Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: It seems that you tested each map individually, but a better explanation throughout the methods on this would have been appreciated. The role and use of PFTs is confusing to me. You derive different trait maps depending on growth form/PFT and clustered them into four cases in 2. 2. Then, it seems that trait clusters were made for each of those four cases (if I understand the methods correctly) in 2. 3. Then, later in 2. 3 you seem to continue with the outcomes of case4 only. This is not clearly described and also the reason why you do this, remains unclear to me. Also the role and use of PFTs is confusing to me. In general, i don't think you tested different combinations of PFTs, but trait maps of woody vs non-woody vegetation. I understand you have a personal interest to compare to aDGVM2 results, but to me those comparisons do not add much to the story. The title of section 4. 2 is strange and seems wrong. I am surprised that the kappa does not go beyond 0. 6. I had hoped that higher kappas would be feasible. This is not discussed, but I would be interested (e. g. instead of the current 4. 3) if such aspects of model performance would be discussed and interpreted With respect to figure 3; what does it tell us if ranks of certain traits vary with number of traits (while ranks of other don't)? i. e. what is the message/understanding this figure gives? Citation: AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Simon Scheiter, 07 May 2024 The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: Citation: CC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-276', Bianca Rius, 17 Apr 2024 Scheiter et al. delve into the utilization of crowd-sourced trait data for defining global biomes, investigating the suitability of trait data for biome classification and identifying the most relevant traits for this purpose. While the study is intriguing and significant, I have some comments to offer. Major comments:The findings presented in this study offer valuable insights into the fundamental ecological mechanisms driving plant biogeography and global distribution strategies. However, while the results are intriguing and significant, the interpretation from an ecological perspective could be further emphasized.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: The initiation stage is also characterised by increased proliferation and a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. The maturation stage is considered the major bottleneck within the process, resulting in very few “stabilisation competent” cells progressing to the final stabilisation phase. To reach this stage in both mouse and human cells, pre-iPS cells must activate endogenous expression of the core circuitry of pluripotency, comprising Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog, and thus reach a state of transgene independence. By the stabilisation stage, iPS cells generally use the same signalling networks that govern pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. These pathways differ between mouse and human cells although recent work has demonstrated that this is context dependent. As iPS cell generation technologies move forward, tools are being developed to interrogate the process in more detail, thus allowing a greater understanding of this intriguing biological phenomenon. Key Words: Pluripotency; Reprogramming; Induced pluripotent stem; Cell signalling; Embryonic stem Core tip: Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells present great promise, both to research and to medicine. However, we know very little regarding the mechanisms that occur throughout the iPS cell reprogramming process and thus the process remains inefficient. In this review, we discuss the 3 stages of reprogramming, initiation, maturation and stabilisation, and clarify the signalling pathways underlying each phase. We draw together the current knowledge to propose a model for the interactions between the key pathways in iPS cell reprogramming with the aim of illuminating this complex yet fascinating process. Citation:. Cell signalling pathways underlying induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming. 2014; 6(5): 620-628 URL: DOI: the ability of a single cell to give rise to all cells within an entire living organism, is of great biological interest both in terms of understanding developmental mechanisms as well as the medical potential that pluripotent stem cells possess. However, our understanding of the cell signalling networks underlying this complex process still remains incomplete. The first pluripotent stem cells were isolated from mouse blastocysts simultaneously by 2 groups in 1981[1,2]. This was replicated 17 years later using human blastocysts[3]. Embryonic stem (ES) cells have since been isolated from other species including rhesus monkeys[4] and rats[5,6].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: Decreasing the consumption and share of fossil fuels is crucial for all three 20/20/20 objectives because the use of fossil fuels causes high GHG emissions, reduces the need (and possibility) to invest in RES, and accounts for a significant share in total primary energy consumption. The planned reduction in fossil fuel consumption by 2020 will be at least partially compensated by higher electricity consumption; therefore, new power plants must be very carefully planned to ensure that future electricity production is as sustainable as possible and that primary energy consumption will decrease through increased EE. Electricity consumption per capita and the share of renewables in electricity production in Slovenia are presented in Figure 1. Figure 1 clearly shows that electricity consumption increased dramatically between 2000 and 2005 and remained at almost the same level from 2005 to 2008. After 2008 it has decreased (SURS19), mostly due to the economic crisis, as a decrease in economic activities and industrial production also has a negative impact on energy consumption. On the other hand, the share of RES has been fluctuating; in 2009 it was slightly above the 2000 level. However, the RES share increased steadily from 2007 to 2010. The RES share increase is therefore the result of the simultaneous increase in RES and the decrease in energy produced from fossil fuels. Thus, the changes in energy consumption must be considered in the planning of long-term energy strategy, while continued growth of the RES share and a continued decrease in energy use must be planned and implemented. FIG. 1. View largeDownload slideElectricity consumption and share of RES in total energy production in Slovenia (SURS19). FIG. 1. View largeDownload slideElectricity consumption and share of RES in total energy production in Slovenia (SURS19). Close modal The current energy strategy is not designed to address reduced and more efficient energy consumption; instead, it aims to fill the gap between supply and demand with a new 600 MW thermoelectric power plant (TPP). Energy strategy should plan for the reduced use of fossil fuels, more efficient energy consumption, and a transition to RES in accordance with the 20/20/20 objectives and include, at most, smaller TPPs. Shortcomings should be met with power plants run on local renewables, as proposed hereafter. TPPs are not consistent with the 20/20/20 objectives since they lead to high emissions, cause a reduction in the need for renewables, and reduce available capital for investments in RES.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: Additionally, it would be beneficial for the authors to underscore the importance of their study and the implications of their findings, particularly in informing our understanding of global biome classification and its ecological implications. Strengthening the ecological context and emphasizing the practical implications of the findings would significantly enhance the impact and relevance of the study. The findings regarding the differences in trait distribution and occurrence between biomes are indeed intriguing, but they have been explored somewhat superficially in the manuscript. understand that this topic is complex, questions 2 and 4 require a more in-depth exploration throughout the manuscript. As a reader, I was expecting these interesting questions to be thoroughly addressed. For instance, the observed tendency of tropical forests to have plants with greater height could be explored in more detail in the discussion section. One possible explanation for this phenomenon could be light competition. It would be valuable to delve deeper into why the identified distinguishing traits are significant and what they represent in terms of plant strategies and ecological functions. Hence, you can offer insights into their ecological relevance and their role in shaping biome characteristics. Specifically, you could discuss how these traits contribute to plant adaptation to specific environmental conditions, resource acquisition strategies, and ecosystem functioning. While you have begun to address this topic, emphasizing the ecological significance of the identified traits and highlighting avenues for future research would strengthen the overall argument and underscore the importance of your findings. It's essential to clarify the methodology, especially in section 2. 4, to improve understanding for readers. The conclusion and a significant portion of the discussion focusing on models may seem disconnected from the main purpose of the paper as outlined in the abstract and manuscript title. As a reader, I felt somewhat puzzled. Notably, none of the four questions posed at the end of the introduction mention the theme of modeling. To mitigate this discrepancy, you could consider clarifying from the outset that modeling will be a significant aspect of the study. Alternatively, you may choose to shift the focus of the discussion to emphasize other aspects that were highlighted earlier in the manuscript, aligning more closely with the stated objectives and questions. Minor comments:- In the abstract the use of the “31 different biome maps” is not clear, is it used to perform the supervised cluster analyses or it is used to evaluate the results from this analyses? - Enhancing the fluidity of the introduction by providing more ecological context and emphasizing the significance of generating this type of map would improve the transition to the research questions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Although it is clear that OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG occupy the top level of the pluripotency hierarchy, these core factors also regulate a wide range of genes associated with pluripotency signalling networks including Stat3, Zic3, Tdgf1, Lefty/Ebaf, Dkk1 and Frat2[14]. With the emergence of this complex molecular inter-play of dosage dependency between hierarchical transcription factors in the maintenance of the somewhat unstable pluripotent ground state, it seems surprising that simply over-expressing these factors in somatic cells can induce the pluripotent state. However, the collective seminal studies of Yamanaka and Thomson show this to be feasible in their descriptions of reprogramming somatic cells to induced (iPS) cells[18-20]. The original iPS cell reprogramming strategy published by Takahashi et al[19] 7 years ago remains robust and largely unaltered to the present day. The “Yamanaka factors”, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc were constitutively expressed using genome integrating retroviruses in both mouse[18] and subsequently human[19] fibroblasts, and under ES cell culture conditions were able to induce pluripotency. To date, this methodology is still widely used, however, various adaptations to the method of vector delivery and reprogramming factors (Table 1) have been made. Advances in vector delivery have generally been made to either improve efficiency or safety, by preventing integration of the transgenes into the genome. For example, iPS cells have now been successfully generated using episomal plasmids[21], Sendai viruses[22] and piggyBac transposons[23] to deliver the reprogramming factors and even proteins[24] or small molecules[25] alone. Many divergent cell-types have been successfully reprogrammed to pluripotency including neural stem cells[26], neural progenitor cells[27], keratinocytes[28], B lymphocytes[29], meningeal membrane cells[30], peripheral blood mononuclear cells[31] and pancreatic β cells[32].