Input: Claim: A vegan diet is automatically healthier than other diets. [SEP] Text: 1017/S136898002100197X [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Press on behalf of half a million people in the UK (≈1 % of the population) follow a vegan diet where all animal sources are substituted with plant-based alternatives. Veganism quadrupled between 2014 and 2019 in the UK(1) with 600 000 vegans reported in 2019(2,3) while the popularity in vegan diets continues to grow worldwide(Reference Kamiński, Skonieczna-Żydecka and Nowak4). The food industry is responding to this by producing more processed vegan food and drink products than ever before(2,5). 2021, ‘Veganuary’ saw over 440 000 people in the UK committing to a vegan diet(6), raising the profile of plant-based eating which has been associated with a range of health benefits(Reference Orlich, Jaceldo-Siegl and Sabaté7). It is reported that a well-planned vegan diet can meet all the nutritional requirements necessary for health(8). There is still some debate, however, about the nutritional quality of vegan diets and the risk of nutritional deficiencies, notably some key micronutrients such as vitamin B12, vitamin D, Fe, Ca, iodine, n-3, Se and Zn in poorly adapted or non-fortified vegan diets(Reference Craig9). In dietary terms, a traditional vegan diet refers to a diet that omits all products derived wholly or partly from animal origin. The diet focuses more on wholegrains, pulses, fruit and vegetables(10). It remains unclear if modern vegan dietary adaptation methods can deliver the same health advantages as traditional vegan diets. For example, if vegans are choosing ultraprocessed vegan products over more natural plant-based alternative sources, could this compromise the overall quality of the vegan diet? (Reference Bellard11). By way of definition, ultraprocessed foods refer to products mostly or entirely formulated from substances derived from foods that typically contain little or no whole foods(Reference Moubarac, Parra and Cannon12). These products are usually high in saturated fat, sugar and salt.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: CrossrefWeb of Science45. Kahneman D, Tversky A. Introduction judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. In: eds. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Press; 1982. Crossref46. . Early adoption of BRCA1/2 testing: who and why. Genet Med. 2003;5(2):92–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science47. Parental angst making and revisiting decisions about treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2009;124(2):580–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science48. . Barriers to physician adherence to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug guidelines: a qualitative study. Ther. 2008;28(6):789–98. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science49. -Degnan D, Normand S-LT, Soumerai SB. Impact of adverse events on prescribing warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: matched pair analysis. BMJ. 2006;332(7534):141–5. CrossrefPubMed50. Cioffi J. A study of the use of past experiences in clinical decision making in emergency situations. Nurs Stud. 2001;38(5):591–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science51. . Can induced anxiety from a negative earlier experience influence vascular surgeons’ statistical decision-making? A randomized field experiment with an abdominal aortic aneurysm analog. J Surg. 2006;203(5):642–52. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science52. -. Narratives that address affective forecasting errors reduce perceived barriers to colorectal cancer screening. Med. 2010;71(1):45–52. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science53. . The cognitive structuring of patient delay in breast cancer. Med. 2006;63(12):3137–49. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science54. . How underlying patient beliefs can affect physician-patient communication about prostate-specific antigen testing. Pract. 2002;5(3):120–9. PubMed55. -Tsao G. What do patients consider when making decisions about treatment for hepatitis C? Med. 2005;118(12):1387–91. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science56. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Invasive species can disrupt local ecosystems and wildlife. [SEP] Text: Trust have conducted extensive research regarding the most efficient and humane ways to monitor, trap and dispatch mink, and this information is both publicly available (Game & Trust, 2012) and internationally recognized as being of high welfare standards (for Animal Welfare, 2012). Several mink control projects have received extensive media coverage (e. g. BBC, 2011a,b) and have been well received by the public and thus any project resulting from this study should be neither misinformed nor misconstrued. The level of response to the questionnaire reflects a high motivation amongst the target group but it must be remembered that respondents are self-sampled. This small study infers that people with a stake in their environment can be encouraged to act to control invasive species. It also suggests that current inaction may be attributed to lack of empowering information, rather than lack of interest. Respondents were given details on the cost of equipment and were initially not offered any financial support, thereby implying they would be responsible for financing their own involvement in mink control. Only one respondent asked for expenses to be paid and those who were offered equipment, after stating they would not volunteer, would not accept this as encouragement to be involved. The extent to which the economy of the tourism industry in Scotland is affected by the presence of invasive species is unknown. However, the annual cost of invasive species to the British economy in general has been estimated to be GBP1. 7 billion (Williams et al. , and Shaw2010). It is therefore difficult to predict whether the investment by tour operators in mink control would be recouped through increased business, or through preventing loss of business. However, respondents appeared to be more concerned about their local wildlife than the direct impact on their business (Table 1). Several respondents expressed the opinion that mink had a high level of impact on local wildlife, particularly seabirds. Whether this opinion is based on fact (e. g. Craik, Reference Craik1997) or perception, it is clearly a motivation for volunteering in mink control. The potential for 9 of 34 businesses to implement mink control may appear too few, especially considering several respondents were from the same area, but localized impacts are achievable and can contribute to wider-scale successes. Invasive species management relies on action at a local scale but can be more successful when coordinated as part of a larger scale strategic approach (Grice et al. , Reference Grice, Clarkson and Calvert2011).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegan diet is automatically healthier than other diets. [SEP] Text: The majority of these food items are also considered poor sources of protein, fibre and micronutrients(Reference Gibney13,Reference Monteiro, Moubarac and Levy14). Studies over the past two decades have provided important information on the diet quality of various types of vegetarians, but no single study has addressed the quality of specific vegan diets. Orlich et al. (Reference Orlich, Jaceldo-Siegl and Sabaté7) reveal Adventist vegans consumed the lowest amounts of foods and snacks high in added sugars and saturated fats, in comparison with non-vegetarians and other vegetarian groups. This argument is consistent with much of the literature surrounding vegan diets(Reference Dyett, Sabaté and Haddad15−Reference Kwok, Umar and Myint18). However, the main weakness with this research is that it is outdated and perhaps not considering the increasing variety of processed food and drinks that are now available to vegans. In 2018, the UK developed more vegan products than any other nation(5). Popular UK supermarkets are reacting by producing vegan wines with a pledge to ensure their full range is suitable for vegans in the coming years(19). In 2019, Galaxy launched a vegan Mars bar in the UK(20), and in 2020, Mc Donald’s launched its first vegan meal(Reference Falcao21). Thus, the production of vegan alternatives including vegan snacks and fast foods is prevalent and represents one of the main product development trends within the food and retail industry. However, many of these food items can be high in saturated fats and sugars and if eaten regularly may pose a risk to health. Therefore, a review of current vegan dietary patterns is urgently required to address these uncertainties. Several studies have evaluated the dietary patterns of omnivores, pesco, lacto, ovo and semi-vegetarians in comparison with vegan diets(Reference Dinu, Abbate and Gensini22−Reference Clarys, Deriemaeker and Huybrechts26), but none to date has subjected vegan diets to dietary pattern analysis. It is important to establish whether the increased availability of processed vegan replacements for animal-based products is leading to habitual consumption of an array of ultraprocessed foods. The methodology for this unique study includes an innovative dietary pattern analysis of vegan diets.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: JAMA. 2010;304(11):1198–203. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science68. . Stage of adoption of the human papillomavirus vaccine among college women. Prev Med. 2009;48(5):420–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science69. Parental attitudes about influenza immunization and school-based immunization for school-aged children. Dis J. 2010;29(8):751–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science70. . The simultaneous analysis of patient, physician and group practice influences on annual mammography performance. Med. 1996;43(3):315–24. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science71. Influenza among healthy young children: changes in parental attitudes and predictors of immunization during the 2003 to 2004 influenza season. Pediatrics. 2006;117(2):e268–77. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science72. Misperceptions about influenza vaccination among parents of healthy young children. (Phila). 2007;46(5):408–17. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science73. . The importance of social norms for uptake of catch-up human papillomavirus vaccination in young women. Sex Health. 2011;8(3):330–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science74. Duffett-. Cervical cancer screening practices among university women. J Neonatal Nurs. 2008;37(5):572–81. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science75. Seasonal and 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine uptake, predictors of vaccination, and self-reported barriers to vaccination among secondary school teachers and staff. Hum Vaccin. 2011;7(1):89–95. CrossrefPubMed76. Zikmund-. “I’ll do what they did”: social norm information and cancer treatment decisions. Couns. 2011;85(2):225–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science77. Croskerry P. Achieving quality in clinical decision making: cognitive strategies and detection of bias. Med. 2002;9(11):1184–204. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science78. Fagerlin A, Zikmund-. Cure me even if it kills me: p9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science79. . What makes a tumor diagnosis a call to action?