Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn 2010, our group announced the discovery of two cellodextrin transporter families from the cellulolytic fungus, Neurospora crassa. Furthermore, we demonstrated the utility of these transporters in the production of lignocellulosic biofuels. This discovery was made possible by a decision to systematically study cell wall degradation by N. crassa. The identified transport pathway has opened up a new way of thinking about microbial fermentation of hexoses as well as pentoses derived from plant cell walls. Integrating this pathway with the endogenous metabolism and signaling networks of S. cerevisiae is now a major goal of our group. Developing methods to convert the sugar-rich cell walls of plants to fuel is a major societal goal,Citation1 and has become the focus of intense research. Citation2 Present methods for conversion are limited by the evolved recalcitrance of plant cell walls to depolymerization into constituent sugars, and deficiencies in the traits of microbes used to ferment these sugars to fuels such as ethanol. Citation3 It is our philosophy that fundamental breakthroughs addressing both of these limitations will be made through the study of model organisms. Hence, we study the mechanisms by which the filamentous fungus, Neurospora crassa, degrades and metabolizes plant cell walls. N. crassa has been studied since the 1920s,Citation4 and features a wealth of resources including a high quality genome,Citation5 facile methods for genetic manipulation,Citation6 an almost complete set of gene knockouts,Citation7 and an international community of researchers. In the wild, N. crassa is commonly found growing upon recently burned plant matter,Citation8 and in 1977 was reported to secrete cellulases in response to specific inducers. Citation9 However, until 2009 N. crassa was largely ignored as a model biomass degrader; research focused instead on the related fungus, Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina). T. reesei is now favored by industry for its ability to secrete large quantities of cellulases used to deconstruct plant biomass. Citation10Biomass degradation by N. crassa was revisited in 2009, with the report of a systematic study of plant cell wall degradation by this fungus.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: 11 T2 - of F - of O - of P - 1 EP - 6 PB - Group SN - 2328-7616 UR - AB - In a world where most businesses are innovating or digitally transitioning, neglecting to experiment puts businesses at a disadvantage by making them increasingly irrelevant to the consumers, resistant to change, and unable to compete with larger and more efficient rivals. According to a survey by McKinsey, 84% of professionals feel that future success is dependent on continuous innovation in order to gain competitive advantage in the industry and respond to the competition. 13, 2022, Amazon announced its plans to make its first drone deliveries in Lockeford, California. The idea of delivery with the help of drones represents a true innovation in the e-commerce business, fastening the delivery service in a way that was almost unimaginable a few years back. However, the company faces diverse challenges endangering its project, including ever changing regulations, skepticism from the customers, and safety concerns. All of this leads to a launch that has been postponed for years, questioning the viability of the project. Indeed, Amazon has the potential to be a huge success once it finally launches its operations as it can develop a strong competitive advantage. This case analysis aims at discussing the factors involved in the implementation of the Air project to investigate whether delivery drones can possibly be a disruptive technology. This case analysis is intended to be a helpful source for class discussions as well. VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, crop yield is often limiting on organic farms. A summary of 66 reports of 316 organic-to-conventional yield comparisons showed that, on average, yields of organically-produced crops were 25% lower than yields of conventionally-produced crops12. In a subsequent meta-analysis with upgraded analytical techniques, organic yields were shown to be 19% lower than conventional yields overall, but multi-cropping and crop rotations substantially reduced that yield gap to 9% and 8%, respectively, when these methods were applied in only organic systems13. Several reports suggest that ideal cropping systems should include a combination of high yield potential and low negative environmental impacts, drawing on the most sustainable techniques from both organic and conventional systems8, 9, 12. Results from a long-term agroecological research project in Beltsville, Maryland, the Project (FSP), have confirmed many of the findings outlined above. Crop yields were higher in conventional than organic systems, but organic systems had higher soil carbon mass, nitrogen mineralization potential, biodiversity, and net economic performance, along with lower net greenhouse gas emissions than conventional systems14,15,16,17,18. Among organic systems compared at the FSP, longer, more diverse rotations significantly increased soil particulate organic carbon and nitrogen fractions and yield, while reducing economic risk, weed populations, corn yield loss to weeds, and soil erosion potential15, 16, 18,19,20. One advantage of long-term agricultural research is the potential to determine long-term trends in cropping system performance as the systems mature21. The southeastern and mid-Atlantic coastal plain, where the FSP resides, is an area with higher than average variability in corn and soybean yields compared to the “breadbasket” regions of the world, and an area where precipitation is the primary contributor to variability1. This constraint on production provides a unique challenge to the design and functionality of mid-Atlantic cropping systems. In this paper, we focus on the inter-annual fluctuations in climate-driven crop yields across the 18-year span of the FSP experiment within conventional and organic management systems. Our objectives were to i) identify the factors most influential in determining inter-annual corn and soybean yield variations, ii) determine the comparative response of conventional and organic management systems over this time period, and iii) explore relationships among local periodic yield and precipitation patterns and global El Niño patterns.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Citation46,Citation47 Normally, perceived and actual nutrient availabilities match, and metabolism is optimal. This may no longer be the case in strains engineered to hydrolyze cellodextrins intracellularly. S. cerevisiae detects the presence of extracellular glucose via three sensors: the 7-transmembrane receptor, Gpr1; and two non-transporting transceptors, Rgt2 and Snf3 (Fig. 1). The associated signaling pathways induce a robust transcriptional response to glucose, placing S. cerevisiae in an optimal state for high-capacity fermentation. Citation48 In strains engineered to hydrolyze cellodextrins intracellularly, glucose is never present at high concentrations outside of the cell (though some glucose may leak out through the endogenous S. cerevisiae hexose transporters). Therefore, the presence of glucose in the form of cellodextrins will not be signaled through Snf3, Rgt2 & Gpr1, placing the cell in a sub-optimal state. Additional signals emanate from intracellular glucose, and presumably these pathways will still respond following hydrolysis of transported cellodextrins as is seen following the transport and hydrolysis of maltose. Citation49 Presently, we do not know if strains engineered to transport and hydrolyze cellodextrins respond appropriately to the presence of glucose in the form of cellodextrins. This will be an important area of future experimentation, the results of which may necessitate the integration of cellodextrin metabolism into the signaling network of S. cerevisiae. The identification of a cellodextrin transport pathway in N. crassa has offered insights into the strategies used by filamentous fungi to degrade plant cell walls, and the successful recapitulation of this pathway in S. cerevisiae has provided new routes for the microbial synthesis of lignocellulosic fuels. Many questions must be answered before this pathway is fully integrated with the endogenous metabolism of S. cerevisiae, and additional development will be necessary to produce a strain useful in industrial processes. Figures and TablesFigure 1 Model of the glucose sensing network of S. cerevisiae in the context of a cellodextrin transport pathway. Glucose is sensed by both extracellular and intracellular systems.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : AFP ripeness: A drone flies over the vineyards of a Bordeaux winemaker in southwestern France. Equipped with an infrared camera, the drone can help determine when the grapes are mature and ready for harvest. in the sky: 5 ways drones will change agriculture From spotting leaks to patrolling for pathogens, flying robots are taking up chores on the farm. Ehrenberg 10. 11. 2018 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Not long ago, drones on a farm meant male bees, essential for a healthy hive. But like catfish, cloud and viral, drone has taken on a new meaning in the age of high tech. Drones — the small flying robot variety — are ushering in a new agricultural revolution, says information specialist Gerard Sylvester, editor of a new report on drones and farming by the Food and of the and the Union. Estimates suggest the agricultural market for the machines will be in the billions of dollars in the coming years. As farmers try to adapt to climate change and deal with other challenges, Sylvester says, drones promise to help make the whole farming enterprise more efficient. the fat: The US and health work: Why migrants are especially vulnerable to injury and death on the job Food & hens, happy world to detect clandestine nuclear weapons programs The drone technology “is already there,” says aerobiologist at in Blacksburg. But what’s rapidly advancing is the cargo the drones carry. “What you are seeing now is drones becoming the vehicle for really cool sensors,” he says. When outfitted with cameras and other data-gathering devices, drones provide an “eye in the sky,” scouting for plant pests or dry spots in need of more attention. In some countries, drones are already regularly used to deliver fertilizers or pesticides; an estimated one in three bowls of rice served in Japanese homes is grown with the help of pesticide sprayed from an unmanned helicopter. Other tasks have yet to become mainstream.