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: The new TPP block Šoštanj 6, which is to be built by 2015, will undoubtedly strengthen dependence on fossil resources and make the achievement of the 20/20/20 objectives extremely difficult or impossible, since the lignite-fired TPP in Slovenia is responsible for around 31% of total GHG emissions (IJŠ18). The new lignite-powered block will be more efficient and consistent with the Directive for Protection and Control (IPPC - Directive 96/61/EC) and its key principle, i. e. , best available techniques (BAT). Although it will produce fewer emissions than the current blocks and its efficiency (transformation of potential energy contained in lignite into electricity) will be 43%, as requested by the Directive for Protection and Control (the current overall average efficiency is approximately 32. 4%), it will nevertheless use a fossil fuel (lignite) as source of energy, which is unsustainable and will also result in high GHG emissions, acid rain, and PM10. The coal dust firing with supercritical parameters technology, which will be used in TPP Šoštanj 6 (BAT for lignite TPP), will result in 3. 1 × 106 tons of CO2 emissions annually. The justification for the investment in TPP Šoštanj 6 is based on its 43% efficiency, which can only be achieved with an at least 600 MW block. 43% efficiency is, through the BAT, a precondition for a Bank loan. Instead of analyzing and forecasting Slovenia's needs and consumption and developing new jobs in the RES sector, the region's social problems and the fact that they have already accepted pay-outs (more than 540 × 106 euros, according to TPPŠ20) are being misused as an argument for TPP Šoštanj 6. 43% efficiency is also at the lower limit of acceptable efficiency for a lignite powered power plant, as requested by BAT. The investment in TPP Šoštanj 6 (600 MW block) is worth 1. 2 × 109 euros (TPPŠ20) (i. e. , 2 × 106 euros per MW), with additional investment needed for CO2 capture and storage technology, which has not yet been fully developed. This is why this issue is also an economic one. In addition, the projections of emission allowance prices in the next 40 to 45 years (i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: - l58 and l59 are more appropriate for Materials and Methods section- It's not clear in the methods why you “created three different maps for each trait” and why you filtered the observations according to PFTs before spatially aggregating the trait values. - In section 2. 2 I didn’t understand the difference between 3) and 4). - In section 2. 3, specifying the total number of traits considered would enhance clarity. don’t miss anything, it is only specified in the abstract. - It is unclear why the analysis described in section 2. 4 was performed if the most important traits were identified in section 2. 3. - Fig. 3: Parallel coordinates plots are already complex visualizations to comprehend, and as it stands, I don't think the figure adds much value, unless it is thoroughly explored and contextualized in the text. - Fig. 5: The background color (gray) on the map is too similar to the light blue, making it difficult to interpret the figure. - Why is there such an extensive comparison with the results from aDGVM2? This was not anticipated based on the main questions posed in the Introduction section. - 4. 2, you briefly touch on the importance of examining trait covariation, highlighting its significance compared to focusing solely on individual traits. However, given that some of your results seem to directly address this aspect, it would be beneficial to delve deeper into this topic and explicitly connect it with the obtained results. - acknowledge that analyzing the occurrence and abundance of traits in each biome may not be the primary focus of your manuscript, it presents an opportunity for a valuable complementary analysis. By examining the diversity of traits within each biome, specifically by assessing the variance in their distribution, you can provide additional insights into the functional composition and ecological characteristics of these biomes. This analysis could help elucidate patterns of trait diversity across different environmental gradients and provide a deeper understanding of the ecological processes driving biome differentiation. Writing errors: I believe a parenthesis is missing for the reference in the following sentences: ”Biomes are commonly used to represent major vegetation formations and to map their biogeographic distributions. Multiple biome maps were developed based on a variety of different data sources Beierkuhnlein and Fischer (2021). ” “Despite the increasing availability of trait data in databases such TRY (Kattge et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Often the minimal factors necessary to reprogram a cell depend on the endogenous “stemness” of the starting cell, for example, neural stem cells can be reprogrammed using Oct4 alone since they express high levels of the other Yamanaka factors[26]. Table 1 Factors that have been shown to achieve induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming. Reprogramming factorHuman/mouseRef. Oct4BothTakahashi et al[18,19]Sox2BothTakahashi et al[18,19]cMycBothTakahashi et al[18,19]Klf4BothTakahashi et al[18,19]NanogHumanYu et al[20]EsrrbMouseFeng et al[73]Glis1BothMaekawa et al[49]E-cadherinMouseRedmer et al[43]shp53BothHanna et al[39]Lin28BothHanna et al[39]UTXBothMansour et al[82] The common aspiration is that iPS cells will provide an autologous source of cells for a multitude of regenerative medicine therapies in the future and clinical trials using iPS cells have begun[33]. However, the most immediate utility of iPS cell technologies is the ability to study patient-derived cells in the lab. iPS cells present the opportunity to study a range of diseases in novel ways by isolating and reprogramming patient-specific cells and then differentiating them into the cell type of interest. For example, iPS cells have been generated from patients suffering from a wide range of disorders including Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, Huntingdon’s disease, type I diabetes and Down’s syndrome (reviewed in[34]). In addition, cells such as disease-specific cardiomyocytes, which would be difficult to obtain from patients, can also be generated and used to test specific drugs[35]. In summary, the generation of iPS cells has stimulated the growth of a hugely active new area of research with promise to revolutionise medicine. However, the reprogramming process remains extremely inefficient and the basic molecular understanding of a process that does not appear to readily occur in nature is only just being unravelled.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: The price of local lignite, CO2 allowances and decreasing energy consumption bring into question whether TPP Šoštanj 6 will even be able to depreciate itself. The economics of energy projects will undoubtedly change by 2025 (the expected lifetime of the existing TPP blocks in Šoštanj), and as the economics of TPP Šoštanj 6 are already under scrutiny, it is most likely that it will not be feasible then and that new, cheaper, and superior alternatives will be available. The investment in TPP Šoštanj 6 is based on the predicted increase in electricity use in Slovenia, which is currently debatable, as electricity consumption has remained at the same level or even decreased since 2006 (Fig. 1). The investment in TPP Šoštanj 6 is further supported by the fact that the existing TPP Šoštanj blocks are not entirely efficient and by the move towards national energy independence. Consequently, TPP Šoštanj 6 should bridge the electricity deficit gap until new, sustainable capacities are built. However, while the future of TPP Šoštanj 4 and TPP Šoštanj 5 is questionable, since they should be gradually closed, it is planned that they will remain in cold reserve until 2027. This is regarded as the most difficult issue concerning the blocks, as they will become inefficient and technologically obsolete. A further concern is the adequate supply of lignite for all of the operating blocks. The current Slovenian energy strategy prioritises security and adequate energy production at the expense of environmental costs. Alongside the TPPs, plans are underway for the construction of new hydroelectric power plants (hydro PP), gas-steam power plants (gas-steam PP), and nuclear power plants, as well as small RES power plants. All of these are economically and environmentally more appropriate and sustainable but are currently of secondary importance for Slovenian energy policy. The production costs of TPP Šoštanj 6 are also arguable. Because the current electricity price on the Leipzig stock exchange stands at approximately 45 EUR/MWh, the production costs of TPP Šoštanj 6 should be lower than this.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: , 2020) and extrapolated global biome maps Wolf et al. (2022); Boonman et al. (2020), a systematic assessment of the performance of traits for biome classification and an identification of the most appropriate traits remain elusive. ” Citation: AC3: 'Reply on CC1', Simon Scheiter, 07 May 2024 The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: Citation: RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-276', Bianca Rius, 18 Apr 2024 Scheiter et al. delve into the utilization of crowd-sourced trait data for defining global biomes, investigating the suitability of trait data for biome classification and identifying the most relevant traits for this purpose. While the study is intriguing and significant, I have some comments to offer. Major comments:The findings presented in this study offer valuable insights into the fundamental ecological mechanisms driving plant biogeography and global distribution strategies. However, while the results are intriguing and significant, the interpretation from an ecological perspective could be further emphasized. Additionally, it would be beneficial for the authors to underscore the importance of their study and the implications of their findings, particularly in informing our understanding of global biome classification and its ecological implications. Strengthening the ecological context and emphasizing the practical implications of the findings would significantly enhance the impact and relevance of the study. The findings regarding the differences in trait distribution and occurrence between biomes are indeed intriguing, but they have been explored somewhat superficially in the manuscript. understand that this topic is complex, questions 2 and 4 require a more in-depth exploration throughout the manuscript. As a reader, I was expecting these interesting questions to be thoroughly addressed. For instance, the observed tendency of tropical forests to have plants with greater height could be explored in more detail in the discussion section. One possible explanation for this phenomenon could be light competition. It would be valuable to delve deeper into why the identified distinguishing traits are significant and what they represent in terms of plant strategies and ecological functions. Hence, you can offer insights into their ecological relevance and their role in shaping biome characteristics. Specifically, you could discuss how these traits contribute to plant adaptation to specific environmental conditions, resource acquisition strategies, and ecosystem functioning. While you have begun to address this topic, emphasizing the ecological significance of the identified traits and highlighting avenues for future research would strengthen the overall argument and underscore the importance of your findings.