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Invasive species can disrupt local ecosystems and wildlife. [SEP] Text: By coordinating control efforts, volunteers could increase the effectiveness of their activities as well as reduce the risk of reinvasion (Epanchin-Niell et al. , Reference Epanchin-Niell, Hufford, Asian, Sexton, Port and Waring2010). Such an approach has improved the success of fox Vulpes vulpes control on farms in Australia (McLeod et al. , and van de Ven2010) as well as mink control in Scotland (Bryce et al. , and Lambin2011). In the study by Bryce et al. (and Lambin2011) the initial core group of volunteers (gamekeepers) were conducting mink control at a local level before the project began. Approximately 60–70 mink were trapped annually within the project area prior to the project commencing but control became regionally effective once the volunteers were coordinated at a landscape level (Bryce et al. , and Lambin2011). The number of trapped mink within the same area in 2008 was c. 70 but in 2011 was < 20 (Y. Melero, pers. comm. ). Harrington et al. (and Macdonald2009) proposed that mink control at a local level can be effective but continual monitoring and reactive trapping is necessary, as immigration can rapidly nullify small-scale control efforts. The optimal area for effective mink control is unknown (Harrington et al. , and Macdonald2009) but, intuitively, the larger the better. It has been suggested that at least 3 months of trapping per year is necessary to maintain densities of mink low enough to protect water voles, and that trapping is most effective during the mink mating season in spring (Bonesi et al. , Reference Bonesi, Rushton and Macdonald2007; Harrington et al. , and Macdonald2009). Assuming the same low densities of mink would be sufficient to protect seabirds, a high trapping effort in early spring would benefit seabirds by removing mink prior to birds settling at breeding sites. Most tour operators stated they would be willing to conduct control throughout the year and so should be able to volunteer during this preferred trapping season. Anything more than local control of mink on an annual basis would be dependent on the proportion of coastline encompassed and the commitment of volunteers. Predator removal for protection of birds can be successful on islands (Smith et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegan diet is automatically healthier than other diets. [SEP] Text: In particular, the two food groups with the largest correlation were identified and merged into a single ‘synthetic’ sample. The remaining food groups were then searched for the largest correlation with the synthetic sample. This process was repeated until all samples were merged into a single sample, and the correlations among samples were then expressed as a hierarchical tree(and Hitchcock43). The dietary patterns were characterised by high and low intakes of vegan food and drinks. The clusters were labelled based on the types of inputs representing the component and explanations in the literature. characteristics Data collection took place from Monday 2 March 2020 through Friday 3 April 2020. There were 129 fully completed FFQ. Sample characteristics are presented in Table 2. Table 2 Characteristics of study participants Most participants were female (87 %), and most were aged 18–24 (36 %) years. The most common reason selected for following a vegan lifestyle was ‘Health, Environment & Animal welfare’ (43 %). Health benefits were in the minority with only 3 % following the vegan lifestyle primarily for ‘health’. It is important to note that on the questionnaire, these were presented as separate reasons and not a single reason. Participants were able to select more than one reason. Most vegans (41 %) had been following a vegan diet for 1–3 years. Some participants (17 %) were eating a vegan diet for <6 months; (8 %) 6–12 months; (23 %) 4–10 years and (11 %) over 10 years. From those taking nutritional supplements, the majority took vitamin B12 (68 %). Almost half took vitamin D (42 %). A moderate number (26 %) were taking Fe supplements and 19 % took Ca supplements. A small number of participants (15 %, 12 %, 14 % and 7 %) consumed Zn, iodine, n-3 and Se supplements, respectively. Again these micronutrients were presented in a list on the questionnaire, and participants were able to select more than one supplement. Factor analysis Inspection of the correlation matrix revealed the presence of many coefficients of 0·3 and above. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin value was 0·727, reaching the recommended value of 0·5(Reference Field38) The Barlett’s Test of Sphericity(Reference Barlett44) reached statistical significance, supporting the factorability of the correlation matrix(Reference Pallant35).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Health Psychol. 2012;31(1):114–21. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science149. . The impact of counseling with a practical statistical model on patients’ decision-making about treatment for epilepsy: findings from a pilot study. Epilepsy Res. 1993;16(3):207–14. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science150. . Framing effects in younger and older adults. . 2005;60(4):P215–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science151. Monitoring styles in women at risk for cervical cancer: implications for the framing of health-relevant messages. Med. 1999;21(1):27–34. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science152. . Acceptability of the H1N1 vaccine among older adults: the interplay of message framing and perceived vaccine safety and efficacy. Health Commun. 2012;27(6):559–68. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science153. O’Connor AM. Effects of framing and level of probability on patients’ p26. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science154. Park S-Y. The effects of message framing and risk perceptions for HPV vaccine campaigns: focus on the role of regulatory fit. Q. 2012;29(4):283–302. CrossrefPubMed155. . Message framing and pap test utilization among women attending a community health clinic. J Health Psychol. 2005;10(1):65–77. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science156. . Persuading physicians to test their patients’ level of kidney functioning: the effects of message frame and point of view. Health Commun. 2010;25(2):107–18. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science157. The effects of message framing and ethnic targeting on mammography use among low-income women. Health Psychol. 2001;20(4):256–66. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science158. . Need for cognition and choice framing effects. J Mak. 1996;9(4):283–90. CrossrefWeb of Science159. Van ‘t,. Self-efficacy moderates message-framing effects: the case of skin-cancer detection. Psychol Health. 2010;25(3):339–49. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science160. Van ‘t. Preaching to the choir?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Invasive species can disrupt local ecosystems and wildlife. [SEP] Text: , Reference Smith, Pullin, Stewart and Sutherland2010), whereas mainland control is less likely to have long-term effects if effort is not maintained. Projects that are expected to sustain action for prolonged periods of time are most effective when participatory and self-mobilized (Evely, Reference Evely2010), an approach that this study and others (e. g. Bryce et al. , and Lambin2011) would encourage. This small study suggests that the level of community involvement that could be developed on the west coast of Scotland has the potential to control mink to a level that could provide local protection to seabird colonies. Many bird populations are able to withstand egg predation by native predators (Coté & Sutherland, Reference Coté and Sutherland1997) and so it may not be necessary to strive for complete eradication of the invasive species for breeding bird populations to be maintained. Because of the uneven distribution of ecotourism boat operators on the west coast of Scotland the effort allocated to mink control could be equally patchy. However, the principles and methods applied in this study should be adaptable to other sectors of the community who may be directly and indirectly affected by mink presence, e. g. fish farm operators, sea kayak outfitters or amateurs, and land-based tour companies, and hence a wider coverage could be achieved. In reality it may be difficult to initiate a self-funded, self-propelled project such as this and therefore we recommend that there is some level of coordination; e. g. by local wildlife groups, community champions or other volunteers. The coordinator could also play a vital role in relaying information between volunteers and researchers monitoring the success of the control efforts. There is often a time lag between implementation of a project and delivery of results but interim results may aid volunteer motivation. By demonstrating success in other comparable projects and emphasizing local and regional benefits, such as the 73% increase in black guillemot Cephus grylle numbers following mink control on an island visited by tour operators (Sanda island, Argyll, 1997–1999; Jardine, Reference Jardine, ap Rheinallt, Craik, Daw, Furness, Petty and Wood2007), it is likely that the number of volunteers would spread outward from a core group. The opportunities to apply these methods to other invasive species management projects are plentiful.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegan diet is automatically healthier than other diets. [SEP] Text: It was characterised as a ‘Convenience’ pattern because the diet centred on vegan convenience meals and snacks, vegan sweets and desserts, sauces, condiments and fats. Similarly, the cluster analysis had two clusters focusing on processed vegan products such as convenience meals and snacks, sauces, condiments, desserts and processed meat alternatives. The association between these processed products is noteworthy considering the growth of veganism and the rapid rise in the production of vegan products(3,and Fuentes48). A convenience pattern suggests that some respondents are using a range of processed vegan products, therefore not solely using natural ingredients to prepare meals. Similar findings were reported in vegetarians who use unhealthy convenience products(Reference Jaacks, Kapoor and Singh49). The second component of factor analysis, represented vegans cooking from scratch and creating their own recipes whilst opting for natural protein sources such as soya and pulses over processed protein alternatives thus, component 2 could be described as the ‘Health Conscious’ dietary pattern. The current research demonstrates that vegans report cooking from scratch regularly irrespective of how long they have been vegan. Vegans of all age brackets report to ‘cook from scratch’ twice per week or more. It remains unknown what they are using to cook from scratch. This is important considering the most common dietary pattern was that of a convenience style pattern. To meaningfully address what vegans are cooking with, it will be necessary to refine the definition of ‘cooking from scratch’ in future questionnaires. Alternatively, the use of food diaries could further validate the findings of the FFQ. It is clear that the health-conscious group is cooking from scratch as well as eating more protein alternatives such as nuts, soya and legumes rather than ultra-processed alternatives such as meat-free burgers or bacon. The cluster analysis supported this recognising that some vegans (51 %) were consuming high intakes of fruit, vegetables and non-processed meat alternatives. Despite this healthy focus, there are still potential health issues as the cluster analysis also revealed these vegan diets had low intakes of dairy alternatives. It is unclear if this group was considering their micronutrient levels and taking nutritional supplements in place of dairy alternatives. In this study, not everyone was supplementing with vitamin B12 which is found mainly in animal products. To explain this, it is possible that individuals focused more on diet, to obtain specific nutrients from food, rather than using supplements.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Age differences in treatment decision making for breast cancer in a sample of healthy women: the effects of body image and risk framing. Forum. 2005;32(4):799–806. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science172. . What do I have to lose? Effects of a psycho-educational intervention on cancer patient preference for resuscitation. J Behav Med. 2007;30(6):533–44. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science173. . Effects of outcome framing on treatment decisions in the real world: impact of framing on adjuvant breast cancer decisions. Making. 1989;9(4):262–71. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science174. Van den. Elective single-embryo transfer: persuasive communication strategies can affect choice in a young British population. Online. 2011;23(7):838–50. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science175. Welkenhuysen M, Evers-Kiebooms G, d’Ydewalle G. The language of uncertainty in genetic risk communication: framing and verbal versus numerical information. Couns. 2001;43(2):179–87. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science176. Witting M, Boere-. Predicting participation in ultrasound hip screening from message framing. Health Commun. 2012;27(2):186–93. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science177. . Framing of outcome and probability of recurrence: breast cancer patients’ choice of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) in hypothetical patient scenarios. Res Treat. 2000;60(1):9–14. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science178. . Omission and commission in judgment and choice. J Psychol. 1991;27(1):76–105. CrossrefWeb of Science179. . Omission bias and decision making in pulmonary and critical care medicine. Chest. 2005;128(3):1497–505. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science180. Omission bias and pertussis vaccination. Making. 1994;14(2):118–23. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science181. Omission bias and vaccine rejection by parents of healthy children: implications for the influenza A/H1N1 vaccination programme. Vaccine. 2010;28(25):4181–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science182. . How do physicians weigh iatrogenic complications?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Invasive species can disrupt local ecosystems and wildlife. [SEP] Text: AbstractBounties and rebranding are an increasingly popular tool to control or eliminate invasive species that have consumptive values. However, there is concern that such policies will undermine eradication efforts and may exacerbate the spread of these species. We develop and apply an optimal dynamic harvesting model to identify policies that correct market failures associated with commercially valuable invasive species. Competing market failures imply that welfare-enhancing policies may either encourage or discourage harvesting of the invasive species. A species’ dual role as both a pest and commodity creates a nonconvexity that alters incentives to eradicate or exacerbate an invasion. We apply the model to the invasion of silver carp in the to show that many current carp subsidies are too low and identify a threshold level of rebranding effectiveness necessary to make rebranding a cost-effective policy choice compared to harvest subsidies. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 2. 2, lower the level harvested by private market agents, and increase the total stock of the invasive species. Like much of the invasive species literature, we do not consider the cost of implementing a subsidy program. These costs will likely depend on factors for which little data exists such as the operating costs of the regulatory agency and the number of managers needed to verify subsidy payments. Large program implementation costs may be another argument in favor of rebranding. For clarity, we formulate the policy addition based on the manager’s initial tabulation of the net benefits (damages, rents, etc) for the species. Unknown development of damages, commercial values, etc in the future are excluded. We also address this concern through the development and numeric solution of a spatial-dynamic model with two habitat regions – one invaded and one uninvaded. We fail to find evidence of socially optimal introductions in our silver carp example. Due to the length of the paper, we include these findings in 0. 05 per pound harvest subsidy currently offered in several states. Similar to our aspatial model, these inefficiently low subsidies do not incentivize introductions in either region. 10. 13140/RG. 2. 1. 3087. 7921(1989) Invasions. & Business Media, Berlin 1518.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegan diet is automatically healthier than other diets. [SEP] Text: However, considering the vegan dietary patterns revealed in this study, another possible explanation could be that some vegans are not focusing on the nutritional quality of their diet. By way of illustration, less than half of the vegans in this study irrespective of motivation for veganism were supplementing their diet with key micronutrients such as iodine, Fe, Ca, Zn, Se and n-3. This suggests some vegan dietary patterns are not conducive to achieving recommended nutritional requirements. This is a particularly important question due to the vegan diet emerging as one of the most popular diet searches according to google trend(Reference Kamiński, Skonieczna-Żydecka and Nowak4). Fig. 2 Dendrogram of dietary patterns derived from cluster analysis The third component of factor analysis constituted alcohol, vegan takeaways and salt. This component was comparable to an ‘unhealthy’ ‘takeaway’ dietary pattern that comprises processed meat alternatives that can still be high in salt. In this study, 36 % of respondents were aged 18–24 years limiting the generalisability of the patterns but perhaps this pattern could be related to student lifestyles. Although the respondents were not asked if they were students, previous studies have reported that students often have poor diets and binge drink alcohol, increasing their risk of disease(Reference Bennasar-Veny, Yañez and Pericas50,Reference Hultgren, Turrisi and Cleveland51). The fourth component of factor analysis identified a ‘traditional’ vegan dietary pattern accounting for 7 % of total variance. Contrary to expectations, this pattern had the lowest variance in comparison with the other three. This pattern is in line with the typical vegan definition. Society highlights that vegans follow strictly plant-based diets which exclude all animal products(10). Yet, the small variance reflected from this pattern suggests that with the rise in vegan products, fewer vegans are following traditional vegan approaches, potentially compromising the nutritional quality of their diet. Espinosa-Marrón et al. (Reference Espinosa-Marrón, Nuñez-Issac and Villaseñor-Espinosa52) support this concept by acknowledging changes in eating habits, and food availability will affect the dietary choices that vegans make. The vegan food industry A growing appetite for vegan foods has now gained the attention of the food industry.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: The impact of information order on intentions to undergo predictive genetic testing: an experimental study. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(7):1082–92. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science208. . Presenting risks and benefits to patients. J Med. 2002;17(8):612–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science209. Einhorn HJ. Learning from experience and suboptimal rules in decision making. In: eds. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Press; 1982. p 268–86. Crossref210. . Risk as feelings in the effect of patient outcomes on physicians’ future treatment decisions: a randomized trial and manipulation validation. Med. 2012;75(2):367–76. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science211. Mazzocco K, Cherubini P. The effect of outcome information on health professionals’ spontaneous learning. Med Educ. 2010;44(10):962–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science212. . What influences participants’ treatment preference and can it influence outcome? Results from a primary care-based randomised trial for shoulder pain. Gen Pract. 2004;54(499):93–6. PubMedWeb of Science213. . Absolutely relative: how research results are summarized can affect treatment decisions. Med. 1992;92(2):121–4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science214. Bhandari M, Tornetta P. Communicating the risks of surgery to patients. Trauma. 2004;30(3). Crossref215. . Completeness of reporting trial results: effect on physicians’ willingness to prescribe. Lancet. 1994;343(8907):1209–11. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science216. . Influence of method of reporting study results on decision of physicians to prescribe drugs to lower cholesterol concentration. BMJ. 1994;309(6957):761–4. CrossrefPubMed217. How should the impact of different presentations of treatment effects on patient choice be evaluated? A pilot randomized trial. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3693. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science218. The effect of alternative summary statistics for communicating risk reduction on decisions about taking statins: a randomized trial. PLoS Med. 2009;6(8):e1000134.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Invasive species can disrupt local ecosystems and wildlife. [SEP] Text: the ability to control an invasive species and to protect an ecologically similar native species it is essential to map the exact distributions of both species. This is difficult if the species are so morphologically similar that their identification in the field is almost impossible. In Finland, the invasive beaver Castor canadensis is spreading towards the range of the native Eurasian beaver Castor fiber and at present, these species are partly sympatric. Effective management of these morphologically similar species requires an efficient method for species identification, ideally one that is non-invasive. Non-invasive genetic methods are used in a wide variety of wildlife species, for example in the research of large carnivores. Feces are a good source of DNA for terrestrial animals, but for the semi-aquatic animals like beavers, feces are not the best option. However, environmental DNA (eDNA) has been successfully used to detect species non-invasively in aquatic and terrestrial environments. We developed a non-invasive, eDNA-based method to map the distribution of the beaver species in Finland and to investigate within-species genetic diversity. The eDNA was obtained from the feed remains (wood chips) from beaver forage sites. With the help of Citizen science, wood chip samples were collected from different parts of Finland. We used our eDNA method to identify the ranges of both beaver species. Additionally, the presence of Eurasian beavers in south-east Finland was proven for the first time. Our non-invasive eDNA method is an effective way to accurately identify the ranges of both beaver species and will allow for the control of the invasive beaver and conservation of the native Eurasian beaver in Finland. Invasive species are recognized as one of the worst threats to biodiversity (Ebenhard 1988). When the ranges of ecologically similar invasive and native species approach each other, it is important to control the spread of the invasive species. Therefore, it is essential to map the exact distributions of both species. The method should preferably be non-invasive so that no individuals of the species are disturbed by the procedure. Traditional methods to collect samples for DNA extraction (blood, tissue or hair sample) typically require the capture of the individual. This is not only stressful for the animal but also demanding to implement in field. The use of a non-invasive method is particularly important in the case of an endangered native species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegan diet is automatically healthier than other diets. [SEP] Text: It is estimated the global value of meat alternative products will reach over £22 billion by 2023(53). Our pattern analyses clearly indicate the vegan food industry is impacting vegan dietary choices. According to Fardet and Boirie(and Boirie54), the health benefits of plant-based diets are closely associated with the fact that such foods require the least amount of processing. In contrast, factor analysis in this study found that the main vegan dietary pattern was a convenience, ultraprocessed diet. Similarly, the third pattern identified represents unhealthy lifestyle behaviours featuring alcohol, takeaways and salt. Cluster analysis reveals clusters 1 and 2 (27 % and 22 % of the sample, respectively) comprised foods such as sauces, condiments, fats, processed meat alternatives and convenience foods. Together these findings are particularly concerning as they raise questions regarding the impact of ultraprocessed foods on the quality of some vegan diets. Despite the growing number of people choosing to follow a vegan diet, there are still no specific official dietary guidelines for vegans in the UK. is a relatively new resource that provides additional supportive information reinforcing key considerations for planning the diet. However, the unexpected findings from this study do not represent the guide. Our cluster analysis showed that although cluster 3 (health conscious) represented most of the participants (51 %) and was made up of an array of healthy foods such as fruit, meat alternatives and vegetables, it did not consist of foods from each of the main food groups. For example, dairy alternative items did not factor at all in this cluster. The main dietary patterns presented in this study depict diets high in processed meat alternatives such as vegan burgers, nuggets, sausage rolls in contrast to natural plant-based proteins such as pulses, soya and tofu, which are recommended on the guide. Potential concerns within vegan dietary patterns Although full nutritional analysis was not conducted in this study, the findings from the factor and cluster analyses suggest some vegan diets are poorly constructed. Within this study, these findings warrant concern that some vegans may be at potential risk of nutritional deficiencies. Respondents were often on more than one supplement, although exact intakes were not recorded. The analysis revealed 68 % were supplementing one or more of the main nutrients of concern(Reference Craig9) representing vitamin B12 (42 %), vitamin D (14 %), n-3 (12 %), iodine (26 %), Fe (19 %), Ca (15 %), Zn and Se (8 %).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science230. Nexøe J, Gyrd-. Danish GPs’ perception of disease risk and benefit of prevention. Fam Pract. 2002;19(1):3–6. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science231. Nexøe J, Oltarzewska AM, Sawicka-. Perception of risk information: similarities and differences between Danish and Polish general practitioners. Care. 2002;20(3):183–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science232. Nikolajevic-’Connell DL, Robertson J. Effects of information framing on the intentions of family physicians to prescribe long-term hormone replacement therapy. J Med. 1999;14(10):591–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science233. Perneger TV, Agoritsas T. Doctors and patients’ susceptibility to framing bias: a randomized trial. J Med. 2011;26(12):1411–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science234. . Patients’ self-estimated likelihood of taking a statin as prescribed after different types of prognostic information. Atherosclerosis. 2010;212(2):586–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science235. Sarfati D, Howden-. Does the frame affect the picture? A study into how attitudes to screening for cancer are affected by the way benefits are expressed. J Med Screen. 1998;5(3):137–40. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science236. A randomized trial of decision-making in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Neurology. 2012;78(5):315–21. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science237. Sinsky CA, Foreman-Hoffman V, Cram P. The impact of expressions of treatment efficacy and out-of-pocket expenses on patient and physician interest in osteoporosis treatment: implications for pay-for-performance programs. J Med. 2008;23(2):164–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science238. Straus SE. Individualizing treatment decisions: the likelihood of being helped or harmed. Prof. 2002;25(2):210–24. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science239. .

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Invasive species can disrupt local ecosystems and wildlife. [SEP] Text: beaver Castor fiber is classified as a near threatened species in Finland (Hyvärinen et al. 2019). The original Eurasian beaver was extinct in Finland in late 19th century but has recovered due to releases of 19 individuals from Norway in the 1930s (Lahti and Helminen 1969, 1974, Lahti 1972). Unfortunately, at least seven individuals of beaver C. canadensis from the USA (Parker et al. 2012) were also released into several places in southern and central Finland, because at that time its status as a distinct species was not recognized. beaver disappeared from places where both species were introduced, and its population grew slowly only in the region of Satakunta, south-west Finland (Lahti and Helminen 1980). Its present distribution covers areas in southwest Finland (mainly Satakunta) and western Lapland where beavers probably wandered from Sweden (Fig. 1, Iso-Touru et al. 2020). In addition, some Eurasian beavers likely migrated to south-eastern Finland from where a Eurasian beaver population exists (Danilov et al. 2011a). The introduced, invasive beaver population increased much faster and soon occupied most of eastern and central Finland (Lahti and Helminen 1969). It also occurs sporadically in Lapland, because some were relocated from southern Finland to Lapland (Lahti 1972). Figure 1. The distribution of the native Eurasian beaver and the invasive beaver in Finland based on the monitoring count in 2020. Identification of species was mainly estimated from lodge location but information from DNA analyses of wood chips was also used. For monitoring counts, see Brommer et al. (2017). Green bullets=Eurasian beaver, brown squares=beaver, blue bullets=areas where both species occur. Original figure: Institute Finland, Luke. In recent years, beavers have spread towards the range of the native species in Finland and at present the two species are sympatric in at least three river systems (Kauhala and Karvinen 2018). Because the two beaver species are fairly similar in their habitat use, it is possible that they compete for the best habitat patches with deciduous trees (Kauhala and Turkia 2013, Alakoski et al. 2019). The invasive species has larger litters (Parker et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegan diet is automatically healthier than other diets. [SEP] Text: Dairy alternatives were the only identified food group with potential to enhance B12 intakes; however, they only featured in the first identified dietary pattern for factor analysis and in the second cluster which represented only 22 % of the sample. Previous research has established that vegans consume sufficient amounts of dietary Fe, which prevents anaemia(Reference Waldmann, Koschizke and Leitzmann55). Food groups that could provide Fe in the vegan diet include vegetables, protein alternatives to meat/fish and refined (incorporating fortified white flour) grains(Reference Waldmann, Koschizke and Leitzmann55,56) however, these groups did not feature highly in any of identified clusters. The factor analysis also showed none of the identified patterns featured all of these food groups. Adequate consumption of fortified plant milks and soya products such as yoghurt can help vegans to meet dietary requirements for Ca; therefore, dietary adaptations are an important consideration to support bone health(and Garton27). Dairy alternatives were a component in the ‘convenience’ factor analysis dietary pattern but not the other three and did not have a high predictor of importance for in the cluster analysis. This also has potential implications for iodine status in vegans. Cows’ milk is one of the best sources of iodine in the UK diet; however, with plant-based milks more popular than ever before, the UK population are at risk of mild iodine deficiency(Reference Bath, Hill and Infante57,Reference Vanderpump, Lazarus and Smyth58). Vegans fitting the ‘convenience’ dietary pattern did incorporate dairy alternatives, thus potentially meeting iodine requirements. However, the alternative vegan dietary patterns warrant concern as they are all absent of dairy substitutes. This is particularly alarming as the majority of participants in this study were young females, who are thought to be particularly at risk of iodine deficiency in the UK(Reference Bath59). The dietary patterns and clusters ‘convenience’ and ‘unhealthy’ revealed in this study also warrant concern for n-3 status in vegans. It has been reported in the USA that some processed foods, meat substitutes and salad dressings have high quantities of n-6 linolenic acid present, which could further impair n-3 status(Reference Burns-Whitmore, Froyen and Heskey60).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science252. Chao L-. End-of-life medical treatment choices: do survival chances and out-of-pocket costs matter? Making. 2008;28(4):511–23. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science253. . The effect of offering different numbers of colorectal cancer screening test options in a decision aid: a pilot randomized trial. . 2008;8:4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science254. Brody H. Medicine’s ethical responsibility for health care reform: the top five list. N Med. 2010;362(4):283–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science255. Decisions Foundation. Preference-sensitive decisions. Available from: URL:. Anxiety, fear of cancer, and perceived risk of cancer following lung cancer screening. Making. 2008;28(6):917–25. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science257. . Resisting good news: reactions to breast cancer risk communication. Health Commun. 2006;19(2):115–23. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science258. The impact of genetic counseling on risk perception and mental health in women with a family history of breast cancer. Cancer. 1999;79(5–6):868–74. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science259. . Risk perceptions: assessment and relationship to influenza vaccination. Health Psychol. 2007;26(2):146–51. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science260. . Heuristics in medical and non-medical decision-making. Q J A. 1992;44(2):211–35. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science261. . Sensitivity to disgust, stigma, and adjustment to life with a colostomy. J Res Pers. 2007;41(4):787–803. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science262. Gigerenzer G. Gut Feelings: of the Unconscious. New York: Viking; 2007. 10. 11770272989x14547740_table_s1. pdf84. 25 KBds_10. 11770272989x14547740_table_s2. pdf85. 39 KBCite 2014. PubMed: 25145577AuthorsAffiliationsJ. S. Blumenthal-Barby, PhDView all 41. 50 Issue - $186.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Invasive species can disrupt local ecosystems and wildlife. [SEP] Text: The number of haplotypes observed are given in (c) and (d) in parentheses after the haplotype name. Mutated positions are shown as vertical lines and node sizes are proportional to frequencies. Median vectors (mv1 and mv1 (haplotypes not present in the current data)) are shown in red. Wood chips were mostly obtained from regions populated by Eurasian beavers. This might partly explain the low amount of C. canadensis haplotypes observed in this study. Furthermore, only about seven individuals of C. canadensis were released, (Lahti 1972) and may have resulted in low genetic diversity due to a founder effect. If more samples were obtained from the Eastern part of Finland (Fig. 1), it is possible that more mtDNA haplotypes for the beavers may have been found. Unlike in Finland, beavers were never relocated to other Scandinavian countries. Live-trapped beaver individuals in Finland were released in the 1940s near the Russian border (Lahti and Helminen 1974). Similar releases of beavers were conducted in Karelia. American beaver population in Karelia has grown and is assumed to have spread north along the Finland-Russian border (Parker et al. 2012). This study confirmed earlier identifications of the beaver species from skull morphometry and some DNA analyses from tissue samples of hunted beavers (Kauhala and Timonen 2016, Iso-Touru et al. 2020) but also provides new information of the distribution of beavers from a larger area. Furthermore, all recent species identifications from Lapland are based on this study, i. e. DNA analysis from wood chips. Beavers have not been hunted in Lapland (so no skulls or tissue samples were obtained from Lapland) in recent years because the distribution of Eurasian beaver there was not known, and hunters need a license to hunt Eurasian beavers in Finland. Therefore, hunters did not want to take the risk that they would illegally kill a Eurasian beaver in Lapland. Our new noninvasive DNA method now enables beaver species identification throughout Finland and thus promotes the control of the invasive beaver and conservation of the native beaver in Finland. It has been suggested that beavers should be removed from areas where the two species are sympatric or live close to each other (Plan for Beavers, in prep. ).