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: Corn is more sensitive to drought stress from V12 to denting stage than during other phenological stages2, 26, and these stages correspond with the late critical period identified by our data. Drought in the late vegetative period (V12–V16) negatively affects ear formation and tassel emergence, while stress during pollination and fertilization reduces kernel formation and yield27. Likewise, high heat stress during this critical period also contributes to drought stress through increasing vapor pressure deficit, which increases demand for soil water to sustain a given rate of carbon assimilation and reduces soil water availability by raising evapo-transpiration rates4. Vapor pressure deficit during the third month after planting (during late vegetative and early reproductive periods) was most influential in determining corn and soybean yields in the US Corn Belt3. Weed cover was not significantly correlated with yield in conventional corn and soybeans, and was not a significant factor in multiple regression analyses of these crops (Table 1). In contrast, significant correlation and standardized coefficients for weed cover in organic systems suggested that weed competition had a significant influence on yield in organic systems. Previous research showed that corn yield reduction due to weeds at FSP ranged from 4 to 76%, with the highest yield loss occurring during years with below-average precipitation and the lowest yield loss during years with above-average precipitation20. Consequently, weed competition probably contributed to the overall impact of drought on lowering crop yields in organic systems at FSP. Other management variables had no impact on yield (Table 1). Preplant tillage was the principle factor distinguishing the no-tillage and chisel-tillage conventional systems, but this variable had no significant effect on yield in either corn or soybeans. Rotational diversity (as quantified by the number of rotational years without a row crop) was the primary variable distinguishing organic systems, but this variable had no significant effect on yield. Although nitrogen is known to have a major role in determining corn yield, nitrogen was not included as a variable in these analyses. Both no-tillage and chisel-tillage conventional systems received similar amounts of fertilizer so this factor would not be expected to have explanatory power in differentiating conventional yields. Organic amendments including legume cover crops, alfalfa, and/or poultry litter were applied to give similar available nitrogen each year, so these also would not be expected to differentiate organic yields.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Extracellular glucose is sensed by the 7-transmembrane protein, Gpr1, as well as the non-transporting transceptors, Snf3 and Rgt2. Intracellular glucose, which can enter through the hexose transport system (Hxt), is sensed by a pathway that involves Hxk2. Signals emanating from Gpr1 and intracellular glucose converge to induce a genome-wide transcriptional response through the Ras/PKA pathway, which includes adenylate cyclase (Cyr1) and protein kinase A (Tpk1, Tpk2, Tpk3). Signals emanating from Snf3 and Rgt2 modulate the expression of various hexose transporters through Std1 and Mth1. A cellodextrin transport pathway would likely bypass Gpr1, Snf3 or Rgt2, but may activate the Ras/PKA pathway following transport and hydrolysis of cellodextrins. This figure is a simplified model adapted from Rolland et al. Citation50Display full size 10. 1126/science. 1137016 Pubof Science ®10. 1098/rsif. 2009. 0564 Pubof Science ®10. 1038/nature01554 Pubof Science ®10. 1016/S0065-2660(06)57002-6 Pubof Science ®10. 1073/pnas. 0601456103 Pubof Science ®10. 1186/1471-2164-9-327 Pubof Science ®10. 1073/pnas. 0906810106 Pubof Science ®10. 1002/bit. 20282 Pubof Science ®10. 1126/science. 119283 Pubof Science ®10. 1007/s00253-009-2236-9 Pubof Science ®10. 1038/nature08867 Pubof Science ®10. 1128/AEM. 00058-10 Pubof Science ®10. 1128/Aem. 68. 9. 4546-53. 2002 Pubof Science ®10. 1002/(SICI)1097-0061(19980115)14:1<67::AID-YEA200>3. 0. CO;2-T Pubof Science ®2. 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: US farmers, including grape growers in California and New York, have been experimenting with drones to survey for areas of “low vigor” where water may be lacking or soil isn’t up to snuff. While drones aspire to be all-seeing, there are still blind spots: Discerning a weed from a crop, for example, requires particular powers of perception. And earthly challenges remain, including how to analyze and interpret the reams of data gathered by the gliding gadgets, and how and with whom such data will be shared. Nonetheless, drones will probably soon become a standard piece of farm machinery. Here are some examples of the many potential jobs for these flying robots:1. Crop assessmentMonitoring fields takes time and manpower. Drones can sweep through and take stock, inspecting for slow-growing plants that might need a hit of nitrogen or some other remedy. Sensors that measure particular wavelengths of light absorbed and reflected by plants can generate color contrast images that highlight problem areas in a field. Images generated from these data include NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) maps, which have long been created using satellites and airplanes by calculating the ratio of the difference of near-infrared and visible light radiation. Newer sensors take advantage of additional wavelengths in the light spectrum and may add filters and other resolution-enhancing tricks. Not only can soil, crop and forest be told apart, but sick plants can also be spotted because stressed or dehydrated plants reflect light differently. Recent research shows that this spectral data can reveal crops that have been injured by the drifting pesticide dicamba, and can spot herbicide-resistant weeds growing between rows. Wheat watch: After a farmer in Ontario, Canada, learned army worms had infested some of his crop, researchers surveyed his fields with a sensor-equipped drone. The resulting maps highlighted areas for further investigation: The NDVI map (bottom) has a section infested by the army worms (B), next to a worm-free, healthy alfalfa field (A). A rocky outcrop is visible (D). An area where wheat stems are damaged (C) stands out as bright pink in the mosaic infrared color composite map (top). : C. / 2014 Differentiating a weed from a crop plant within a row is still a challenge. “Green is green,” says agricultural engineer of the US Department of Agriculture’s Unit, in Stoneville, Mississippi.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: Measurements of available soil nitrogen in each plot each year were not available. However, analysis of total and mineralizable soil nitrogen after two rotational cycles demonstrated little difference between no-tillage and chisel-tillage conventional systems or among the three organic rotations18. Conventional versus organic yield comparisonBecause crop yields were highly influenced by inter-annual meteorological conditions, a comparison of crop yields under conventional and organic management required adjustment to remove meteorological influences. Also, because crops were often planted at different times and therefore subjected to different meteorological conditions in the same year, a simple analysis of variance with blocking for each year would not remove all meteorological effects. Consequently, an analysis of covariance was performed with important precipitation and temperature variables as co-variables to adjust yield to common conditions. When adjusted for precipitation and heat stress, there was a significant difference between yield of conventionally and organically managed corn (P < 0. 05). The least squared mean of conventional corn yield was 6660 kg ha−1 whereas that for organic corn was 4610 kg ha−1, representing a 31% reduction with organic management. This yield reduction in organic compared to conventional corn at FSP is higher than average yield reductions that have been reported in recent meta-analyses of organic yields12, 13. Despite the higher yield capacity of soils in FSP organic versus conventional management systems after two rotational cycles (attributed to greater soil nitrogen mineralization potential18), corn yields have remained consistently lower in organic systems throughout the course of this experiment. Poor weed control leading to weed competition is an important factor influencing organic corn yield. When weed cover was added as a covariate along with precipitation and heat stress in the analysis of covariance model, the yield reduction of organic relative to conventional management was reduced from 31 to 16%. This suggests that poor weed control in organic corn accounted for a significant portion of the yield differential between organic and conventional yield, but did not account for all of it. Reduced crop populations have also been identified as contributing to this yield deficit16, 28, while the possibility that organic corn cultivars have lower yield potential than conventional cultivars may be an important consideration that has not been documented. Preliminary investigations at FSP suggest that organic corn cultivars do yield lower than conventional corn cultivars when planted on the same date and grown with the same production practices (Cavigelli, unpublished data).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars access Published: 02 September 2016 Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars : orcid. org/0000-0002-9394-91481 nAff3, Ali Mohagheghi1, Franden1, Yat-Chen Chou1, Xiaowen Chen1, Nancy Dowe1, Michael E. Himmel2 & …Min Zhang1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 0. 3 h−1 when about 80 g/L 2,3-BDO was supplemented to the growth medium, whereas less than 45 g/L ethanol was needed to slow the growth of Z. mobilis to similar growth rate. When 80 g/L ethanol was added into the medium, the growth rate of Z. mobilis was only about one-third of that observed for the same amount of 2,3-BDO added (Fig. 1). Even when the concentration of 2,3-BDO was increased to 100 g/L, the growth rate of Z. mobilis decreased to 0. 25 h−1, but it was still more than half of the control without 2,3-BDO supplementation. The low toxicity of 2,3-BDO to Z. mobilis indicates that Z. mobilis has a strong potential for achieving high titers, rate, and yields for 2,3-BDO production. Fig. 1The impact of meso-2,3-BDO and ethanol supplementation on growth of Z. mobilis in RMG medium at 30 °C using Bioscreen C. Relative growth rate (%) is the percentage of growth rate with chemical supplementation compared to control withoutFull size image Construct a minimized vector for pathway engineeringTo maximize the pathway engineering potential allowing for large plasmid constructions such as the three-gene 2,3-BDO pathway in this study, a minimized shuttle vector was constructed. The resultant plasmid, pEZ15Asp (pEZ), contains only the essential elements: origins of replication for both E. coli and Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: He’s working on algorithms to determine such things as leaf shape and texture that, combined with imaging information, could tell cotton from crabgrass. 2. Counting cattleCattle ranchers with lots of land to cover are using drones to keep track of their livestock and survey where fences need fixing. When outfitted with high-definition thermal imagers and night-capable cameras, drones can also help survey for unwanted animals that might be ravaging a herd. (Such drones have also become a tool for tracking human poachers in places like India’s Park, home of the one-horned rhino. ) Early efforts by NASA to monitor vegetation growing in the via satellite led to the development of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). This visual yardstick of plant greenery is possible because plant leaves absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light: chlorophyll in healthy leaves absorb visible light (some green is reflected, which we see) while reflecting near-infrared light. A yellow, stressed leaf and a dead leaf (as well rocks as soil) reflect and absorb these wavelengths differently. Drones equipped with sensors can gather this spectral data and create maps that show variability in crop health. Moderns tweaks — sensors for additional wavelengths of light or using filters or lasers, for example — and more sophisticated analyses offer improved resolution for farmers who want a quick evaluation of a field. 