Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: This proved to be extremely unstable in ordinary IS-containing E. coli hosts. Almost invariably, clones with ISes in the 5' end of ctxvp60 were obtained from cells transformed with the plasmid. Analysis of the clones revealed that the toxic component of the clone was a Leu-rich peptide, the translated product of a secondary reading frame. Interestingly, orf238 coding for the Leu-rich peptide is an artificial gene, obtained unintentionally by designing and synthesizing a plant host-optimized variant of ctxvp60. The cause of instability lies in the dynamic process of stress, mutagenesis and selection. The translated product of orf238 interferes with host cell division and caused severe growth retardation. In this slow-growing population, random IS hopping, normally at frequencies ~10-8/gene/generation [9] but potentially elevated several-fold during stress [24], can produce clones with ISes interrupting sequences upstream of orf238. IS-inserted clones that stopped expressing ORF238, resumed normal growth, and rapidly became dominant in the culture. Insertions of IS1 and IS3 were found at multiple locations in both orientations, while IS5 was only seen at a single locus, corresponding to its integration hotspot "CWAR" [37], in opposite orientation only. Why is IS insertion the favored mode of inactivation of ORF238? We propose that ISes, due to their relatively large size and complex composition, are particularly effective at disrupting genes, either directly or indirectly. In a fast-growing pCTXVP60 mutant, we showed that IS1 acted by blocking transcription of orf238. Although in some cases insertion of ISes can generate outward-pointing transcription, expressing downstream genes [38], in this instance, apparently, it is the transcription-disrupting role that comes into play. In principle, point-mutations (such as promoter mutations, active-site mutations, or frame-shifts) can also inactivate a gene. In fact, being generally more frequent than IS translocations, they might eventually be dominantly selected.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Similar to others’ conceptualizations of this construct [5], we define optimal sleep as the duration or quality required to achieve the best level of cognitive performance, academic achievement, and mental health. The vast majority of studies investigating links between children’s sleep and their development have explored linear associations. This approach assumes that the rate of change in outcomes is equal across all levels of sleep [12]. However, it is plausible that the benefits of longer and better quality sleep may not be evident until, or may taper off at, certain points. Using adult samples, several investigations have demonstrated nonlinear associations between sleep (with most emphasis placed on sleep duration) and multiple outcomes including mental health [13], cognitive functioning [14], and physical health [15]. However, fewer such nonlinear relations have been examined with children and of the existing studies, most emphasis has been placed on children’s self-reported sleep duration. For example, in a sample of adolescents (Mage = 15. 03 years) from Mexican-American backgrounds, nonlinear associations were observed between self-reported sleep duration and externalizing and internalizing behaviors [16]. School-night sleep duration associated with the lowest levels of problem behaviors and symptoms (externalizing, internalizing) ranged between 8. 75 and 9 hr. Furthermore, the most optimal academic achievement (GPA and state standardized tests) was observed for youth who obtained between 7 and 7. 5 hr of sleep [16]. Findings from this novel study highlight the importance of examining nonlinear effects and multiple outcome domains. In another study, nonlinear relations between self-reported sleep duration and academic performance on standardized tests were examined in a large sample of 10- to 19-year-olds [17]. Optimal sleep hours associated with the highest levels of performance on several tests were 8. 34–8. 43 hr for 12-year-olds, and this amount declined with age. Findings indicate that children and adolescents who reported that their sleep duration was below or above this window did not perform as well academically. In one of the few studies to consider school-age children, U-shaped associations between parent-reported child sleep duration and mental health were observed among 9-year-olds [18]. A sleep duration between approximately 9 and 11 hr per night was associated with the fewest internalizing and externalizing behaviors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 1flow diagramFull size imageTable 2 Major study characteristicsFull size tableParticipant characteristicsAll studies included adults at least 18 years of age. Eligibility criteria for studies focusing on diabetes required patients to have HbA1c levels of at least 7% [27], 8. 0% [22, 25], and 8. 5% [26]. Two required patients to be self-monitoring for diabetes [24, 25]. One study examining blood pressure as the outcome measure required participants to have blood pressures greater than 140/90 [23], while another study on blood pressure required an ICD-9 diagnosis of hypertension [28]. Only 2 studies provided information on the number of primary care providers involved in the study, with one reporting involvement of 2 providers [22] and the other 35 [24]. Intervention characteristicsMultiple modalities were described under the umbrella of telemedicine, including face-to-face videoconferencing, telephone consultations, and self-monitoring devices, but all examined interventions included a synchronous encounter with a primary care provider. Table 3 summarizes the intervention components utilized by each study. Table 3 Study intervention componentsFull size tableSix of the 7 studies used a videoconferencing system (involving a computer-based video communication platform) to conduct telemedicine encounters [22, 23, 25,26,27,28]. One utilized a tele-assistance system involving patient and physician mobile phones [24]. Three studies utilized only video [23, 25, 26], 3 used both video and telephone [22, 27, 28], and 1 used only telephone encounters [24]. All studies originating in the employed both videoconferencing and telephone encounters [22, 27, 28], while those from other countries included only videoconferencing [23, 25, 26] or telephone consultations [24]. Only the two studies from Spain used real-time transmission of patient data [24, 25]. In addition to the synchronous interventions, 1 study utilized a messaging system wherein patients could communicate with their provider via a text message in less than 500 words [25], while another 2 studies offered patients the ability to message providers through a patient portal [24, 28]. In one study, structured digital exchanges between patient and primary care provider prompted telemedicine visits.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: In this particular case, however, point-mutations are rarely selected, because i) the promoter must be preserved to activate the selection marker, cam, and ii) single point-mutations are unlikely to eliminate the membrane-disrupting effect of the relatively large hydrophobic Leu-rich protein, iii) frame-shift mutations are presumably relatively ineffective, due to the presence of several potential in-frame re-initiation sites with AUG codons and ribosome-binding sites in ORF238 (Fig. 2). Deletions, another type of potentially effective, disruption mutation, are also rarely selected, presumably due to the absence of deletion-stimulating repeat sequences in pCTXVP60. Sequence reads from shotgun sequencing libraries provide a convenient, large database for checking how widespread the emergence of ISes in cloned sequences is. We have calculated that, considering typical shotgun library construction/processing steps and background transposition rates of resident ISes of the cloning host, one would expect practically no host ISes to emerge in gene-sized shotgun sequence reads. However, the survey of a large set of shotgun sequence reads revealed quite a number of host ISes in the cloned segments. This elevated rate could be explained by processes analogous to those seen when cloning ctxvp60. In cases the cloned segment imposes stress on the host, individual clones grown for DNA preparation for sequencing can become dominated by IS-inserted variants, due to selection of the faster-growing mutants. This in turn could allow the IS elements of the cloning host to appear in the sequencing reads. The very stringent criteria, by which we identify host ISes in shotgun sequence reads, probably underestimates the real number of IS transpositions. Furthermore, in addition to insertions, other sequence alterations (deletions and rearrangements) can also be induced by ISes. The occurrence and identification of IS-positive segments may depend on other factors as well, that are related to experimental procedures and to data collection protocols. Genes from taxonomically distant organisms may not get expressed in an E. coli host and would be less likely to cause growth retardation, thus, their IS-inserted mutants will not be subjects of selection. Information regarding the handling of clones and the construction of databases is sometimes unavailable, in other times incongruous (annotation is not uniform, same data types may refer to different content).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Current study Our primary objective was to determine the duration and quality of sleep that children need for optimal cognitive performance, academic achievement, and mental health. Nonlinear associations between sleep and child outcomes were examined, and multiple sleep parameters were evaluated. Sleep duration was based on actigraphy-based sleep minutes (sleep minutes between sleep onset and morning wake time). Sleep quality was based on actigraphy (efficiency or percentage of the sleep period spent asleep) and self-reports on an established questionnaire (Sleep/scale of the [SSHS]) [19]. This scale measures difficulty with falling asleep and waking up in the morning as well as satisfaction with one’s sleep. Furthermore, efficiency is a well-established sleep parameter known to be a good index of quality [4, 20]. Given the novelty of research questions and scant pertinent evidence, examinations of nonlinear associations were empirically driven and no hypotheses were proffered. A secondary objective was to assess whether the putative nonlinear associations were moderated by race/ethnicity (black/[AA], white/[EA]). Racial/ethnic disparities exist in children’s sleep with AAs having shorter and poorer quality sleep than EAs [21]. Furthermore, the extent to which sleep influences children’s development is not uniform and varies across racial/ethnic lines. For example, relations between insufficient and poor-quality sleep and children’s adjustment may be more robust for AA than EA children [22]. AA children experience race-based stressors, including discrimination, stereotype threat, and prejudice, that increase vulnerability to poor sleep and contribute to disparities in health and achievement [23–25]. It has also been suggested that individual differences (e. g. race/ethnicity) may be related to variability in sleep needs [5, 7, 20]. Thus, it is plausible that what may be considered optimal sleep may vary based on race/ethnicity. In preliminary analyses, we examined socioeconomic status (SES) and gender as potential moderators of relations between the sleep parameters and outcome variables, but no significant effects emerged. To streamline an already complex paper, these variables were not included as moderators in analyses. Participants were drawn from the Sleep (AUS) Study. Data collection occurred in 2009–2010. Two hundred eighty-two children and their families were recruited from local elementary schools. According to mothers, children did not have a diagnosis of a learning disability or clinical sleep disorder.