Input: Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 2. Although the lists essentially include the local variation, the long-term 96-year data with the unchanged identification criteria is very unique to investigate the 100-year and 1000-year extreme events. Further, in the view-point of space weather countermeasure against the extreme events, the local enhancement itself is also of great interest to mitigate the possible maximum hazard. Fig. 1Magnetic storm events observed at Observatory for 96-year time interval from May 1924 to May 2020. The histogram is also shown at right-hand sideFull size imageFig. 2Sudden commencement events observed at Observatory for 96-year time interval from May 1924 to May 2020. The histogram is also shown at right-hand sideFull size imageThe standard data for measuring the amplitude of substorms are the AE index. However, the AE index becomes unreliable when large substorms occurred at lower magnetic latitude than that of the AE stations located at high latitude of 65–70 deg. Recently, the SME index was developed from globally distributed magnetometers ranging from 40 deg to 80 deg magnetic latitude (Gjerloev 2012) to provide a better replacement to evaluate the amplitude of such a large substorm events. The substorm list was also provided from SuperMAG website ( with 1 min time cadence. The data set used in this study is 34-year data from January 1986 when the number of SME stations was large enough (> 30 stations) to better identify extreme events. A total of ~ 6×104 substorm events were identified in the list for the 34-year time interval. The substorm amplitude of each event was calculated as the 15-min mean value of the SME index starting 10 min after the substorm onset (Newell and Gjerloev 2011). The basic occurrence property and the amplitude distribution of the SME index were documented by Newell and Gjerloev (2011). In this paper, some more space weather event lists are consulted to discuss the possible origins of the statistical distributions. The event list of solar flares is available at NOAA’s website ( The event list of CMEs is available at NASA’s website ( The list of SEP events is available at NOAA and NASA ( setIn general, interactions among many elements or their non-linearity bring out a new characteristic from the complex network.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: Over the last three decades, growth in human population and corresponding increase in demand for forest products for domestic and industrial use, expansion of agricultural land, illegal settlements and weak forest management capacity have adversely affected the status of natural forests in Uganda, particularly the biodiversity [4]. Impacts in has been a 0. 2 degree Celsius increase in temperatures every decade in Uganda since 1960 and may increase by up to 5. 3 degree Celsius by 2080. This means a lot because the increase in temperatures increases transpiration and water loss from soils, thereby destroying seedlings and crops. Rainfall projection will decrease by roughly 188mm by 2080 and also a shift of seasons. Climate change has altered the competitive position of Uganda with respect, for example, to exports of agricultural products. This may result from yields increasing as a result of altered climate in one area, whilst being reduced in another. district Banana harvest has shown consistent increase trend while Masaka district, harvest has drastically decreased. The altered competitive position may affect not only exports, but also regional and farm-level income, rural employment, and the type of crops grown in a region. While most studies are unlikely to include an analysis of competitiveness itself, it is possible to evaluate the relative position of a country by studying the few analyses of climate change effects on global food trade [5]. The country is highly vulnerable to climate change and variability thus, its economy and the wellbeing of its people are tightly bound to climate. Human induced climate change today has the potential to halt or reverse the country's development trajectory. It is the poor and vulnerable people in remote and hard to reach areas who feel these impacts the hardest, though climate change has a serious implications for the nation's economy previously, with for example, a shift in the viability of coffee growing areas potentially wiping out US $265. 8 million or 40% of export revenue in the year 2016 (Figure 3). Figure 3: affected by Drought in Western Uganda. is highly vulnerable to climate change and variability thus, its economy and the wellbeing of its people are tightly bound to climate. Human induced climate change today has the potential to halt as well as reverse the region's development trajectory. Given that Uganda is a landlocked country that depends on agricultural, agro-pastoral, and pastoral livelihoods, the population expansion has placed increasing stress on limited natural resources i. e. forests and woodland have been destroyed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: g. , refrigerator, oven). Furthermore, not to be underestimated is the stock-effect, which hypothetically leads to greater awareness about food waste. Basically, the fear of reduced medium- to long-term food availability should lead consumers to preserve resources and manage them in a more sustainable way, consequently reducing food waste. In such a context, as a natural consequence of the lockdown, an intense change in food management has been registered, with reference to smart food delivery (Jribi et al. 2020; Laguna et al. 2020; Patrinley et al. 2020). The role of food delivery, through digital apps (e. g. , Just Eat, Glovo, Deliveroo) and technological or social tools (e. g. , Telegram, Facebook), has been crucial to improve food purchase planning and increase the amount of time designated for choosing foods. Food delivery, as stated by the referenced literature (Park and Kim 2003; Kedah et al. 2015) and suggested by the sample, increased customers’ awareness on products (across high-definition colors, shapes and photographs) and improved buying decisions, thus reducing the occurrence of unappreciated and disposed meals in households. However, the food diary participants still highlighted several causes of food waste. In line with previous studies (Salhofer et al. 2008; Beretta et al. 2013; Schott and Cánovas 2015; Schanes et al. 2018), the analysis revealed that quantities of unavoidable food waste (inedible food such as bones, skins and scraps) cannot significantly be reduced but that impressive efforts could be done to minimize avoidable and potentially avoidable fractions. Table 5 records the main reasons for food waste generation extrapolated by the sample and proposes possible strategies toward its reduction according to the referenced literature. Table 5 Drivers and strategies to reduce food waste at homeFull size tableAs the participants stated, the highest amount of food waste is represented by unavoidable waste, occurring almost always during food preparations (e. g. , skins and scraps of fruit and vegetables, egg peel). Only a few preparations, on the contrary, have been discarded according to limited cooking skills (e. g. , completely burnt bread), bad food storage (e. g. , overextended storage of eggplants or strawberries) and taste p4. 2 Limitations and future directionsAlthough the food diary participants seemed very enthusiastic over the course of the accounting period (Langley et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: The data points are displayed at even intervals in logarithmic scale. Log-normal and power-law fits are shown by thick and thin solid curves, respectively. The best fitted parameters are α = 4. 2, μ = 1. 96, and σ = 0. 28Full size imageThe log-normal fit for > 200 nT storms gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as − dH = 750 nT and 1100 nT, respectively, while the power-law fit gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as − dH = 1100 nT and 2200 nT, respectively. The largest amplitude in the list is − dH = 661 nT that occurred on 24 March 1940. Note also that the record largest event of − dH > 700 nT on 4 July 1941 at KAK was not used in this study because of its ambiguity. The largest events of − dH > 400 nT are listed in Table 1. The 13 March 1989 storm is the largest Dst event since 1957 with the peak of final Dst index of − 589 nT. Nagatsuma (2015) estimated the intensity of the southward Bz = ~ 50 nT for the March 1989 storm, which is about the largest intensity of interplanetary magnetic field at 1 AU. Table 1 Largest magnetic storm events of − dH > 400 nT at KAK since May 1924Full size tableSudden commencementsFigure 4 shows that SC events follow a log-normal distribution within the amplitude range from 5 nT to 70 nT, while the large-amplitude SC events deviate from the log-normal distribution and follow a power-law distribution. The log-normal fit gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as dH = 160 nT and 240 nT, respectively. The power-law fit gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as dH = 230 nT and 450 nT, respectively. The largest amplitude is dH = 220 nT that occurred on 13 November 1960. Note also that the record largest event of dH = 310 nT on 24 March 1940 was not in the KAK list because it does not include the second SC according to the rule of KAK (Araki 2014). The largest events of dH > 100 nT are listed in Table 2. Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and climate change. [SEP] Text: Cropping regions in most parts of Uganda appear most affected by the observed changes in climate. Rainfall has declined in the West and threatening Uganda’s future food production prospects [5]. The general level of food insecurity in Uganda has started rising at the beginning of the year 2017, 40 people died because of famine as a result of prolonged drought and over 1,000,000 people were surviving on 59,000 tons of Rice donated by the Government of China as part for good working relationship between Beijing and Kampala. Pastoralists in the northeast, especially in Karamoja are facing chronic food insecurity. More frequent droughts decrease their resilience, as well as the resilience of pastoralists and agropastoralists in areas of Kasese (Kyinyamaseke, Katunguru, Hamukungu, Bugoye, Rugendabala), Isngiro among others. It is clear that climate change is a serious issue that requires research for solutions and effective policies to allow the general population meet needs while protecting the environment (Figure 4). Figure 4: The adverse impacts of climate change have not spared Uganda particularly in last decade as evidenced by numerous episodes of erratic rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, flooding, recurrence of mudslides, thunderstorms, increased incidence of pests and diseases, famine and declining agriculture productivity. the existence of forestry related policies such the Uganda forestry policy and the which were designed to protect and preserve forest ecosystems, there still exists rampant deforestation in Uganda today and the policies that currently exist are part of the problem. These need to be reformed as listed above and the reform should involve all stakeholders so that implementation is simplified. However institution irregularities such as corruption need to be given adequate attention for any success of reviewed policies to be achieved. 1. Promoting activities that reduce the pressure off the forest like sericulture, butterfly farming, improved bee-keeping, development of fodder banks, bio-intensive agriculture and farm forestry. And should be extremely active and vigorous around the forests resources Increase per capita income and check on the population growth. 2. Increasing income and improved literacy levels because with improved standards of living, over dependence on forest products for example as a source of energy is checked and land use change due to literacy. 