3. Monitoring for diseaseWithout close scrutiny, pathogens that wilt, wither and otherwise damage crops can escape detection and spread. While spectral imaging technologies can reveal yellowed plants within fields of green, Virginia Tech’s Schmale is using drones to ferret out high-flying pathogens before they even land. He has captured airborne spores of the fungus Fusarium graminearum, which can devastate wheat and corn, that have traveled kilometers and more. If a farmer knows of a pathogen outbreak in a nearby county, air sampling could provide an alert to its impending arrival. Federal and state agencies could also monitor for pathogens at a larger scale, allowing farmers to be at the ready before outbreaks occur. 4. Water watchMany fields aren’t uniformly flat. Some sections may dry out faster than others or be missed by watering equipment. Spectral and thermal imaging can reveal dry spots where crops will wither. Imaging can also detect leaks in equipment and irrigation canals.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: After adjustment for precipitation and heat stress, the least squared mean of conventional soybean yield was 3040 kg ha−1 whereas that for organic soybean was 2420 kg ha−1, representing a 20% reduction with organic management. Similar differences between conventional and organic yields have been found in meta-analyses of soybean12, 13. When weed abundance was added as a covariate along with precipitation and heat stress in the soybean analysis of covariance model, the yield reduction of organic relative to conventional management was reduced from 20 to 7%. This suggests that poorer weed control in organic soybean accounted for most of the yield difference between management practices. Previous analyses of FSP soybean yield demonstrated a similar conclusion28. Yield-precipitation efficiencyGiven the strong influence that precipitation has in determining crop yields as shown in this and many other reports5, 22,23,24,25, the efficiency of grain production per unit of precipitation for conventional and organic management was explored. In this case, an analysis of covariance was used to compare yield-precipitation slopes for conventional and organic management. This analysis showed significant management by precipitation interactions for all contrasts between conventional and organic management groups (S3) and significantly higher yield per unit precipitation slopes with conventional than with organic management for both corn and soybean (Fig. 2). This suggests that conventionally-managed crops at FSP used precipitation more efficiently than organic crops. The presence of weeds that compete for soil moisture is clearly responsible, in part, for lower efficiency in organic crops. Higher percent weed cover in the organic high (mean = 53%) than organic low (12%) weed group undoubtedly resulted in lower yield per unit precipitation in the high-weed group, although this difference was only significant for organic corn (S3). In addition, although the same weed cover threshold defined both the conventional and the low-weed organic groups, the average percent weed cover was lower in the conventional than in the low-weed organic group (4 versus 12% in corn and 2 versus 12% in soybean). So, a portion of the difference between the conventional and low-weed organic groups may still have resulted from greater competition with weeds for soil moisture in the low-weed organic group. Figure 2Yield response of (a) corn and (b) soybean to precipitation during the most beneficial period.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis, an antibiotic marker of spectinomycin resistance gene addA, and multiple cloning sites and, therefore, significantly reduces its size when compared with the original plasmid (from 8 to 3 kb). Multiple cloning sites include restriction enzyme sites of and PstI for the Biobrick cloning strategy [67] enabling pathway engineering (see Table 1 and S1A for plasmid information and sequence). Table 1 The source and components of the 2,3-BDO pathway constructed and the corresponding 2,3-BDO titer (g/L) after 24-h post-inoculation in Z. mobilis 8bFull size table Identify and select 2,3-BDO pathway genes for heterologous 2,3-BDO pathway constructionLiterature related to 2,3-BDO production was reviewed, which includes the analysis of native 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathways in addition to the expression of heterologous enzymes for 2,3-BDO production [1, 2, 5, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27, 68, 69]. The 2,3-BDO pathways from Bacillus licheniformis and Enterobacter cloacae have been successfully expressed in E. coli [13, 16, 30, 33, 70, 71], suggesting the feasibility of 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis. The gene combination resulting in high 2,3-BDO yields and experimental methods reported in these papers laid a solid foundation for our work. We then compiled a list of 2,3-BDO pathway genes and the promising source microorganisms. After eliminating pathogenic organisms from our list, we chose two bacterial species, B. licheniformis and E. cloacae, for the source of our three-gene 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway reported here. The sequences (nucleotide and protein) of three genes (als, aldC, and bdh) were extracted and BLASTed against the Z. mobilis genome including our recently updated native plasmid sequences. BLAST results indicate that Bdh only has homologs with low similarity in Z. mobilis; therefore, heterologous bdh genes were included in our pathway engineering strategy.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: 1 of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan 2 of and Technology, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan 3 Faculty of 939-0398, Japan * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. Views:821 Downloads:108 10. 35534/dav. 2024. 10008 Received: 11 May 2024 Accepted: 21 June 2024 Published: 24 June 2024 © 2024 The authors. This is an open access 4. 0 ( : In recent years, there has been a growing interest in utilizing drones for parcel delivery among companies, aiming to address logistical challenges. However, effective optimization of delivery routes is essential. A theoretical framework termed the Flight Speed-aware Problem (FSVRP) has emerged to address the variability in drone flight speed based on payload weight. Several approximate methods have been proposed to solve the FSVRP. Our research endeavors to optimize parcel delivery efficiency and reduce delivery times by introducing a novel delivery problem. This problem accounts for multiple deliveries while considering the variability in flight speed due to diverse payloads. Through experimentation, we evaluate the efficacy of our proposed method compared to existing approaches. Specifically, we assess total flight distance and flight time. Our findings indicate that even in cases where the payload exceeds maximum capacity, all parcels can be delivered through multiple trips. Furthermore, employing a multi-trip FSVRP approach results in an average reduction of 10% in total flight time, even when payload capacities are not exceeded. Keywords: Delivery drones; Vehicle routing problem; Multi-trip routing 1. delivery has emerged as a transformative force within modern logistics and distribution sectors. Offering rapid and efficient on-demand delivery, drones markedly diminish the necessity for physical store visits and waiting times, providing consumers with unparalleled convenience compared to conventional delivery methods. Their capacity to reach remote and infrastructure-limited areas holds promise for substantial enhancements in material supply, particularly in rural or emergency contexts. Operating around the clock, drones offer flexible and expeditious services to both daily life and business operations. Moreover, given that the majority of drones operate on electricity, they notably curtail carbon emissions in comparison to traditional fuel-powered delivery vehicles, thus making a significant contribution to environmental conservation [1]. In enhancing accessibility, drones facilitate the delivery of basic goods, such as medical supplies and food, to remote or underserved areas, thereby easing the acquisition of necessary materials for residents in these regions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: Positive SST anomalies were associated with negative precipitation anomalies in 1983, 1987, 1998, and 2007; while negative SST anomalies were associated with positive precipitation anomalies in 1984, 1989, 1996, and 2000 (Supplementary Fig. S6). However, considering all years, there were low correlations between July precipitation and SST anomalies that occurred from three winters before to one winter after the precipitation period (correlation coefficients ranged from −0. 17 to 0. 15, Supplementary Fig. S5). Therefore, the lack of correlation between either yields or July precipitation and SST anomalies for this 35 year period suggests that observed local patterns are unlikely to have occurred as a direct result of teleconnections to ENSO cycles. There is no question that ENSO activity has a profound influence on global weather patterns32, but local weather probably is modulated by a sufficiently large number of factors so as to preclude consistently predictable relationships to ENSO cycles34. Data presented in this paper show that corn and soybean yields at the FSP site in the US mid-Atlantic coastal plain from 1996 to 2014 were largely driven by fluctuations in precipitation and heat stress. Given the demonstrated periodic occurrence of droughts in the mid-Atlantic area, it is recommended that water mitigation strategies become a high priority. Despite a tenuous association between ENSO and crop performance in Maryland, the projected increased frequency of extreme ENSO events may still result in an overall increased frequency of extreme local weather events37. Integrated water management including irrigation and water conservation practices can form a reasonable mitigation strategy29, but water usage will need to be balanced with urban demand for water in this highly populated region of the US. Organic farming has many environmental and nutritional merits, but lower yields and inferior precipitation use efficiency, as illustrated in this paper, suggest that alternative systems will be needed to grow these crops sustainably in this region. This may involve hybrid systems integrating the best of conventional no-tillage systems with the soil improving aspects of organic rotations8, 9, 12. Or it may involve shifting production away from a water and resource intensive crop such as corn. There is advocacy for production of crops that more closely match human nutritional requirements38, and this approach may be highly desirable in this densely populated region of the US. Integrated grain and vegetable production rotations need to be developed that utilize all seasons including those with low vapor pressure deficits and that would be more resilient to periodic climatic fluctuations.