Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 30602666] [48] Papier K, D’Este C, Bain C, et al. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in Thai adults: Results from an 8-year prospective study. 2017; 7(6): e283. [ [PMID: 28628126] [49] Sugar-sweetened product consumption alters glucose homeostasis compared with dairy product consumption in men and women at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr 2015; 145(3): 459-66. [ [PMID: 25733460] [50] -Lozada LG, et al. Sugar, uric acid, and the etiology of diabetes and obesity. Diabetes 2013; 62(10): 3307-15. [ [PMID: 24065788] [51] Khitan Z, Kim DH. Fructose: A key factor in the development of metabolic syndrome and hypertension. J 2013; 2013: 682673. [ [PMID: 23762544] [52] Single oral challenge by advanced glycation end products acutely impairs endothelial function in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. 2007; 30(10): 2579-82. [ [PMID: 17496238] [53] Consumption of sweet beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in European adults: Results from EPIC-InterAct. Diabetologia 2013; 56(7): 1520-30. [ [PMID: 23620057] [54] Löfvenborg Sweetened beverage intake and risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol 2016; 175(6): 605-14. [ [PMID: 27926472] [55] Perez-ánchez-. Excessive fructose intake induces the features of metabolic syndrome in healthy adult men: Role of uric acid in the hypertensive response. Obes 2010; 34(3): 454-61. [ [PMID: 20029377] [56]. Serum uric acid levels were dynamically coupled with hemoglobin A1c in the development of type 2 diabetes. 2016; 6: 28549. [ [PMID: 27328642] [57].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: That mindfulness predicted prosocial behavior but not parochial empathy when controlling for all covariates suggests that empathy may not be a reliable mechanism in intergroup prosociality (but see Berry et al. , 2018). Future research should examine social cognitive mechanisms mutable to mindfulness including social categorization (Pinazo & Breso, 2017), attribution (Tincher et al. , 2016), and implicit attitude bias (Lueke & Gibson, 2015). In designing conflict resolution interventions, researchers should be cognizant of the behaviors and emotions they intend their trainees to emit; in doing so, researchers may wish to design interventions to highlight active ingredients like mindfulness meditation that changes intergroup prosocial behavior, and compassion meditation that reduces parochial empathy. Most importantly, further research is needed to show whether longer-term mindfulness-based and compassion-based interventions impact parochial empathy and prosocial behavior. There is one additional finding in this study that diverged from previous research. Contrary to research upon which this study’s procedure was constructed (Bruneau et al. , 2017), the present results showed that parochial empathy predicted out-group altruism but was not a predictor of support for out-group immigration after accounting for the well-established role of trait empathic concern in prosocial outcomes. One explanation for this result is that participants in this study showed very little parochial empathy, making it less likely that parochial empathy could affect prosocial behavioral outcomes. Eight items measured in-group empathy and 8 items measured out-group empathy (Bruneau et al. , 2017). In past research, parochial empathy has been calculated as in-group empathy score minus out-group empathy score. Greater parochial empathy would be indicated by higher positive values (maximum difference score = eight). Average scores for parochial empathy in the total sample were very close to zero, indicating that participants in this study reported a similar amount of empathy for in-group and out-group members. Another explanation for these results is that the parochial empathy measure in this study measured experience or emotional sharing (i. e. , sharing emotions that are congruent with the target’s emotions) for in-group and out-group members. Past research has shown that mindfulness enhances state empathic concern and that state empathic concern was a significant mediator between mindfulness and prosocial behavior toward ostracized strangers (Berry et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: ) Soil science and sustainable land management in the tropics. . Web of Science®1993. Nitrogen dynamics of tropical agroforestry and annual cropping systems. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25: 1363–1378. 10. 1016/0038-0717(93)90051-C CASWeb of Science®1998. Farm-level assessment of the nutrient balance in northern Nigeria. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 71: 201–214. 10. 1016/S0167-8809(98)00141-8 CASWeb of Science®1989. Potential agronomic value of calcium in some phosphate rocks from. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53: 459–462. 10. 2136/sssaj1989. 03615995005300020025x Web of Science®1994. Rotation of maize with cowpea improves yield and nutrient use of maize compared to maize monocropping in an alfisol in the northern of Ghana. Plant Soil. 160: 171–183. 10. 1007/BF00010143 CASWeb of Science®2000. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation response of mucuna affected by rhizobial inoculation in farmers' fields in the derived savanna of Benin. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 30: 558–565. 10. 1007/s003740050036 CASWeb of Science®1990. Effect of five years of no-tillage and mulch on soil properties and tuber yield of cassava on an acid ultisol in south-eastern Nigeria. Exp. Agric. 26: 235–240. 10. 1017/S001447970001824X Web of Science®1985. Effect of tillage system and mulch on soil properties and growth of yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) on an Ultisol. J. Root Crops. 11: 9–22. 1992. Sustainable food production in sub-Saharan Africa: 1. IITA's contributions. . 1985. Interactions between fertilizer nitrogen and soil nitrogen - the so-called ‘priming’ effect. J. Soil Sci. 36: 425–444. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2389. 1985.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: Dietary sugars and cardiometabolic risk: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of the effects on blood pressure and lipids. 2014; 100(1): 65-79. [ [PMID: 24808490] [58] Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans. J 2009; 119(5): 1322-34. [ [PMID: 19381015] [59]. Glycemic load, glycemic index, and carbohydrate intake in relation to risk of cholecystectomy in women. Gastroenterology 2005; 129(1): 105-12. [ [PMID: 16012940] [60] Becerra-Tomás N, Paz-Graniel I, Tresserra-Rimbau A, et al. Fruit consumption and cardiometabolic risk in the -plus study: A cross-sectional analysis. 2021; 31(6): 1702-13. [ [PMID: 33838995] [61]. Fructose metabolism in humans - what isotopic tracer studies tell us. (Lond) 2012; 9(1): 89. [ [PMID: 23031075] [62] Tappy L, Lê KA. Metabolic effects of fructose and the worldwide increase in obesity. 2010; 90(1): 23-46. [ [PMID: 20086073] [63] Association between dietary patterns and plasma biomarkers of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk. 2001; 73(1): 61-7. [ [PMID: 11124751] [64]. Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-of Atherosclerosis (MESA). 2009; 32(4): 688-94. [ [PMID: 19151203] [65] Contribution of minimally processed and ultra-processed foods to the cardiometabolic risk of Brazilian young adults: A cross-sectional study. 2021; 38(2): 328-36. [PMID: 33586992] [66]. Erratum: Consumption of whole grains and cereal fiber and total and cause-specific mortality: Prospective analysis of 367,442 individuals. BMC Med 2015; 13: 85.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: Calear & Christensen, 2010; Felver et al. , 2016). However, the theoretical assumptions that underpin these approaches may lead to differences in several applied factors in a school setting such as the problem-focus of the intervention, appropriate participant group or the allocation of time and financial resources. Understanding these differences can help schools to make an informed choice regarding relevant programmes. In a comprehensive review of school-based interventions, Klingbeil et al. (2017) recognised the need for a comparison between well-established interventions to establish the effects of these differences in theory and application. An important consideration when exploring the effects of school-based interventions is the age and cognitive ability of the participants (Porter et al. , 2022). Significant neurological changes in both the limbic system (the emotion centre of the brain) and the pre-frontal cortex occur during the pre-adolescent period, from around 7–8 to 11–12 years (Bunge et al. , 2002; Urbain et al. , 2017). At this stage in brain development, executive functions such as goal-setting, inhibiting impulses and cognitive flexibility are still in the process of maturation (Ridderinkhof et al. , 1999) and the application of controlled regulation strategies makes additional demands on cognitive capacity (Best et al. , 2009; Grave & Blissett, 2004). Cognitive ability could differentially impact the efficacy of CBIs and MBIs with CBIs often emphasising controlled regulation and application of executive functions to control and change behaviour (Daunic et al. , 2006; Diamond, 2013). This contrasts with MBIs where there is a focus on the application of executive functions to help create a pause between the response to emotional stimuli and the appraisal of that stimuli, which reduces the necessity for controlled regulation strategies (Farb et al. , 2013; Hölzel et al. , 2011; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012). However, the level and focus of awareness that MBIs require could prove challenging for some children, especially those under the age of 7 years (Maynard et al. , 2017). Although a review of school-based depression and anxiety prevention programmes for 5–19 year olds, where 84% of the interventions were CBIs, found no effect of age (Werner-Seidler et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: tb00348. x CASWeb of Science®1975. Soil of the Savanna. . 1995. Acidification of a kaolinitic Alfisol under continuous cropping with nitrogen fertilization in West Africa. Plant Soil. 171: 245–253. 10. 1007/BF00010278 CASWeb of Science®1999. Longterm alley cropping with four hedgerow species on an Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria—Effect on crop performance, soil chemical properties and nematode population. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 54: 145–155. 10. 1023/A:1009757830508 Web of Science®1995. Alley cropping maize with Leucaena leucocephala. Tree Res. Rep. 13: 72–74. 1985. Alley cropping sequentially cropped maize and cowpea with leucaena on a sandy soil in Southern Nigeria. Plant Soil. 85: 267–277. 10. 1007/BF02139631 CASWeb of Science®1976. Sulfur response of maize in Western Nigeria. Agron. J. 68: 333–336. 10. 2134/agronj1976. 00021962006800020032x CASWeb of Science®2001. Sustaining soil fertility in in the face of rapidly increasing pressure for agricultural intensification. p. 1–22. In G. Tian et al. (ed. ) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 58. SSSA and. 1998. Screening of exotic and local tree species for soil fertility maintenance for sustainable maize production in northern Ghana. p. 311–316. In G. Renard et al. (ed. ) Soil fertility management in land use systems. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany. 1994. Priority setting in research for sustainable land use: the case of the Adja Plateau, Benin. Agrofor. Syst. 26: 101–122. 10. 1007/BF00707009 Web of Science®1996. Agro-ecological on-farm evaluation of selected technologies to improve soil fertility in southern Benin. p. 381–409. Farming in West-Africa. 1994–1996. Univ. of Hohenheim, Hohenheim, Germany. 1998.