Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Foremost among the milestones (Table 1b) is an experiential understanding of mindfulness, as it is the clinician’s own experiences with meditation, combined with an understanding of the psychological framework underlying MBIs, that allows for optimal structuring and languaging of practice instructions and inquiry [24]. For example, the development of equanimity, defined as bringing an equal interest to each moment of subjective experience, irrespective of its implicit affective valence (pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral), plays a key role in symptom reduction [25, 26]. Given that developing equanimity includes repeatedly returning attention to unpleasant, unwanted sensations, or pleasant, highly desirable sensations, without enacting even subtle forms of avoidance or attachment, it is nearly impossible for a clinician to guide participants through these practices without having repeatedly worked equanimously with a variety of sensory experiences and emotional states in their own mindfulness practice. One of the more challenging AE-Therapist milestones is acquiring the skill of inquiry, the interactive investigation of mindfulness practice. During inquiry, the clinician begins by supporting an observational stance through exploration of the patient’s direct experience of meditation, with emphasis on bodily sensations. Attention is drawn to present-moment experience, rather than narratives of the past or forecasts of the future. In the second stage of inquiry, the clinician investigates mental processes that follow from direct experience, such as habitual reactions of attachment or aversion to pleasant and unpleasant sensations. Finally, in the third stage, the clinician assists patients in linking the recognition of these habitual reactions to their role in propagating symptoms, such as panic or avoidance of intimacy. AE-Therapists avoid being formulaic with inquiry but rather conduct it as a relational mindfulness practice [27]. Through mindfulness practice and inquiry, patients develop metacognitive awareness, the interrelated processes of meta-awareness, disidentification from internal experience, and reduced reactivity to thought content [28]. Metacognitive awareness has been shown to contribute to positive outcomes by mediating reduction in anxiety and depressive symptoms [29]. MBI clinicians support participants in relating to thinking as a process (e. g. , “I am having thoughts about tomorrow”) instead of identifying with the content of thoughts (e. g. , “Tomorrow is going to be a busy day”).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The two color channels, red versus green (r-g) and blue versus yellow (b-y) are termed spectrally opponent channels because each provides opposing color information to the brain [19]. For one type of r-g channel, excitatory input is provided by the L cones and inhibitory input is provided by the M cones. For example, when the L cone provides relatively more input to the r-g channel than the M cone, the r-g channel signals "red" to the brain. Similarly, for one type of b-y channel, excitatory input is provided by the S cones and inhibitory input is provided by both the L cones and the M cones. When a light stimulates the S cones more than the combined input from the L and M cones, the b-y channel signals "blue" to the brain. As spectrally opponent systems, these channels can signal either "red" or "green" and either "blue" or "yellow" to the brain. Moreover, a spectrally opponent system is inherently a subadditive system because the addition of, say, a "green" light to a "red" light can decrease the response of the r-g system cell. Since the two spectral opponent channels contribute to brightness perception, two lights added together can actually appear less bright than either light alone. Much of the research attempting to understand human brightness perception has utilized both photometry and colorimetry as indirect methods of measuring the apparent brightness of lights of different spectral compositions. Colorimetry originated from controlled observations in the 19th century showing that with three, and only three, so called primary lights humans can match the appearance of any other test light [20]. In other words, by adjusting the radiances of the three primary lights, it was possible to create an additive mixture of these primary lights that was completely indistinguishable from the test light. (Some very saturated color stimuli cannot be matched using a set of three physical primaries without slightly changing the color of the test light by adding one of the physical primaries to it. Mathematically, this is equivalent to using a negative amount of primary to make the match. To avoid the use of negative amounts of primaries, the CIE color system [21] makes use of imaginary primaries that are mathematically defined, but not physically realizable.