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: A greater understanding of the basic biology will lead to more efficient methodologies for iPS cell reprogramming in vitro and also potentially lead to strategies to therapeutically manipulate differentiated cells in vivo to become stem cells and repair or regenerate diseased tissues. progress has been made in recent years to define the molecular mechanisms involved in iPS cell reprogramming. This has led to the general acceptance of the model proposed by Samavarchi-Tehrani et al[36] that reprogramming consists of 3 phases: initiation, maturation and stabilisation (Summarised in Figure 1). Throughout reprogramming various changes occur not only to the cell phenotype but also to gene and non-coding RNA expression, epigenetic status and metabolism. In this review we will focus on cell signalling during the 3 stages of iPS cell reprogramming whilst other aspects are reviewed elsewhere by Papp et al[37] and Jia et al[38]. Open in 1 The key stages in (A) mouse and (B) human induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming and the signalling pathways that regulate them. initiation phase of reprogramming occurs in virtually all successfully transfected cells[39] and is characterised by somatic genes being switched off by methylation, an increase in cell proliferation, a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, reactivation of telomerase activity and a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET)[40]. MET is a feature of both mouse[41] and human[42] somatic cell reprogramming and involves the loss of mesenchymal characteristics such as motility and the acquisition of epithelial characteristics such as cell polarity and expression of the cell adhesion molecule E-perhaps explaining why E-cadherin can replace Oct4 in the reprogramming process[43]. MET and the opposite transition, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), are key features of embryogenesis[44], tumour metastasis[45] and both mouse[46] and human[47] ES cell differentiation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: As the predicted costs of electricity from TPP Šoštanj 6 range between 70 and 80 EUR/MWh (Smrekar-Iskrič and Dakić21), TPP Šoštanj 6 will be wholly uneconomical at the very beginning of operation, and taxpayers will be expected to foot the bill for the next 54 years. Since it is forecast that the global demand for coal is going to rise by up to 50% by 2035 (Likar22) mainly because of the economic development of non-OECD countries, especially China and India, and due to the closure of nuclear power plants in Germany, higher supply prices of coal can be expected. This is very important since it is arguable whether Slovenia has enough lignite reserves for the 54-year operation of TEŠ 6. Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) study forecasts that lignite reserves in Slovenia are sufficient for the operation of TEŠ 6 until 2048, which means that Slovenia will have to import lignite or coal for the last 6 years of TEŠ 6 operation. Unlike most other raw materials and commodities, there is no free-market price formation for the lignite used in power generation. The low calorific value of lignite makes transport uneconomical over longer distances; therefore, the cost of lignite per unit of energy, including transport, would be higher than the cost of hard coal, its main competitor. Hence, a lignite mine cannot offer its product to power plants, which are dislocated. Similarly, lignite-fired power plants cannot purchase fuel from distant mines. Both producer and consumer co-exist in a captive market. In comparison, the international market for hard coal benefits from a large number of suppliers and customers. For these reasons, it is common to build lignite-fired power plants adjacent to lignite mines (Euracoal23). That means that it is extremely difficult to forecast how high the costs of TEŠ operation will be after the Slovenian lignite reserves are exhausted. The quality of lignite can also differ in time, layers, and deposits. The current calorific value of lignite from the Velenje coalmine (the main supplier of TPP Šoštanj 6) is 11.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Biodiversity loss can negatively impact ecosystem resilience and function. [SEP] Text: It's essential to clarify the methodology, especially in section 2. 4, to improve understanding for readers. The conclusion and a significant portion of the discussion focusing on models may seem disconnected from the main purpose of the paper as outlined in the abstract and manuscript title. As a reader, I felt somewhat puzzled. Notably, none of the four questions posed at the end of the introduction mention the theme of modeling. To mitigate this discrepancy, you could consider clarifying from the outset that modeling will be a significant aspect of the study. Alternatively, you may choose to shift the focus of the discussion to emphasize other aspects that were highlighted earlier in the manuscript, aligning more closely with the stated objectives and questions. Minor comments:In the abstract the use of the “31 different biome maps” is not clear, is it used to perform the supervised cluster analyses or it is used to evaluate the results from these analyses? Enhancing the fluidity of the introduction by providing more ecological context and emphasizing the significance of generating this type of map would improve the transition to the research questions. l58 and l59 are more appropriate for Materials and Methods sectionIt's not clear in the methods why you “created three different maps for each trait” and why you filtered the observations according to PFTs before spatially aggregating the trait values. In section 2. 2 I didn’t understand the difference between 3) and 4). In section 2. 3, specifying the total number of traits considered would enhance clarity. don’t miss anything, it is only specified in the abstract. It is unclear why the analysis described in section 2. 4 was performed if the most important traits were identified in section 2. 3. Fig. 3: Parallel coordinates plots are already complex visualizations to comprehend, and as it stands, I don't think the figure adds much value, unless it is thoroughly explored and contextualized in the text. Fig. 5: The background color (gray) on the map is too similar to the light blue, making it difficult to interpret the figure. Why is there such an extensive comparison with the results from aDGVM2? This was not anticipated based on the main questions posed in the Introduction section. 4. 2, you briefly touch on the importance of examining trait covariation, highlighting its significance compared to focusing solely on individual traits.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, the MET that marks the initiation of cellular reprogramming is reversible since removal of the reprogramming factors from mouse “pre-iPS” cells after induction of reprogramming has been shown to lead to reversion of the cells to a mesenchymal phenotype[36], thus demonstrating that continued transgene expression is necessary to allow cells to progress to the maturation stage. Mechanistically, Sox2 suppresses expression of Snail, an EMT inducer[48], and Klf4 induces E-cadherin expression, thus promoting MET[41]. In addition, Maekawa et al[49] have shown that the Glis family zinc finger 1 protein Glis1 can substitute cMyc in the reprogramming cocktail by inducing MET, thus initiating iPS cell reprogramming. MET can also be induced by chemicals, for example, various groups have demonstrated the ability of transforming growth factor (TGF)β inhibition to enhance the initiation stage of both mouse[50,51] and human[42] somatic cell reprogramming. This observation is supported by the finding that addition of recombinant TGFβ abrogates iPS cell formation[42] and is likely due to the EMT-inducing action of TGFβ signalling, which then prevents the MET that is critical to successful iPS cell reprogramming. TGFβ signalling promotes EMT via a wide variety of mechanisms, including mediating the disassembly of junctional complexes, reorganising the cell cytoskeleton, and EMT gene activation[52]. Various TGFβ inhibitors have been used to promote reprogramming, including A-83-01[41,53], E616452[25,50] (also known as RepSox) and SB431542[42] (Table 2). In addition to promoting β inhibitors promote Nanog expression[50], thus providing 2 potential mechanisms for their ability to enhance reprogramming. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling, activated by TGFβ, further induces the expression of mesodermal genes[52]. Inhibitors of MAPK signalling such as PD0325901 have therefore been used in combination with TGFβ inhibitors to promote MET[42]. Table 2 Small molecules that enhance induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming. Small moleculeFunctionRef.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: 3 kJ/kg, the ash content is 14%, and the sulphur content is 1. 4% (Euracoal23). If the quality of lignite decreases or if the production price of lignite from new deposits increases, the economic profile of TPP Šoštanj 6 will be even worse, because more expensive coal will have to be imported to achieve the requested efficiency of the power plant. This is an enormous problem, as the Velenje coal mine is already selling lignite (for 2. 6–2. 8 EUR/GJ) to TPP Šoštanj below its cost price (2. 9 EUR/GJ). The fact that the reference price of lignite in the feasibility studies on TPP Šoštanj 6 was 2. 3 EUR/GJ (Malovrh et al. 24) makes the situation even more bizarre. The existing energy policy is assessed as unsustainable because it is based on the assumption that energy consumption will increase, rather than on achieving reduced and more efficient energy consumption. It gives priority to conventional energy sources, it is not oriented to the 20/20/20 objectives and it does not prioritise RES. Furthermore, it foresees a complete and as such unsustainable use of lignite reserves in Slovenia and lays too little emphasis on environmental costs. Contrary to Slovenia's current energy policy, sustainable energy policy must be based on reduced energy consumption as a result of increased energy efficiency, as well as on the substitution of conventional energy sources with RES. In other words, the central idea of sustainability is to establish the circular flow and self-regeneration of natural resources, and this cannot be achieved with fossil fuel consumption. The EU energy policy defines sustainability as the combination of (1) the development of competitive RES and all other low-carbon sources of energy carriers by reducing energy demand within the EU; (2) directing collective efforts to halt climate change; and (3) improved local air quality. According to these three criteria, the construction of TPP Šoštanj 6 is inappropriate. In fact, sustainable development must not be perceived as meeting the needs of the present generation at the expense of future generations. Nonetheless, Slovenia is building TPP Šoštanj 6 and abandoning the construction of new RES, mainly wind power plants and hydroelectric power plants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 1004223 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation and Land Degradatio. . . Edited by Surendra N. the Management - Change and Surendra N. purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 2024. A unique initiative in the world is a Japanese fund for forest replenishment that began out of gratitude to the upstream regions that provide water. This paper examines the funds and taxes for forest cultivation in Japan, focusing on how they were introduced, accumulated, and collected. Keywords forest environment taxforest environment transfer taxwater source fundforest conservationforest management Show + Keiko Nakayama* *Address all correspondence to: nakayama@mecl. chukyo-u. ac. jp 1. for Forests (UNSPF) 2017–2031, which aims to promote the forestry sector’s contribution to international goals like the 2030 Agenda, including the sustainable development goals (SDGs), was implemented by the in Ref. [1]. identifies the global forest goals to be attained by 2030 and further targets the details of the goals, which list the specific SDG targets that every global forest goal contributes to. According to the mentioned in Ref. [2], the global forest area accounts for approximately 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: BIX-01294Histone methyltransferase inhibitorShi et al[51]Bayk8644Calcium channel agonistShi et al[51]RG108DNA methyltransferase inhibitorShi et al[51]5-Aza-2’-DeoxycytidineDNA methyltransferase inhibitorHuangfu et al[89]DexamethasoneSteroid glucocorticoidHuangfu et al[89]Valproic acidHDAC inhibitorHuangfu et al[89]inhibitorHuangfu et al[89]inhibitorHuangfu et al[89]PD0325901 + CHIR99021MAPK inhibition and GSK3 inhibitionShi et al[51], Silva et al[77]SB 431542+ PD0325901TGFβ inhibitorLin et al[42]And MAPK inhibitorA-83-01TGFβ inhibitorLi et al[41], Zhu et al[53]E616452TGFβ inhibitorIchida et al[90]AMI-5Protein arginine methyltransferase inhibitorYuan et al[13]KenpaulloneUnknown “novel function”Lyssiotis et al[91] Adapted from Feng et al[73]. SAHA: Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid; AMI: Arginine N-Methyltransferase Inhibitor. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling also plays an important role in the initiation stage of mouse iPS cell reprogramming by promoting MET via upregulation of epithelial genes such as E-cadherin, Occludin and Epithelial cell adhesion molecule[36]. Chen et al[54] have shown that BMPs can replace Klf4 in the reprogramming cocktail, allowing mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to be reprogrammed using Oct4 alone. However, constitutive BMP activation prevents human somatic cell reprogramming. This was discovered through the observation that a naturally occurring Alk2 mutation, which causes fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva in humans, prevents iPS cell reprogramming and that this blockade can be rescued by inhibition of the ALK2 receptor[55].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: In general, there is a lack of active fiscal incentives for the construction of small and micro-scale decentralized hydro and wind power plants; however, strong growth can be seen in the biogas and photovoltaic sector. Some RES are not merely environmentally competitive but also cost competitive with conventional energy sources. The electricity generation from RES is additionally supported by the system of feed-in tariffs. In order to propose alternatives, we decided to examine how competitive RES are from the economic perspective. Through an analysis and comparison of indicative RES investment prices in Slovenia, new possibilities for investments into more sustainable energy projects have been identified: Elektro Primorska,25 for example, indicates that the estimated price of wind power plants at selected locations in Slovenia ranges between 1 and 1. 37 × 106 euros per MW, which is, on average, approximately 48% less than the investment in the above mentioned investment in TPP Šoštanj. Production costs of wind power plants are 35-140 EUR/MWh (Obrecht26). Although wind power plants are emission-free during the production of electricity and have low operating and maintenance costs, they are completely dependent on the frequency and stability of the wind. The investment in hydro PPs varies quite substantially because of the diversity of the environment and the specificity of each project. As a rule, hydro PPs can be divided into large, small, and pump storage hydroelectric power plants. For example, the Avče pump-storage hydroelectric power plant cost 1. 54 × 106 euros per MW (Obrecht et al. 27). Hydro PP on the cost 2. 63 × 106 euros per MW (Raner and Žebeljan28). It is also important to note in regard to hydro PP operations that their minimum costs (approximately 20–30 EUR/MWh - Obrecht26), and emission-free energy production have to be taken into account. Because the hydrological potential of Slovenia is rather high, we see great opportunities for hydro PPs. 29 Small hydro PPs with a current installed power of 85 MW have an estimated untapped potential of 180 MW. The price for the installed MW in a small hydro is estimated at 1. 3–3. 0 × 106 euros (Žumbar28 and Raner and Žebeljan28) and depends on the size of the plant.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: The report aims to quantify the functions; however, the annual monetary estimate of these effects is estimated at 70 trillion yen per annum. Considering that Japan’s general account budget for fiscal year 2023 is 114. 4 trillion yen, the importance of forest resources is evident. War II, the Japanese government essentially planned the forestry sector. Massive amounts of hardwoods were felled for munition and rebuilding during and after the war. Additionally, the government implemented an expansion policy of afforestation in cedar and cypress for construction timber. However, the economic liberalization of 1964 enabled timber imports before the trees were old enough for the primary cutting season. After this long period of stagnation, Japan’s forestry industry is finally showing a slightly upward trend. However, the value of forestry output is only one-third of its peak in 1980, the value of standing timber for cypress, cedar, and pine is only approximately one-fourth, and the number of people engaged in forestry and households owning one hectare or more of forest are declining. Due to the long-term slump in the forestry industry, many forests are poorly maintained and fail to meet the functions of the public interest, for example, water source recharge for national land conservation and preventing global warming. Securing forest absorption capacity is a global trend, and securing financial resources for this purpose was inevitable. Although it is not well known, the government was considering a same-style tax on the water resource fund. Accordingly, the introduced the “water source tax” in the 1980s. Initially, the rate was 1 yen per 1 m3 of water used, similar to Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture, which will be described later. Moreover, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (formerly known as the Ministry of Construction) introduced a “running water fee. ” In 1986, these taxes and fees were unified, to enact a bill that would impose a tax of 2. 5 yen per 1 m3 of water used for forest and river maintenance. However, this plan was rejected by the business sector, the Ministry of Finance, Economy, Trade and Industry, and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Although the need for forest management was acknowledged, justifying the increased tax burden was difficult because it was unclear who benefited from the public interest function of forests. Japanese forest ownership was small scale and scattered.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Increased proliferation has been observed in cells undergoing reprogramming as early as 3 d after induction of reprogramming[56] and is likely to be initiated by cMyc transgene expression[57]. Lin28 expression and p53 knockdown also increase the efficiency of iPS cell reprogramming by stimulating cell proliferation[39]. Specifically, LIN28 has been shown to regulate cell cycle genes such as Cyclin A, and Cdk4[58] whilst p53 induces cell cycle arrest via p21 and thus p53 knockdown promotes proliferation[59]. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling has also been implicated at the initiation stage[60]. Araki et al[61] show that Fgf4 is upregulated on day 3 after induction of reprogramming in MEFs and Jiao et al[60] show that FGF2 can improve the reprogramming efficiency in the early phases of mouse somatic cell reprogramming, whereas it has adverse effects in the later stages. Mechanistically, this group have shown that FGF2 promotes the early stages of reprogramming through accelerating cell proliferation, facilitating MET and eliminating extracellular collagens. In addition to an increased proliferation rate, the minority of cells that undergo successful reprogramming also exhibit resistance to apoptosis and senescence, by transgene expression[56]. Recent studies have shown that miR-302 expression allows cells to overcome reprogramming-induced senescence[62] and that silencing of the INK4/ARF locus is also likely to be involved, since INK4/ARF blockade improves reprogramming efficiency[63,64]. The INK4/ARF locus encodes tumour suppressor genes that activate the retinoblastoma and p53 pathways. Its inactivation therefore blocks apoptosis and senescence and facilitates reprogramming. The initiation phase is also characterised by a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis[65] that occurs around 7 d after induction of reprogramming[66] and involves phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signalling[53,67].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: Such power plants represent a cheap source of RES (with a production price of approximately 30–80 EUR/MWh (Obrecht26)), but are limited in terms of appropriate locations. Another interesting possibility is also the new technology of hydro PP with vertical axis, which is especially appropriate for slow-flowing waters. These SG/SP (Slovenian Generator/Slovenian Product) devices are already in production but not yet installed; the exact investment costs are therefore not yet available. Biogas plants provide a sound alternative to peak energy, with investments in biogas plants standing at around 3. 6 × 106 euros per MW of installed power and electricity production prices from 35 to 120 EUR/MWh (Obrecht26). The presented calculation is the average for the biogas plants in Styria (LandesEnergieVerein31). Additionally, the production of biological waste/raw materials in Slovenia is sufficient for several tens of MW of installed power in a biogas plant (Obrecht and Denac30). The investment in solar power plants is similar to that of investments in biogas power plants and stands somewhere between 2–4 × 106 euros per MW (Obrecht et al. 27). The annual solar radiation in Slovenia is at least 1. 05 MWh/m2 (the peak is 1. 53 MWh/m2) (Ref. 32). While the source is sufficient and appropriate, photovoltaic energy is highly dependent on the frequency and stability of solar radiation. Electricity production in photovoltaic systems is practically emission and cost free and is mainly dependent on the investment costs of the photovoltaic system. The production price is approximately 70–200 EUR/MWh (Obrecht26). IV. achieve long-term sustainable energy production and consumption as well as to reach the 20/20/20 objectives, we are proposing a new energy policy based on the priorities presented in Fig. 2. FIG. 2. View largeDownload slideEstimated development of the Slovenian energy sector over the time: existing and proposed strategy. FIG. 2. View largeDownload slideEstimated development of the Slovenian energy sector over the time: existing and proposed strategy. Close modal The proposed investments in alternative energy projects are presented on the time axis while the priorities are written from the top down.