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: 2020; 21(1): 17-33. [ [PMID: 31808043] [77] -. Associations between fasting duration, timing of first and last meal, and cardiometabolic endpoints in the national health and nutrition examination survey. Nutrients 2021; 13(8): 2686. [ [PMID: 34444846] & :Pattern among Individuals: A Volume: 19 Issue: 1 Author(s): Chiang, Azrina Azlan*Barakatun-Yusof Affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and : Noncommunicable diseases, cardiometabolic risk factors, metabolic syndrome, dietary sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, adult. Abstract: Background: The global prevalence of noncommunicable diseases has risen rapidly over the past decade. Research has focused on dietary management, particularly dietary sugar, to prevent and treat noncommunicable diseases. Objective: This study undertakes a scoping review of research on the impacts of dietary sugar on cardiometabolic related health outcomes. Methods: Ovid Medline, Scopus and Web of collection databases were used to identify papers published from January 1, 2010 onwards. The included studies had to be cross-sectional or cohort studies, peered review, published in English and in adults, aged 18 years old and above. 10. 2174/1573399818666220324095435 DOI Print ISSN1573-3998 1875-6417 this journal Call for Papers in Submission closes on : 05 November, 2024 Wound Healing: Mechanisms and recent years, diabetic wounds have become a global health concern with an increase in the incidence of diabetes. Diabetic wounds are a kind of chronic and refractory ulcer. It is generally due to microcirculatory disturbances and reduced levels of endogenous growth factors. Delayed cutaneous wound healing is a chronic. . . read more Guest Editor(s): Dr. Submission closes on : 30 November, 2024 Oxidative and in the Development of Complications Diabetes, along with its associated secondary complications, represents a significant global health challenge, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Unhealthy lifestyle habits, reduced physical activity, environmental pollutants, and stress are pivotal factors in the onset of diabetes, particularly type-2 diabetes. Poorly managed hyperglycemia can lead to various complications, including neuropathy,. . . read more Guest Editor(s): Dr. Kota V.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: Emotional modulation outcomes, such as anxiety and depression, have been shown to have small but significant reductions following both school-based CBIs (Caldwell et al. , 2019; Calear & Christensen, 2010; Dray et al. , 2017; Mackenzie & Williams, 2018; Werner-Seidler et al. , 2017) and MBIs (Dunning et al. , 2019; Klingbeil et al. , 2017; Zoogman et al. , 2014), though in the latter the effect was greater in the clinical population groups than in general classroom based groups. Other reviews have found no effect of MBIs in these outcomes (Ruiz-Íñiguez et al. , 2019; Zenner et al. , 2014). Regarding expression-based emotion regulation measures, CBIs have been shown to reduce anti-social and improve pro-social expressive behaviours (Dray, et al. , 2017) but may not be effective in reducing negative expressive behaviours in pre-adolescent populations (Dray et al. , 2017; Mackenzie & Williams, 2018). Although MBIs have been found not to significantly impact behaviour in school settings (Maynard et al. , 2017), the positive effects of MBIs on negative behaviours have been shown in reviews by Klingbeil et al. (2017) and Dunning et al. (2019). However, it should be noted that both these reviews cover a broad age range of participants, from 3 to 17 years and 4 to 17 years, respectively. Collectively, the findings from previous reviews, in terms of the impact of MBIs and CBIs in the areas of emotional awareness, modulation and expression, demonstrate the lack of consistency in reporting and an inability to draw any clear conclusion on the effectiveness of interventions for aged groups of particular development stages such as 7–12-year-olds. Due to the inconsistent evidence, researchers have urged caution in the adoption of both CBIs (Caldwell et al. , 2019) and MBIs (Carsley et al. , 2017; Maynard et al. , 2017) as a method of addressing emotion-related well-being. However, it is often the broad range of outcomes, participant age ranges and intervention types in each review which may be contributing to the lack of clarity; therefore, more focused research is needed to inform future practice in this area. Although comparison of interventions has been conducted (e. g.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Combined effects of NPK and three different types of mulch on maize production in southern Benin. p. 287–291. In G. Renard et al. (ed. ) Soil fertility management in land use systems. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany. 2001. Fertilizer use and definition of farmer domains for impact-oriented research in the Savanna of Nigeria. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 2001. Soil organic matter and soil fertility. p. 69–89. In G. Tian et al. (ed. ) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 58. SSSA and. 1986. Management of nitrogen fertilizers for tropical African soils. p. 117–172. In P. L. G. Vlek, and A. U. Mokwunye (ed. ) Management of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in sub-Saharan Africa. Publ. , Dordrecht, the Netherlands. 10. 1007/978-94-009-4398-8_6 1998. The potential of integrating forage legumes into the fallow management of crop-livestock farming systems in subhumid West Africa. Univ. of Hohenheim, Hohenheim, Germany. 1996. Low use of fertilizers and low productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 47: 135–147. 10. 1007/BF01991545 Web of Science®1985. Effect of nitrogen sources on crop yield and soil properties in the savanna. p. 223–234. In B. T. Kang, and J. Heide (ed. ) Nitrogen management in farming systems in humid and subhumid tropics. Inst. for Soil Fertility, Haren, the Netherlands. 1995. Fertilizer supply and distribution policy in Nigeria. p. 124–132. In A. E. Ikpi (ed. ) Sustainable agriculture and economic development in Nigeria. Winrock Int. Inst. for Agric. Develop. , Arlington, VA. 1989. Long-term effects of the continuous cultivation of a tropical Ultisol in southwestern Nigeria. Exp. Agric. 25: 207–215. 10. 1017/S0014479700016719 Web of Science®1986.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: Few studies have reported that individuals with PWS tend to be obese due to hypothalamic-pituitary dysregulation which was induced by hyperphagia. This can lead to increased obesity in childhood, which progressively develops into T2DM in PWS. The excess adipose tissue produces adipokines, which are also assumed to play a role in regulating food intake in PWS patients (Burman, Ritzen, & Lindgren, 2001; Kennedy et al. , 2006; Lindmark, Trygg, Giltvedt, & Kolset, 2010). Alternatively, excess carbohydrates were responsible for increased adiposity and cause a decline in energy expenditure, which leads to weight gain in PWS. Obesity and weight gain are important factors that lead to insulin resistance and T2DM. In addition, daily intake of food and nutrition are additional risk factors for T2DM. The effectiveness of dietary and lifestyle modification approaches in the prevention of T2DM was provided by the Program trials (Hu, van Dam, & Liu, 2001; Knowler et al. , 2002; Miller et al. , 2011; Miller, Lynn, Shuster, & Driscoll, 2011). Several studies have shown that type and quantity of dietary carbohydrates play a crucial role in the development of impaired glucose and lipid profile and insulin resistance and increase the risk of T2DM and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Manson & Spelsberg, 1993). Refined grains are low in fiber and rich in carbohydrates. They have a high glycemic load (GL) and are quickly absorbed (Mizoue et al. , 2006). Some studies have shown that diets with high glycemic index (GI) can increase postprandial blood glucose level and insulin demand, which in turn may develop hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in the long term (Khosravi-Boroujeni et al. , 2013). High BMI and homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) can lead to the development of T2DM in individuals with PWS. There was a prevalence of 13. 7% (29/211) PWS patients with T2DM risk in a Korean population (Yang, Jinsup, Sung Yoon, & Dong-Kyu, 2017), and 7–25% of PWS have been associated with T2DM (Buiting et al. , 1995; Butler et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: Initial analysis indicated that there was no significant effect of CBIs on student anxiety or depression. This finding contrasts with the systematic review by Dray et al. (2017) which found that school-based interventions had a small effect on anxiety levels in children up to 11 years old. Mackenzie and Williams (2018) also found that primary school students significantly reduced anxiety levels following CBIs. However, both these reviews included participants from 5 years old and 4 years old respectively. It is possible that the contrasting findings in the current review are due to the exclusion of younger participants. Werner-Seidler et al. (2017) included both CBIs and MBIs in their review of school-based prevention programmes. They found that programmes had small effects on anxiety and depression with no effect of age. However, their sub-analyses of age categories should be treated with some caution as heterogeneity ranged from I2 = 32% to I2 = 73%. In the current review, an effect of age was found in the sub-group analysis of MBIs. Studies that included participants with a mean age of 10 years and older found improved levels of positive emotion modulation and reduced levels of depression. The age-related effect may explain the mixed results found in previous studies. Some reviews suggest there is no effect of mindfulness on depression in children (Ruiz-Íñiguez et al. , 2019; Zenner et al. , 2014) but Zoogman et al. (2014) did find a significant effect on depression with a mix of clinical and non-clinical populations. Werner-Seidler et al. (2017) also found that targeted interventions had a larger effect than universal programmes on measures of depression. This is in direct contrast to the current findings as a sub-group analysis indicated that only universal MBIs showed a significant effect. The targeted study in the current review (Alampay et al. , 2020) included children with behavioural problems as the target group and these participants may not have experienced elevated levels of depression. It is interesting that MBIs showed a small effect on positive affect and levels of depression but no effect on anxiety and negative affect. This contrasts previous reviews (Dunning et al. , 2019; Klingbeil et al. , 2017) which suggest that MBIs do improve outcomes such as internalising problems, negative emotions and subjective distress.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The effect of sawdust mulch and increasing levels of nitrogen on the weed growth and yield of false horn plantains (Musa ABB). Biol. Agric. Hortic. 3: 353–359. Web of Science®1991. The effect of crop residue mulches on the yield and production pattern of plantain (Musa AAB). Biol. Agric. Hortic. 8: 71–80. 10. 1080/01448765. 1991. 9754577 Web of Science®1998. Legume rotation in the moist tropical savanna: managing soil nitrogen dynamics and cereal yields in farmers' fields. Exp. Agric. 34: 73–83. 10. 1017/S0014479798001021 CASWeb of Science®2000. Charge characteristics of soil organic matter fractions in a under some multipurpose trees. Agrofor. Syst. 48: 169–188. 10. 1023/A:1006361229778 Web of Science®1994. The suitability of Gliricidia sepium in-situ live stake on the yield and performance of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata). Acta-Horticulturae. 380: 360–366. 10. 17660/ActaHortic. 1994. 380. 56 1983. Fifty years of experimental agriculture II. The maintenance of soil fertility in tropical Africa: A review. Exp. Agric. 19: 293–310. 10. 1017/S001447970001276X Web of Science®1997. Combined use of organic and inorganic nutrient sources for soil fertility maintenance and replenishment. p. 193–217. In R. J. Buresh et al. (ed. ) Replenishing soil fertility in Africa. SSSA and. 1981. Evolution de la fertilité d'un sol ferrugineux tropical sous l'influence de fumures minérales et organiques. Agron. Trop. 36: 122–133. 