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Patients in this study entered blood pressure readings, binary responses regarding medication adherence, free text responses regarding medication side effects, and questions for the ordering clinician [28]. Study interventions often included utilization of remote monitoring devices [22, 24, 25, 27, 28]. Three studies used remote monitoring to guide patient counseling and treatment [22, 24, 25]. Patients in 3 studies [22, 24, 25] were provided with glucometers for home self-monitoring while patients in 2 other studies [27, 28] self-monitored using their own blood pressure cuffs. One study required intervention group subjects to use a sphygmomanometer attached to the telemedicine device provided by the investigators [22]. Four studies included interactions with members of a multidisciplinary healthcare team [23, 24, 26, 27]. In one study, participants worked with diabetes-trained clinical pharmacists in addition to their primary care providers [27]. In another, patients received supplemental education from specialized diabetes nurses [24]. Another study coupled telemedicine visits with in-depth primary care-specialist provider meetings to review the care of participating patients [26]. Diabetes outcomesTable 4 summarizes the clinical outcomes assessed in each study. The 5 studies assessing diabetes outcomes examined HbA1c levels at 4 different time points, ranging from 3 to 12 months [22, 24,25,26,27]. Only 3 of the 5 studies compared the intervention and control groups for changes in HbA1c levels [24, 26, 27]. These studies showed that compared to usual care with in-person visits, telemedicine was associated with significantly greater HbA1c improvements at 5 and 6 months [24, 27] and similar HbA1c outcomes at 12 months [24, 26]. Two other studies reported significantly decreased HbA1c levels within the intervention and control groups but did not compare the intervention and control groups [22, 25]. Table 4 Changes in clinical outcomes assessedFull size tableHypertension outcomesThree studies examined hypertension control at 5 or 12 months [24, 26, 27], while 2 did not specify the period for outcome assessment [23, 28]. Three studies compared outcomes among intervention and control groups [23, 26, 27].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: It seems likely, that most datasets have probably undergone some computational pre-filtering, thereby IS hopping is masked in a fraction of the datasets. These considerations suggest, that E. coli IS-mediated events are not rare in cloning experiments, and underscore the significance of using IS-free MDS host in large-scale cloning projects. The contribution of various IS elements to the detected transposition events do not necessarily reflect their relative transposition-activities. For example, despite the fact that IS150 was shown to be responsible for the majority of rearrangements over a 10,000-generation evolutionary experiment [39], as well as during repeated freeze-thaw cycles [40], its highly specific target site most probably does not allow its frequent occurrence in mutant-selection mechanisms described above. On the other hand, the promiscuous target selection of IS1, in addition to its high transposition-activity explains its high ratio among the insertion-mutants of orf238, ebgR[7], bglR[4], cycA[9], tonB[8] in evolutionary experiments [39, 40] as well as in the output of our bioinformatic analysis. The frequent occurrence of IS10 could seem surprising, since it is not native to most K-12 strains. It was introduced accidentally in the 1970's through the use of Tn10 as a genetic transfer agent [41]. Considering our findings, together with its pronounced transposition activity described earlier [8, 42–44], one might call it an invasive species of IS elements. It is tempting to speculate that ISes, besides their parasitic and occasionally beneficial roles, could have a protective effect in natural settings (e. g. , alleviating the negative consequences of horizontal gene transfer, HGT, on the host). However, this is an unlikely scenario: it does not seem economical to maintain a general, IS-based system (potentially deleterious itself) to alleviate harmful gene transfer events. Cells suffering a HGT event with negative consequences may simply become extinct, while the rest of the population would survive. ConclusionsEngineered genetic constructs, toxic for the E. coli K-12 host cell, may accumulate neutralizing, IS-mediated mutations, and the altered clones can be rapidly selected by their faster growth, leading to undesired genotypic and phenotypic changes.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: To corroborate the actigraphy data, a research assistant called parents each night of the 7 days of actigraphy data collection to obtain the child’s bed- and wake-times as well as medication use. In accordance with established guidelines [30, 31], actigraphy information was only analyzed for children who had 5 or more nights of complete data (87% of the sample, which is similar to rates in the literature). Nights of data collection during which children were given medication for an acute illness (e. g. Benadryl, cough syrup) were not included in the analyses. Good night-to-night stability over the week was observed for both sleep minutes (α =. 85) and sleep efficiency (α =. 90). Child Report. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using children’s reports on the 10-item Sleep/scale of the (SSHS) [19]. Items ask children to report the frequency of multiple sleep problems such as “Needed more than 1 reminder to get up in the morning”; “Had an extremely hard time falling asleep”; and “Fallen asleep in a morning class. ” Likert response choices range from 1 (“Never”) to 5 (“Everyday”). The SSHS has demonstrated good reliability and validity in previous work [32, 33] and the Sleep/scale had adequate internal consistency in the present study (α =. 62). Child functioning Toward a more comprehensive and methodologically sound assessment of the research question, we examined child functioning using a multimethod and multireporter approach. Cognitive Performance. Children’s cognitive performance was measured in the laboratory using the well-validated and individually administered Tests of (WJ-III) [34, 35]. Ability (BIA) scores were derived from this assessment. BIA is a composite score based on tests of (analogies, synonyms & antonyms, vocabulary), (fluid and categorical reasoning), and (perceptual processing). BIA scores are thought to tap into children’s crystallized and fluid intelligence. Consistent with prior literature [36, 37], vertically equated item response theory-scaled scores (also known as W scores), which indicate an individual’s deviation from a criterion score, were used in analyses. Academic Achievement.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: In these studies, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the telemedicine intervention groups did not differ significantly from those of the control groups at the end of the measurement period. Hyperlipidemia outcomesOf the 3 studies that examined hyperlipidemia [24, 26, 27] 2 assessed LDL-C [24, 27], 2 assessed total cholesterol [ 24, 26], and 1 assessed triglyceride levels [27] as the outcome. Of the 2 studies comparing intervention and control groups, 1 demonstrated no statistically significant differences in LDL-C and triglycerides at 5 months [27] while another found no significant differences in total cholesterol changes at 12 months [26]. DiscussionIn this systematic review of the literature, we found that synchronous telemedicine encounters resulted in either improved or non-inferior diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia control compared to in-person primary care office visits. None of the studies examined showed inferior outcomes in patients receiving telemedicine encounters at any time point assessed. These results suggest that telemedicine is a viable option for chronic disease management in the primary care setting. This study adds to the literature by systematically reviewing the evidence supporting the use of synchronous telemedicine encounters in the primary care setting for chronic disease management. Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have investigated the effect of telemedicine on chronic disease management, but many of these included studies focused solely on wearable devices or remote monitoring [29, 30]. Other reviews have examined outcomes such as medication adherence and health equity but did not focus on clinical outcomes [31, 32]. To our knowledge, no prior systematic review has investigated the impact of synchronous telemedicine encounters on clinical outcomes of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. All studies examined in this review included a synchronous provider-patient telemedicine encounter, but there was notable heterogeneity in the interventions used. Most of the interventions included components in addition to the synchronous telemedicine encounter. Some included remote self-monitoring devices and real-time transmission of patient data, while others included asynchronous patient messaging. While most studies compared the intervention group to usual care, a few scheduled regular in-person visits or mandated a certain number of visits for patients in the control group.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: We show here that reducing the evolutionary potential of the host cell by removal of all genomic IS elements can result in significant stabilization of otherwise unstable clones. It is interesting to note, moreover, that reduced-genome MDS42 appears to possess a generally lowered propensity for recombination [45], further reducing the evolutionary potential of the strain. Delaying the genetic adaptation in clean-genome MDS42, serving as host in SB applications, is suggested to be beneficial in both laboratory and industrial settings. 76. 10. 1021/cb7002434. 453. 10. 1038/nature04342. 71. 5. 15. 10. 1016/0169-5347(96)81058-5. 12. Nature. 1981, 293: 625-629. 10. 1038/293625a0. 1155. CAS 46. 10. 1266/jjg. 70. 35. 190. 10. 1371/journal. pgen. 1000671. 2208. CAS 202. 10. 1007/s12038-009-0023-5. 509. CAS 219. 10. 1016/0378-1119(86)90299-4. 114. 10. 1007/BF00270147. 559. CAS 826. 10. 1007/s00253-006-0532-1. 53. 10. 1007/s001220200005. 10. 1093/nar/21. 3. 779. 222. 10. 1007/s004380100542. 31. 10. 1093/embo-reports/kvd015. 63. CAS 12. Science. 1997, 277: 1453- 10. 1126/science. 277. 5331. 1453. 1046. 10. 1126/science. 1126439. 676. 10. 1016/0042-6822(91)90436-F. 647. 10. 1101/gr. 217202. 188. 10. 1016/S0378-1119(96)00487-8. 752. 10. 1093/protein/15. 9. 745. 506. 10. 1006/jmbi. 1998. 2107. 850. 10. 1093/bioinformatics/17. 9. 849. 10. 1093/nar/gkn883. 2799. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Compared with EA children, AA youth reported more subjective sleep problems, had lower cognitive performance (BIA) and academic achievement (SAT) scores, and were reported by their teachers as having lower academic functioning and more externalizing behaviors. On average, children’s actigraphy-derived sleep onset was at 9:39 pm (SD = 47 min) and wake time was at 6:16 am (SD = 34 min), indicating that average sleep duration was 8 hr and 37 min (SD = 40 min) per night. Table 1. Open in new tab Bivariate correlations, means, and standard deviations for main study variables and covariates. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 1. Race/ethnicity2. SES−. 40***3. Sleep minutes−. 12*. 14**4. Sleep efficiency−. 03. 13*. 79***5. Subjective sleep probs. . 30***−. 21***−. 06. 066. BIA scores−. 25***. 25***. 01. 11*−. 11*7. SAT scores−. 22***. 24***. 01. 07−. 23***. 77***8. Academics (T)−. 25***. 30***. 15*. 18**−. 18**. 51***. 65***9. Externalizing (T). 27***−. 32***−. 13*−. 14*. 14**−. 27***−. 31***−. 61***10. Internalizing (T). 12*−. 20***−. 03. 02. 08−. 21***−. 19**−. 50***. 54***11. Externalizing (M). 05−. 08−. 08−. 10. 12*−. 21***−. 18**−. 36***. 36***. 24***12. Internalizing (M)−. 