Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: The main message the research team received from these focus groups was that TGDY are interested in mindfulness training if it is designed specifically for them. Participants said these programs should include sensory stimulation, movement, conversations, be led by a trans teacher, in a relaxing and pressure-free environment, help them sleep at night, include an app to be able to meditate from home or anywhere, and have options of movement, breath-work, and visualizations so they could pick exactly what they want. Participants explained that it is hard for them to focus and that they understand the idea of meditation to be about sitting still and not thinking, which feels impossible for them. Thus, they would prefer it be called self-care, which is in line with what they already do. They expressed the need for some movement and sensory stimulation, as well as a pressure-free environment that does not make them feel like they are unsuccessful or being judged for having thoughts and being fidgety. Some ideas they gave for how this could work logistically were to include art, discussions, essential oils, yoga postures, a relaxing environment with fairy lights, props like stress balls and foam rollers, and multiple meditative techniques to choose from. The older group also specified that a trans instructor would be important to help them feel comfortable enough to take a risk like meditation. The majority of participants in the older group had experienced yoga or meditation with a cisgender teacher that had brought about body dysphoria, creating a distressing experience for them rather than a calming one. In a cis-normative world that is full of ignorance and discrimination (Budge et al. , 2013; Grant et al. , 2011), creating mindfulness interventions that are specifically affirming of transgender youth is essential to the safety and effectiveness of the space. Most of these suggestions are feasible and could be accomplished within both trans youth centers and general mindfulness centers. At trans youth centers, full mindfulness trainings could be created or adapted with these specifications in mind. Mindfulness-Reduction or Mindfulness-Therapy are two examples of already existing mindfulness programs that could be adapted for this population. Aspects of these focus group suggestions could also be taken to increase mindfulness activities in therapeutic settings that are already in progress, such as incorporating breathing exercises, short guided meditations, or relaxing sensory stimulation into psychotherapy or support groups, for example.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The CESD inventory was repeated near the beginning and towards the end of the laboratory stay. aMT6s The aMT6s assays were performed using Bühlmann 96 well ELISA kits (EK-M6S) purchased from. (Windham, NH). At the usual dilution of 1:200, the analytical sensitivity of the EIA was 0. 35 ng/ml and the functional least detectable dose was 1. 3 ng/ml for coefficients of variation (CVs) <20%. In our laboratory, control urine samples averaging 4–6 ng/ml gave intra- and inter-assay CVs of 4% and 7%, respectively. All samples from an individual participant were run at the same time and wherever possible on the same 96-well plate. Selected samples (especially peak or "circadian night" samples measuring > 38 ng/ml or samples < 1 ng/ml) were assayed repeatedly at either increased (1:800 to 1:3200) or decreased (1:25 to 1:100) dilution when necessary to obtain more accurate estimates or to clarify irregular circadian patterns in excretion rate (ng/hr). From the aMT6s concentration, the urine volume, and the collection times, the aMT6s excretion rate (ng/h) was computed for each collection interval (the interval between one voiding and the next one) and subsequently associated with each 5-min interval within the collection interval. From this time series of 5-min intervals, the circadian analyses were computed (see below). Urinary free cortisol Urine samples were assayed for free cortisol using DSL-2100 RIA kits (Laboratories, Inc. Webster, Texas). Because our 90 min sampling protocol typically yielded somewhat dilute urine, the urine sample volume in the RIA was increased to 75 μl combined with 25 μl of zero calibrator, adjusting the volume of kit standards and controls accordingly (e. g. 25 μl standards plus 75 μl deionized water). A low dose control (mean 1. 3 μg/dL) run in triplicate in 12 assays gave intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) of 6. 8% and 8. 7%, respectively. Samples measuring <0. 16 or >20.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: At Elora, Vyn and Raimbault (1993) observed NT C-C had higher penetrometer readings, bulk density and lower proportion of fine aggregates in the seedbed compared with CT C-C system. These differences partially explained observed lower corn yield in a 15-yr Ontario C-C monoculture system in Elora (Vyn and Raimbault 1993) and were likely drivers influencing crop yield at Ridgetown based on CSHA results (Table 1). Soil moisture parameters were not different between NT and CT (P = 0. 0518 to 0. 9027; Table 1), which supports the conclusions in a review by Cannell and Hawes (1994). Similar to Ridgetown, in an Iowa study gravimetric moisture content at field capacity (−10 kPa) was not different between tillage systems (Benjamin 1993). However, Benjamin (1993) indicated higher hydraulic conductivity with NT compared with CT likely due to either a greater continuity of pores, or greater water flow through large pores. Pore size and distribution were not measured at Ridgetown. Overall, the composite CSHA soil quality score was 4. 4% higher in NT compared with the CT production system (P = 0. 0035; Table 1). Thus, the CSHA detected statistically significant improvements in soil quality with 14 yr of NT on a Brookston clay loam soil. Improved soil quality with NT compared with CT was consistent with other research (Idowu et al. 2009). For instance, in two S-C sites in New York, soil quality measured by the CSHA was 12–13% higher in NT compared with CT after 15-yr long-term studies on clay loam and silt loam soils (Idowu et al. 2009). Despite the 4. 4% difference in overall soil health between NT and CT, both systems were ranked as having medium soil quality. Similarly, the S-W rotation was 6. 8 to 8. 1% statistically higher than S-S and C-C monocultures and the S-C rotation. The S-W rotation, however, was ranked as high in soil quality as opposed to medium for the other rotations. One might argue that despite the statistical significance observed, the significance of a 4. 4 to 8. 1% difference in CSHA scores between tillage systems and among crop rotations seems rather small and the implications difficult to assess.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: For general mindfulness centers and interventions, adaptations could be formed to create exclusive training for transgender youth that is led by a trans instructor. Additionally, general groups could be modified to exclude elements that explicitly focus on binary gender or body parts where this population may experience dysphoria. Touching or alluding to the chest or genital region without understanding the dysphoria potentially present can increase feelings of self-judgment and anxiety. Also, separating meditators or mindfulness practitioners into groups based on narrow binary genders is a commonly used practice that this population may experience as discrimination. On the other hand, mindfulness training that focuses on non-judgmental awareness of one’s inner experience can buffer minority stress and lead to greater self-compassion and acceptance for this and all populations (Beard et al. , 2017; Salvati & Chiorri, 2021). There are several social justice implications inherent in this research study. The end goal of creating a meditation program designed specifically for transgender youth and young adults may increase positive mental health outcomes of this population. Furthermore, the focus groups themselves may have empowered participants by requesting their feedback as community experts to help with the design and creation of this meditation intervention. TGDY are a marginalized population whose voice is not often listened to; thus, addressing them as authorities and utilizing their expertise can be a liberating endeavor (Watkins & Shulman, 2008). Limitations and Future ResearchThere are several limitations for this study. The coronavirus pandemic and time-limited funding did not allow for additional focus groups that had been planned. The focus groups were completed at a trans youth health center in a large metropolitan city; thus, youth not accessing this center were not able to participate. Results gathered in this study may not apply to TGDY in small towns or to those without access to a trans youth health clinic. This is especially true for younger TGDY, as parental support is required to receive transgender healthcare for those under the age of 18 years. Self-selected convenience sampling was used for this study, potentially including participants with more active engagement in supportive organizational settings and a greater interest in mindfulness. Some TGDY may not be interested in the topic of meditation, focus groups about this topic, or a meditation intervention. The quantitative data in particular is limited in showing any causation due to the low number of participants and lack of a control group.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 0 μg/dL when run at 75 μl were reassayed using either 250 μl or 25 μl of sample to obtain more accurate estimates. As with aMT6s, the cortisol concentrations were used to infer cortisol excretion for each 5 min interval. Because the urine integrates the pulsatile secretion of cortisol into blood, fewer urine samples than blood samples are needed to obtain a precise assessment of the phase of the circadian system. However, interim analyses suggested that urinary cortisol was not yielding more reliable circadian information than aMT6s, so cortisol was not assayed for the final third of laboratory studies. Separate analyses were done for the last 24 h of baseline 90-min sleep-wake cycle, before light treatment, and for the comparable final 24 h of follow-up laboratory 90-min cycle (starting 6 h after the end of light treatment to minimize transients). For measures such as urinary aMT6s, urinary cortisol, oral temperature, and actigraphic minute-by-minute scored sleep, the best-fitting 24-h cosine was estimated with a least-squares technique. Then the acrophases (peak of the fitted curve) and mesors (mean of the fitted curve) were obtained as the estimates of the daily mean excretion and circadian timing. Baseline results from some of the first participants in this study, combined with some of the participants who would be assigned to exercise, have been reported previously [18,28]. Each phase response resulting from bright light stimuli was then computed, e. g. , as the acrophase of the baseline minus the acrophase of the follow-up interval. A negative phase shift indicated a delay, e. g. , that the acrophase of the rhythm occurred at a later clock time after the stimulus than during baseline. A positive phase shift would indicate an advance, e. g. , that the acrophase was at an earlier time at follow-up than at baseline. The phase shifts from baseline to follow-up were then related to the time lag between the center time of the 3-h light stimulus and the baseline acrophase of aMT6s (or temperature, cortisol, etc. ) to form the phase-response curves for each variable studied with each phase reference.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: There were no differences in SOC across crop rotations under NT at 0- to 5-cm, 0- to 20-cm, and 0- to 100-cm soil depths; however, crop rotation affected SOC under CT at the 0- to 5-cm (P = 0. 