3. Private land owners with natural forest cover on their land should be given direct monetary or other incentives to encourage them to limit deforestation. Forest product and service valuation: monetary digits are more easily understood by the public.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: 2010; Sharp et al. 2010), its usage presents relevant difficulties and some disadvantages. First, the authors found it difficult to recruit households, and dropout rates were high during the experiment period. Furthermore, as already stated by (2014) and van Herpen et al. (2016), the authors went through the potential risks of self-selection (i. e. , only interested people participated in the experiment) and poor data quality due to approximation or undervaluation. Another obstacle, which excluded the majority of aged people from sample selection (60 or more years old), was the online-based food diary. However, several participants wondered if an internet or mobile app was available to complete the food diary more precisely. Further limitations related to food diaries, as already stated by other studies (Høj 2011; FLW Protocol 2016; Quested et al. 2020), regard consumer behavior reactivity, a lack of reporting, accounting and selection biases. For instance, to adopt a more “socially acceptable” behavior during the accounting period, participants could eat differently than normal or dispose of food in a more sustainable way. Moreover, diary keepers are usually not aware of all the food being disposed of at home by other household members or are confused about what should be accounted for, thus understating the amount of food waste. Lastly, as already stated in terms of self-reporting risk, people who participate in the experiment are usually not representative of the whole population, since it is expected that some participants are more interested in food waste issues than others, and adjustments in such direction are extremely difficult and aleatory. Nevertheless, food diaries still represent a valuable tool to improve knowledge on food waste trends and collect objective quantitative (e. g. , mass value, financial costs and nutritional values) and qualitative data (e. g. , causes of food waste, disposal procedures). Based on the pre-Covid-19 food waste literature data (FAO 2017, 2018, 2019; Caldeira et al. 2019), each year more than 1. 3 billion tons of food are globally thrown away along the whole food supply chain, equal to 5200 MJ and approximately 2145 billion euro. This means that, each week, each person wastes less than 1. 8 kg, corresponding to 7 MJ and more than 2. 9 euro only at final consumption.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: 4Cumulative distribution function of 1854 SCs observed at KAK for time interval May 1924 to May 2020. The data points are displayed at even intervals in logarithmic scale. Log-normal and power-law fits are shown by thick and thin solid curves, respectively. The best fitted parameters are α = 1. 7, μ = 1. 27, and σ = 0. 28Full size imageTable2 Largest SC events of dH > 100 nT at KAK since May 1924Full size tableSubstormsFigure 5 shows that the substorm events essentially follows the log-normal distribution. The log-normal fit gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as 5000 nT and 6000 nT, respectively. The power-law fit gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as 6200 nT and 8500 nT, respectively. The record largest amplitude is SME = 3929 nT that occurred on 30 October 2003 during the so-called Halloween event. The largest events of SME > 3000 nT are listed in Table 3. Fig. 5Cumulative distribution function of ~ 6×104 substorms identified by SuperMAG for time interval 1986 to 2019. The data points are displayed at even intervals in logarithmic scale. Log-normal and power-law fits are shown by thick and thin solid curves, respectively. The best fitted parameters are α = 7. 1, μ = 2. 7, and σ = 0. 22Full size imageTable 3 Largest substorm events of SME > 3000 nT since 1986Full size tableSolar flares, CMEs, and SEPConsulting other space weather phenomena, the same statistical analysis is applied to solar flares, CMEs, and SEP events. The results shown in Figs. 6, 7, 8 basically follow the analysis of Gopalswamy (2018), and the only difference is the types of distributions fitted to the cumulative distribution function. Goplaswamy (2018) used the Weibull distribution (exponential curve) and power-law distribution, while this study uses the log-normal and power-law distributions to give somewhat larger estimates as follows. Fig. 6Cumulative distribution function of solar flares for time interval 1975 to 2016. The data points are displayed at even intervals in logarithmic scale.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources can reduce reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: HivatkozásokVálaszd ki a számodra megfelelő hivatkozásformátumot:Harvard (2024): Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 04. )Chicago. 2024. Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. (2024). Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. . andras@pen. uni-pannon. hu Összefoglalás Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be. ! HivatkozásokVálaszd ki a számodra megfelelő hivatkozásformátumot:Harvard (2024): Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 04. )Chicago. 2024. Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. (2024). Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. az energiaigény folyamatos növekedése, a fosszilis tüzelőanyagok egyre korlátozottabb elérhetősége és az éghajlatváltozás kihívásai mind arra mutatnak rá, hogy a fenntartható energiatermelés és az energiahordozók hatékony felhasználása létfontosságú a jövő generációi számára.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: Trends observed by this explorative research have demonstrated a sharp decrease in terms of mass, nutritional intake and financial costs, confirming the previous hypothesis of a counterbalanced effect. The identified causes could represent the key variables for further research, in order to develop food waste minimization strategies and achieve the 2030 SDGs. Moreover, future directions of the analysis should focus on the role of smart food delivery toward food waste reduction with regard to its opportunities to enlarge customers’ awareness on products and improve buying decisions. As exposed in the explorative research, it could be interesting to analyze how to switch from an unhealthy work–life balance and inadequate time management toward a heathier and more adequate one. The role of time management toward food management sustainability is crucial, and time availability could improve food planning and storage operations, the selection of favorite food programs, cooking skills and, not least important, familiarity with domestic appliances. 5 ConclusionFood diaries are a useful instrument to provide a better understanding of household food consumption and wastage during the Covid-19 pandemic. One of the main hypotheses from the presented explorative research, and in line with the few studies conducted on food waste in Italy in times of economic crisis (Fanelli and 2016), is that food consumption and food waste behaviors have been more virtuous, showing that the Covid-19 pandemic has enhanced people’s attitude toward food waste reduction and more sustainable consumption models (Galanakis 2020; Jribi et al. 2020). Moreover, it has been shown that effects, such as stock-effect and I-stay-at-home-effect, positively influenced food waste reduction. Indeed, decreasing trends in terms of mass, nutritional intake and financial costs have been detected. During the Covid-19 lockdown, as shown by participants in the explorative research, people had adequate time to improve food planning and storage operations, select food programs, enlarge time allotted for eating, optimize all ingredients and leftovers, familiarize themselves with domestic appliances and avoid panic about food availability. The authors are convinced that food diaries, even with some limitations related to difficult recruitment, risks of self-selection and high dropout rates, could contribute to increased qualitative and quantitative knowledge on food waste issues (e. g. , mass value, financial costs and nutritional values), especially considering the lack of information regarding the Covid-19 pandemic behavior.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Log-normal and power-law fits are shown by thick and thin solid curves, respectively. The best fitted parameters are α = 1. 1, μ = − 6. 2, and σ = 0. 94Full size imageFig. 7Cumulative distribution function of CMEs for time interval 1996 to 2020. The data points are displayed at even intervals in logarithmic scale. Log-normal and power-law fits are shown by thick and thin solid curves, respectively. The best fitted parameters are α = 4. 5, μ = 2. 4, and σ = 0. 28Full size imageFig. 8Cumulative distribution function of SEP events at GOES for time interval 1976 to 2020. The data points are displayed at even intervals in logarithmic scale. Log-normal and power-law fits are shown by thick and thin solid curves, respectively. The best fitted parameters are α = 0. 71, μ = 1. 7, and σ = 1. 2Full size imageThe log-normal fit shown in Fig. 6 gives the 100-year and 1000-year event sizes as X70 and X200, respectively. These values are larger than the estimates of Gopalswamy (2018) in which the 100-year and 1000-year event sizes are ~ X40 and ~ X100, respectively. The log-normal fit shown in Fig. 7 gives the 100-year and 1000-year speed as 4500 km/s and 6000 km/s, while Gopalswamy (2018) gives the 100-year and 1000-year event as 3800 km/s and 4700 km/s, respectively. The log-normal fit shown in Fig. 8 gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as ~ 2. 5 × 105 pfu and ~ 1. 5 × 106 pfu, while the extrapolated curve of Gopalswamy (2018) gives the 100-year and 1000-year events as ~ 2×105 pfu and ~ 1×106 pfu, respectively. DiscussionIn summary, conservative amplitudes can be estimated from the log-normal distribution, while the possible excess (likely upper limit to the behavior of the tail) can be estimated from the power-law distribution. The possible amplitudes of 100-year and 1000-year events based on the log-normal and power-law distributions are summarized in Table 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources can reduce reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. : on Investment (EROI), fosszilis energiahordozók, megújuló energiaforrások, fenntarthatóság Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be. ! HivatkozásokVálaszd ki a számodra megfelelő hivatkozásformátumot:Harvard (2024): Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 04. )Chicago. 2024. Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. (2024). Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. : on Investment (EROI), fossil fuels, renewable energy sources, sustainability Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be. ! HivatkozásokVálaszd ki a számodra megfelelő hivatkozásformátumot:Harvard (2024): Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 04. )Chicago. 2024. Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. (2024). Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. : 10. 1556/2065. 185. 2024. 4. 8 Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be. !