1997. The world food situation: Recent developments, emerging issues, and long-term prospects. Int. Res. Inst. , Washington, DC. 1998. Agronomic and economic evaluation of organic and mineral fertilisers in different agro-ecological zones of Togo. p. 67–72. In G. Renard et al. (ed.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: 0001) in PWS subjects than those in OC subjects. This study also showed that all 23 (100%) PWS patients in both adolescent and adult categories had been contributing to T2DM, whereas only 7 among the 23 OC subjects had T2DM. According to the previous study, severe obesity was developed by exceeding BMI values of 26–28 kg/m2, making it possible for insulin secretion and the development of diabetes (Campbell & Gerich, 1990). The individuals with PWS may have relative insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, and obesity, which are the most important factors for the occurrence of T2DM via destruction of β cell function (Fintini et al. , 2016; L’Allemand, Eiholzer, Schlumpf, Torresani, & Girard, 2003). Yang et al. (2017) had reported that in PWS, increased BMI and homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) can lead to the development of T2DM. Furthermore, the prevalence of T2DM about 22. 3/1000 in 10–14-year-old children was found in specific ethnic subgroups such as African-American, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and American Indians, being highest in (Lindmark et al. , 2010), and other studies reported the prevalence of T2DM about 0. 4 to 1% in obese children of age ≥ 12 years (Sinha et al. , 2002; Wabitsch et al. , 2004). Likewise, a prevalence of 13. 7% (29/211) was shown in PWS patients with T2DM risk in a study conducted in a Korean population (Yang et al. , 2017). Moreover, the prevalence of T2DM (13. 5%) was revealed by another cohort study in Italian PWS patients. However, this proportion is relatively lower than that of PWS develops T2DM if BMI > 30 kg/m2. The difference in the prevalence of T2DM in PWS depends on the size of the PWS base population and their lifestyle factors. Furthermore, obesity and weight gain are important factors that lead to insulin resistance and T2DM. Daily intake of food and nutrition are other risk factors for T2DM. The effectiveness of dietary and lifestyle modification approaches in the prevention of T2DM was provided by the Program trial (Hu et al. , 2001; Knowler et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: 닫기 논문명 참고문헌 신청 검색조건추가 참고문헌 신청이 불가능한 논문이 있습니다. 입력된 URL을 확인해 주세요. 취소 다음 확인 이용수. . . 닫기 최근3년 최근1년 최근6개월 연도 월 이용수 정기구독 정책 구독 상품을 부정한 방법으로 이용시 구독 서비스 제공을 중단할 수 있습니다. 하나의 계정으로 중복로그인 한 경우 먼저 로그인 되어있던 계정은 자동 로그아웃 됩니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: ) Soil fertility management in land use systems. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany. 1992. Improving fertilizer recommendations for subsistence farmers in West Africa: the use of agro-economic analysis of on-farm trials. Fert. Res. 32: 333–342. 10. 1007/BF01050371 1997. Sustainable agriculture in the tropics: The case of potassium under maize cropping in Togo. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 46: 205–213. 10. 1007/BF00420555 Web of Science®1998. Effects of livestock on soil fertility in West Africa. p. 319–338. In G. Renard et al. (ed. ) Soil fertility management in land use systems. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany. 1985. Use of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam. de Wit) leaves as a nitrogen source for crop production. Fert. Res. 8: 107–116. 10. 1007/BF01048894 1986. Processing phosphate ores into fertilizers. p. 225–252. In A. U. Mokwunye, and P. L. G. Vlek (ed. ) Management of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in sub Sa-haran Africa. Publ. , Dordrecht, the Netherlands. 10. 1007/978-94-009-4398-8_8 2000. Interactions between residues of maize and pigeon-pea and mineral N fertilizers during decomposition and N mineralization. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32: 679–688. 10. 1016/S0038-0717(99)00204-7 CASWeb of Science®1976. Properties and management of soils in the tropics. & Sons, New York. 1994. Tropical soil fertility research: Towards the second paradigm. p. 65–88. and state of the art conferences. Trans. 15th of Soil Science. Acapulco, Mexico. 11 July 1994. de la Ciencia del Suelo, Chapingo, Mexico. 2001. Nitrogen contribution of promiscuous soybeans in maize-based cropping systems. p. 157–177. In G. Tian et al. (ed. ) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: , 2011), and Miller, Lynn, Shuster, and Driscoll (2013) had advised the parents of these children to decrease their energy intake at the same time placing the children on a healthy, well-balanced diet of approximately 30% fat, 45% carbohydrates, and 25% protein, with the carbohydrates given as complex carbohydrates to provide a goal of 20 g of fiber per day to prevent of weight gain in PWS. In our current study, we found out that individuals of PWS were associated with high consumption of carbohydrates (300. 2 ± 81. 6 g/day) and high BMI values (55. 6 ± 6. 17). Similarly, OC with T2DM subjects have BMI 30. 2 ± 4. 14, and their carbohydrate consumption is 225. 3 ± 32. 5 g/day, which is higher when compared to OC without T2DM [BMI (29. 1 ± 3. 5), carbohydrate consumption (88. 0 ± 20. 2 g/day)]. This study also reports fasting blood sugar levels (p value 0. 0027) and postprandial blood sugar levels (p value 0. 0146) that are highly significant in PWS when compared to OC subjects. Hence, this current study strongly suggests that high consumption of carbohydrates could also increase the blood sugar level and it is responsible for serious risk for the development of T2DM with those of exceeding BMI in the individuals with PWS. Furthermore, based on our finding and other previous related papers, we opine that individuals with PWS consume foods high in carbohydrates, which depends on the staple foods and it varies place to place. Since white rice is the staple food for population, the PWS patients consume 300 g of carbohydrates per day. Limitation of this present study is that only few PWS patients’ data were collected. Hence, this study was not able to show the prevalence of PWS with T2DM in our populations. Since there were no previous studies regarding daily high intake of food in PWS leading to T2DM, we could not compare our study with similar works. ConclusionOur current study presents the first report on excessive carbohydrate consumption by PWS patients in and their BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 as risk factors for T2DM in them. The population with PWS consumes more carbohydrates from high intake of white rice than the OC subjects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: Mindfulness has become increasingly popular in recent decades as a method to improve mental health and provide a range of other benefits (for a scoping review of topics in mindfulness research, see Kee et al. , 2019). Given the success of mindfulness in adult populations, mindfulness programmes have also been increasingly implemented in schools. Last year, Kuyken et al. (2022a) published the results of the largest ever study of universal school-based mindfulness training (in Adolescence; ). trial included 8376 participants, aged 10–14 years, from 84 schools across the UK (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). The premise of the study was that a universal school-based mindfulness programme may have the potential to improve population-wide mental health in a cost-effective way. study was tightly controlled and included pre-registration of methods and analyses, a cluster-randomised trial design, a UK population representative sample of adolescents, and pre-determination that the study had sufficient power to detect effects. Participants were either randomised to school-based mindfulness training taught via an established and manualised programme that caters mindfulness lessons for school-aged students (the. b mindfulness programme), or teaching as usual. The mindfulness programme included ten mindfulness lessons across the course of one term, taught by the students’ usual teacher (who was extensively trained in how to teach mindfulness), with each lesson lasting 30–50 min, and students attending 90% of lessons on average (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). Outside of these lessons, no practice time was specifically made available at school, but students were recommended to practise in their own time and provided with guided audio recordings (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). With its very large sample size and rigorous study design, can be viewed as a definitive test of school-based mindfulness programmes, implemented as per the study protocol. Unexpectedly, the results showed no evidence that participating in the mindfulness programme was more helpful for adolescents than teaching as usual (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). Indeed, confidence intervals indicated there was no possibility of any important effects in reductions to the risk of depression or anxiety and no improvements in social-emotional-behavioural function, executive functioning, or well-being (Kuyken et al. , 2022a).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: 58. SSSA and. 1995. Alley cropping with Gliricidia sepium on a high base status soil following forest clearing: Effects on soil conditions, plant nutrition and crop yields. Agrofor. Syst. 32: 261–276. 10. 1007/BF00711714 Web of Science®1987. Fertilizer distribution in West Africa. p. 110–136. use and crop production. Proc. of a IFA regional meeting in Senegal (1987). February 1987Int. Assoc, Paris, France. 2001. Herbaceous legunes: The panacea for soil fertility problems. p. 179–196. In G. Tian et al. (ed. ) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 58. SSSA and. 1994. The effects of alley cropping and fertilizer application on continuously cropped maize. Trop. Agric. 71: 163–169. Web of Science®1991. Alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (Lam. ) and Acioa barteri (Hook. f. ) Engl. Agrofor. Syst. 14: 219–231. 10. 1007/BF00115737 Web of Science®1982. Effect of continuous use of fertilizers, lime and micronutrients on soil properties at Mokwa, Nigeria. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 30: 306–311. CAS1993. An agro-ecological framework of integrated nutrient nanagement with special reference to Kenya. Univ. , Wageningen, the Netherlands. 1984. In-situ mulch production for plantain. Banana Newsl. 7: 20–22. 1985. Tropical soil biology and rertility: planning for research. Int. Union of Biol. Sci. , Paris, France. 1992. Synthesis report on the 1991 research activities and findings of the NCRE agronomy unit in northern Cameroon. Research and Extension (NCRE) Report. Gaoua, Cameroon. 2001. The contribution of livestock to soil fertility. p. 281–304. In G. Tian et al. (ed. ) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 58. SSSA and. 1991. Soil science in the tropics—The next 75 years.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: The younger age of T2DM in our cohort is consistent with that seen among other groups such as the Australians, the and Alaska natives [34-36]. Age of subjects had lower odds of being in the DM group than in the pre diabetic (p<0. 0001, OR: 0. 85, 95% CI (0. 82-0. 89) in concordance with earlier reports [37,38]. Odds of being in the diabetic group gets multiplied by 7. 56 for each unitary increase in male gender (p< 0. 0001, OR: 7. 56, 95% CI 3. 16- 18. 23). As seen in this study, majority of the female participants were either overweight (59. 6%) or obese (78. 6%). The reason for such an observation has not been completely elucidated but is proposed to be associated with obesity which is highly prevalent in the populations worldwide. Since obesity is closely linked to increased insulin resistance and decreased insulin sensitivity and higher risk of diabetes, arresting the obesity pandemic among our population should be a priority [39-41]. Special, culturally oriented community-based intervention programs need to be implemented. The frequency of pre diabetes in 27. 