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: is situated in the center of the Yahagigawa River. Upstream of the Yahagigawa River, forests cover 87% of the area, approximately 60% of which is planted forest. River provides with over 70% of its raw water needs. In addition, the upstream supplies water for power generation, agriculture, industry, and pure drinking water. Nevertheless, the aging population, migration of residents, and drop in timber prices due to imports have all contributed to a major decline in the forestry sector. In the basin, afforestation was actively pursued following the war; however, over 50% of the planted forests in the water source basin were neglected, even during periods of thinning. Consequently, rough forests became noticeable throughout the region, despite efforts by forestry officials and local residents to preserve the public interest functions of forests. It is considered desirable that the people who live there, as well as local governments and businesses that benefit from these functions, contribute to these efforts. Since the early days, the Japanese have worked to protect the water quality and purify the basin, believing that “a community with the same basin has the same destiny. ” River water source fund, including 20 towns and villages in the basin and Aichi prefecture, was established in 1978. These preconditions enabled the tap water source conservation fund to be the first of its kind in the country. In addition to the city’s water charges for upstream forest conservation projects, established a tap water source conservation fund in 1993, at a rate of yen per 1 m2 of used water. The charges of the fund began in 1994. To carry out the project, the city grouped five towns and one village in the upstream area in 2000. Residents perceived the Fund as a token of appreciation to the upstream region for providing clean potable water. This project aimed to enhance the water source’s replenishment function, which required thinning the planted forests as a main priority. However, in 2005, the five upstream towns and villages that the fund covered were all merged into Toyota City, and the residents of those towns and villages were also forced to pay for the fund themselves, losing the original meaning of the fund. This fund was established as an expression of gratitude, not as an obligation to those who live in the downstream areas of the rivers that provide them with pure, potable water, nor as a burden on the beneficiaries.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: For example, Chen et al[67] have demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT pathway was activated during reprogramming in parallel with the upregulation of glycolytic gene expression, showing specifically that AKT activated 2 key glycolytic regulators, AS1060 and PFKB2. Zhu et al[53] have also shown that PS48, an activator of the PI3K/AKT pathway, is able to enhance reprogramming by upregulating glycolytic genes. By switching their metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis, pre-iPS cells assume an ES cell-like phenotype[68]. ES cells are likely to have developed this form of metabolism as an adaptation to the hypoxic in vivo environment of the early embryo[69]. Interestingly, various groups have shown that iPS cell reprogramming is enhanced by hypoxia[70,71], likely due to the acceleration of this metabolic shift. [72] have recently identified the maturation stage of iPS cell reprogramming as being a major bottleneck in the process, which is likely to account for the low efficiency of the process generally. They demonstrate that LIN28, but not NANOG, shp53 or 1, promotes maturation of iPS cells. During maturation, epigenetic changes occur allowing expression of the first pluripotency-associated genes[40]. These genes include Fbxo15, Sall4, Oct4, Nanog and Esrrb. Interestingly, Esrrb has been shown to be sufficient to reprogram MEFs in collaboration with Sox2 and Oct4[73]. LIF/STAT3 signalling is required for the maturation phase of mouse iPS cell reprogramming[74]. Interestingly, pre-iPS cell colony formation has been observed in the absence of LIF, however, beyond day 6 of reprogramming these colonies detach. This is likely due to the requirement that cells undergoing the reprogramming process have for LIF signalling to maintain cMyc expression[75]. In addition, Tang et al[74] demonstrate that LIF/STAT3 activation induces earlier formation of an increased number of pre-iPS cell colonies. Mechanistically, this group demonstrate that LIF/STAT3 signalling is required for demethylation of pluripotency-associated gene promoters.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: The facilities in dotted-line cells are only an option if there is a rise in energy needs. The reduction in energy consumption and increased EE consumption must be placed at the heart of sustainable energy policy in Slovenia; this also corresponds with the EU Directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services (Directive 2006/32/EC) that requires energy savings by 2016 relative to the average of 2001–2005. As electricity consumption declined by 4% in 2008 and by 11% in 2009 and energy consumption in industry also fell, we only have to retain consumption at the current level. This is actually more favourable than reducing energy consumption, as measures aimed at reduced energy use are generally more dramatic and demand larger effort and investment than measures to retain it at the same level. However, electricity consumption increased by approximately 4% in 2010. It is also realistic to expect minor growth in electricity consumption by 2015 due to the economic recovery. In any case, this trend must be limited and reduced as much as possible now, so that future energy consumption will achieve the 20/20/20 objectives on the one hand and reduce the need for new power plants and the resulting environmental impact on energy production in Slovenia on the other. An improvement in end-use energy efficiency is also required by European legislation. Guided by the 2006/32/EC directive, Slovenia must achieve 9% energy savings by 2016 relative to the average of 2001–2005. Therefore, Slovenia should increase subsidies for EE and gradually change consumer habits, as these measures are the best long-term opportunity for smaller and more efficient energy consumption. Household subsidies, such as the installation of heat pumps and the installation of solar collectors for the insulation and renovation of houses, etc. , have proven to be a very effective incentive to increase the EE of households, to educate them about the possibilities of increased EE and to promote EE in general. However, the subsidies are unfortunately not appropriate for lowest income households, because even if they can apply for an approximately 20% subsidy for one of the EE measures, they are unable to provide the remaining 80% of the investment. Therefore, subsidies should be increased for less affluent households in particular. The main proposed change in Slovenia's energy strategy is related to TPP Šoštanj. By closing the existing TPP Šoštanj 3 in 2012 instead of 2014, Slovenia would save up to 4. 7 × 106 euros for the Kyoto allowance, i. e.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: Adopting approach by several local governments has attracted the attention of people nationwide. 3. 2 Establishment of multiple water source fundsIn 2001, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and the surveyed the status of tap water source conservation efforts. then conducted a questionnaire survey in 2007 to follow up on water services, investigating distinct initiatives and water utilities involved in conserving potable water sources. Establishing funds, participating in water source forests, forming and organizing watershed councils, aiding upstream wastewater treatment facilities, and establishing ordinances on water source protection were also covered. There are approximately 35 funds across the country. They are particularly abundant in the Chubu region of Toyota City. The “” (Aichi Prefecture), “” by the Corporation1, the “” (Shizuoka Prefecture), and “/Conservation Fund” by the Area Union2 have the same purpose and method of accumulation as the Toyota City’s fund. Advertisement 4. Forest environment taxThe country of Japan consists of 47 prefectures. The 47 prefectures are made up of several municipalities called cities, towns, and villages. These municipalities are only differentiated by population and have almost the same functions. If the national government is at the first level, the 47 prefectures are at the second level and the municipalities are at the third level. Thus, Japan has a three-tier administrative system, where each municipality, prefecture, and country can levy taxes independently. In this section, forest environment taxes levied by the national government are defined as national taxes, those levied by prefectures as prefectural taxes, and those levied by municipalities as city taxes. Note that the fund introduced by many municipalities, such as Toyota City, described in the previous section, is not a tax. However, the purpose of the fund is forest recharge, which is the same as a forest environment tax. 4. 1 Prefectural taxThe 1990s saw a growth in the decentralization movement, resulting in financial and administrative reforms, most notably the 1999 “law concerning the development of related laws to promote decentralization. ” In 2003, became the first region in Japan to impose a tax on forest environments. The decentralization law has allowed local governments to impose taxes independently and significantly streamline the traditional non-statutory ordinary tax.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Specifically, STAT3 signalling was shown to directly block the action of the DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 and Histone deacetylases 2, 3 and 8. Wnt signalling also enhances the maturation phase of mouse somatic cell reprogramming whereby exogenous stimulation of the pathway using Wnt3a between days 6 and 9 after induction of reprogramming enhances the formation of Nanog positive colonies[76]. Various groups have suggested that expression of Nanog is necessary for cells to advance from the maturation phase to the stabilisation stage[39,77] and thus, Samavarchi et al[36] suggest that Nanog expression alone is responsible for mediating the transition from pre-iPS cells to stably reprogrammed cells. This group demonstrate that removal of the reprogramming factors from mouse iPS cells at day 9 after induction of reprogramming did not induce phenotypic reversion. Other groups, however, have reported different time points for the stabilisation stage, including day 11[78,79] and day 16[80], suggesting that this can vary depending on discrete protocols and culture variations. It is clear that there remains substantial information to be learned regarding this critical intermediary step but NANOG appears to play a pivotal role in iPS cell maturation. around 1% of cells that initiate reprogramming make it to the stabilisation stage[72]. This can be explained by the observation made by Golipour et al[81] that not all cells are “stabilisation competent”. This group identify a gene expression signature that distinguishes stabilisation competent and stabilisation incompetent cells and show that stabilisation competent cells require transgene repression to enter this stage. Since the stabilisation stage is characterised by transgene independence, only cells that have activated endogenous pluripotency gene expression are able to maintain pluripotency at this late stage. Endogenous pluripotency gene expression is facilitated by demethylation of pluripotency gene promoters, thus explaining why various DNA and histone methyltransferase inhibitors have been shown to accelerate iPS cell reprogramming, amongst other small molecules (Table 2). This may also explain the ability of the H3K27 demethylase UTX to substitute for some of the original reprogramming factors[82]. The end-point of iPS cell reprogramming is a matter of some controversy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: The reconstruction of TEŠ with a forecast efficiency increase of 3% (consequently also an increase in power of 53 MW) is evaluated at 53 × 106 euros and the production price at 50–60 EUR/MWh (Malovrh et al. 24), which is still higher than the electricity market price, but much lower than the predicted production price in TPP Šoštanj 6. For instance, the total investment in the renovation of two 400 MW blocks and the modernization of the TPP Kostolac mine in Serbia amounted to approximately 860 × 106 euros (Industry of Serbia34) Alternative 2 for the reorganisation of TPP Šoštanj is the introduction of a power plant using several fuel types. A good example of such a power plant is Danish Avedøre 2, which runs on straw, biomass, coal, and natural gas. The total investment into this plant was approximately 905 000 euros per MW, and the efficiency of the plant is 50% when operating at 300 MW (Tomšič35). This kind of technology enables us to use different fuel types at the same time, which is particularly important due to the accessibility of specific local energy sources, such as wood biomass in Slovenia, because of the gradual transition to RES and the ultimate objective of Slovenian energy policy—an emission-free society. Another alternative to a lignite plant, alternative 3, is a gas-steam power plant (gas-steam PP). An 800 MW gas-steam PP that can replace TPP Šoštanj 6 is planned in Kidričevo, with predicted investment costs of 0. 