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Food waste can be completely eliminated in all households. [SEP] Text: However, further studies will investigate food waste behaviors and social attitude/responsibility at a large scale in an attempt to complete food waste measurement with more detailed and reliable data. In addition, the authors believe it is essential to investigate further the role of smart food delivery and time management toward food waste reduction. Lastly, because the Covid-19 pandemic is one of the worst economic, social and environmental crises after the War, it could represent the real watershed that people were expecting, highlighting the importance of a robust and resilient food system that functions in all circumstances and that aligns people’s health, ecosystems, supply chains, consumption patterns and environmental boundaries (2020; Roversi et al. 2020). By taking advantage of such a disaster, awareness on previous unsustainable behavior could increase, thus enhancing awareness about the food waste issue, both at the industrial and household levels. Sustainability starts with the individuals, not only at the farm or processing levels but also at the domestic consumption stage. Data availability Not applicable. 2019. Tirana: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Amicarelli, V. , Bux, C. , & Lagioia, G. (2020). How to measure food loss and waste? A material flow analysis application. Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print,. Aschemann-Witzel, J. , de Hooge, I. , Amani, P. , Bech-Larsen, T. , & Oostindjer, M. (2015). Consumer-related food waste: causes and potential for action. Sustainability, 7(6), 6457–6477. 827. CAS PubMed 773. PubMed 142. 1032. 8994. 488. PubMed Pub2020. Corrado, S. , Caldeira, C. , Eriksson, M. , Hanssen, O. J. , Hauser, H. -W. , van Holsteijn, F. , Liu, G. , Ostergren, K. , Parry, K. , Parry, A. , Secondi, L. , Stenmarck, A. , & Sala, S. (2019). Food waste accounting methodologies: challenges, opportunities, and further advancements. Security, 20, 93–100. PubMed Pub1515. 321. CAS PubMed 270.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Table 4 Estimated amplitudes of 100-year and 1000-year eventsFull size tableThe possible origins of the statistical distributions are briefly discussed as follows. The power-law fitting can be meaningful for rare events or large-amplitude events, and there are possible reasons to cause the excess from log-normal distribution at the tail. For SCs, the main cause of the excess from log-normal distribution are spikes (Araki 1997, 2014), which can be interpreted as the amplification of the preliminary impulse phase due to the velocity-jump effect over the density-jump effect, based on the parameter survey of a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation (Kubota et al. 2015). Although it has been well known that the amplitudes of SC are proportional to the change of dynamic pressure, density-jump effect dominates the change of dynamic pressure for weak SCs, while velocity-jump effect dominates for large SCs. The rapidly changing large-amplitude spike appears when the shock downstream speed becomes high (Kubota et al. 2015). In addition, we must admit that there are a few more missing extreme events from the statistics. For example, an extreme SC event on 24 March 1940 is not included in the KAK list, because it was the second SC event (Araki 2014). This particular example reminds us of the complex interaction among multiple CMEs and ambient solar wind to enhance the geo-effectivity (e. g. , Kataoka et al. 2015; Shiota and Kataoka 2016), which may also additionally contribute to the further excess from the standard log-normal distribution. For magnetic storms, unusual spikes may also cause the excess, although the physics and time-scale are totally different from SCs of course. There is an example that a huge spike of > 1600 nT appeared in the Carrington storm, in which additional ionospheric current or field-aligned current may locally contribute (Akasofu and Kamide 2005). Even if the spikes are not originated from the ring current, it does matter to prepare against the possible hazards. Those spikes may also contribute to make an excess from the log-normal extrapolation at the tail. It was clearly demonstrated that substorms of the Earth’s magnetosphere essentially follow the log-normal distribution (Fig. 5).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources can reduce reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: , 2022). Az energiaszektor átalakítása során az egyik fontos mutatószám az EROI, azaz az energiabefektetés-energiahozam arány, amely lehetővé teszi a különböző energiaforrások és technológiák összehasonlítását, és segíti a döntéshozókat abban, hogy optimális energiastratégiákat alakítsanak ki a jövőbeli energiabiztonság és fenntarthatóság biztosítása érdekében. Az EROI egy dimenzió nélküli mutató. Értéke azt mutatja, hogy az adott energiaforrás vagy technológia mennyi többletenergiát hoz létre a befektetett energiához képest. Amikor ez az érték 1 feletti, az azt jelenti, hogy az energiatermelés hatékonyabb és eredményesebb, mivel több hasznosítható energia jön létre az adott befektetett energiához képest. Amennyiben viszont az értéke kisebb mint 1, akkor az energiaforrás vagy technológia nem hatékony, mert kevesebb hasznosítható energia keletkezik, mint amennyit annak előállításához felhasználtak (Hall et al. , 2014; Court–Fizaine, 2017; Brockway et al. , 2019; de Castro–Capellán-Perez, 2020; Diesendorf–Wiedmann, 2020).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Throwing away food has no impact on the environment. [SEP] Text: those are words 42. The bluebell is the sweetest flower 43. The night was Dark yet winter breathed 44. What winter floods what showers of Spring 45. From our evening fireside now 46. Song ("left the south country") 47. Lines ("The soft unclouded blue of air") 48. To the bluebell— 49. I am the only being whose doom 50. are opening 51. Lines by Claudia ("I did not sleep 'twas noon of day") 52. I know not how it falls on me 53. Written on returning to the P. of I. on the 10th of January 1827— 54. Month after month year after year 55. A Farewell to Alexandria— 56. And now the housedog streched once more 57. Come hither child—who gifted thee 58. Shed no tears o'er that tomb 59. Mild the mist upon the hill 60. How long will you remain the midnight hour 61. "The starry night shall tidings bring" 62. Fair sinks the summer evening now 63. Alcona in its changing mood 64. The organ swells the trumpets sound 65. Song ("O between distress and pleasure") 66. The wind I hear it sighing 67. There was a time when my cheek burned 68. Stanzas to — ("Well, some may hate and some may scorn") 69. The wind was rough which tore 70. That wind I used to hear it swelling 71. Heavens glory shone where he was laid 72. Written in the Gaaldine prison caves To A. G. A. 73. Far, far away is mirth withdrawn 74. It is too late to call thee now 75. Stanzas ("I'll not weep that thou art going to leave me") 76. At such a time, in such a spot 77. If greif for greif can touch thee 78. Tis moon light summer moonlight 79. The night wind 80. Companions all day long we've stood 81. A. G. A. of 82. And like myself lone wholey lone 83. Stoic 84. no more inspire thee 85. Aye there it is! It wakes to night 86. I see around me tombstones grey 87. Geraldine 88. Rosina 89. I do not weep, I would not weep 90. In the same place, when Nature wore 91.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: On the other end of the solar–terrestrial system, solar flares and CMEs may resemble the plasma explosions against substorms. Here, we discuss whether there are similarities among their statistical distributions. It is interesting to note here that the majority of solar flares ranging from C-class to X10-class follows a power-law distribution rather than a log-normal distribution, although C1 class and the tail beyond X10 flares show the deviations (Fig. 6). The fewer samples of C1 class flares may be the missing counts when the background level is comparable to C1 flares during highly active conditions. Note also that we have only a few samples for > X10 flares in the last 40 years. The power-law distribution over a wide range may be interpreted, considering a difference between the Earth’s magnetosphere and sunspots’ magnetosphere, i. e. , the active region. Active regions have a large variation of the spatial scales ranging multi orders of magnitude, and the fractal reconnection patterns naturally arise in the scale-free MHD system, in contrast to the only-one magnetospheric system of the Earth. In other words, if significant limitations in the scale-free system exist, log-normal distribution may clearly appear. Figures 7, 8 show that CMEs and SEP events essentially follow the log-normal distributions. These distributions are different from that of solar flares, which can be originated from the fact that only selective active regions can launch CMEs against the strong solar gravitation, and only selective CMEs can launch SEPs. For SEP events, however, an additional factor of a complex interplanetary propagation of energetic p9226. Space 66:164. J 102(A7):4075–40865927. J 105(A2):2357–2364. SWMF global magnetosphere simulations of January 2005: geomagnetic indices and cross-polar cap potential. 15:1567–1587. Lett 42:5155–5161. 17:1281–1292. Res 38:173–179. J 108(A7):1268. International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources can reduce reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: Az energiabefektetés-energiahozam arányának értékei de Castro és Capellán-Pérez munkája alapján (2020), a fosszilis energiahordozók, a megújuló energiaforrások és a velük kapcsolatos technológiák esetében, az EROIst-értékek alapjánMegnevezésEROIst Forrás Szén, kőolaj, földgáz (a kitermelés helyszínén) 30,0 Brockway et al. , 2019;de Castro–Capellán-Perez, 2020 Nagyobb teljesítményű vízerőmű28,4de Castro–Capellán-Pérez, 2020 Szélerőmű (szárazföldi, „onshore”)13,2 Szélerőmű (tengerre telepített, „offshore”) 8,7 Napelem (világ) 7,8 CSP 2,6 Napelem Ciprus12,5 Ausztrália 11,4 India10,2 Kína 9,1 Spanyolország 8,7 Olaszország 7,7 Amerikai Egyesült Államok 8,0 Japán 7,5 Franciaország 6,5 Németország 5,1 Egyesült Királyság 4,4 Finnország2,8 Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be. ! HivatkozásokVálaszd ki a számodra megfelelő hivatkozásformátumot:Harvard (2024): Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 04. )Chicago. 2024.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: an official journal of: published by: an official journal of: published by: Editor in Chief: 1 10. 31025/2611-4135/2023. 17276 PDF Released under CC BY-NC-ND Copyright: © 2022 and food waste have been part of solid organic waste causing great environmental pollution. Composting is a popular utilization method of converting waste like sawdust and food waste to sanitized and stabilized soil amendment. Unfortunately, many composting systems failed due to a dearth of information as a result of little or no scientific research focused on the effects of the physical properties of composting materials on the composting process. To fill this knowledge gap, three composting experiments of food wastes mixed with sawdust at ratio 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60 and compacted to different initial bulk densities of 15, 20, and 25 kg/m3 respectively was carried out to explore the effect of physical properties on composting of sawdust with food wastes. Physicochemical parameters monitored include bulk density; porosity; p65. 3 oC) was recorded by trial 3 while trial 1 recorded the lowest temperature (49. 3 0C). Among trials 1, 2, and 3, the maximum pH (9. 2) and EC (5. 1 mS/cm) were observed in compost trial 3. Additionally, the lowest pH (5. 3) and EC (1. 4 mS/cm) was observed in trial 1. Trial 3 had the highest percentage finest and lowest fibrosity content. A significant increase in bulk density, porosity, and p2. waste Physical properties Bulk density Received: 21 Aug 2022 Revised: 21 Apr 2023 Accepted: 22 May 2023 Available online: 15 Jun 2023 2019. Standardizing the Quality of Stability and Maturity Indices: of Sawdust and as Stocks. of Plant Sciences, 10, 2134 -2150 Adedayo, V. , Adeaga, O. , Akomolafe, D. , 2002. Volume and of Waste: A Strategy for Insecurity in Lagos State, Nigeria. jor of Agric and food Sci. 8 (6) 208 - 216 2014. “Combustion properties of some tropical wood species and their pyrolytic products characterization”. Energy and Power. 4(3):54-57. , Feng, Y. A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10. 