2% of the female cases out of the total cohort in this study was six times higher than other, estimated to be 4. 2% in 2006 [42,43]. Due to our small sample size, this is inconclusive and needs to be verified by extending our study to more of our communities. Nevertheless, our findings warrant special attention from the health authorities since although HbA1c is not as sensitive as IGT test, it has consistently been shown to be a good predictor of increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and T2DM in many populations around the world [44,45]. Previous cross-sectional studies have reported that multiple risk factors are related to pre-diabetes, Such as increased age, overweight, obesity, blood pressure, and dyslipidemia [37,46,47]. More importantly, impaired glucose tolerance was found to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the hazard ratio of death was 2. 22 (95% CI = 1. 08–4. 58), and arterial stiffness and pathological changes in the arterial intima occurred in the stage of IGT [48].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: Moreover, results suggested that the students in the mindfulness condition reported marginally higher risk of depression, hyperactivity/inattention, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive scores (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). Finally, the students in the mindfulness condition even reported lower mindfulness scores after the mindfulness programme (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). This final point is not just an isolated finding — the lack of an improvement in mindfulness scores is a consistent finding across studies of the. b programme (Mettler et al. , 2023). The lack of change in mindfulness scores is perhaps a good demonstration that the. b programme did not achieve its intended effect — a primary aim of most mindfulness programmes is to increase the mindful state in participants, with theoretical perspectives suggesting that increases in the mindful state enable decreased rumination and reactivity to stressors, as well as increases in emotional regulation (Perestelo-Perez et al. , 2017; van der Velden et al. , 2015; Wolkin, 2015). Indeed, the team’s own scoping review suggested that an increase in mindfulness skills is a strong contender for a mechanism of action by which mindfulness programmes cause improvements in well-being (Tudor et al. , 2022). It should be noted that the validity of mindfulness measures at assessing change from mindfulness programmes is debated (Goldberg et al. , 2019; et al. , 2010, 2012). Some research has indicated that after a mindfulness intervention, participants interpret the questions from mindfulness scales differently, demonstrating a response shift (Bartos et al. , 2023). However, other research has indicated this response shift is only minor (Krägeloh et al. , 2018). As such, it may be that other measures are more appropriate for assessing the mechanisms of action of mindfulness interventions. However, regardless of whether changes in mindfulness reflect the mechanism of action or not, the small decrease in mindfulness as a result of the study suggests the mindfulness programme did not achieve its intended effect of increasing mindfulness in the students. Similarly, a follow-up study by the team did not find that change in trait mindfulness was a significant mechanism of action for the programme (Dunning et al. , 2022). Assuming that increases in trait mindfulness are an important mechanism of action of effective mindfulness programmes as research has suggested (Alsubaie et al. , 2017; Gu et al. , 2015; Tudor et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Decomposers recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Soil Sci. 151: 76–90. 10. 1097/00010694-199101000-00010 Web of Science®2001. Pueraria cover crop fallow systems: Benefits and applicability. p. 137–155. In G. Tian et al. (ed. ) Sustaining soil fertility in West Africa. SSSA Spec. Publ. 58. SSSA and. 10. 2136/sssaspecpub58. c7 1993. Mulching effect of plant residues with chemically contrasting compositions on maize growth and nutrients accumulation. Plant Soil. 153: 179–187. 10. 1007/BF00012990 CASWeb of Science®2000. Nitrogen fertilizer replacement indexes of legume cover crops in the derived savanna of West Africa. Plant Soil. 224: 287–296. 10. 1023/A:1004873206350 CASWeb of Science®1995. Long-term fertilizer and crop residue effects on soil and crop yields in the savanna region of Cote d'Ivoire. p. 141–180. In R. Lal (ed. ) Soil management: Experimental basis for sustainability and environmental quality. Lewis Publ. , Boca Raton, FL. 1990. Comparative responses of two maize varieties to fertilizers on a newly cleared ferralitic soil in Southern Benin—Economic analysis. Tropicultura. 8: 3–8. 1999. Alley cropping in the moist savanna of West-Africa III. Soil organic matter fractionation and soil productivity. Agrofor. Syst. 42: 245–264. 10. 1023/A:1006128401073 Web of Science®1994. Residue fractionation and decomposition: The significance of the active fraction. Plant Soil. 158: 263–274. 10. 1007/BF00009500 CASWeb of Science®425. 10. 1046/j. 1365-2389. 1998. 4930417. x Web of Science®2090. 10. 1016/S0038-0717(00)00150-4 CASWeb of Science®2090. 10. 1016/S0038-0717(00)00150-4 CASWeb of Science®1995.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Excessive sugar consumption increases the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. [SEP] Text: The participants in our study with pre-diabetes had higher BMI, more frequent HTN, higher triglyceride, frequent renal failure and DN than those without pre-diabetes but lower than participants with T2DM. logistic regression analysis showed no significant association of any of the covariables with normoglycemic subjects in front of the pre diabetic reference group, whereas the odds of being in the diabetic group gets multiplied by 7. 56 for each unitary increase in male gender. Also, individuals with hypertension had higher odds of being in the DM group than in the pre diabetic. Age of subjects had lower odds of being in the DM group than in the pre diabetic which was consistent with earlier studies [37,38]. Previous studies have reported that overweight and obesity were the mainly factors contributing to insulin resistance, and insulin resistance was the basis of diabetes and other chronic diseases [49,50]. In the present study, BMI was significantly higher in the pre diabetes than the normal groups, p=0. 03. When BMI was classified into three types. The total numbers of overweight and obese people in the pre-diabetes and normal groups were 293 and 291, respectively (the total number were 362 and 365, respectively), and there were statistically non significant differences in being overweight or obese between the pre-diabetes and normal groups (OR = 1. 02, 95% CI = 0. 86–1. 21, p=0. 8). Increasing evidence suggests that the excess body fat in overweight/obese people might lead to increased degradation of fat, which resulted in the production of large amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs). When the level of FFAs was higher in blood, the capacity of liver tissue for insulin-mediated glucose uptake and utilization was lower, so the blood glucose level was high in circulation [51]. In other words, high FFAs in the blood were one of the important pathogenic factors of obesity caused by insulin resistance [52]. The fact that BMI categories was not a significant factor in our study is the cohort mean BMI was in the obesity range, p=0. 3. However, the mean BMI was significantly different between the studied groups, p=0. 03. A high level of triglycerides was not significantly associated as a risk factor for developing pre-diabetes and T2DM (OR = 1. 09, 95% CI = (0. 60-2. 00), P=0. 8, 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: , 2022), then the lack of engagement of this mechanism may be a proximal explanation for the lack of improved well-being from ’s mindfulness programme. While other potential mechanisms were not assessed, we suspect it is likely that they would similarly have shown little change from the mindfulness programme. Furthermore, in addition to the lack of overall effect, one argument for universal programmes is that although the majority may not benefit, an at-risk minority may benefit and be reached when they would not be reached otherwise (Tudor et al. , 2022). Unfortunately, the data indicated that high-risk students in the mindfulness condition reported detrimental effects to both their risk of depression and their well-being, suggesting universal school-based mindfulness programmes with weekly mindfulness lessons and recommended home practice are not effective at improving mental health for high-risk individuals (Montero-Marin et al. , 2022). Reactions to the study and its implications for school-based mindfulness programmes have varied. One perspective was that the overall evidence shows that school-based mindfulness programmes still hold promise as an effective method to improve adolescent mental health, but results depend on how it is taught, by whom, and how well programmes are designed to engage young people (Burrows, 2022; Roeser et al. , 2023; Weare, 2023). A contrasting perspective is that the existing evidence and theory did not justify the application of school-based mindfulness programmes even before the study, and that school-based mindfulness programmes may do harm; therefore, applications of these programmes do not work and should be completely ceased (Farias, 2022). One perspective even further along this critical side of the spectrum is that universal interventions in schools in general (including non-mindfulness interventions) may not work (Cuijpers, 2022). We would add one further serious issue — that the time and funds devoted to ineffective school-based mindfulness programmes currently being implemented reflect a considerable opportunity cost, where the time and funding could have been used more productively. One of the reasons for the null result suggested by the authors of the trial was that the mindfulness curriculum might not have engaged enough mindfulness practice in the students, with students largely not practising mindfulness at home (Kuyken et al. , 2022a; Montero-Marin et al. , 2022). In fact, participants reported an average frequency of practice of 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: The ideal tool must also be spatially and temporally defined and account for heterogeneity at a given spatial and temporal scale (Conroy et al. , 1996). Most importantly, the information generated by these tools needs to have practical utility at a scale where it is possible to make recommendations on different soil management practices. Bioindicators used to assess soil microbial quality can include single, holistic measures of the overall microbial community such as biomass, respiration rates, metabolic quotient and enzyme activities or can include measures that have a multiple number of variables to describe the structural and or functional composition of a soil microbial community. Examples of multiparametric measures include phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles (Baath et. al. , 1998), 16S rRNA gene methods such as PCR-DGGE and TRLFP, and substrate diversity assays. Single parameters provide an integrative estimate of the entire microbial community and are relatively widely used because they are easy to measure, are relatively inexpensive and they can be incorporated into Variance (AOV) linear models. However, such measures have been increasingly criticized for being inconsistent and demonstrate a high coefficient of variation in response to seasonal climatic changes (Sojka et al. , 1999; Gil-Sotres et al. , 2005). Any one method for characterizing microbial community structure and function provides only a limited perspective and are therefore subject to over and under interpretation in assessing soil biological responses to different to environmental variables. For example, soil respiration and may reflect the activity of diverse microorganisms on many different substrates, or growth of a few species on a particular substrate such as cellulose. Although this short-coming can be improved by polyphasic measurements in which the investigator looks for consistency across a range of methodologies such as enzymes, respiration, biomass, and others, the interpretation of polyphasic data is often speculative. Alternatively, multiparametric data attempts to describe community structures and functions that use multiple variables within one category. These data can include biochemical, catabolic, and genetic fingerprints of the microbial communities and can be based on 30 to 100 or more variables within the one methodology. Unlike the straightforward AOV models used for single parameter data, multiparametric data are highly dimensional and need to undergo statistical procedures to reduce dimensionality before they can be incorporated into models. They tend therefore to have restricted use.