Input: Claim: Liquid water is considered a key factor in determining a planet's habitability. [SEP] Text: (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A. Licensee is responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent prohibited uses, and promptly notify ASTM of any infringements of copyright or prohibited use of which Licensee becomes aware. Licensee will cooperate with ASTM in investigating any such prohibited uses and will take reasonable steps to ensure the cessation of such activity and to prevent any reoccurrence. B. Licensee shall use all reasonable efforts to protect the Product from any use that is not permitted under this Agreement, and shall notify ASTM of any use of which it learns or is notified. 5. to Product.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: We may hypothesize that a high β may prevent the equilibration between HCO −3 and CO 2−3 since this equilibrium is dependent upon pH, either in the cœlenteron or in the peri-crystalline fluid, thus stopping the carbonate supply to calcification. In conclusion, this study confirms that global change-induced seawater acidification may lead to a decrease of tropical coral growth calcification. While the biological mechanism underlying this decrease remains to be elucidated, it is proposed that this effect is either mediated by a decrease in carbonate, in pH, or by an alteration of the internal buffering system leading to a disruption of carbon supply to calcification rather than by a direct effect of CO2 or a change of HCO −3 concentration. Results showed that the negative effect of acidification may be counteracted by increasing the bicarbonate concentration of seawater, resulting in an increase in the carbonate concentration.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: J 277:122422. jclepro. 2020. 122422. (2018). Effect of hyperthermerphilic pretreatment on transformation and losses of C and N during pig manure composting. China. 38(5):1792–1800. 6923. 20180223. 003. (2020). Enhanced nitrogen retention by lignite during poultry litter composting. J 277:122422. jclepro. 2020. 122422 Chang, H. C. , Li, R. D. , (2019). Agricultural waste. Water Environ. Res. 91, 1150–1167. Chang, R. , Li, Y. , Li, J. , Chen, Q. , Zhao, H. , Qi, Z. , (2019). Influences of the thermophilic period on biodegradation and nitrogen loss in stimulated vegetable waste composting. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 18, e00623. (2018). Infuence of clay as additive on greenhouse gases emission and maturity evaluation during chicken manure composting. 266:82–88. (2015). Bioremediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum, pesticides, chlorophenols and heavy metals by composting: applications, microbes and future research needs. Biotechnol Adv. 33 (6):745–755. (2016). Laboratory-scale investigation of aerobic compost stability of municipal solid waste in Istanbul. Sci 34(2):211–220 Ekinci K, Tosun İ, Bıtrak B, Kumbul BS, Şevik F, Sülük K (2019) Effects of initial C/N ratio on organic matter degradation of composting of rose oil processing solid wastes. Technol 16: 5131–5140. FAO. (2020). of and Nutrition in the World. : Assessed on 10 oct. , 2021 Fernández, J. M. , López-de-Sá, E. G. , Polo, A. , Plaza, C. (2014). Short term stabilization of organic matter in physically, chemically, and biochemically protected pools in soils amended with municipal wastes, Clean-Water, 42, 487–493. DOI: 10. 1002/ clen. 20130 0127 Getahun, T.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Liquid water is considered a key factor in determining a planet's habitability. [SEP] Text: ASTM reserves the right to terminate this License, upon written notice, if Licensee materially breaches the terms of this Agreement. fails to pay ASTM any license or subscription fees when due, ASTM will provide the Licensee with a 30-day period within which to cure such breach. No cure period will be provided for material breaches relating to violations of Section 3 or any other breach likely to cause ASTM irreparable harm. If Licensee's subscription to an ASTM Product terminates, further access to the online database will be denied. or materially breach this License or make prohibited uses of material in any reserves the right to deny Licensee any access to the ASTM Product, in ASTM's sole discretion. 6. and Service. A. use standard Internet HTML format. ASTM reserves the right to change such format upon three [3] months' notice to Licensee, although ASTM will make reasonable efforts to use commonly available formats. and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: 2022), altering marine temperate ecosystem function and structure. Such evidence demonstrates how ocean warming and warm boundary currents drive the tropicalisation of high latitude temperate ecosystems. However, few studies have assessed how interactions between range-shifting and native species may govern the pace of tropicalisation (but see Mitchell et al. 2022a, b). In ocean warming hotspots, current summer temperatures in recipient marine temperate ecosystems allow range-extending tropical species to persist in high latitude ecosystems for prolonged periods (Booth et al. 2011; Yamano et al. 2011), but lethal winter effects often lead to significant or complete mortality and, as such, limit tropicalisation in temperate ecosystems (e. g. Figueira et al. 2009; Beck et al. 2016). However, future winters will become warmer, allowing most vagrant tropical fish to establish permanently at higher latitudes (Figueira and Booth 2010). To date, most range-extension studies do not explicitly consider how warmer winters will alter the behaviours of competing native and range-extending species in tropicalisation hotspots. Future seasonal temperatures could not only modulate the rate at which tropical species establish in high latitude ecosystems, but also dictate the dynamics between smaller-scale range extensions and contractions across seasons. Benthic range-extending tropical fishes often form shoals with resident temperate species (Paijmans et al. 2020). Ocean warming is expected to increase shoaling interactions between temperate and tropical fishes in temperate ecosystems (Figueira and Booth 2010; Coni et al. 2021a). Shoaling interactions in novel temperate ecosystems can provide fitness benefits for range-shifting tropical fishes through multiple mechanisms: (1) enhanced learning of novel social cues (Smith et al. 2018), (2) reduced mortality (Mathis and Chivers 2003); (3) increased body size (Smith et al. 2018); (4) greater access to prey (Barlow 1974); and (5) increased foraging efficiency (Camacho-Cervantes et al. 2014). Novel shoaling interactions can also incur costs, including competitive exclusion by co-shoaling resident species (Coni et al. 2021a; 2022) and increased predation threat due to phenotypic oddity (Landeau and Terborgh 1986). Therefore, potential benefits must outweigh potential costs if range-extending tropical fishes are to gain any benefits from novel species interactions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: ; Nigusie, A. ; Entele, T. ; Van Gerven, T. ; Bruggen, B. (2012). Effect of turning frequencies on composting biodegradable municipal solid waste quality. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. , 65, 79–84 Ghosh Ray, S. ; Ghangrekar, M. M. ( 2019). Comprehensive review on treatment of high-strength distillery wastewater in advanced physico-chemical and biological degradation pathways. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 16, 527–546. Gómez‑Brandón M, Lazcano C, Domínguez J (2008). The evaluation of stability and maturity during the composting of cattle manure. Chemosphere 70(3):436–444. sphere. 2007. 06. 065 Hadi B. , Akeem A. J. , (2021). Valorization of sawdust by co-composting with food waste using a small-scale composter. . 2103 – 1213. 10. 30486/. 2021. 1924988. 1213 He Z. ,. , Xingjun T. , (2020) Impacts of peat on nitrogen conservation and fungal community composition dynamics during food waste composting. Chem 63:72 Hemidat,S Jaar, M. Nassour, A. Nelles, M. 2018. Monitoring of Parameters: A in Jordan. Waste and BiomassValorization. Hwang H. Y. , Seong H. K. , Myung S. K. , Seong J. P. and Chang H. L. , (2020). Co-composting of chicken manure with oranic waste: characterization of gases emissions and compost quality. Chem (2020) 63:3 Iqbal, M. K. , Shafiq, T. , Ahmed, K. , (2010). Characterization of bulking agents and its effects on physical properties of compost. Bioresour. Technol. 101 (6), 1913–1919. Jae‑Han Lee, Deogratius Luyima, Chang‑Hoon Lee, Seong‑and Taek‑(2020). Efficiencies of unconventional bulking agents in composting food waste in Korea.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Liquid water is considered a key factor in determining a planet's habitability. [SEP] Text: ASTM has the right to verify compliance with this Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. To do so, ASTM will engage an independent consultant, subject to a confidentiality agreement, to review Licensee's use of ASTM Product and/or Documents. Licensee agrees to permit access to its information and computer systems for this purpose. Verification will take place upon no less than 15 days notice, during normal business hours and in a manner that does not interfere unreasonably with Licensee's operations. If verification reveals unlicensed or prohibited use of the ASTM Products or Documents, Licensee agrees to reimburse ASTM for the costs incurred in verification and reimburse ASTM for any unlicensed/prohibited uses. By invoking this procedure, ASTM does not waive any of its rights to enforce this Agreement or to protect its intellectual property by any other means permitted by law. Licensee acknowledges and agrees that ASTM may imbed certain identifying or tracking information in the ASTM Products available on the Portal. 9. Passwords:Licensee must immediately notify ASTM of any known or suspected unauthorized use(s) of its password(s), or any known or suspected breach of security, including the loss, theft unauthorized disclosure of such password or any unauthorized access to or use of the ASTM Product. Licensee is solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of its password(s) and for ensuring the authorized access and use of the ASTM Product. Personal accounts/passwords may not be shared. 10. Disclaimer of Warranty: Unless specified in this Agreement, all express or implied conditions, representations and warranties, including any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement are disclaimed, except to the extent that these disclaimers are held to be legally invalid. 11. Limitation of Liability: To the extent not prohibited by law, in no event will ASTM be liable for any loss, damage, lost data or for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages, however caused regardless of the theory of liability, arising out of or related to the use of the ASTM Product or downloading of the ASTM Documents. In no event will ASTM's liability exceed the amount paid by Licensee under this License Agreement. 12. General. A. Termination:is effective until terminated.