01) and the 0- to 20-cm (P = 0. 08) soil depths (Table 3). Monoculture of either corn or soybean (i. e. , C-C and S-S) under CT tended to produce the lowest SOC compared with other crop rotations, with an average of 12. 8 and 48. 1 Mg ha−1 SOC at the 0- to 5-cm and 0- to 20-cm soil depths, respectively. The S-S monoculture under CT tended to produce the lowest SOC in the surface 5 cm (Table 3), probably because tillage enhanced decomposition and C mineralization in combination with the low amount of crop residue with soybean compared with corn or winter wheat residues. Table 3. Table 3. Impact of tillage systemz and crop rotation on soil organic carbon storage after 11 yr in a long-term experiment initiated in 1995 z z CT, conventional tillage was fall moldboard plough with spring cultivation; NT, no till system had no soil disturbance except at planting. y y Single degree of freedom contrasts between tillage system within a crop rotation. x x Statistical differences across rotation, sliced by tillage. **, *, +, NS Represent statistical significance at P = 0. 01, P=0. 05, P=0. 10, and P>0. 10, respectively. a-cWithin each column, means followed by different letters indicate significant difference according to a protected LSD test (P<0. 05). In contrast to the monoculture of corn or soybean, the S-W crop rotation produced the highest SOC of 21. 5 and 79. 0 Mg ha−1 at equivalent depths of 0–5 and 0–20 cm, respectively (Table 3). The trend for the highest SOC in the S-W crop rotation may be associated with the frequency of winter wheat in the rotation. High SOC with the S-W rotation under the NT or CT systems may be due to more lignin in wheat residues (i. e. , straw), which tends to be more recalcitrant to decomposition.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: We included it here to show the trend of decreasing anxiety for these participants, which could potentially be duplicated on a larger scale. Because this is an understudied population, more research is needed to understand the effects of meditation within this group. Future research topics could include deeper dives into the effects of meditation on internalized transphobia, potential benefits of adding mindfulness activities into support groups, and the experience of TGDY within larger, general mindfulness groups. Larger quantitative studies and randomized control trials could more completely examine the effectiveness of meditation on decreasing anxiety, depression, and self-judgment in this population. Additionally, phenomenological qualitative methodologies could be used to better understand TGDY individuals’ direct experience of mindfulness practice as it relates to internalized transphobia, self-acceptance, and general internal experience. Further studies could explore the effects of different types of meditation and mindfulness practices on gender dysphoria. This is a diverse population, so more exploration into intersectional perspectives is also needed. The investigator has begun utilizing the results from this study to better integrate mindfulness and meditation skills within individual and group psychotherapy with TGDY clients. He has also created a one-time meditation and mindfulness event for transmasculine individuals. While no consistent TGDY mindfulness group has yet been established at this location, it would be invaluable both here and at other locales.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Because the PRC bisection test was a new approach, these tests were confirmed by factorial ANOVA, allocating the phase shifts into 6 prospectively-planned 4 h treatment-timing blocks (referenced to the baseline acrophases), and adding age group and gender as additional factors to produce 6 × 2 × 2 analyses. A criterion for significance of p < 0. 05 was selected. No correction for multiple testing seemed appropriate, since most tests were significant, and correction would be problematic with tests which were intercorrelated. total of 50 young adults ages 18–31 years (mean 23) and 56 older adults ages 59–75 years (mean 67) completed the protocol and supplied usable data. The young adults included 31 women and 19 men. The older adults included 28 women and 28 men. Seven additional participants entered the laboratory, but dropped out in the first 2 days before receiving randomized treatment, mostly with headache complaints. These complaints decreased after a room ventilation problem was identified and resolved. One participant quit during bright light treatment because a personal responsibility arose unexpectedly. The studies were done from September, 1999 through March, 2003, both age groups and both genders being studied simultaneously at all times of year. Some characteristics of the participants at baseline are shown in Table 1. Table 1 of Participants (Mean ± SD) -up (questionnaire)7:31 ± 1:245:55 ± 1:18P < 0. 001Actigraphic wake time8:32 ± 2:166:39 ± 1:07P < 0. 001Bedtime (questionnaire)23:48 ± 1:0322:51 ± 1:05P < 0. 001Bedtime (actigraph)00:33 ± 1:3122:41 ± 1:24P < 0. 001Sleep log total sleep time444 ± 65 min406 ± 63 minP = 0. 003Actigraphic total sleep time404 ± 70 min385 ± 68 minNSaMT6s onset23:04 ± 1:4522:16 ± 1:46P = 0. 02aMT6s acrophase3:47 ± 1:373:18 ± 1:58NSaMT6s offset08:22 ± 1:2808:20 ± 2:11NSCortisol acrophase9:59 ± 1:548:29 ± 2:51P = 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: At Elora, Meyer-Aurich et al. (2006) observed that rotations which included winter wheat (i. e. , S-W-C-C) had higher SOC than C-C or S-S-C-C at the 0- to 20-cm depth, but no differences at 0–30 cm or 0–40 cm on an equivalent mass basis. In contrast, Gál et al. (2007) reported no difference in SOC between C-C and S-C rotations when averaged for NT and CT systems in a 28-yr study in Indiana, which was similar to results at Ridgetown. Likewise, Yang and Kay (2001a) also reported no difference in SOC between C-C and S-S-C-C rotations at Elora, ON. Generally, total N tends with crop rotation mirrored trends in SOC, as reported by others (Franchini et al. 2007; Gál et al. 2007; Fuentes et al. 2009). The tillage system had a much greater influence on N storage on an equivalent mass basis than crop rotation (Table 4). The tillage system effect on total N was not consistent with crop rotation, so the tillage by crop rotation interaction for each soil depth was sliced across tillage, which produced single degree of freedom contrasts (Littell et al. 2006) between NT and CT within each crop rotation (Table 4). was numerically higher under NT in all crop rotations, but most responses were not statistically different in the C-C, S-C, and S-W crop rotations (P = 0. 09 to 0. 23) at any of the equivalent soil depths tested. The greatest tillage response on soil N occurred in the S-S and S-W-C rotations: N content at equivalent soil depths of 0–5 and 0–20 cm was more than double with NT in the S-S monoculture compared to CT, and nearly double in S-W-C rotation (P = 0. 0001 to 0. 006). At all depths evaluated, the S-S monoculture under CT had the lowest total N and was not statistically different than CT C-C monoculture (Table 4). Table 4. Table 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. Over the past decade, the interest in mindfulness among educators and the number of mindfulness-based programs for students and teachers have grown dramatically. Empirical research to examine the effectiveness of such programs has increased exponentially, but it has not kept up with the burgeoning growth of school-based programing. While the research is indeed promising, there is still much to learn about how best to introduce mindful awareness practices (MAPs) to children and adolescents in school settings. A primary concern is whether or not MAPs constitute religious activities that cross the boundary between church and state, especially as delineated by the first amendment to the U. S. Constitution (e. g. , Sedlock v. Baird 2015). The purposes of this commentary are to address this question and to offer recommendations for best practices in public educational settings. Religion (Dictionary. com Unabridged n. d. ) has been defined as “a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. ” The term “secular,” by definition, means not pertaining to or connected with religion. While law dictates that public schools in the USA not teach religious content, Western educational systems originated in religious contexts, and there are practices in use in our educational settings derived from religious practices. For example, choral reading of prayer is a common practice in religious settings. Choral reading is also used in educational settings; however, the content is secular (e. g. , poetry, dramatic reading). Therefore, it is the content that determines the religious or secular nature of any given practice, not necessarily the practice itself. While MAPs can be found within both Eastern and Western religious traditions, the practice of mindfulness itself is not inherently religious. Secular MAPs do not involve and/or require any belief. Rather, the rationale for such practices in educational settings is based on evidence from cognitive and affective neuroscience and the social and behavioral sciences (Mind and 2012). Research directed towards the reduction in suffering and the promotion of human flourishing has demonstrated the value of MAPs in numerous contexts (Keng et al. 2011). This evidence is critical to the successful application of mindfulness to a variety of secular settings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Referencing phase responses in the aMT6s acrophases to the baseline aMT6s acrophases, the overall PRC bisection test for all participants gave a highly significant rejection of the null hypothesis of no PRC. This was also the case for subgroups of all older, all young, all males, and all females. The PRCs of each of these four subgroups were highly significant, had a similar D score estimating the amplitude of the PRC, and similar estimated phases of the inflection point from delays to advances (adjusted for mean shifts). The results for the much smaller age-gender subgroups shown in Table 2 were also rather similar, though the bisection test for older males missed the 0. 05 significance criterion. Using factorial ANOVA to contrast PRC amplitudes derived from the PRC bisection procedure (see [30]), no significant differences in PRC amplitude were found between older and young groups or between female and male groups, nor was the age X gender interaction significant. It appeared that the largest difference in inflection phases was between older and young females, but the 95% confidence limits for inflection phases derived from the PRC bisection test overlapped when comparing the older and young female subgroups. Table 2 and of referenced to acrophaseTIME (mean)DNPaMT6s phase shifts referenced to aMT6s acrophaseAll ages21. 3°4:5636. 9106<0. 0001Young males21. 3°5:2937. 4190. 004Young females45. 3°6:3738. 7310. 007Older males29. 1°5:2328. 8280. 087Older females1. 6°3:4945. 3528<0. 0001cortisol phase shifts referenced to baseline aMT6s acrophaseAll ages4. 5°3:4935. 6730. 0005oral temperature phase shifts referenced to baseline oral temperature acrophaseAll ages159. 6°3:3155. 096<0. 0001lab actigraphic sleep phase shifts referenced to baseline aMT6s acrophaseAll ages10. 7°4:1438. 01020. 03Shifts in aMT6s onset, offset, and duration, with treatment time referenced to aMT6s acrophaseaMT6s onset27. 5°05:2133.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Impact of tillage systemz and crop rotation on total nitrogen storage after 11 yr in a long-term experiment initiated in 1995 z z CT, conventional tillage was fall moldboard plough with spring cultivation; NT, no till system had no soil disturbance except at planting. y y Single degree of freedom contrasts between tillage system within crop rotation. x x Statistical differences across rotation, sliced by tillage. **, *, +, NS Represent statistical significance at P = 0. 