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Stress can weaken the immune system over time. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : a person ages, the immune system changes. Those changes can lessen the body’s defenses against infection or its ability to gain protection from vaccines. Health & An old problem: How immune responses weaken with age The body’s defenses lose flexibility and diversity over time, and protective responses to vaccines weaken as well. Scientists are working on ways to boost seniors’ protections against influenza, the novel coronavirus and other pathogens. Wosen 04. 01. 2020 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today As cases and deaths from the coronavirus pandemic rise, one trend remains consistent: The virus is deadliest for older adults. Eight in 10 Covid-19 deaths in the have been among adults 65 or older, according to a mid-March report from the Centers for and Prevention. Older adults, of course, are more likely to have existing medical conditions and weakened respiratory systems — two major risk factors for becoming severely ill from infection by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19. But scientists believe that another factor in the observed heightened risk is likely the general decline in the immune system that’s seen with age. In medicine, it has long been known that older immune systems struggle to fight off infections. The ebbing of resistance to infectious disease with age is particularly clear when looking at studies of vaccines. During 2018–19, for example, the seasonal flu vaccine was effective for roughly three of every five children 17 and younger, according to the CDC. The same vaccine was effective for only about one of every four adults 50 and older. The flu vaccine varies in its ability to protect people from strains of influenza each year. Vaccine effectiveness, a measure of a vaccinated person’s odds of getting infected compared to their odds of staying healthy, also varies considerably by age. CDC data show differences in the effectiveness of the flu vaccine in various age groups against and B in the 2018–19 season, as well as against the H1N1 strain that started the 2009 swine flu pandemic and is still with us: (H1N1) pdm09.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: 16 on a scale of 0 (never) to 5 (almost every day) (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). This value was even lower at follow-up, with an average of 0. 83 (Kuyken et al. , 2022a). In other words, students reported that they were practising mindfulness just slightly more than never. This corresponds with most school-based mindfulness programmes, where although attempts are made to increase engagement in mindfulness practice, home practice is still typically low (Tudor et al. , 2022). We suspect the lack of home practice time undertaken by the study participants is due to the many important competing demands on the spare time of high school students, many of which are externally dictated and outside of their control (Chadwick & Gelbar, 2016). These demands are likely to include homework and study for exams, domestic chores, and in some cases part-time jobs. This is in addition to preferred activities like interacting with their friends and engaging in hobbies and sports. Adolescents are also well-known to lack the same level of planning and self-control skills that adults possess (Casey et al. , 2005; Steinberg, 2008), and as such may be less able to self-regulate their behaviour (Montero-Marin et al. , 2022). Therefore, there is good reason to suspect many adolescents are likely to be less able than adults to devote time of their own according to a mindfulness practice. Although students in the study were informed the practice will promote their mental health, the practice typically does not yield any immediate rewards and is not obviously related to tangible school-related results through improved grades (Bailey et al. , 2018). Mindfulness practice also comes at an opportunity cost of other activities that might enhance their mental health (for example spending time with friends or playing sports) and is much less stimulating than many common pastimes such as social media (et al. , 2022). As such, in the context of students’ own time being the only time made available for mindfulness practice, we suggest it is unsurprising that the mindfulness practice amounts reported in the study were so low. We suspect the addition of another time-cost to a student’s day without removing something else from their schedule may add a potential burden that students might not be able to adhere to.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Despite these difficulties, there are now many bioindicators that have potential application for assessing the impacts of heavy metals on soil biological function and for guiding the development of policy to guide land application of metal waste and criteria for restoration of metal contaminated soils (Tandy et al. , 2005). Application of Networks for Evaluation of recent years, one of the most powerful approaches that has emerged for integrating disparate types of qualitative and quantitative data is the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) that employ machine learning to extract and recognize patterns in relationships among descriptive variables (Schultz and Wieland 1997; De la Rosa, Mayol et al. 2004). Although not widely used yet for analysis of soil quality variables, there has been increasing application of ANN for modeling of data sets used to describe individual soil physical, chemical, and biological properties during the past ten years. ANNs are particularly useful for extracting patterns among data sets in which there may be complex nonlinear interactions that cannot be detected with traditional methods for multivariate analyses. Among the range of applications that have been realized, ANNs have been used to classify soil structure and physical properties (Levine, Kimes et al. 1996; Chang and Islam 2000), for soil and vegetation mapping (Tan and Smeins 1996; Deadman and Gimblett 1997), prediction of non-point source pollution (Muleta and Nicklow 2005), for prediction of soil salinization (Patel, Prasher et al. 2002), and for predicting soil organic carbon accumulation under different land use schemes (Somaratne, Seneviratne et al. 2005). For studies on soil biological data, neural network analysis (ANN) has most recently been used to relate microbial biomass and 16S rRNA gene banding patterns to soil texture and other chemical properties (Lentzsh, Wieland et al. 2005; Ramadan, Hopke et al. 2005). With ANN, multidimensional data can be reduced in dimensionality by a combination of self organizing maps (SOM) which are a type of neural network, and principle components analysis. Results generated from this approach provide a 2- or 3-dimensional map of clusters that reflect relationships between variables and site locations. The maps can be used to explore the influence of environmental variables on biological indicators (Kampichler et al. , 2000; Noble et al. , 2000; Lentzsh et al. , 2005).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Stress can weaken the immune system over time. [SEP] Text: The cells in the part of the gland not producing this immune peptide were consequently killed by the stress response. When all the cells in the salivary gland were forced to produce Drosomycin, none of the cells died and the whole tissue survived. But it also allowed the cells in the gland to grow uncontrollably, like a tumor, threatening the health of the entire organism. Mapping the interactions between immune and stress pathways could help to fine-tune treatments that can prevent tissue damage. Fruit flies share many genetic features and molecular pathways with humans. So, the next step towards these kinds of treatments would be to screen for similar mechanisms that block stress activation in damaged human tissues. But this research carries a warning: careless activation of the immune system to protect stressed tissues could lead to uncontrolled tissue growth, and might cause more harm than good. and stress responses have evolved to protect the organism from both exogenous and endogenous stimuli (Eming, 2014; Adamo, 2017; Rankin and Artis, 2018). By sensing deviations from homeostasis and inducing compensatory mechanisms, immune and stress responses keep physiological parameters within tolerable limits (Hoffmann and Parsons, 1991; Vermeulen and Loeschcke, 2007). Heat shock, radiation, starvation, toxic metabolites, hypoxia, or hyperoxia are all well-characterized stressors. They activate stress responses which can ultimately lead to the induction of programmed cell death (Lowe et al. , 2004; Loboda et al. , 2016). In Drosophila, the Keap1-Nrf2-, JNK-, and p38-signaling pathways are crucial for mounting these anti-stress-responses (Stronach and Perrimon, 1999; Fuse and Kobayashi, 2017). Immune responses on the other hand, like the and imd pathways, are typically activated by molecular structures exposed on the surfaces of pathogens (Medzhitov and Janeway, 2002; Kurata, 2004). These pathways coordinate the humoral and cellular immune system to eliminate intruding pathogens (Lemaitre and Hoffmann, 2007; Buchon et al. , 2014). Humoral immune responses in Drosophila are characterized by the production and secretion of large sets of effector molecules, most notably antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) like Drosomycin (Drs) (Imler and Bulet, 2005).