1186/s40623-020-01261-8Download citationReceived: 10 July 2020Accepted: 25 August 2020Published: 03 September 2020DOI: this 3. Space science Collection Solar-Prediction: Toward the Synergy of Science and of Language editing for authors Scientific editing for authors Leave feedback Terms and conditions Privacy statement page Springerpage By using this website, you agree to our Terms and Conditions, Your US state privacy rights, Privacy statement and Cookies policy. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. © 2024 BioLtd unless otherwise stated. Part of Springer Nature.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources can reduce reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: Ennek okai részben a megújuló energia technológiai fejlettségi szintjében, a környezeti tényezőkben (például: besugárzás, szélviszonyok), az alapanyagok előállításában és újrahasznosításában, valamint a beruházási költségekben keresendők. Azonban fontos kiemelni, hogy az alacsonyabb számok az időjárásfüggő megújuló energiaforrások esetében nem feltétlenül jelentenek kisebb mértékű értékteremtést, mivel ezek a technológiák a fenntartható energiaellátáshoz és a környezeti hatások csökkentéséhez járulnak hozzá (pozitív externáliák). A három mutató összesített értékeit a 4. táblázat foglalja össze. Jegyzet elhelyezéséhez, kérjük, lépj be. ! HivatkozásokVálaszd ki a számodra megfelelő hivatkozásformátumot:Harvard (2024): Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. Letöltve: (2024. 11. 04. )Chicago. 2024. Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. : Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04. (2024). Magyar Tudomány 2024/04. Akadémiai Kiadó. (Letöltve: 2024. 11. 04.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: , 2003 Modifed air pycnometer for compost air volume and density determination. Can. Biosyst. Eng. 45, 6–27 2008. Laboratory determination of compost physical parameters for modeling of airflow characteristics. Waste Manage. 28, 660–670 Al-Rumaihi, A. ; McKay, G. ; Mackey, H. R. ; Al-Ansari, T. , 2020. Environmental impact assessment of food waste management using two composting techniques. Sustainability, 12, 1595 Arias, O. , Vina, S. , Soto, M. , 2021. Co-composting of forest and indusmixture wastes watered with pig manure. Environ. Technol. 42 (5), 705–716. DOI 10. 1080/09593330. 2019. 1643411 Assandri, D. , Pampuro, N. , Zara, G. , Bianco, A. , Cavallo, E. , Budroni, M. , 2021. Co-Composting of Brewers’ with : Influence of Strategies on Compost Quality. Agronomy, 11, 1349. DOI 10. 3390/agronomy1107134. , Bundela, P. S. , Wong, J. W. C. , Selvam, A. , 2014. Evaluation of thermophilic fungal consortium for organic municipal solid waste composting. Bioresour. Technol. 168, 214-221 Bao, Y. , Chen, J. , Yan, L. , Guan, L. , 2016. Fundamental conditions of composting. Chin J. 37(1):164–169. DOI 10. 19336/j. cnki. trtb. 2006. 01. 037 Barrena, R. , Turet, J. , Busquets, A. , Farrés, M. , Font, X. , Sánchez, A. , 2011. Respirometric screening of several types of manure and mixtures intended for composting. Bioresour. Technol. 102, 1367–77 Bello, H. , Akeem A. J. , 2021. Valorization of sawdust by co-composting with food waste using a small-scale composter. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: download2021, Year of Discovery of Extraterrestrial Life, on Mars? Tong B. Tang2021, Academia LettersSee full papersHow life began on Earth: a status reportDaniel PerezdownloadDownload free _rightSpecialization of early replicators in the metabolic replicator model systemTamás L Czárán2009downloadDownload free _rightWater: From the of Nucleosides to the of OligonucleotidesDiego PesceIn trying to reconstruct the origin of informational polymers we have followed the path of simplicity. All the relevant steps can occur abiotically and non-fastidiously. Nucleosides can be phosphorylated in water from simple phosphate donors. 2′AMP, 3′AMP, 5′AMP, 2′,3′- cAMP and 3′,5′-cAMP are formed. 2′,3′-cAMP and 3′,5′-cAMP can form oligomers in water, at moderate temperature and without the help of catalysts or of additional activation. 2′AMP, 3′AMP and 5′AMP do not. Adenine-based oligomers undergo spontaneous terminal ligation in water, affording dimers and tetramers. The only limiting constraint is pH. The possibility that this reaction is the starting mechanism from which replication of genetic polymers evolved will be discussed. downloadDownload free _rightFrom cosmos to intelligent life: the four ages of astrobiologylucian gleiserof Astrobiology, 2012downloadDownload free _rightThe evolution of organic matter in spaceNils Holmof the A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2011downloadDownload free _rightCatalogue of éphane DumasThis document contains a list of publications related to SETI. It includes papers, books, reports and list of conferences. downloadDownload free _rightLamarck and Panspermia -On the of Throughout the CosmosSteeleProgress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 2019We review the main lines of evidence (molecular, cellular and whole organism) published since the 1970s demonstrating in animals, plants and microorganisms viz. the trans-generational inheritance of environmentally-induced acquired characteristics. The studies in animals demonstrate the genetic permeability of the soma-germline Weismann Barrier.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Renewable energy sources can reduce reliance on fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: Ha az anyagokat hatékonyan vissza lehet nyerni és újra fel lehet használni, az csökkentheti az új anyagok előállításához szükséges energiaigényt. Ez a pozitív hatás pedig tovább javíthatja az EROI-értékeket. Emellett a használt napelemek iránt megnövekedett érdeklődés és kereslet tapasztalható Európában és világszerte egyaránt (URL1). Ennek eredményeként a hasznos műszaki élettartamuk meghaladhatja a hagyományosan becsült huszonöt évet. Ez a körülmény fontos szempont az EROI-értékek javulásának vonatkozásában. Technológiai fejlődés: Az EROI-értékek idővel változhatnak a technológiai fejlődés következtében is. Az innovációk, hatékonyságnövekedés és új anyagok fejlesztése is képes javítani a PV-rendszerek hatékonyságát és élettartamát, ami pozitív hatást gyakorol az EROI-értékekre. Energiahatékonyság javítása: Az EROI-értékek azáltal is javíthatók, ha a PV-rendszerek energiahatékonysága tovább fejlődik.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 91, 1150–1167 Chang, R. , Li, Y. , Li, J. , Chen, Q. , Zhao, H. , Qi, Z. , 2019. Influences of the thermophilic period on biodegradation and nitrogen loss in stimulated vegetable waste composting. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 18, e00623 Chen, H. , Awasthi, M. K. , Liu, T. , Zhao, J. , Xiuna, R. , Wang, M. , Duan, Y. , Awasthi, S. K, Zhang, Z. , 2018. Infuence of clay as additive on greenhouse gases emission and maturity evaluation during chicken manure composting. 266:82–88 Chen, M. , Xu, P. , Zeng, G. , 2015. Bioremediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum, pesticides, chlorophenols and heavy metals by composting: applications, microbes and future research needs. Biotechnol Adv. 33 (6):745–755 Elcik, H. , Zoungrana, A. , Bekaraki, N. , 2016. Laboratory-scale investigation of aerobic compost stability of municipal solid waste in Istanbul. Sci 34(2): 211–220 Ekinci, K. , Tosun, İ. , Bıtrak, B. , Kumbul, B. S. , Şevik, F. , Sülük, K. , 2019. Effects of initial C/N ratio on organic matter degradation of composting of rose oil processing solid wastes. Technol 16: 5131–5140. DOI 10. 1007/s13762-018-1947-9 FAO, 2020. of and Nutrition in the World. : Assessed on 10 oct. , 2021 Fernández, J. M. , López-de-Sá, E. G. , Polo, A. , Plaza, C. , 2014. Short term stabilization of organic matter in physically, chemically, and biochemically protected pools in soils amended with municipal wastes, Clean-Water, 42, 487–493. DOI 10. 1002/clen. 20130 0127 Getahun, T. , Nigusie, A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: The widespread nature of environmentally-directed inheritance phenomena reviewed here contradicts a key pillar of neo-Darwinism which affirms the rigidity of the Weismann Barrier. These developments suggest that neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory is in need of significant revision. We argue that Lamarckian inheritance strategies involving environmentally-induced rapid directional genetic adaptations make biological sense in the context of cosmic Panspermia allowing the efficient spread of living systems and genetic innovation throughout the Universe. The Hoyle-paradigm also developed since the 1970s, unlike strictly geocentric neo-Darwinism provides a cogent biological rationale for the actual widespread existence of Lamarckian modes of inheritance-it provides its raison d'^ etre. Under a terrestrially confined neo-Darwinian viewpoint such an association may have been thought spurious in the past. Our aim is to outline the conceptual links between rapid Lamarckian-based evolutionary hypermutation processes dependent on reverse transcription-coupled mechanisms among others and the effective cosmic spread of living systems. For example, a viable, or cryo-preserved, living system travelling through space in a protective matrix will need of necessity to rapidly adapt and proliferate on landing in a new cosmic niche. Lamarckian mechanisms thus come to the fore and supersede the slow (blind and random) genetic processes expected under a traditional neo-Darwinian evolutionary paradigm. downloadDownload free _rightAge aspects of habitabilityMargarita Safonovaof Astrobiology, 2015A ‘habitable zone’ of a star is defined as a range of orbits within which a rocky planet can support liquid water on its surface. The most intriguing question driving the search for habitable planets is whether they host life. But is the age of the planet important for its habitability? If we define habitability as the ability of a planet to beget life, then probably it is not. After all, life on Earth has developed within only ~800 Myr after its formation – the carbon isotope change detected in the oldest rocks indicates the existence of already active life at least 3. 8 Gyr ago. If, however, we define habitability as our ability to detect life on the surface of exoplanets, then age becomes a crucial parameter.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: For the latter group, the outer reefs usually face the deep ocean and drop steeply, so adjacent ocean water is continually in contact with them and imports the dynamics of upper ocean thermal structure evidenced by internal waves and upwelling measurable on the outer slope. Current ocean warming concerns for coral reefs largely focus on bleaching, the condition where the symbiotic zooxanthellae algae found inside the cells of coral polyps are expelled, leaving the tissue largely colorless and the white coral skeleton visible. Thermal stress is usually the cause of bleaching, and without their symbionts, the colonies die within a few days to weeks. If thermal stress is relieved by water temperatures decreasing below a threshold level, the corals can reacquire their zooxanthellae and recover. Other factors are of concern to long-term reef health, such as ocean acidification, land-based pollution, and overfishing, but they pale in comparison to the immediate specter of bleaching. Bleaching events spanning the global tropics began in 1997–1998, and were observed more recently in 2010 and again in 2014–2016; as they apparently are becoming more frequent, reefs have less time to recover between them (Hughes et al. , 2018). “Combined with other types of information…the detailed breakdown of temperature is important when evaluating the actual thermal environments where reefs exist, and provides a needed counterbalance to and accuracy check on [satellite sea surface temperature] observations. ” The data used to examine global level ocean temperature dynamics come from remote measurements made via satellite radiometers (infrared and microwave) and in situ instruments on drifting buoys, Argo floats, transiting ships, and other platforms (Hausfather et al. , 2017). The presence of isolated reefs and islands in areas presently without monitoring instruments or undersampled by Lagrangian systems such as Argo suggest the potential for using these locations as “ocean stations” by instrumenting them to examine ocean temperature, warming on reefs in particular. The central-western Pacific has many islands/reefs suitable for this purpose, and some efforts are already underway at (the ), Moorea (French Polynesia’s Station), Pohnpei (in the of Micronesia; Sonia Rowley, University of Hawaii, pers. comm. , 2018), and Palau (reported here). More locations are needed.