01, P = 0. 05, P = 0. 10, and P = >0. 10, respectively. data expressed on an equivalent mass basis (Table 4) was similar to total N content and concentration (data not shown); higher total N with rotations with winter wheat compared with those rotations without winter wheat. Higher concentrations and quantities of soil N in systems that include winter wheat may be due to high amounts of N through rhizodeposition by the wheat crop. Most studies have reported that between 5 and 20% of total N assimilated by wheat is deposited into the soil as N derived from root deposits [reviewed by Wichern et al. (2008)]. Janzen (1990) reported that 18–33% of the total N yield of wheat plants was deposited in the soil from root exudates, which represents an important contribution to the soil N fertility status. In a recent 2-yr study in Spain, Munoz-Romero et al. (2013) reported a total of 93 kg N ha−1 yr−1 was deposited from wheat roots, or approximately 40% of the total N content assimilated by wheat plants including grain. Although less is known about N deposits from corn and soybean roots, wheat roots may contribute more N due to its dense fibrous root system (Munoz-Romero et al. 2013), which may explain higher N content and concentrations in crop rotations that included wheat at Ridgetown. Tillage SystemsIn the 1991 tillage trial with a S-C rotation, in the equivalent soil mass of 638, 2443, and 10 256 Mg ha−1, which corresponded to 0–5, 0–20 and 0–80 cm depths, SOC was 15 to 18% higher with NT than CT, respectively, and the NT system had 14 to 27% higher total N than CT system (Table 5).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Individuals adapting MAPs for public educational settings should be familiar with and draw upon this research to design MAPs that are based on this evidence, align with educational aims and objectives, and meet the needs of the school context. Content such as language, artifacts, or beliefs that are associated with practices in religious contexts should not be introduced in public educational settings. When it comes to language and artifacts, the distinctions between the religious and secular may be subtle; however, it is best to error on the side of secularity to avoid misunderstandings. For example, the practice of focusing attention on the sound of a bell or chime is a MAP commonly introduced to younger children. Using a bell from a religious tradition (such as a Tibetan bowl or cymbals used in rituals) may give the impression that the practice has religious significance, when the intention is purely secular. Therefore, it is recommended that educators use bells and/or chimes that are devoid of these associations. Similarly, introducing names, words, or sounds that come from a religious or spiritual tradition (that are associated with spiritual and/or religious belief) as a focus of attention during practice is inappropriate in the secular public school context. Furthermore, when introducing postures from yoga, the use of Sanskrit names and identifying areas of the body associated with spiritual and religious significance (e. g. , chakras) are inappropriate. This does not preclude educators from focusing on areas of the body such as the center of the chest or the center of gravity of the body. Indeed, focusing attention on the chest may be helpful when engaging in practices intended to generate care and/or compassion, and focusing attention on the center of gravity of the body located in the lower part of the abdomen may help children and adolescents learn balance and stability. While each of these areas of the body may have spiritual and/or religious significance in yogic and/or other spiritual and religious traditions, teaching these associations in public schools is inappropriate and unnecessary for engaging in the practices and deriving benefit from them. Finally, it is recommended that instructors take care not to give the impression that MAPs involve the transmission of any sort of spiritual or metaphysical energy. For example, a common practice that has been adapted for use in school settings is “lovingkindness practice,” intended to promote feelings of care and compassion for oneself and others (Kang et al. 2015; Flook et al. 2015).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 9104<0. 0001aMT6s offset14. 1°04:2822. 5104<0. 02aMT6s duration*29. 1°05:281. 06 h104P < 0. 01 * The bisection test was modified to determine if changes in aMT6s duration were random in phase Whether the treatment time was referenced to the baseline aMT6s acrophase or to the baseline cortisol acrophase, cortisol phase responses were similar to those for aMT6s, but the bisection tests for cortisol were not significant for the younger group with N = 42. scores for oral temperature phase responses were rather high, but the bisection tests were not significant for the older participants, whether treatment timing was referenced to oral temperature baseline phases or to aMT6s baseline phases. Bisection results for actigraphic sleep phase responses resembled those of the other variables, but the tests were not as highly significant, in as much as the circadian amplitude/mesor ratios of actigraphic sleep rhythms were not as high as for the urine variables or oral temperature, and the circadian phase estimates were accordingly less precise. of aMT6s acrophase responses for all participants demonstrated a highly significant time-of-treatment effect (F5,82 = 15. 98, P < 0. 0001), confirming a significant PRC. There were no significant main effects of age group or gender and no interactions of age or gender with the time-of-treatment. However, when examining the phase shifts for the onset of aMT6s, referencing light treatment time to aMT6s onset, the interaction effect of age and time of treatment was almost significant (P = 0. 054), reflecting the earlier inflection among older participants. A similar ANOVA for cortisol phase response showed no significant time-of-treatment effect, whether the time of treatment was referenced to baseline aMT6s or to cortisol acrophases. The time-of-treatment effect in ANOVA for temperature responses referenced to aMT6s was significant at the P = 0. 01 level with no significant age or gender effects or interactions. Referenced to baseline temperature acrophases, this temperature ANOVA was slightly less significant, P = 0. 023. In the sleep phase responses ANOVA, the time-of-treatment effect was barely significant with P < 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: The chisel-T treatment was either intermediary to NT and CT or more similar to CT than NT with respect to both SOC and total N (Table 5). Similarly, pooled over crop rotation in the 1995 trial, SOC and total N were also statistically higher with NT than CT (Tables 3 and 4). Thus, in both long-term sites at Ridgetown NT had greater SOC and total N compared to CT. Table 5. Table 5. Impact of tillagez and sample depth on soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen storage on equivalent soil mass basis in two long-term trials initiated in 1991 and 1995 z z CT, conventional tillage was fall moldboard plough with spring cultivation; Chisel was fall chisel plough with spring cultivation; NT, no till system had no soil disturbance except at planting. a–c For each trial within each row and each parameter, means followed by different letters indicate significant difference according to Tukey-Kramer multiple means comparison (P < 0. 05). In contrast to Ridgetown, reports in Ontario from Elora (Deen and Kataki 2003), Delhi (Wanniarachchi et al. 1999), and Woodslee (Yang et al. 2008a) showed no differences in SOC among tillage treatments. Likely, different soil characteristics and experimental duration contributed to the different effect of tillage on SOC at the aforementioned Ontario sites compared with Ridgetown. West and Post (2002) estimated that SOC sequestration rates establish new equilibriums by 15–20 yr when comparing NT and CT practices. Also, Alvarez (2005) concluded that the accumulation of SOC under reduced tillage or NT had an S-shaped time-dependent process and reached a steady state after 25–30 yr. Considering the assessment of SOC at Ridgetown was after 11–15 yr of production, it would be valuable to re-sample after circa 20 yr to determine if SOC and soil quality values were at peak or equilibrium. Regardless, there has been increased evidence of higher SOC with NT than CT in the deeper soil profile (i. e. , below 60-cm depth). For instance, results in Indiana in C-C and S-C rotations showed higher SOC and total N on an equivalent mass basis in NT compared with CT to 100-cm depth (Gál et al. 2007).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: This practice typically involves focusing attention sequentially on oneself and a series of others who are felt as more or less intimate and generating and extending feelings of goodwill in the form of mentally repeated phrases such as “may you be well, peaceful and happy. ” It is important to clarify that the intention of this practice is not to actually transmit anything to another, but to simply generate positive and caring feelings within oneself for oneself and others. To be clear, the suggestion is not that one should conceal the fact that such associations between practices and religious and spiritual traditions exist. Rather, it is that educators be especially careful to ensure that the nature of the practices they are introducing is indeed completely secular and science based, and to explain clearly that the rationale for such practices is based on science, rather than belief. Furthermore, I am not suggesting that MAPs be presented as devoid of an ethical base. I agree with Greenberg and Mitra’s (2015) exposition of the value of “right mindfulness,” or mindfulness informed by secular ethics. Educators can link practices to the secular ethical framework found in educational settings (e. g. , the golden rule). For example, students learn MAPs that help them manage their anger, which improves their behavior and their relationships with their teacher and peers. A final consideration is how MAPs are integrated into the school day. In many cases, these activities have been added on to the regular school schedule and introduced by individuals from outside the school community who may not understand the importance of secularity and/or how to present secular MAPs. Educators faced with growing demands to cover academic content may perceive mindfulness-based programming as intrusive and burdensome, and parents may wonder why valuable school time is being used for such programing. Depending upon outside providers who may have a limited understanding of education and child development to deliver such programing may be inadvisable and unsustainable. However, educators presenting MAPs to students without adequate preparation may also be problematic. An educator’s misapprehension of the secular ethical basis for MAPs may lead to a misappropriation of these practices aimed towards student compliance and raising test scores, rather than promoting individual and community flourishing. Two promising trends are the proliferation of mindfulness-based professional development programs for teachers (Roeser et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 05, but a time-of-treatment X gender interaction was significant with P = 0. 007, and an age X gender interaction was significant with P = 0. 005, without any interaction of age with time of treatment. There was no time-of-treatment effect on the final aMT6s mesors or circadian amplitudes determined by cosine fits. Phase shifts in aMT6s onsets and offsets were generally similar to those of the acrophases. However, because the aMT6s onsets were more advanced in the older compared to younger participants than were the baseline acrophases, the entire PRC waveform for shifts in the older group was more clearly phase advanced when referenced to onsets in circadian-adjusted time (Fig. 5B). Moreover, because the aMT6s onsets delayed more than the offsets in the phase-delay regions of the PRCs, the post-treatment duration of aMT6s excretion was significantly related to time-of-treatment by the bisection test (P < 0. 