs. delayed ripening can be resolved by taking one of several possible approaches that could bypass the tradeoffs: either by rerouting the lycopene pathway, directly targeting the enzymes involved in softening, or by altering the light signaling pathway specifically in the tomato. 2. 3 vs. Seed WeightFor many crops, an increase in seed number leads to a reduction in seed weight. 2 (TaGW2-A1), is a well-characterized gene in wheat that has a positive effect on seed weight but reduces the number of seeds.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Quantification (mean ± SEM per CT bin) of (B) α-tubulin levels and (C) BMAL1 levels (normalized to α-tubulin) when sampled across DD for wild-type (WT; black; n = 27/time course) and GSK3-KI (gray; n = 25/time course) mice. Cosinor nonlinear regression: WT, R2 = 0. 23, F(2, 24) = 3. 50, p < 0. 05; GSK3-KI, R2 = 0. 01, F(2, 22) = 0. 57, p = 0. 91. (Bottom) Schematic representing hypothetical model for the interrelationship between GSK3 and the circadian clock. Circadian clock–dependent regulation of GSK3 results in time-of-day–dependent oscillations in target proteins, including BMAL1 and REV-ERBα. Phosphorylation of BMAL1 primes this clock component for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation, while phosphorylation of REV-ERBα promotes nuclear translocation and inhibition of ROR-mediated Bmal1 transcription. Increased BMAL1 protein degradation coupled with diminished Bmal1 transcription will result in diminished BMAL1 protein levels and therefore attenuated circadian clock output. While it is appreciated that Bmal1 is a necessary molecular clock component for behavioral rhythmicity (Bunger et al. , 2000), whether or not BMAL1 protein level rhythmicity is necessary for a functional pacemaker is unclear (Shi et al. , 2010). To test the idea that GSK3 activation rhythms regulate molecular clock amplitude and periodicity, we used the Period2Luciferase (Per2Luc) mouse model as a readout of real-time molecular clock function (Yoo et al. , 2004). Specifically, a selective GSK3 inhibitor (20 µM CHIR-99021) was chronically applied to the media of organotypic tissue cultures of SCN from mPer2Luc+/– reporter mice (Yoo et al. , 2004; Besing et al. , 2012). This compound inhibits both GSK3 isoforms by competing with ATP for the ATP-binding site of the kinase (Cline et al. , 2002; Ring et al. , 2003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydropower generation can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The second one is based on usually known parameters: turbine discharge, water head and fish size, to allow a broader applicability (r = 0. 89, RMSE = 0. 10). This study comforts the validity of previous formulae and provides two new ones allowing a satisfactory precision in the estimations. Key words: Renewable energy fish downstream migration impact prediction © S. Tomanova et al. , Published by EDP Sciences 2023 This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. 1 Hydropower and mortality predicting formulae for Francis turbines One of the main environmental impacts of hydropower development is related to fish upstream and downstream passage (Larinier, 1998; Therrien and Bourgeois, 2000). If unprotected by diversion systems, fish (and especially individuals of diadromous species like salmon or eel) can suffer injury or death by passing through turbines at hydroelectric plants during their migration to the sea (EPRI, 1987). An accurate quantification of fish mortality rates is necessary to set up efficient protection measures. However, establishing such relationships generally requires costly, time- and fish-consuming studies implying fish injection into the turbines and their recapture (alive and dead individuals) downstream (see list of studies in Suppl. Material). In comparison, the use of predictive formulae to roughly estimate fish mortality is much less expensive and doesn't require animal sacrifices. In France, two fish mortality predicting formulae are used for the estimation of salmonids mortality in Francis turbines (Larinier and Dartiguelongue, 1989; Bosc and Larinier, 2000), which are the most widely installed hydro turbines in the world (IRENA, 2012) and among the most installed on the migration routes of amphidromous species in France (Briand et al. , 2015). These formulae are based on findings from field trials conducted at several hydroelectric facilities around the world but both have been criticized for reasons pointed here below. The historically first one, from Larinier and Dartiguelongue (1989), hereafter called LD1989, is: M=[sin(6. 54+0. 218*H+118*Lm−3. 88*D+0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: The introduction of the wild emmer allele GNI-A1 into wheat was demonstrated to break this correlation because this allele could improve seed weight without affecting seed number, as reviewed by [10]. It was demonstrated that a single amino acid substitution is responsible for this (G182R). Alternatively, overexpressing an α-expansin gene in wheat led to transgenic lines with a higher seed weight, no significant change in seed number, and hence an increase in grain yield of 12. 3% [10]. These two examples show that an increase in seed weight does not always lead to a reduced seed number. The opposite was also demonstrated. In rice, elevated NOG1 expression was shown to increase the number of grains per plant without affecting the grain weight, and this was due to a natural variation of a 12 bp insertion in the promoter [10]. Crossing an allele that improves seed weight to another allele that improves seed number would be a good strategy to improve total yield. The above examples are in wheat and rice, and thus analogs/homologs should be found in other grain crops of interest. A list of candidates that could have a comparable function could be made, and these genes can be edited, either by SNP introduction (to GNI-A1 homologs) or through promoter editing (for α-expansin or NOG1 expression). This could be done simultaneously with genome editing technologies aimed at multiplexing of editing tools. Together these examples show that the genetic link of two traits causing a tradeoff can be broken through introducing/creating/knocking out alleles that do not affect both traits. Different tools can be used to achieve this effect. The detailed molecular studies of tradeoffs allow for the use of targeted mutagenesis. Hence, genome editing can be very helpful when multiple alleles need to be modified or when natural variants are not available in the available germplasm. 3 of in Orthologs/HomologsAs mentioned before, many genes are part of gene families. This essentially means that a mutation in such a gene, if is not dominant or dominant-negative, does not lead to a phenotype because the function is compensated by a homolog with a similar function. For breeders this means that for many genes, single knock-outs are not effective for improving traits.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Application of this small-molecule GSK3 inhibitor nearly doubled the amplitude of the chi-squared periodogram analysis and significantly shortened the period length of SCN explant PER2::LUC rhythms (n = 9/group; t tests, p < 0. 