75 × 106 euros per MW (IJŠ4). The main advantages of a gas-steam PP are significantly lower emissions than in a lignite-fired TPP, lower investment costs, possible coverage of peak energy consumption, and a more reliable natural gas supply upon the completion of the and Nabucco pipelines. The essential weaknesses of a gas-steam PP are the dependence on foreign sources of energy and gas price volatility. The price of natural gas does not (yet) follow the price of oil and is therefore totally incompatible with oil price. Although natural gas is a conventional energy source, its use produces lower GHG emissions than other conventional energy sources; for that reason we see gas-steam PPs as an appropriate mid-term technology in the transition to carbon-free energy industry.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: Moreover, low timber prices, a decline in forestry workers, an aging population, and a lack of funding have contributed to the issue of inadequate maintenance of forests that local government bodies manage. The public benefits only from robust forests. Thus, local governments began enacting a forest environment tax using the decentralization law to aid forest restoration. Kochi Prefecture’s forest coverage rate is 74%, ranking first among prefectures in Japan. In addition, Kochi’s planted forest per capita is the highest in Japan, approximately six times the nation’s average. Thus, 40% of Kochi Prefecture’s land was negatively affected, raising concerns about the potential loss of forests’ public utility function. In addition, with the lowest financial strength index in the nation, Kochi Prefecture’s fiscal situation was tight; therefore, new funding sources were required to prevent the destruction of forests. Against this backdrop, became the first in the nation to adopt a forest environment tax in 2003. In 2004, imposed the Tax, followed by Tottori’s ’s Tax for with Water and Greenery, Yamaguchi Prefecture’s ’s forest environment tax, Kumamoto Prefecture’s Tax for with Water and Greenery, and Kagoshima Prefecture’s forest environment tax in 2005. Figure 1 shows that of Japan’s 47 prefectures, 37 have adopted a forest environment tax under different names. Figure 1. Prefectures that have introduced substantial forest environment tax (shaded area). Created by the authors based on Ref. [6]. A forest environment tax can be defined as a system where local governments enforce an additional tax burden to conserve or recharge forests. However, no tax falls under the forest environment tax category. The introduced forest environment tax used the per capita approach that provides the necessary funds to safeguard forests through a taxation surcharge on inhabitants (prefectural or municipal taxes) mandated by the local tax law. Accordingly, the residence tax is a regular tax collected without a stated goal. Forest conservation initiatives are financed with funds equal to the tax surcharge collected as a forest environment tax. Most prefectures impose an excess tax of forest environment tax at a fixed rate per capita on corporations, where the amount is determined according to specific criteria such as capital, and a flat excess tax rate on individuals’ per capita residential tax rate.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: For example, the stabilisation stage of mouse iPS cell reprogramming involves X chromosome reactivation whereas human iPS cell reprogramming does not[83]. X chromosome inactivation is a process that occurs as female embryonic cells, which have 2 active X chromosomes, commit to differentiation. This feature of human ES and human iPS cells, amongst others (reviewed in[84]), means that they represent the primed pluripotent state. Human iPS cells generated in the presence ofNODAL and FGF2 ligands are stabilised in this primed state whereas mouse iPS cells reprogrammed in the presence of LIF and BMP4 can be fully reprogrammed to the uncommitted naïve ground state (Figure 2). Interestingly, human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) have been shown to give rise to naïve human iPS cells when reprogrammed in the presence of 2 and TGFβ1 plus inhibitors of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, p38, MAPK and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (3i)[85], thus demonstrating that the cell signalling context is critical to the determination of naïve and primed pluripotency rather than the two states representing a species difference. The derivation of various novel stem cell lines, including intermediate epiblast stem cells which exhibit dual responsiveness to LIF andNODAL signalling[86], has challenged the concept of 2 distinct pluripotent states, instead suggesting that a spectrum of pluripotency exists, an idea we develop in Hawkins et al[87]. Thorough investigation into this spectrum of pluripotency, and therefore the transition from pluripotent cells to differentiated cells, should accelerate the delineation of mechanisms occurring throughout the reverse process, from a somatic cell to an iPS cell. Open in 2 The core signalling networks that maintain pluripotency in (A) naive and (B) primed pluripotent cells. proposed model for the signalling networks required for the various stages of mouse and human iPS cell reprogramming can be found in Figure 1. However, this knowledge is still vastly incomplete. New technological advances are required to thoroughly interrogate the contribution of a wide range of signalling pathways to somatic cell reprogramming.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: We can also increase energy production by improving EE of the existing gas-steam PPs and cogeneration plants in Brestanica, Ljubljana, and Maribor. Even though the price of natural gas on the stock exchange in February 2013 was approximately 2. 4 EUR/GJ (Ref. 36), which is comparable to the price of lignite, energy policy must be aware of the volatility of gas price. The peak price in 2008 was approximately 10 EUR/GJ (Ref. 36). Since the majority of energy experts see gas as a very appropriate transitional energy source (for the transition into a more sustainable future), which causes fewer environmental constraints than other fossil fuels, and because investments in gas-powered systems for electricity production are increasing, the demand for gas is rising as well. This means that the price of gas can also significantly increase in the future and strongly influence the economics of selected energy projects concerning gas-powered systems. If the price of gas increases, at least some of these projects would no longer be economical. The high volatility of gas prices can also be seen in the fact that there are only short-term gas contracts. We can even say that gas-steam PPs would be cost-competitive with coal fired PPs only if the gas price decreased or if the efficiency of gas-steam PP increased by 15%. A nuclear power plant is also a possibility. However, because of the shift by Germany—a leading EU member state—away from nuclear energy, the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, public opposition in Slovenia to a new nuclear power plant and certain technical aspects of power generation in nuclear power plants, for instance, the production of base load power instead of peak power like TPP, we believe that this is not a realistic alternative to TPP Šoštanj at the moment. However, this paper wishes to propose the 4th and most sustainable alternative to TPP—a change in electricity mix and transition to RES. As there are no wind fields in Slovenia at present, has assessed the possibility of building 180 MW of wind power plants on three wind fields. However, such possibilities are limited here because there are few appropriate geographic locations for wind power plants and even those that are suitable lie within the 2000 area, where any significant change to the landscape is strictly prohibited. Wind power plant construction can impact greatly on the environment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: Kochi Prefecture, in contrast, levied a flat tax surcharge on the per capita rates of individuals and corporations. The annual burden per individual in most prefectures is 500–1,000 yen. Prefecture charges the minimum rate. Prefecture-introduced forest environment taxes have specific characteristics: Since 2003, every local government has rapidly moved toward making such taxes law. Second, the method of tax collection necessitates a fair and moderate tax burden for all prefecture residents. Notwithstanding some variances, the tax is only as high as what residents can bear. Third, most local governments work toward reforestation using thinning where appropriate for the surrounding environment and local areas. However, there are variations in the other projects that have been chosen. The forest environment tax differs slightly from other environmental taxes because it is local. It is not an incentive scheme in which a polluter assumes the environmental burden by paying the costs of the amount of damage inflicted. Nor does the beneficiary burden principle apply, in which the policy’s beneficiaries must pay the bill. In what is known as the joint burden or the participation principle, the current forest environment tax requires residents to share the cost of a certain amount of tax surcharge. 4. 2 City taxYokohama City, located in Kanagawa Prefecture, has a unique city tax: the “Tax,” which, introduced in 2009, promotes the “Yokohama Green-Up Plan” to green the city and ensure its sustainability continues to the next generation. Individuals will be charged 900 yen per year, and corporations will be charged an additional amount equivalent to 9% of the annual per capita corporate municipal tax. Considering the forest environment tax, not the forest and forestry fields, many discussions exist in environmental economics, law, finance, and other areas. Despite this, the results from the resident questionnaire survey indicate that the prefecture’s forest environment tax is generally considered positive. 4. 3 National taxThe government has been working and collaborating with pertinent stakeholders for several years to secure funding to preserve and enhance public interest activities. In this context, the was approved at the third session of the 1997 Conference of the Parties (COP3) and was enacted in 2005. At the 17th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP17) held in 2011, a path toward a future framework was also agreed upon.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 5] [Analysis (0)] 14. . Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells. Cell. 2005;122:947-956. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 174. 5] [Analysis (0)] 15. . The Oct4 and Nanog transcription network regulates pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Genet. 2006;38:431-440. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 101. 4] [Analysis (0)] 16. . Small increases in the level of Sox2 trigger the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells. 2008;26:903-911. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 14. 9] [Analysis (0)] 17. . A negative feedback loop of transcription factors that controls stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal. . 2006;20:1730-1732. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 18. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006;126:663-676. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 19. . Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 2007;131:861-872. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 20. -Otto K, Antosiewicz-. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science. 2007;318:1917-1920. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 21. Yu J, Hu K, Smuga-. Human induced pluripotent stem cells free of vector and transgene sequences. Science. 2009;324:797-801. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 110. 7] [Analysis (0)] 22. . Efficient induction of transgene-free human pluripotent stem cells using a vector based on Sendai virus, an RNA virus that does not integrate into the host genome. . 2009;85:348-362. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 62. 7] [Analysis (0)] 23. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: However, Slovenia can achieve synergy with nature through the thoughtful and sustainable positioning of wind power plants, especially in degraded areas near roads. Estimates suggest that Slovenia can ensure 90 MW from wind power plants, while, additionally, a map of appropriate locations for wind power plants in Slovenia has been drawn up including areas with sufficient wind that lie outside 2000. The investment into 90 MW wind power plants should amount to approximately 105 × 106 euros. Ideally, a small number of pilot wind power plants would be installed and their subsequent operation examined. The results obtained would facilitate the decisions on new investments in wind power plants, and, furthermore, the criticisms of environmental organisations opposed to wind power plants in Slovenia would thus be thoroughly assessed. Slovenia has a large water potential, which combined with the high efficiency of hydroelectric power plants, their lengthy operating period (over 100 years), non-emission operations and production of cheap energy, should make investments in new hydro PPs the priority of the Slovenian energy industry. In Slovenia, pump storage hydroelectric power plants are of particular importance in peak energy consumption, the most critical period. New and planned pump-storage hydro facilities will supply 1300 GWh of electricity produced in the peak of consumption (i. e. , Avče pump-storage hydro 178 MW and the planned Kozjak pump-storage hydro 440 MW) (Raner and Žebeljan28). Therefore, new, suitable locations for the construction of pump-storage hydro PPs must be identified and considered in line with long-term strategy, since they constitute an appropriate, reliable, and clean source of peak energy. The price of investment in the Avče pump-storage hydro was 1. 54 × 106 euros per MW (HSE37). The investment in the large hydro PP on the will result in an additional 482 MW of installed power (Raner and Žebeljan28 and HSE37). The average price of hydro PP on the Sava River's lower stream is 2. 63 × 106 euros per MW. An additional 118 MW of power installed in the hydro PP on the Soča River (Raner and Žebeljan28) is also possible but environmentally highly questionable, excluding the Soča hydro PPs from this study. The total hydro potential of Slovenian rivers is evaluated at a2. 15 × 106 euros per MW. Of course, these investments are determined primarily by natural conditions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: Created by the authors based on Ref. [9]. Stakeholders oppose treating the forest environment tax as a national tax. One reason is the overlap between the prefectural and forest environment taxes. In the future, it will be necessary to clearly differentiate the use of national and prefectural taxes. The rationale of the tax is the next thing to think about. Numerous studies contest the tax’s foundation. Even though the forest is also used for greenhouse gas absorption, it makes sense that the beneficiary will pay a fee if the objective is to secure the forest’s water source to guarantee a drinkable water supply. Many people are calling for businesses that emit emissions to be subject to “polluter pays” taxes. Furthermore, it has been pointed out that the policy effects aimed at tax increases are highly unclear. There is a massive criticism of excessive taxation. A frequent concern is that there will be double taxation in 37 prefectures. are the sources of the Yokohama green tax and the water source environment tax; therefore, residents of Yokohama are subjected to triple taxation. A similar phenomenon occurs in areas where prefectural forest environment taxes and funds have been introduced, like Toyota City. The forest environment tax employs a taxation surcharge method for the inhabitant tax, which reduces resistance and is more straightforward for locals to understand than other taxes. However, it is questionable if a tax this simple to administer is fair and equitable. Finally, we discuss the transfer standard for the forest environment transfer tax. In fiscal year 2019, the first year, approximately 20 billion yen were allocated to prefectures, approximately 4 billion yen, and to municipalities, approximately 16 billion yen. However, when looking at the amount allocated to Yokohama City, ranked first, followed by Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Prefecture, and Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture. Seven ordinance-designated cities were included in the top 10 local governments. Since the population accounts for 30% of the concession criteria, the amount granted to Kurihara City, which has an area of approximately 10,000 hectares of privately owned artificial forests, is the same as the amounts granted to Osaka City, Setagaya Ward, Tokyo, and Nerima Ward, Tokyo, which have no privately owned forests. The amount was less than the amount granted.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Rapid and efficient reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells by retinoic acid receptor gamma and liver receptor homolog 1. . 2011;108:18283-18288. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 24. . Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells using recombinant proteins. Cell. 2009;4:381-384. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 81. 0] [Analysis (0)] 25. . Pluripotent stem cells induced from mouse somatic cells by small-molecule compounds. Science. 2013;341:651-654. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 88. 5] [Analysis (0)] 26. úzo-van den Boom D. Oct4-induced pluripotency in adult neural stem cells. Cell. 2009;136:411-419. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 49. 8] [Analysis (0)] 27. . Reprogramming of neural progenitor cells into induced pluripotent stem cells in the absence of exogenous Sox2 expression. Stem Cells. 2008;26:2467-2474. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 14. 9] [Analysis (0)] 28. ć J, Pekarik V, Tiscornia G. Efficient and rapid generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human keratinocytes. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26:1276-1284. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 29. . Direct reprogramming of terminally differentiated mature B lymphocytes to pluripotency. Cell. 2008;133:250-264. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 30. . Mouse meningiocytes express Sox2 and yield high efficiency of chimeras after nuclear reprogramming with exogenous factors. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:33730-33735. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 2. 4] [Analysis (0)] 31. . An efficient nonviral method to generate integration-free human-induced pluripotent stem cells from cord blood and peripheral blood cells. Stem Cells. 2013;31:458-466.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: Cost reduction is possible mainly with the development of more efficient or cheaper components or by the purchase of cheaper components. and India for example, comparably efficient installations for small hydro PPs cost approximately 0. 5 × 106 euros per installed MW. Biogas plants present the next element of the energy mix in alternative 4, and are an interesting option as they can produce trapezoidal energy. The energy sources used in biogas plants are biological waste, sludge, animal manure and energy crops and the examples from Austria and Germany, where biogas plants are more common, have demonstrated that biogas plants have a positive impact on the development of the countryside and agriculture, too. At the same time, local sources are used and the problems of bio-waste disposal are solved. Second generation biogas plants are particularly appropriate because they primarily use wastes instead of energy crops, which is especially significant, as fields should be used for food rather than energy crop production. Therefore, restrictions on the use of crops in energy production must be drawn-up and implemented. The technology of cogeneration enables us to achieve higher efficiency when we use generated waste heat in industry processes or for household heating. In addition, fertilizer is also a useful by-product. The study has proven that at least 50 MW of biogas plants can be installed in Slovenia by 2020, with an investment evaluated at approximately 180 × 106 euros. Although biogas plants have social and environmental benefits, they are economical only with the support of a guaranteed purchase price system; nonetheless, we also need to consider the premium for the recovery of bio-waste and revenues from selling heat and fertilizer. In addition, solar power plants are also potentially interesting because they use the free energy of the sun, but solar panels are not yet efficient enough. At present, investments in installations of solar power plants should be made only in the sunniest areas of Slovenia, bearing in mind their increasing importance and greater exploitation with further development in the coming decades. In accordance with the current growth in solar power plants, due to the relatively high feed-in tariffs, Slovenia can expect 50 MW of solar power plant installations by 2020. The total investment costs are estimated at approximately 110 × 106 euros because the price of solar power plants will decrease by 2020. However, the variability of wind and solar energy is also an important issue and must be very carefully examined.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon has occurred across the country where large amounts of land are given to urban areas, while less is given to areas with large forest areas. There are 792 cities in Japan (as of October 1, 2022), but designated cities must have the same administrative and financial capabilities as prefectures, so they currently have a population of approximately 70. Twenty cities with a population of over 10,000 people have been designated by government ordinance, and their population accounts for approximately 20% of the total population. Total tax payments are scheduled to increase yearly, exacerbating people’s dissatisfaction in forested and depopulated areas. According to a government report, approximately 84 billion yen have been allocated to municipalities nationwide in the 3 years since the system began in 2019. However, 47% of that amount, or 39. 5 billion yen, is not being utilized. 2023, the announced that the forest environment transfer tax accounted for 40 billion yen in fiscal 2022 (municipal portion: 34. 1 billion yen, prefecture portion: 5. 8 billion yen), and the utilization rate of the transfer amount is 80%. Nearly 50% of the forest environment transfer tax was used, and 20% remains unused in fiscal year 2022 because the amount is destined for urban areas with large populations under the current allocation standards. Therefore, in the 2024 tax reform, the government is adjusting the distribution standards to allocate more to local governments with large forest areas. Advertisement 5. Concluding remarksForest recharge is essential to contribute to the SDGs and requires sufficient financial resources. In Japan, was the first to establish a fund for forest recharge in 1993, and this municipal-level initiative has expanded nationwide. In 2003, introduced a forest environment tax at the prefectural level. Currently, 37 of the 47 prefectures have also introduced it. From 2024 onwards, a forest environment tax will also be levied as a national tax. The system of collecting funds for recharging forests at each administrative level is unique to Japan as a forest-rich country. From fiscal 2024, a “forest environment tax” will be collected as a national tax of 1,000 yen per person from those living in Japan, in addition to the resident tax. If there are approximately 62 million taxpayers, tax revenue is expected to reach 62 billion yen per year. The tax revenue will be distributed to all prefectures, towns, and villages nationwide as a “forest environment transfer tax.