01), as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 6B. This effect on duration was confirmed by ANOVA (P < 0. 05). Fig. 6B indicates that light stimuli given near 4 PM or near 8 AM induced a lengthening of the aMT6s duration. In 41 pairings where PRC bisection tests and time-of-treatment ANOVA were both computed, the PRC bisection test yielded more significant P values in 27 cases and ANOVA in 14. The correlation of log-transformed P values for the two methods was r = 0. 83. The mean CESD score increased from 4. 9 at home baseline to 6. 5 on the first day in the laboratory, 7. 6 on the last day in the laboratory, and 6. 1 on one-week follow-up (p < 0. 03, one-way ANOVA), indicating slight increases in depression from baseline. The CESD scores following bright light treatment were not influenced by the timing of the treatment. Examining visual-analog scores at the end of treatment (Day 5 average) with repeated measures the time of day of treatment referenced to aMT6s acrophase produced no significant effects on mood.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: In a S-W-C rotation, NT had higher SOC than CT in a 19-yr, farm-scale trial in southern Ontario (Yang and Kay 2001b). Correspondingly, a global meta-analysis showed NT had 48 g C m−2 yr−1 greater C than CT (West and Post 2002). Likewise, a recent meta-analysis of Ontario long-term tillage trials, which included both 1991 and 1995 long-term Ridgetown sites showed at all depths evaluated (0–10, 0–20, and 0–45 cm) greater SOC storage with NT than CT systems by 6. 9 g C m−2 yr−1 in the 0- to 45-cm depth (Congreves et al. 2014). Similar to SOC, in both long-term trials at Ridgetown, total N was higher with NT than CT at each depth to at least 60 cm (Table 5). Soil total N at both sites in Ridgetown was consistent with others that showed NT system to have a greater impact on soil N than previous crops (Soon et al. 2001). No-till soils tend to have higher levels of microbial biomass and organic N compared with CT soils (Doran 1987; Soon et al. 2001). Higher total soil N content and concentration with NT compared with CT system was similar with potentially mineralizable N in the 0- to 15-cm depth (Table 1). In both trials, there was no tillage by depth interaction (P = 0. 7233 to 0. 9999) when the data were expressed by concentration, content (data not shown) or on an equivalent mass basis for SOC and total N, which suggests differential stratification of SOC and total N between tillage systems did not occur. The lack of stratification of SOC under long-term NT compared with CT systems was not in agreement with other research [see review by Kay and VandenBygaart (2002)], which observed NT systems had a stratified SOC distribution within the soil profile but did not increase SOC storage beyond the plough layer (Deen and Kataki 2003; Murage et al. 2007; Angers et al. 2008; Yang et al. 2008b; Shi et al. 2011). Differences in sample depths may somewhat explain discrepancies between studies on the impact of tillage systems on SOC (Yang and Kay 2001b). Meta-analysis by VandenBygaart et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: 2012) and the movement to integrate MAPs into curricular areas such as social and emotional learning and health and physical education (Broderick 2013; Project 2015; Felver et al. 2013; Gueldner and Feuerborn 2015; Jennings et al. 2012). MAPs specifically developed for teachers may not only reduce teacher stress (Harris et al. 2015; Jennings et al. 2011; Jennings et al. 2013; Roeser et al. 2013; Schussler et al. 2015; Taylor et al. 2015) and improve performance (Jennings et al. 2015) but also prepare them with the skills required to present MAPs to students effectively (Jennings 2015; Schonert-Reichl et al. 2015). MAPs may help build the underlying capacities required to develop the social and emotional competencies as outlined by the Collaborative for Academic, Social and (CASEL, n. d. ). Furthermore, MAPs align well with the recently released CDC/approach to health and physical education (Lewallen et al. 2015) and integrating MAPs may bring new interest and energy to this curricular area as well. It is critical to the success of the mindfulness in education movement that MAPs delivered in public educational settings conscientiously avoid any elements that are associated with religious and/or spiritual language, trappings, and belief. As the field grows and develops, educators are finding ways to ensure that MAPs are completely secular, based on the most current evidence and introduced in ways that fit the needs and the context of educational settings. 547. doi:10. 1002/pits. 21695. 51. 78. 10. 1007/s12671-015-0423-6. 10. 1007/s12671-015-0451-2. 48. 390. 1070. 1056. 739. 153. 173. 804. 10. 1007/s12671-015-0422-7 Sedlock v. Baird (2015). 21, 2015, from: www. courts. ca. gov/opinions/documents/D064888. DOC Taylor, C. , Harrison, J. , Haimovitz, K. , Oberle, E. , Thomson, K. , Schonert-Reichl, K. , & Roeser, R. W. (2015).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Because that was a retrospective finding based mainly on 3 subjects, and the groups were not studied simultaneously, more study of responsiveness of aging adults to moderate light stimuli is needed. Since we have found that subjects exposed to more light at home are more advanced, decreased light responsiveness would not explain why older adults are more advanced [33]. It should be recognized that these older participants with a mean age of 67 were very healthy and aerobically fit. Their average aerobic capacity was in the top 10% for their age. Selection might have biased against older adults with visual handicaps, although participants did not undergo specific ophthalmologic screening. It remains plausible that an even older age group with substantial cataract or glaucoma might experience decreased light responses, partly because their handicaps might promote bright light avoidance [34]. One might not expect macular degeneration to have much effect on the retinal photic receptors which supply the retino-hypothalamic tract [35], but associated photophobia might limit daylight exposures. These data allowed a contrast of light phase responsiveness between females and males of diverse ages. No significant difference between the phase responses of females and males was observed, though the statistical power was insufficient to detect small gender differences. scores in Table 2 suggested that older females tended to be somewhat more light-responsive than older males, the difference was in the consistency of the PRC responses rather than in their range. It seems unlikely that light phase responsiveness accounts for differences in home circadian phase adjustments between females and males. An unusual feature of our study was the computation of PRCs in multiple dependent variables, using acrophases of multiple variables to reference the timing of bright light treatments. As we had anticipated, aMT6s provided the most reliable marker that produced the most consistent responses, as judged by the PRC amplitudes and statistical significance. The PRCs using oral temperature, urinary free cortisol, and actigraphic sleep as phase markers for the time of light stimulation were consistent with the PRCs using aMT6s for reference. Likewise, the PRCs for temperature, cortisol, and sleep had similar D scores summarizing PRC amplitudes and similar estimated inflections. The temperature, cortisol and sleep PRCs for some subgroups were less statistically significant, probably because of less reliable physiologic measurement, less sinusoidal circadian waveforms, and in some cases, less usable data available. For this reason, this presentation focuses on aMT6s data.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: (2003) suggested no difference in SOC between tillage systems in eastern Canada but interpretation of results may be limited by the relatively shallow sampling depths (generally 30 cm or less). Yang et al. (2008b) suggested that it may not be appropriate to sample to 100 cm because tillage practices might not have been in production long enough to affect deeper depths. Moreover, variability in SOC storage increases with depths, which limits the possibility of observing treatment effects. Although the aforementioned is undoubtedly true, one should not dismiss sampling at deeper depths (i. e. , >60 cm) in order to avoid underestimating C and N storage in long-term tillage and crop rotation studies (Gál et al. 2007; VandenBygaart et al. 2011). Thus, in both trials at Ridgetown that were sampled to 120 cm depth, there was no tillage by depth interaction for SOC and total N on an equivalent mass basis, and tillage effects were consistent among the soil depth increments with higher SOC and total N in NT vs. CT. As with the majority of long-term research, our study did not quantify C and N in crop residues on the soil surface or in the soil. The higher quantity of crop residues on the soil surface between crop species and in NT compared with CT has been well documented but rarely included into estimates of soil C contents. Based on visual observations one would speculate that including crop residues into estimates of SOC and total N would not change the interpretation of results for tillage systems (i. e. , higher SOC and total N with NT compared with CT) and likely lower SOC and total N in S-S compared with other rotations. Future research should include surface and sub-surface crop residues in estimates of SOC and total N, especially within long-term tillage and crop rotation experiments. Other factors such as dissolved organic C transport, root distribution, SOC mineralization and earthworm populations may have contributed to the observed higher SOC in NT than CT at Ridgetown. Similar to other research (Kladivko et al. 1997; VandenBygaart et al. 1998; Reeleder et al. 2006), in the tillage trial at Ridgetown the counts for earthworm middens in NT was 74. 4 middens m−2, which was 48. 3 and 61. 6% higher than in chisel-T and CT systems, respectively (P < 0. 0001).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: These findings have several implications for mentor training for college students. First, training for this population should acknowledge their empathy, since this characteristic is both a strength and positively associated with satisfaction among college student mentors. Given the natural ups and downs of mentoring relationships, including relational challenges from mentees (Rhodes, 2002), however, it also may be important that mentor training for college students include a focus on how to remain empathic toward their mentee during these challenges. In addition, given that recent research findings suggest mentor autonomy is negatively associated with mentee satisfaction (Leyton-Armakan, Lawrence, Deutsch, Williams, & Henneberger, 2012), it is important that mentor training for college students focus on the value of collaborative decision-making between mentee and mentor. The second study, Mindfulness and of Mentoring Youth: Implications for Training, builds on these training implications. It examines whether the addition of mindfulness training is an effective way of tailoring mentor training for college students. Given the unique issues that college student mentors face, additional training aimed at stress management may be particularly beneficial for this population. Stress reduction strategies such as mindful awareness practices (MAPs) may help college student mentors feel better able to handle relational challenges and be more likely to remain in the mentoring relationship. Training in MAPs is associated with enhanced relationship satisfaction among couples (Barnes, Brown, Krusemark, Campbell, & Rogge, 2007; Carson, Carson, Gil, & Baucom, 2006; Jones, Welton, Oliver, & Thorbum, 2011) and in parent-child relationships (Coatsworth et al. , 2015). MAPs have also been linked to lower stress among college students (Oman, Shapiro, Thoresen, Plante, & Flinders, 2008). Despite these positive outcomes for relationships and college students, no study to date has examined the potential benefits of mindfulness for college student mentors. The second study sought to address this gap in the literature by examining the following research questions: (a) is the addition of a mindfulness component to college student mentor training associated with mentors’ mentoring satisfaction; (b) does this help them enhance their ability to be empathic in challenging situations; and (c) does this help them shift their inclination for autonomous decision-making and prescriptive mentoring toward a more collaborative, youth-centered approach.