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: This has previously been found in qualitative research with adult healthcare staff participants, where the commitment to daily mindfulness practices of up to an hour per practice session was seen as a barrier to engaging with mindfulness, resulting in participants ceasing practice altogether (Banerjee et al. , 2017). The burden of mindfulness practice recommendations may prevent students from practising mindfulness, or even more troubling, the addition of the expectation to practise mindfulness simply creates another stressor without students having the capacity to practise a sufficient amount of mindfulness to obtain the putative benefits (Bailey et al. , 2018). We suggest that if the lack of home practice is a good explanation for the null results of the trial, it is still possible that school-based mindfulness programmes that elicit a sufficient amount of mindfulness practice could obtain positive effects for mental health. We suspect that the reason students barely practised mindfulness is due to the expectation that they would undertake self-motivated practice at home, sacrificing leisure time or time for the study of graded material. We propose that a more effective solution might be to provide a dedicated time and space where mindfulness practice is available within the school day for students who choose to undertake that practice (in addition to the weekly lessons). To avoid the same issues that may cause the low home practice adherence, these mindfulness practice times should not be scheduled to compete with a preferred activity (for example, during students free time at lunch). Rather, they should be scheduled at the same time as an alternative curriculum activity (for example, social and emotional learning lessons). This approach would enable students to practice, taking away the difficult choice between a preferred activity and mindfulness practice, and replacing it with a choice between two lower preference options (making the mindfulness practice more likely). This approach would remove the need for students to take responsibility for remembering or prioritising mindfulness practice and create a systematic and equitable way to support a more robust development of mindfulness skills. This approach would also provide regular opportunities to support individuals in actively pursuing well-being, in the context of a youth well-being crisis, where some form of systematic change is arguably critical. The suggestion that mindfulness practice embedded in the school day is required for a successful school-based mindfulness programme has previously been proposed (Bailey et al. , 2018), following a similar null result from a similar implementation of a school-based mindfulness programme (Johnson et al. , 2017). However, making mindfulness practice time available in the school day has not yet been explicitly tested.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: This information can be used to identify key variables and can be used for forecasting changes in response variables over time. Most importantly the data generated can be presented visually in a way that provides for easy interpretation of complicated datasets. It is likely that such models will have extensive application for understanding the relationships between soil chemical and physical variables on metal bioavailability, transformations, and the effects on soil microbial communities that carry out key ecosystem processes. from food chain transfer, the impact of metals and metalloids on microbial communities is one of the most serious concerns of heavy metal pollution of soils and can result in long term reduction in soil quality and primary productivity. Microbial communities can adapt to metal pollution, but loss of species diversity results in potential loss of biological functions and reduced soil resilience. The extent to which this occurs depends on soil physico-chemical properties that affect the bioavailability of metals. To this end, bioindicators of metal toxicity provide an integrative measure of the toxicities of metals in different soils. These relationships are only now being explored in detail and are complicated by the many interactions among the different variables that affect metal toxicities and microbial communities. New statistical modeling methods that employ artificial neural networks provide a means to sort out these interactions and develop hypotheses. Such models may also eventually be useful as decision support tools for land management of soils receiving heavy metal waste and for restoration of contaminated soils. 61. I. V. Castro, E. M. Ferreira and S. P. McGrath. (2003). Soil Biol. Biochem. 35: 49-54. D. H. Chang and S. Islam. (2000). of the Environment 74: 534-544. M. J. Conroy and B. R. Noon. (1996). 6: 763-773. D. De la Rosa, F. Mayol, E. Diaz-Pereira and M. Fernandez. (2004). Software 19: 929-942. P. J. Deadman and H. R. Gimblett. (1997. AI Applications 11: 107-112. and L. C. Duncan. (2001). Soil Biol. Biochem. 33: 1143-1153. S. Dahlin, E. Witter et al. (1997). Soil Biol. Biochem. 29: 1405-1415. P. Doelman, E. Jansen, M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Stress can weaken the immune system over time. [SEP] Text: Nicotine exposure would suppress the immune system in the human body, makes anti-inflammatory effects, and reduces the secretion of inflammatory antibodies and cytokines, therefore reduces, and decreases the activity of the lymphocytes [6]. The findings of a study on smoking effects on adaptive immune system that was published by Shabir, Osman identified three novel variables associated with cytokine secretion variability and revealed roles for smoking in the short- and long-term regulation of immune responses. These findings have potential clinical implications for the risk of developing infections whether Bacterial or Viral infections, cancers such as breast and gastric cancers, or autoimmune diseases such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Therefore, it was concluded that smoking would compromise the ability of the body to metabolize harmful agents, potentially leading to impaired lung function. Thus, suggested that smoking can induce specific epigenetic modifications that could subsequently lead to altered immune responses. Furthermore, has shown a short-term effect of smoking on innate immune responses, and a long-term effect of smoking on adaptive immune responses. The long-term impacts are characterized by decreasing the body’s ability to fight off infections instantly and over time and unveils the potential risks of chronic diseases involving inflammation [7]. Smoking has a strong impact on the inflammatory response to bacteria, but this is lost soon after quitting. However, the impact on T cell responses remains for years after [8]. 4. Statistics and EpidemiologySmoking is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths and illnesses within the USA (of America) in which statistics showing that approximately 480,000 people within the USA dying from smoking-related illnesses each year [9]. Smoking tobacco kills up to half the number of its users who do not quit. Smoking tobacco kills more than 8 million people yearly. An estimate of 80% of the world’s 1. 3 billion tobacco users live in both low- and middle-income countries [10]. Smoking significantly increases the risk of various diseases compared to non-smokers. Some of the increased risk percentages include:Disease (CHD): 2 to 4 times higher risk [11]. Stroke: 2 to 4 times higher risk [11]. Lung Cancer: Men have a 25 times higher risk, and women have a 25. 7 times higher risk [11]. (COPD): Male smokers have a 25.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: The lack of explicit tests of school-based mindfulness programmes that make practice time available in the school day may be due to the challenges implicit in doing so. One of the challenges of incorporating mindfulness practice in the school day is that school curriculums are already overburdened, so there is simply not space for mindfulness practice in the school day (Easthope & Easthope, 2000; Majoni, 2017). As such, the majority of school-based mindfulness programmes do not include space for mindfulness practice in the school day (Johnson et al. , 2017; Kuyken et al. , 2013; Tudor et al. , 2022). Instead, the most common approach is to have one lesson a week for mindfulness for mental health, with the expectation that adolescents will take responsibility for the practice themselves, in addition to their usual curriculum-based homework. This results in an approach to providing school-based mindfulness programmes that attempt to be minimally intrusive to typical school function. Unfortunately, given the size of the study, we must admit that programmes which place the responsibility on students to practise mindfulness at home (to minimise interruption to typical school function) do not work. As such, the majority of school-based mindfulness programmes are likely ineffective. In this context, it is not yet certain why many previous studies (and meta-analyses) of mindfulness in schools have reported positive results in contrast to the negative result reported by the study. One potential (at least partial) explanation may be that most of these studies examined multiple outcome metrics and may have often reported any significant results as the primary outcome measure, a practice associated with false positives. Indeed, at least one meta-analysis has reported a positive result bias for studies of mindfulness programmes provided to children (Dunning et al. , 2019). Recent work has also suggested that meta-analyses of low-quality studies do not address the risks of false positives from these studies, and can still result in false positive conclusions as a result of low study quality (Simonsohn et al. , 2022). Other alternative explanations are that the parameters of these programmes may have differed from (including having external mindfulness teachers teach the lessons rather than typical classroom teachers), or that adherence to practice recommendations may have been higher.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Michels and M. van Til. (1994). Biol. Fert. Soils 17: 177-184. Z. Filip. (2002). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 88: 169-174. F. Gil-Sotres, C. Trasar-Cepeda, M. C. Leiros and S. Seoane. (2005). Soil Biol. Biochem. 37:877-887. B. S. Griffiths, K. Ritz, R. D. Bardgett, R. Cook, S. Christensen et al. (2000). Oikos 90: 279-294. B. S. Griffiths, M. Bonkowski, J. Roy, K. Ritz. (2001). Appl. Soil Ecol. 16: 49-61. C. Kampichler, S. Dzeroski, R. Wieland. (2000). Soil Biol. Biochem. 32: 197-209. P. Legendre and M. J. Anderson. (1999). 69: 512-512. E. R. Levine, D. S. Kimes and V. G. Sigillito. (1996). 92: 101-108. J. M. Lynch. (2002). Biodegradation 13: 21-27. P. Mele and D. E. Crowley. (2008). Agrie. Ecosyst. Environ. 126: 139-152. M. N. Neilson and A. Winding. (2002). Microorganisms as indicators of soil health. Research Institute, Denmark, 83 pp. P. A. Noble, J. S. Almeida and C. R. Lovell. (2000). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 694-699. and R. Bassi. (2002). J. Am. Water Res. Assoc. 38: 91-100. Z. Ramadan, P. K. Hopke, M. J. Johnson and K. M. Scow. (2005). Chemo. Intell. Lab. Sys 75: 23-30. A. Schultz and R. Rieland. (1997). Comp. Electr. Agrie. 18: 73-90. R. E. Sojka and D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Stress can weaken the immune system over time. [SEP] Text: 61 times higher risk, and female smokers have a 22. 35 times higher risk [12]. Disease: 2. 50 times higher risk for men and 2. 86 times higher risk for women [12]. Additionally, smoking is associated with increased risks of other diseases such as renal failure, intestinal ischemia, hypertensive heart disease, infections, various respiratory diseases, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. 5. Practices to Emphasize for Smoking CessationCurrent best practices in smoking cessation emphasize a comprehensive approach that includes both behavioral interventions and pharmacotherapy. Summary of the key strategies might include:Behavioral Interventions:Counseling: For instance, in-person or over the phone through quit lines to provide support and guidance [13]. Education: like informing about the health risks of smoking and benefits of quitting. Support groups: Facilitating peer support for individuals attempting to quit. Pharmacotherapy:Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Non-Nicotine Medications: Such as Bupropion and Varenicline which are FDA-approved to help quit smoking [14]. 6. of Policies with Smoking CessationPublic health policies play a major and crucial role in smoking cessation efforts. They are designed to create environments that support individuals in their attempts to stop smoking and to prevent the initiation of smoking among non-smokers. Some key strategies on how public health policies contribute to smoking cessation might include:Regulation: For instance, creating and then implementing laws that restrict smoking in public places. Taxation: Increasing taxes on tobacco products to make them less affordable [15]. Education. Cessation Programs: By providing access to smoking cessation programs [16]. Insurance Coverage: By ensuring that insurance plans cover smoking cessation and treatments. Research and Surveillance: By supporting research on effective cessation methods. 