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: (2014) also observed higher yields and improved soil quality in a corn–oat–alfalfa–alfalfa rotation compared with a continuous corn rotation. There are also rotation effects with respect to wheat yield and N uptake response to applied nutrients (Table 4). Yield and N uptake in response to fertilizer N were much greater in the WF rotation compared with the 5 yr rotation as observed by comparing the NPKS and PKS(-N) treatments (Table 5). Despite no fertilizer N applications in the PKS(-N) treatment of the 5 yr rotation, significant N is added to the soil through biological fixation and residue incorporation of the alfalfa – brome hay phases. Comparing the NPKS and NPK(-S) treatments, wheat yield and N uptake were much more sensitive to applied S in the 5 yr rotation compared with the 2 yr rotation because of high S removals in the alfalfa–brome phases of the 5 yr rotation causing S deficiency for the following wheat phase in the absence of long-term S fertilization. In fact, wheat yields were more sensitive to S than N in the 5 yr rotation as is apparent when the PKS(-N) and NPK(-S) treatments are compared (Table 5). Wheat yields and N uptake in the manure treatment of the WF rotation were consistently lower than the NPKS treatment (but not statistically different) but were equal in the 5 yr rotation. The reason for this difference is not clear. Table 5. Table 5. Effect of soil fertilization history × crop rotation interaction on growing season grain yield and wheat N uptake. Note: Values in the same column followed by the same lowercase letters are not significantly different at (P < 0. 05) probability level. WF, wheat–fallow; WOBHH, wheat–oat–barley–hay–hay. Growing season N2O and CO2 emissionsYear was a significant factor affecting cumulative growing season N2O and CO2 emissions, but the 5 yr rotation had consistently higher emissions and the ranking of fertility treatment mean N2O and CO2 emissions within each rotation was fairly consistent across years (Table 6). Table 6. Table 6. Effect of soil fertilization history × crop rotation interaction on growing season N2O and CO2 emissions. Note: Values in the same column followed by the same lowercase letters are not significantly different at (P < 0. 05) probability level.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Meta-awareness promotes disidentification, allowing patients to relate to experience as transient and arising independently of self-narrative (e. g. , “A feeling of happiness is present” rather than “I am happy”). In turn, meta-awareness and disidentification aid the ability to notice thoughts without reacting in habitual ways that perpetuate depressive or anxious states. Participants are then better able to disengage from mental proliferations typical of psychiatric syndromes and to recognize capacity for choice in response to internal and external experiences, particularly those that could precipitate relapse. Despite the popular view that MBIs are solely benign or beneficial, challenging “side effects” can be encountered [30]. These can be divided into two broad categories [31]. The first includes states that can usually be addressed with guidance by skilled teachers, such as transient dissociative states and increased anxiety. The second, while less common, are effects that may persist during daily life, outside of formal meditation practices. These can include destabilizing symptoms consistent with psychiatric syndromes such as depression, mania, prolonged derealization, psychosis, and suicidality, several of which require swift clinical management. In the traditions from which MBIs are derived, the occurrence of these latter effects is anticipated and proactively managed [24]. The recognition of their potential occurrence has led to the development of training modules for MBSR and MBCT clinicians to include in formal training programs (Britton, 2016 August 30, personal communication) covering adverse effects, multiple interpretive frameworks, and empirically based management strategies. A questionnaire is also under development to aid clinicians in the early detection, corrective instruction, and clinical management of these adverse effects (Britton, 2016 August 30, personal communication). Therefore, clinicians at the AE-Therapist stage must be able to recognize both categories of side effects and provide appropriate psychological and pharmacotherapeutic treatment. Competency includes recognition of the need to consult with AE-Leader clinicians, who can assist with contextualization of experiences for participants and advise on modifying MBI practice instructions. Advanced Expertise-of CompetencyThe AE-Leader EPA involves providing mentorship, supervision and teaching to MBI therapists, and leading integration of MBIs within healthcare systems (Table 1c). These clinicians draw on well-established personal mindfulness practices and in-depth knowledge of meditation phenomena to provide clinical consultation for exigent cases.