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Parenthetically, this was our first extensive utilization of the PRC bisection test, which was designed for this study. Although statistical significance as assessed by ANOVAs was well correlated with significance estimated by PRC bisection tests, in almost 2/3 of comparisons, the PRC bisection test result proved more significant, and the bisection test result was more often significant than ANOVA. From a theoretical viewpoint, since melatonin causes much of the circadian variation in core body temperature [36] and is masked little by sleep, melatonin is a logical choice of circadian marker. Since the PRC's for the urinary metabolite of blood melatonin, aMT6s, were more consistently statistically significant than PRC's for oral temperatures or other circadian markers, but not of higher amplitude, it appeared that the acrophases of aMT6s had less measurement error. We found actigraphic sleep very difficult to score in the ultra-short sleep-wake cycle model, and apart from scoring problems, we would expect sleep-wake to be less tightly synchronized to the suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian pacemaker than melatonin or cortisol. To the extent that the sleep-wake circadian rhythms were of marginal amplitude, the 90-min sleep-wake cycle presumably reduced sleep masking of other variables. Cortisol and melatonin might be expected to be tightly locked in phase, since both circadian rhythms are controlled by suprachiasmatic nucleus efferents to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, but for demonstrating a PRC, aMT6s appeared the more convenient and informative marker. In these subjects, we found that sleep-wake at home and cortisol circadian rhythms in the lab baseline were significantly advanced among the older adults (ages 59–75) as compared to the young (ages 18–31), as was the aMT6s onset. In some of the same subjects, Yoon et al. found that the onset of melatonin excretion tended to be advanced along with sleep and cortisol, but the offset of melatonin was less advanced, resulting in a longer duration of estimated melatonin excretion among the older participants [28], as was likewise indicated in Table 2. This was largely consistent with findings of other groups [37 - 39]. Similar contrasts of young and older adults were also found in less healthy elders using the same 90-min-day protocol [29].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Tillage likely disrupted the physical structure and nutrient supply to subsurface soil microorganisms, which was previously identified as a major factor in destabilizing deep SOC (Rumpel and Kögel-Knabner 2011). Although dissolved organic C was not measured in the current study, a 20-yr trial demonstrated that dissolved organic C distribution by depth was similar to SOC and to N and the proportion of SOC as dissolved organic C increased with soil depth up to 105 cm (Wright et al. 2007). Future research should evaluate how tillage and rotational regimes can impact the input or transport of SOC to subsurface soil. and building soil quality is essential for competitive, sustainable agricultural production, and long-term research experiments are invaluable for assessing the impacts of management practices on soil quality. This is the first published report on soil quality in the long-term experiments at Ridgetown; differences among crop rotations and tillage systems on SOC and soil quality after 11 to 15 yr. Interpretation of the impact of tillage system and crop rotation on soil quality was similar using the CSHA at 0- to 15-cm depth and SOC and total N on an area basis or on an equivalent soil mass basis to 0- to 100-cm depth. This result suggests that CSHA may be useful in Ontario. Similar to and total N data suggest soil quality was higher in NT than CT and higher with winter wheat in the rotation. Tillage had a larger influence on C and N storage than crop rotation. Although in contrast to previous research in eastern Canada, in both long-term trials at Ridgetown, NT had ca. 21 Mg ha−1 more or 14% higher SOC than CT but chisel-T was not statistically different than NT or CT. Overall our results suggest that to improve soil quality and SOC and total N content, growers on clay loam soil in southwestern Ontario should consider incorporating winter wheat into the rotation and adopting NT production practices. and SOC content estimates were calculated on an equivalent mass basis to 100 cm depth but similar trends were observed at shallower depths too. Sampling well below the tillage depth provides a more accurate assessment of C and N storage and the impact of management practises on these chemical parameters. A common limitation in long-term tillage and rotation research on soil properties is not including estimates of crop residues on the soil surface and in subsurface soil into estimates of SOC and total N.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: The second study is quasi-experimental and analyzes survey data from mentors from the 2014 academic year (n = 59) who completed three hours of formal training on mindfulness research, application, and practice. Additionally, MAPs designed to foster mindful listening, eating, and emotion regulation skills were incorporated into the 2014-2015 YWLP group mentoring curriculum, which the mentors used to teach mindfulness strategies to their mentees and practice mindfulness as a group over the course of the year (Lawrence, Foukal, Trevett-Smith, & Peifer, 2015). An overview of the MAPs training sessions for mentors and additions to the group mentoring curriculum is included in Table 2 of the second manuscript. Survey data from this mindfulness group was compared to a group comprised of mentors from the 2011 (n = 85), 2012 (n = 73), and 2013 (n = 65) academic years, who received the same mentor training and group mentoring curriculum, but without the mindfulness component. Complete demographic information for this sample is available by group in Table 3 and by cohort in Table 4 of the manuscript. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to compare the mean mentor satisfaction between the two groups and separate repeated measures general linear models were conducted to determine whether participation in mindfulness training was associated with a change over time in empathy and autonomy scores. Mentors who participated in mindfulness training reported significantly higher mentor satisfaction, greater increases in empathy, and greater decreases autonomy, compared to mentors received similar training but without the mindfulness component. These findings provide quantitative support for the inclusion of a mindfulness component to college mentor training. Yet further research is needed that more closely examines how college student mentors experience and apply MAPs within the context of their mentoring relationships with youth. The third study, Mentors’ Experience and Application of Practices Training, was conducted with the goal of filling this gap in the literature. The primary aim of this exploratory study was to gain a more detailed, comprehensive understanding of college student mentors’ application and experience of MAPs, in order to better inform the field’s knowledge of how MAPs may be useful for this population.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Complex aspects of experimental design can influence the magnitude of resultant phase shifts and the shape of PRCs. Factors influencing PRCs include stimulus parameters such as the brightness and color spectrum of the stimulus, the duration of daily exposure, the number of repetitions (days) of stimulation, and the light levels experienced at other times of day as well as management of sleep, diet, posture, and social interactions. Because of photostasis, retinal adaptation to light may alter responses [47], so other factors might include illumination levels experienced before entry into the experiment, the duration and the intensity of baseline illumination. The duration of the prior photoperiod also may influence the shape and amplitude of the PRC [42 - 44]. Much more data are needed to clarify these many issues and to optimize phase responses. experiments showed relatively similar amplitudes of phase response to 3000 lux light among older and young adults, and among women and men. The timing of the advance and delay regions of the older and young adults is clarified, under stimulation with moderately bright light. Among older adults, the PRC and its inflection time was substantially advanced in reference to clock time. Additionally, there was suggestive evidence for subtle rearrangement of the phase relationships between various phase markers among older adults, the implications of which deserve further exploration. Competing interests The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions DFK planned the study, was of HL61280, supervised the staff, assured participant safety, contributed to statistical analyses, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. JAE planned the study, performed the assays and endocrine analyses, prepared most of the figures, and contributed to writing. SDY planned the study, recruited and screened participants, supervised technicians and the day by day data collection, assembled the data base, and contributed to data analyses and writing. KMR took part in grant and study planning, handled administrative and budgetary aspects of the study, maintained human subjects protection files, supervised technicians, took part in data collection, and contributed to writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 8545. Institute for Research on Aging, UCSD and the provided facilities for this research. 105. Wever, RA (1989). Light effects on human circadian rhythms: A review of recent Andechs experiments J 4: 161–85, [PubMed] DOI: Johnson, CH (1990).