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, the reaction that Bdh catalyzes is a reversible reaction, with some enzymes preferring NADPH as a cofactor. Bdh enzymes preferring the reduction reaction from acetoin to butanediol using NADH were selected for minimizing redox imbalance and for achieving high 2,3-BDO yield. results for the other two enzymes required for 2,3-BDO production indicate that Z. mobilis possesses three homologs to Als, of which ZMO1139/ZMO1140 (IlvB/C) may form a complex contributing to amino acid biosynthesis. The homolog ZMO0687 has a high similarity to the catabolic enzyme, Als. The high similarity between Als, IlvB (ZMO1139), and Pdc (ZMO1360) based on protein sequence alignment indicates that there could potentially be competition among them for substrate (pyruvate) binding and utilization. Additionally, since Pdc in Z. mobilis is required for ethanol production, providing energy, and maintaining redox balance for robust cellular growth, strategies to shift the carbon flux toward 2,3-BDO production are required. This can be accomplished by inhibiting pdc gene expression and Pdc enzyme activity or by enhancing the performance of the heterologous Als enzyme. Gene expression patterns of the Als homologous gene in Z. mobilis were subsequently examined using public and in-house transcriptomic datasets of microarray and next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based RNA-Seq. The result indicated that the als gene homologs are abundantly expressed under different conditions, and that ZMO0687 is also differentially expressed in cells grown from media containing different carbon sources (e. g. , downregulated in xylose medium compared to glucose). Furthermore, ZMO1141, which catalyzes the formation of (R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate from α-acetolactate (hereafter referred to as acetolactate) for valine, isoleucine, and leucine biosynthesis, has an abundant transcript level of average log2-based microarray intensity result of 13. 78 compared to 14.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: In natural disasters or other emergencies, their rapid response capabilities and delivery of essential goods strengthen relief efforts. Drones are also utilized in assessing and surveying disaster-stricken areas, aiding in the efficiency of rescue operations [2,3,4]. From an economic perspective, the drone delivery industry is anticipated to create millions of new jobs in manufacturing, maintenance, and operation. The industry is expected to promote online shopping and support the growth of e-commerce businesses while further streamlining logistics and supply chains across various industries, ultimately leading to cost reductions and increased efficiency. Numerous studies have reviewed the literature on package delivery drones [5,6,7,8,9]. However, challenges such as safety concerns, privacy issues, noise pollution, the need for regulatory and legislative measures, and batteries also exist. Extensive research in the domain of delivery drones has delved into numerous facets of their operation and utility, as highlighted in various studies [10,11,12]. In the field of package delivery, many studies have focused on arc routing [13,14]. Furthermore, there are studies pertaining to hybrid truck-drone delivery systems [15,16]. In the context of orchestrating deliveries to multiple consumers, the Problem (VRP) has been put forth as a viable framework. VRP is a family of optimization problems that deal with finding the most efficient routes for vehicles, given a set of customer locations to be visited and constraints such as vehicle capacity and travel time. Various variations of VRP exist and are not well-defined [17]. However, the predominant focus of VRP research has traditionally been on vehicular deliveries, specifically trucks, casting doubts on its direct applicability to drone-based delivery systems. Considering this, Poikonen et al. have pioneered an alternative approach specifically tailored for delivery drones, with an emphasis on minimizing delivery time [18]. While there are other contributions in the field of delivery drone routing, they generally presuppose a uniform flight speed for the drones [19,20,21,22,23]. This assumption presents a discrepancy from the dynamics observed in real-world delivery scenarios, where flight speed varies considerably. To address these limitations, Funabashi et al. devised the Flight Speed-aware Problem (FSVRP), which incorporates considerations for variations in flight speed attributable to differing payload weights and formulated a dynamic programming strategy to tackle FSVRP [24,25]. The implementation of additional constraints within this algorithm could necessitate substantial modifications.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: Thus, European member states report a high number of derogations for the use of non-organic seeds each year (Solfanelli et al. , 2021). Solfanelli et al.  (2022a) provided the first European-wide estimation of organic seed supply and demand. Their research showed that the share of certified organic seeds, organic farm-saved seeds and non-organic seeds which were purchased differed between crops and regions within Europe. On average, the share of non-organic seeds, granted through derogations, varied between 48. 5% in eastern European regions and 18. 6% in central European regions. Solfanelli et al.  (2022a) also found differences between crop types. Fruit production farms used the most non-organic seeds (41. 9%), followed by forages (35. 6%), arable farms (29. 8%), and vegetable farms (24. 6%). The reported high proportion of non-organic seeds showed that the supply of suitable varieties of organic seeds in Europe was still lacking. The new EC 2018/848 foresees a phasing out of derogations on the use of non-organic seeds by the end of 2036 (European Union, 2018). Padel et al.  (2021) stated that the full enforcement of the regulation to use only organic seeds might have unforeseen consequences, such as a reduction in agrobiodiversity in organic farming, rather than supporting an increase in supply. Padel et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Growth conditions that varied the shaking speed and medium volume affecting oxygen dispersion impacted acetoin and 2,3-BDO production (Fig. 3b). For example, acetoin titers rose above 10 g/L when the shaking speed was increased to 200 rpm with 40 mL medium in the 125-mL baffled flask (Fig. 3b). Fig. 3Biomass (OD600 nm), acetoin, 2,3-BDO, and ethanol titers after 24-h post-inoculation under different fermentation conditions which varied shaking speed (120 or 200 rpm), volume (100 or 40 mL in 125-mL flask), and media (RMG8, RMG8X6, and DMR) for control strain 22C(pEZ) (a) and three-gene pathway construct Z. mobilis 22C-BC5 (b) at 33 °CFull size image Optimize heterologous 2,3-BDO pathway to increase 2,3-BDO titerInitial 2,3-BDO engineering efforts in introducing heterologous aldC and bdh genes into Z. mobilis resulted in the 2,3-BDO production of about 3. 7 g/L, which confirms that both aldC and bdh genes are required for 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis. Furthermore, the addition of a heterologous als gene from E. cloacae increased 2,3-BDO titers to about 5. 0 g/L (Table 2), which again upheld the assumption that an additional als gene may be needed to redirect carbon flux from ethanol production into 2,3-BDO to compete with the abundant and highly active Z. mobilis Pdc enzyme. Our data thus suggested that the bottleneck reactions to increase 2,3-BDO production could be acetolactate generation from pyruvate and 2,3-BDO production from acetoin. We hypothesize that stronger als and bdh genes, or genes encoding more active enzymes, will boost BDO production. To ascertain whether other heterologous als genes with higher specific enzymatic activities than E. cloacae one as reported in E. coli [16] could improve carbon flux from ethanol production into 2,3-BDO, als genes from B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, Furthermore, due to its high expressiveness in formulating complex constraints and objectives [26,27,28], an methodology was introduced for FSVRP. This approach enables the solving of the problem through the application of a standard mathematical optimization solver, offering a generalized solution framework [29]. The primary objective of this problem is to ascertain the most optimal route for drones, encompassing their journey from the base to the customers and subsequently returning to the base. This optimization process is specifically geared towards minimizing flight time by meticulously considering the speed variations induced by different payload weights. The methodologies proposed thus far have significantly contributed to the expansion of the FSVRP framework. Nevertheless, a common assumption in these models is that a solitary drone is capable of delivering all parcels within a single journey. This poses a limitation when the aggregate weight of the parcels surpasses the drone’s maximum payload capacity, resulting in the inability to deliver all packages in one trip. In our research, we introduce an advanced delivery drone routing model that accommodates multiple delivery rounds, taking into account the variations in flight speed due to varying payload weights. The multi-delivery strategy proposed herein is capable of transporting a greater volume of parcels as compared to the FSVRP-Single-trip delineated in [29]. Additionally, it is noteworthy that the FSVRP single trip typically involves a lesser number of parcels per trip. Enhancing the drone’s flight speed while simultaneously reducing total flight duration can lead to a notable decrease in energy consumption. Therefore, in this context, minimizing flight time is synonymous with minimizing energy usage. The structure of this paper is delineated as follows. 2, we detail the FSVRP and elaborate on an integer programming-based method tailored for FSVRP. Section 3 is dedicated to introducing the FSVRP framework extended to encompass multiple deliveries. Section 4 outlines the experimental methodology employed in our study and discusses the findings from our evaluation experiments. Finally, Section 5 serves as the conclusion of this paper, summarizing key insights and contributions. 2. section describes the Flight Speed-aware Problem (FSVRP) defined in [24,25]. Central to FSVRP is the concept of optimizing drone routing by accounting for fluctuations in flight speed, which are contingent upon the payload. The primary objective of this problem is to ascertain the most optimal route for drones, encompassing their journey from the base to the customers and subsequently returning to the base.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: An overview of field beanThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 15. Scatter plots with regression lines for field bean from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplicationFigure 16. An overview of lupineThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 17. Scatter plots with regression lines for lupine from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplication3. 1 Analysis of Market DevelopmentTo determine the strength of the association between the offer of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested conventional-quality seed cultivars, a correlation analysis was performed. For this purpose, data on the compilation of all cereal crops were examined. As the number of derogations for conventional-quality maize cultivars depended on their classification as a category I crop, maize was excluded from this analysis. As a result, Figure 18 demonstrates a scatter plot with a regression line, with the p-value of the correlation below the x-axis. The scatter plot indicates an approximately linear relationship between the two variables. Based on Spearman's rank correlation, the correlation coefficient could also describe a non-linear relationship. Consequently, a strong negative relationship between the offer of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested conventional-quality seed cultivars can be observed. The negative correlation shows that the higher the supply of organic-quality cereal seed cultivars recorded in the German national database, the lower the number of requested conventional-quality cereal seed cultivars, and vice versa. Figure 18. Negative correlation between the availability of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested seed cultivars from conventional production (maize excluded)3.