05; Figure 3A,B), suggesting that chronic GSK3 inhibition enhances the amplitude and speeds up the periodicity of the molecular clock. These results are consistent with previous in vitro studies that show that molecular clock amplitude is enhanced and period is shortened by pharmacological GSK3 inhibition in fibroblasts and mammalian cell lines (Hirota et al. , 2008; Vougogiannopoulou et al. , 2008; Li et al. , 2012). On the other hand, molecular clock amplitude is reduced by GSK3 overexpression (Sahar et al. , 2010; Li et al. , 2012). Although it is well documented that the GSK3 inhibitor lithium lengthens the period of circadian rhythms (Mason and Biello, 1992; Abe et al. , 2000; Hirota et al. , 2008; Mohawk et al. , 2009; Osland et al. , 2011), our results with a more selective GSK3 inhibitor raise the possibility that lithium-induced effects may be due to nonspecific targets, perhaps via inositol phosphatase inhibition (Quiroz et al. , 2004). Figure 3. GSK3 inhibition modulates the molecular clock. (A) Representative bioluminescent traces from PER2::LUC organotypic SCN cultures treated with vehicle (black) or CHIR-99021 (20 µM; gray). (B) Bar graph (mean ± SEM) of amplitude (left; t(16) = 2. 68; *p < 0. 05) and period length (right; t(16) = −3. 83, *p < 0. 05). The present study shows that both GSK3 isoforms are rhythmically inactivated in the SCN in constant conditions, consistent with previous evidence in LD (Iwahana et al. , 2004; Iitaka et al. , 2005). These results support the model that GSK3 activity is clock controlled (Durgan and Young, 2010), potentially regulated by rhythmic phosphorylation of AKT (Panda et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydropower generation can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 0078*N)]2 with M − fish mortality ranging between 0 (no mortality) and 1 (100% of mortality), H − water head (m), Lm − fish length (m), D −turbine diameter (m), N − turbine rotation speed (rotations per minute, rpm). The main difficulty for using this formula is that the turbine rotation speed is frequently unknown. The second formula (hereafter called BL2000) was determined by Bosc and Larinier (2000): M=[sin(−17. 98+45. 62*H0. 181*D−0. 207*Lm0. 224)]2. However, the authors did not present the methodology used for the formula development nor its predictive power, and did not determine whether it resulted in improvements, with respect to LD1989 formula. From a practical point of view, the application of any of these formulae in impact studies resulted in frequent errors in mortality estimations, for example if the sinus transformation was incorrectly computed (e. g. in degrees instead of radians). For these reasons, we decided to update the existing formulae to meet the following objectives: (1) a transparent development procedure, (2) formulae simplification, (3) the use of simple (usually the best-known) turbine parameters, and (4) a maximization of the predictive power and an assessment of prediction errors. 2 Review of existing field mortality studies We conducted an extensive literature review on fish mortality studies in Francis turbines, performed on various hydroelectric facilities, mainly in the and Europe. Only the studies using an injection/recapture method were selected. This method was the most widely used and was considered precise enough to asses fish mortality in turbines (as recommended in Baran and Courret, 2013). Basic data allowing mortality estimation for salmonids were compiled into a database (available in Suppl. Material), where each row contains empirical data from a mortality test on a Francis turbine (of different diameter, head, discharge) and under a given running operation type (rotation speed). The collected fish experimental data were: tested species, fish length, number of fish injected and recaptured in test and control groups, number of recaptured fish dying immediately after the test, and 24 or 48 h after. Replicated tests on the same site under similar conditions (same species, fish length, same turbine and operation type) were pooled together.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: However, if a gene that is important for a trait, is part of a gene family, and causes additional negative effects on other traits, there is an opportunity to substitute such a gene with a homolog. 3. 1 vs. Inflorescence BranchingUsing genome editing technology to modify promoters can be aimed at introducing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small and larger deletions and even rearranging the promoter randomly though multiplex editing. Generating a population of plants with variations in the promoter sequence of a single gene can be used for fine-tuning the desired effect. A series of deletions in the promoter of 3 in tomato (SlCLV3) was linked to altered expression and it was shown that the altered expression coincided with an altered level of locule number and thus fruit size, though not predictably [11]. Reducing SlCLV3 activity also promoted inflorescence branching [12], which can lead to excessive number of fruits, dampening the effect that reduced SlCLV3 expression can have on fruits size due to disturbed source to sink transport. It was shown that a null mutant for SlCLV3 in tomato is compensated by elevated expression of the ortholog SlCLE9 [12]. The authors also show that SlCLE9 has a similar function as SlCLV3, though the SlCLE9 knockout has a weak phenotype with only a subtle effect on locule number. This means that an edited promoter population for either SlCLV3 or SlCLE9 could be a valid strategy to obtain a tomato plant with a high number of locules and regular inflorescence branching. 3. 2 vs. Plant MorphologyMutants in the gibberellic acid biosynthesis and catabolism pathway often result in a dwarf or elongated phenotype respectively, due to modified gibberellic acid levels. However, this often comes with pleiotropic effects such as increased tillering in rice, increased culm bending in sorghum, and in one case can result in complete inhibition of flowering in rice. Tomato internode elongated-1 (EI-1) is a splice-site mutation in the SlGA2ox7 gene. SlGA2ox7 is a gibberellin 2-oxidase that catalyzes the breakdown of certain bioactive gibberellins and EI-1 results in a dwarf phenotype.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: , 2002; Durgan and Young, 2010), a primary upstream kinase of GSK3 (Hur and Zhou, 2010). In addition, our data suggest that GSK3 feeds back to affect molecular clock function in SCN neurons. Specifically, when both GSK3 isoforms were constitutively activated, BMAL1 rhythms within the SCN became arrhythmic. It is interesting that BMAL1 levels do not fall below baseline levels in mice with chronic GSK3 activity. Future studies should investigate whether there is a pool of BMAL1 that is resistant to degradation via the GSK3-E3-ubiquitin pathway and whether chronic GSK3 activation affects transcriptional clock gene rhythms and/or cellular compartmentalization of clock proteins. Our study also found that disruption of GSK3 activation rhythms with chronic pharmacological inhibition nearly doubled PER2::LUC rhythms in SCN organotypic cultures. Investigation of the effects of phase-specific inhibition of GSK3 on the molecular clock will be important to address in the future. Taken together, our results support the conceptual model that disruption of GSK3 activity rhythms affects the molecular clock such that chronic activation impairs rhythmicity of some molecular clock components (such as BMAL1; Figure 2), while chronic inhibition enhances rhythmicity of the molecular clock (as indicated by real-time PER2::LUC rhythms). 3264. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science102. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1017. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science130. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2910. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science658. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1684. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science6. CrossrefWeb of Science1439. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science551. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science7402. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science9402. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2287. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3. CrossrefPubMed1768. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3292. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2154. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science138. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1583. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science183. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science933. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science320.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydropower generation can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The data available from the 73 studies of our database allowed for the calculation of 47 Mortality rates of type 1 and 14 Mortality rates of type 2. For the remaining 12 tests, only the original published mortality rates (with frequently unknown mortality computation method) could be included in the database. 4 Candidate explanatory variables All the turbine parameters considered were correlated to observed fish mortality (Fig. 1). Their strong inter-correlation excluded their simultaneous use as explanatory variables in predictive mortality formulae. Previous studies (EPRI, 1987; Larinier and Dartiguelongue, 1989; Bosc and Larinier, 2000) demonstrated the importance of different turbine parameters on fish mortality. Therefore, we first combined turbine peripheral speed U (m/s, usually computed as: U = π*D*N/60) and turbine diameter D (m) (two variables with low inter-correlation) with fish length L (mm, a parameter reflecting different ontogenetic stages), to build a first model, hereafter called the “UDL” type model. According to our objective 2 (the use of simple and usually known turbine parameters), we combined a second set of variables: turbine discharge Q (m3/s), water head H (m) and fish length L (in mm) (variables with also low inter-correlation), to build a second model, hereafter called the “QHL" type model. This approach led to the development of two different formulae (see a description of the available dataset in Table 1). Turbine rotation speed N was not selected as a candidate explanatory variable because of its strong correlation with all other variables (Fig. 1). Fig. 1Candidate explanatory variables, their inter-correlations and relations to salmonids mortality resulting from collected data (N − rotation speed (rpm), U − peripheral speed (m/s), H − water head (m), Q − nominal discharge (m3/s), D − diameter (m), L − fish length (mm) and mortality (unitless, range = 0–1)). Distribution histograms of each variable (on the diagonal), bivariate scatterplots with a fitted line (below the diagonal) and Pearson coefficients of correlation (above the diagonal) with the following significance levels: *** < 0. 001; ** < 0. 01, * < 0. 05, ° < 0. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: EI-1 leads to an increase in bioactive gibberellins in stems and petioles [13]. However, since SlGA2ox7 is more highly expressed in hypocotyls and internodes than in petioles, the elongated internode mutation phenotype is stronger here. Due to this organ specific expression, EI-1 exhibits a reduced elongation specific effect only, while its ortholog Solyc10g005360 has a different expression pattern and is therefore expected to have more pleiotropic effects, including in the leaves. Consequently, the former gene would be a preferred candidate for genome editing as higher expression could lead to shorter plants without affecting the morphology of the leaves. Similarly, in pea the mutant Le-1 has a mutation in a gibberellin 3-oxidase, which results in a shoot specific phenotype, while the roots are unaffected. In summary, to shorten the height of a crop species, unwanted pleiotropic phenotypes could be avoided by learning about the expression patterns in all genes that are affecting this phenotype, and choosing a gene that has a tissue specific expression. 3. 3 vs. GrowthAscorbate peroxidases (APX) catalyze the H2O2-dependent oxidation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in plants, and can therefore reduce ascorbic acid levels. In Arabidopsis, a knocked out major cytosolic isoform of APX led to severe growth retardation. In contrast, in tomato there are nine homologs that encode for APX enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of ascorbate, with one being highest expressed in red ripe tomato fruits. Specific mutation of SlAPX4 by genome editing led to an increase of ascorbic acid in fruit with no detected growth impairment [14]. Hence, this approach might be easily copied to other crops for the biofortification of fruits, in case their genomes contain a family of APX homologs. 3. 4 vs. YieldRice blast is a disease caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae and is a huge problem in rice cultivation. Resistance to this disease has a tradeoff with yield. Pigm is a locus that has been used in breeding for durable and broad-spectrum resistance to rice blast.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Although these studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of transplants in restoring activity rhythms, and in one case a humoral rhythm (Earnest et al. , 1989), neither the entrainment of restored rhythms by light nor the restoration of photoperiodic responses has been observed (Lehman et al. , 1987; Matsumoto et al. , 1996). Thus it has not been known whether transplanted SCN retains the ability to be entrained. It is possible that cells capable of generating circadian oscillations and producing an output signal survive transplantation but that cells or mechanisms required for entrainment do not. The possibility that melatonin might serve as an entraining signal for SCN grafts was suggested by the finding that prenatal injections to pregnant hamsters entrained the activity rhythms expressed by the pups after weaning (Davis and Mannion, 1988). More recently, daily melatonin injections given directly to newborn hamsters were also shown to cause entrainment (Grosse et al. , 1996). These findings, together with evidence for melatonin receptors in the fetal and newborn hamster SCN (Duncan and Davis, 1993), suggest that the fetal and newborn hamster SCN are targets for melatonin. In transplantation studies, SCN from either fetuses or newborn hamsters are transplanted. Thus, if the direct action of melatonin on the intact fetal and neonatal SCN is sufficient to cause entrainment, and an entrainable pacemaker is present in grafts, then melatonin should entrain rhythms restored by transplanted SCN. A preliminary study, which examined the effects of melatonin on hamsters with SCN grafts, in fact suggested that rhythms restored by transplantation could respond to an external entraining cue (Romero and Silver, 1989). Other evidence indicated that the rhythmicity of an intact host can influence metabolic activity within grafts (Servière et al. , 1994). The first aim of the present study was to determine whether melatonin injections could entrain the activity rhythms of hamsters bearing newly implanted SCN grafts. Second, because the ability of melatonin to entrain the rhythms of neonatal hamsters is lost after postnatal day 5 (P5) (Grosse et al. , 1996), and melatonin binding site density falls during postnatal development (Duncan and Davis, 1993), the effect of melatonin injections on more established grafts was also examined.