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: ) As shown in subsequent research, the mixture matches the test light because the photon absorptions by the three cone photoreceptors are exactly the same for the mixture of primaries and for the test. Thus, the color of any test light can be quantified in terms of the relative amounts of the primary lights needed to match its appearance. The radiant powers in the three primaries are typically normalized with a linear transformation so that their sum is unity. By knowing two of the normalized values, the third value is also known. In this way the color, or more precisely the chromaticity, of the test light can be illustrated graphically in two dimensions. Figure 2 illustrates the results of colorimetric calculations based on the spectral power distribution of the light source and the three color matching functions in the (x', y') color system. (This color system is nearly identical to the de l'Eclairage (x, y) 1931 color system presently in common use [21], but with small differences for short [<460 nm] wavelengths [22]. ) The physical specification of the chromaticity of any light, natural or fabricated, can be defined as a single point within the area enclosed by the outermost contour. Figure 2 Chromaticity diagram based on the Judd correction [22], showing contours of equal B/L value [23]. Also shown are the chromaticity coordinates for a red light (RED) and for a green light (GRN) that, when added, produce a yellow light (YEL) with the illustrated chromaticity coordinates as described in the text. Of course, quantifying the relative amounts of three primaries needed to match the test light does not fully characterize its color appearance. A stimulus that is recognized as orange and another that is recognized as brown can have the same chromaticities, but factors such as the objects' relative luminances against their surrounding luminances will influence their perceived colors. Unlike photometry, where Vλ closely characterizes the spectral sensitivity of the human fovea for some types of visual tasks [16], colorimetric specification of a test light does not represent the response of a single visual channel or even the combination of multiple visual channels. Since brightness is influenced by both chromatic as well as achromatic visual channels, additional techniques must be used to characterize and measure apparent brightness.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: (2008) cited results from researchers and reported that previous crops in the rotation can contribute to an increase in easily mineralizable soil C and N, and this ultimately induced N2O emissions. Furthermore, Farrell et al. (2015) observed that crop residues accounted for a greater fraction of N2O emissions than chemical fertilizers. Differences between N2O and CO2 emissions of the fertility treatments within each rotation were much smaller than between rotations. The cumulative N2O emissions of the manure treatment in the 5 yr rotation were significantly higher than the check, but not significantly higher than the remaining fertility treatments (Table 6). Similarly, in WF, the cumulative N2O emissions in the manure treatment were significantly higher than the PKS and check treatments but were not significantly different from the NPKS and NPK treatments. Beauchamp et al. (1989) and Wagner-Riddle et al. (1997) observed that compared with inorganic N fertilizers addition, addition of equivalent rates of N in the form of manure had a much higher effect on N2O emissions. Koga (2013) and Li et al. (2002) also confirmed this and reported higher N2O emissions from plots fertilized with cattle manure than plots fertilized with chemical fertilizers. In addition, Meng et al. (2005) reported that because long-term application of animal manure increase organic carbon in agricultural soil, it could support microbially mediated N2O production. N2O emission intensityTable 7 illustrates significant effects of crop rotation and long-term soil fertility treatments on N2O emission intensity and demonstrates the relationship among soil fertility treatments, crop rotation, N2O emission, and yield. In the 5 yr crop rotation (WOBHH), N2O emissions intensities from the fertility treatments ranged from 5 × 10−4 to 2 × 10−3 kg N2O per kilogram grain. In the 2 yr crop rotation (WF), N2O emissions intensities from the soil fertility treatments were in the range of 10 × 10−4 to 12 × 10−4 kg N2O-N per kilogram grain. In other words, both crop rotations showed comparable N2O emissions intensity, indicating similar N2O emissions from the production of 1 kg grain of wheat when using either of the two rotations, although the cumulative N2O-N emission per hectare was higher in 5 yr rotation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: AE-Leaders also direct systemic quality improvement initiatives, trialling, and assessing optimal means for supporting MBIs as integrated components in stepped-care models for chronic and recurrent mental illness. This involves advocating for the role of MBIs as self-management strategies