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: However, ocean warming and acidification can directly alter behaviour and fitness-related traits that determine the costs and benefits derived from novel shoaling interactions (e. g. aggression, boldness, and foraging; Nagelkerken and Munday 2016; Cattano et al. 2018; Goldenberg et al. 2018). This could subsequently modify the fitness benefits and costs of tropical-temperate shoals in a future ocean. Hence, it is necessary to assess how climate change affects novel tropical-temperate shoaling interactions to better predict tropicalisation outcomes. Ocean acidification can alter the behaviour of tropical and temperate fish species residing in tropicalisation hotspots (Mitchell et al. 2022a, b). However, previous research solely focused on how ocean warming effects can modulate the pace of marine range shifts (Figueira and Booth 2010; but see Coni et al. 2021c). Ocean acidification and warming both affect a wide range of behaviours (e. g. activity, boldness and foraging; Nagelkerken and Munday 2016; Goldenberg et al. 2018; Domenici et al. 2019), and may therefore modify marine range shift outcomes. Ocean warming and acidification can also concurrently affect the fitness of resident and range-extending species, modifying interaction outcomes which shape the initial stages of range shifts (Carmona-Catot et al. 2013; Mitchell et al. 2022a, b). Therefore, ocean acidification and warming effects could determine the true pace of range extensions and ensuing biodiversity shifts in high latitude ecosystems (Coni et al. 2021c). However, the direct effects of ocean acidification on the behaviour and fitness of range-shifting tropical and native temperate species, and their interactions, remain largely unknown. Here we used a controlled laboratory experiment to test the concurrent effects of projected future summer and winter ocean temperatures, ocean acidification, and novel species interaction on the behaviour and growth of range-extending tropical and co-shoaling native temperate fish species across a 38-day exposure period. Proxies for growth were somatic growth and length increase, while video recordings were used to examine a repertoire of behavioural proxies (aggression, activity, boldness and feeding).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Chem (2020) 63:68 Jakubus M. (2020) A of from on Biological and Chemical Parameters. Agronomy 10, 869; doi:10. 3390/agronomy10060869 (2019). Addition of wood sawdust during the co-composting of sewage sludge and wheat straw influences seeds germination. Safe 168: 423–430. Kelleher, M. , (2007). Anaerobic digestion outlook for MSW streams. BioCycle 48 (8), 51e55 (2010) Co-composting of green waste and food waste at low C/N ratio. 30:602–609 Liang, C. ; Das, K. C. ; McClendon, R. W. (2003) The influence of temperature and moisture contents regimes on the aerobic microbial activity of a biosolids composting blend. Bioresour. Technol. , 86, 131–137 Lim, S. L. ; Lee, L. H. ; Wu, T. Y. (2016) Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis. J. Clean. Prod. , 111, 262–278. Looper M. (2002) Whole animal composting of dairy cattle. Communications;108:1-4. , (2019) Changes in nutrients and bioavailability of potentially toxic metals in mine waste contaminated soils amended with fly ash enriched vermicompost. Soil Pollution. 230:306. 1007/s11270-019-4343-2 (2016) Effect of organic materials with different proportions on composting process. Modernization 37(3):587–593. 0275. 2016. 0002 Madejón1 E. , Marco P·, Paula M. , Alfredo P‑de‑M (2021) Composting as Option for on Recreational Beaches. Waste and Makan, A. , Assobhei, O. , Mountadar, M. ,(2014). Initial air pressure influence on invessel composting for the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste in Morocco. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 11, 53e58. Mashat, B. H. , (2014).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 40045 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordOctober 25, 2018 Accepted ManuscriptOctober 5, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,269 views 370 downloads 26 0045. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 7 figures, 1 table and 3 additional files 1 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Schematic representation of DLL1 and DLL4 and variant proteins. I-X, full-length and chimeric ligands generated by domain swaps. XI and XII, ligands with exchanges of the known NOTCH1 contact amino acids in the MNNL and DSL domains. 4 variant with an N109G mutation that eliminates the N-glycosylation site in DLL4. XIV-XVIII, soluble proteins encoding the N-terminal region up to and including EGF5 carrying a C-terminal Avi-His-tag for protein purification. I-XIII were tested in cell-based Notch activation assays, and XI in transgenic mice, XIV-XVIII used for measurements of binding affinities to N1. Proteins analyzed in cell-based assays were C-terminally Flag-tagged, proteins analyzed in mice were untagged. Break points and surrounding amino acid sequences and point substitutions are illustrated in Figure 1—figure supplement 1. Red domains/spikes: DLL1; blue domains/spikes: DLL4; white asterisks: N109G mutation. ECD, extracellular domain; N, N-terminus; D, DSL domain; E, EGF repeat, TM, transmembrane domain; ICD, intracellular domain; D, DLL; cont, N1 contact amino acids. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Amino acid exchanges of DLL variant proteins. (A) Amino acid sequences around the break points of chimeric DLL1 and DLL4 proteins. Amino acids unique to DLL1 and DLL4 are indicated in red and blue, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: We show that seasonal temperatures, ocean acidification, and novel interactions can all alter the behaviour and growth of range-extending tropical fish, and discuss how this could regulate the pace of tropicalisation in high latitude ecosystems. Materials and methodsFish collection and acclimationAbove-average rates of ocean warming in high-latitude temperate ecosystems (latitude: 34° S) and strengthening of the current (Wu et al. 2012) have increased the dispersal of larval-stage tropical fishes from the southern great barrier reef into shallow rocky, temperate ecosystems in southeastern Australian waters (Booth et al. 2007, 2011). One of the most common range-extending tropical fish species, the Indo-(Abudefduf vaigiensis), is often observed co-shoaling with temperate species, (Atypichthys strigatus) (Smith et al. 2018). Southeastern Australia’s cooler conditions have restricted tropical fish from establishing breeding populations as temperatures drop below their thermal minima in winter (~ 17 °C; Booth et al. 2011). However, ocean warming in southeastern Australia is expected to facilitate the successful establishment of breeding tropical populations in the future (Figueira and Booth 2010). A. vaigiensis is omnivorous, exhibits a dispersive larval stage, has high site fidelity in the adult stage, and reaches up to 20 cm in length (Kuiter 1993). The co-shoaling temperate species A. strigatus grows up to 25 cm in length and is omnivorous (Kuiter 1993). Tropical range-extending fish obtain fitness benefits by shoaling with temperate residents, growing faster and surviving longer into winter than conspecific tropical shoals in temperate ecosystems (Smith et al. 2018). Hence, we selected two pair types (temperate + temperate and tropical + temperate) to investigate how novel co-shoaling species interactions might alter temperate fish performance in mixed-species shoals (i. e. future conditions) compared to conspecific temperate fish pairs (i. e. present-day conditions), and how this is modified by the direct project future temperature and ocean acidification effects. Comparisons of the shoaling types can inform us about potential impacts on temperate fish communities in tropicalisation hotspots. As such, and also because of laboratory space limitations, we did not include pairs of tropical species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Effective microorganisms (EM) technology as a pathway to improve municipal solid waste of Makkah city (Saudi Arabia) and as foul odor eliminator. In: (Germany) Manu M. K. , Rakesh K, Anurag G. , (2019) Decentralized composting of household wet biodegradable waste in plastic drums: Effect of waste turning, microbial inoculum and bulking agent on product quality. Journal of 226:233e241 Manu, M. K. ; Kumar, R. ; Garg, A. (2018) Performance assessment of improved composting system for food waste with varying aeration and use of microbial inoculum. Bioresour. Technol. , 234, 167–177. Mayur S. J. , Mohit D. , Ajay S. K. (2018). Composting physics: A degradation process-determining tool for industrial sludge. 116 : 14–20 Mayur S. J. , Mohit D. , Ajay S. K. (2018). Physical parameters evaluation during production of soil conditioner from aquatic waste: Hydrilla verticillata (L. f. ) Royle. / & Innovation 11: 64–73 Moh, Y. C. , Manaf, L. A. , (2017). Solid waste management transformation and future challenges of source separation and recycling practice in Malaysia. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. . 116, 1-14 Nahm K. H. (2005). Factors Inﬂuencing nitrogen mineralization during poultry litter composting and calculations foravailable nitrogen. Journal of Poultry Science; 61(2):238-255. Nayak, A. K. , Kalamdhad, A. S. , (2014). Feasibility of composting combinations of sewage sludge, cattle manure and sawdust in a rotary drum reactor. Environ. Eng. Res. 19 (1), 1–11 Nizami A. (2017) Waste biorefiner: Enabling circular economies in developing countries. 241: 1101-1117. Orthodoxou, D. , Pettitt, T. R. , Fuller, M. , Newton, M. , Knight, N. , Smith, S. R.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: Break point are just before the transmembrane domain (a), between EGF3 and 4 (b), EGF 2 and 3 (c), and DSL and EGF1 (d). (B) Amino acid sequences of the MNNL and DSL domains of DLL1 and DLL4 and ligand proteins with exchanges of amino acids that contact N1. N1 contact amino acids based on DLL1 and DLL4 structure alignments are depicted in black boxes. Amino acids unique to DLL1 and DLL4 are indicated in red and blue, respectively. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Analysis of ligand receptor binding. (A) Analysis of the binding of various ligands to a biotinylated human N1 ectodomain fragment containing EGF repeats 6–15 using biolayer interferometry. Binding of DLL4 (from the N-terminus through EGF-repeat 5; (a), DLL1 (from the N-terminus through EGF-repeat 5; b), D4contD1 (c), D1contD4 (d), or D4N109G (e) to the N1 fragment was measured after the N1 fragment was immobilized on a streptavidin sensor tip. The data were analyzed using a single-site binding model using Graphsoftware. Calculated KD values and SEM are shown below the graphs. (B) Analysis of DLL1 and DLL4 binding to human N2 using biolayer interferometry. Detection of DLL1 (from the N-terminus through EGF-repeat 5; (a) or DLL4 (from the N-terminus through EGF-repeat 5; (b) binding to N2(1–15)-Fc immobilized on a protein A sensor tip. The data were analyzed using a single-site binding model using Graphsoftware. Calculated KD values and SEM are shown below the graphs. Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset N109 is highly conserved and N-glycosylated in DLL4. (A) Alignment of murine DLL1 and DLL4 and of mammalian, bird, amphibian, and fish DLL4 showing the conserved N-glycosylation consensus site (green Asp in black box) in DLL4 proteins. M. m.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Sixty A. vaigiensis and 180 A. strigatus were collected during 7–24 March 2020, using barrier and hand nets at Cove (− 33. 81° S, 151. 29° E) and (− 33. 78° S, 151. 29° E) at depths of 0. 1–2 m. After capture fish were immediately transported to ambient holding tanks (size: 100 L) at the of (SIMS). Climate treatments and experimental setupFlow-through 20-L transparent tanks (IKEA product number: 898. 914. 