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: licheniformis (BlAls) and B. subtilis (BsAls) were synthesized and cloned. These included one codon-optimized BlAls gene and two versions of the BsAls genes (BsAls1 and BsAls2) with different codon optimization outputs using Genscript’s codon optimization algorithm. The attempt to incorporate the als gene from B. lichenformis (BlAls) under control of the strong Peno promoter along with the expression of AldC and Bdh using the Z. mobilis Pgap strong promoter was unsuccessful. Besides the possibility of cell growth inhibition by the enzyme Als from B. licheniformis and B. subtilis, this could be due to the protein burden caused by strong heterologous pathway gene expression. About 50 % of the proteins in Z. mobilis are involved in the glycolysis pathway [75]. This view is supported by a previous report that overexpression of plasmid-encoded protein led to the reduction of both glycolytic flux and growth rate due to protein burden [76]. Similarly, previous work also suggested that protein burden could be the reason for the negative effect observed for the isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) induction of 2,3-BDO biosynthesis in a recombinant E. coli strain [26]. To test this speculation and avoid the potential metabolic burden caused by strong heterologous gene expression, the strong Peno promoter was tested along with the Ptet inducible promoter for the construction of additional three-gene pathway constructs. These constructs also included a common aldC and bdh gene operon from E. cloacae driven by a strong promoter Pgap [Pgap-(EcALDC-BDH)]. In total, six new 3-gene constructs with different versions of als genes from B. lincheniformis or B. subtilis were generated (BsAls1, BsAls2, and BlAls that were either driven by the strong Peno promoter or by the inducible Ptet promoter). These six constructs were then transformed into Z. mobilis 9C (an 8b derivative that is lacking tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistance markers).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: This particular route configuration is illustrated in Figure 3d,e, revealing a total traversal distance of 289 units, calculated as (35 + 27 + 80 + 57) + (45 + 45). Notably, this distance exceeds the sum of 272 units observed for the single-trip optimal route in the standard FSVRP framework. Nevertheless, the cumulative flight time for the optimal multi-trip route in FSVRP is calculated to be 33 units, broken down as (6 + 3 + 9 + 5) + (5 + 5), thereby presenting a shorter duration in comparison to the single-trip FSVRP. In the scenario depicted in Figure 3b,c, the drone initiates its journey from the central depot, carrying a total payload of 368 units. Its first destination is customer 3, where it delivers a parcel of 150 units, thereby reducing its payload to 218 units. Following this, the drone navigates to customer 2. Upon reaching customer 2, it offloads a 45-unit parcel, which further decreases its payload to 173 units. Subsequently, the drone’s path leads to customer 1, where it dispenses a 120-unit parcel, culminating in a reduced payload of 53 units. The final leg of its route involves a visit to customer 4, where it delivers the remaining 35-unit parcel, effectively emptying its payload. Having completed its delivery circuit, the drone then returns to the depot, now without any parcel. In the instance illustrated in Figure 3d,e, the drone embarks on its initial delivery sortie from the central depot, bearing a payload of 315 units. The first stop in this route is at customer 1, where it delivers a 120-unit parcel, thereby reducing its payload to 248 units. Subsequently, the drone advances towards customer 2. Upon arrival at customer 2, it dispenses a 45-unit parcel, further diminishing its payload to 203 units. The next destination is customer 3, where it offloads a 150-unit parcel, resulting in a complete depletion of its payload. Post this delivery, the drone makes its way back to the depot. Figure 3. An example of multi-trip FSVRP.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: 2 Analysis of Affecting the Number of for Non-Organic SeedsA significant increase and cyclical behaviour can be observed for winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, triticale, spelt, maize and the compound of all cereal crops. The regression lines for winter barley, spring barley and oat do not show any statistical significance. No deviations from the normal distribution were found, but the residuals did not follow random patterns, indicating that a better fit should be obtained by using a non-linear model. Thus, the yields (per hectare) were set in accordance with the number of derogations for cereal seeds of conventional quality and plotted over time (Figure 19). No individual yield statistics were available for organic farming between 2003 and 2016. Thus, the cumulative data for conventional and organic farming was used for this analysis. The bottom part of Figure 19 denotes the number of derogations in the period between 2005 and 2017. In 2008, the highest number of derogation requests and, in 2015, the lowest number of derogation requests were reported. The upper part of Figure 19 denotes the yield per hectare, ranging between 51 and 68 dt/ha in the period between 2004 and 2016. The lowest yield per hectare and the highest yield per hectare were recorded in 2007 and 2014, respectively. To measure the strength of the association between the yields per hectare and the number of derogations in the following year, a correlation analysis was carried out. A scatter plot with a regression line can be observed in subgraph (a) of Figure 11, with the p-value of the correlation below the x-axis. The scatter plot indicates a linear relationship between the two variables. A strong linear relationship between the yields per hectare and the number of derogations in the subsequent year can be observed (R2=-0. 71, p = 0. 018). Therefore, a negative correlation can be described as follows: the higher the yield per hectare, the lower the number of derogations for cereal seeds of conventional quality in the following year, and vice versa (Figure 11). According to Groot et al.  (2005), organic farming methods offer very few or no direct measures to control pests and disease pressure in cereal fields; thus, yields might depend on annual weather conditions as well as pests and diseases.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Our result is consistent with our hypothesis that the transformation efficiencies were very high for plasmid constructs with the inducible promoter Ptet without tetracycline induction, but no positive transformants were obtained for constructs using the strong Peno promoter. 2,3-BDO production of three strains containing the three-gene construct with als driven by Ptet (Table 1) was measured, and the 2,3-BDO titer increased from 5–6 to 10–13 g/L (Table 3). In addition, it is apparent that the carbon was diverted from ethanol to 2,3-BDO production, considering the strong negative correlation between ethanol and BDO titers 3 days post-inoculation with an R-squared value of 0. 98 (Table 3). Table 3 The source and components of the 2,3-BDO pathway constructed and the corresponding BDO titer 1 day post-inoculation in Z. mobilis 9CFull size table We further compared sugar consumption and 2,3-BDO production kinetics in glucose only or mixed sugars (glucose and xylose) with the new strain producing the highest 2,3-BDO titers, 9C-BC11 (Table 1). We found that this strain is stable, and 2,3-BDO titers were more than 13 g/L when grown in RMG8 or RMG8X6 media (Fig. 4). Notably, the addition of xylose delayed the sugar utilization of glucose and xylose; as well as cellular growth (Fig. 4). Furthermore, xylose was not completely utilized even 5 days after inoculation (data not shown). However, the concentration of 2,3-BDO in the mixed sugar fermentation remained level in stationary phase when compared to cultures grown in glucose only. In this case, levels of 2,3-BDO decreased after growth, possibly because of the reverse activity of Bdh converting 2,3-BDO back to acetoin, since decreasing 2,3-BDO titers was accompanied by in acetoin concentration increase (Fig. 4a). Fig. 4Biomass (OD600 nm), and concentrations of acetoin, 2,3-BDO, glycerol, ethanol as well as glucose and xylose for strain Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: Is within Drone’s our study, we conducted experiments under conditions where the cumulative payload remained within the drone’s maximum capacity limit. Specifically, the weight of the parcels designated for each delivery destination was randomly determined, ensuring that their total did not exceed 27 kilograms. Figure 4a presents the comparative analysis of the total flight distances normalized against the FSVRP-Single-trip. The vertical axis quantifies the normalized total flight distances, while the horizontal axis categorizes the experiments by the number of delivery destinations. The experimental data reveal that, on average, the FSVRP-Multi-trip exhibited an increase of about 9% in total flight distance compared to the FSVRP-Single-trip. This increment is attributed to the multiple return trips to the delivery base inherent in the FSVRP-Multi-trip. Conversely, Figure 4b illustrates the total flight times, again normalized in relation to the FSVRP-Single-trip. Here, the vertical axis denotes the normalized total flight times, with the horizontal axis representing the number of delivery destinations. TSP-Multi-trip is designed to address the problem of minimizing flight distance, thus demonstrating that it is challenging for TSP-Multi-trip to identify the optimal route from the perspective of flight time. The results clearly demonstrate that the FSVRP-Multi-trip accomplished an average reduction in total flight time by approximately 10% when compared to the FSVRP-Single-trip. This decrease in flight duration can be ascribed to the reduced carrying capacity per trip in the FSVRP-Multi-trip, consequently allowing for increased flight speeds and, thus, a shorter overall flight time. Figure 4. Results of scenarios where total payload is within drone’s capacity. (a) Normalized total flight distance; (b) Normalized total flight time. 4. 2. ’s this section, we conduct experiments in scenarios where the payload surpasses the maximum carrying capacity of the drones. Specifically, the total weight of the parcels for each delivery destination was randomly set to exceed 27 kilograms. Figure 5a displays the results for total flight distance, while Figure 5b illustrates the total flight time. The horizontal axis in both figures represents the number of delivery destinations. The experimental results demonstrate that when the payload surpasses the maximum capacity, the conventional FSVRP (FSVRP-Single-trip) is unable to transport all the parcels.