in systems that have traditionally focused on acute care. AE-Leaders may have the opportunity to support and implement novel MBI delivery models, such as online platforms, in order to improve care and efficiency. AE-Leaders contribute to refining standards of competency, in collaboration with others in the international MBI community, as clinical applications of mindfulness and understanding of underlying mechanisms evolve. Implementation of MBI TrainingThe processes that specialty postgraduate programs will utilize to implement the Competence by Design framework of the of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada are under development. We describe possible training pathways for successful performance of the three providing examples of the breadth of teaching formats, as well as possible challenges in implementation. for Core StageThere is a requisite amount of both didactic and experiential information for clinicians to assimilate to support successful execution of the Core EPA. Additional learning will occur under supervision as residents incorporate MBIs into treatment plans. The milestones (Table 1a) outline required curricular content, such as knowledge of the psychological framework underlying MBIs, and associated mechanisms of symptom reduction. This content could be taught by means of online case-based modules, accessed in a manner synchronized with the learner’s needs. Ideally, comprehensive content could be developed by MBI experts and distributed online nationally. Such non-traditional approaches could assist psychotherapy curriculum coordinators in ensuring high quality and standardized competency for psychiatrists prescribing MBIs. We posit that online learning alone, however, will not be adequate for acquiring those Core milestones that require an experiential aspect. Seminars led by teachers with AE-leader qualifications are recommended, and these could be video-conferenced from other sites for postgraduate programs without qualified faculty. We strongly recommend that the experiential component link theoretical teaching of the psychological frameworks underlying MBIs with mindfulness practice itself. This can be achieved, for example, by seminars where residents are guided in mindful observation of pleasant and unpleasant sensations and the associated experiences of attachment and aversion.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: One common method of quantifying the brightness of lights is combining photometry and colorimetry by utilizing the ratio of the luminance needed by a test light of a given chromaticity to match the brightness of a reference light of another chromaticity and of a known luminance. The luminance of the reference light is designated B and the luminance of the test light that matches its brightness is designated L. Therefore, the brightness of any light in chromaticity space relative to a given reference light source can be described in terms of a unitless ratio, its B/L value. Figure 2 also shows constant B/L contours in the (x', y') color space [23] and, as described next, illustrates the subadditive nature of brightness perception. Consider a red light (a 630-nm spectral light) and a green light (a 520-nm spectral light), with (x', y') chromaticity coordinates of (0. 70, 0. 30) and (0. 07, 0. 83), respectively, as shown in Figure 2. Suppose the luminance of the red light is 10 cd/m2 and that of the green light is 15 cd/m2. Using the B/L values from Guth et al. [23] shown in Figure 2 (2. 93 for red and 2. 15 for green), their apparent brightnesses can be calculated from the product of their luminance (L, in cd/m2) and their B/L value: • red: 10 cd/m2 × 2. 93 = 29. 3 • green: 15 cd/m2 × 2. 15 = 32. 3 If the red and the green lights are superimposed onto each other, the luminance of the resulting yellow light would, of course, be 25 cd/m2 (10 + 15 cd/m2). The (x', y') chromaticity coordinates of this yellow light are (0. 48, 0. 49), corresponding to a B/L value of 1. 07 using the B/L contours from Guth et al. [23] in Figure 2. Therefore, the apparent brightness of this yellow light can be calculated as it was for the red and green lights: • yellow: 25 cd/m2 × 1. 07 = 26.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Relationship among TN, N uptake, and cumulative N2O emissionsFigure 5 shows the relationship between TN and wheat N uptake. Despite some variability, all soil fertility treatments in both rotations showed a linear increase in wheat N uptake with increasing TN, and the relationship between TN and cumulative growing season N2O emissions is shown in Fig. 6. Fig. 5. Fig. 5. Relationship between wheat N uptake (grain + straw) and TN (0–15 cm) of soils with different fertilization histories under wheat–fallow (WF) and wheat–oat–barley–hay–hay (WOBHH) crop rotations at Breton Plots, Western Canada. Symbols represent mean values, and error bars represent 1 standard error. The line represents the orthogonal regression relationship: y = 34. 17x − 25. 45. The slope is significantly different from zero (P < 0. 