70; dimensions: 39 × 28 × 28 cm, height × length × width; n = 120) were installed across two adjacent flow-through temperature/pH control rooms at SIMS. Two 0. 5 cm (diameter) holes were inserted 4 cm from the top of each tank (lengthways; Fig. S1. ) to allow fresh seawater to flow bilaterally out of each tank. Each tank was allocated a tank identifier and a climate treatment (Table 1). We provided 10 cm lengths of PVC piping (diameter: 10 cm) to each tank for shelter (Fig. S1). Tanks were randomly assigned one of the two CO2 × three temperature treatments (N = 6 treatments; Tables 1, 2), with 10 replicate tanks per treatment per fish pairing type (120 tanks in total). The ocean warming and ocean acidification treatments reflected ambient summer temperatures and those forecast during summer and winter for the leading range edge of tropical fish in southeastern Australian (latitude: ~ 34° S; Booth et al. 2011) by 2100 under an RCP 8. 5 scenario. The current summer temperature (i. e. control, and also reflective of current winter temperatures experienced in the core range of tropical vagrant populations, Figueira and Booth 2010) was 23 °C, the projected future summer temperature was 26 °C, and the projected future winter temperature was 20 °C (IPCC 2021). Table 1 Mean (± standard error) seawater parameters and treatment levels across experimentsFull size tableTable 2 Laboratory experimental temperatures reflecting the average seasonal temperatures at the core range and leading-edge of tropical A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: (2015) An investigation of some critical physico-chemical parameters inﬂuencing the operational rotary in-vessel composting of food waste by a small-to-medium sized enterprise. Valoriz. 6(3), 293–302 Ouda, O. . , Al-Waked, R. , Korres, N. E. , (2016). Waste to energy potential: a case study of Saudi Arabia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 61, 328e340 Pezzolla D. , Mirko C. , Primo P. , Roberto C. , Luca R. , Giovanni G. , (2021) of to Optimize the of Wastes. Agronomy 11, 2090. Prashant P. B. , Bhargavi N. K. , (2019) Effect of active and passive aeration on composting of household biodegradable wastes: a decentralized approach. of Recycling of in Agriculture. (2011). Basic studies and applications on bioremediation of DDT: a review. Biodegradation. 65 (7):921–930. (2016) Evaluation of microbial population dynamics in the co-composting of cow manure and rice straw using high throughput sequencing analysis. 32(6):1–11. Ruggieri, L. , Gea, T. , Artola, A. , Sánchez, A. (2009). Air filled porosity measurements by air pycnometry in the composting process: a review and a correlation analysis. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 2655–66 Singh, J. , Kalamdhad, A. S. , (2013). Assessment of bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals during rotary drum composting of green waste (water hyacinth). Ecol. Eng. 52, 59–69. Sukholthaman, P. , Sharp, A. , (2016). A system dynamics model to evaluate effects of source separation of municipal solid waste management: a case of Bangkok, Thailand. 52, 50-61 Sundberg, C. , Jonsson, H. (2013) Higher pH and faster decomposition in biowaste composting by increased aeration. Waste Manag.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: , Mus musculus; H. s. , Homo sapiens; C. l. , Canis lupus (dog); F. c. , Felic catus (cat); R. n. , Rattus norvegicus; M. a. , Mesocricetus auratus (Gold hamster); G. g. , Gallus gallus (chicken); X. l. , Xenopus leavis; X. t. , Xenopus tropicalis (frog); D. r. , Danio rerio (zebrafish); O. l. , Oryzias latipes (medaka). (B) Constructs used to validate the glycosylation state of N109 in DLL4. (I) DLL4 protein with mutated consensus sites N79, N162 and N297. (II) DLL4 protein with additionally mutated consensus site N109. The region around the N residues was exchanged from NVS to SAV (in case of N79) and from to (in case of N162) reflecting the sequence context in DLL1 lacking these consensus sites. N109 was changed to G. To prevent N-glycosylation of N297, S299 was mutated to A as found in DLL1. (III) represents a chimeric ligand with the N-terminus up to and including EGF3 of DLL1 fused to EGF4 and the C-terminal part of DLL4. Amino acid G112 was mutated to N (G112mut) generating an N-glycosylation consensus sequence like in DLL4. (IV) Chimeric ligand with the N-terminus up to and including EGF3 of DLL1 fused to EGF4 and the C-terminal part of DLL4 lacking all functional N-glycosylation sites. Red domains: DLL1; blue domains: DLL4. (C, D) CHO cells were transfected with constructs (I or II) (C) or (III or IV) (D) and treated with tunicamycin to prevent N-glycosylation. Red arrowhead in (C) points to faster migrating protein species in tunicamycin treated cells indicating N109 glycosylation. In contrast construct II did not show a shift in protein size upon treatment (black arrowhead).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: 1Aggression (total number of attacks) (a), activity (percentage of time spent swimming) (b), boldness (prey acquisition latency) (c), and feeding (bite rate) (d) responses for tropical fish across temperature (Te) and ocean acidification (OA). Note that decreased prey acquisition latency reflects increased boldness. Ti = time (days). Data for days 19 and 27 were pooled for visualisation purposes. The different letter above bars indicates significant differences among treatments (Tables S7–10). * denotes significant ocean acidification effect at a specific temperature level. Error bars represent standard errorFull size imageActivity levels were 3% higher under ocean acidification, irrespective of temperature (Fig. 1b; df = 1, F value = 4. 502, p = 0. 031), but all three other behaviours were unaffected by ocean acidification (Fig. 1a, c, d; p > 0. 05; Tables S7–10). From day 19–27, tropical fish showed a 27% increase in boldness-related behaviour (df = 1, F value = 5. 574, p = 0. 023), but decreased activity levels by 5% (df = 1, F value = 8. 126, p = 0. 005), irrespective of climate treatments. Tropical fish somatic growth (SL and WW) was faster at future- (SL: +92%, WW: +302%) and current summer temperatures (SL: +35%, WW: +204%) than at future winter temperature (SL: Fig. S2a; p < 0. 020; WW: Fig. 2a; p < 0. 002; Tables S12, 13). At current summer temperature, somatic WW growth decreased 47% under ocean acidification (Fig. 2a; control vs. acidification: p = 0. 030; Table S12). Fig. 2Growth (wet weight, WW) responses of juvenile tropical fish (a) and temperate fish (b, c) across temperature (Te), ocean acidification (OA) and pairing type (Pa) treatments (as depicted by the fish symbols above the graphs). Ti = time (days). Data for days 19 and 27 were pooled for visualisation purposes. The different letter above bars indicates significant differences among treatments (Tables S12, S15). * denotes significant ocean acidification effect at a specific temperature level.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 28, 518–526 (2017) Research of ammonia oxidizing bacterial community structure and its correlation with environmental factors in cow manure composting. J Agro-36(1):189–197. 11654/jaes. 2016-0960 Tibu C. ,Ted Y. A. , Negasi S. , Dzidzo Y‑T. , (2019) Efect of the composting process on physicochemical properties and concentration of heavy metals in market waste with additive materials in the Municipality, Ghana. of Recycling of in Agriculture 8:393–403 Varelas, V. (2019). Food wastes as a potential new source for edible insect mass production for food and feed: a review. Fermentation-Basel 5 (2021) Investigation of technology for composting mixed deer manure and straw. . . 2019 Organic matter, a critical factor to immobilize phosphorus, copper, and zinc during composting under various initial C/N ratios. 289:121745. 121745 Waqas Q. , · Min H. L. , · Byeong E. M. , Frank G. O. , · Fawad K. , Mohammad N. ,Hyeon T. K. , (2018) Composting of chicken manure with a mixture of sawdust and wood shavings under forced aeration in a closed reactor system. Wu, T. , (2010). Emission of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) during aerobic decomposition of food wastes. Atmos. Environ. 44 (39), 5065 - 5071. (2019) Evaluation of microbial inoculants pretreatment in straw and manure co-composting process enhancement. J 239:118078. (2019) Evaluation of microbial inoculants pretreatment in straw and manure co-composting process enhancement. J 239:118078. Yu. K. M. , Daniel C. W. T. , Alex C. K. Y. , Season S. C. , Yong S. O. k. Chi S. P. , (2019) Valorization of food waste into hydroxymethylfurfural: Dual role of metal ions in successive conversion steps. 219, 338–347 Zaihua H. , Qiang L. , Xiaoyi Z. , Kai T. , Xiangshi K. , Xingjun T.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: (D) Generation of the consensus site in the MNNL domain of DLL1 (III) resulted in N-glycosylation as tunicamycin treatment led to a shift in protein size (red arrowhead) compared to the construct with the wild type DLL1 MNNL domain (IV, black arrowhead). Figure 2 Download asset Open asset The extracellular domains of DLL1 and DLL4 determine ligand behavior during somitogenesis. (A) Scheme of the targeting vector pMP8. CAG-Stop used to introduce inducible chimeric ligands into the Hprt locus, and of Cre-mediated activation of transgene (D1ECD_D4ICD or D4ECD_D1ICD) expression driven by the CAG promotor (CAG prom). 5’ hom and 3’ hom, Hprt 5’ and 3’ homology regions; ex1-3 (grey boxes), Hprt exons; neor, neomycin phosphotransferase; pA, polyadenylation signal; hHPRT prom, human Hprt promoter; DLL1/4iresdsRED, chimeric ORF–linked to dsRed tag by an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). (B) Uncx expression in E9. 5 wild type embryos (a, a’; n = 28), embryos lacking DLL1 in the mesoderm (b, b’; n = 12) and male embryos lacking DLL1 in the mesoderm that express either D1ECD_D4ICD (c, c’; n = 9) or D4ECD_D1ICD (d, d’; n = 8) showing that the extracellular domain of DLL1 but not of DLL4 can restore Uncx expression. (C) Whole mount immunofluorescent staining of wild type (a–c) and D4ECD_D1ICD/Y;T(s):Cre (d–f) PSMs using antibodies recognizing the extracellular domain of DLL4 showing co-localization of the exogenous chimeric ligand with pan-Cadherin (panCad) at the cell surface.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Indeed, we found that future winter temperatures decreased their growth relative to current summer temperatures. Our results therefore highlight that seasonal temperatures in temperate ecosystems, which currently modify the pool of arriving tropical vagrant species (Monaco et al. 2021), will continue to regulate the performance of interacting tropical and temperate fishes in high temperatures latitude ecosystems under ocean warming (Fig. 3). This finding is further reinforced when considering that future winter temperatures (20 °C) at the cold-range edge of coral reef fishes are still lower than current winter temperatures (23 °C) in their core range (see Table 2). Our data suggest that projected future winter conditions in temperate ecosystems will still reduce the performance of range-extending fishes in temperate fish communities and slow down tropicalisation of higher latitudes. Fig. 3Conceptual diagram showing how current and projected future natural seasonal temperatures and ocean acidification positively and negatively modify the growth and behaviour of interacting tropical (panels: a, b, e, and f) and temperate fishes (panels: c, d, g, and h) at 34° S, where the ranges of co-shoaling tropical and temperate fishes overlap. Projected future seasonal temperatures strongly regulate the growth and behaviour of range-shifting tropical fish and will likely modify the pace of marine range-shifts in southeastern AustraliaFull size imageTemperate fish behaviour was unaffected by the two climate stressors or novel species interactions, but they did show slower growth with increasing warming. Projected future summer temperatures (26 °C) sometimes already occur at the trailing edge (28° S) of the temperate species’ historical distribution (Froese and Pauly 2023) and, therefore, they may not need to adjust their behaviour to cope with projected ocean warming in their current core ranges (34° S), but suffer physiologically (e. g. slower growth). We suggest that unaltered behavioural responses and reduced growth during thermally stressful future summers (and autumns) may limit temperate fish performance (Mitchell et al. 2023), and may result in range contractions. This could then positively affect tropical fish abundance or performance during future summers at their leading edge through relief of competition (Coni et al. 2021a) and compromised temperate fish predator avoidance (Figueira et al. 2019).