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: , Entele, T. , Van Gerven, T. , Bruggen, B. , 2012. Effect of turning frequencies on composting biodegradable municipal solid waste quality. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 65, 79–84 Ghosh, Ray. , S. , Ghangrekar, M. M. , 2019. Comprehensive review on treatment of high-strength distillery wastewater in advanced physico-chemical and biological degradation pathways. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 16, 527–546 GómezBrandón, M. , Lazcano, C. , Domínguez, J. , 2008. The evaluation of stability and maturity during the composting of cattle manure. Chemosphere 70(3):436–444. DOI 10. 1016/j. chemosphere. 2007. 06. 065 He, Z. , Qiang, L, Xiaoyi, Z. , Kai, T. , Xiangshi, K. , Xingjun, T. , 2020. Impacts of peat on nitrogen conservation and fungal community composition dynamics during food waste composting. Chem 63:72. DOI 10. 1186/s13765-020-00552-8 Hemidat, S. , Jaar, M. , Nassour, A. , Nelles, M. , 2018. Monitoring of Parameters: A in Jordan. Waste and BiomassValorization. DOI 10. 1007/s12649018-0197-x 2020 Co-composting of chicken manure with oranic waste: characterization of gases emissions and compost quality. Chem (2020) 63:3. DOI 10. 1186/s13765-019-0483-8 Iqbal, M. K. , Shafiq, T. , Ahmed, K. , 2010. Characterization of bulking agents and its effects on physical properties of compost. Bioresour. Technol. 101 (6), 1913–1919 JaeHan L, Deogratius L. , ChangHoon L. , SeongJin P. , TaekKeun, O. , 2020. Efficiencies of unconventional bulking agents in composting food waste in Korea. Chem (2020) 63:68. DOI 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: Only after life had evolved sufficiently complex to change its environment on a planetary scale, can we detect it remotely through its imprint on the atmosphere – the so-called biosignatures, out of which the photosynthetic oxygen is the most prominent indicator of developed. . . downloadDownload free _rightDirected Panspermia. 3. Strategies and Motivation for Seeding Star-Forming CloudsMichael MautnerMicrobial swarms aimed at star-forming regions of interstellar clouds can seed stellar associations of 10 - 100 young planetary systems. Swarms of millimeter size, milligram packets can be launched by 35 cm solar sails at 5E-4 c, to penetrate interstellar clouds. Selective capture in high-density planetary accretion zones of densities > 1E-17 kg m-3 is achieved by viscous drag. Strategies are evaluated to seed dense cloud cores, or individual protostellar condensations, accretion disks or young planets therein. Targeting the Ophiuchus cloud is described as a model system. The biological content, dispersed in 30 μm, 1E-10 kg capsules of 1E6 freeze-dried microorganisms each, may be captured by new planets or delivered to planets after incorporation first into carbonaceous asteroids and comets. These objects, as modeled by meteorite materials, contain biologically available organic and mineral nutrients that are shown to sustain microbial growth. The program may be driven by panbiotic ethics, predicated on: 1. The unique position of complex organic life amongst the structures of Nature; 2. Self-propagation as the basic propensity of the living pattern; 3. The biophysical unity humans with of the organic, DNA/protein family of life; and 4. Consequently, the primary human purpose to safeguard and propagate our organic life form. To promote this purpose, panspermia missions with diverse biological payloads will maximize survival at the targets and induce evolutionary pressures. In particular, eukaryotes and simple multicellular organisms in the payload will accelerate higher evolution. Based on the geometries and masses of star-forming regions, the 1E24 kg carbon resources of one solar system, applied during its 5E9 yr lifespan, can seed all newly forming planetary systems in the galaxy.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: The island nation of Palau, the westernmost island in the Caroline chain, lies within the western Pacific warm pool (Figure 1a). This 1. (a) Location and general bathymetry of Palau. (b) Satellite image of Palau showing locations of the outer reef thermograph network throughout the main reef tract. Ver-tical arrays of instruments (2–90 m depth) are shown by red squares, 57 m stations by yellow squares, and other outer reef 10–15 m stations by green squares. SDO = Off. ULR = Ulong Rock. WC = West Channel. (c) Multibeam sonar image (no vertical exaggeration) of the SDO slope showing near vertical profiles with locations of thermographs at 15, 57, and 90 m depths indicated. > High res figure Attempts to examine coral-reef warming on a worldwide scale have relied almost solely on satellite data (Heron et al. , 2016; Hughes et al. , 2018), which provide a global perspective of conditions relative to coral bleaching at intervals of a few days. These remote measurements of the infrared or microwave spectrum radiating from the ocean’s “skin” provide satellite sea surface temperatures (SSST). However, they do not provide information regarding thermal conditions below the surface layer, and reefs and their corals can occur to depths of 100 m or more (Baker et al. , 2016). Below the ocean/atmosphere interface, the effects of day/night and solar/atmospheric cooling and heating diminish, varying by location and weather, and the temperature where there is no diurnal change can only be measured with in situ instruments. In Palau, temperatures at depths of 10–15 m on outer reefs were found to be diurnally stable (Figure 2), and therefore are considered to represent local “foundation” values. Figure 2. Validation of a “foundation” temperature depth (11 m) on the outer slope, (western barrier reef). Data at 30-minute intervals from all days of January 2008. The nominal 2 m station is subject to diurnal variation as evidenced by increases during the day, peaking in the late afternoon, and decreasing below the 11 m temperature after midnight.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 1186/s13765-020-00554-6 Jakubus, M. , 2020. A of from on Biological and Chemical Parameters. Agronomy 10, 869. DOI 10. 3390/agronomy10060869 Kebibeche, H. , Khelil, O. , Kacem, M. , Harche, M. K. , 2019. Addition of wood sawdust during the co-composting of sewage sludge and wheat straw influences seeds germination. Safe 168: 423–430. DOI 10. 1016/j. ecoenv. 2018. 10. 075 Kelleher, M. , 2007. Anaerobic digestion outlook for MSW streams. BioCycle 48 (8), 51e55 Kumar, M. , Ou Y. L. , Lin J. G. , 2010. Co-composting of green waste and food waste at low C/N ratio. Waste Manag. 30:602–609 Liang, C. , Das, K. C. , McClendon, R. W. , 2003. The influence of temperature and moisture contents regimes on the aerobic microbial activity of a biosolids composting blend. Bioresour. Technol. , 86, 131–137 2016. Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis. J. Clean. Prod. , 111, 262–278 Looper, M. , 2002. Whole animal composting of dairy cattle. Communications;108:1-4. , 2019 Changes in nutrients and bioavailability of potentially toxic metals in mine waste contaminated soils amended with fly ash enriched vermicompost. Soil Pollution. 230:306. DOI 10. 1007/s11270-019-4343-2 Lu, Y. , Cui, X. , Long, S. , Fan, H. , Peng, F. , 2016. Effect of organic materials with different proportions on composting process. Modernization 37(3):587–593. DOI 10. 13872/j. 1000-0275. 2016. 0002 Madejón, E. , Marco P. , Paula, M. , Alfredo, P. d. M. , 2021. Composting as Option for on Recreational Beaches.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: David WarmflashScientific American, 2005downloadDownload free _rightfor a Gaian Bottleneck: of for a Gaian Bottleneck: of Habitability 2016downloadDownload free _rightPrimer v2. 0 Co-2. 0Jennifer GlassdownloadDownload free _rightAstrophysical and astrochemical insights into the origin of lifeJohn BrucatoReports on Progress in Physics, 2002downloadDownload free _rightA History of Origin of from Darwin to in and Astrobiology, 2012downloadDownload free _rightSteele et al 2019 Biology in 2019SteeleProgress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 2019downloadDownload free _rightLifeParedesdownloadDownload free _right:. D. Siege: from Matter vs. from Life - 2011downloadDownload free _rightBiosignatures valuable for astrobiology: the case of reticulated filamentsC PereiradownloadDownload free _rightand the Origin of Life: Is there a Correlation? Timothy GordondownloadDownload free _right<title>Bacterial morphologies in carbonaceous meteorites and comet dust</title>Chandra WickramasingheInstruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology XIII, 2010downloadDownload free _rightAstrobiology of cometsMax wallis2004downloadDownload free _rightBacterial morphologies in carbonaceous meteorites and comet dustMax wallis2010downloadDownload free _rightAstrobiology in Brazil: early history and perspectivesfree _rightThe astrobiological case for renewed robotic and human exploration of the Moonian crawfordof Astrobiology, 2006downloadDownload free _rightAnalyzing a comet nucleus by 2002downloadDownload free _rightFinding a of Life on EarthCharles LineweaverAstrobiology, 2005downloadDownload free _rightIdentification of Micro-biofossils in Space DustMax wallisJournal of Cosmology, Vol. 7, 2010downloadDownload free _rightPeer Reviewed: Analyzing a by 2002downloadDownload free _rightof : Astrophysical, Geochemical, Geophysical, and on of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2012downloadDownload free _rightas a Source of pre-free _rightSeeding the Universe with Life: free _rightand Astroecology. of Asteroid and Meteorite Interiors. Implications for and PanspermiaMichael MautnerAstrobiology, 2002downloadDownload free _rightBiological potential of extraterrestrial materials-l.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: > High res figure When comparing remote-sensing data with those collected from in situ instruments, particularly recording thermographs placed directly on the reef for long periods, differences are often apparent for specific locations (Stobart et al. , 2008; Castillo and Lima, 2010; Safaie et al. , 2018). Data collected by in situ instruments provide a level of detail critical to understanding how different thermal regimes affect various reef habitats. These data also inform the broad applicability to bleaching considerations of remote-sensing information, which only offers average surface temperatures over kilometer scales. Within large reef tracts, temperatures are variable, and the sensitivity of individual coral species and communities are “spatially heterogeneous within reef scales (<1 km), and [are] therefore not predictable using conventional remote sensing products” (Safaie et al. , 2018). A significant challenge is to obtain more detailed thermal data so the relationships between temperature and bleaching can be more clearly understood. 1998 AND 2010 at the (CRRF) in Palau began in 1995 with collection of marine invertebrates for screening by the US Institute and documentation of the country’s biodiverse marine environments. Palau’s coral was extensively bleached during the 1998 La Niña, part of the 1997–1998 global ENSO event (Bruno et al. , 2001; Colin, 2009), which was a shock as Palau had no prior record of significant bleaching. Earlier, very cool (for Palau) water (~17°–18°C) was found in deep reef areas during the late 1997 El Niño, but only nine months later, during La Niña, the same sites had temperatures of ~30°C from the surface to 90 m depth. Bleached and dying corals were observed throughout the water column, and on outer reef slopes mortality was 90% or more (Bruno et al. , 2001). Surprisingly, at the same time, very shallow outer reef flats and many inshore reefs had much lower bleaching occurrence/mortality, with some communities appearing unaffected (pers. obs. ). The 1998 event prompted the installation of vertical arrays of calibrated thermographs (±0. 