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydropower generation can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Firstly, the Mortality 1, mostly used during formulae development, is certainly a too optimistic way to compute fish mortality, as all uncaptured fish are considered alive. Secondly, available field studies usually report fish mortality between 0 and 48h after fish passage through the turbine and delayed mortality, occurring afterward (Ferguson et al. , 2006; Algera et al. , 2020; et al. , 2020), remains unknown. New formulae were developed using mortality tests performed on a quite wide panel of Francis turbines (Tab. 1) from many different locations in and Europe, and with a salmonid mean length up to 345 mm. We consider that the applicability and robustness of the formulae are good within these limits. Mortality estimations using turbine parameters or fish lengths outside of the ranges used for the formulae development is possible, but with caution because of the unknown precision of the subsequent mortality predictions. In such cases, the new UDL and QHL formulae can still be useful to roughly indicate potential ecological impacts (e. g. low, moderate or high). If the mortality estimation needs to be more accurate, direct mortality tests must be performed, while making sure to respect animal welfare as much as possible. Lastly, note that mortality tests also remain necessary for modified Francis turbines (e. g. with a modification of blades' shape), developed to minimize fish mortality or injuring. Dataset used for UDL and QHL formulae development. Access here authors would like to thank for the English corrections clarifying the text, and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments which improved the manuscript. 2020. What are the relative risks of mortality and injury for fish during downstream passage at hydroelectric dams in temperate regions? A systematic review. 9: 3. [CrossRef] [2013. Ichtyocompatibilité de turbines hydroélectriques : définition des attentes et des protocoles de tests nécessaires. --IMFT, 15 p. [1981. Updated compendium on the success of passage of small fish through turbines. Washington, D. C. : US of Engineers, Div. [2020. Passage through a hydropower plant affects the physiological and health status of Atlanstic salmon smolts. 247: 110745. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [2015.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: The locus consists of 13 homologs coding for NLR receptors and two of these, PigmR and PigmS are separated by just two genes. While PigmR confers blast resistance but at a yield cost, PigmS attenuates the blast resistance, and therefore counteracts the yield cost by promoting seed set [15]. Interestingly, increased expression by transgenic overexpression of both loci, overcomes this tradeoff. Hence, the Pigm locus effect on yield could be improved by editing their promoters for improved expression of both. 4 DragSometimes a tradeoff is caused by two genes that are in close proximity to each other on a chromosome. Such genes might genetically be linked if recombination between the genes is low or absent. This would make separation of these genes difficult or even impossible. If one of the two genes has a positive effect on a trait, but the other one has a negative effect on the same or another important trait, this presents a tradeoff known as linkage drag. Linkage drag examples include virus resistance vs. yield in tobacco, viral resistance vs. bacterial resistance in tomato, abiotic stress resistance vs. yield and quality traits in sunflower, and heading date vs. root biomass in wheat. In a series of near isogenic lines, the precise site was determined where recombination could break the tradeoff between viral resistance and bacterial resistance in tomato [16]. Recombination of the I-3 gene out of the donor Solanum pennelli introgression at the end of the chromosome would remove the unknown gene from S. pennelli that causes bacterial spot susceptibility. The technology to induce precise crossover events is still in development, but some progress has been made. Controlling the recombination event has been shown in yeast. In plants linkage drag could be broken by swopping chromosome arms between linked loci [17]. The authors also demonstrated how two chromosome arms were exchanged in the ALS2 locus for the Solanum pennellii and Solanum lycopersicum cv. M82. This shows that performing controlled recombination to remove a gene with a deleterious effect while maintaining the novel introgressed allele in plants is a promising new breeding tool. 5 Applying genome editing technology to reduce tradeoff side-effects has potential as a tool in plant breeding. Especially knockout editing or promoter editing has been proposed due to their broad applicability.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: If the ability of melatonin to entrain the SCN disappears during the maturation of grafts, this would suggest that the loss during normal development is part of a program intrinsic to the grafted tissue rather than to changes that normally occur elsewhere in the developing animal, such as the appearance of the pup’s own pineal melatonin rhythm (Rollag and Stetson, 1981). . Adult (8-week-old) male and female Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were obtained from Laboratories (Kingston, NY) and maintained on a 14/10 hr light/dark cycle (lights off at 1600 hr Time) with food and water available ad libitum. To obtain fetal tissue for transplantation, estrous cycles of females were monitored by daily examination of the vaginal discharge, and animals were mated overnight on the night of ovulation. Fertilization was assumed to have occurred midway through the dark portion of the light/dark cycle, and the 24 hr after mating was designated embryonic day 1 (E1). To ensure that the donor fetuses received no circadian cues before transplantation, pregnant females were transferred to dim constant light (dim LL, <2 lux) at the time of lights off on E1 and on E7 received electrolytic lesions of the SCN (see Surgery). Activity recording. Activity rhythms were monitored in dim LL by housing animals individually in cages equipped with a running wheel. Wheel revolutions were recorded by closure of a microswitch mounted on the cage and collected and stored in 10 min bins using Datacol 3 software (Minimitter, Sunriver, OR). Display and analysis of activity recordings were performed using Circadia software (Behavioral Cybernetics, Cambridge, MA). Estimates of free-running period to a resolution of ±5 min were made by adjusting the folding period of the actogram until vertical alignment of successive activity bouts was achieved. Surgery. Pregnant females and both male and female host animals received electrolytic lesions of the SCN. Animals were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (100 mg/kg) and placed in a stereotaxic frame. An electrode (platinum iridium, OD insulated except for 0. 