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Increased N2O emissions by cover crops in a diverse crop rotation can be mediated with dual nitrification and urease inhibitors Go to 5. of pseudoacacia and Quercus variabilis Plantation on and Nitrogen-Abundance in the Go to 6. Quantitative evaluation of soil health based on a minimum dataset under various short-term crop rotations on the Canadian prairies Go to 7. Drought effects on trait space of winter wheat are independent of land management Go to 8. Biological Activity: of and No-Go to 9. Comparison of equivalent soil mass approaches to estimate soil organic carbon stocks under long-term tillage Go to 10. Effects of fertilizer addition on soil organic carbon content in Chinese farmland: a meta-analysis Go to 11. Soil responses to inclusion of corn, soybean, and cover crops under rainfed conditions in the northern Great PlainsMark A. Liebig, David W. Archer, Jonathan J. Halvorson, Andrea K. Clemensen, John R. Hendrickson, and Donald L. to 12. The impact of soil preparation on the production of potatoes grown on podzolic soils Go to 13. Impact of Properties and to 14. Soil organic matter and aggregate stability dynamics under major no-till crop rotations on the Canadian prairies Go to 15. Strategies to improve soil health by optimizing the plant–soil–microbe–anthropogenic activity nexus Go to 16. Beyond grain: Agronomic, ecological, and economic benefits of diversifying crop rotations with wheat Go to 17. Fungi in Go to 18. Influence of an anthropogenic factor on changes in the content and composition of humus in chernozems of the lake Sevan basin of the republic of to 19. Evidence of development of underutilised crops and their ecosystem services in Europe: a systematic mapping approach Go to 20. Developing scoring functions based on soil texture to assess agricultural soil health in Quebec, CanadaMélanie Gauthier, Richard Hogue, Joël D'Astous-Pagé, Michel Champagne, and Go to 21. Carbon sequestration in Canada's croplands: a review of multiple disciplines influencing the science–policy interfaceLisa Ashton, Hannah P. Lieberman, Callum Morrison, and Marie-Élise to 22.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: This study addressed the following research questions: (a) how do college women mentors experience and apply MAPs in the context of their mentoring relationship with an adolescent girl and (b) are there differences in outcomes between college women mentors who report high dispositional mindfulness after a semester of training in MAPs compared to those who report low dispositional mindfulness. Data consisted of 30 reflections written at about one month intervals (T1, T2, T3) over the course of a semester by a subsample of YWLP mentors from the 2014-2015 cohort, the mindfulness group from the second study who received MAPs training. Selection criteria were based on mentors’ post-program score on the (MAAS; Brown & Ryan, 2003); Mentors with the five highest and five lowest post-program MAAS scores were selected for inclusion and assigned to either the high mindfulness group or low mindfulness group (see Table 2 of the third manuscript). Once de-identified, all reflections were uploaded and stored securely using the online qualitative research software platform, Dedoose. Open coding in the early stages of analysis identified initial concepts present in the raw data. Next the researcher composed narrative summaries for all reflections, which facilitated analysis of individual mentors’ change over time and comparison of patterns both within and between groups. The majority of coding and analysis (including composition of narrative summaries) was performed blind and a subset of reflections was coded a second time by two different researchers to check for accuracy of initial codes. Only half of the mentors included in the present study discussed mindfulness in their reflections (see Table 1 of the manuscript). It may be that some mentors did have experiences with mindfulness but did not write about them; nevertheless this finding suggests that while MAPs are simple strategies, college women mentors may need more support in how to apply them in the mentoring relationship. Thematic analysis identified five ways that college women mentors might respond to MAPs training: 1) noting a specific past experience during which one “should have” practiced mindfulness; 2) planning to practice mindfulness; 3) practicing mindfulness; 4) teaching one’s mentee mindfulness; and 5) one’s mentee practicing mindfulness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The circadian basis of winter depression 103: 7414–7419, [PubMed] DOI: and Kupfer, DJ (1989). Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. 28(2): 193–213, [PubMed] DOI: and Youngstedt, SD (2006). Criterion validity of the Quality Index: Investigation in a non-clinical sample Sleep and 4: 129–136, DOI: Jean-and Langer, RD (2001). Sleep detection with an accelerometer actigraph: comparisons with polysomnography 72: 21–28, [PubMed] DOI: Jean-and Youngstedt, SD (2001). Sleep estimation from wrist movement quantified by different actigraphic modalities J 105: 185–191, [PubMed] DOI: Radloff, LS (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population Measurement 1: 385–401, DOI: and Hellman, L (1974). Effects of a prolonged 3-hour sleep-wake cycle on sleep stages, plasma cortisol, growth hormone, and body temperature J Metab 38: 1018–1030. [PubMed] Carskadon, MA and Dement, WC (1975). Sleep studies on a 90-minute day Neurophysiol 39: 145–155, [PubMed] DOI: Lavie, P (1986). Ultrashort sleep-waking schedule. III. 'Gates' and 'forbidden zones' for sleep Neurophysiol 63: 414–25, [PubMed] DOI: and Begley, A (2005). Circadian patterns of sleep, sleepiness, and performance in older and younger adults Sleep 28: 1365–1376. [PubMed] and Buysse, DJ (2002). Masking effects of posture and sleep onset on core body temperature have distinct circadian rhythms: results from a 90-min/day protocol J 17: 447–462, [PubMed] DOI: Monk, TH (1989). A visual analogue scale technique to measure global vigor and affect 27: 89–99, [PubMed] DOI: and Hauger, RL (2003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: [Traduit par la Rédaction]IntroductionApproximately 60% of the current increase in atmospheric N2O emanates from agricultural soils (IPCC 2007). Significant progress has been made with respect to identifying processes responsible for the production and emission of N2O from soils, but quantifying the relative contribution of the different processes and how agricultural management influences these processes remain a challenge (Butterbach-Bahl et al. 2013). There is significant evidence that N2O emissions increase in direct proportion to the sum of fertilizer and nonfertilizer nitrogen (N) inputs in agricultural and nonagricultural ecosystems (Bouwman 1996; Bouwman et al. 2002; Liu and Greaver 2009), but other factors such as soil moisture and temperature, fertilizer N type and placement, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S) fertilizer applications, crop type and rotation, inclusion of legumes, lime applications, microbial community diversity, and tillage contribute to the variability of N2O emissions (Bouwman 1996; Bouwman et al. 2002; Li et al. 2002; Drury et al. 2006; Wagner-Riddle et al. 2007; Snyder et al. 2009; Barton et al. 2013; Butterbach-Bahl et al. 2013; Koga 2013; Siciliano 2014). Currently, there is a knowledge gap with respect to the links between management practices and (1) N2O production processes and emissions and (2) soil properties affecting N2O emissions and production processes. The influence of long-term management (e. g. , crop rotation, tillage, and fertilizer applications) on soil properties and processes such as soil C and N stocks and cycling is well recognized (Richter et al. 2007). There are relatively few examples, however, of long-term management effects or management legacy effect on current annual or growing season N2O emissions. Drury et al. (2014) observed a significant long-term rotation effect on N2O emissions, showing that growing season N2O emissions in the corn phase of a cereal–forage rotation were lower than in a continuous corn rotation with comparable N inputs (fertilizer and biologically fixed). Venterea et al. (2011) showed a significant long-term tillage effect, showing that growing season N2O emission intensities were greater under no-till management compared with conventional tillage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: The first three of these themes (“should have,” practicing, planning) appear to mirror aspects of the contemplation, preparation, and action stages of change, respectively, of the transtheoretical model (TTM) of change (Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross, 1992). A notable implication of this finding is that training for college mentors may need to provide ongoing opportunities for mentor reflection on MAPs application to the mentoring relationship across the stages of change (i. e. , contemplation, preparation, and action). In addition to identifying stages of adoption, results from this study also provided light on how mentors may use MAPs during mentoring. Mentors described applying MAPs as a way to calm themselves and to teach their mentee support in calming herself. Mentors discussed using their breath to help manage self-judgment and to set their intentions before a difficult conversation with their mentee. Some mentors in the low mindfulness group expressed self-judgment, saying they felt guilty or like an inconvenience in situations related to one-on-one time, transportation, and interactions with their mentee’s parents. Some low mindfulness mentors also avoided difficult conversation at T3, which differed greatly from the high mindfulness mentors’ descriptions of initiating difficult conversations at T3 (see Table 5 of the manuscript). Results suggest that some mentors may not experience the same level of dispositional mindfulness as their peers and, consequently, may respond better to instruction other than MAPs training. Teaching developmental issues may be one way to help mentors with lower dispositional mindfulness be less judgmental of themselves and others and to engage in difficult conversations. Given that both of these skills are important parts of mentoring (Rhodes, 2002; Spencer, 2007), programs can benefit greatly from supporting mentor development in these areas. This three-paper manuscript-style dissertation bridges several areas of the literature, including youth mentoring, college student development, and mindfulness. Thus, results will be valuable to researchers across a variety of disciplines. In addition, the implications of each study will help strengthen the quality of training provided by mentoring programs working with college student mentors. Ultimately, this may translate to more effective mentoring and better outcomes for mentor and mentee.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Age-related changes of circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles J Soc 51: 1085–1091, [PubMed] DOI: and Marler, MR (2005). Circadian phase in adults of contrasting ages 22: 695–709, DOI: and Elliott, JA (2003). PRC bisection tests 20: 1117–1123, [PubMed] DOI: Benloucif, S, Green, K, L'Hermite-and Zee, PC (2005). Responsiveness of the aging circadian clock to light 27: 1870–1879, [PubMed] DOI: and Czeisler, CA (2007). Decreased sensitivity to phase-delaying effects of moderate intensity light in older subjects 28: 799–807, [PubMed] DOI: Kripke, DF, Jean-and Langer, RD (2004). Ethnicity, sleep, mood, and illumination in postmenopausal women BMC Psychiatry 4: 8. [PubMed] DOI: Jean-and Wolintz, A (2005). Associations of ambient illumination with mood: Contribution of ophthalmic dysfunctions 84: 479–487, [PubMed] DOI: and Fahrenkrug, J (2004). Melanopsin is expressed in PACAP-containing retinal ganglion cells of the human retinohypothalamic tract 45: 4202–4209, [PubMed] DOI: Cagnacci, A, Elliott, JA and Yen, S (1992). Melatonin: a major regulator of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in humans J Metab 75: 447–452, [PubMed] DOI: and Czeisler, CA (2002). Peak of circadian melatonin rhythm occurs later within the sleep of older subjects Metab 282: E297–E303. [PubMed] and Hishikawa, Y (2003). Stability of sleep timing against the melatonin secretion rhythm with advancing age: clinical implications J Metab 88: 4689–4695, [PubMed] DOI: van Heerikhuize, J, Hofman, MA and Swaab, DF (2003).