7. Electronic CigarettesAlthough E-Cigarette or vaping is being advertised as a safer smoking habit than regular smoking cigarettes and a good way to induce smoking cessation. However, it has been found that E-Cigarettes or vaping have bad health impacts as much as the same of regular smoking cigarettes on both the respiratory and the cardiovascular functions [17]. E-cigarettes have been shown to impact the immune system in several ways. Studies suggest that exposure to E-Cigarette vapor can lead to impaired innate immune system, increased inflammation, and respiratory tract infections [18]. 8.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: However, we note that results of studies of mindfulness programmes in schools have not been ubiquitously positive with the exception of the study, with some other null result studies citing lack of adherence to practice recommendations as a reason for the null result (Johnson et al. , 2016, 2017). Nonetheless, given the results of the study, research should explore the parameters involved in a successful mindfulness in schools programme, and embedding practice in the school day is a likely candidate. Additionally, research has noted that the practical implications of approaches that require students to practise at home are ethically dubious. These programmes have been suggested to convey an implicit message that mental health is the individual’s responsibility which is not externally supported or prioritised, and so any potential poor mental health that arises is the individual’s own fault (O'Donnell, 2015). Mindfulness programmes that are minimally intrusive to school function and require home practice are also likely to lead to inequality in both opportunities and outcomes — students in lower socio-economic circumstances are less likely to have the support around them that enables them to practise, and might be more busy with other responsibilities, compared to students in well-off families and well-resourced schools (Bailey et al. , 2018). Given these points, we think the study should signal the end of school-based mindfulness programmes that only make mindfulness practice times available in one lesson per week and recommend all other practice as homework (in order to be minimally intrusive to typical school function), rather than making a set practice time available in each school day. However, unfortunately, adolescent mental health is still a pressing issue, without effective solutions, so an alternative is necessary. Therefore, it is important to test an approach which embeds mindfulness practice in the school day, which might enable students to undertake a sufficient amount of mindfulness practice to result in improved student mental health. This may be a more difficult research path, but is a research path that is critically necessary to test in the absence of other universal solutions to student mental health issues. Advantages of Embedding the Opportunity for in the School DayTesting or implementing a school-based mindfulness programme that enables a sufficient amount of mindfulness practice would involve making dedicated time in the school curriculum which could be used for mindfulness practice. We suggest that daily sessions are likely to be optimal, but this will require testing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -grazing reduces soil bacterial diversity by increasing soil pH in a semi-arid steppe View 10. 7717/peerj. 17031 Published 2024-03-07 Accepted 2024-02-07 Received 2023-09-13 steppe, Grazing intensity, Soil chemical property, Soil microbial diversity Copyright © 2024 Wang et al. is an open access 2024. Heavy grazing reduces soil bacterial diversity by increasing soil pH in a semi-arid steppe. PeerJ 12:e17031 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 2. 5 °C, respectively. A dominant plant is Stipa krylovii, while S. breviflora, Cleistogenes songorica and Artemisia frigida are common species in this area. The soil type at this site is loamy sand texture. A randomized complete block design was utilized in this experiment. Three blocks were established and each of them contained three treatments, with the total of 9 plots in the experimental area. The three treatments were no grazing (with a fenced enclosure undisturbed by livestock; CK), light grazing (with a stocking rate of 0. 63 sheep/ha/year (3 horses); LG) and heavy grazing (with a stocking rate of 1. 05 sheep/ha/year (5 horses); HG). The grazing platform has been implemented in each growing season (i. e. , from June to September) since 2012. horses were selected to graze. The detailed information on study site and experimental design can be found in our previous study (Wang et al. , 2022c). Sampling and measurement 2021, we assessed species composition, and the height, density, individual biomass and relative density of S. krylovii population based on ten 1 m × 1 m quadrats per plot. Then, we randomly selected 30 clumps of S. krylovii (30 cm soil layer each plant individual) in each plot, removed the loose soil on the surface of roots, and obtained the rhizosphere soil (RS) by the shaking method. Every ten samples were mixed into one composite sample. At the same time, ten non-rhizosphere soils (NRS) of equal depth were excavated along the Z-shape and mixed into one composite sample in each plot.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Stress can weaken the immune system over time. [SEP] Text: HookahsAccording to the CDC of USA, hookah has high levels of toxic agents known to cause oral, bladder, and lung cancers. Although, many users think that hookah is less harmful than regular cigarette smoking. However, hookah has many of the same harmful substances that do exist in regular cigarettes such as nicotine, tar, and heavy metals [19]. Hookah smoking, also known as waterpipe smoking, can have several adverse effects on the immune system. It exposes users to many of the same harmful compounds found in regular cigarette smoke, but often at higher levels, which can lead to more severe health effects. Some of the impacts on the immune system include increased infection risk, impaired respiratory immunity, and systemic effects [20]. 9. ConclusionsThe impact of smoking on the immune system is profound and lasting. Research reveals that smoking can influence immune responses to a similar extent as age or genetics. When our bodies encounter pathogens, immune cells release molecules called cytokines to coordinate defense mechanisms. Smoking disrupts both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, heightening inflammatory responses and impairing immune memory cells. Even after quitting smoking, these effects persist. In which smoking leads to mixed inflammation and immunosuppression throughout the body, making it less effective at fighting infections and diseases. A lot of studies and trials have been done on nicotine usage via smoking whether cigarettes, hookahs, or E-Cigarettes in which all resulted on the same outcomes of the bad effects and negative impacts on overall health. Thus, smoking might lead the user to be in immunocompromised status. The impact of smoking on the immune system is a topic that requires further investigation and clinical trials. While we know that smokers tend to experience more severe infections, including respiratory diseases like COVID-19, the exact timeline for smokers to become immunocompromised remains an area of ongoing research. While we recognize the risks associated with smoking and its potential impact on immunity, precise timelines for immunocompromise in smokers require further scientific investigation. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. 744. [3] Doll, R. , Peto, R. , Boreham, J. and Sutherland, I. (2004) Mortality in Relation to Smoking: 50 Years’ Observations on Doctors. BMJ, 328, 1519. [4] Jiang, C. , Chen, Q. and Xie, M.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: For adults, the gold standard mindfulness programmes to improve mental health (mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction) both recommend 45 min per day of practice, 6 days per week, for 8 weeks (Kabat-Zinn, 1982; Segal et al. , 2018). However, there is limited evidence to support the recommendation of such an intensive amount of practice. A large-scale meta-regression of different mindfulness-based programmes for adults (203 RCT studies, n = 15,971) found that while total actual use of a mindfulness programme (including in-session content and practices as well as home practices and exercises) was associated with an increase in mindfulness, no such dose-response relationships were found for psychological distress outcomes for both general population and clinical samples (Strohmaier, 2020). Similarly, one meta-regression examining mindfulness in young people (76 studies, n = 6121, median age in study <18) showed no association between overall recommended mindfulness dose (including all planned mindfulness lessons and recommended practices in minutes) and overall positive effects (Klingbeil et al. , 2017). In contrast, a meta-analysis focused only on healthy adults undertaking MBSR courses (29 studies, n = 2668) indicated that longer recommended practice times positively moderated better outcomes (Khoury et al. , 2015), and a meta-analysis focused on MBCT and MBSR programmes (28 studies, n = 898) showed a small positive association between self-reported home practice times and mindfulness programme outcomes (Parsons et al. , 2017). However, it is worth noting that with the exception of Strohmaier (2020), the above meta-analyses only included MBSR and MBCT programmes, and as such did not include lower-dose mindfulness-based programmes. With regard to mindfulness in young people, the largest meta-analysis of school-based mindfulness programmes (66 studies, n = 20,168) suggested that higher in-class mindfulness lesson times across all studies were associated with fewer negative behaviours post study (Dunning et al. , 2022). However, lower mindfulness lesson times were associated with higher well-being only within studies including passive control conditions, and no relationships were detected between mindfulness dose and trait mindfulness, depression, anxiety, or stress outcomes (Dunning et al. , 2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: In addition, we collected other soil cores for soil bulk density. The composite samples were passed through a two mm sieve and divided into two parts. One part was naturally dried at room temperature for the determination of soil chemical properties except for soil inorganic nitrogen content with fresh soil, and the other part was placed at −80 °C for the determination of microbial diversity. Data on inorganic nitrogen ( NH 4 + -N and NO 3 − -N), soil pH, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), soil organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP) and soil bulk density were collected as previously described in Zhang et al. (2020a). Determination of soil microbial diversity After the soil sample was frozen for two days, the DNA of microbial was extracted from soil using the (MO BIO laboratories, ). The DNA extract was determined on 1% agarose gel, and the concentration and purity of DNA were examined using a NanoDrop 2000 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (). The V4 region of the 16S gene was sequenced by PCR: 515 F () and 806 R (), while PCR: ITS5-1737F () and ITS2-2043R () was sequenced for the ITS1 region gene. The PCR product was tested in a 2% agarose gel. The construction of library was established in a TruSeq® -Preparation Kit. The sequencing work was completed by. Ltd. The 16S rRNA and ITS rRNA sequences are available at (SRA) database (Accession Number: PRJNA1014180 and PRJNA1014553). Statistical analysis To test the interaction effects between grazing intensities (i. e. , CK, LG and HG) and soil positions (both in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils) treatments on the microbial diversity and soil chemical properties, we used a two-way ANOVA with grazing treatments as the main-plot effect, and soil position treatments as the sub-plot effect.