3 mm at the tip) was lowered at the midline to a point 8. 3 mm below the skull surface and 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydropower generation can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Mortalité cumulée des saumons et des anguilles dans les turbines du bassin Loire-Bretagne. 260 p. , Available on: [1987. : Review and Evaluation of Studies. Final report AP-5480. Eicher Associates, Inc. , 200 p. [2006. Evidence of delayed mortality on juvenile pacific salmon passing through turbines at Dams. 135: 139–150. [CrossRef] [2012. Renewable energy technologies: cost analysis series—Hydropower. : Power Sector, Issue 3/5. Energy Agency, 44 p. [1998. Upstream and downstream fish passage experience in France. In: eds. . England: Oxford, 145. [2000. at Sites. Report by Group for 114 p. [2023. Updated mortality estimation formulae for salmonids passing through Francis turbines at hydropower plants. Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst. , 424, 6. Table 1Description of the dataset used for UDL and QHL formulae development: U − peripheral speed (m/s), D − diameter (m), Q − nominal discharge (m3/s), H − water head (m), L − fish length (mm). In the text Fig. 1Candidate explanatory variables, their inter-correlations and relations to salmonids mortality resulting from collected data (N − rotation speed (rpm), U − peripheral speed (m/s), H − water head (m), Q − nominal discharge (m3/s), D − diameter (m), L − fish length (mm) and mortality (unitless, range = 0–1)). Distribution histograms of each variable (on the diagonal), bivariate scatterplots with a fitted line (below the diagonal) and Pearson coefficients of correlation (above the diagonal) with the following significance levels: *** < 0. 001; ** < 0. 01, * < 0. 05, ° < 0. 1. In the text Fig. 2Relationship between observed (Mobs) and predicted mortalities (Mpred) resulting from formulae LD1989 (Larinier and Dartiguelongue, 1989), BL2000 (Bosc and Larinier, 2000), UDL and QHL (see text), and variability of errors (difference between Mpred and Mobs) in relation to Mobs.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Gene editing is completely risk-free with no side effects. [SEP] Text: More precise edits can result in altered protein function, and to obtain this, different editing technologies are being developed [18]. Due to the nature of DNA editing enzymes and the properties of chromosomes in alive cells, not every nucleotide can be edited in such a controlled manner. Also, off-target effects are a problem for genome editing success. Solving this remains a challenge for the future. It should be considered that not all crops can be edited yet. For example, incomplete sequenced genomes, difficulty in editing itself, resistance to regeneration or obligatory outcrossing are hurdles to overcome. Some tradeoffs were broken through an allele that was discovered with a QTL experiment. Other tradeoffs can be broken through editing (promoters) of genes, especially if tradeoff-breaking alleles have not been discovered in the crop of interest. Both approaches can be useful additions to the breeders’ toolbox. Breaking tradeoffs is not easy. In fact, breaking one tradeoff could create a novel one. An example is the GNP1TQ allele in rice which has broken the seeds number vs. seed weight tradeoff. When this allele was introduced in the Lemont background, this did not result in a higher yield because the variety could not meet the increased sink capacity needed for the filling of the grains [10]. So next, the grain number vs. sink capacity tradeoff needs to be addressed. In the end, by balancing tradeoff side-effects with trait improvement, new crop varieties can be bred that meet novel breeding demands.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 6 mm anterior to bregma (incisor bar 2 mm below ear bar). With a subcutaneous cathode, a current of 4 mA was passed for 10 sec. Pregnant females were then returned to dim LL until transplantation on E14. Recipient animals were also transferred to dim LL and housed individually in cages equipped with a running wheel for recording of activity rhythms. Any animal that subsequently displayed a rhythmic pattern of activity and rest was removed from the study. Two to 3 weeks after receiving SCN lesions, SCN-lesioned hosts received grafts of hypothalamic tissue obtained from fetuses collected on E14. Pregnant hamsters received a lethal dose of sodium pentobarbital, their fetuses were rapidly removed and decapitated, and the brains were dissected into Geys balanced salt solution (). The fetal brains were then transferred to 67% Eagle’s basal medium and 33% Earle’s balanced salt solution at room temperature. A block of tissue containing the optic chiasm and SCN region of the hypothalamus was dissected from the brains and used for transplantation within 90 min. Recipients of grafts were anaesthetized and placed in the stereotaxic frame. A glass micropipette (Wiretrol II; Drummond Scientific, Broomall, PA) was used to take up one block of donor tissue containing both SCN from a single fetus (a volume of <1 μl) and was lowered through the hole previously drilled for the SCN lesion to a point ∼8 mm below the dural surface. The plunger was held in place while the pipette was withdrawn, leaving the graft in the brain. Animals were returned to wheel-running cages in dim LL and activity recording continued. In all, five or six fetuses from eight litters were used (44 transplants in total). Protocol. Of the host animals that received SCN lesions, 44 (75%) were arrhythmic and received grafts (15 females and 29 males). A total of eight donor litters were used, with four different donor litters contributing tissue to each treatment group. Hosts were divided into two treatment groups. Group 1 (6 females and 16 males) received melatonin injections (25 μg in 200 μl of 0. 1% ethanolic saline) at 0900 hr and vehicle (0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydropower generation can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst. 2021, 422, 4Temporary turbine and reservoir level management to improve downstream migration of juvenile salmon through a hydropower complex Gestion temporaire du niveau de retenue et du turbinage d'un aménagement hydroélectrique visant à protéger les smolts de saumon Atlantique Stéphane Tétard1,2*, Romain Roy2, Nils Teichert3, Jocelyn Rancon4 and Dominique Courret5 1 ICEO – 220 Rue des Ailes, 85440 Hilaire, France 2 EDF R&D LNHE - d'Hydraulique et Environnement, 6 Quai Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France 3 des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Muséum National d'2030, Sorbonne Université, IRD 207, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Centre de Recherche et d'Enseignement sur les Systèmes Côtiers, station de biologie marine de Dinard, 38 rue du Port Blanc, 35800 Dinard, France 4 CNSS, Larma, 43300 Chanteuges, France 5 Office Français de la Biodiversité − DRAS, Pôle R&D Ecohydraulique OFB-IMFT-2 Allée du Soula, 31400 Toulouse, France * Corresponding author: stetard@iceo-environnement. fr Received: 3 November 2020 Accepted: 19 January 2021 management rules to improve downstream migration of salmon smolts in large hydropower plants is essential to limit mortality and migration delay. A 2-year telemetry study was conducted to assess the efficiency of temporary measures to enhance the safety and speed of juvenile salmon passage through the Poutès dam (Allier River, France). 