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegan diet is automatically healthier than other diets. [SEP] Text: Thus, nutritional data about the processed vegan products that have recently launched in the UK are urgently required. In contrast to earlier findings, the dietary patterns found in this study suggest some vegan diets are highly processed with lower intakes of natural vegan foods. This is an important consideration especially as evidence reveals the level of processing can affect the nutritional quality of a food(Reference Frontela, Ros and Martínez61,and Mariotti62). In light of the increasing numbers of people choosing to follow a vegan diet and the availability of ultraprocessed vegan food in the market, our findings suggest future studies examining vegan dietary patterns that incorporate nutritional and blood analysis into the study design should be a priority. Strengths and limitations The evolution of a vegan diet when adapted to replace all animal foods with plant-based sources is important. This study is among the first to research the vegan diet specifically, identifying recent dietary patterns in a UK vegan cohort. It is unique for its distribution technique of social media, effectively recruiting a convenience sample to complete the FFQ. Vegan adaptation of the validated allowed participants to select from over 150 food items with a wide range of plant-based meat and dairy alternatives represented. Participants had the option to select ‘other’ ensuring a wide range of vegan food and drink items were captured. However, some limitations must be considered. The current analyses were based on a small convenience sample of 129 vegans, recruited through social media, which may affect the validity of the results. The recruitment phase was limited as the COVID-19 pandemic emerged in the UK. The research team was redeployed from their usual roles, and a decision was made to stop recruiting to the study to ensure sufficient time to analyse the data. To address demographical limitations, future studies should aim to increase the diversity of participants across gender and ethnicity, amend the inclusion criteria to vegans who have followed the diet for longer than 12 months and include more sociodemographical questions. Although the steps were taken to validate the adapted FFQ, further measures may help to enhance validity. Adapted FFQ are not compatible with into Cancer and for Analysis (FETA) software; therefore, it may be more appropriate in future studies to ask a subsample of participants to complete a 3-d, 24 h weighed multiple pass recall (24 h MPR) outlining typical portion sizes to validate the FFQ responses(Reference Adamson, Collerton and Davies63).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: The model corresponds to a SIR (susceptible-infected-recovered/immune) compartmental model capturing the disease transmission process [30] augmented with a belief model (Fig 1). It enables individuals to be characterized by both their epidemiological status and their opinion. Specifically, individuals can belong to one of 4 epidemiological compartments: susceptible, infected, immune through vaccination and immune naturally. In each compartment, individuals can be characterized either as “pro-vaccines” (positive opinion) or “sceptical” (negative opinion). Across time, individuals can change compartments: for instance, susceptible individuals may become infected, or they may choose to vaccinate. The system of compartments and flows between them is defined by a system of ordinary differential equations (see section 2. iii) to examine numerical simulations at different values of the parameters. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Structure of the behaviour-incidence model. The model is an augmentation of a classic SIR compartmental model [30]. Individuals are characterized by both their epidemiological status (S: susceptible; I: infected; Rv: recovered through vaccination; Rg: recovered naturally) and for each compartment, their opinion of vaccination (positive: subscript p; non-shaded colours; negative: subscript n; shaded colours). CV and CI are compartments that indicate the total recalled number of individuals having suffered negative side effects from vaccination and infection, respectively. β indicates the rate of infection transmission; Ω indicates the rate at which individuals change their opinion (from positive to negative Ω or from negative to positive Ω′); δ indicates the number of individuals suffering side effects from either vaccination δV and infection δI; θ indicates the rate at which individuals vaccinate. Each individual dies at the same rate d. rate at which individuals become vaccinated is a function of both the epidemiological costs associated with infection and vaccination and the distribution of opinions of vaccination in the population. First, costs are defined by the epidemiology with the number of infected individuals and vaccination coverage determining the number of people suffering negative side effects from infection and vaccination, respectively. Individuals are assumed to vaccinate more quickly when the infection cost is high and more slowly when the vaccination cost is high.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Invasive species can disrupt local ecosystems and wildlife. [SEP] Text: Using this eDNA method the ranges of beaver species can be accurately identified in the critical areas where beaver species are sympatric or live close to each other. This helps selective hunting of the invasive species. ConclusionsWe present here a non-invasive DNA based method to identify beaver species from environmental samples. The method uses wood chips that beavers leave at the foraging site. The wood chip samples are easy to collect and simple to store before processing. The developed extraction method can be used to monitor the detailed distributions of the two beaver species in Finland. Precise monitoring will help to control the spread of the invasive beaver and to enable the spread of the native beaver in country. Our method is easily applied to monitor species that leave feed remnants that can be collected in the field. Feed remnants are an option to use eDNA and monitor (semi-aquatic) animals that do not leave feces which are easily found. The method can be used not only for species identification but potentially also to identify individuals by using multiple genetic markers. Acknowledgements – The authors want to thank numerous anonymous volunteers for the woodchip sample collection. Niinimäki is acknowledged for providing the C. canadensis reference samples from Ähtäri Zoo. Funding – The study was partly funded by the Suomen riistanhoitosäätiö. Conflict of interest – The authors declare no conflict of interest. Author contributionsKK and TIT designed the study, JT and AV developed the extraction method and genotyped the samples. TIT and KK analyzed the data. TIT and KK wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 1. Alakoski, R. et al. 2019. Similarities in habitat use between the native Eurasian beaver and the invasive beaver in Finland. – Biol. Invas. 21: 1601–1613. 2. Bandelt, H. et al. 1999. Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. – Mol. Biol. Evol. 16: 37–48. 3. Brommer, J. E. et al. 2017. Population dynamics of the native Eurasian beaver and the invasive beaver in Finland inferred from citizen-science census data. – Ecosphere 8: e01947. 4. Danilov, P. et al. 2011a.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegan diet is automatically healthier than other diets. [SEP] Text: This would allow future nutritional analysis similar to the work carried out in other studies(Reference Clarys, Deliens and Deliens23,Reference Janssen, Davies and Richardson39). It would have been interesting to perform blood analysis on the participants to compare the nutritional status within each of the identified dietary patterns. Future research utilising interviews could also explore why vegans eat what they do providing a more in depth insight into current vegan dietary patterns. In conclusion, this study is the first to highlight the necessity of further investigations into vegan dietary patterns, particularly as there may be newly emerging dietary patterns that conflict with traditional vegan dietary patterns. If vegan dietary patterns are changing, it is prudent to consider the implications these new dietary choices may be having on health. Factor analysis identified four patterns within the vegan diet: (1) convenience; (2) health conscious; (3) unhealthy and (4) traditional in a cohort of 129 vegans. Whilst two healthy patterns were defined, the convenience pattern was the most identifiable pattern with a prominence of vegan convenience meals and snacks, vegan sweets and desserts, sauces, condiments and fats. Cluster analysis further strengthens these findings by confirming, that like the dietary patterns, the most predominant clusters consisted of an array of processed vegan food items. The association between these processed products is noteworthy considering the growth of veganism and the food industry’s response to this by providing a rapid rise in the production of vegan products. Future research has potential to further verify our findings by collecting a proportion of weighed 24 h MPR from participants to determine exact portion sizes before undertaking nutritional analysis, following factor and cluster analyses. This research is a starting point but does raise some interesting questions regarding vegan dietary patterns, while the vegan food industry continues to grow. The findings from this small study have potential to shape and influence future vegan research. This novel study highlights the need for further vegan dietary pattern analysis studies that include nutritional and metabolic evaluation, particularly well-powered multicentre studies to ratify these results. Acknowledgements Acknowledgements: None. Financial support: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Conflict of interest: There are no conflicts of interest. Authorship: C. T. G. was responsible for researching, writing and preparing of the manuscript, proof reading and corrections. P. H. assisted with the factor and cluster analyses. K. E. L.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: The rate of infection transmission: β is expressed in terms of the basic reproductive ratio of the pathogen R0 [31]. R0 corresponds to the average number of secondary infections produced by an infected individual in an otherwise susceptible population and can be understood as the fitness of the pathogen: for a pathogen to invade the population, R0 must be >1. In our model R0 has been calculated as: where and are determined numerically using the system of ordinary differential equations (see section 2. iii) assuming no infection. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Parameters used and their default values. S* is the number of susceptible individuals, i. e. the number of individuals that are not vaccinated before the emergence of the infection. In our model, people can have two different opinions regarding vaccination which implies two different probabilities to accept the vaccine. Thus the number of susceptible individuals S* depends on the number of individuals who either have a positive or a negative opinion before the emergence of the infectious disease, i. e. where and represent the population equilibrium of the number of susceptible individuals in the absence of disease. The information relating to the costs of infection and vaccination: This information, available to everyone, is assumed to be summarized by a function of the number of the past and present individuals who have suffered negative side effects from infection and vaccination. This information is used by all individuals in order to measure the relating costs of infection and vaccination, respectively denoted CI and CV. We supposed that this information is generated and memorized by all individuals at a rate δI and δV. We also assumed that the information is forgotten at a rate f. At any given point in time, the number of infected individuals is determined by the history of vaccine uptake in the population. Thus, the costs of infection and vaccination depend on both the history of vaccine uptake and the number of infected individuals. The rate of vaccination: Only susceptible individuals can take up vaccination and the decision to vaccinate depends on both an individual opinion and the costs of infection and vaccination. Individuals with a positive opinion vaccinate at the rate θp; individuals with a negative opinion vaccinate at the rate θn. υp and υn represent the maximum rate at which individuals can be vaccinated.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouse gas emissions trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere. [SEP] Text: Главная Научные конференции “Prospects and of Science in Contemporary World” Опубликовано в конференции: “Prospects and of Science in Contemporary World” Автор(ы): Оразалина Динара Кайыргалиевна Рубрика конференции: Секция 14. Технические науки DOI статьи: 10. 32743/SpainConf. 2022. 7. 21. 344063 Библиографическое описание Оразалина Д. К. // Proceedings of the «Prospects and of Science in Contemporary World». S. L. , Madrid, Spain. 2022. DOI:10. 32743/SpainConf. 2022. 7. 21. 344063 Авторы Оразалина Динара Кайыргалиевна candidate, Almaty technological university, date, the trend to contribute to climate change is gaining momentum and is being considered at the state level. The impact of humanity on emissions into the atmosphere and environmental pollution is enormous. This dynamically reflects climate change, as a result - an increase in air temperature. In developing countries, they pay special attention to individual sustainable development goals. Keeping the industrial sector in phase is "environmentally friendly" without increasing greenhouse gas emissions into the earth's atmosphere, one of the goals of sustainable development. Responding to the challenges of the current trend of containment and development of technological solutions is the fundamental goal of combating climate change.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegan diet is automatically healthier than other diets. [SEP] Text: Contrasts of diet patterns were most often rated 6 or 7, with a smallest contrast of 1 (comparing patterns based on total fat alone) to a largest of 10 (comparing 3 healthier home-cooked meals to 3 fast food meals). Compared with unweighted comparisons, the intensity-weighted price differences of healthier versus less healthy food-based diet patterns were similar: $1. 46/day ($1. 00 to $1. 92) and $1. 53/2000 kcal ($1. 14 to $1. 93; supporting figure 3). Intensity-weighted price differences were also similar to unweighted results for nutrient-based diet patterns: $0. 11/day (−$0. 64 to $0. 85) and $1. 66/2000 kcal ($0. 55 to $2. 78; supporting figure 4). Potential sources of heterogeneity Statistical heterogeneity as quantified by the I2 statistic was high in most analyses. Metaregression did not identify significant effect modification based on study location (USA/Canada vs other), intensity of the contrast in healthfulness or study type (market survey vs dietary survey) (data not shown). Metaregression by study type (market survey vs dietary survey) was not possible for the food group analyses due to collinearity. Publication bias Publication bias was assessed using the Egger test and funnel plots (supporting figure 5). 20 There was no significant bias identified by the Egger test. Visual inspection of funnel plots suggested asymmetrical distributions for dairy food, food-based diet patterns and nutrient-based diet pattern comparisons, consistent with a larger number of smaller studies reporting greater price differences than the overall pooled estimate. findings from this systematic review and meta-analysis provide the most robust evidence until today on price differences of healthier versus less healthy foods and diet patterns. The results by food group provide insight into the relationship between healthfulness and price among similar foods. The results by diet pattern inform price differences for larger extremes of healthfulness, comparing very different foods, for example, diets rich in fruits and vegetables versus diets rich in processed foods. Although statistical heterogeneity was high, this was at least partly related to relatively small statistical uncertainty of each within-study price difference. The magnitude of clinically relevant heterogeneity was much lower, with comparatively similar price differences between studies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: To evaluate the role of each component of the full model in shaping the dynamics of infection and vaccination coverage, we analysed and compared the results of the nested models. We run all models for values of R0 ranging from 0 to 10 in steps of 0. 5. All other parameter values are detailed in Table 1. ResultsOur results are threefold: (i) for all parameter values investigated, the infection is never eradicated under voluntary vaccination, i. e. vaccination coverage never reaches herd immunity, that is, the threshold of vaccination coverage needed for stopping the spread of the infection; (ii) the dynamics of infection and vaccination coverage depend on the presence/absence of a polymorphism for the opinion of individuals, which is a function of the transmissibility potential of the pathogen (R0) (Fig 2). If the infection is not contagious (R0 < 1), all individuals become sceptical and vaccination coverage remains low; if infection is highly contagious (R0 >> 1), all individuals become pro-vaccines but herd immunity is never reached because the infection spreads too quickly. Yet, vaccination coverage remains high. For intermediate values of R0, both sceptical and pro-vaccine individuals coexist and oscillations in vaccination coverage are observed (Fig 3); (iii) the rule “imitate the majority” is not necessary for oscillations to appear. Rather, the transmission of opinions through conformism increases the delay between changes in epidemiological parameters and the behavioural responses to those changes (Fig 4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Infection and opinion dynamics as a function of the reproductive rate of the infection (model 5). For each value of R0 (number of secondary infections which can be understood as the fitness of the pathogen; it must be >1 for the pathogen to invade the population), the time-series of the dynamics of the infection (top panel; the thin line corresponds to the number of infected individuals and the thick line corresponds to the number of vaccinated individuals) and opinion (bottom panel; the dashed grey line indicates the number of individuals who have a positive opinion and the dashed black line indicates individuals who have a negative opinion) are depicted for a rate of negative side effects from vaccination δv = 0. 7. Alternative changes of opinions of vaccination and oscillations in vaccination coverage emerge for intermediate values of R0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Greenhouse gas emissions trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere. [SEP] Text: new wave of being in the trend of environmental issues is making many researchers reproduce the future portrait of the situation in Kazakhstani ecology, at glance. The most common issue is in the production industries. Where the waste is monitored by the state. According to the official information resource of the of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2019: "Zone of Almaty operates for the development of the industrial sector. The total area of the territory is 490 hectares. According to the statistics department of Almaty, 1. 5 thousand companies are operating industrial enterprises. Industrial enterprises produce reinforced concrete products, asphalt, concrete, aluminum profiles, paint and varnish products, etc. In 2019, building materials enterprises produced products worth 54. 3 billion tenges, or 107. 7%. [8]. The main sources of air pollution in the city of Almaty are heating enterprises, which are provided by 3 heat sources through the line of "Almaty electric station” () (CHPP-1, CHPP-2, Complex) and 83 boilers of "and utility energy" LLP, these are 76% of the townspeople, the remaining 24% receive heat from autonomous heat sources and private houses are heated by gas. High air pollution index: 7 (normal up to 5). Exceeding the maximum permissible concentration of NO2 by 2 times, PM2. 5 by 3 times. Growth in the volume of waste, out of 430 thousand tons of MSW, only 17% is recycled. The key issue for the current development challenges of the city of Almaty is the environment, in particular, the clean air of the city for the residents of the metropolis. Thus, it is planned to switch the thermal power plant from the consumption of thousands of fossil solid fuels to gas in 2024. This solution will reduce harmful emissions. For example, CHP-2 accounts for a quarter of the city's carbon dioxide emissions, which is about 35,000 tons per year. Its gas conversion will reduce them by 15 times to 2,3 thousand tons. Toxic substances such as sulfur dioxide and soot will disappear completely [9]. The scientific paper named "Waste gasification processes for SNG production" which was researched by Hermann Hofbauer, and - provides an overview of the state of waste gasification and presents promising technologies for further development.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegan diet is automatically healthier than other diets. [SEP] Text: In addition, with a few exceptions, findings were similar across different units of price (per serving or day or calorie), intensity of contrast, study location and type of survey, thereby increasing the confidence in the validity and consistency of the findings. Price differences of foods Among six food groups, relatively large price differences were observed for meats/protein, as well as smaller but statistically significant differences for snacks/sweets, grains, fats/oils and dairy. According to the USDA, the farm share of proceeds of a $1 expenditure on domestically produced food in the USA is 14. 1 cents (in 2010),21 suggesting that final retail prices are determined largely by other industries and procedures in the food supply chain. Additional cost of processing and manufacturing could explain some of the identified variation in price differences; for example, lean beef and skinless chicken require more processing, perhaps accounting for their higher price. Our findings highlight the need for more research on the underlying drivers of price differences of specific items within broad food categories. Our findings also demonstrate that, for certain metrics of healthfulness, the selected unit of comparison alters the results. In particular, metrics based largely on fat content demonstrated greater price differences per calorie than per serving. The most striking example was for dairy foods: healthier options were $0. 004 less expensive per serving but $0. 21 more expensive per 200 kcal. Whole milk contains nearly twice the calories as fat-free milk,17 so nearly double the amount of fat-free milk must be purchased to achieve equivalent calories. These findings highlight the dangers of circular reasoning (eg, selecting a metric based on fat content and then evaluating price differences per calorie) and the importance of identifying the most relevant unit of comparison for any individual or public health decision about price differences of foods. 