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Stress can weaken the immune system over time. [SEP] Text: : Changes in immunologic status were evaluated in 25 HIV-infected men randomly assigned to a 10-week stress management intervention or a wait-list control condition. : The authors monitored changes in number of transitional naive T cells (CD4+CD45RA+CD29+) over 6–12 months after the completion of the intervention. : Men receiving stress management had higher CD4+ CD45RA+CD29+ cell counts at follow-up than did the control subjects. This difference was independent of initial number of naive T cells and HIV virus load. : Stress management is associated with immunologic reconstitution in HIV-positive gay men. With progression of HIV infection, there is a preferential decline among subsets of CD4 T cells; the naive CD4 T helper-inducer cell subset (CD4+CD45RA+) declines more than the memory subset (CD4+CD29+), resulting in disruptions in the cellular immune repertoire for novel antigens that underlie susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens (1). Rising CD4+ T cell counts following antiretroviral therapy are due primarily to the redistribution of memory CD4+ T cells, with “reconstitution” of naive CD4+ T cells being delayed for several months (2). Any increases in CD4+CD45RA+ cells may represent cells newly generated by the thymus (i. e. , renewed thymopoiesis) or expansion of naive T cells from the periphery (2). One can distinguish naive CD4+ T cells that are newly differentiated from the thymus by enumerating “transitional” naive CD4 T cells—those that are actively converting from a CD45RA+CD29–, or “virgin,” condition to a CD45RA–CD29+ memory phenotype, since increases in CD45RA+CD29+ cells likely come from new naive cells (3). HIV-positive persons may experience abnormal physiologic responses to stressors, which may contribute to immunologic deficits (4). Stress management teaches people more efficient methods for coping with stressors and may affect components of the immune system (5). This study tested the effects of stress management on CD4+CD45RA+CD29+ cells over 6–12 months in HIV-positive gay men.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: At follow-up, higher mindfulness lesson times were also associated with larger reductions in negative behaviours, anxiety, and age-moderated reductions in depression and mindfulness (Dunning et al. , 2022). However, the meta-analysis by Dunning et al. (2022) focused on in-class mindfulness lessons, not mindfulness practice, so these results may not be informative about relationships between isolated mindfulness practice time and well-being. While these meta-analyses may provide suggestions of the relationship between mindfulness dose and potential benefits, the pooling of participants and mindfulness doses across studies may hide important signals within the variability in mindfulness practice times found within a study, since participant-level effects are not examined in meta-analytic reviews (Manigault et al. , 2021). Additionally, the accuracy of estimations of actual practice time from studies included in these meta-analyses is questionable, since home practice amount was either not collected at all, or if it was, was usually recorded by participants themselves, resulting in social desirability and memory bias (Strohmaier, 2020). Most meta-analyses therefore examined the relationship between well-being and mindfulness lesson time or recommended mindfulness practice time rather than actual practice time due to the limited data reported in studies. One large cross-sectional examination of experienced meditators from the general population (n = 1668, median lifetime practice time = 266 hr) has been conducted (Bowles et al. , 2022). This research suggested that more lifetime reported meditation practice time is associated with favourable psychological outcomes, and that the threshold for clinically meaningful benefits may be considerably higher than the practice times typically provided in mindfulness programmes (Bowles et al. , 2022). However, this cross-sectional work cannot infer causation, and some research has found that low dose programmes can have positive effects, in particular for novice meditators (Berghoff et al. , 2017; Ribeiro et al. , 2018; Strohmaier et al. , 2021). Experimental work comparing different doses of mindfulness practice is therefore critical to answering the question of how much mindfulness practice is required across different populations. Unfortunately, very little experimental research has examined the dose-response relationship.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Microbial diversity was calculated based on OTUs number, including Richness, Shannon-Wiener index and Chao1 index, calculated by the following formula: Richness = Sobs Shannon-Wiener index: H shannon = − ∑ i = 1 S obs n i N ln n i N Chao1 index: Schao1 = Sobs + n1(n1 − 1)/2(n2 + 1). Where: Sobs is the OTUs number actually observed; Schao1 is the estimated OTUs number; n1 represents the number of OTUs containing only one sequence; n2 represents the number of OTUs containing only two sequences; ni is the number of sequences contained in the i th OTUs; N represents all the sequence numbers. Besides, spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the relationships between the microbial diversity (i. e. , both bacterial and fungal) and soil chemical properties. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 19. 0 (IBM Corp. , ), and all figures were prepared using Origin 2021 (). interaction effects between grazing intensities and soil positions on both bacterial and fungal community diversity Heavy grazing decreased diversity (i. e. , richness, Shannon and Chao1) of bacterial community in the non-rhizosphere soil (F = 26. 915, P = 0. 001, F = 10. 96, P = 0. 01, F = 8. 625, P = 0. 017, for richness, Shannon and Chao1, respectively; Figs. 1A, 1C and 1E), however, there had no significant differences in diversity (i. e. , richness, Shannon and Chao1) of bacterial community among grazing treatments in the rhizosphere soil (F = 0. 514, P = 0. 604, F = 1. 505, P = 0. 242, F = 0. 336, P = 0. 718, for richness, Shannon and Chao1, respectively; Figs. 1A, 1C and 1E). Overall, bacterial diversity (i. e. , richness and Chao1) in the rhizosphere soil was higher than that of non-rhizosphere soil only in the heavy grazing treatment (P < 0. 001 and 0. 042 for richness and Chao1, respectively; Figs. 1A and 1E). There was significant variation in bacterial diversity (i. e.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Stress can weaken the immune system over time. [SEP] Text: The participants randomly assigned to cognitive behavior stress management attended 10 weekly 135-minute sessions (45-minute relaxation component and 90-minute stress management component) and were instructed to practice relaxation exercises twice daily between sessions. The relaxation component included progressive muscle relaxation, autogenics, meditation, and breathing exercises (7). The stress management component included cognitive restructuring, coping skills training, assertiveness training, anger management, and strategies for using social supports. The participants in the control condition completed a 10-week waiting period and underwent assessments identical to those received by the participants assigned to cognitive behavior stress management (and at equivalent time points). After the week 10 assessment, the control subjects were offered a 1-day stress management workshop summarizing the concepts presented in the cognitive behavior stress management sessions. ResultsFollow-up data on naive T cells were available for 25 men, 16 who received cognitive behavior stress management and nine control subjects. The men were randomly assigned to groups in a 2:1 ratio (two to cognitive behavior stress management for every one assigned to the control condition) to facilitate formation of the stress management groups at regular intervals. These men had a mean age of 36. 64 years (SD=7. 51) and were largely Caucasian (60%, N=15) or Hispanic (36%, N=9). The men had a mean CD3+CD4+ cell count of 489. 36 cells/mm3 (SD=242. 43) and averaged 2. 08 (SD=1. 45) HIV-related symptoms at study entry. There were no significant differences between the stress management and control groups on any medical, demographic, or biobehavioral variable at baseline or after the intervention, nor were there significant differences at baseline or postintervention between those who did and did not provide follow-up data on naive T cells. An analysis of covariance () controlling for postintervention levels of naive T cells revealed a significantly greater number of naive T cells at follow-up among the subjects who participated in cognitive behavior stress management than in those assigned to the control condition (Figure 1). While the participants receiving stress management showed a small increase over this period, the control subjects showed more than a 25% decline (Figure 1). At study entry there was no difference in HIV viral load between the stress management group (log mean=2. 77, SD=0. 70) and the control group (log mean=2. 92, SD=0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness alone can eliminate all behavioral issues in schools. [SEP] Text: To resolve these questions will require longitudinal treatment trials, recording data at multiple time-points from both treated and untreated age-groups over 3–5 years. Such trials are currently in progress in Kenya. Details of model structure and precise parameter values are only important if the behaviour modelled is sensitive to them. In the current paper, we have not included a formal sensitivity analysis, but numerical investigations indicate that the parameter groupings we have focused on (worm lifespan, R 0 and proportion and frequency of effective treatment) are those to which the model is most sensitive. The aggregation of the worms among hosts (k), timescale of infectious material in the environment (μ 2 ) and population demography do not have a strong effect on the results. We investigate assumptions around the deposition of eggs and acquisition of infection in different ages in a follow-up publication[44]. The current model also does not take into account systematic non-compliance with repeated treatments, which may create a reservoir of transmission that is difficult to reach. It is probable that certain groups are more likely to systematically reject treatment and extra effort is required to target these groups[45]. This phenomenon is the subject of ongoing work. Global STH control efforts are currently focused on scaling up treatment coverage in school-aged children to 75%, a goal which is justified on the health and education benefits of treating this age group and which is achievable given current drug donation programmes and increased funding. The achievement of this coverage goal should remain the priority of national governments and the international community. However, there is an additional potential to interrupt transmission by expanding treatment to additional age groups and increasing treatment frequency in some settings. Work is underway to validate our models with available data and to evaluate the impact of different treatment strategies in a graded series of randomised evaluations in contrasting transmission settings. ConclusionThis modelling analysis has shown how the possibility of breaking the parasite transmission cycle depends on the age groups treated, the coverage and efficacy of treatment and the species in question. Our results strongly indicate that when planning to reduce or eliminate transmission, rather than simply reduce morbidity, treatment of school-age children will be insufficient; some treatment of pre-school-age children or adults is necessary, depending on the transmission setting and worm species. 90. 35. 2010. Parasit Vectors. 2014, 7: 372010. Parasit Vectors. 2012, 5: 8185. 101. 91. CAS PubMed 8. 30. 12. 20. 7.

Output: contrast