124 smolts were tracked through the reservoir and downstream of the dam, during implementation of turbine modulation and/or shutdown during night and reservoir level lowering. Level lowering significantly reduced median residence time from 3. 4 days to 4. 4 hours.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: evolution has been argued to result, in part, from changes in how genes are regulated. However, we still know little about gene regulation in natural primate populations. We conducted an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based study of baboons from an intensively studied wild population. We performed complementary expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping and allele-specific expression analyses, discovering substantial evidence for, and surprising power to detect, genetic effects on gene expression levels in the baboons. eQTL were most likely to be identified for lineage-specific, rapidly evolving genes; interestingly, genes with eQTL significantly overlapped between baboons and a comparable human eQTL data set. Our results suggest that genes vary in their tolerance of genetic perturbation, and that this property may be conserved across species. Further, they establish the feasibility of eQTL mapping using RNA-seq data alone, and represent an important step towards understanding the genetic architecture of gene expression in primates. eLife digest Our genes contain the instructions needed to make all aspects of the body. These instructions can be changed by altering the sequence of the DNA that makes up the genes, which can account for many of the different characteristics found in humans and other animals. However, our characteristics can also be altered by changing how often the genes issue their instructions, which is known as gene expression. For example, it is thought that changes in the expression of some genes in primates may account for the expansion of brain sizes over evolutionary time, particularly in the ancestors of modern humans. Most studies into gene expression in primates have compared different species or focused on humans. It is less clear how many, and what type of, genes vary in expression between individuals of the same species in other natural populations. Here, Tung, Zhou et al. used a technique called RNA-sequencing to study gene expression in a population of wild baboons that have been studied for over four decades by the in Kenya. This involved collecting blood samples from 63 individually recognized adult baboons. After RNA-sequencing, Tung, Zhou et al. were able to identify specific sections of the baboon genome where the DNA sequence an individual baboon carried could predict how highly individual genes were expressed. These sections are known as ‘expression quantitative trait loci’ (or eQTLs for short). Tung, Zhou et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 1% ethanolic saline) injections at 2100 hr for 7 d beginning on the day after transplantation. Group 2 (9 females and 13 males) received vehicle injection at 0900 hr and melatonin injection at 2100 hr daily for the 7 d after transplantation. After injections were completed, the hamsters were left undisturbed while activity recording continued for another 5 weeks. Hosts that had not shown restoration of robust circadian rhythmicity by this time were removed from the experiment. Ultimately, both groups consisted of 12 hamsters, with 4 females and 8 males in each. Included in the final groups were hosts that had received tissue from each of the eight donor litters; i. e. , all donor litters contributed viable grafts to the study. To examine the response to melatonin and vehicle injection in hosts with grafts that had become well established, the animals that showed the most robust rhythms 5 weeks after transplantation received a second set of injections. Hamsters received injections of either melatonin (n = 6; 3 from each of groups 1 and 2) or vehicle (n = 5; 3 from group 1 and 2 from group 2) at 1100 hr for 5 consecutive days. The injections fell at different circadian times in different animals (see Results). Activity recording was continued for a further 10 d after the final injection to assess any phase shift that may have occurred. All animals were then perfused, and the brains were processed for immunocytochemical detection of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Data analysis and statistics. The phase of activity onset of restored rhythms was determined for the first day after a set of injections. For the initial set of injections phase was assessed by three observers (two with no knowledge of the experimental groups) with eye fit lines through at least 3 weeks of activity onsets. The eye fit lines were extrapolated back to the day after the last injection. In all cases, the estimates of phase were within 2 hr of each other. Where estimates differed, the median of the three estimates was used. Phases were plotted on a circle representing the 24 hr of the day after the last injection. The average phase for a given group was calculated by vector addition, with the length of the average vector, r, representing the scatter among phases.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydropower generation can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. [SEP] Text: However, even with high spill during turbine modulation, the risk of smolt being drawn toward the turbines was increased at low reservoir level due to the site's configuration, greater proximity to the surface and weak repulsive effect of the rack. Moreover, results revealed that a substantial proportion of smolts can migrate during daytime and twilight during floods, even at the beginning of the migration period. Thus targeted turbine shutdown has a good potential to protect smolts, but implementation requires studies taking account of site specificities and a flexible approach. Résumé Le développement de règles de gestion pour améliorer la dévalaison des smolts de saumon au niveau des grandes centrales hydroélectriques est essentiel pour réduire les mortalités et les retards de migration. Un suivi par télémétrie a été mené pour tester l'efficacité de mesures temporaires mises en œuvre au barrage de Poutès (rivière Allier, France). Au total, 124 individus ont été suivis depuis l'amont de la retenue jusqu'à l'aval du barrage pendant la mise en œuvre de modulation ou d'arrêt du turbinage et l'abaissement du niveau de la retenue. L'abaissement a significativement diminué le temps de résidence des smolts (médiane de 3. 4 jours à niveau haut contre 4. 4 heures à niveau bas). En revanche, cela a augmenté le risque d'entraînement vers les turbines en raison de la configuration du site, d'une plus grande proximité de la prise d'eau avec la surface et d'un faible pouvoir répulsif de la grille. De plus, une proportion importante des poissons peut migrer de jour et au crépuscule durant les crues, même en début de période de migration.