11 Price differences of diet patterns On average, healthier food-based diet patterns were more expensive than less healthy patterns, whether based on an actual day's intake or per 2000 kcal. The price difference—about $1. 50/day—represents the price difference per person for consuming a much healthier versus much less healthy overall diet, for example, comparing Mediterranean-type diets rich in fruits, vegetables, fish and nuts versus diets rich in processed foods, meats and refined grains. Thus, this price difference is for a relatively extreme contrast between the healthiest and least healthy diet pattern. Better adherence to such food-based diet patterns consistently relates to improved health and lower risk of chronic diseases.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: In: Manfredi P, D’Onofrio A, editors. Modeling the interplay between human behavior and the spread of infectious diseases. Springer Science+New York; 2013. 19. 3. Manfredi P, D’Onofrio A, editors. Modeling the interplay between human behavior and the spread of infectious diseases. Springer; 2013. 4. . Group interest versus self-interest in smallpox vaccination policy. . 2003;100: 10564–10567. pmid:12920181 View 5. . Vaccination and the theory of games. . 2004;101: 13391–4. pmid:15329411 View 6. Chen FH. A susceptible-infected epidemic model with voluntary vaccinations. J Math Biol. 2006;53: 253–272. pmid:16758209 View 7. -Jimenez P. Patterns of vaccination acceptance. Med. 1999. 1716. pmid:10574240 View 8. . Simple heuristics and rules of thumb: Where psychologists and behavioural biologists might meet. Behavioural Processes. 2005. 124. pmid:15845293 View 9. Todd PM [Ed], [Ed]. Ecological rationality: Intelligence in the world. Ecological rationality: Intelligence in the world. Online; 2012. View 10. Gigerenzer G, Selten R, editors. Bounded rationality: the adaptive toolbox. The MIT Press; 2001. 11. . Social and psychological factors underlying adult vaccination behavior: lessons from seasonal influenza vaccination in the US and the UK. Vaccines. 2013;12: 893–901. pmid:23944683 View 12. . Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: the example of vaccination. Health Psychol. 2007;26: 136–145. pmid:17385964 View 13. Perisic A, Bauch C. Social contact networks and the free-rider problem in voluntary vaccination policy. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5: e1000280. pmid:19197342 View 14. Perisic A, Bauch CT. Social contact networks and disease eradicability under voluntary vaccination. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5. pmid:19197342 View 15. . Imitation dynamics of vaccination behaviour on social networks. Sci.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Stat. 93:(2):575–89 [Crossref] [2012. . The economic growth impact of natural disasters in developing countries: evidence from hurricane strikes in the and Caribbean regions. . J. Dev. Econ. 97:(1):130–41 [Crossref] [2020. . Coastal wetlands reduce property damage during tropical cyclones. . PNAS 117:(11):5719–25 [Crossref] [2022. . The role of insurance in integrated disaster risk management with a focus on how insurance can support climate adaptation and disaster resilience. . 2022 2022. . Wetlands, flooding, and the Act. . Am. Econ. Rev. 112:(4):1334–63 [Crossref] [2018. . The economic impacts of climate change. . Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy 12:(1):4–25 [Crossref] [1999. . Economic analysis of natural disasters. . In Climate, Change and Risk, ed. 27. London:: Routledge. , 1st ed. . [2015. . for Reduction 2015–2030. Geneva:: UNDRR [2022. . Report 2022: Too Little, Too Slow. World at Risk. Nairobi:: UNEP [2019. . Meta-analyses of factors motivating climate change adaptation behaviour. . Nat. Clim. Change 9::158–63 [Crossref] [2024. . Unmitigated disasters? Risk sharing and macroeconomic recovery in a large international panel. . J. Int. Econ. [2015. . Climate Shock: Consequences of a Hotter Planet. Princeton, NJ:: Princeton Univ. Press [2009. . On modeling and interpreting the economics of catastrophic climate change. . Rev. Econ. Stat. 91:(1):1–19 [Crossref] [2023. . Report 2023. Geneva:: World Econ. Forum. [2008. . Coping with disaster: the impact of hurricanes on international financial flows, 1970–2002. . BE J. Econ. Anal. Policy 8:(1). [2020. . Using publicly available satellite imagery and deep learning to understand economic well-being in Africa. . Nat. Commun. 11::2583 [Crossref] [2023. . Extreme heat in North America, Europe and China in July 2023 made much more likely by climate change. Rep.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegan diet is automatically healthier than other diets. [SEP] Text: 2223 In contrast to the findings for food-based diet patterns, healthier versus less healthy nutrient-based diet patterns were not significantly different in price when based on a day's actual intake, but only cost more when standardised to 2000 kcal. These results mirror those observed when comparing individual food groups, such as dairy, based on single-nutrient metrics of healthfulness. These findings emphasise the crucial role of the unit of comparison when comparing prices by nutrient-based metrics. Healthier diets defined based on fibre or fat content will, by definition, have fewer calories, so they will naturally cost more per calorie. Yet, such diets will not necessarily cost more per serving or per meal. In the setting of a global obesity pandemic, assessing price differences per calorie may make little sense when a healthier diet also leads to reductions in total calorie consumption. Growing evidence also indicates that single or selected nutrients are less useful for distinguishing effects on major chronic diseases than types of foods and food-based diet patterns. 13 most comparisons, statistical heterogeneity as measured by I2 was high. Yet, adjustment for intensity of differences in healthfulness had little effect on pooled price differences, and meta-regression revealed no significant effect modification by intensity, study location or study type. The high I2 values may be partly explained by the relatively small statistical uncertainty for each within-study price difference. In many of the identified studies, the combination of a continuous outcome (price) and a relatively large number of samples (foods or individuals) resulted in low uncertainty of each study-specific price difference. A lower within-study uncertainty produces higher I2 values, even when absolute magnitudes of price heterogeneity among studies may be modest from a public health or practical perspective. For example, the price differences among snacks/sweets studies fell within a relatively limited range (−$0. 04 to $0. 30/serving), with a reasonable summary estimate of $0. 12/serving, but statistical heterogeneity was high (I2=85. 9%) partly due to narrow within-study CIs. Thus, the calculated heterogeneity in each summary estimate should be interpreted in light of the actual range of observed price differences across studies. Since clinically relevant heterogeneity was lower than statistical heterogeneity, the pooled results provide an insight into average price differences between healthier and less healthy foods and diet patterns. Although similar classes of foods and diet patterns were evaluated separately, the foods or diet patterns within each category were not exactly the same.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: 2011;278: 42–49. pmid:20667876 View 16. . The impact of personal experiences with infection and vaccination on behaviour-incidence dynamics of seasonal influenza. Epidemics. 2012;4: 139–151. pmid:22939311 View 17. Bauch C. Imitation dynamics predict vaccinating behaviour. B. 2005;272: 1669–1675. View 18. . The influence of popular media on perceptions of personal and population risk in possible disease outbreaks. Soc. 2013;15: 103–114. View 19. Caprara A. Cultural interpretations of contagion. Int Heal. 1998;3: 996–1001. View 20. Scherer CW, Cho H. A of Risk Perception. Risk Anal. Blackwell Publishing, Inc. ; 2003;23: 261–267. pmid:12731811 21. Durbach N. Bodily Matters: The Anti-in England, 1853–1907. Press; 2004. 22. Oraby T, Bauch CT. Bounded rationality alters the dynamics of paediatric immunization acceptance. Sci Rep. 2015;5: 10724. pmid:26035413 View 23. Bruner JS, Postman L. On the perception of incongruity: a paradigm. J Pers. Ltd; 1949;18: 206–223. pmid:15409076 View 24. Nickerson RS. Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Psychol. 1998. 220. View 25. -Buzaglo J. Cognitive processes and the decisions of some parents to forego pertussis vaccination for their children. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49: 697–703. pmid:8656233 View 26. . Parental beliefs and decision making about child and adolescent immunization: from polio to sexually transmitted infections. J Pediatr. 2005;26: 441–452. pmid:16344662 View 27. . The influence of social norms on the dynamics of vaccinating behaviour for paediatric infectious diseases. Sci. 2014;281: 20133172. pmid:24523276 View 28. Coelho FC, Codeço CT. Dynamic modeling of vaccinating behavior as a function of individual beliefs. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 65:(3):361–76 [Crossref] [2017. . Mangroves as a protection from storm surges in a changing climate. . Ambio 46:(4):478–91 [Crossref] [2021. . Resilience of the to Natural Disasters. London:: Cent. Econ. Policy Res. [2023. . Trouble awaits Florida's housing market as the state just lost another home insurer. . Fortune, July 22. [2019. . The economic impacts of natural disasters: a review of models and empirical studies. . Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy 13:(2):167–88 [Crossref] [2018. . Natural disasters, social protection, and risk perceptions. . World Dev. 104::310–25 [Crossref] [2015. . Psychological responses to the proximity of climate change. . Nat. Clim. Change 5:(12):1031–37 [Crossref] [2016. . Opportunities for advances in climate change economics. . Science 352:(6283):292–93 [Crossref] [2021. . Using satellite imagery to understand and promote sustainable development. . Science 371:(6535):eabe8628 [Crossref] [2016. . Social and economic impacts of climate. . Science 353:(6304):aad9837 [Crossref] [2022. . Valuing the global mortality consequences of climate change accounting for adaptation costs and benefits. . Q. J. Econ. 137:(4):2037–105 [Crossref] [2018. . Identifying the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture. . Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 10::361–80 [Crossref] [2021. . A conceptual framework for cross-border impacts of climate change. . Glob. Environ. Change 69::102307 [Crossref] [2017. . The legacy of natural disasters: the intergenerational impact of 100 years of disasters in Latin America. . J. Dev. Econ. 127::209–33 [Crossref] [2018. . Adaptation to climate change: a review through a development economics lens. . World Dev. 104::183–96 [Crossref] [2019. . Human migration in the era of climate change. . Rev. Environ. Econ.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: A vegan diet is automatically healthier than other diets. [SEP] Text: The rating system for intensity of contrast was subjective; yet, the ratings were assigned independently and in duplicate with good concordance and provide important sensitivity analyses on the robustness of the results. Our findings on price differences per day and per 2000 kcal reflect an adult diet; the summary estimates should be adjusted for other caloric intakes, for example, in young children. Only English-language studies from PubMed were included, so some studies may have been missed. Given the absence of accepted criteria for judging the quality of observational studies, quality of studies was not formally assessed. Most of the comparisons were from high-income countries, highlighting the need for similar studies in low-income and middle-income nations. sum, our findings provide the most complete evidence until today on price differences of healthier foods and diet patterns, while also highlighting the importance of carefully considering the metric of healthfulness, intensity of contrast and unit of comparison. Our results indicate that lowering the price of healthier diet patterns—on average ∼$1. 