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: LaHue et al. (2015) demonstrated that N2O emissions from zero-N controls were a function of previous N applications. Pearce (2016) demonstrated that land with historical applications of manure had greater growing season N2O emissions following applications of urea compared with land with no history of manure application despite comparable historical N inputs. Thus, the legacy of long-term cropping practices and nutrient management appears to be important for understanding the magnitude and variability of current and future soil N2O emissions. Implementing management practices to increase crop recovery of applied N may reduce N2O emissions as demonstrated in the examples cited in the review of Snyder et al. (2009). However, van Groenigen et al. (2010) observed that higher crop yields and N uptake can be associated with higher N2O emissions. In their meta-analysis, they observed that increased crop recovery of applied N decreased N2O emissions per unit of yield or per unit of crop N uptake (i. e. , N2O emission intensity) but not total N2O emissions. N2O emissions did not increase with added fertilizer N as long as crop uptake of N matched or exceeded N application rates. N2O emission intensities had a nonlinear relationship with N fertilizer rate, decreasing between rates of 0 and 90 kg N ha−1, followed by stable intensities between 90 and 180 kg N ha−1 and then increasing at rates greater than 180 kg N ha−1. Therefore, fertilizer management practices that increase crop recovery of applied N, avoiding N applications in excess of crop demands, have the potential to reduce N2O emissions from agricultural land. Applying fertilizer to address all nutrient deficiencies is key to maximizing crop recovery of applied N (Snyder et al. 2009), which likely reduces the risk of increased N2O emissions associated with fertilizer N applications. For example, addition of phosphorus (P) fertilizer with fertilizer N reduced the soil profile NO3− and improved the N recovery in long-term corn nutrition research plots in Kansas, and adequate K substantially improved crop N recovery in corn in Ohio (Gordon 2005). is required for efficient N use and high yield in annual and forage crops. Similarly, long-term applications of N and S increased dry matter forage yield, N and S uptake, and reduced nitrate leaching (Malhi and Gill 2006; Malhi et al. 2010).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. of of Canada has set a strategic direction to transform medical education through the implementation of competency-based training programs [1]. We propose an application of this paradigm to the training of Mindfulness-(MBIs) in Canadian psychiatry postgraduate programs. We have developed competency-based guidelines, informed by a survey of postgraduate directors on current MBI training opportunities across Canada, as well as an examination of the unique training requirements associated with MBIs. MBIs such as Mindfulness-Reduction (MBSR), Mindfulness-Therapy (MBCT), and Mindfulness-integrated Therapy (MiCBT) are manualized individual and/or group treatments that emphasize mindfulness practices, along with psychoeducation and reflective discussions, termed inquiry [2,3,4]. MBIs have proliferated and are now used to treat a broad range of psychiatric disorders, including depressive and anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, and insomnia [5,6,7,8,9]. MBCT is one of the most researched and applied MBI adaptations within psychiatric practice. It has level 1 evidence as a first-line maintenance treatment for major depressive disorder and is as effective as remaining on maintenance antidepressants, with no significant difference in cost [10, 11]. The current Objectives in Training in psychiatry for the of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada requires that graduates have “introductory knowledge in assessing suitability for, prescribing, and delivering … mindfulness training” [12]. It is therefore incumbent on residency programs to provide introductory MBI instruction so that all residents are qualified to assess patient suitability for MBIs, as well as to prescribe these treatments. We argue that “introductory knowledge in delivering” MBIs as described in the Objectives of Training is not adequate for safe and competent MBI treatment delivery. Furthermore, it should not be expected that all psychiatrists have competency in MBI delivery. Rather, only those clinicians who elect to provide mindfulness-based psychotherapies require advanced training. Although general training standards, certification programs, and assessment criteria for MBI clinicians have been proposed, we are unaware of training guidelines or defined competencies for the training of psychiatrists and psychiatric residents in MBIs, such as MBCT, directly serving psychiatric populations [13,14,15,16,17].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: " Following a consensus process, the data from these experiments were combined to form Vλ, the photopic luminous efficiency function formally defining light [12], shown in Figure 1. Vλ then is the bridge between radiometry, the measurement of radiant energy, and photometry, the measurement of light. Depending upon the geometric properties of interest, radiant flux (radiant energy per unit time) is weighted by Vλ in the fundamental definitions of luminous intensity (Vλ-weighted radiant intensity, or radiant flux within a solid angle), illuminance (Vλ-weighted irradiance, or radiant flux incident on a surface area), and luminance (Vλ-weighted radiance, or luminous intensity per unit area of a surface) [11]. Circadian light could then similarly bridge radiometry to circadian photometry and would have parallel definitions with those used for light based upon geometrical considerations. Figure 1 Photopic and scotopic luminous efficiency functions [10] and other spectral sensitivity functions measured with humans (mesopic: Rea et al. [13], glare: Bullough [14], brightness, central: CIE [10], brightness, peripheral: Weale [15]). Peak wavelengths for each function are noted in the legend. The photopic luminous efficiency function is actually only one of a wide variety of functions that can be used to characterize the spectral sensitivity of the human visual system. Figure 1 also shows a small sample of human spectral sensitivity functions published in the literature [12 - 15]. In fact, depending upon the experimental conditions, many spectral response functions can be obtained from the human visual system. Vλ is quite special, however, because, in addition to its metrological seniority, it has the important practical feature of exhibiting additivity. Additivity means that when two lights (A and B) of different spectral power distributions but of equal luminance (A = B) are combined by unit fractional amounts, they will continue to have the same luminance [13]. That is, (1) where p and q are unit fractional amounts, such that p + q = 1 Additivity as defined by Equation 1 significantly restricts the relevance of Vλ for representing the spectral sensitivity of the human visual system to a small handful of visual task conditions [16]. Because of additivity, however, Vλ has become the universal "visual response function" for commerce and for government regulations [11].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: In light of the abovementioned examples of management effects on soil nutrient stocks, cycling, plant uptake — all of which appear to be linked to N2O — and the few examples of direct N2O emission measurements from agricultural land under consistent, long-term management, the main objective of this research was to assess the effects of long-term rotation and fertilization growing season N2O emissions, N2O emission intensities (N2O-N per grain yield and N2O-N per crop N uptake), and the relationships between these variables. The secondary objective was to explore the effects of long-term rotation and fertilization on soil C and N stocks and their relationship to crop N uptake and growing season N2O emissions. Materials and MethodsStudy site description and field management(BCPs) agroecological experiment was first established in 1930 near Breton, AB (53°07′N, 114°28′W), on soils with moderate to poor drainage, slightly acidic pH, and a loam texture (Dyck et al. 2012). Soil properties such as total organic carbon (TOC) and total N (TN) will be discussed in the “Results and Discussion” section because they vary due to long-term rotation and fertilization. The mean annual air temperature and precipitation at the site are 2. 1 °C and 547 mm, respectively (Grant et al. 2001). The potential evapotranspiration (ET) is 732 mm. The BCPs consist of eight fertility treatments superimposed on two rotations. The two rotations of the BCP are (1) a 2 yr wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) – fallow (WF) rotation; and (2) a 5 yr wheat (T. aestivum L. ) – oats (Avena sativa) – barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) – alfalfa (Medicago sativa) – brome (Bromus tectorum) hay (WOBHH) rotation. In each rotation, each crop is grown in all fertility treatments on an annual basis but is not replicated in space. The replications for this study are in time (across growing seasons).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Standardized competencies within psychiatry have the potential to promote targeted learning and clear assessment standards, and complement the Competence by Design framework developed by the of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, which represents a transformational change in postgraduate training and is scheduled for implementation between 2018 and 2022 [18]. by Design framework emphasizes outcomes-driven education and assessment across the spectrum of medical training, in contrast to the current emphasis on defined time periods within rotations [18]. Knowledge and abilities are specified for six stages of practice, two of which are applicable to MBI training: Core of Discipline (Core), which defines abilities integral to all psychiatric practice, and (AE), which denotes development of specialized skill sets [18]. by Design framework is structured around Activities (EPAs), which refer to tasks in the clinical setting that a supervisor can delegate to a resident, once sufficient competence has been demonstrated. Organized by CanMEDS roles, discrete skills and attitudes required for competency with a specific EPA are termed “milestones” and serve as observable markers of an individual’s ability at a specific stage of expertise [18, 19]. EPAs can be used as assessment tools to ensure that relevant milestones have been learned, and the milestones themselves can be used to design curricula and implement targeted teaching. We define the EPA of assessing patients for suitability and appropriately prescribing MBIs as a Core of Discipline activity, for which all psychiatry trainees should be equipped. Some clinicians will also develop specialization in delivering MBI treatments and, for senior psychiatrists, in providing MBI training and quality improvement leadership. To characterize these (AE)-stage skills, in the absence of a precedent within the Competence by Design framework, we have created two sub-stages: AE-Therapist and AE-Leader. Program directors can use the Core competencies to formalize program-wide training, while a subset of residents and practicing psychiatrists can be guided by the milestones associated with the AE-Therapist EPA to plan MBI electives and Development opportunities. In addition to defining EPAs and milestones, we propose MBI training pathways with examples of specific training experiences for each stage that can be integrated into psychiatry postgraduate training and Development programs. Approaches to possible implementation challenges are also discussed.