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a -composting of green waste, food waste and phosphoric rock. Comparison of two-stage composting with traditional composting. Hernandez-Gomez, Marcos Ríos, Anauribeth Portela, and 4 moreThis is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractGreen waste (GW) co-composting has limitations due to the content of slowly degradable compounds (i. e. lignocellulosic substances). The introduction of amendment and bulking materials has improved organic matter degradation and end-product quality. However, recent studies have included additional strategies such as two-stage composting (TSC). This research evaluates the effect of TSC on the process and end-product quality of co-composting of GW, food waste, sawdust and phosphoric rock. In our knowledge, TSC has not been studied together with strategies like the addition of co-substrates such as FW and phosphoric rock to improve GW composting. A pilot-scale study was developed using two triplicate treatments: TA: TSC and TB: Traditional composting. The two treatments used the same mixture (wet weight): 46% GW, 19% unprocessed food waste, 18% processed food waste, 13% sawdust, and 4% phosphoric rock. TB had a higher degradation rate of organic matter during the mesophilic and thermophilic phases compared to TA. This is related to the higher temperatures for longer periods during these two phases, with a higher degradation of volatile solids. Nonetheless, during the cooling and maturation phases, the two treatments had similar behavior on temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity with ash and lignin contents without significant differences at the end of the process. End-products in both treatments lacked statistically significant differences and fulfill quality criteria for use as soil improvers. However, end-products from traditional composting had lower nutrient content (NTotal and PTotal) that can be associated with nitrogen volatilization or the use of nutrients by the microorganisms during the active process phases.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: Additional intracellular staining most likely reflects the presence of the ligand in the ER and trans Golgi as observed previously for DLL1 in cultured cells (Geffers et al. , 2007; Müller et al. , 2014) and for endogenous DLL1 and transgenic DLL4 in the PSM (Preuße et al. , 2015). n = 3 for wild type, n = 4 for D4ECD_D1ICD/Y;T(s):Cre; Scale bar = 10 µm. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset D1N-E3_D4 is not able to compensate for DLL1 function during somitogenesis. (A) "Mini-gene“ targeting strategy to express DLL1 or DLL4 variants from the Dll1 locus (a) and alleles generated in this study (d and e). The Dll1Dll1ki (b) and Dll1Dll4ki (c) control alleles were described previously (Preuße et al. , 2015; Schuster-Gossler et al. , 2016). Dll1D1N-E3_D4ki (d) encodes a fusion protein between the N-terminal part of DLL1 including EGF3 fused to EGF4 and the remaining C-terminal portion of DLL4 (III in Figure 1 and Figure 1—figure supplement 1Ab). Dll1D1contD4ki (e) encodes a DLL1 variant whose predicted amino acids of the MNNL and DSL domains that contact N1 are replaced by the corresponding amino acids of DLL4 (XI in Figure 1, Figure 5C, and Figure 1—figure supplement 1B). All alleles have an identical structure and intron 9 and 10 sequences of Dll1. (B) External phenotypes of wild type (a; n = 19), homozygous Dll1D1N-E3_D4ki (b; n = 11), Dll1Dll1ki (c; n = 3) and Dll1Dll4ki (d; n = 3) control E15. 5 fetuses. Arrow in (b) points to the short tail.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: During future winters, however, temperate species would still be at a higher advantage than tropical species at high latitude ecosystems, exemplifying the reversed performance outcomes of native versus range-extending species as a function of season in a future ocean. Activity levels of the tropical fish were slightly higher under elevated CO2, irrespective of temperature. This could put tropical fish at higher risk of predation (Biro et al. 2007; Beck et al. 2016), particularly during cooler months, when tropical fish experience declines in predator escape behaviours and growth in temperate ecosystems (Djurichkovic et al. 2019; Figueira et al. 2019). Higher growth of temperate fish in mixed-species pairs compared to temperate-only pairs is likely due to size differences between tropical and temperate pair members. The pairing of a larger temperate and a smaller tropical fish in tropical-temperate pairs reflects current size differences observed in high-latitude ecosystems at the current initial stages of range expansion in these species (Smith et al. 2018). Temperate fish in mixed-species shoals may benefit from body-size differences (Ward and Krause 2001) through superior foraging competency (Coni et al. 2021a). However, increasing tropical fish growth rates and consequently increased body sizes in high latitude ecosystems (at their leading edges) versus decreasing temperate fish growth and body size (at their trailing edges) during future summers could eliminate any size-advantages that co-shoaling temperate fish currently obtain from tropical-temperate shoaling interactions, although this could be partly regained during future winters. Shoal size, shoal composition and laboratory settings may alter behavioural responses to competing tropical and temperate fishes residing in temperate ecosystems (Paijmans et al. 2020; Coni et al. 2022). To address these limitations, we suggest future climatic experiments focus on larger shoal size responses to climate change. Additionally, larger shoal size responses could be addressed through the use of natural climatic analogues (see Nagelkerken et al. 2016), and therefore, reveal behavioural responses to concurrent novel interaction and climatic change effects in a natural setting. Previous studies postulated that ocean warming might promote tropicalisation and the coexistence of tropical and temperate fish in temperate latitudes (Kingsbury et al. 2019; Coni et al. 2021b; 2022).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: These results indicate that at the end of the process, there were no significant differences in the total processing time, degradation rate or end-product quality among TSC and traditional composting. Evaluation of complementary strategies must continue to improve GW composting. & PolicyAgroecologyCo-compostingGreen wasteFood wastePhosphoric rockTwo-stage compostingFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 31. waste is an important fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) [1]. Composting is an effective method to manage GW because it reduces its volume and generates a product rich in nutrients which can be used for soils and plants [2]. However, GW composting is a challenge due to the content of lignocellulosic substances, which are difficult to degrade by microorganisms [3, 4]. This has led to fails in some GW composting plants due to the generation of immature products, plant under-sizing and odor emissions [5, 6]. The reduction of processing times and the improvement of end-product quality have become important goals of GW composting [6, 7]. Different studies have focused on GW composting optimization using different strategies [4, 8–10]: (i) operational changes on the process; (ii) addition of microbial inoculum; and (iii) co-composting with different supplementary materials (bulking or amendment) [7]. Regarding co-composting of GW, different materials have been used as amendments or bulking agents, such as: fly ash and jaggery [11], elemental sulfur [9], bio-char [12], bio-solids [8], wood chips [4], pig manure [13], cow dung (CD) and spent coffee grounds (SCG) [14]. The introduction of these materials aims to add essential nutrients, readily available carbon forms, compounds to regulate pH or control moisture. These additives have increased microbial activity, accelerated organic matter degradation, and improved end-product quality [10, 11, 15]. Likewise, the low content of phosphorous, characteristic of GW composting, has been adjusted adding phosphoric rock (PR), that besides improving end-product quality, reduces nitrogen volatilization [5, 9]. However, PR must be added in concentrations that do not inhibit the process [16] or excessively increase its content in the end-product [17].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: Arrowhead in (c) points to edemas present in homozygous Dll1Dll4ki fetuses. (C) Indirect immunofluorescence staining of wild type (a–c, j–l), homozygous Dll1D1N-E3_D4ki (d–f, m–o), and homozygous Dll1Dll4ki (g–i, p–r) E9. 5 PSMs using antibodies recognizing the extracellular domain of DLL4 (a, d, g) and DLL1 (j, m, p) and pan-Cadherin (panCad; b, e, h, k, n, q) showing expression of D1N-E3_D4 and co-localization with the cell surface marker pan-Cadherin. Staining of D1N-E3_D4 appears weaker than DLL4 most likely because much of the epitope recognized by the polyclonal anti-DLL4 antibody is missing in this chimeric protein. n ≥ 3; Scale bar = 5 µm. (D) WISH of E9. 5 embryos showing that D1N-E3_D4 does not restore normal Uncx expression (e; n = 10) resembling the Dll1Dll4ki phenotype (d; n = 7). (E) Skeletal preparations of wild type (a; n = 11), homozygous Dll1Dll1ki (b; n = 6), heterozygous (c; n = 14/16) and homozygous (d; n = 3) Dll1Dll4ki, and heterozygous (e; n = 14) and homozygous (f; n = 10) Dll1D1N-E3_D4ki E15. 5 fetuses. Arrow and arrowheads in (c) point to axial skeleton defects that were not detected in Dll1D1N-E3_D4ki heterozygotes (e).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: However, such studies did not consider how future winter temperatures may modulate the pace of tropicalisation (but see Mitchell et al. 2023). Here, we highlight how seasonal temperature changes alter the performance of interacting tropical and temperate fishes. These shifts in performance may seasonally modify the establishment and dispersal of range-extending tropical fishes in temperate regions such as south eastern Australia. While future summer temperatures facilitate tropicalisation (increased aggression, activity, and feeding), future winter temperatures may limit these fitness-related behaviours in tropical vagrants. Future winter temperatures comparatively boost the growth of co-shoaling temperate fish compared to current and future summer temperatures, which may further limit the growth of tropical vagrants (during future winters) through competitive interactions. As such, the seasonal rise and fall of ocean temperatures are likely to have alternating positive and negative effects on both tropical vagrants and local temperate species in temperate ecosystems, increasing the likelihood of their coexistence under future climate. While we found limited ocean acidification effects on tropical and temperate fish behaviours, the indirect effects of ocean acidification are likely to have the most significant effect on species responses to tropicalisation (e. g. through habitat shifts, Coni et al. 2021c).