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: To test if organic farming is strongly influenced by crop disease pressure, the deviation in 2015/16 was examined in more detail. Figure 19 shows a slight harvest decline in 2015. However, the number of derogations in the following year was recorded as above average. Subsequently, based on harvest reports for the vegetation period 2015/16, it was investigated whether the high number of derogations could be linked to crop disease. For this purpose, the report "2016 Harvest: Quantities and Prices" by the of Food and Agriculture was examined (AMI GmbH, 2017). The report stated that a mild winter in 2015 favoured the spread of cereal viruses. Furthermore, in May 2016, storms, heavy rainfall, flooding, and hail caused severe damage. In addition to the direct weather-related damage, the harmful effects of fungal diseases and pests were expected to intensify (AMI GmbH, 2017). Figure 20 shows a strong negative relationship between the yield per hectare and the number of derogations in the following year. Figure 19. Association between yields per hectare and the number of derogations for cereals in the subsequent year from 2004 to 2017Figure 20. Correlation between yields per hectare and the number of derogations in the subsequent year4. DiscussionGiven the limited availability of data and the lack of information on the quantities of organic seeds, this study's assessment may have limitations. Changes in the supply of cultivars from organic multiplication indicate that, for the cereal crops, i. e. , winter wheat, spring wheat, rye, and triticale (all category II, single derogations), the assortment of organic seed cultivars increased and, simultaneously, requests on cultivars from non-organic multiplication decreased significantly. This suggests that, despite the need for derogations on non-organic seed use in the upcoming years, it is possible to achieve no derogations by 2036. For spelt, it remains unclear whether the 2036 target can be reached as no significant reduction in requests for seeds from conventional multiplication can be observed (subgraph (b) of Figure 4). Thus, for spelt, there is a need to upscaling the assortment of cultivars available through organic multiplication.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis 9C-BC11 under different aeration conditions of N2 (0 % DO), 1, or 10 % DO (dissolved oxygen concentration) as well as shake flasks in RMG10 at pH 5. 8 and 30 °C conditions 48-h post-inoculationFull size image Under anaerobic conditions with nitrogen sparging, nearly all glucose was ultimately converted into ethanol, producing only 1. 68 g/L 2,3-BDO. Increasing oxygen deliveries from 0 to 1 % DO, or 10 % DO, decreased ethanol production dramatically (Fig. 5b), and is consistent with a previous report that aerobic growth reduces ethanol production [63]. Although both 2,3-BDO and acetoin levels increased under aerobic growth, titers of 2,3-BDO and acetoin were significantly higher in the 1 % DO culture than in the 10 % DO culture (Fig. 5b, c). Besides the major end-products ethanol, acetoin, and 2,3-BDO, the production profiles of minor byproducts of acetate, lactate, and glycerol were also affected by the oxygen levels in these cultures. More acetate was produced under aerobic conditions resulting in less ethanol production as reported in the literature [63]. Furthermore, acetate production was significantly higher in the more aerobic conditions (1 or 10 % DO supplementation) than in the microaerophilic conditions using flask fermentation or N2-supplemented anaerobic fermentation (Fig. 5d). Additionally, more lactate was produced under aerobic conditions than in anaerobic condition as well (Fig. 5d). We had previously shown that the expression levels of the lactate dehydrogenase gene ZMO1237 were more abundant under aerobic conditions [63], and the expression of another d-lactate dehydrogenase gene, ZMO0256, was upregulated in the ethanol-treated cells during stationary phase [57]. The host strain, Z. mobilis 9C, used in this study, is a derivative of Z. mobilis 8b in which the ZMO1237 gene was inactivated [37]. Therefore, ZMO1237 may play the major role in lactate production under aerobic conditions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: In contrast, employing Multi-trip approach allows for the delivery of all loads. Figure 5. Results of scenarios where total payload exceeds drone’s capacity. (a) Normalized total flight distance; (b) Normalized total flight time. 5. this study, we introduced the concept of the FSVRP tailored to scenarios involving multiple deliveries. By segmenting deliveries across several trips, our approach not only augments the capacity for deliverable loads but also yields a decrease in overall delivery time. To evaluate the efficacy of our proposed methodology, we conducted a series of experimental analyses, contrasting it against traditional methods across a diverse set of 320 problem scenarios. The empirical data revealed that, in instances where the parcels were within the payload capacity, the FSVRP-Multi-trip approach resulted in a reduction of total flight time by approximately 10%. Looking forward, our research will venture into exploring the application of multiple drones in addressing routing problems that consider load-dependent variations in flight speed. 1. ’. Energy use and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of drones for commercial package delivery. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 1–13. [2. Ma Y-H, Shieh T-H, Hung L-C, Tsai L-C. Research on the new drones design to improve transportation of supplies and medical care for remote mountain area in Taiwan. of the 2021 9th on (ICOT), Tainan, Taiwan, 16–17 December 2021. 3. Maximilian K, Christian W. Containing the COVID-19 pandemic with drones—Feasibility of a drone enabled back-up transport system. Transp. Policy 2021, 106, 141–152. [4. . Assessing the sustainability of using drone technology for last-mile delivery in a blood supply chain. J. Modell. Manag. 2021, 16, 1376–1402. [5. Hossein E, Enkhsaikhan B. Last-mile drone delivery: Past, present, and future. Drones 2023, 7, 77. [6. Mohammad M-J, Matthias W. Applications and research avenues for drone-based models in logistics: A classification and review. Expert Syst. Appl. 2021, 177, 114854. [7.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: Thus, pests and diseases are the most challenging aspects of organic carrot and onion production (Lammerts van Bueren et al. , 2003; Winter et al. , 2023). Overall, the data analysis of vegetables reveals annual variations in the supply of seeds from organic multiplication. Multiple factors might impact the organic vegetable seed supply. It was reported that within the EU, due to shortages in organic vegetable seed production, not all organic seed demand requests could be fulfilled. Suppliers of organic vegetable seeds tend to focus on the countries with the best marketing strategies. Thus, strategic distribution among EU countries might cause fluctuations in organic vegetable seed supply (Vitalis/Enza Zaden, personal communication). Figure 12 and subgraph (b) of Figure 13 show no decrease in the number of derogations and the request for conventional multiplied potato cultivars. This indicates that, even if the supply of organically multiplied seed potatoes increases over time, there is a need to upscale further organic seed potato production, accompanied by policy measures, thereby ensuring, to a certain extent, production and marketing reliability for organic seed suppliers. The data analysis of lupine indicates that further policy measures or incentives are needed to upscale organic seed production and breeding, thereby meeting the growing organic lupine seed demand. There are strong links between the growth of the organic cereal seed cultivar choice and the market analysis in Section 3. 2. This means that the organic seed sector has grown at about the same rate for all cereal crops. The number of requested cultivars from conventional multiplication decreases at a similar level for the different cereal crops. Maize was excluded from the correlation matrix because this crop was classified as a category I crop in 2014. The data analysis demonstrates that farmers respond to the organic seed supply as per the German national seed database. The greater the choice of organic seed cultivar, the lower the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplication. The results might indicate that the farmers’ uptake of organic cereal seeds could be directly linked to the seed supply from organic multiplication; however, this relationship is not considered causal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, another lactate dehydrogenase gene, ZMO0256, could also be activated under aerobic conditions for lactate production, when ZMO1237 is deactivated, as shown in this study (Fig. 5d). Intriguingly, despite the observation that more glycerol was produced under aerobic conditions (i. e. , 1 or 10 % DO) than under anaerobic conditions with N2 purging, a higher amount of glycerol was produced in shake flask fermentations (see Fig. 5c). In Z. mobilis, only one NAD+ is regenerated from 2,3-BDO biosynthesis compared to two NAD+ from ethanol fermentation. The increase of glycerol production for in shake flasks may be explained by the utilization of the glycerol pathway to maintain redox balance (NAD+ feedback) while also provides ATP to sustain cellular growth (Fig. 6). Fig. 6Impact of heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering and oxygen levels on native central carbon metabolism in Z. mobilis. This figure shows native central carbon metabolism in Z. mobilis which includes ED (Entner–Doudoroff), PPP (pentose phosphate pathway), and fermentation pathways leading to the production of ethanol and other minor metabolites of glycerol, lactate, and acetate from carbon source of glucose and xylose. The heterologous 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway was integrated into Z. mobilis metabolic pathway, which contains three enzymes of acetolactate synthase (Als), acetolactate decarboxylase (AldC), and butanediol dehydrogenase (Bdh) for 2,3-BDO biosynthesis from pyruvate. Depending on the source of Bdh enzyme from different microorganisms, three 2,3-BOD stereoisomers of R,R-2,3-BDO, S,S-2,3-BDO, and meso-2,3-BDO could be produced. Reactions involved in redox cofactor (NADH/NAD+) regeneration were shown as well as the respiration chain enzymes and electron transfer in Z. mobilis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Drones are used for various applications, including agriculture and delivery. [SEP] Text: The promising future of drones in prehospital medical care and its application to battlefield medicine. J. Care Surg. 2019, 87, S28–S34. [8. Alok R, Bhawesh S. Analyzing critical success factors for implementation of drones in the logistics sector using grey-based approach. Comput. Ind. Eng. 2019, 138, 106118. [9. . Delivering blood components through drones: A lean approach to the blood supply chain. Forum Int. J. 2022, 23, 113–123. [10. . Same-day delivery with heterogeneous fleets of drones and vehicles. Networks 2018, 72, 475–505. [11. . O’. Energy use and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of drones for commercial package delivery. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 1–13. [12. New frontiers of delivery services using drones: A prototype system exploiting a quadcopter for autonomous drug shipments. of the 2015 IEEE 39th Software and Applications Conference, Taichung, Taiwan, 1–5 July 2015, 927. 13. Gianpaolo G, Gennaro I. An efficient transformation of the generalized vehicle routing problem. Eur. J. Op. Res. 2000, 122, 11–17. [14. James FC, Ángel C, Isaac P, José MS, Paula S. Solving the length constrained K-drones rural postman problem. Veh. Routing Probl. 2021, 292, 60–72. [15. Batool M, Malick N. Hybrid truck-drone delivery systems: A systematic literature review. IEEE Access 2022, 10, 92854–92878. [16. Pedro LG-R, David C, Jose L. A-P, Marcos C, Jose M. L-B. Truck-drone team logistics: A heuristic approach to multi-drop route planning. Transp. Res. Emerg. Technol. 2020, 114, 657–680. [17. Paolo T, Daniele V. An overview of vehicle routing problems. Veh. Routing Probl. 2002, 9, 1–26. [18. . The vehicle routing problem with drones: Extended models and connections. Networks 2017, 70, 34–43. [19. .