1°C accuracy) to sample at 30-minute intervals from 2 m to 90 m depth along the east- and west-facing ocean reef slopes during 1999–2000 (Figure 1b,c).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Waste and DOI 10. 1007/s12649-021-01548-1 Makan, A. , Assobhei, O. , Mountadar, M. , 2014. Initial air pressure influence on invessel composting for the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste in Morocco. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 11, 53e58 Mashat, B. H. , 2014. Effective microorganisms (EM) technology as a pathway to improve municipal solid waste of Makkah city (Saudi Arabia) and as foul odor eliminator. In: (Germany) Manu, M. K. , Rakesh, K. , Anurag, G. , 2019. Decentralized composting of household wet biodegradable waste in plastic drums: Effect of waste turning, microbial inoculum and bulking agent on product quality. Journal of 226:233e241 Manu, M. K. , Kumar, R. , Garg, A. , 2018. Performance assessment of improved composting system for food waste with varying aeration and use of microbial inoculum. Bioresour. Technol. , 234, 167–177 Mayur, S. J. , Mohit, D. , Ajay S. K. , 2018. Composting physics: A degradation process-determining tool for indusmixture sludge. 116 : 14–20 Mayur, S. J. , Mohit D. , Ajay, S. K. , 2018. Physical parameters evaluation during production of soil conditioner from aquatic waste: Hydrilla verticillata (L. f. ) Royle. / & Innovation 11: 64–73 Moh, Y. C. , Manaf, L. A. , 2017. Solid waste management transformation and future challenges of source separation and recycling practice in Malaysia. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. . 116, 1-14 Nahm, K. H. , 2005. Factors Inﬂuencing nitrogen mineralization during poultry litter composting and calculations for available nitrogen. Journal of Poultry Science; 61(2):238-255 Nayak, A. K. , Kalamdhad, A. S. , 2014. Feasibility of composting combinations of sewage sludge, cattle manure and sawdust in a rotary drum reactor. Environ. Eng. Res.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: Rather, it’s a reasoned assessment of the stage we have reached in the process of searching for life, and where we’re likely to get to with the new generation of space telescopes that are currently at various stages of planning, construction, or early operation, including the (alias JWST or simply ‘Webb’), more on which later. The paper in Nature that I mentioned above is focused on formulating a policy for reporting possible evidence of alien life. The authors highlight the complementary problems of false positives and false negatives. The former involve concluding that some observation is evidence for life when in fact it’s not; the latter involve failing to detect life on a planet when it’s actually there. They particularly stress their concern about the likely sensationalization in the popular media of results that turn out to be false positives, and I think they are right to do so. Their approach to avoiding – or at least reducing – such problems is to develop a scale of the quality of possible evidence of alien life, and to make clear where on this scale any particular finding falls. This way, a hint of possible life shouldn’t be mistaken for a certainty. In 1960. This was a search for radio signals from alien civilizations, conducted using the Astronomy Observatory, now the Observatory, in West Virginia. Of course, the search for alien intelligence is only one part of the search for life. Nevertheless, from the 1960s onwards, both astrobiology in general and SETI in particular have evolved side by side in a much more continuous way than did the search for life before the second half of the twentieth century. of Telescopes It’s a long way from Galileo’s tiny telescope of 1610 to today’s large ground-based instruments such as Chile’s VLT (Telescope), and their space-based counterparts such as Hubble and Webb. I’ll now look at a few selected milestones along this evolutionary journey. If you’d like a bit more detail than I can give in just a few pages on the functioning and/or history of telescopes, I can recommend CottrellCottrell’s 2016 book Telescopes: A Introduction. Before examining milestones in the evolution of telescopes, it’s worth reminding ourselves of why, from an astrobiological perspective, they are collectively important.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: By the end of 2000, the warm oceanic conditions associated with bleaching had swung back toward cooler, slightly stratified ENSO neutral (Figure 3a). Starting in late 2001, water at depths below 35 m had major swings in temperature over timescales of minutes to weeks. At the deepest stations (90 m), temperature often changed 4°–8°C in half an hour, with individual values ranging between 8. 6°C and 30. 9°C. A year later (late 2002), the weekly mean temperatures at 57 m depth were 20°C, near the lower limit of reef growth, while at 90 m they were 15°–16°C, far below the lower limits of most reef coral survival (Kleypas et al. , 1999). Adding to the general temperature stress were rapid shifts of several °C in minutes, exposing corals to even lower temperatures for varying periods. Figure 3. (a) Pattern of weekly mean water temperatures (MWT) on the outer slope of Palau, 1999–2017 at 15 m (black), 57 m (green), and 90 m (blue) depths. Straight-line regressions for all data at each depth are shown as dashed lines in respective colors. (b) View of the Spray glider used for profiling near the reef slope. (c) Spray glider profiles from February (El Niño) and August (La Niña) 2010 showing shifts in water column properties at that time. Mean temperatures over the same days at Off and stations (green circles) during the same time periods are shown. The red arrow indicates a faint peak in chlorophyll a in August. (d) Daily MWT at Off (SDO) and (ULR) during 2010. Red line indicates 30°C level beyond which bleaching may occur. (e) Detailed pattern of 30-minute water temperature measurements at Off during bleaching event in August 2010. > High res figure A preliminary report by Wolanski et al. (2004) showed general agreement in mean values between the east and west outer reefs and attributed much of the rapid temperature fluctuations to “island-generated” internal waves. Based on coral temperature tolerances, we suggested the lower limit of reef growth occurred at 60–70 m, with the stress of rapidly fluctuating temperatures potentially producing a “depauperate” zone in the 60–120 m depth range.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 19 (1), 1–11 Nizami, A. S. , Rehan, M. , Waqas, M. , Naqvi, M. , Ouda, O. K. M. , Shahzad, K. , Miandad, R. , Khan, M. Z. , Syamsiro, M. , Ismail, I. M. I. , Pant, D. , 2017 Waste biorefiner: Enabling circular economies in developing countries. Bioresour. Technol. 241: 1101-1117. DOI 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2017. 05. 097 Orthodoxou, D. , Pettitt, T. R. , Fuller, M. , Newton, M. , Knight, N. , Smith, S. R. , 2015. An investigation of some critical physico-chemical parameters inﬂuencing the operational rotary in-vessel composting of food waste by a small-to-medium sized enterprise. Valoriz. 6(3), 293–302 Ouda, O. . , Al-Waked, R. , Korres, N. E. , 2016. Waste to energy potential: a case study of Saudi Arabia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 61, 328e340 Pezzolla, D. , Mirko, C. , Primo, P. , Roberto, C. , Luca, R. , Giovanni G. , 2021. of to Optimize the of Wastes. Agronomy 11, 2090. DOI 10. 3390/agronomy11102090 Prashant, P. B. , Bhargavi, N. K. , 2019. Effect of active and passive aeration on composting of household biodegradable wastes: a decentralized approach. of Recycling of in Agriculture. DOI 10. 1007/s40093-019-00306-7 Purnomo, A. S. , Mori, T. , Kamei, I. , 2011. Basic studies and applications on bioremediation of DDT: a review. Biodegradation. 65 (7):921–930 Ren, G. , Xu, X. , Qu, J. , Zhu, L. , Wang, T. , 2016.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: Given that Galileo’s tiny telescope allowed him to see the moons of Jupiter, and discern individual stars in the ‘milk’ of the Milky Way, the capabilities of today’s telescopes are truly amazing. But, for astrobiology, size is not enough. There are several other developments that we need to understand. First, so obvious that it hardly needs to be said, the advent of photography in the 1800s, and its later coming together with telescopes in the form of astrophotography. Second, Earth’s atmosphere is a major cause of distortion in the business of seeing clearly into space. As is well known, stars don’t twinkle – they only seem to do so because of atmospheric effects. The main exoplanet-detecting telescopes have been placed above the atmosphere so that this distortion is avoided. These are the Kepler and TESS space telescopes (more on which in 2021. Another will be a future space telescope, which, at the concept stage, was called an acronym of Large Ultra-Violet, Optical, and Infra-Red (telescope). This design survived NASA’s 2020 decadal survey, which produced its report in late 2021 due to the Covid pandemic. However, it was scaled down in size for reasons of cost. The primary mirror will be of a smaller diameter than was originally envisaged. When constructed, the diameter will be about 6 metres – still a considerable size for a space telescope. Its final name will probably be different. In the immediate aftermath of the decadal survey, some astronomers jokingly suggested simply losing the L (large) and calling it UVOIR, but a better name will almost certainly be found. The ability to see across the boundary between visible and infrared light that characterizes both and means that they will be ideally placed to see oxygen biosignatures. This point brings us to the other important development in telescopes that we need to examine: the use of a technique called spectroscopy. Here’s the basic idea behind this technique, as applied in space telescopes for astrobiological purposes. You look at light from a distant source – say a star that has an orbiting planet. In fact, you look at it twice, once when the planet is behind the star or a long way off to one side, and once when it is transiting – i. e. in front of its star from our perspective.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Bleaching was limited to sensitive habitats and species, such as the temperature sensitive Acropora table corals, but overall the mortality was limited and localized (pers. obs. ). After mid-October, temperatures decreased slightly and then remained close to the 30°C level (Figure 3d). -2016 In mid-2013, deeper temperatures on outer slopes started decreasing rapidly (Figure 4a) while, concurrently, mean sea level (MSL) also dropped (Figure 4c,d), and by February 2016 the temperatures reached levels probably not seen since the 1997–1998 El Niño. Thermoclines were extremely shallow, and internal waves caused rapid daily temperature fluctuations at 15–57 m depth (Figure 4b). Temperatures were far below those associated with bleaching, and comfortably within the range for coral growth and survival. However, corals in very shallow and deep water did not fare well. Poorly understood “cold-water bleaching” was observed on the deep slope (Colin and Lindfield, in press). Conversely, on the shallowest reefs, the uppermost tips of branching corals, having grown ever upward during the relatively high MSL since 1998, were aerially exposed by a combination of low spring tides and low MSL (Figure 4c,d). Their upper reaches died and quickly become covered in algae (Figure 4e,f). The low monthly MSLs measured during El Niño, with values of 1,200-1,250 mm (Figure 4c), occur at intervals of several years and can stop or slow upward growth of reefs that were otherwise thought to be growing sufficiently to counter general sea level rise (van Woesik et al. , 2016). In early March 2016, both seawater temperatures and sea level dramatically and rapidly shifted in Palau, with temperatures rising at all depths (Figure 4a) and MSL rising rapidly (Figure 4c,d). Over the next 10 weeks, daily MSL rose at 7. 