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Despite the variety of amendment materials used in GW composting, the literature assessing the addition of food waste (FW) is scarce. FW has several advantages as amendment material [1, 18]: i) FW is continually available in the MSW flow which is important when limitations to acquire other co-substrates exist; ii) FW has a high content of readily available organic matter that complements the physicochemical characteristics of GW; iii) FW provides essential nutrients such as nitrogen and potassium. In addition, co-composting of GW and FW simultaneously addresses the management of these two types of waste which together represent the higher proportion of MSW in developing countries [19]. Previous studies that used processed food waste (PFW) and unprocessed food waste (UPFW) [1, 16] on GW composting show a reduction of processing times in the mesophilic and thermophilic phases compared to composting of GW only, and improved end-product quality that better fulfills the Colombian quality standards for biofertilizers. However, the cooling and maturation phases (i. e. when the degradation of lignocellulosic substances occur) have shown temperature behavior and processing times similar to the composting of only GW. These studies show the need to introduce additional strategies that contribute to increase the degradation rate of lignocellulosic substances and help to reduce the total processing time. Operational modifications to the process are another strategy to improve GW composting [4, 10]. One of these strategies is two-stage composting (TSC). This method results in two peaks in the composting temperature (at 55– 60 °C or even higher) and a longer thermophilic period. As a consequence, the production of a mature and stable compost requires only 30 days rather than the 90–270 days required for traditional composting [10]. However, in our knowledge, TSC has not been studied together with strategies like the addition of co-substrates such as FW and PR to improve GW composting.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: (F) Cross-sections of hind limbs of wild type (a), homozygous Dll1Dll1ki (b), homozygous Dll1Dll4ki (c), and homozygous (d-f; n = 3) Dll1D1N-E3_D4ki E18. 5 fetuses stained for expression of Chain (MHC) indicating that D1N-E3_D4 rescues the skeletal muscle phenotype in contrast to DLL4. Arrows in (c) point to skeletal muscle remnants. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset DLL1 and DLL4 differentially activate NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 in cell-based co-culture assays. (A) RT-PCR analysis using RNA of HeLaN1 cells shows the expression of endogenous human NOTCH2 and NOTCH3 in addition to the exogenous murine Notch1. (B) ES cell-based trans-activation assays demonstrate that E14TG2a ES cells express negligible amounts of endogenous Notch receptors and ligands. Co-cultivation of ES cells with stable expression of either DLL1 (III) or DLL4 (IV) from the Hprt-locus with ES-cells carrying only the RBP-Luc reporter in the Hprt-locus (E14rep) showed luciferase activity at levels indistinguishable from lysates of only E14 cells (I) and co-cultures of wild type E14 and reporter carrying ES cells (II). Similarly, co-culture of ES cells carrying N1 and the RBP-Luc reporter (N1rep) with E14 cells (V) did not show reporter activation significantly above background levels, whereas co-culture of DLL1 expressing cells with N1rep ES cells showed a 6–10-fold increase in luciferase activity (VI). n ≥ 3 co-cultures with 2–4 replicate measurements per n (Figure 4—source data 1). Mean ± SD, ns = p ≥ 0. 05, ****=p < 0. 0001, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. (C) Protein expression analysis indicating similar expression levels of DLL1 and DLL4 in the ES cell clones used.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Interactive effects of near-future temperature increase and ocean acidification on physiology and gonad development in adult Pacific sea urchin, Echinometra sp. . Uthicke1, M. Liddy1, H. D. Nguyen2,3 & …M. Byrne2,3 Show authors 5236 all metrics AbstractIncreased atmospheric CO2 will have a twofold impact on future marine ecosystems, increasing global sea surface temperatures and uptake of CO2 (Ocean Acidification). Many experiments focus on the investigation of one of these stressors, but under realistic future climate predictions, these stressors may have interactive effects on individuals. Here, we investigate the effect of warming and acidification in combination. We test for interactive effects of potential near-future (2100) temperature (+2 to 3 °C) and pCO2 (~860–940 μAtm) levels on the physiology of the tropical echinoid Echinometra sp. A. The greatest reduction in growth was under simultaneous temperature and pH/pCO2 stress (marginally significant temperature × pH/pCO2 interaction). This was mirrored by the physiological data, with highest metabolic activity (measured as respiration and ammonium excretion) occurring at the increased temperature and pCO2 treatment, although this was not significant for excretion. The perivisceral coelomic fluid pH was ~7. 5–7. 6, as typical for echinoids, and showed no significant changes between treatments. Indicative of active calcification, internal magnesium and calcium concentrations were reduced compared to the external medium, but were not different between treatments. Gonad weight was lower at the higher temperature, and this difference was more distinct and statistically significant for males. The condition of the gonads assessed by histology declined in increased temperature and low pH treatments. grew in all treatments indicating active calcification of their magnesium calcite tests even as carbonate mineral saturation decreased. Our results indicate that the interactive temperature and pH effects are more important for adult echinoids than individual stressors. Although adult specimens grow and survive in near-future conditions, higher energy demands may influence gonad development and thus population maintenance. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionBurning of fossil fuels has increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere by nearly 70 % compared to pre-industrial levels. Increased carbon dioxide is predicted to increase global average temperature by 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: This research evaluates the effect of the TSC on the process and quality of end-product in the co-composting of GW, FW, sawdust (SW) and PR, considering that: i) the mixture of GW and FW has been beneficial for the process and end-product quality of composting [1]; ii) SW have proved to be a bulking agent appropriate for GW composting [4]; iii) phosphorous must be used in the co-composting of GW and FW due to their deficiencies in the product [5, 9, 16]; and iv) additional strategies for co-composting need to be assessed such as TSC [4, 10]. 2. Methods 2. 1. Experimental setup We developed a pilot-scale composting experiment using two treatments to assess the effect of TSC on the process and end-product quality of co-composting of and SW. (TA) was TSC and (TB) was Traditional Composting. The two treatments had triplicate experimental units of 200 kg. The treatments had the same mixture of materials (wet weight): 46% GW, 19% UPFW, 18% PFW, 13% SW, and 4% PR. The mixture was defined based on previous studies [1, 16], considering two criteria: i) predominance of GW on the mixture, and ii) C/N ratio around 20. FW was introduced as amendment material to provide readily degradable organic matter (i. e. simple carbohydrates) and nitrogen. PR was added as bulking agent and material amendment, providing porosity and phosphorus. The amount added was considered taking into account previous studies [5, 9, 16]. The SW was added as a source of carbon and as a bulking agent. GW was obtained from the maintenance of green areas of a university campus and had the following physical composition: 35% leaves, 26% grass clippings, 20% soil extract, 9% tree branches, 3% fruit, 1% roots and 6% non-biodegradable materials. Before the experimental setup, non-biodegradable materials were removed (e. g. stones, plastics). GW was stored for one or two weeks. UPFW and PFW were source-separated and were collected, using composite sampling, from a university restaurant, where approximately 3,000 lunches per day are normally prepared.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: Each DLL4 value represents a technical replicate, which was referenced to its paired DLL1 value, which was arbitrarily set to one for each measurement. The non-normalized values (DLL/β-Tub ratios) are depicted in a graph in Figure 4—figure supplement 1A (Figure 4—source data 2). (D) Cell-surface biotinylation demonstrating that a slightly higher fraction of DLL4 is present at the cell surface compared to DLL1 (n ≥ 6; Figure 4—source data 3). (E) DLL4 activates N1 about 10-fold more strongly than DLL1 in co-culture assays. Left graph shows non-normalized N1 activation. Lines connect values measured in the same assay. Right graph shows values normalized to DLL1 activation, and corrected for protein expression and cell surface presentation. (F) DLL4 activates N2 about half as strongly as does DLL1. Left graph shows non-normalized N2 activation. Lines connect values measured in the same assay. Right graph shows values normalized to DLL1 activation, and corrected for protein expression and cell surface presentation. Each dot represents a technical replicate. Raw data are shown in Figure 4—source data 4 and Figure 4—source data 5. Co-cultures (n = 39) with two replicate measurements per n. Mean ± SD, ns = p ≥ 0. 05, ****=p < 0. 0001, Student’s paired t-test. Figure 4—source data 1 Raw data used to generate the graph in Figure 4B. Relative luciferase activity (units) of different assays are means of ≥2 technical replicates (measurements of the same cell lysate) of each (co-)culture. Download elife-40045-fig4-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 4—source data 2 Data used to generate the graphs in Figure 4C and Figure 4—figure supplement 1A. DLL1 and DLL4 protein expression level in ES cells determined by quantitative analysis of Western blots (DLL1 or DLL4 expression intensity/𝛽-Tubulin intensity (DLL/𝛽-Tub)). Expression of DLL4 clone #1 was normalized to expression of DLL1 clone #1 analyzed in the same assay.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: 5–4. 5 °C towards the end of this century (depending on representative concentration pathways, RCPs; Meinshausen et al. 2011). Average sea water temperatures are predicted to follow this trend with best estimates for global sea surface temperature (SST) increase in the range of 1°–3° (Collins et al. 2013). Although extensive variation of SST increase is expected for different geographic regions (Brierley and Kingsford 2009), estimates for the Reef are well within this range (Hobday and Lough 2011). Over 30 % of the CO2 emitted is absorbed by the world’s ocean (Sabine et al. 2004). The increased partial pressure of CO2 leads to higher dissolved inorganic carbon, low calcium saturation states, and reduced ocean pH (i. e. , ocean acidification, OA). Depending on models and measures taken to reduce carbon emissions, pCO2, values between 420 and >1,370 are expected by the end of this century (Moss et al. 2010; Meinshausen et al. 2011). Ocean pH has already been reduced by 0. 