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Despite its assumed universality, the psychophysical techniques used to develop Vλ only functionally characterize the spectral sensitivity of the achromatic (luminance) channel for the human fovea which is dominated by input from only two of the three cone types. The fovea constitutes only about 2% of the retina and provides humans with high spatial resolution. Only densely packed long-wavelength (L) and middle-wavelength (M) sensitive cones are found in the center of the fovea; although all three cone types are found throughout the remainder of the retina, the short-wavelength (S) sensitive cones are much rarer and, like the rods, absent from the center of the fovea. cone is also slower to respond to rapid modulations of light level than the L and M cones [17]. Vλ is largely (but not exclusively) based upon a psychophysical technique known as flicker photometry. A small disc presented to an observer at the center of the fovea oscillates in time (flickers) between two lights of different spectral power distributions (perceived colors). By gradually adjusting the radiance of one light and the flicker rate, the two lights eventually appear as a steady light of a single hue. At this point where the two oscillating lights just fuse into what appears to be a fixed luminous disc, the two lights are defined as having the same luminance. Vλ is determined by taking the reciprocal of the radiance at each wavelength needed to reach this constant-luminance flicker criterion and normalizing these values to the reciprocal of the radiance associated with the wavelength requiring the least amount of optical radiation needed to elicit the criterion response (λmax = 555 nm). By utilizing rapidly oscillating lights in the fovea, the S cone is functionally excluded from the definition of light even though this photoreceptor plays an extremely important role in our perception of brightness [15]. Nevertheless, Vλ has gained ubiquity in metrology because additivity is essential for any system of photometry supporting commerce and government. To be useful, a system of photometry first must, more or less, describe the relative brightness of a light source. The current system of photometry based on Vλ does so, more or less. As a "white" light source (e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Because of the unconventional experimental design, the following model with year as a random effect and fertility treatments nested within rotation as fixed effects was used:(2)Because the soil properties included in this analysis were measured in only 1 yr, the statistical model for soil properties was(3)Pairwise comparison of least-squares means for the nested, rotation (fertility treatment) factor using the Tukey’s test was performed when possible for significant model factors. Results and DiscussionEffects of long-term rotation and fertility treatment on soil propertiesThe long-term rotation and fertility treatments have resulted in significant different levels of soil TOC, TN, pH, and to a lesser extent, TS (Table 2). All fertility treatments in the 5 yr rotation have accumulated more TOC and TN than their counterparts in the 2 yr rotation. The greater levels of soil N in the 5 yr rotation are likely a result of more frequent and greater N inputs in the form of fertilizers (in NPKS and NPK treatments), manure (in the manure treatment), and biological fixation and crop residues (in all treatments). There is much more variability in TS, resulting in no statistical differences, but the magnitude of the relative differences in mean TS between the fertility treatments in the two rotations was similar to the relative differences between TOC and TN. Table 2. Table 2. Soil properties of soil at surface soils (0–15 cm) of fertility treatments within each rotation. Note: Values are averages of samples taken from fertility treatment plots in all phases of the rotation (see Dyck et al. 2012). Within each column, different lowercase letters indicate that the means are significantly different (P < 0. 05). TOC, TN: combustion; TS: nitric acid digest; pH, 5:1 CaCl2. TOC, total organic carbon; TN, total N; TS, total sulfur; WF, wheat–fallow; WOBHH, wheat–oat–barley–hay–hay. Within each rotation, the long-term fertility treatments have also resulted in some significant differences in TOC and TN and TS levels. The manure treatments had higher levels of TOC, total TN and TS, and all other treatments within each rotation, but the remaining treatments were not statistically different from each other. Growing season conditions and wheat yieldsTable 3 summarizes the growing season conditions for the 2013, 2014, and 2015 growing seasons.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: of CompetencyPsychiatric populations are at increased risk for experiencing symptom exacerbation during MBIs, for example, the triggering of severe anxiety by maintaining attentional focus on the breath or body in the context of trauma history, or aggravating rumination during thought-focused practices [20]. Although most patients with anxiety and depressive disorders benefit from acquiring mindfulness skills, all psychiatrists must be equipped to assess suitability in the context of a patient’s unique illness, rendering this a Core stage EPA (Table 1a). Table 1 Mindfulness training competency milestones by stage of training and by CanMEDS roleFull size table Specifically, clinicians need to be aware of potential contraindications to intense practices in MBCT, such as the intolerance of affect associated with borderline personality disorder. These patients are better served by interventions such as Therapy, in which mindfulness practices are intentionally brief and carefully designed to gradually progress exposure to bodily sensations [21]. In addition, clinicians must consider the suitability of MBI providers, recognizing the lack of standardization among non-certified MBI clinicians and the implications for MBI delivery, safety, and efficacy. To appropriately inform patients when prescribing MBIs, psychiatrists need to master several knowledge-based milestones: familiarity with a clinically applicable definition of mindfulness, such as the alert, receptive, and equanimous observation of moment-to-moment experience [22], as well as awareness of the mechanisms by which mindfulness leads to symptom improvement, including increased interoceptive awareness, affect tolerance, attention regulation, and the development of metacognitive awareness [23]. They must be able to address common misconceptions that can be barriers to participation, such as mindfulness misconstrued as religious practice, or as detachment from emotions or emptying the mind of thoughts. They may need to clarify the common misunderstanding that mindfulness favors acceptance over taking action. In actuality, mindfulness is a platform for change: some mindfulness-based treatments, such as MiCBT, require patients to identify specific maladaptive behaviors (e. g. , those that stem from avoidance) and to define measurable outcomes that indicate their successful resolution (e. g. , socializing three times a week in previously avoided situations), thus targeting specific symptoms and functioning [4]. Advanced Expertise-of CompetencyWe propose an AE-Therapist EPA of delivering MBIs with fidelity to key aspects of mindfulness-based teaching.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: , daylight, incandescent, fluorescent) generates greater radiance, the light source should appear brighter and the photometric quantity should increase. Further, as the spectral power distribution of the light emitted by a source shifts to the middle of the "visible spectrum" (i. e. , near 555 nm) the source should also appear brighter and the photometric quantity should also increase. In general, photometry based upon Vλ provides quantities consistent with these expectations. Ironically perhaps, a photometric system based on apparent brightness will not conform to these prima facie expectations. As will be discussed in more detail in the next section, it is possible to show that when two lights of equal brightness are added together their sum can actually appear less bright than either light alone. Commerce and government simply could not employ a non-additive system of photometry where summing more optical radiation produced less light. The significance of additivity in the definition, and thereby, the sale and regulation of light should not be underestimated. Not only does additivity ensure that the combination of optical radiation always increases the amount of measured light, additivity also provides for inexpensive and practical means of measuring that light. Additivity ensures that, at any level of optical radiation, a linear detector-filter combination matching the spectral response of Vλ will provide photometric quantities identical to the sum of the spectral power obtained at each wavelength by a much more expensive and complicated spectroradiometer. Additivity is the dominant and perhaps only reason Vλ has not been displaced by commerce and government after nearly a century of research showing the inherent limitations of Vλ for characterizing the visual stimulus [16,18]. Spectral sensitivity of brightness perception In addition to the visual system's achromatic luminance channel, the spectral sensitivity of which is well characterized by Vλ, two spectrally opponent color channels simultaneously contribute to our perceptions of brightness. The three visual channels leading to brightness perceptions are formed in the retina from the three cone photoreceptor types (L, M, and S cones) but, depending upon the subsequent neural connections, they are combined in different ways to provide brightness information to the visual cortex. As previously discussed, the spectral sensitivity of the luminance channel is dominated by the summed input from the L and M cones.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Mean growing season temperature, growing degree days (GDDs), and reference ET were very consistent between years, but growing season precipitation was significantly lower in 2015. Long-term averages for growing season precipitation, air temperature, and GDDs are 340 mm, 13. 6 °C, and 1066, respectively. Thus, all 3 yr growing seasons were drier and warmer than the long-term average, but 2015 was especially dry, resulting in poor growing conditions and dry soil conditions for most of June and July 2015. Because of the variability in timing of growing season precipitation and amount of growing season precipitation among the three growing seasons, year was a significant factor manifested as significantly lower 2015 growing season N2O and CO2 emissions, wheat grain yields, and N2O emission intensities (Table 4). Table 3. Table 3. Summary of precipitation, air temperature, growing degree days, and reference evapotranspiration (ET) during the growing season (2013–2015) at Plots. a1 May to 31 Aug. Table 4. Table 4. Summary of the P value of the statistical model comparing the effect of year, fertility treatments, year × fertility treatments, and fertility treatment nested in rotation on cumulative growing season N2O emissions, CO2 emissions, wheat grain yield, wheat N uptake (grain + straw), N2O emissions per grain yield, N2O emissions per wheat N uptake, total N (TN), total soil C (TOC), and soil pH. The drought in 2015 reduced wheat yields compared with the previous two growing seasons, but the relative differences in yields between the rotations and fertility treatments within and between rotations were consistent over the three growing seasons, and wheat N uptake did not appear to decrease because of the drier conditions in 2015 (Table 4). Despite similar total growing season precipitation in 2013 and 2014, yields were higher in 2014 because of more favorable seeding conditions in the spring of 2014. Soil moisture was near saturation for the majority of June 2013 (the month following seeding), and this likely inhibited root development in early growth stages which impacted yields. Overall, higher yields and N uptake were observed in the 5 yr rotation compared with the 2 yr rotation, which is likely a reflection of greater cumulative inputs of fertilizer, crop residue, and biologically fixed N over the long term. Reynolds et al.

Output: corroborate