01−. 07−. 16**−. 07. 13**−. 20***−. 15**−. 22***. 09. 28***. 51***M–1. 72458. 3188. 6018. 98494. 57641. 360. 0037. 0522. 8249. 4150. 26SD–1. 0456. 177. 095. 2310. 3441. 711. 7812. 597.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Our findings hold promise for increased use of telemedicine for chronic disease management in the primary care setting, but further work is needed to better compare ‘real world’ telemedicine encounters to in-person office visits. Some of the studies provided intervention group patients with remote self-monitoring devices that were not given to control group patients. It is unknown how much these telemedicine components contributed to intervention effects, and whether the interventions would have achieved the same clinical outcomes without these additional components. Knowledge is also needed about whether provision of visits by video or telephone differentially influences patient outcomes. Furthermore, more work assessing the role of interdisciplinary teams, including specialists, social workers, and other healthcare professionals, on delivering telemedicine interventions for chronic disease management is warranted. This study has several limitations. There was a paucity of literature regarding synchronous telemedicine’s use for chronic disease management by primary care providers, and most studies included components other than synchronous video or telephone interventions. Furthermore, studies focusing on elderly or fragile patients were lacking. Details on videoconferencing software platforms and blood pressure measurement devices used in the studies were limited. Not all studies directly compared clinical outcomes among intervention and control groups. Data regarding HDL and HDL/LDL ratios were not reported in the reviewed studies. Information was generally lacking about the racial/ethnic composition of participants. ConclusionsA systematic review of the literature found few studies comparing clinical outcomes resulting from synchronous telemedicine encounters versus in-person office visits. However, existing literature revealed that in the primary care setting, telemedicine was not inferior to in-person visits for diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia control. These results hold promise for increased use of telemedicine for chronic disease management. Availability of data and materials Data sharing is not applicable to this 1996. 2018. Available at: 19, 2021. . Council on ethical and judicial affairs Association: ethical practice in Telehealth and telemedicine. J Med. 2017;32(10):1136–40. 60. 31. 2020. . 2020;69(43):1595–9. 9. 93. 83. 43. 701. 31. 8. 62. 98. 46. 6791. 150. 64. 64. 55. 84. 403. 7. 41. 76. 41. 7. 2020. Advance online publication.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 1093/bioinformatics/btl469. 793. 10. 1038/nbt1413. 899. 10. 1002/bit. 10857. 3643. 10. 1128/AEM. 02708-07. 5. Gene. 1981, 14: 155-163. 10. 1016/0378-1119(81)90111-6. 162. Washington, D. C. : for Microbiology 488. CAS 443. 10. 1534/genetics. 108. 091330. 2606. 10. 1128/JB. 01695-07. 110. 10. 1016/0378-1119(96)00407-6. 151. 694. CAS 470. 10. 2144/000112585. 2894. TF is supported by the Bolyai Foundation. Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsInstitute of Biochemistry, Center of the of Sciences, 62 Temesvari krt, H6726, Szeged, HungaryKinga Umenhoffer, Tamás Fehér, Gabriella Balikó & György Pósfaiof the of Sciences, 62 Temesvari krt, H6726, 240 County Rd, Ipswitch, MA, 01938, USAJános PósfaiLLC, 1202 Ann Str, Madison, WI, 53713, of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, 425-53706, author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 238. (PDF 16 KB)Additional file 5: Relationship of reads, IS elements, genome segments and gene annotations. (PDF 460 KB)Authors’ original submitted files for imagesBelow are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images. Authors’ original file for figure 1Authors’ original file for figure 2Authors’ original file for figure 3Authors’ original file for figure 4Authors’ original file for figure 5Authors’ original file for figure 6Authors’ original file for figure 7Rights and permissions This 2. 0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: . Sleep minutes462. 95 (58. 90)449. 21 (49. 45)1. 82. 070Sleep efficiency88. 74 (7. 37)88. 33 (6. 53). 43. 672Subjective sleep probs. 17. 83 (4. 80)21. 12 (5. 34)−5. 12. 000BIA Scores496. 43 (9. 96)491. 02 (10. 17)4. 17. 000SAT Scores647. 75 (43. 08)628. 67 (35. 86)3. 19. 000Academics (T). 32 (1. 61)−. 60 (1. 94)3. 62. 000Externalizing (T)34. 60 (9. 85)41. 61 (15. 60)−3. 46. 001Internalizing (T)22. 12 (7. 42)24. 13 (8. 52)−1. 76. 081Externalizing (M)49. 11 (8. 17)49. 96 (9. 52)−. 74. 459Internalizing (M)50. 32 (8. 99)50. 16 (8. 52). 14. 887Probs. = problems; SAT = Test; Academics = academic functioning; T = teacher-report; M = mother-report. Sleep minutes The first set of regression models tested whether linear and quadratic terms for sleep minutes, or the interactions between the sleep minutes terms and the potential moderator (race/ethnicity) predicted children’s cognitive functioning and mental health. There were four significant effects (Table 3). First, there was a linear effect demonstrating an association between more sleep minutes and higher teacher-reported academic functioning. Together, the predictors explained a significant amount of variance in academic functioning, R2 =. 12, p <. 05. A negative linear relation between sleep minutes and teacher-reported externalizing behaviors was also detected and was modified by a significant quadratic effect. Sleep minutes had an accelerating, negative curvilinear association with teacher-reported externalizing behaviors (Figure 1). Conditional intercepts for externalizing behaviors were very similar at average (7. 63 hr; externalizing = 36) and shorter (−2. 25 SD, 5. 52 hr; externalizing = 36) sleep duration, but were much lower when sleep duration was longer (+2. 25 SD, 9.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Sign in Sign up -19 pediatrics jns Sign in Sign up -19 of of Neurosurgery: of Neurosurgery: of Neurosurgery: : Journal of of Neurosurgery: of Neurosurgery: -19 25 - Top 25 - 25 - Since 2005 Top 25 Knife® Surgery 10. 3171/2018. 2. FOCUS1889 Free access remote care of patients aided by internet- or telephone-based telecommunication technology, has been developed to overcome barriers to providing services, especially for patients needing time-sensitive specialty care in rural or medical-shortage areas requiring long-distance travel. in Follow-Up CareTelemedicine as used in postoperative follow-up care commonly relies on nonsurgeon medical and/or allied health professionals (e. g. , nurse practitioners). When used for routine postsurgical follow-up care, telemedicine strategies offer the potential to narrow access to care and cost disparities during a critical time period when most complications occur, and telemedicine may also reduce gaps and frustrations that can negatively impact a patient’s clinical outcomes and quality of life. 9Employing available telemedicine technologies is a strategy that can bridge care gaps and improve access to needed services for patients who can be cared for without their having to return to a regional specialty center. Local clinics, patient homes, and facilities with appropriate telemedicine technology can be used during the postoperative period for 3 general purposes: for follow-up visits that replace those scheduled at distant sites, ongoing monitoring, and the remote identification of complications. 10 Relatively brief, structured telemedicine visits for some post–neurosurgical follow-up care can reduce the time and travel costs to patients and their families, and they can reduce stress. 8Systematic review evidence of telemedicine intervention outcomes for postsurgical follow-up care comes from 21 mostly small US studies subject to selection bias in diverse low-risk surgery patients published between 2010 and July 2015. 3 For the included studies that reported the following outcomes, the majority of patients were willing to use telemedicine, and there was high patient and provider satisfaction, and universal and significant savings in round-trip travel distance, time, and costs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Colors indicate whether optimal and sub-optimal (level 1 and 2) pathways (yellow), optimal and sub-optimal (level 1) pathways (teal) or optimal pathways only (purple) could be identified for each compoundFull size image Using the RetSynth results for the 3462 target compounds, we can identify which reaction/enzyme is common to the highest number of them. This gene would be an advantageous gene addition for cultured strains of Escherichia coli. To identify what reaction/enzyme would make an optimal genetic modification (i. e. leading to the production of the highest number of downstream targets, given that subsequent genetic modifications were made) for each reaction/enzyme we counted the number of compounds for which it was the first step in an optimal or sub-optimal pathway. Each reaction/enzyme was only counted once per compound even if it was in multiple optimal and/or sub-optimal pathways. Of the total 766 enzymes that were the first step in optimal and/or sub-optimal pathways, we identified 24 enzymes that were in 50 or more compound production pathways (Fig. 4a). The top four reactions/enzymes found in the highest number of target compound pathways, above 100 compounds, are illustrated in (Fig. 4b, c, d, e). Enzymes 1. 1. 1. 222 and 1. 1. 1. 237 are hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductases which catalyze the reactions in Fig. 4b and c respectively and are natively found in Solenostemon scutellarioides. The remaining two enzymes 4. 3. 1. 23 and 4. 3. 1. 24 (tyrosine ammonia-lyase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase respectively) catalyze reactions in Fig. 4d and e. These enzymes are natively found in organisms Rhodotorula glutinis and Ustilago maydis respectively. Additionally, it was discovered that enzyme 4. 3. 1. 25 can catalyze both these reactions and is found in Rhodotorula glutinis. By identifying enzyme additions that are in the highest number of target compound production pathways RetSynth can lead and enhance the development of efficient chassis organisms for optimal production of all types of economically and industrial target compounds. Fig. 4Optimal enzyme/gene addition.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: 16)−. 29 (. 79)Sleep minutes × race/ethnicity−. 02 (. 17)−1. 23 (1. 14). 47 (. 76)Sleep minutes2 × Race/ethnicity. 20 (. 20)−1. 50 (1. 31)−. 41 (. 89)R2. 12* (. 05). 12* (. 05). 04 (. 03)Unstandardized parameter estimates and standard errors are reported. Race/ethnicity was coded as 0 = white/and 1 = black/African American. *p ≤. 05; **p <. 01. Figure 1. Quadratic effect for minutes2 predicting teacher-reported externalizing behaviors. CI = confidence interval. The x-axis range is ± 2. 25 SD (maximum range of the data) for sleep minutes. Open in new tabDownload slideThere were no significant linear, quadratic, or interaction effects for the sleep minutes terms predicting BIA scores, SAT scores, teacher-reported internalizing symptoms, or mother-reported externalizing behaviors (S1). Sleep efficiency The second set of regression models were identical to the first, except that linear and quadratic effects for sleep efficiency replaced sleep minutes. There were several significant main and interaction effects (Table 4). Sleep efficiency had positive linear and quadratic effects on cognitive performance (BIA) scores. The positive linear relation between sleep efficiency and BIA performance was modified by the positive quadratic effect and the quadratic sleep efficiency x race/ethnicity interaction (Figure 2a). For AA children, sleep efficiency showed an accelerating, positive curvilinear relation with cognitive functioning, p <. 