5 mm per day and temperatures were racing toward levels that had the potential to induce massive coral bleaching and that could repeat the summer of 1998. However, in early June, the rise slowed as temperatures in shallow waters climbed just above the 30°C level, inducing bleaching only among sensitive corals. Temperatures then decreased, and bleached corals, rather than dying, quickly recovered. Modest thermal stratification had resumed by late summer.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of microbial population dynamics in the co-composting of cow manure and rice straw using high throughput sequencing analysis. 32(6): 1–11. DOI 10. 1007/s11274-016-2059-7 Ruggieri, L. , Gea, T. , Artola, A. , Sánchez, A. , 2009. Air filled porosity measurements by air pycnometry in the composting process: a review and a correlation analysis. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 2655–66 Singh, J. , Kalamdhad, A. S. , 2013. Assessment of bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals during rotary drum composting of green waste (water hyacinth). Ecol. Eng. 52, 59–69 Sukholthaman, P. , Sharp, A. , 2016. A system dynamics model to evaluate effects of source separation of municipal solid waste management: a case of Bangkok, Thailand. 52, 50-61 Sundberg, C. , Jonsson, H. , 2013. Higher pH and faster decomposition in biowaste composting by increased aeration. Waste Manag. 28, 518–526 Sun, X. , Xu, X. , Meng, Q. , Cheng, L. , Zhang, W. , Men, M. , Xu, B. , Sun, Y. , 2017. Research of ammonia oxidizing bacterial community structure and its correlation with environmental factors in cow manure composting. J Agro-36(1): 189–197. DOI 10. 11654/jaes. 2016-0960 Tibu, C. , Ted, Y. A. , Negasi, S. , Dzidzo, Y. T. , 2019. Efect of the composting process on physicochemical properties and concentration of heavy metals in market waste with additive materials in the Municipality, Ghana. of Recycling of in Agriculture 8:393–403. DOI 10. 1007/s40093-019-0266-6 Varelas, V. , 2019. Food wastes as a potential new source for edible insect mass production for food and feed: a review. Fermentation-Basel 5 Wang, H. , Difu, Y. , Jianling, X. , Xuejun, L. , Lianxi, S. , 2021.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: One way of looking at a definition is as an abstract generalization about a class of entities that’s based on prior knowledge of many concrete individual entities of the sort concerned. So, let’s start with a list of ‘concrete’ living entities – organisms – on our home planet. Not a complete list, of course, for that would include more than a million names. But we don’t need a complete list, nor even a particularly lengthy one. A short one will suffice, and indeed is preferable, in terms of not drowning in detail. Here it is: humans, snails, whales, trees, toadstools, and bacteria. A definition of ‘X’ – in this case ‘life’ – only works if we also have entities that we know are ‘not X’, which in this case means ‘not life’, or alternatively ‘inert objects’. Here’s a short list of such objects, all of which are generally agreed not to be living things: rocks, clouds, cars, smoke, and water. Of course, some of these entities might contain life forms – for example a cloud might contain airborne microbes – but that’s not the same thing as a cloud actually being a living organism itself. And in one case – cars – they’re made by life forms, but again that’s something different. So, the question is this: how do we word an abstract definition of life so that it includes all of the things that we think of as living and none of those that we think are not? There are different ways of doing this, and I have no intention of surveying them all. That would be both boring and pointless. Instead, I will focus on the definition that I think works best. I call it the RIM definition of life. These letters stand for the following three attributes of life forms: Reproduction, Inheritance, Metabolism. So, an entity that has all three RIM attributes is alive, while an entity with none of them is not. We’ll get to the annoying grey area in the middle shortly. Now is the moment for a warning about the risk of infinite regress. To define life, it’s necessary to define reproduction, inheritance, and metabolism. This could lead to a need to define words that occur in these definitions, and so on indefinitely.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: The extreme variation in 2016 provided a lesson in the variable and unpredictable conditions on western Pacific reefs, even in near-equatorial areas. Figure 4. (a) Daily mean water temperatures at Off from 2013 to mid-2017 at five depths. The red line indicates the 30°C bleaching level. (b) Water temperatures at one-minute intervals at over 24 hours, March 6, 2015, during El Niño conditions with rapid changes in temperatures at given depths. (c) Daily mean sea level (MSL) as measured at tide gauge 1969–2017. Low and high peaks generally correspond with El Niño (low) and La Niña (high) in Palau. The green line shows the straight-line regression of daily MSL since 1969 with a very slow upward trend of 3 mm yr–1. (d) Expanded view of daily MSL, tide gauge from 2013 to mid-2017. Red arrows indicate stage of MSL when photos (e) and (f) below were taken. (e,f) Shallow reef flat area on the north side of (Figure 1b-WC) prior to and after coral death (sections covered in brown algae) due to aerial exposure during the 2015 El Niño low sea levels. > High res figure : The temperature-monitoring network provides data throughout the geographic, habitat, and depth ranges of the reefs of Palau (Figure 1) over a timescale that allows some consideration of trends (Figure 3). Combined with other types of information (currents, wind shifts, other weather conditions, storm disturbance), the detailed breakdown of temperature is important when evaluating the actual thermal environments where reefs exist, and provides a needed counterbalance to and accuracy check on SSST observations. What we have learned from network data includes the following: 1. Annual patterns of temperature at different depths and locations are variable, but indicate a possible increase in temperature. The 18-year record of weekly mean temperatures on the outer slope shows the occurrence of a thermally dynamic environment (Figure 3a). Although the time frame is relatively short for climate change determinations, simple regressions (dashed lines in Figure 3a) indicate decadal upward trends of 0. 29°C at 15 m, 0. 49°C at 57 m, and 0. 42°C at 90 m. Annual patterns of temperature on shallow (10–15 m depth) outer reefs are now well documented (Figure 5).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Investigation of technology for composting mixed deer manure and straw. . DOI 10. 1007/s11356-021-13886-7 Wang, L. , Li, Y. , Prasher, S. O. , Yan, B. , Ou, Y. , Cui, H. , Cui, Y. , 2019. Organic matter, a critical factor to immobilize phosphorus, copper, and zinc during composting under various initial C/N ratios. 289:121745. DOI 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2019. 121745 Waqas, Q. , Min, H. L. , •Byeong, E. M. , Frank G. O. , Fawad, K. , Mohammad N. , Hyeon T. K. , 2018. Composting of chicken manure with a mixture of sawdust and wood shavings under forced aeration in a closed reactor system. 10. 1007/s40093-018-0212-z Wu, T. , 2010. Emission of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) during aerobic decomposition of food wastes. Atmos. Environ. 44 (39), 5065 - 5071 Wu, Y. , Chen, Y. , Shaaban, M. , Zhu, D. , Hu, C. , Chen, Z. , Wang, Y. , 2019. Evaluation of microbial inoculants pretreatment in straw and manure co-composting process enhancement. J 239:118078. DOI 10. 1016/j. jclepro. 2019. 118078 Wu, Y. , Chen, Y. , Shaaban, M. , Zhu, D. , Hu, C. , Chen, Z. , Wang, Y. , 2019. Evaluation of microbial inoculants pretreatment in straw and manure co-composting process enhancement. J 239:118078. DOI 10. 1016/j. jclepro. 2019. 118078 Yu, K. M. , Daniel, C. W. . T. , Alex, C. K. Y. , Season, S. C. , Yong S. O. k Chi S. P. , 2019. Valorization of food waste into hydroxymethylfurfural: Dual role of metal ions in successive conversion steps.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: You’ll be pleased to know that I’m absolutely not going to go down that road. However, I am going to briefly consider each of the three components of RIM. Since these three things are crucial in allowing us to distinguish life forms from inert entities – potentially throughout the universe – it simply won’t work if we’re fuzzy about their meanings. This point was brought home to me when I was reading the Introduction to astrobiology written by the planetary scientist David C. Catling in 2013. With regard to metabolism, Catling says the following: ‘All life metabolizes but so does my car. ’ I don’t agree with him, but I see what he means. The burning of a fuel such as petrol powers a car in much the same way as the burning of a fuel such as glucose powers a living organism. is right to see a parallel. But he’s wrong – in my view – to equate automotive and biological ‘metabolism’. I have an instinctive feeling that the two are different in some fundamental way, and perhaps you do too. But what is it? Of course, the fuels are different, but that’s not the best approach to this issue, because we can’t guarantee that the fuel of alien life is glucose. Here’s a better approach. A life form metabolizes right from the start; a car doesn’t. An organism is not simply a collection of cells, membranes, vesicles, filaments, and so on, that is inert until some point in its life when it gets fired up with an infusion of glucose or some other fuel. In contrast, a car is an object of precisely this latter sort. It’s a collection of metal and plastic parts that gets built in stages and hasn’t a whiff of ‘metabolism’ until after it’s complete – or has reached its ‘adult’ stage, to stretch the use of that term – and someone turns on the ignition. So, to be a life form from a metabolic perspective you need to be metabolizing right from the start. Even the very first cell of a new human or other animal – the zygote – metabolizes. An organism is an intrinsically metabolizing thing. Its default state is to metabolize.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Lagoon areas exhibit similar patterns, but are warmer by about 0. 5°C. Climbing from the winter low, the highest annual temperatures occur around early June. Shortly after that peak, temperatures decrease by 0. 5°–1. 0°C over the next two months. The drops usually occur in concert with strong west to southwest monsoon winds that often persist for many days. During autumn, temperatures again climb slowly to a second lower peak in mid-November, then start falling toward the next annual low in February. The relative forces driving the observed patterns, particularly the summer decrease, remain to be fully determined. Also, this shallow-water pattern does not extend onto reefs at or deeper than 35 m. The summer decrease in temperature, while usually associated with monsoon storms, does not always occur. 