50/day more expensive—should be a goal of public health and policy efforts, and some studies suggest that this intervention can indeed reduce consumption of unhealthy foods. 24–26 It remains an open question as to why healthier diets cost more. Some have argued that US agricultural subsidies for commodities (eg, corn and soy) lower the price of less healthy, more processed foods compared with unprocessed foods. 27 However, careful economic analyses demonstrate that the main impact of such subsidies is a direct income transfer to farmers, with little influence on retail prices; and that tariffs and other protectionist policies are actually raising the prices of many commodities such as sugar. 28–30 Conversely, many decades of policies focused on producing inexpensive, high volume commodities have led to a complex network of farming, storage, transportation, processing, manufacturing and marketing capabilities that favour sales of highly processed food products for maximal industry profit. 31 Based on these experiences, efforts to create an infrastructure and commercial framework that facilitates production, transportation and marketing of healthier foods could increase the availability and reduce the prices of more healthful products. 31 Taxation of less healthy foods and subsidies for healthier foods would also be an evidence-based intervention to balance price differences. 31 Other potential barriers to a healthier diet exist, such as availability and cultural acceptability. However, our findings suggest that for socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, the relatively higher cost of healthy foods may be an impediment to eating better.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: pmid:19593365 View 29. Xia S, Liu J. A belief-based model for characterizing the spread of awareness and its impacts on individuals’ vaccination decisions. J R Soc Interface. 2014;11. View 30. . A Contribution to the of Epidemics. Sci. 1927. 721. View 31. . of Humans: Dynamics and Control. Press; 1991. 32. . An SIS model for cultural trait transmission with conformity bias. Biol. 2013;90: 56–63. pmid:24071632 View 33. Mathematica. Champaign; IL: Inc. , Wolfram Research; 2012. 34. -Jimenez P. Patterns of vaccination acceptance. Med. 1999. 1716. pmid:10574240 View 35. Bauch CT, Bhattacharyya S. Theory and (supplementary material). Salathé M, editor. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8: e1002452. pmid:22496631 View 36. Bhattacharyya S, Bauch CT. A game dynamic model for delayer strategies in vaccinating behaviour for pediatric infectious diseases. J Theor Biol. Elsevier; 2010;267: 276–82. pmid:20831873 View 37. . A vaccination game based on public health actions and personal decisions. Ecol Modell. 2011;222: 1651–1655. View 38. . Long-standing influenza vaccination policy is in accord with individual self-interest but not with the utilitarian optimum. . 2007;104: 5692–7. pmid:17369367 View 39. Bauch CT. Imitation dynamics predict vaccinating behaviour. Sci. 2005;272: 1669–75. pmid:16087421 View 40. D’. Vaccinating behaviour and the dynamics of vaccine preventable infections. Modeling the interplay between human behavior and the spread of infectious diseases. Springer Science+New York; 2013. 287. 41. Bauch CT, Bhattacharyya S. Evolutionary game theory and social learning can determine how vaccine scares unfold. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8: e1002452. pmid:22496631 View 42. . SVIR epidemic models with vaccination strategies. J Theor Biol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: Long-term trends in climate change–related media volume and sentiment: (top left) total climate change tweet volume over time, from 2010 to 2020, (top center) total climate change tweet volume that also contains 3. Volume correlations around major natural disasters: correlations between climate change and natural disaster (left) tweets and (center) news volume around specific major natural disasters in the NOAA dataset and (right) correlations for climate change tweet sentiment ratios (positive/negative tweets) and natural disaster media volume. The red bars in each of the figures represent the average correlations across NOAA natural disaster date ranges (and 1 day on each side). The average correlations before disasters (to the left of the red line) were calculated from values between 30 days and 2 days before the start of every natural disaster. Average correlations after disasters were calculated from values immediately after the start of natural disasters to the specific number of days after a disaster that each bar represents (up to 30 days after the start of a given disaster). View raw image Fig. 4. Climate change media correlation with natural disaster media increases charts, showing the relationship between increases in natural disaster news and tweet volume and corresponding increases in climate change tweet and news volume metrics (percent increases and standard deviations). Blue lines correspond to the relationships overall across the duration of the study’s time interval (2010–20). Green lines represent only the values present within 15 days of specific major natural disasters in the NOAA dataset, and red lines have the narrower time interval of 5 days surrounding specific disasters. Shown are (top) increases in tweet volume, (middle) increases in news 5. Climate change tweet volume local maxima correlation with natural disasters. The relationship between climate change tweet local maxima, defined as being at least 2 standard deviations (SD) above the mean tweet daily average for the specific dates’ month is shown. Standard deviations and means were calculated on a month-to-month basis, as for other analyses. The news volume percentile represents the news volume percentile threshold (calculated on a monthly basis), and the second column represents the proportion of the climate change maxima previously discussed that also have natural disaster news volume above the corresponding percentile in the leftmost column. The linear regression model and scatterplot in the right area of the figure represent the relationship between news volume percentile and the proportion of climate change tweet maximums that fulfill it.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: A vegan diet is automatically healthier than other diets. [SEP] Text: The lowest diet quality group had an overall diet quality score of 22 out of 100, compared to 62 out of 100 for the highest diet quality group. These 13 different dietary patterns among Australian adults (Table 2) were compared to the recommendations within the Guidelines [26] and the [7], which are described in more detail below. The discussion of results for this paper focused on the average Australian diet, and 5 selected subgroups: the lowest meat, lowest dairy, highest vegetable, highest diet quality and lowest discretionary choices dietary patterns. Benchmark dietary recommendationsAustralian dietary guidelines(ADGs) are designed to promote health and wellbeing in the Australian population. They are built on a food modelling system [29] where a range of dietary patterns were developed that delivered the nutrient requirements set out in the Values [27] for age and gender subgroups in the Australian population. These dietary patterns considered the usual patterns of intake of Australians as well as factors such as chronic disease risk, food culture, social equity, and practicality [29]. The modelling of these dietary patterns was extensive with many variations in dietary patterns included. As a result of the modelling, the ADGuide recommends average daily servings for each of the following five food groups: Fruit, Vegetables, Grains, Lean meats and alternatives, Dairy foods and alternatives. A daily allowance is also provided for discretionary choices and unsaturated fats and oils. Separate recommended daily serving for the five food groups are provided for age and gender subgroups of the population, and for this analysis the recommendations for the 19–50 years age group for male and females were used. The breakdown of food choices within a food group were guided by the original modelling of the ADGs as this was based on usual patterns of eating for Australians. This modelling guided the proportion of total vegetables as starchy and other vegetables; and the breakdown of meat and alternatives as red meat, other animal-based proteins, and legumes for the current analysis. The modelling of the ADGs for this project selected specific foods within a food group, such as the cut of red meat within the red meat allowance, to be as much as possible like the modelling.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: 2008;253: 1–11. pmid:18023819 View 43. Vardavas R, Marcum CS. vaccination behavior via inductive reasoning game. In: Manfredi P, D’Onofrio A, editors. Modeling the interplay between human behavior and the spread of infectious diseases. 2013. 227. 44. Omission bias and pertussis vaccination. Mak. 1994;14: 118–123. View 45. The impact of imitation on vaccination behavior in social contact networks. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8: e1002469. pmid:22511859 View 46. Xia S, Liu J. A to Characterizing the Impact of on Individuals’ Making. PLoS One. 2013;8. pmid:23585835 View 47. The impact of imitation on vaccination behavior in social contact networks. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8. pmid:22511859 View 48. Campbell E, Salathé M. Complex social contagion makes networks more vulnerable to disease outbreaks. Sci Rep. 2013;3: 1905. pmid:23712758 View 49. . Collective dynamics of “small-world” networks. Nature. 1998;393: 440–2. pmid:9623998 View 50. . Effective vaccination strategies for realistic social networks. its Appl. 2007;386: 780–785. View 51. Perisic A, Bauch C. A simulation analysis to characterize the dynamics of vaccinating behaviour on contact networks. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9: 77. pmid:19476616 View 52. Perisic A, Bauch CT. Social contact networks and disease eradicability under voluntary vaccination. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5: e1000280. pmid:19197342 View 53. Salathé M, Khandelwal S. Assessing vaccination sentiments with online social media: Implications for infectious disease dynamics and control. PLoS Comput Biol. 2011;7. pmid:22022249 View 54. Salathé M, Bonhoeffer S. The effect of opinion clustering on disease outbreaks. J R Soc Interface. 2008;5: 1505–1508. pmid:18713723 View 55. Impact of anti-vaccine movements on pertussis control: The untold story. Lancet.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate change is causing more extreme weather events worldwide. [SEP] Text: 30 Views 1371 0 0 Views 1120 786 109 PDF Downloads 807 527 74 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Previous 10. 1175/WCAS-D-22-0053. 1 Page(s): 17–30 1. Ida made landfall on 29 August 2021, bringing sustained winds of 150 mi h−1 (67 m s−1) heavy rainfall, and catastrophic storm surge to the Gulf Coast, before threatening the Northeast with flooding and tornadoes, killing almost 100 people (Hanchey et al. 2021). Natural disasters pose a constant threat of economic damage and lives lost for the United States. In 2021 alone, extreme weather resulted in 688 lives lost, in addition to over USD 145 billion worth of damage. Unfortunately, this toll only continues to rise (Smith 2020). According to the (NOAA), the average yearly cost of natural disaster damage over the past 5 years has reached USD 148. 4 billion, triple that of the 37 years prior (adjusted for inflation) (Smith 2020). Furthermore, a 2012 on (IPCC) report found that extreme weather events will continue to undergo unprecedented changes in frequency, intensity, spatial extent, and duration as a direct result of global warming (IPCC 2012). Nonetheless, according to a 2020 Center poll, only about 60% of Americans feel that climate change is a major threat to the country (Poushter and Fagan 2020). Because of their broad accessibility and widespread popularity in the throughout the past decade, social media platforms represent effective environments in which to study public opinions on climate change.

Output: corroborate