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 45. 7] [Analysis (0)] 32. . Reprogramming of pancreatic beta cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Curr Biol. 2008;18:890-894. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 16. 9] [Analysis (0)] 33. Cyranoski D. Stem cells cruise to clinic. Nature. 2013;494:413. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 8. 5] [Analysis (0)] 34. . Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell. 2008;134:877-886. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 99. 5] [Analysis (0)] 35. . Drug evaluation in cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells carrying a long QT syndrome type 2 mutation. J. 2011;32:952-962. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 21. 5] [Analysis (0)] 36. Samavarchi-. Functional genomics reveals a BMP-driven mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in the initiation of somatic cell reprogramming. Cell. 2010;7:64-77. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 55. 4] [Analysis (0)] 37. Papp B, Plath K. Epigenetics of reprogramming to induced pluripotency. Cell. 2013;152:1324-1343. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 21. 1] [Analysis (0)] 38. . The functions of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Bioinformatics. 2013;11:275-283. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 2. 5] [Analysis (0)] 39. van van Oudenaarden A, Jaenisch R. Direct cell reprogramming is a stochastic process amenable to acceleration. Nature. 2009;462:595-601. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 49. 5] [Analysis (0)] 40. David L, Polo JM. Phases of reprogramming.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: As the effects of climate change become clearer and the need to find solutions more pressing, the desire to employ such technologies is being felt around the globe. Still, energy policy must ensure the reliability of power to consumers at all times, which is almost impossible for wind and solar power if the new energy storage facilities and a more intelligent electric grid are not developed and implemented. Finally, the possibilities of thermal energy exploitation in Prekmurje should be explored and examined, too. It could be used primarily as a source of district heating and possibly as a source for peak electricity generation as well. If the geological research and pilot projects are successful, thermal energy exploitation is a sensible option. Based on the Alternative 4 proposal for the installed powers of various renewables and their average production costs, the evaluated production costs for alternative 4 would be approximately 75 EUR/MW, which is the same as TPP Šoštanj 6 (external costs excluded). The summarized findings with the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative are presented in Table I. Table I. Comparison of key findings of proposed alternatives for electricity production in Slovenia. . Alternative 1 Reconstruction of TPP Šoštanj. Alternative 2 Multiple fuels. Alternative 3 Gas-steam PP. Alternative 4 Use of local RES.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: ” Although problematic factors have been identified in the forest environment tax, there is no doubt that it will contribute to maintaining the forests’ public functions as a financial resource for forest recharge, along with the forest environment tax as a prefectural tax and water resource recharge throughout the country. In the future, I hope that Japan’s unique forest environment tax will become a model for forest cultivation worldwide, as it continues to make improvements, including reviewing the concession criteria and resolving issues. Advertisement 1386. 1. United Nations. for Forests, 2017-2023 [Internet]. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: December 25, 2023]2. FAO (Food and of the United Nations). 2020 Key findings. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: December 25, 2023]3. FAO. 2020: Main Report. Rome, Italy: FAO; 2020. 184p4. Nakayama K. A in Japan – Source Cultivation. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2022. 126p. DOI: 10. 1007/978-981-16-9352-65. Council of Japan. Types of Functions and Examples of (in Japanese) [Internet]. 2001. Available from: [Accessed: December 25, 2023]6. Kohsaka R, Uchiyama Y. Forest environmental taxes at multi-layer national and prefectural levels: Comparisons of 37 prefectures survey results in Japan. Journal of the Society. 2019;101:246-252. DOI: 10. 4005/jjfs. 101. 2467. Forestry Agency. on Forest and Forestry in Japan, 2018 (Summary) [Internet]. 2018. Available from: [Accessed: December 25, 2023]8. Forestry Agency. on Forest and Forestry in Japan, 2022 (Summary) [Internet]. 2022. Available from: [Accessed: December 25, 2023]9. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Forest environment tax and forest environment transfer tax (in Japanese) [Internet]. 2023. Available from: [Accessed: December 25, 2023] is a special local government that supplies water to four cities and one town in Aichi Prefecture. Union is made up of six towns and villages in Kiso District, Nagano Prefecture. information 1. Introduction2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Res. 2014;12:754-761. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 9. 5] [Analysis (0)] 41. . A mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition initiates and is required for the nuclear reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts. Cell. 2010;7:51-63. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 64. 0] [Analysis (0)] 42. . A chemical platform for improved induction of human iPSCs. Nat Methods. 2009;6:805-808. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 28. 5] [Analysis (0)] 43. -. E-cadherin is crucial for embryonic stem cell pluripotency and can replace OCT4 during somatic cell reprogramming. EMBO Rep. 2011;12:720-726. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 17. 9] [Analysis (0)] 44. Yang J, Weinberg RA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: at the crossroads of development and tumor metastasis. Dev Cell. 2008;14:818-829. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 142. 3] [Analysis (0)] 45. . Mechanism of the mesenchymal-epithelial transition and its relationship with metastatic tumor formation. Res. 2011;9:1608-1620. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 23. 8] [Analysis (0)] 46. -. E-cadherin inhibits cell surface localization of the pro-migratory 5T4 oncofetal antigen in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell. 2007;18:2838-2851. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 5. 2] [Analysis (0)] 47. . Epithelial-mesenchymal transition events during human embryonic stem cell differentiation. Cancer Res. 2007;67:11254-11262. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 14. 3] [Analysis (0)] 48. . Sequential introduction of reprogramming factors reveals a time-sensitive requirement for individual factors and a sequential EMT-MET mechanism for optimal reprogramming. Biol.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Sustainable architecture completely eliminates energy costs. [SEP] Text: Investment costs(comparison with TPP Šoštanj 6) a 1000 EUR/MW(cheaper-use of existing components) 905 EUR/kW(cheaper) 750 EUR/kW(much cheaper) 1750 EUR/kW(slightly lower) Electricity price(comparison with TPP Šoštanj 6) b 50-60 EUR/MWh(lower, lignite price is the same 2,7 EUR/GJ) Dependent on fuel mix(lower) Natural gas price is 2,4 EUR/GJ(currently lower) 75 EUR/MW(approximately the same, dependent on energy mix) Emission estimation(compared with TPP Šoštanj 6) Approximately the same Lower (dependent on fuel mix) to zero Efficiency(compared with TPP Šoštanj 6) c 2%–3%(lower) 7%(higher) 13%(higher) Not comparable Use of local resources Yes (fossil) Yes (fossil and renewable) (renewable) investmentUse of lignite from a local mine Detachment to a single energy source Low investmentEasy to implement Low environmental impactSocial benefits (health and employment)Rural development a transitory solution Unfamiliarity with technology Volatile gas price Unreliability of wind and solarHard to implement. Alternative 1 Reconstruction of TPP Šoštanj. Alternative 2 Multiple fuels. Alternative 3 Gas-steam PP. Alternative 4 Use of local RES.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: View this 1399. e1. View this 163. View this 2847. View this 351. View this 548. View this 32. View this 5069. View this 4957. View this 175. View this 1426. View this 638. View this 214. View this 65. View this 5042. View this 81. View this 703. View this 3079. View this 1292. View this 227. View this 563. View this 9621. View this 7439. View this 140. View this 254. View this 806. View this 2209. View this 423. View this 236. View this 341. View this 997. View this 993. View this 573. View this 166. View this 43. Nature. 2009;461(7268):1282–1286. View this 139. View this 455. View this 450. View this 798. View this 575. View this 2918. View this 22. Immunity. 2013;39(2):372–385. View this 684. View this 2878. View this 2094. View this 148. View this 1745. View this 135. View this 212. View this 643. View this 750. View this 346. View this 2554. View this 10. 1038/s41591-018-0324-z. View this 3150. View this 2824. View this 736. View this 6987. View this 853. View this 1191. View this 152. View this 7320. View this 1883. e12. View this 169. View this 8578. View this 55. View this 771. View this 830. View this 963. View this 352. e5. View this 1292. View this 884. View this 381. e1. View this 1495. View this 352. e1. View this 715. View this 1307. e1. View this 0645. View this 56. View this 672. View this 507. View this 134. View this 1382. View this 439. View this 1318. View this 738. View this 244. View this 205. View this 570. View this 493. View this 1743. View this 813. View this 1443. View this 538. View this 1302. View this 77.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 2013;15:829-838. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 15. 9] [Analysis (0)] 49. . Direct reprogramming of somatic cells is promoted by maternal transcription factor Glis1. Nature. 2011;474:225-229. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 23. 8] [Analysis (0)] 50. Maherali N, Hochedlinger K. Tgfbeta signal inhibition cooperates in the induction of iPSCs and replaces Sox2 and cMyc. Curr Biol. 2009;19:1718-1723. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 19. 3] [Analysis (0)] 51. öler HR, Ding S. A combined chemical and genetic approach for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell. 2008;2:525-528. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 35. 1] [Analysis (0)] 52. . Complex networks orchestrate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Biol. 2006;7:131-142. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 168. 8] [Analysis (0)] 53. . Reprogramming of human primary somatic cells by OCT4 and chemical compounds. Cell. 2010;7:651-655. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 38. 6] [Analysis (0)] 54. . BMPs functionally replace Klf4 and support efficient reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts by Oct4 alone. Cell Res. 2011;21:205-212. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 7. 5] [Analysis (0)] 55. . Pathogenic mutation of ALK2 inhibits induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming and maintenance: mechanisms of reprogramming and strategy for drug identification. Stem Cells. 2012;30:2437-2449. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 4. 6] [Analysis (0)] 56. Papp B, Plath K. Reprogramming to pluripotency: stepwise resetting of the epigenetic landscape. Cell Res. 2011;21:486-501.

Output: corroborate