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: found that there was a lot of genetically controlled variation in gene expression across the 63 baboons. Most of the eQTLs were found to be in genes that are rapidly evolving or are relatively new. There were fewer eQTLs in genes that are shared across a wide variety of species, possibly because keeping the expression of these genes stable is important for processes that are essential for life. Many of the eQTLs found in the baboons were in genes where eQTLs are also found in humans. This suggests that the set of genes where genetic variation affects gene expression in the baboons may also be a similar set in humans. Tung, Zhou et al. also examined how the age, sex, and social integration of the baboons affected the variation in gene expression observed in the population. They found that for most genes, these factors had only small effects on gene expression levels. However, for some genes, these factors could affect the level of expression throughout the life of the individual. These findings demonstrate that it is feasible to study gene expression patterns in wild primates. The next challenge is to investigate how environmental and genetic factors combine to influence gene expression, and the evolutionary impact of these effects for animals as a whole. regulatory variation has been shown to make fundamental contributions to phenotypic variation in every species examined to date. This relationship has been demonstrated most clearly at the level of gene expression, which captures the integrated output of a large suite of other regulatory mechanisms. Variation in gene expression levels has been linked to fitness-related morphological, physiological, and behavioral variation in both lab settings and natural populations (e. g. , Abzhanov et al. , 2004; Hammock and Young, 2005; Tishkoff et al. , 2006; Chan et al. , 2010; reviewed in Wray, 2007), and is a robust biomarker of disease in humans (e. g. , Golub et al. , 1999; Borovecki et al. , 2005). In addition, patterns of gene expression are often associated with signatures of natural selection (Rifkin et al. , 2003; Denver et al. , 2005; Gilad et al. , 2006a; Blekhman et al. , 2008), suggesting their functional importance even when their phenotypic significance remains unknown.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: test was used to determine whether the distribution of phases within a group was significantly different from uniform, and the Mardia–Watson–Wheeler test determined whether there was a difference between the distribution of the two groups (Batschelet, 1972). Any phase shift and/or entrainment caused by the injections given after the establishment of restored rhythms was assessed by comparing actual and predicted onsets (determined by eye fit lines) on the day after the last of the five injections. Immunocytochemistry. The extent of SCN lesions and the presence of SCN tissue within grafts were assessed at the end of the experiment by immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP-IR). Animals received an overdose of sodium pentobarbital and were perfused intracardially with 0. 01 m PBS containing 25,000 U/l heparin, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in 0. 01 m PBS (PFA). Brains were removed and post-fixed for 2 hr in PFA and then cryoprotected overnight in 20% sucrose-PBS. Sixty micrometer coronal sections through the graft and lesion sites were cut on a freezing microtome, and free-floating sections were then processed for VIP-IR. Sections were treated for 10 min in 0. 5% H2O2and then rinsed in 0. 01 m PBS and incubated overnight at 4°C in 0. 01 m PBS, 1% bovine serum albumen, and 0. 3% Triton X-100 containing anti-VIP antibody (1:5000; Peninsula Laboratories, Belmont, CA) and 2% normal goat serum. Detection of primary antiserum was achieved using the avidin–biotin complex method (Vector Laboratories) and visualized using diaminobenzidine. of circadian rhythmicity sufficiently robust to assess phase of activity onset was achieved in 54. 5% of hosts (55. 2% of males and 53. 3% of females). The mean period ± SEM of restored rhythms was 24. 05 ± 0. 04 hr (24. 06 hr in males and 24. 04 hr in females). Figures 1 and2 show examples of actograms from two animals from each of the experimental groups.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydropower generation can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Les arrêts ciblés de turbinage ont une efficacité potentielle élevée, mais leur mise en œuvre nécessite des études tenant compte des spécificités de chaque site. Key words: Atlantic salmon downstream migration migratory delay operational management turbine shutdown Mots clés : Saumon atlantique dévalaison retard migratoire gestion opérationnelle arrêt de turbinage © S. Tétard et al. , Published by EDP Sciences 2021 This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. 1 salmon (Salmo salar) is a famous anadromous species, with both juveniles (smolts) and adults undertaking long migrations between freshwater and marine habitats. Unfortunately, the species has undergone a general decline. Recruitment of the European stock has diminished almost 3-fold, from 8 to 3 million, since the early 1970s (Friedland et al. , 2009). Among other threats, river fragmentation is frequently reported as the main cause of this decline (Lucas and Baras, 2001; Thorstad et al. , 2008; Limburg and Waldman, 2009). When migrating to marine habitats, smolts can encounter hydroelectric facilities and suffer direct or delayed mortality by passing through the turbines (Pracheil et al. , 2016; Thorstad et al. , 2017). Moreover, dams can also cause migratory delay because reduced flow velocity slows downstream migration and alters flow paths (Hansen et al. , 1984; Marschall et al. , 2011; Huusko et al. , 2018), resulting in erratic movements and difficulty in finding reservoir outlets (Aarestrup et al. , 1999; Tétard et al. , 2016a; Schwinn et al. , 2018). This delay can decrease smolt survival through elevated migration energy costs (Marschall et al. , 2011), reduced success of passage (Nyqvist et al. , 2017) and extended exposure to predation (Jepsen et al. , 1998; Gauld et al. , 2013; Schwinn et al. , 2017).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: In primates, the majority of research on the evolution of gene expression has concentrated on cross species comparisons, particularly using humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques (Enard et al. , 2002; Cáceres et al. , 2003; Khaitovich et al. , 2004; Gilad et al. , 2005, 2006b; Haygood et al. , 2007; Blekhman et al. , 2008; Babbitt et al. , 2010; Barreiro et al. , 2010; Blekhman et al. , 2010; Brawand et al. , 2011; Perry et al. , 2012). These studies—motivated by a long-standing argument about the importance of gene regulation in primate evolution (King and Wilson, 1975)—have been important for identifying patterns of constraint on gene expression phenotypes over long evolutionary time scales, and for suggesting candidate loci that might contribute to phenotypic uniqueness in humans or other species. For example, gene expression patterns associated with neurological development appear to have experienced an accelerated rate of change in primates relative to other mammals, with axonogenesis-related and cell adhesion-related genes accelerated specifically in the human lineage (Brawand et al. , 2011). Similarly, differentially expressed genes in human liver are enriched for metabolic function (Blekhman et al. , 2008), suggesting a potential molecular basis for arguments implicating dietary shifts in the emergence of modern humans (Kaplan et al. , 2000; Ungar and Teaford, 2002; Wrangham, 2009). Adaptively relevant changes in gene expression levels across species implicate selection on gene expression phenotypes within species, and particularly within populations, the basic unit of evolutionary change. However, in contrast to cross species comparisons, we still know little about the genetic architecture of gene expression levels in natural nonhuman primate populations. No estimates of the heritability of gene expression traits are available, even for populations that have been intensively studied for many decades. We also do not know whether segregating genetic variation that affects gene expression is common or rare, how the effect sizes of such variants are distributed, or whether they carry a signature indicative of natural selection. If gene regulatory variation has indeed been key to primate evolution, as classic arguments suggest (King and Wilson, 1975), then large gaps therefore remain in our understanding of this process. Three primary reasons combine to account for the absence of such data.