1 units compared to pre-industrial levels and is expected to further decrease by 0. 3–0. 5 units towards the end of this century (Caldeira and Wickett 2005). Thus, marine flora and fauna face a twofold challenge in the near future needing to adapt to higher temperatures and decreased pH/increased pCO2. Both elevated temperatures and low pH/hypercapnia can be stressors for marine invertebrate developmental stages, juveniles, and adults (Nguyen et al. 2009; Ries et al. 2009; Byrne 2011, 2012; Byrne and Przeslawski 2013). Increased temperature may be stressful for marine invertebrates, especially tropical species many of which already live at the upper thermal limit of marine isotherms (Hoegh-Guldberg 1999). Ocean acidification is considered to be particularly deleterious for calcifying invertebrates, because calcification may be impaired by the associated reduction in carbonate mineral saturation (Doney et al. 2009). However, as pH, pCO2, and mineral saturation are co-varying stressors, it is difficult to understand which of these are most important (Byrne et al. 2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Both substrates were stored for three days. PR and SW were provided by local suppliers. GW and FW were manually crushed to achieve p0. 55 × 1. 3 × 1. 25 m) were used to confine the mixture, the containers had holes of 5 cm diameter and four perforated pipes (1. 4 m high), both to maintain the necessary aerobic conditions for the process. This stage ended when the first thermophilic phase was completed; ii) in the second stage, the material was removed from the containers and piles in conical heaps. In the second stage, a second thermophilic phase was expected, and the completion of the process when the material reached ambient temperature [10]. During the process the material was removed from the containers on the tenth day to start the second stage of the process. Traditional composting was carried out in conical heaps of 1 m height. 2. 2. Process monitoring The parameters monitored were: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture, oxygen concentration, volatile solids (VS), germination index (GI) and self-heating. Monitoring started right after the preparation of the piles. Temperature was measured daily on the compost pile centroid, using a 60-cm thermometer (i. e. digital thermometer K-Type HI935005N with high accuracy (± 0. 2%)). Subsamples taken from four opposite locations in each compost pile were combined to form a 200 g sample that was specifically used for pH, EC, moisture and VS measurements [20, 21]. pH and EC were measured at least three times a week for the first two weeks and then twice a week at least, until the end of the monitoring. These parameters were potentiometrically measured to an aqueous extract obtained from a stirred mixture of the sample and distilled water (1:10 w/v). Measurement was carried out using a desk pHmeter and EC ionometer, sensIONTM + MM374. Moisture was measured by drying in an oven a 50 g sample at 105 °C for 24 h; this parameter was measured three times a week up to day 42, and later twice a week up to the end of the process. VS were measured, by burning a dried sample at 550 °C in an oven for 4 h. (TOC) was calculated from the ash content [22].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: The value obtained in Assay #7 (red) represents an outlier (determined by GraphPad Prism7) and was not included in the calculation of the average. Download elife-40045-fig4-data2-v2. xlsx Figure 4—source data 3 Raw data used to generate the graph in Figure 4D. Relative cell surface levels of DLL1 (ES clone #1) and DLL4 (ES cell clone #1) proteins determined by cell surface biotinylation and quantitative analysis of Western blots after immunoprecipitation. Download elife-40045-fig4-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 4—source data 4 Numerical values used to generate the graphs in Figure 4E. Relative luciferase activity (units) for each assay was calculated by subtraction of E14 background values. Normalized activation (fold change) was obtained by normalization to DLL1 activity and correction for protein and cell surface levels based on the values for relative protein expression (Figure 4—source data 2) and cell surface presentation (Figure 4—source data 3). Normalized activation = normalized activation x [prot level DLL1/prot level DLL4] x [rel surface level DLL1/rel surface level DLL4]. Download elife-40045-fig4-data4-v2. xlsx Figure 4—source data 5 Numerical values used to generate the graphs in Figure 4F. Luciferase activity (units) for each assay was calculated by subtraction of the E14 background values. Normalized activation (fold change) was obtained by normalization to DLL1 activity and correction for protein and cell surface levels based on the values for relative protein expression (Figure 4—source data 2) and cell surface presentation (Figure 4—source data 3). Normalized activation = normalized activation x [prot level DLL1/prot level DLL4] x [rel surface level DLL1/rel surface level DLL4]. Download elife-40045-fig4-data5-v2. xlsx Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Consistent N1 and N2 activation by different cell clones expressing DLL4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: For echinoderms, which transport bicarbonate (not carbonate) at the site of calcification and use respiratory CO2 as a source of inorganic carbon (Sikes et al. 1981; Stumpp et al. 2012a), hypercapnia (pCO2), not mineral saturation, appears to be the most important stressor. In addition, a recent synthesis of data on the response of calcification in echinoplutei across world climatic regions to ocean acidification conditions also indicated that hypercapnia was the more important stressor, although tropical species were more sensitive to decreased mineral saturation (Byrne et al. 2013). Recent transcriptomic analyses of echinoplutei reared under ocean acidification conditions indicate a change in biomineralisation, calcium and ion transport, and metabolic genes (Evans et al. 2013). Although ocean warming and acidification will most likely occur in combination unless carbon emissions are drastically reduced, the interactive effects of these to stressors are poorly understood (Byrne and Przeslawski 2013). In tropical corals, calcification rates were reduced most under increased temperature and elevated pCO2 conditions (Reynaud et al. 2003). Similarly, juvenile stages of corals were most affected by a combination of temperature and pCO2 increase (Anlauf et al. 2011). In adult corals, increased pCO2 can reduce vulnerability to temperature stress such as bleaching (Anthony et al. 2008). In echinoid larvae, increased temperature and acidification act as additive stressors on growth in some species while in others, moderate warming reduces the negative effect of acidification on growth (et al. 2010; Byrne et al. 2011, 2013). For adult asteroids (Parvulastrea exigua), temperature was shown to have a stronger effect compared to hypercapnia, but increased metabolism at higher temperatures was reduced under simultaneous pH stress (McElroy et al. 2012). Similarly, temperature-affected metabolism of ophiuroids and a reduction in metabolism at intermediate pCO2 were observed at two separate temperatures (Christensen et al. 2011). The temperate ophiuroid Ophiura ophiura and the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus both showed an effect of pH on metabolism under low water temperature, but not under high temperature (Wood et al. 2010; Catarino et al. 2012).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Pile monitoring was performed until one of the piles reached ambient temperature (24 ± 2 °C) (i. e. day 73). Before to the completion of the experiment, on-site self-heating tests were performed to determine if temperature rises occurred when piles were moisturized [23]. In addition, stability was evaluated by the self-heating test using Dewar flasks of 1. 5 L of volume according to Brinton et al. [24]. Maturity evolution was established through germination test during the process. The germination index was determined by the methodology established by Varnero et al. [25]. A fresh sample was extracted with distilled water at compost to water ratio 1:10 (w/v), shook, allowed to stand for 3 h and then filtered. Subsequently, 10 mL of extract were placed in 9 cm Petri dishes containing ten seeds of radish on filter paper. Experiments were conducted in triplicates and distilled water was used as control. This test was performed on the days 47, 53 and 60. Oxygen was provided to the piles through manual turning in the two treatments. Daily turning frequency was used for the two treatments up to day eight of process. Later, turning was performed according to the process requirements (i. e. every two days up to day 25, and then, every three days up to day 37, and lastly once a week until day 73). concentration (OC) was controlled using a probe CM37 (i. e. twice a week until day 37 and once a week until the end of the process). 2. 3. End-product quality evaluation At the end of the composting process, manual sieving of the products was carried out using a 1. 25 cm sieve. A representative sample of each experimental unit was taken to carry out product quality analysis. Samples were analyzed at the laboratory of the of from Universidad de Antioquia, following the methods described in the Norm (NTC) 5167 [26]. Table 1 presents the parameters analyzed and the techniques used. Finally, the characteristics of the products obtained were analyzed and compared with the standards from NTC 5167 for organic products used as fertilizers and soil amendments or conditioners. content was quantified using the Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL), considering the procedures established by et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: (A) Protein expression level in DLL1 clone #1 and DLL4 clone #1 (DLL ligand/β-Tub) determined by quantitative Western blot analysis. Each dot represents a technical replicate (numerical values in Figure 4—source data 2). (B) Relative protein expression level in 4 and 10 independent ES cell clones, respectively, expressing DLL1 or DLL4 from the Hprt locus normalized to DLL1 clone #1 level measured in the same assay. Each dot represents the mean value of n ≥ 3 independent measurements of a single clone. Red dot indicates DLL1 clone #1 that was used for normalization. For numerical values see Figure 4—figure supplement 1—1. (C) and (D) N1 and N2 activation by 4 DLL1 and 10 DLL4 expressing independent ES cell clones. Left graphs show rel. luciferase activity measured for each DLL1 and DLL4 expressing clone. Each dot represents a technical replicate of a given cell clone. Central graphs show averaged rel. luciferase activity for DLL1 and DLL4 expressing cell clones. Each dot represents the mean value of n ≥ 3 measurements of a given cell clone. Right graphs show Notch activation normalized to activation by DLL1 clone #1 (n ≥ 3). Black dots indicate DLL1 clone #1. For numerical values see Figure 4—figure supplement 1—2. Student’s unpaired t-test; Mean ±SD, ns = not significant; **=p ≤ 0. 