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: Alternatively, in poor-yielding years, farmers who normally maintain their own seeds might be forced to purchase certified seeds in the following year due to losses of their own seeds. This might lead to an overall higher demand for certified seeds, compensated by higher requests for seeds from conventional certification. In contrast, during strong harvest years, farmers might use their own seeds for reseeding and not be dependent on the seed market or cultivar offers. In summary, farmers respond to organic seed shortages resulting from lower yields per hectare. These might be due to a poor harvest leading to a lower availability of seeds or an insufficient supply of certified organic seeds. Additionally, a high number of derogations in 2016 could be explained by the fact that, in the absence of pesticides, organic farming is affected by crop disease pressures. However, other variables could have an impact on the annual organic seed supply in Germany. Future analysis could involve more robust analytical approaches. Furthermore, additional parameters, such as a comparison of cereal market prices for organic seed supply and a longer time span for the regression analysis, could improve this study. 5. ConclusionsTesting of the central hypotheses reveals that Germany has an emerging organic seed market to supply organic farmers with a range of suitable cultivars from organic multiplication for the majority of crops. However, for some crops, particularly the vegetable sector, there are significant gaps in the supply of cultivars from organic multiplication. Thus, in the future, the use of derogations might still be necessary to ensure a suitable cultivar assortment for organic crop production in Germany. For the cereal sector, it can be observed that farmers respond to the supply of cultivars through organic multiplication made available via the national database. Furthermore, certain external (e. g. , weather-related) agronomic factors are associated with fluctuating requests for conventional seeds in organic farming. In addition, changing climatic conditions for each crop interfere with the production of organic seeds. As a result, several factors influence the use and supply of organic or conventional seeds in organic farming. It can be concluded that the statistical analysis of national organic seed database reports provides interesting insights into the organic seed sector. There are different possibilities regarding policy measures which can affect the organic seed market. For instance, the list of category I crops has a high impact on the number of derogations. By supporting organic seed production or breeding efforts, the organic seed supply can be enhanced.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The interactions among these pathways can help understand the impact of host carbon and energetic metabolism as well as oxygen levels on heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering in Z. mobilis Full size image The highest 2,3-BDO yield (0. 16 g/g glucose) was achieved under shake flask fermentations and the highest ethanol yield (0. 44 g/g glucose) was obtained under anaerobic conditions using N2 purging (Additional file 1: Table S1C). As oxygen supplementation increased, acetoin yields also increased; however, these conditions also produced lower ethanol yields. In addition, the yields of all fermentation products (ethanol, lactate, glycerol, and acetate) were reduced with the increasing oxygen levels. For example, ethanol yields decreased from 0. 46 g/g glucose under anaerobic conditions to 0. 15 g/g glucose in the 10 % DO culture (Additional file 1: Table S1C). Conversely, the ratios of the heterologous products, acetoin and 2,3-BDO, to fermentation products increased from 0. 04 g/g glucose under anaerobic conditions to 1. 65 g/g glucose when 10 % DO was used, which reflects the higher acetoin yields and also correlated to lower ethanol yields under aerobic conditions (Additional file 1: Table S1C). We saw a similar result with shake flask fermentations. Higher acetoin production was accompanied by lower ethanol titer under more aerobic conditions (40 mL media in a 125-mL flask at 120 rpm) (Fig. 3b). mobilis has attracted great attention due to its unique metabolic characteristics [49, 77–83]. Although it is missing two tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) enzymes, malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (Ogdh), as well as one key enzyme in the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway (phosphofructokinase Pfk), Z. mobilis has outstanding fermentation performance consuming sugars at very high ethanol productivity rates and producing high ethanol titers through the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway to provide energy for efficient growth. Glycolytic pathway enzymes are abundant in Z.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: 5G technology is harmful to human health. [SEP] Text: Acquiring “cognitive humility” and avoiding the “hubristic behavior,” respecting “Primum non nocere,” harnessing clinical wisdom to be able to see “uncertainty with such certainty” in the indeterminacy of our modern science is quintessential. By my reckoning, passionate lifelong learning, re-education through enhancing meta-cognitive skills, computer-based training of cognitive heuristics in diagnostic reasoning skills, increased autopsy rates, clinical governance, auditing and feedback, rapid incident follow-up will undoubtedly pave the way forward to mitigate “harmful medical mistakes” and build a safe healthcare system integrated to a CQI program. “Think not of the amount to be accomplished, the difficulties to be overcome, or the end to be attained, but set earnestly, at the little task at your elbow, letting that be sufficient for the day. ” –Osler “Two sorts of writers possess genius; those who think, and those who cause others to think” –Joseph Roux1. Morrison J. Personal communication, Nov 18, 1998. Why the Hippocratic ideals are dead BMJ. 2002;324:1463. 2. Diamandis EP, Bouras N. Hubris and sciences F1000Res. 2018;7:133. 3. Gwande A. of Medicine: of Reith Lectures. Available from: [Last accessed on 2018 Nov 14]. 4. Gorovitz S, MacIntyre A. Toward a theory of medical fallibility Rep. 1975;5:13–23 5. -Lopez C, Prasopa- The global burden of unsafe medical care: Analytic modelling of observational studies BMJ Qual Saf. 2013;22:809–15 6. Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard medical practice study I N Med. 1991;324:370–6 7. Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients: Results of the Harvard medical practice study I 1991 Health Care. 2004;13:145–51 8. . Epidemiology of medical error BMJ. 2000;320:774–7 9. Makary MA, Daniel M. Medical error -the third leading cause of death in the U. S BMJ. 2016;353:i2489 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming can yield the same crop quantity as conventional methods. [SEP] Text: Tom 77 Nr 3 (2022) Artykuły Wpływ rolnictwa konwencjonalnego i ekologicznego na plonowanie roślin uprawnych i intensywność erozji wodnej na terenach urzeźbionych Kazimierz Klima+− Joanna Puła+− Angelika Kliszcz+− Department of Agroecology and Plan Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland * Department of Agroecology and Plan Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland Department of Agroecology and Plan Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland PDF (English) DOI: Przesłane: 27 maja 2022 Opublikowane: 28-10-2022 pro-health and pro-environmental assets of organic farming are a reason why this system is now promoted in agriculture. The objective of the research was to determine the effect of conventional and organic crop production (potato, oat, and spring vetch) on the yield, water erosion, losses of NPK nutrients, LAI, infiltration, and fresh mass of earthworms. From 2019 to 2021, a two-factor field experiment was carried out at the Station located in Czyrna (Southern Poland). The first factor included farming systems: conventional and organic. The second factor consisted of 3 crops grown with the use of crop rotation: 1. potato with manure; 2. oat; 3. spring vetch. Based on the experiment performed, it was found that the yield of the organically grown crops was on average 18. 8% lower compared to that grown conventionally. Under the organic farming system, the mass of sheet wash was on average 6. 47% smaller than that under the conventional farming system. As regards the NPK nutrients emitted into the environment, their losses was about 50% lower than that under the conventional system of farming, where there were applied artificially synthesized fertilizers and pesticides. Bibliografia Barański M.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis which generate one ATP from each glucose molecule; compared to 2 ATPs generated from the EMP pathway and 38 ATPs from the TCA cycle. Zymomonas mobilis also has a respiration chain using oxygen as the terminal electron receptor under aerobic conditions. At least two branched electron transport systems have been proposed comprising NADH dehydrogenase (Ndh), coenzyme Q10, cytochrome bd, and O2, which has been confirmed by several studies [78, 81–87]. However, unlike other microorganisms, respiration in Z. mobilis is uncoupled to energetics and cellular growth with a function that has been suggested to maintain a low NADH/NAD+ ratio for efficient glycolysis and cellular growth [87]. Disturbance of the cellular NADH/NAD+ ratio due to external or internal inhibitors could lead to slow growth [48, 87]. A mutation of respiration chain genes, such as ndh mutation, or the supplementation of respiration chain inhibitors could result in better growth and higher ethanol titer under aerobic conditions [78, 81, 82, 84, 87] possibly due to more NADH becoming available for ethanol fermentation. However, excessive NADH would result in a high NADH/NAD+ ratio which would lead to inhibition of cellular growth [87]. Therefore, a well-balanced, low NADH/NAD+ ratio is key for efficient glycolysis and cellular growth in Z. mobilis. Based on end-product data analysis for ethanol, acetoin, 2,3-BDO, lactate, acetate, and glycerol production, as well as cellular growth and glucose consumption profiles described above (Fig. 5), we propose the model below to explain the impact of host carbon and energetic metabolism as well as oxygen levels on heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering in Z. mobilis (Fig. 6). We hypothesize that during anaerobic conditions, there is insufficient NAD+ produced during ethanol fermentation to ensure efficient glucose catabolism in the engineered 2,3-BDO pathway in strain 9C-BC11 since pyruvate is being diverted away from ethanol production to 2,3-BDO.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Selection criteria We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including cluster‐RCTs. There were no restrictions on the age and sex of the participants or the setting of the study. We considered any available WHO‐prequalified oral killed cholera vaccine as an intervention. The control group was given a placebo, another vaccine, or no vaccine. The outcomes were related to vaccine effectiveness and safety. We included 0. 24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0. 08 to 0. 65; 2 trials, 16,423 participants; high‐certainty evidence). Two doses of Shanchol reduces cases of cholera at one‐year follow‐up (overall VE 37%; RR 0. 63, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 85; 2 trials, 241,631 participants; high‐certainty evidence), at two‐year follow‐up (overall VE 64%; RR 0. 36, 95% CI 0. 16 to 0. 81; 2 trials, 168,540 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence), and at five‐year follow‐up (overall VE 80%; RR 0. 20, 95% CI 0. 15 to 0. 26; 1 trial, 54,519 participants; high‐certainty evidence). A single dose of Shanchol reduces cases of cholera at six‐month follow‐up (overall VE 40%; RR 0. 60, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 77; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; high‐certainty evidence), and at two‐year follow‐up (overall VE 39%; RR 0. 61, 95% CI 0. 53 to 0. 70; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; high‐certainty evidence). A single dose of Shanchol also reduces cases of severe dehydrating cholera at six‐month follow‐up (overall VE 63%; RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 28 to 0. 50; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; high‐certainty evidence), and at two‐year follow‐up (overall VE 50%; RR 0. 50, 95% CI 0. 42 to 0. 60; 1 trial, 204,700 participants; high‐certainty evidence). We found no differences in the reporting of adverse events due to vaccination between the vaccine and control/placebo groups.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: AbstractNepal being an agricultural country, the majority of the population is involved in agriculture. Pests are one of the major problems in the agriculture sector. Pesticides are being widely used to encounter this problem. This study aims to determine the knowledge level of farmers on pesticides and their use. Specifically, it investigates the pest management strategy, pesticide use, and safety measures used by the farmers. For this study, four municipalities of Bhaktapur district were selected with 100 respondents using a random sample design. Primarily, data collection was done through field observations, interviews, and questionnaires. Various secondary data were also used. Our study showed that farmers in this region were mainly dependent on chemical methods. For technical guidance, several applications, and use rates, farmers preferred the agro vets available in their area. As less care and concern were given to safety measures, it was not given top priority. The study showed that the knowledge of various aspects of pesticides, their use, and safety was inadequate among the farmers. Keywords: Pest management strategypesticideknowledge on pesticide safetypractice of pesticide use farming is growing in popularity among farmers. With the rising purchasing power of consumer, the demand has increased. Likewise, the incidence of pests has also increased in the commercial fields. To curb the insect pest incidence there is a tendency for high use of pesticides. It is important to protect crop from insect pest. Therefore, the main reason for this study was to find out the knowledge and practices of farmers using pesticides in Bhaktapur district. Back in 2010, one case study was conducted in Bhaktapur to understand the productivity of pesticides in Nepal, where it was concluded that the farmers’ attitudes and knowledge about vegetable production and pest management, however, the study was focused only on cole crops (Jha & Regmi, Citation2009a). Therefore, a study that includes the broad work of not only crucifers but the different vegetables grown in the district is the most. 1. IntroductionNepal is a land-linked country with diverse bio-climatic zones located in the lap of the Himalayas. The total land area of Nepal is 147,108 sq. km. Agriculture has dominated the economy in Nepal (Tripathi et al. , Citation2020). With almost 54% of people dependent on farming, the sector generates 24. 26% of the GDP of the country (Adhikari, Citation2017).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: One acetolactate intermediate is synthesized from two pyruvate molecules by Als and then converted to acetoin and BDO by AldC and Bdh, respectively, oxidizing one NADH to generate one NAD+ as opposed to two NAD+ generated from ethanol fermentation. Moreover, the 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway may also compete for the substrate, acetolactate, with the branded-chain amino acids biosynthesis pathway for valine, alanine, and leucine. Taken together, the reduced NAD+ generated via the heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway and the competition for substrate with the amino acid biosynthesis pathway may increase the NADH/NAD+ ratio, which could then reduce the glycolysis efficiency and cellular growth resulting in a long lag phase (Fig. 5a). This lag could last until sufficient NAD+ could be generated to re-establish the optimal NADH/NAD+ ratio for efficient ethanol production. Under 1 % DO culture conditions, we achieved the fastest glucose utilization and highest growth rates and the highest yields of 2,3-BDO and acetoin compared to anaerobic and 10 % DO conditions, suggesting that a more optimal redox balance is achieved under this condition. However, lower 2,3-BDO titers were realized compared to shake flask conditions. Clearly, the highest oxygen level tested (10 %) negatively impacted glucose utilization, cellular growth, and end-product yields (Fig. 5a, b, c), which may be due to an NADH/NAD+ ratio imbalance and thus inadequate NADH availability for 2,3-BDO biosynthesis and ethanol fermentation. Lactate dehydrogenase upregulated by oxygen may further exacerbate this situation by diverting needed NADH to lactate biosynthesis. Under shake flask fermentation condition, more NAD+ may be generated from the acetoin to 2,3-BDO reaction, which could help maintain the redox balance. However, since the 2,3-BDO biosynthesis reaction is not as efficient as ethanol fermentation in Z. mobilis and NADH was not as efficiently recycled, we speculate that accumulation of more NADH is being diverted towards glycerol biosynthesis to regenerate NAD+ while also providing ATP for glycolysis and cellular growth.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Authors' conclusions Two doses of Dukoral reduces cases of cholera at two‐year follow‐up. Two doses of Shanchol reduces cases of cholera at five‐year follow‐up, and a single dose of Shanchol reduces cases of cholera at two‐year follow‐up. Overall, the vaccines were safe and well‐tolerated. We found no trials on other BivWC vaccines (Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus). However, BivWC products (Shanchol, Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus) are considered to produce comparable vibriocidal responses. Therefore, it is reasonable to apply the results from Shanchol trials to the other BivWC products (Euvichol/Euvichol‐Plus). model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome. See more on using PICO in the Cochrane Handbook. Plain language summary available in English Español فارسی Français 한국어 Polski Română ภาษาไทย 简体中文 繁體中文 Oral killed cholera vaccines for preventing cholera Key messages Two doses of the whole‐cell plus recombinant vaccine (WC‐rBS vaccine (Dukoral)), with or without a booster dose, reduces cases of cholera for two years. Two doses of the bivalent whole‐cell vaccine (BivWC vaccine (Shanchol)) reduces cases of cholera for five years. A single dose of Shanchol reduces cases of cholera and cases of severe dehydrating cholera for two years. The vaccines are considered safe, with similar side effects reported by all groups. Further studies are required to assess the effectiveness of a single‐dose of Shanchol and two doses of Dukoral for five years of follow‐up. We found no trials on other BivWC vaccines, such as Euvichol or Euvichol‐Plus.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All agriculture can become pesticide-free without affecting food supply. [SEP] Text: However, due to the loss of crops by pests, the food supply to the populace could not mark the self-sufficiency (Seddon et al. , Citation2002). In Nepal, the total coverage area for vegetable production is at an increasing rate. The total coverage was 208,108 Ha in 2007/08 that increased to 280,807 Ha in 2015/16 (Ghimire et al. , Citation2018). Similarly, the production has also waxed to 3,929,034 Mt in the year 2015/16 with average production standing at 13,992 kg/ha. Bhaktapur is a peri-urban area from where the food products find their place in the market of Lalitpur and Kathmandu. 237. 1 ha of land is used for the production of vegetables, the production stands at 5847 Mt and average production stands at 24. 7 m/ha (Pandey et al. , Citation2017)In a general and simplest term, those chemicals that obliterate pest is called pesticides. Either it may be a virus or any bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant that puts off, weakens, destroys, pests. It is evident that many farmers are dependent on pesticides, and it is mainly occurring in the developing and underdeveloped countries (Wri, Citation1998). In a bid to curb the vector-borne disease in agriculture crops and for control of household pests, chemical pesticides are used (Kansakar et al. , Citation2001). A large proportion of farmers do not know the types, levels of poisoning, safety measures, and potential hazards to health (Yassin et al. , Citation2002). Most often, the chemical pesticides used are either chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, and zinc compounds that have a carcinogenic effect on humans (Vainio, Citation1999). This results in cancer, birth defects, reproductive problems, tumors, and damage to the liver, kidney, and neural organs. In our country and other underdeveloped and developing countries, the overuse of pesticides is linked up to the adverse effect on humans and the environment (Citation2010). Most of the farmers who use pesticides do not know some major issues like types of pesticides, modes of action, hazards to human health, and protection measures. The rife in the use of pesticides to control pests is a problem in developing countries (Wri, Citation1998).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, our results reveal the impact of host cellular metabolism and the effect of oxygen levels on heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering for 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis which can illuminate potential strategies for anaerobic 2,3-BDO production improvement. Furthermore, our study confirms the value of integrating bioinformatics analysis and systems biology data during metabolic engineering endeavors. MethodsBacterial strain and growth conditions Zymomonas mobilis 8b was revived from frozen glycerol stocks for about 6–8 h in 10 mL RMG2 (20 g/L glucose, 10 g/L yeast extract, 2 g/L KH2PO4) at 33 °C. Other 8b derivatives used in this work are: 22C, a hydrolysate-tolerant mutant strain; 9C, an 8b derivative with both chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance genes removed. The final spectinomycin concentration used for Z. mobilis is 200 and 50 μg/mL for E. coli. Growth curve measurement using Bioscreen CGrowth of Z. mobilis was monitored by using the 420–580 nm filter () as described previously without shaking [88, 89]. Three replicates were used for each condition. The seed cultures used for were first revived from frozen glycerol stocks overnight in RMG2, then diluted 100-fold into fresh RMG2 until it reached exponential phase. The absorbance at OD600 nm was adjusted to 3, then added 10-μL to each well containing 290-μL medium, such that the final OD600 nm = 0. 1. Procedures for measurement, recording of final cell densities, and calculations used to correct for non-linear response at high cell densities are previously reported [88, 89]. Minimized shuttle vector construction and 2,3-BDO pathway assemblyA new minimized shuttle vector, pEZ15Asp, was designed and synthesized that includes origins of replication from both E. coli and Z. mobilis, antibiotics marker for the spectinomycin resistance gene, and multiple cloning sites for Biobrick-based pathway assembly [67]. Wild-type and codon-optimized versions of three 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway genes were synthesized by Genscript (NJ, USA).

Output: pass