01. For EA children, the association between sleep efficiency and cognitive functioning was not significant. The difference in BIA scores at low and high levels of sleep efficiency was equivalent to 1. 25 SD for AA and. 40 SD for EA children. Table 4. Open in new tab Estimates for regression models showing linear and nonlinear effects for child sleep efficiency on cognitive and adjustment variables. BIA scores. SAT scores. Teacher-reported academic functioning. Teacher-reported externalizing. . Estimate (SE). . . . Intercept495. 36*** (. 62)646. 21*** (2. 84). 23** (. 12)36. 38*** (. 92)Race/ethnicity−5. 34*** (1. 60)−18. 21** (7. 58)−.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Potential health care system benefits were also noted based on a single telephone follow-up study within the VA system4 in terms of cost savings, freed clinic time for new patients, and reduced wait times in specialty care with long surgery wait times. Although this evidence is not based on representative patient populations, many of the benefits of telemedicine for postsurgical patients treated by other specialties may also apply to neurosurgery. for Neurosurgery Follow-Up CareThus far there has been little neurosurgery-specific evidence. Only two single-center studies have been published and they focused on telemedicine follow-up care of patients who have undergone elective neurosurgery. In terms of telemedicine, the results of these studies support its feasibility, safety, and effectiveness as well as patient acceptance, satisfaction, and convenience, largely related to decreased travel burden. The most recent is a 2016 US pilot study in an urban setting (University of California, Los Angeles) of elective neurosurgery patients for selected procedures conducive to remote history and visual examination. 8 The telemedicine intervention was a real-time videoconference conducted by an allied health professional for follow-up care during the first 90 days after patients underwent surgery; the professional used a standardized template focused on key clinical questions to identify patients’ complications, to perform a functional status evaluation, and to provide education regarding signs and symptoms warranting in-person emergency room or clinic visits. Videoconferences were completed with 47 patients from home using required equipment: mobile phone, tablet, or laptop computer with a video camera. The results demonstrated high patient acceptance and satisfaction and no difference in emergency room visits, readmission rates at 30 and 90 days, and common symptoms reported when telemedicine patients were compared to 42 patients with in-person postoperative clinic follow-up visits. The other study reported on the use of telemedicine for postoperative routine follow-up and semi-emergent conditions of neurosurgery patients from a tertiary care medical center in Bangalore, India. 2 The majority of the study population lives below the poverty line and has to travel long distances to the center’s outpatient clinic.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: a Depicts the number compounds each enzyme is in an optimal or sub-optimal pathway (only shows enzymes that are in 50 or more compound pathways). b, c, d, e Are the reactions that are catalyzed by the top four enzymes in the highest number of compound pathwaysFull size image Biological and chemical hybrid pathways for target compound productionIn addition to identifying biological optimal and sub-optimal pathways, RetSynth can incorporate strictly synthetic chemistry reaction repositories such as which contains thousands of chemical reactions, into its metabolic database. By integrating into RetSynth’s MetaCyc and KBase database, pathways that use both biological and chemical reactions to produce necessary compounds (termed hybrid pathways) can be discovered. With the addition of 413 more target compound production pathways were identified. The hybrid pathway for production of benzene in Escherichia coli K-12 M1655 (Fig. 5) consists of the enzymatic conversion of native compound 4-aminobenzoic acid to phenylamine (predicted theoretical yield to be 0. 24 mol/mol glucose) which can subsequently be chemically synthesized into benzene [23]. Benzene is an important precursor to the production of other high value compounds. The ability to build a hybrid database greatly expands RetSynth’s capability for the find pathways to production of many target compounds that would otherwise not be possible. Fig. 5Optimal pathway for benzene production. Hybrid pathway including biological and chemical reactions necessary to produce benzene. Red indicates compound targets, magenta indicates native compounds to Escherichia coli K-12 M1655Full size image DiscussionBenchmarking RetSynth to other pathway identifying toolsThere are a number of other tools which can find synthetic pathways for target compounds, however none of these tools encompass all of the features of RetSynth (Table 1). We perform comparisons between RetSynth and other tools to illustrate RetSynth’s increased number and improved capabilities by benchmarking features between software such as the number of pathways found for each target compound, predicting yield of each target (if applicable) and time required to obtain results. Table 1 Comparison of different softwareFull size table OptStrainOptStrain uses mixed integer linear programming (optimization-based framework) to find stoichiometrically balanced pathways that produce a target compound in a specified chassis organism [4].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: There was also a significant linear relation between children’s sleep efficiency and SAT scores, which was modified by a quadratic interaction for sleep efficiency x race/ethnicity, p =. 055. For AA children, there was a positive, accelerating curvilinear association with SAT scores (Figure 2b), p <. 05. The association between sleep efficiency and SAT scores was not significant for EA children. The difference in SAT scores at low and high levels of sleep efficiency corresponded to. 90 SD for AA children and. 26 SD for EAs. Figure 2b suggests that racial/ethnic disparities in SAT scores existed at low (−1. 5 SD, 78%; SAT scores = 630 for AAs, 642 for EAs) and average (89%; SAT scores = 634 for AAs, 651 for EAs) levels of sleep efficiency. At high levels of sleep efficiency, however, SAT score conditional intercepts for AA children were higher than those of EA children (+1. 5 SD, 99%; SAT scores = 663 for AAs, 653 for EAs). EA children were predicted to score. 30 SD higher than EA children on the SAT at low levels of sleep efficiency and. 40 SD higher at average sleep efficiency, but at high-sleep efficiency, AAs were estimated to score. 25 SD higher than EAs. Follow-up tests indicated that the conditional intercepts for EAs and AAs were not significantly different at low- or high-sleep efficiency, but the intercepts were significantly higher for EA’s at average sleep efficiency. The overall model explained a significant amount of variance in SAT scores, R2 =. 11, p <. 01. Additionally, teacher-reported academic functioning was predicted by the linear effect of sleep efficiency and the quadratic sleep efficiency x race/ethnicity interaction. For AA children, sleep efficiency showed a positive curvilinear accelerating association with teacher-reported academic functioning (Figure 3a), p <. 05. For EA children, the association between sleep efficiency and teacher-reported academic functioning was not significant. The difference in academic functioning scores at low and high levels of sleep efficiency was equivalent to 1. 15 SD for AA and. 56 SD for EA children. Figure 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: The telemedicine specialist center in Bangalore provides real-time postoperative videoconferencing services for mostly routine follow-up care (58% cranial and 42% spinal pathologies) to two nodal centers located in the Indian cities of Barrackpore, West Bengal, and Bhubaneshwar, Odisha. This descriptive study retrospectively analyzed clinical data from more than 1500 patients with over 3000 teleconsultations during a 6-year period beginning in 2007. Based on their results, the authors concluded that videoconferencing for neurosurgical procedure follow-up care was efficient, safe, and cost-effective in an environment with significant resource constraints. Telemedicine Follow-Cost-Effectiveness StudyA new study by Thakar and colleagues11 in the present issue is an important contribution as the first cost-effectiveness analysis of a telemedicine intervention in the follow-up care of patients who have undergone a neurosurgical procedure. Their study applied a novel decision-analytic and effectiveness measurement strategy retrospectively to 1200 consecutive patients from West Bengal, India, who underwent elective cranial and spinal neurosurgery during a 52-month period beginning January 1, 2013. This study used the same Bangalore, India, specialty center and telemedicine nodal center in Barrackpore, West Bengal, as the previously referenced study. Patients had their first postoperative in-person follow-up visit within 2 weeks of their surgery, and they were then advised to have their next follow-up visit at the telemedicine nodal center between 3 and 12 months postsurgery. The follow-up teleconsultation intervention was a targeted neurological examination conducted by a trained local physician, followed by a Skype teleconference, which included a high-resolution image transmission, with a neurosurgeon located at the specialty center. Thakar and colleagues’ decision analysis model compares two follow-up postoperative outpatient consultation options: real-time interactive teleconsultation from the nodal center and routine in-person care at the more distant outpatient specialty center that required 2-day train travel and a hotel stay for the patient and an attendant.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The 443 reaction were methodically classified into three different categories 1) reactions that use no co-substrates or co-factors, 2) reactions that are anabolic conversions (merging the substrate with a co-substrate), and 3) reactions that are catabolic conversions where the substrate breaks down into corresponding product and co-product. Additionally, thermodynamic analysis was performed for each reaction, calculating ΔG (KJ/MOL), as was a promiscuity analysis (determining if an enzyme could accept multiple substrates). Subsequently, GEM-Path implemented a pathway predictor algorithm, which works by 1) designating a target compound and setting predictor constraints (maximal pathway length, metabolites to compute at each iteration, thermodynamic threshold, and reaction promiscuity threshold), 2) applying reactions to the target in a retrosynthetic manner for generating the corresponding substrates, and 3) checking if the substrate matches a compound in the Escherichia coli metabolome. Subsequently, if a pathway is found FBA is run to validate production. GEM-Path is not available for public use and there are other differences between the two software. GEM-Path integrates more detailed reaction parameters when predicting a pathway (i. e. ΔG and promiscuity) than RetSynth uses to identify optimal solutions. This subsequently makes GEM-Path’s metabolic database substantially smaller than RetSynth and therefore is missing many synthetic pathway opportunities. Additionally, GEM-Path’s algorithm does not allow multiple pathways per target to be identified, limiting the potential pathways provided to the researcher. MetaRouteMetaRoute is a web-based tool that finds pathways between two specified compounds using a graph-based searching algorithm [5]. Specifically, this tool uses Eppstein’s k-shortest path algorithm to find the shortest distance between two nodes in a graph. The graph representing a metabolic network was built by 1) using pre-calculated and concise atom mapping rules in which two successive reactions are represented by a single edge, 2) removing irrelevant reaction conversions (i. e. glucose 6 phosphate to ATP to AMP), and 3) using an updated weighting schema which decreased weights on edges through frequently used metabolites which traditionally had higher weights.