01; ***=p ≤ 0. 001; ****=p ≤ 0. 0001. Figure 4—figure supplement 1—source Data 1 Numerical values used to generate the graph in Figure 4—figure supplement 1B. DLL1 and DLL4 protein levels in different ES cell clones were determined by quantitative analysis of Western blots and the relative protein expression was obtained by normalization to DLL1 clone #1 analyzed in the same assay. The value obtained in assay 13 (red) represents an outlier (determined by ROUT analysis using GraphPad Prism7) and was not included in the calculation of the average. Download elife-40045-fig4-figsupp1-data1-v2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Combined temperature and pH stress showed no interaction in several response parameters in the polar ophiuroid Ophiocten sericeum, but arm regeneration in an extreme pH treatment (pH 7. 3) was hampered under increased temperatures (Wood et al. 2011). The only study investigating interactive effects of temperature and pCO2 in tropical adult echinoids found that increased pCO2 decreased calcification in Echinometra lacunter more in winter than in summer (Courtney et al. 2013). We investigated the physiological response of the adult rock-boring Indo-Pacific sea urchin Echinometra sp. A in animals acclimated for approximately 10 weeks to near-future OA conditions (~860–940 μATM) and temperature increase (+2° to 3° above present summer average). Echinometra sp. A is one of the most abundant tropical sea urchin species in shallow reef areas where it can assume densities of 100 individuals m−2 (McClanahan and Muthiga 2007). This species is ecologically important because it can control algal growth, and high densities can prevent recovery of fish and coral populations after disturbance (McClanahan et al. 1996). In addition, feeding-driven bioerosion by Echinometra species removes carbonate (Downing and El-Zahr 1987; Carreiro-Silva and McClanahan 2001) which can reduce net accretion on coral reefs. Resulting burrows are often highly visible in the upper reef margins, and the species is thus habitat forming (McClanahan and Muthiga 2007). Growth of small adult E. mathaei was significantly reduced with only a small increase of pCO2 (220 μatm, pH 7. 9; Shirayama and Thornton 2005). Similarly, growth of larger adult Echinometra sp. A was slightly reduced over a 7-week period under increased pCO2 (Uthicke et al. 2013). However, echinoids (including Echinometra spp. ) at a tropical CO2 vent exhibited no decrease in abundance with decreased pH/increased pCO2 (Fabricius et al. 2014). As characteristic of echinoid echinoplutei (Byrne et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: [27]. Table 1 Methods used for product characterization Method Technique pH -- % (TOC) % Nitrogen (N) % dw Ash % dw Potassium (K2O) % dw Atomic absorption (P2O5) % dw Conductivity mS cm− 1 exchange capacity cmol kg− 1 retention capacity % Solids % dw Gravimetric Note: dw. dry weight All the experiments were carried out in triplicate. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance ANOVA and the significantly different means were evaluated using Difference (LSD) with a significance level α = 0. 05, using the software R®. 3. Discussion 3. 1 Process conditions Figure 1 presents the temperature in the two treatments. The time to reach the maximum temperature, the duration of the thermophilic phase and the time to reach ambient temperature are presented in Table 2. Temperature increases due to microbial activity. [28]. In both treatments, the typical sequential phases: mesophilic, thermophilic, cooling and maturation were observed (see Fig. 1). Besides, TA had two thermophilic peaks after the extraction of the mixture from the container (i. e. day 10). These peaks are characteristic of TSC [4, 10]. Table 2 Synthesis of characteristics of the composting process in the experiment phase duration (d) Thermophilic phase duration (d) Tmax (°C) Time to reach Tmax (d) Cooling phase duration (d) VS reduction (%) Added water (L) TA 1 27 62. 6 6 46 40. 4 (2. 2) 148. 3 TB 1 33 68. 6 12 40 38. 5 (7. 6) 120. 0 Note: Standard deviation is in parenthesis. Tmax: Maximum temperature. VS: Both treatments had a rapid increase on temperature, achieving thermophilic phase in day 1 of the process, similar to findings from other GW co-composting studies [1, 5]. This rapid temperature increase evidences adequate conditions for the process regarding the studied substrate mixture (i. e. pH, moisture, TOC, nutrients, porosity). In day 2, the temperature increase was higher in TA (54 °C) compared to TB (46 °C), showing the influence of this modification in the process (i. e. possibly associated to the reduced heat lost in the mixture inside the container).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: xlsx Figure 4—figure supplement 1—source Data 2 Numerical values used to generate the graphs in Figure 4—figure supplement 1C,D. N1 and N2 activation by different ES cell clones expressing DLL1 and DLL4. Download elife-40045-fig4-figsupp1-data2-v2. xlsx Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Contributions of the MNNL-EGF3 portion and contact amino acids to ligand selectivity towards N1 and N2. (A) N1/N2 activation ratios by DLL1 and DLL4 chimeric proteins show that receptor selectivity of DLL1 and DLL4 is encoded by the extracellular domain and that EGF3 contributes to N1/N2 selectivity. DLL4, D4ECD_D1ICD, and D4N-E3_D1 show N1/N2 induction ratios of ~20. DLL1, D1ECD_D4ICD, and D1N-E3_D4 exhibit induction ratios of 1–3. Chimeric pairs with domain exchanges between EGF2 and EGF3 or between DSL domain and EGF1 show equivalent stimulation ratios. Each dot represents the mean of N1 (relative luciferase units; Figure 5—source data 1)/N2 (relative luciferase units; Figure 5—source data 2) of n ≥ 3 measurements per clone of a given ligand construct. Bars represent the Mean ± SD of n ≥ 3 clones per construct (Figure 5—source data 3). (B) Structure-based superposition of DLL1 and DLL4 (PDB ID codes 4XBM and 4XLW, respectively; (Kershaw et al. , 2015; Luca et al. , 2015). Top panel: NOTCH1 is rendered as a molecular surface (wheat), and DLL4 is rendered in ribbon representation (cyan). N1 contact residues on DLL4 were rendered as sticks, and were used to predict N1 contact amino acids of the MNNL and DSL domains of DLL1 (red). Domains are labeled above and below the structures, respectively, and individual domains are identified by different degrees of color shading/intensity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: 2013), increased pCO2 reduces larval growth and increases abnormal development in larval and adult Echinometra spp. (Kurihara and Shirayama 2004; Uthicke et al. 2013). Only limited work has been conducted on a temperature effect on Echinometra spp. Its wide tropical Indo-Pacific distribution suggests a large temperature tolerance, and it can be found in locations with water temperature variations between 15 and 31 °C (summarised in Muthiga and Jaccarini 2005). However, given its shallow-water habitat, it can be assumed that E. mathaei can withstand extreme temperatures for a short period. Adult mortality of this species has been observed at ~40 °C (Tsuchiya et al. 1987). Echinometra mathaei can still achieve high fertilisation rates at 36 °C, but embryos only develop normally below 34 °C (Rupp 1973). Healthy development to early larval stages occurs between 19 and 31 °C (Rahman et al. 2007). The main aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a combined physiological effect of increased pCO2 and temperature is larger than that of each stressor individually. As response parameters, we measured overall growth, respiration, and ammonium excretion of Echinometra sp. A after >70 d of exposure to the respective treatment conditions. In addition, we compared gonad development amongst the treatments and tested for differences in pH and ionic composition of the perivisceral coelomic fluid. Materials and methodsSpecimen collection and experimental set-upsp. A (32–54 mm diameter, 16–68 g wet weight) were collected in September 2011 at 2–5 m water depth at Rib Reef, a midshelf reef in the central section of the Reef (146° 52. 49′E, 18° 28. 86′S). Taxonomic confusion exists about the genus Echinometra in the Ocean with four species being described (Arakaki et al. 1998). Mitochondrial DNA sequencing of eight individuals from this experiment revealed that the population on belongs to Echinometra sp. A (Landry et al. 2003; Gennumber: KF555645-KF555652). This also applies to individuals from a previous experiment (Uthicke et al. 2013).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: However, from day three to day 20, the temperature in TB was higher than in TA, showing a higher organic matter degradation rate in this period. Despite having a higher reduction in VS by day 24 in TB compared to TA (i. e. 25. 9% in TB and 25. 5% in TA) the difference is not considered substantial. After day 3, continuous oscillations of temperature occurred in both treatments. However, in TA there was a pronounced reduction after day 5 and until the material was removed from the container (day 10), with a new temperature increase. Thus, the two typical thermophilic temperature peaks for the TSC were observed [4, 10]. By day 12, the two temperature peaks and the subsequent decrease occurred in both treatments. The thermophilic phase lasted 27 d in TA and 33 d in TB, showing the influence of the process type on the degradation of the organic matter readily degradable (i. e. mesophilic and thermophilic phases). It is important to emphasize that by day 32, there was a reduction in VS in 29. 0% in TB and 27. 2% in TA, which ratifies the higher biological activity and thus, the higher transformation of organic matter in the traditional composting compared to TSC. As expected, in both treatments there was a higher degradation rate on the mesophilic and thermophilic phases compared to the cooling and maturation phases. This is due to the decomposition of the readily degradable organic matter in the first phases, and the decomposition of recalcitrant organic matter (lignin and cellulose) in the final phases [29]. In both treatments, the temperatures were above 50 °C for more than three consecutive days, promoting the material sanitization [30]. Furthermore, TB fulfill the recommendations from Böhm [31], who indicates that temperature should be at least higher than 55 °C at least for two weeks (TB:16 d and TA: 12 d). The higher temperature values in TB are ascribed mainly to the aeration conditions in the containers. Although, the temperature increase was faster in TSC, higher temperatures maintained longer were observed in traditional composting, showing higher organic matter degradation rates in the thermophilic and mesophilic phases (i. e. evidenced in the VS reduction).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: Red values were identified as outliers (determined by ROUT analysis by GraphPad Prism7) and excluded from calculations. Download elife-40045-fig5-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset N1 and N2 activation by different ligand proteins. (A) and (B) Rel. luciferase activity obtained in co-cultures of ES cells expressing wild type ligands, chimeric ligands, and ligands with amino acid substitutions in the direct ligand-receptor binding region. Each dot represents the mean of n ≥ 3 technical replicates of a given cell clone. For numerical values see Figure 5—source datas 1 and 2. Mean ± SD. Figure 6 Download asset Open asset DLL1 carrying the DLL4 contact amino acids in the MNNL and DSL domains is a functional DLL1 ligand in vivo. (A) E15. 