2010 as temperatures reached the level where coral bleaching had previously been observed to start (30°C), the west and southwest monsoon winds failed to occur. Shallow temperatures continued to climb when they normally would have dropped (Figure 5), and bleaching occurred. From 1999 to 2017, 2010 was the only year in which this anomalous pattern occurred, but it may be typical of what occurs during bleaching years. Figure 5. Annual pattern of water temperature at (ULR) and Off (SDO) for the period 1999–2017 from temperatures measured at 30-minute intervals averaged for all years, except 2010. Monthly mean values are shown as circles. The red curve shows all 30-minute 2010 data, including June–October bleaching, from May 20 to the end of the year, with monthly means indicated by circles. > High res figure 2. There is no deep reef refuge from bleaching conditions. It has been suggested that deeper (“mesophotic”) reefs may serve as refugia from conditions that negatively impact shallow reefs (Baker et al. , 2016), allowing survival of reef organisms/communities eliminated by unfavorable conditions in shallow areas. However, the experience in Palau has been that bleaching also impacts deep reefs, and this observation, as well as other factors (Colin and Lindfield, in press), question their potential as climate change refugia. The occurrence of rapid shifts in outer slope temperatures due to internal waves/tides, first described for Palau by Wolanski et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1548107/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractSawdust and food waste have been part of solid organic waste causing great environmental pollution. Composting is a popular utilization method of converting waste like sawdust and food waste to sanitized and stabilized soil amendment. Unfortunately, many composting systems failed due to a dearth of information as a result of little or no scientific research focused on the effects of the physical properties of composting materials on the composting process. To fill this knowledge gap, three composting experiments of food wastes mixed with sawdust at ratio 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60 and compacted to different initial bulk densities of 15, 20, and 25 kg/m3 respectively was carried out. Physicochemical parameters monitored throughout the composting process include bulk density; porosity; p65. 3 oC) was recorded by trial 3 while trial 1 recorded the lowest temperature (49. 3 0C). A steady decrease in temperature after the thermophilic stage was observed throughout the composting process. Among trials 1, 2, and 3, the maximum pH (9. 2) and EC (5. 1 mS/cm) were observed in compost trial 3. Additionally, the lowest pH (5. 3) and EC (1. 4 mS/cm) was observed in trial 1. Moisture content ranged from 60–15%. Trial 3 had the highest percentage finest and lowest fibrosity content. A significant increase in bulk density, porosity, and p2. CompostingSawdustFood wastePhysical propertiesBulk densityFibrosityFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 111. 0 IntroductionA large amount of waste generated from agriculture and food waste from households is one of the global serious issues (Hadi et al. 2021). The rate at which solid organic waste is being generated worldwide due to the rise in population and industrialization is alarming (Wu et al. , 2014). Many of these wastes are disposed of untreated and it has caused environmental and health challenges (Lukashe et al. 2019; Awasthi et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: However, to call life forms perpetually metabolizing things would be a step too far. We’re all familiar with hibernation – in hedgehogs, for example. This is a state of reduced metabolic activity in cold weather. And there’s the related phenomenon of aestivation – reduced metabolic activity in hot dry weather, as is found in some Mediterranean snails. But these two states are eclipsed by a more extreme one called cryptobiosis (‘hidden life’), in which metabolism may be reduced to zero, or very nearly so. The best example of animals exhibiting cryptobiosis are the tiny invertebrates called tardigrades, or water bears. These have played an interesting role in astrobiology, as we’ll see later. So it’s appropriate that they should feature in our discussion here of the definition of life. When environmental conditions become too extreme for a tardigrade to maintain normal, active, rapidly metabolizing life, it converts itself into a static, low-or-zero metabolizing structure called a tun. Both this state and the normal active state are shown in Figure 1. 2. When conditions improve again, it can convert back from a tun into an active, mobile, metabolizing tardigrade. But this fact doesn’t really cause us difficulties of definition. As long as we stick with a view of organisms as ‘intrinsically metabolizing’ rather than ‘perpetually metabolizing’, then we’re ok. Figure 1. 2 Two forms of the tiny invertebrate called a tardigrade or water bear. Upper right: how the animal looks under benign environmental conditions, when it is active. Lower left: a tardigrade tun, which is a resistant, non-metabolizing form that the animal converts itself into under extreme environmental conditions such as very low temperatures or lack of water. If conditions become less extreme, the tun can revert to the active form. That was a quick look at ‘metabolism’. Now, what about reproduction? Cars don’t reproduce. Neither do rocks or clouds of smoke. Organisms do. Perhaps this is more straightforward, then, than the case of metabolism? Well, not entirely. Regrettably, not all adult humans can reproduce. But those who can’t are no less alive than those who can.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: (2004), has proven to be the dominant condition on reef faces from 35 m to 90 m. Their interactions with steep slopes imply that water is regularly upwelled during El Niño periods when thermoclines are shallow (Figure 4b) and there are phytoplankton blooms in the mesophotic reef zone (Figure 3c). Niña induced coral bleaching, internal waves may still occur, but much deeper (below 100 m depth), so they are not detected by thermograph arrays in shallower reef waters. There is no question now that temperatures associated with bleaching (near 30°C) can occur in Palau to depths at the lower limits of coral growth. The often unithermal profile from surface to 90 m depth during the bleaching event of 2010 (Figure 3d,e) indicates that the normal stratification in the water column disappears. While there may be mechanisms operating during El Niño and ENSO neutral periods that potentially provide cooling to reef waters through upwelling, these break down during La Niña, preventing any cooling potential to reefs from deeper waters. 3. The comparison of SSST with in situ records over years indicates a need to recalibrate their relationships. Long-term in situ temperature monitoring provides the data sets necessary to fully evaluate the accuracy of SSST and its relationship to deeper reef environments. If the assumption is made that in situ data are accurate within the limits of their precision and their calibration, this allows the critical comparison with remote-sensing-derived values. A preliminary analysis indicates that the accuracy of SSST compared to in situ values decreases with increasing depth (Figure 6). Comparing daily mean temperatures for three years with different ENSO conditions (2010 – La Niña, 2015 – El Niño, 2013 – neutral) provides an informative perspective. During 2010 (a bleaching year), daily means to 35 m were highly correlated with SSST (Figure 6), understandable since the water column was nearly unithermal much of the time. However, 2015 with its El Niño and cool water relatively shallow, did not have a close correlation, reflecting the cooler temperatures found at 15 m and 35 m depth. The ENSO neutral year (2013) was intermediate, but still demonstrated a decreasing correlation between in situ and daily SSST with depth.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 2014; Sukholthaman et al. 2016). Traditional waste disposal methods and inappropriate waste management make the case even worst in developing countries. Household wastes are mixed with other wastes and are disposed of at dumpsites without any efficient material or energy recovery (Oudal et al. 2016). Recently in Nigeria, there is an increase in demand for wood for furniture and other construction purposes, as a result, a considerable amount of sawdust from timber is generated from sawmills. Sawdust is a waste product in form of a tiny piece or powder from wood as wood is cut by hand saw or machine of different sizes (Hadi et al. 2021). South-west Nigeria alone with over 10,000 sawmills is currently processing over 500,000 logs of woods per year, with about 50–55% as waste informs of sawdust (Adegoke et al. , 2014). As a result, a huge landfill of sawdust is been created at the sawmill and it poses a threat to humans and the environment. Getting rid of sawdust requires maximum operational cost, as a result, many were dumped to form sawdust piles and many were burnt on regular basis. Abdul-Halim et al. , (2019) reported that improper disposal and or indiscriminate burning of biomass are responsible for depleting quality of air, contributing to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, and significantly contributing to global warming and climate change. In addition, it has become a source of contaminant to drinking water, soil pollution (Hwang et al. 2020) and constitutes a major threat to the environment and human health. Therefore, the need for more effective waste management and reasonable plan should be adopted to overcome this environmental concern (Moh et al. 2017). Concerning food waste, it forms a major threat globally because it increases daily due to the increase in human population and improvement in the global economy. FAO statistics report of 2020 indicated that about one-third of food produced is wasted globally (FAO, 2020) and Nigeria alone contributed about 32 million tones of wasted food (Adebayo et al. , 2020). The statistics indicated that 57% are wasted during the cooking and distribution process, 30% are wasted as a leftover, 13% are on storage and disposal (FAO, 2020).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: In bees and ants, there are whole castes that can’t reproduce – workers, for example. These are no less alive than reproductive drones and queens. Also, cases are known where two species occasionally interbreed, producing offspring that are typically sterile – such as the mule, a hybrid between a horse and a donkey. So, we have to use reproduction as a characteristic of a species rather than of every individual, in our attempts to draw a line between life and non-life. Now we come to the third attribute included in the RIM definition of life – inheritance. This applies to all life forms on Earth, though in different ways to some than to others. We humans are most familiar with the sort of inheritance that is associated with sexual reproduction, in which, as we can plainly see, offspring tend to resemble one or both parents more than they do other members of the overall population. Most other animal species have sexual reproduction, so the same phenomenon applies, even though, for example, we humans find it hard to distinguish degrees of similarity among different individual houseflies. Inheritance still applies in the world of asexual reproduction, which is much more common in bacteria and other microbes than it is in animals. A population of a particular kind of bacterium that reproduces in this way can be thought of us a collection of clones. Each parent, on its own, produces progeny that are genetically identical to itself, so the within-clone variation is zero at the level of the gene (unless a mutation occurs), and may be quite small at the level of the organism. In contrast, the between-clone variation is greater. Since clones are to all intents and purposes families, the situation regarding inheritance is broadly the same. Finally, we must be equally careful in deciding what entity to apply inheritance to, as we were in using the term reproduction. Inheritance applies to the relationship between generations, not to individual organisms taken alone. Of the three RIM attributes, metabolism is the only one that can be applied to individuals considered in isolation from other members of their family, population, or species. In summary, the RIM definition of life can be constructed something like this.

Output: pass