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: (a) Quadratic interaction effect for sleep efficiency2 x race/ethnicity predicting teacher-reported academic functioning and (b) quadratic effect for efficiency2 predicting teacher-reported externalizing. EA = white/European American; AA = black/African American; CI = confidence interval. The x-axis range is ± 1. 5 SD (maximum range of the data) for sleep efficiency. *p <. 05Open in new tabDownload slideAs displayed in Figure 3a, this meant that the greatest disparities between children from the various racial/ethnic groups were seen at average (89%; = −. 25 for AAs,. 46 for EAs) levels of sleep efficiency. At low-sleep efficiency, AA and EA children were rated similarly for academic functioning (−1. 5 SD, 78%, = −. 67 for AAs, −. 14 for EAs). High levels of sleep efficiency, in contrast, seemed to play a protective role against lower levels of academic functioning for AAs (+1. 5 SD, 99%; = 1. 38 for AAs,. 86 for EAs). In other words, EA children were estimated to outperform AA children on academic functioning by. 30 SD and. 40 SD at low and average levels of sleep efficiency, respectively. However, at high levels of sleep efficiency, AAs were estimated to outperform EAs by. 30 SD. Follow-up tests indicated that the conditional intercepts for EAs and AAs were only significantly different at average levels of sleep efficiency, and not at high or low. The model explained a significant proportion of variance in academic functioning, R2 =. 16, p <. 01. Furthermore, sleep efficiency had linear and quadratic effects on teacher-reported externalizing behaviors (Figure 3b). The negative linear relation was modified by the negative quadratic effect such that sleep efficiency had an accelerating, negative curvilinear association with externalizing behaviors. No interaction effects emerged for this association. The conditional intercepts for teacher-reported externalizing behaviors were slightly lower at average (89%; externalizing = 36) in comparison to lower (−1. 5 SD, 78%; externalizing = 39) levels of sleep efficiency. However, externalizing behaviors were much lower (externalizing = 29) at higher levels of sleep efficiency (+1. 5 SD, 99%). The difference in teacher-reported externalizing behaviors at low and high levels of sleep efficiency corresponded to. 73 SD.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Patient outcomes in terms of the medical benefit value are assumed to be identical for a successful teleconsultation and in-person specialty center consultation since both rely on the same neurosurgeon consultants, preventing use of the conventional quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) utility measure as an effectiveness outcome. Instead, effectiveness was measured by a utility preference score using a value scale of 0 to 1 for ease of access, quality of care, and overall experience. This score was applied to 4 consultation scenarios: 1) “successful” teleconsultation at nodal center (0. 9); 2) patient chooses in-person consultation at specialty center (0. 8); 3) “unsuccessful” teleconsultation requiring specialty center visit for additional evaluation and/or treatment services (0. 6); and 4) “unsuccessful” teleconsultation requiring a local visit for additional nonneurosurgical care (0. 4). A societal perspective for the analysis included direct and indirect costs incurred by the health system and patients, including potential lost earnings and the cost of having an attendant accompany the patient for all visits and, when visiting the specialty center, their travel, meals, and hotel lodging. The result was that not only was teleconsultation cost-effective but it was also a cost-saving alternative (i. e. , lower cost and higher effectiveness). Cost-effectiveness for teleconsultation versus in-person specialty care was measured by an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER); the difference in cost was divided by the difference in effectiveness at base case values. Teleconsultation had a substantially lower per episode cost (42. 7% of in-person specialty care) with 97% efficiency or successful visit rate (i. e. , care needs met without another visit required) yielding a higher overall utility (effectiveness) of 0. 89 compared to 0. 80 for in-person specialty care. Sensitivity analysis indicated threshold values at which teleconsultation would no longer be more cost-effective than in-person specialty consultation. The threshold values for the two most influential variables were 44% for the successful visit rate and 0. 34 for the teleconsultation utility value, which hardly seem plausible compared to the study’s well-supported base case values of 97% and 0. 89, respectively.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The graph of reactions and compounds MetaRoute uses was built using several metabolic repositories including BN++ (a biological information system), BNDB (biochemical network database) and KEGG. There are several key differences between this web-based tool and RetSynth, one being that a source compound must be specified instead of a chassis organism, which limits the number of pathways that can be discovered. While a user could perform a pathway search between every internal chassis compound and the target, this would take an extraordinary amount of time to get all optimal pathways and require the user to further sort through the pathways and identify the best route. Additionally, this is not a tool that can find sub-optimal pathways or evaluate the effectiveness of pathways through FBA. RetSynth’s capabilities far exceed MetaRoute’s including being a stand-alone software package that does not require a webservice like MetaRoute. RouteSearchRouteSearch is a module of the software utilizing the EcoCyc and MetaCyc databases for synthetic pathway identification [9]. This tool uses the branch-and-bound search algorithm on atom mapping rules to find optimal pathways between a set of starting compounds (or a specified source compound) and a target compound. Users can specify the weights (costs) of identifying pathways with reactions native to the chassis organism and those external to the organism. Additionally, multiple optimal pathways as well as higher cost or length sub-optimal pathways can be identified by RouteSearch. The user must specify how many pathways they want to examine, and if there are fewer optimal pathways than the user specified, then RouteSearch will give longer (sub-optimal) pathways. When identifying pathways by RouteSearch using the BioCyc web-browser a set of source compounds can be used to find pathways to an individual target compound. Additionally, a number of external bacterial organisms can be set by the user in which to search for optimal pathways. When using all bacterial organisms, however, RouteSearch freezes and is unusable. In addition to the web browser, RouteSearch can be used through the software suite, which allows all MetaCyc reactions to be loaded quickly and efficiently. When using RouteSearch through only a single source compound can be set and optimal pathways cannot be identified from an entire set of source compounds. Thus a rapid search for an optimal and sub-optimal pathway using all native chassis organism metabolites cannot be rapidly or efficiently achieved.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Sleep minutes7. Linear10. Linear15. Linear11. NonlinearSleep efficiency1. Linear4. Linear8. Linear12. Linear2. Nonlinear5. Nonlinear x race9. Nonlinear x race13. Nonlinear3. Nonlinear x raceSleep problems6. Nonlinear14. Nonlinear (trend)16. Nonlinear17. Nonlinear x race. BIA scores. SAT scores. Teacher-reported academic functioning. Teacher- reported externalizing. Teacher- reported internalizing. Mother- reported externalizing. Mother- reported internalizing. Sleep minutes7. Linear10. Linear15. Linear11. NonlinearSleep efficiency1. Linear4. Linear8. Linear12. Linear2. Nonlinear5. Nonlinear x race9. Nonlinear x race13. Nonlinear3. Nonlinear x raceSleep problems6. Nonlinear14. Nonlinear (trend)16. Nonlinear17. Nonlinear x raceSleep problems = sleep/wake problems; BIA = Ability; SAT = Test. constitutes optimal sleep for various child functioning domains has become an important research question. Addressing this issue, we investigated nonlinear associations between sleep duration and quality and several primary domains of development among school-aged children (10-year-olds). A nonlinear negative association emerged between sleep duration and externalizing behaviors, and several nonlinear associations were detected between sleep quality and cognitive performance, academic achievement, and mental health. The findings provide new insight into what may constitute optimal sleep during this developmental period. Furthermore, supportive of the importance of assessments of race/ethnicity, moderation analyses indicated that varying levels of sleep quality may be needed to achieve optimal daytime functioning for EA and AA children. Although empirical studies are scarce, there is increasing recognition of the importance of examining nonlinear relations between sleep and child functioning [5, 7, 20]. Of the few existing studies, the examination of nonlinear associations between subjective reports of children’s sleep duration and their daytime functioning has provided novel understanding of optimal sleep duration for various outcomes [7, 17, 18]. Expanding on existing evidence, our findings supportive of nonlinear effects are based on multiple self-report and actigraphy-derived sleep parameters and address several critical child functioning variables. Actigraphy-derived sleep duration shared an accelerating nonlinear association with teacher-reported externalizing behaviors.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: Because a cost-saving result is a rare finding, additional and more representative evidence is needed to consider it credible. ConclusionsThe initial evidence on telemedicine for routine neurosurgical follow-up care offers suggestive support that telemedicine can be feasible, safe, and clinically and cost-effective with patient acceptance, satisfaction, and a reduced travel burden. Telemedicine may offer a win-win strategy for the specialty center clinic access problem caused by centralization of specialty services in a small number of tertiary care hospitals in large urban centers covering vast geographic areas, known as regionalization. While offering many advantages in both developed7 and developing countries, regionalization imposes a costly travel burden on many patients. An ironic, unintended consequence of regionalization is that the more successful neurosurgery centers are at providing surgical services, the greater the demand and corresponding access gap for low-value non–acute care services. Telemedicine may mitigate this gap in both developed- and developing-country settings, with the greatest relative benefit to rural, developing-country, low-income populations who bear the greatest travel burden. At the other extreme, telemedicine may be well accepted and cost-effective for urban, developed-country, high-income, tech-savvy populations who value enhanced convenience and the reduced travel burden. 8This new telemedicine cost-effectiveness study for post–neurosurgical follow-up care is one of a small handful of studies for specialty surgery,1,5,12 and considerably more studies are needed to overcome a dearth of evidence. Moving telemedicine into the mainstream requires shifting its evidence base from promising toward generalizable to address decision-maker and policymaker information needs. Although telemedicine interventions may be considered affordable based on neurosurgery clinics’ current staffing and technologies, and they may offer potential for significant patient and health system cost savings, there may be risks, concerns, and other costs constituting barriers to implementation. 