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Histological assessment confirmed that animals that were arrhythmic after SCN lesion had no VIP-IR in the SCN region of the hypothalamus. Additionally, the brains of all animals that showed restoration of circadian rhythms had VIP-IR graft tissue, generally located in the anterior hypothalamus, above or within the third ventricle. Figure 3shows photomicrographs of lesions and grafts from hosts in both experimental groups. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFig. 1. Double-plotted actograms of two hamsters that received melatonin injections in the morning (circles) and vehicle (diamonds) in the evening (group 1) for 7 d immediately after transplantation (T). The hamsters also received injections (as indicated) 6 weeks after transplantation. Theheavy vertical lines are the eye fit lines used to estimate the phases of activity onset on the day after the initial set of injections (top end of the line). Asterisks on the time scales at the tops of the actograms also indicate the phases. Eye fit lines before and after the later set of injections were used to assess the effects of the injections. In most cases these two lines appear as a single line, because no shifts or changes in period occurred. The VIP-immunoreactive grafts of animals A and B are shown in Figure 3, A andB. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFig. 2. Double-plotted actograms of two hamsters that received melatonin injections in the evening (circles) and vehicle (diamonds) in the morning (group 2) for 7 days immediately after transplantation (T). The hamsters also received injections (as indicated) 6 weeks after transplantation. Theheavy vertical lines are the eye fit lines used to estimate the phases of activity onset on the day after the initial set of injections (top end of the line). Asterisks on the time scales at the tops of the actograms also indicate the phases. Eye fit lines before and after the later set of injections were used to assess the effects of the later injections. shows an advance phase shift in response to vehicle injections. The VIP-immunoreactive grafts of animals A and B are shown in Figure 3, C andD. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFig. 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydropower generation can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. [SEP] Text: High rates of predation in lakes or reservoirs were reported in some studies. For example, Jepsen et al. (1998) found that 90% of smolts negotiating an artificial lake died, mainly due to fish (56%) and bird predation (31%). Migratory delay can also further lead to desmoltification (McCormick et al. , 1999): i. e. smolts losing their propensity to migrate or ability to survive in saltwater. Additionally, decreased migration speed can decrease smolt survival when migration timing and optimum environmental conditions in rivers, estuaries and the coastal environment are out of phase (McCormick et al. , 1998; Thorstad et al. , 2012). In the context of climate change, the need to restore longitudinal connectivity is even more crucial (Jonsson and Jonsson, 2009; Isaak et al. , 2015). The thermal and hydrological regimes of rivers are significantly affected by climate change, which may impact downstream migration of smolts (Arevalo et al. , 2020). Earlier migrations are already being observed in many rivers (Jonsson and Jonsson, 2014; Otero et al. , 2014; Kuczynski et al. , 2017). Therefore, delayed migration may adversely affect the long-term survival of the salmonid populations (Crozier and Hutchings, 2014; Morita, 2019). Fish-passage solutions now exist, enabling quick and safe downstream migration through hydropower complexes. Recent tests on fine-spaced low-sloping racks associated to 1 or more surface bypasses showed good effectiveness and quick passage (Tomanova et al. , 2017, 2018; Nyqvist et al. , 2018). However, due to management issues and investment cost, these solutions are presently limited to hydropower plants (HPP) with turbine capacity up to about a hundred m3 s−1 (Larinier et al. , 2020). Implementation of passage solutions in large HPPs is complex and expensive (Larinier and Travade, 2002). Surface bypasses associated to conventional trashracks are usually implemented, but tests generally showed variable and limited efficiency (Ovidio et al. , 2017; Tomanova et al. , 2018; Larinier et al. , 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: , 2012; Runcie et al. , 2013). We generated RNA-seq data for 63 individually recognized members of the Amboseli study population. We used these data to explore the frequency, impact, and potential selective relevance of variants associated with variation in gene expression levels, using complementary expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping and allele-specific expression (ASE) approaches. We found evidence for abundant functional regulatory variation in the Amboseli baboons, and a surprising amount of power to detect these variants even with a modest sample size. We also found that functional variants are depleted in highly conserved genes, consistent with constraint on gene expression patterns. However, among genes with eQTL, we did not find strong support for a relationship between effect size and minor allele frequency. Such a relationship would be consistent with pervasive negative selection on gene expression phenotypes (i. e. , selection against variants that produce large perturbations in gene expression levels) and has been suggested by work in humans (Battle et al. , 2014). Finally, we used our data set to provide the first estimates of the heritability of gene expression levels in wild primates, including the relative contributions of cis-acting and trans-acting genetic variation. regulatory variation is common in the Amboseli baboons We obtained blood samples from 63 individually recognized adult baboons in the Amboseli population (Figure 1—figure supplement 1). From these samples, we produced a total of 1. 89 billion RNA-seq reads (mean of 30. 0 ± 4. 5 s. d. million reads per individual, with 8. 6 ± 1. 8 s. d. million reads uniquely mapped to exons: Supplementary file 1A). On average, 67. 2% of reads mapped to the most recent release of the baboon genome (Panu2. 0), 69. 2% of which could be assigned to a unique location. We used the set of uniquely mapped reads to estimate gene-wise gene expression levels for NCBI-annotated baboon RefSeq genes. After subsequent read processing and normalization steps (‘Materials and methods’, Figure 1—figure supplement 1 and Figure 1—figure supplement 2), we considered variation in gene expression levels for 10,409 genes expressed in whole blood (i. e. , all genes for which we could test for cis-acting genetic effects on gene expression).

Output: contrast