5 Dll1D1contD4ki/D1contD4ki (c; n = 12) fetuses are indistinguishable from wild type (a; n = 19) and Dll1Dll1ki/Dll1ki (b; n = 3) controls. (B) D1contD4 co-localizes with pan-Cadherin (panCad) at the cell surface of Dll1D1contD4ki/D1contD4ki PSM cells (e-h; n ≥ 3); Scale bars: a, e = 500 µm; b-d, f-h = 5 µm. (C) Whole mount in situ hybridization showing that D1contD4 induces normal Uncx expression during somitogenesis (d,d’; n ≥ 5). (D) Skeletal preparations of Dll1D1contD4ki/D1contD4ki E15. 5 fetuses showing minor defects of single vertebrae in the lower thoracic region (c,c’; n = 3/4). Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Expression of D1N-E3_D4 cannot be quantified with confidence due to a closely co-migrating background band detected by the anti-Flag antibody. (A) Expression of wild type DLL1 and DLL4 and of chimeric ligand proteins.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: The size range used represents ‘intermediate-sized’ adult animals at Rib Reef, omitting the smallest and largest specimens. Sea urchins were placed into the aquaria on the 21 September 2011 (=Day 0) and kept under similar conditions with pCO2 manipulated as described in Uthicke et al. (2013). In short, urchins were fed ad libitum on brown macroalgae (Sargassum spp. , Dictyota sp. ) and coral rubble encrusted with crustose coralline algae was offered as an additional food source. The experiment was set up in a temperature-controlled (25 ± 1 °C) aquarium room. The aquarium water was filtered through three bag filters () in series (25, 10, 5 µm). An AquaMedic (Germany) CO2 dosing system was used to manipulate pCO2 levels. One pH probe (Aqua Medic, accuracy 0. 01 pH units) connected to the control system was placed into each of the four header tanks. The two treatments with increased pCO2 concentrations were set to pHNBS 7. 90 ± 0. 05. This value was chosen to represent pCO2 concentrations likely around the end of this century (RCP 6: 670 ppm, RCP 8. 5: 963 ppm; Meinshausen et al. 2011) unless drastic measures such as carbon capture leading to net-carbon reductions are implemented (Arora et al. 2011). Solenoid valves were connected to a standard CO2 cylinder (GE 082, BOC, Australia) with a flow regulator. When the valves opened, CO2 gas was introduced into the header tanks through gas diffuser (AquaMedic). Temperature in the header tanks was controlled using 4-kW titanium heating bars controlled by a CR 1,000 (Campell Scientific, Australia) control data logger. In the experiment, temperatures were set to 28 °C, the near-average recent summer maximum SST averaged over the warmest months, calculated as 28. 71, SD = 0. 40, which was determined from the monitoring site (as above) for the ‘present-day’ scenario and 31 °C for the near-future scenario (+2 to +3 °C).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: The favorable conditions for degradation in both treatments can be connected to the incorporation of PR, characterized for promoting the generation of heat due to the increase in porosity and the provision of the oxygen required for aerobic degradation [5]. On the other hand, during the thermophilic phase, higher nitrogen losses could occur due to NH3 volatilization (i. e. associated to high temperatures and alkaline pH), mainly in TB (i. e. turning also promotes this loss), as observed in the end-product quality records (see Table 3) [32, 33]. In this case, TSC reduced nitrogen volatilization possibly associated with the storage of the material within the containers during the ten first days. The temperature in the two treatments had similar values in the cooling phase, especially after day 36, with variations associated with pile turning. This behavior can indicate that decomposition of hard to degrade substances in this phase was similar in both treatments. Thus, the influence of TSC in accelerating the degradation of lignocellulosic substances in the composting process was not observed. This was ratified on the final average values of the VS reduction, that was 40. 4% in TA and 38. 5% in TB, showing similar degradation rates (i. e. there were not statistical significant differences). Regarding pH (see Fig. 2), the mixture of substrates in both treatments showed an initial pH with slightly acidic values, due to the previous degradation of some materials (e. g. UPFW-4. 3 units and PFW-4. 1 units) which had 3 storage days before the experiment start. This degradation leads to the formation of volatile fatty acids which reduce substrate pH and could affect the process start [34]. However, in both treatments pH increased rapidly as a consequence of the transformation of organic matter in organic acids (intermediate byproducts of the microbial decomposition of sugars, starch and lipids) and later the volatilization of products such as CO2 [35]. Small variations in the pH were observed during the process associated with its conditions of moisture and oxygenation. However, the pH in the process was between 8 and 9 units as suggested by some authors for optimal microbial degradation [36]. At the end of the process, the pH had average values of 7. 3 units in both treatments (i. e. there were not statistical significant differences). Figure 3 presents the average EC in both treatments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Proteins can fold into their functional forms due to specific sequences of amino acids. [SEP] Text: Protein migration size varies due to differential post-translational modifications of the extracellular domains of DLL1 and DLL4. Double bands in DLL4, D4ECD_D1/CD, D4N-E3_D1, D4N-E2D1, and D4N-D_D1 lysates represent most likely differential modification states of the DLL4’s ECD. (B) D1N-E3_D4 migrates right at the dye front when using a 5% polyacrylamide gel. (C) Immunoprecipitation of D1N-E3_D4 after cell surface biotinylation in four independent assays. Input samples represents the whole cell lysate, IP samples represents the immunoprecipitated proteins. D1N-E3_D4 is detected in IP samples indicating its presence at the cell surface. The expression, however, cannot be quantified with confidence as the proteins are detected right at the dye front when using a 5% polyacrylamide gel. Pink arrowheads point to the proteins of interest. Green rectangles highlight the D1N-E3_D4 chimera lysate in (A) and (B). resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationGene (Mus musculus)DLL1MGI:104659; NCBI Gene: 13388Gene (Mus musculus)DLL4MGI:1859388; NCBI Gene: 54485Strain, strain background (Mus musculus)CD1LaboratoriesStrain, strain background (Mus musculus)129Sv/CD1 hybridsown colonyGenetic reagent (Mus musculus)Dll1lacZPMID: 9109488; DOI: 10. 1038/ 386717a0RRID:MGI:5780046Genetic reagent (Mus musculus) Dll1loxPPMID: 15146182; DOI: 10. 1038/ ni1075RRID:MGI:5431505Genetic reagent (Mus musculus)T(s):CrePMID: 18708576; PMCID: PMC2518812; DOI: 10. 1101/gad.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Coral reefs are affected by ocean acidification and warming. [SEP] Text: Temperature and pH alone had no significant effects on growth rates (; Table 1; Fig. 1a). However, the interaction between temperature and pH was marginally significant (Table 1), and a plot of each individual treatment group illustrated that the largest reduction in growth occurred under elevated pCO2 and elevated temperatures (49. 5 % reduction compared to 28 °C/pH 8. 1; Fig. 1b). Fig. 1Growth of Echinometra sp. A (as percentage of initial weight) affected by a temperature and b the interaction between temperature and elevated pCO2. Boxes for 28 °C are filled grey, 31° white. Whiskers denote 1. 5 × the inter-quartile range, the black line indicates the meanFull size image Respiration was measured in 60 specimens on day 69. No effects of the main factors were detected in standard metabolic rate (SMR = respiration per unit body mass; Table 2), but the interaction between temperature and pCO2 was marginally significant. This was caused by the highest respiration rates being measured in the high temperature/high pCO2 treatment (Fig. 2). However, the value in the latter treatment was only 5. 9 % above that for the present day ‘control’ treatment. Table 2 Analysis of covariance for respiration of Echinometra sp. A in two temperature and two pCO2 treatmentsFull size table Fig. 2Respiration of Echinometra sp. A as standard metabolic rate a standardised per gram of wet weight of the specimens or b per specimen, and differences caused by different-sized urchins were modelled out for statistical analysis (see Table 2). Boxes for 28 °C treatments are filled grey, 31 °C white. Whiskers denote 1. 5 × the inter-quartile range, and the black line indicates the meanFull size image Respiration per specimen was significantly higher in the high temperature treatment (Table 2; Fig. 2b). However, for this parameter, the interaction term was also marginally significant. The combined stressor (high temperature/high pCO2) treatment was 22. 1 % above the value for the control. Ammonia excretion rates from 12 specimens per treatment were measured on day 75 of the experiment. Weight-specific ammonium excretion was elevated in the 31 °C treatment (average 44. 80 nmol NH4 h−1, SE = 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Composting food waste has no environmental impact. [SEP] Text: EC indicates the presence of salts due to the content of sodium, chloride, potassium, nitrate, sulfate and ammonium salts, which in high concentrations could inhibit plant growth [37]. The relatively high EC values from the start of the process could be associated to the presence of soluble salts (i. e. phosphates) due to the addition of PR. The small increase observed at the end of the process could be connected to the effect of the material degradation with the processes of humification and nutrients liberation (i. e. nitrates). Higher values of EC were observed in TSC compared to traditional composting possibly linked to a higher concentration of phosphates in the material (see Table 3). In the case of TB, the decomposition rate of the readily degradable organic matter in the early stages of the process led to a higher nutrient liberation from the start of the process (i. e. lower values of N and P in the products). As indicated by Tiquia [38], salinity could be connected to the relatively high content of NTotal in the end-product as reported for TA. In both treatments, the ranges recommended by Dimambro et al. [39] to avoid toxicity for plants and crops were not surpassed. The seed germination test has been widely used for evaluating compost quality, since the application of an unstable and immature compost could inhibit the germination of seeds, reduce plant growth and damage the crops [40, 41]. A germination index (GI) higher to 80% indicates that compost is not phytotoxic [25, 42]. In both treatments, the products were mature in the three measurements developed (i. e. days 47, 53 and, 60), with higher values at the end of the process in TB piles (GI = 160%) compared to TA piles (GI = 150%). This could be associated with the lower content of salts or phytotoxic substances measured through the EC parameter [40]. 3. 2. Product quality Table 3 presents the information on end-product quality for both treatments. In addition, it includes a comparison of quality standards according to the NTC 5167 and other studies about GW co-composting. Regarding moisture, both treatments had values about those established by the NTC 5167. These relatively high values are associated with the moisturizing carried out 10 days before the end of the process in all piles.

Output: contrast