6 Future research demonstrating value sufficient to encourage adoption should provide rigorous, real-world practice comparative evaluation that is representative of neurosurgery telemedicine and in-person care costs in developing- and developed-country environments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: While RouteSearch can perform similar functions to RetSynth the usability and system-wide analysis that RetSynth provides cannot be matched. RetrobiosynthesisRetrobiosynthesis is a synthetic biology tool that can build novel synthetic pathways for compound production. This tool, which was developed by the Institute of Technology [24], first implements a network generation algorithm that compiles a list of all theoretically possible enzymatic transformations. A pathway reconstruction algorithm, using either a graph-based search or optimization-based methods, then builds all possible pathways from a source compound to a target. After implementation of these algorithms, reduction steps are taken to decrease the amount of information which include: 1) sorting through the list of possible enzymatic transformations and comparing what is known vs novel using repositories such as and ChEBI, and 2) sifting through the pathways and selecting ones based on thermodynamic feasibility, number of enzymatic transformations in a pathway and maximum target yield. Although the Retrobiosynthesis tool performs many of the same functions as RetSynth, and can predict novel enzymatic transformations, its ability to be used by independent researchers is limited. It requires setting up a collaboration with the Institute of Technology and having them run the analysis. Retrobiosynthesis requires a designation of a source compound, making it likely that identifying all pathways to a target in a chassis organism would require a large amount of time, although we could not test this as we do not have access to the tool. RetSynth is a stand-alone software with a graphical user interface that researchers can download and use independently, making identifying pathways less reliant on the developers. Overall the software is quicker and easier to use for researchers to find optimal pathways. RetroPathRetroPath is a synthetic pathway finding tool used to identify pathways between a set of source compounds and a target compound [8]. RetroPath uses a database (database named RetroRules) of external metabolic reactions which was constructed using reaction information collected from and MetaCyc. Reactions are represented by reaction which facilitates the ability for potential novel enzymatic transformations to be predicted. Pathways between source and target compounds are calculated by identifying the shortest hyperpath in a larger weighted hypergraph (constructed using the database of external reactions) using the FindPath algorithm [25, 26].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Conditional intercepts for externalizing behaviors were slightly higher at average (7 hr and 38 min) in comparison to lower levels of sleep duration (−2. 25 SD: 5 hr and 31 min). However, externalizing behaviors decreased at a rapid pace between average and longer sleep duration (+2. 25 SD from the mean; 9 hr and 45 min) and the lowest level of externalizing behaviors was observed at 9 hr and 45 min. This finding illustrates the continued positive influence of sleep duration on mental health. Recommendations in the field suggest that 9 to 11 hr be allotted to time spent in bed [3] and researchers recently discovered that the lowest level of externalizing behavior occurred in this window [18]. Our findings are generally consistent with these recommendations, yet differ in that the optimal levels of sleep in our sample are based on actual sleep time. Our findings regarding sleep duration and mental health are not entirely consistent with another study that addressed this question with 15-year-olds from backgrounds [16]. The authors reported that optimal self-reported sleep duration associated with the lowest levels of externalizing problems was almost 9 hr, which is lower than 9. 75 hr of actual sleep that we found with our sample. In the only other study that we are aware of that examined nonlinear relations between 9-year-olds’ sleep duration and externalizing behaviors, a U-shaped curve was observed with children who slept the shortest or longest durations having the highest levels of externalizing difficulties. Furthermore, the optimal parent-reported sleep duration associated with the lowest levels of child- and primary caregiver-reported externalizing problems was 9–10 hr. Of note is that the shape of the nonlinear trajectories reported so far in this small literature varies (e. g. U-shaped or accelerating) and we expect that clarity will not be achieved without substantial growth in studies that assess nonlinear associations. Many factors including age, sample characteristics, and various methodologies employed to examine sleep and adjustment may underlie the discrepancies. In terms of sleep quality parameters, actigraphy-derived sleep efficiency shared an accelerating nonlinear negative association with teacher-reported externalizing behaviors. Conditional intercepts for externalizing behaviors were slightly higher at lower (−1. 5 SD from the mean, 78%) in comparison to average levels of sleep efficiency (89%).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: A paradigm shift toward telemedicine and away from in-person specialist visits for routine neurosurgery follow-up care will depend on stakeholders’ confidence in the net benefit of this substitution, which could potentially include reducing (the opportunity cost of) neurosurgeons’ time spent on low-value outpatient clinic visits by replacing it with higher-value services, including surgeries. DisclosuresThe author reports no conflict of interest. 7410. 2196/jmir. 3528)| falseSearch 1410. 1016/j. wneu. 2014. 05. 027)| falseSearch 1610. 1016/j. jamcollsurg. 2016. 01. 062)| falseSearch 8210. 1001/jamasurg. 2013. 2672)| falseSearch 2016. 00082, 2017 : Cost effectiveness of a novel attempt to reduce readmission after ileostomy creation. JSLS 21:e2016. 00082, 20172814412210. 4293/JSLS. 2016. 00082)| falseSearch 1010. 1016/j. wneu. 2016. 01. 075)| falseSearch 0510. 3171/jns. 2005. 103. 4. 058516266037)| falseSearch 1410. 1371/journal. pone. 011401625436912)| falseSearch 3210. 3171/2018. 2. FOCUS17543)| falseSearch 0810. 1002/lary. 21812)| falseSearch 18. xml The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Link copied successfullyCopy link : Issue 5 (May 2018): and Cost-Effectiveness in Journal eTOC of 10. 3171/2018. 2. FOCUS17543. : 10. 3171/2018. 2. FOCUS1889. author reports no conflict of interest. Benefits in Follow-Up Carefor Neurosurgery Follow--Cost-Effectiveness StudyConclusionsDisclosures 7410. 2196/jmir. 3528)| falseSearch 1410. 1016/j. wneu. 2014. 05. 027)| falseSearch 1610. 1016/j. jamcollsurg. 2016. 01. 062)| falseSearch 8210. 1001/jamasurg. 2013. 2672)| falseSearch 2016.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: To compare synthetic pathways between RetSynth and RetroPath we first retrieved the reaction available for the MetaCyc repository from the RetroRules full database ( A RetSynth database was then built to match the reactions that were in the RetroPath MetaCyc reaction rules database so an equal comparison between the tools could be run. Extra RetroPath parameters such as maximum and minimum diameter and maximum molecular weight for source were all kept at their default values of 1000, 0 and 1000 respectively. Diameter is a measure of the depth and detail of the molecular reaction signatures (reaction ) used to identify pathways in RetroPath. The larger diameter the more detailed and strict the reaction are and therefore are less able to predict novel reactions. Because RetSynth cannot predict novel reactions and we want to do a strict comparison between the two tools the maximum diameter of 1000 keeps the reaction sufficiently strict to prevent novel reactions from being identified by RetroPath. Additionally, source compounds (metabolites native to Escherichia coli K-12 M1655) were also the same for the two tools. Using RetroPath, which was run with the KNIME analytics platform with the pathway limit being 10 reaction steps (which matched the default pathway limit of RetSynth) we attempted to identify pathways for all MetaCyc compounds not in Escherichia coli. This query, however, was too large for RetroPath to handle, and subsequently RetroPath was employed to find pathways for a smaller set of target compounds including methyl acetate, pterostilbene (Fig. 2), 2-propanol, butanol, sabinene, 2-methylbutanal and isobutanol. RetSynth with this smaller database was able to identify pathways for all compounds in this smaller set while RetroPath was only able to find optimal and sub-optimal pathways for 2-methylbutanal, isobutanol and 2-propanol (Fig. 6). Fig. 6RetSynth vs RetroPath2. 0. Optimal and sub-optimal pathways identified by RetSynth and RetroPath for 2-propanol (a), 2-methylbutanal (b) and isobutanol (c).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: However, highlighting the continued importance of sleep quality across the spectrum, externalizing behaviors decreased at an accelerated pace between average and high levels of sleep efficiency (+1. 5 SD, 99%) and the lowest level of externalizing behaviors was observed at a sleep efficiency of 99%. Thus, the benefits of sleep efficiency did not taper off. The larger number of significant effects for sleep efficiency relative to sleep minutes is consistent with some literature [22, 49, 50] and may suggest that poor sleep efficiency disrupts neurodevelopment and deep sleep [51] and causes mental fatigue to a larger extent than reduced sleep duration. Evidently, this is a tentative proposition that should be probed further in future studies towards explication of children’s development in the context of sleep problems. Recently endorsed NSF guidelines suggest that a sleep efficiency ≥85% indicates “good sleep quality” [4]; however, our findings indicated that peak levels of mental health and cognitive performance were evident at the highest end of sleep efficiency (99%). As this area of study grows with children from various backgrounds, additional findings will further inform whether optimal development across various domains indeed aligns with current sleep quality recommendations. In addition to actigraphy-derived sleep quality, nonlinear associations were detected for subjective measures of sleep problems. Academic achievement as assessed by the SAT-10 was high and similar for children who reported both low and average levels of sleep problems. However, children who had the worst academic achievement were those with the highest levels of sleep problems in the sample. Similarly, children with the lowest levels of sleep problems had the fewest internalizing symptoms, based on teacher reports. However, those with average and high levels of such sleep problems tended to have similar and relatively high levels of internalizing symptoms. The benefits of subjective sleep quality were most evident at the highest end of the continuum with fewer distinctions between sleep at the lower and average levels. We are not aware of any studies that examined nonlinear associations between sleep quality and child adjustment and thus comparisons are not possible. Overall, the nature of relations between sleep and children’s development should not be assumed as linear and assessments of quadratic effects are encouraged to further explicate the pattern of associations. Race/ethnicity emerged as an important moderator of nonlinear associations between sleep quality and multiple developmental variables. For example, the nature of relations between sleep efficiency and children’s cognitive performance as measured by the BIA differed across racial/ethnic lines.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-892528/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 1You are reading this latest preprint versioncan be used to manage various health conditions, but there is a need to investigate its effectiveness for chronic disease management in the primary care setting. This study compares the effect of synchronous telemedicine versus in-person primary care visits on patient clinical outcomes. systematic review of studies published in PubMed and Web of Science between 1996 and January 2021 was performed using keywords related to telemedicine, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Included studies compared synchronous telemedicine versus in-person visits with a primary care clinician, and examined outcomes of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood pressure, and/or lipid levels. 1,724 2018. Three studies were conducted in the United States, 2 in Spain, 1 in Sweden, and 1 in the United Kingdom. The telemedicine interventions investigated were multifaceted. All included synchronous visits with a primary care provider through videoconferencing and/or telephone, combined with other components such as asynchronous patient data transmission. Five studies reported on HbA1c changes, 5 on blood pressure changes, and 3 on changes in lipid levels. Compared to usual care with in-person visits, telemedicine was associated with greater reductions in HbA1c at 6 months and similar HbA1c outcomes at 12 months. Telemedicine conferred no significant differences in blood pressure and lipid levels compared to in-person clinic visits. systematic review of the literature found few studies comparing clinical outcomes resulting from synchronous telemedicine versus in-person office visits, but the existing literature showed that in the primary care setting, telemedicine was not inferior to in-person visits for the management of diabetes, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia. These results hold promise for continued use of telemedicine for chronic disease management. 1BackgroundTelemedicine is defined as the use of telecommunication and information technologies to provide clinical health care at a distance.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Additionally, RetSynth’s supplementary capabilities, including identifying theoretical yields for target compounds as well as incorporating chemical reactions into the database of external reactions makes it highly versatile for individual user needs. RetSynth can be easily run using the graphical user interface and can implement usage of multiple processors, enabling quick identification of synthetic pathways for large sets of target compounds. Currently, RetSynth can only generate pathways with reactions that are known enzymatic transformations while RetroPath, by having a database of reaction allows the software to predict novel enzyme transformations. While this RetroPath feature undoubtedly has advantages in discovering production pathways, the goal of RetSynth is to provide the most feasible pathways for target production and therefore using known reactions ultimately makes pathways provided by RetSynth more likely to be functional. Furthermore, because RetSynth is a stand-alone software package it is extremely easy to use and does not require downloading any outside software. Currently, RetroPath is used through KNIME for which the installation and usage can be challenging. All of these features enable RetSynth to perform more comprehensive and system-wide metabolic studies than is currently available from other tools. RetSynth graphical user interface modeIn addition to RetSynth’s command-line interface, a simple graphical user interface (GUI) is available for both MacOS and Windows (Fig. 7). The GUI, which was constructed with the python package Tkinter, provides the same options to the user as the command-line interface including designating a target compound and chassis organism, selecting the level of sub-optimal pathways to identify, predicting maximum theoretical yield using FBA, and the ability to generate a new custom database from metabolic repositories and/or KEGG. To save the user time, a basic default database is included with the application, allowing users to identify pathways in Escherichia coli. The application outputs all pathway information into figures and text/excel files to the user’s desktop or a user-specified directory. The GUI enables RetSynth to be used by a broader user-base compared to other tools currently available. Fig. 7RetSynth Application. A graphical user interface for RetSynthFull size image ConclusionsRetSynth is an open-source, stand-alone software tool for identifying optimal and sub-optimal pathways to biological, chemical and hybrid production of target chemicals.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Overall, 3 of the 4 moderation effects show that lower and average levels of sleep efficiency are associated with worse outcomes (cognitive performance, academic achievement, and teacher-reported academic functioning) for AAs in comparison to EAs. However, accelerating curves associated with increasing sleep efficiency from average (89%) to high (99%) were observed only for AAs. Although the literature is far from conclusive and is relatively recent with children, other findings from our lab show that AAs are more negatively affected by poor sleep than EAs [22] and at the same time, as the present findings show, may benefit more from better sleep. As illustrated in the interaction effects, the fewer significant associations between the sleep and outcome variables that emerged for EAs compared with AAs support this premise, although these results require further replication before any firm conclusions can be made. Vulnerability to poor sleep for AA children may stem from exposure to race-based social stressors, which have been found to contribute to racial/ethnic health and achievement disparities [23, 25]. Although our findings are consistent with others documenting racial/ethnic differences in children’s sleep [21, 52, 53], a majority of the nonlinear findings were not moderated by race/ethnicity and thus optimal sleep was the same across all children. Factors that may influence differences in the sleep of children based on their race/ethnicity are not well-understood. Subcultural factors including sleep routines and schedules (e. g. napping), race-related stress, and the sleep environment (e. g. dwelling) need to be examined to explicate why such differences may emerge. Although much evidence supported significant relations between sleep and children’s developmental outcomes, some of the tested models produced null effects. For example, neither sleep minutes nor sleep efficiency shared associations with teacher-reported internalizing symptoms or mother-reported externalizing behavior. Viewing children in the classroom, teachers may be more aware of externalizing behavior relative to mothers and also may be better equipped to compare the child’s behavior with that of other children. Mothers, on the other hand, may be more attuned to their individual child’s internalizing behavior. However, these null effects are still difficult to interpret, especially given that such associations have been reported as significant many times in the literature [39, 50, 54]. Multiple factors including statistical power and the amount of variance (i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 1–3 It includes a diverse array of technologies, such as synchronous virtual visits through videoconferencing or telephone consultations, and asynchronous transmission and interpretation of clinical data (e. g. , blood pressure readings, daily weights). 1,4 Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine use increased dramatically,5 with a 154% increase in telemedicine encounters during the last week of March 2020 compared to the same surveillance period in 2019. 6 Virtual visits reduced concerns regarding disease transmission and preserved personal protective equipment during the pandemic. Yet they also benefited patients with limited mobility7 and difficulties with transportation or with taking time off work for appointments. 8,9 In the United States, temporary federal and state regulatory changes during the pandemic allowed for greater patient access to telemedicine. 5 Evidence of the effectiveness of these telemedicine encounters on clinical outcomes would support the utility of continued use of telemedicine. Studies have shown that telemedicine results in good clinical outcomes across various healthcare settings, including psychiatry,10,11 ophthalmology,12,13 post-surgical rehabilitation,14,15 and malnutrition management. 16 Telemedicine may also be particularly beneficial for chronic disease management, but there is a need to understand the effect of telemedicine encounters in the primary care setting on clinical outcomes for patients with chronic diseases. Telemedicine interventions for chronic disease management have mostly investigated team-based care with intensive counseling, many using remote monitoring devices. 17–21 Systematic reviews are lacking on the influence of synchronous telemedicine encounters with a primary care provider on clinical outcomes. The objective of this study is to perform a systematic review of literature to examine the effect of synchronous telemedicine versus in-person primary care visits on clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. and Web of Science were electronically searched to find relevant studies published between 1996 and January 19, 2021. We searched PubMed for Headings (MeSH terms) and key words in titles and abstracts. We searched Web of Science for Web of Plus function terms. Searches included terms related to telemedicine, telehealth, telecare, virtual visit, videoconferencing, primary care, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Reviews, perspectives, commentaries, and case reports were excluded in the initial search.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Additionally, RetSynth is able to rank pathways based on maximum theoretical yield which is calculated by flux balance analysis. Our tool exceeds the capabilities of any other current software available because it includes a graphical user interface, providing the ability for RetSynth to be used by scientists without a programming background, the capability to add new and proprietary biological reactions as well as synthetic chemical databases, efficient identification of optimal and sub-optimal pathways and clear images of pathways via our visualization module to allow quick interpretation of results. Availability and requirementsProject name: RetSynthProject home page: system(s): Mac, Windows and LinuxProgramming language: Python and JavaOther requirements: (v4. 64), libSMBLLicense: BSD 2-clause license Availability of data and materials All software and data are available at AbbreviationsEMP: Enzyme and metabolic pathways FBA: Flux balance analysis GUI: : Kyoto encyclopedia of genomes and genes MILP: Mixed integer linear program MINE: Metabolic in-silico network expansion UM-BBD: University of Minnesota Biocatalyst/Biodegradation database 15. 8. 121. 76. 9. 58. 74. 2. 0: A retrosynthesis workflow for metabolic engineers. Metab Eng. 2018; 45:158–70. 50. 42. 8. 1318. 9. 30. 44. 66. 2. 1, a selective chemical synthesis and reaction database. J Model. 2005; 45(5):1470–3. 74. 1. 24. 9. 5482. 5. 104. 122. 10. 3525. FundingThis research was conducted as part of the Co-Optimization of Fuels and Engines (Co-Optima) project sponsored by the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of (EERE), Offices. Co-Optima is a collaborative project of multiple national laboratories initiated to simultaneously accelerate the introduction of affordable, scalable, and sustainable biofuels and high-efficiency, low-emission vehicle engines. The DOE was not involved in the design of study, collection, analysis, interpretation of data or the writing of this manuscript. Author informationAuthors and 94550, USALeanne S. & Corey M. HudsonAuthorsLeanne S. WhitmoreView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Functional consequences of inadequate sleep in adolescents: a systematic review. Rev. 2014;18(1):75–87. 3. Hirshkowitz M, et al. Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health. 2015;1(1):40–43. 4. Ohayon M, et al. Foundation’s sleep quality recommendations: first report. Sleep Health. 2017;3(1):6–19. 5. Matricciani L, et al. Children’s sleep needs: is there sufficient evidence to recommend optimal sleep for children? Sleep. 2013;36(4):527–534. 6. Feinberg I. Recommended sleep durations for children and adolescents: the dearth of empirical evidence. Sleep. 2013;36(4):461–462. 7. Fuligni AJ, et al. Individual differences in optimum sleep for daily mood during adolescence. J Adolesc Psychol. 2017;1–11. 8. Könen T, et al. Cognitive benefits of last night’s sleep: daily variations in children’s sleep behavior are related to working memory fluctuations. J Psychiatry. 2015;56(2):171–182. 9. Dewald JF, et al. The influence of sleep quality, sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review. Rev. 2010;14(3):179–189. 10. Kelly RJ, et al. Reciprocal relations between children’s sleep and their adjustment over time. Dev Psychol. 2014;50(4):1137–1147. 11. McMakin DL, et al. Sleep and anxiety in late childhood and early adolescence. Psychiatry. 2015;28(6):483–489. 12. Cohen J, et al. Regression/for the Behavioral Sciences. 3rd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Associates Publishers; 2003. 13. Zhai L, et al. Sleep duration and depression among adults: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32(9):664–670. 14. Kronholm E, et al. Self-reported sleep duration and cognitive functioning in the general population. J Sleep Res. 2009;18(4):436–446. 15.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: The complete search strategy can be seen in 1. We combined PubMed and Web of Science searchers and removed duplicate 2018. Four were conducted in Europe23–26 and 3 in the United States. 22,27,28 Four studies were conducted across multiple health care clinics or facilities23,24,26,28 while 3 were single-center studies. 22,25,28 Four studies were conducted in urban settings,22,24,26,28 2 in rural, 23,27 and one across multiple cities with varied access to physicians. 25 Six studies were prospective22–27 and all but one were randomized. 27 One study was a retrospective cohort study. 28 Sample sizes ranged from 28 to 1786 patients. Two studies investigated diabetes,22,25 2 studied hypertension,23, 28 and 3 examined diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. 24,26,27 Table 1 (Years) (% Female) (2000)22 Single primary care clinic care 28 Study: 61. 5 (41-73)* Control: 59 (32-75)* Study: 60 Control: 62 Primary care physician HbA1c > 8. 0% HbA1c Nilsson et al. (2009)23 Health centers cohort study Usual care with physician at a separate but similar healthcare center 273 Study: 65 (57-63)* Control: 65 (57-63)* Study: 54 Control: 54 Primary care physician SBP > 140 DBP > 90 Blood pressure Rodriguez-Idígoras et al. (2009)24 Family medicine practices Spain RCT Usual care 328 Study: 63. 3 (61. 6-65. 0)† Control: 64. 5 (63. 0-66. 1)† Study: 46 Control: 51 Family physician Age > 30 years Type 2 diabetes Self-monitoring for diabetes HbA1c, blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-C Esmatjes et al. (2014)25 Single outpatient clinic Spain RCT 5 face-to-face appointments with physician 154 Study: 32. 2 ±10. 1‡ Control: 31. 5 ± 9. 0‡ Study: 57. 6 Control: 52. 6 Primary care provider Aged 18-55 years Type 1 diabetes ≥ 5 year duration HbA1c > 8.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: AbstractSulforhodamine 101 (SR101) is a preferential astrocyte marker widely used in 2-photon microscopy experiments. Here we show, that topical loading of two commonly used SR101 concentrations, 100 μM and 250 μM when incubated for 10 min, can induce seizure-like local field potential (LFP) activity in both anaesthetized and awake mouse sensori-motor cortex. This cortical seizure-like activity develops in less than ten minutes following topical loading and when applied longer, these neuronal discharges reliably evoke contra-lateral hindlimb muscle contractions. Short duration (<1 min) incubation of 100 μM and 250 μM SR101 or application of lower concentrations 25 μM and 50 μM of SR101, incubated for 30 and 20 min, respectively, did not induce abnormal LFP activity in sensori-motor cortex, but did label astrocytes and may thus be considered more appropriate concentrations for in vivo astrocyte labeling. In addition to label astrocytes SR101 may, at 100 μM and 250 μM, induce abnormal neuronal activity and interfere with cortical circuit activity. SR101 concentration of 50 μM or lower did not induce abnormal neuronal activity. We advocate that, to label astrocytes with SR101, concentrations no higher than 50 μM should be used for in vivo experiments. Similar content being viewed by others Astrocytes modulate sensory-evoked neuronal network activity 6. When used for in vivo microscopy, SR101 is routinely applied topically to the exposed cortex, from where it is taken up by astrocytes7 and diffuses through the astrocyte syncytium via gap junctions, brightly labelling astrocyte somata, processes and perivascular end-feet8. SR101 has in particular been used in combination with loading of chemical Ca2+ indicators such as 488 BAPTA-1 AM to unambiguously distinguishing between neuronal and astrocytic Ca2+ signals1,3. We and others have previously described bioactive effects of SR101 on excitatory neuronal activity9,10. In hippocampal slices, pyramidal CA1 neurones showed long-term potentiation of intrinsic excitability and enhanced synaptic efficacy following a short period of SR101 application9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Sleep is crucial for cognitive health and physical recovery. [SEP] Text: Buxton OM, et al. Short and long sleep are positively associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States. Med. 2010;71(5):1027–1036. 16. Fuligni AJ, et al. Adolescent sleep duration, variability, and peak levels of achievement and mental health. Child Dev. 2018;89(2):e18–e28. 17. Eide ER, et al. Sleep and student achievement. J. 2012;38(4):512–524. 18. James S, et al. Sleep duration and child well-being: a nonlinear association. J Adolesc Psychol. 2017;46(2):258–268. 19. Wolfson AR, et al. Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents. Child Dev. 1998;69(4):875–887. 20. Blunden S, et al. The complexities of defining optimal sleep: empirical and theoretical considerations with a special emphasis on children. Rev. 2014;18(5):371–378. 21. Guglielmo D, et al. Racial/ethnic sleep disparities in US school-aged children and adolescents: a review of the literature. Sleep Health. 2018;4(1):68–80. 22. Philbrook LE, et al. Sleep and cognitive functioning in childhood: ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and sex as moderators. Dev Psychol. 2017;53(7):1276–1285. 23. Gee GC, et al. A life course perspective on how racism may be related to health inequities. Public Health. 2012;102(5):967–974. 24. Heissel JA, et al. Stress, sleep, and performance on standardized tests: understudied pathways to the achievement gap. AERA Open. 2017;3(3):1–17. 25. Levy DJ, et al. Psychological and biological responses to race-based social stress as pathways to disparities in educational outcomes. Am Psychol. 2016;71(6):455–473. 26. Commerce USDo. How the measures poverty. 2009. 1, 2009. 27. Sadeh A. Iii. Sleep assessment methods. Dev. 2015;80(1):33–48. 28. Sadeh A, et al. Activity-based sleep-wake identification: an empirical test of methodological issues.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Telemedicine eliminates the need for in-person visits entirely. [SEP] Text: 0% Using multiple insulin doses per day Testing blood glucose at home at least 3 times/day access at home HbA1c Basudev et al. (2015)26 General practices Prospective study Usual care 208 Study: 60. 5 ±12. 3‡ Control: 59. 3 ±12. 0‡ Study: 45. 2 Control: 40. 4 Primary care and specialist diabetes teams Age ≥ 18 years old Type 2 diabetes > 1 year duration HbA1c > 8. 5% HbA1c, blood pressure, total cholesterol Tokuda et al. (2016)27 Single community-based outpatient clinic Prospective study Regular individual visits with primary care physician every 4-6 months 100 Study: 60. 4 ± 1. 4§ Control: 61. 6 ± 1. 1§ Study: 0 Control: 10. 1 Nurse practitioner and clinical pharmacist HbA1c ≥ 7% HbA1c, blood pressure, LDL-C, triglycerides Levine et al. (2018)28 Primary care clinics Retrospective cohort study Usual care 1786 Study: 61 (60-61)† Control: 60 (59-61)† Study: 44 Control: 42 Primary care physician Engagement in a virtual visit for hypertension (intervention group) or principal diagnosis of essential hypertension (control group) Blood pressure Age is reported as median with interquartile range,* mean with 95% confidence interval,† mean with standard deviation,‡ or mean with standard error. § All studies included adults at least 18 years of age. Eligibility criteria for studies focused on diabetes required patients to have HbA1c levels of at least 7%,27 8. 0%,22,25 and 8. 5%. 26 Two required patients to be self-monitoring for diabetes. 24,25 One study examining blood pressure as the outcome measure required participants to have blood pressures greater than 140/90,23 while another study on blood pressure required an ICD-9 diagnosis of hypertension. 28 Only 2 studies provided information on the number of primary care providers involved in the study, with one reporting involvement of 2 providers22 and the other 35. 24 Multiple modalities were described under the umbrella of telemedicine, including face-to-face videoconferencing, telephone consultations, and self-monitoring devices, but all examined interventions included a synchronous encounter with a primary care provider.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Intra-neuronal recordings indicated that the increased excitability was a consequence of lowering the threshold for evoking action potentials and was observed following application of just 1 μM SR101 for ten minutes. The original publication by Nimmerjahn and colleagues reported that SR101 does not induce phototoxicity over hours, days and weeks8. Here we have combined SR101 loading with recordings of the local field potential (LFP) during the labeling period to interrogate if SR101 causes changes in cortical neuronal activity in vivo. We explored the effects of topical SR101 application on neuronal activity in layer II of primary sensori-motor cortical areas (S1-M1) of adult anaesthetized or awake mice. We show that spontaneous seizure-like LFP activity develops within less than ten minutes following cortical exposure to 100 μM SR101 for ten minutes, a commonly used dosage for astrocyte labelling (see S1). This S1-M1 seizure-like neuronal activity was accompanied with a reduction in low-frequency power and simultaneous increase in higher-frequency power in the LFP. When exposing the cortex to 250 μM SR101 for ten minutes the seizure-like activity developed within five minutes and ceased after about 45 minutes. In addition, we show that SR101-induced seizure-like activity in S1-M1 is sufficiently potent to drive a motor output, recorded as compound action potentials in the sciatic nerve of the contra-lateral hindlimb or by observation of movement. Finally, we show that 25 μM and 50 μM SR101 application, incubated for 30 or 20 minutes respectively, or 100 μM and 250 μM incubated for one minute, does not induce abnormal cortical LFP activity and may thus be considered as safe dosages. ResultsSR101 can induce seizure-like LFP activity in anaesthetised miceWe first recorded LFPs in S1-M1 of ketamine (120 mg kg–1) and xylazine (10 mg kg–1) (KX) anesthetized mice while topically applying 100 μM or 250 μM SR101 for 10 minutes (Fig. 1a). In a subset of experiments, we included recordings of the electroneurogram (ENG) from the contra-lateral sciatic nerve, to provide a measure of cortical-evoked motor output (Fig.

Output: pass