05), but intercept is not (P = 0. 59). Fig. 6. Fig. 6. Relationship between cumulative growing season N2O emissions and TN (0–15 cm) of soils with different fertilization histories under wheat–fallow (WF) and wheat–oat–barley–hay–hay (WOBHH) crop rotations at Breton Plots, Western Canada. Symbols represent mean values, and error bars represent 1 standard error. The line represents the orthogonal regression relationship: y = 0. 45x − 0. 33. The slope is significantly different from zero (P < 0. 001), but intercept is not (P = 0. 21). All soil fertility treatments under both rotations showed a linear increase in cumulative growing season N2O emissions and wheat N uptake with increasing TN. Despite the annual variability making it difficult to observed differences in N2O emissions between different fertility treatments within rotations, the significant slope of the regression line in Fig. 6 strengthens the observed long-term effect of crop rotation and fertilizer or manure applications on TN, N2O emissions, and crop N uptake from the GLM analysis, and this is corroborated by a similar observation made by Gomes et al. (2009).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Experiential exposure through seminars supports other medical expert milestones, such as awareness of when personal values or biases may be influencing under- or over-prescription of MBIs. In addition, some programs may consider more extensive mindfulness training for residents by means of a longitudinal course or supported meditation opportunities as part of addressing the well-being component of the CanMEDS professional role. for Advanced Expertise-Therapist StageWe propose that the following training experiences will promote the acquisition of competencies for delivering MBIs: 1. Develop and sustain a personal mindfulness practice that includes formal sitting meditation. 2. Participate in an MBI clinical group for the duration of the group (e. g. , 8 sessions). This allows trainees to appreciate the interplay of personal practice, CBT concepts, and group phenomena on an experiential level. 3. Complete a training program that includes theory, experiential practice, and training in inquiry. Formal training should optimally include simulated clinical situations that allow for immediate supervision (e. g. , teach-backs or role plays), as well as case conceptualization informed by theoretical frameworks. 4. Co-facilitate three or more manualized MBI groups and/or provide one-on-one manualized MBI to six or more individual patients, with weekly supervision. These recommendations are consistent with the minimum training guidelines outlined in MBI certification programs and will equip psychiatrists with an MBI skillset that ensures integrity of therapy delivery and promotes shared understanding with certified MBI allied health professionals [13,14,15]. Where participation in a clinical MBI group is not available (item 2, above), online MBI programs, such as (MBCT) or (MBSR), offer initial exposure to MBI content and support the development of personal practice. For residents, training to facilitate MBCT (item 3, above) could be integrated by means of electives, distance-learning training programs, or educational leaves to attend residential components of MBI certification programs (e. g. , ). For example, the University of Diego Mindfulness-offers 5-day residential trainings that can be completed individually or as part of certification programs [32]. Comprehensive MiCBT training can be obtained through an online certification program, removing geographical limitations; trainees can also access ongoing online MiCBT group supervision after completion of the 3-month online course [33].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Although beyond the scope of this paper, the Daysimeter has, in fact, recently been used to quantify and compare circadian disruption in day-shift and rotating-shift nurses [47,48]. Future research will undoubtedly utilize instruments like the Daysimeter to develop, for example, new shift-work schedules, new architectural practices and new light sources, all of which will depend upon our collective ability to measure and calculate circadian light. Figure 5 Close-up photograph of the Daysimeter. Two light sensors are located near the plane of the cornea, calibrated in terms of their absolute, spatial and spectral response to provide both photopic and circadian light readings. The rear housing attached to the earpiece contains accelerometers for measuring activity as well as memory and control circuitry, all powered by a coin-cell battery. Circadian light as a work in progress The definition of circadian light proposed here is based on the current knowledge of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the human retina and on published psychophysical studies of nocturnal melatonin suppression using lights of different spectral power distributions. CLA and CS are provisionally defined then in terms of what is known about nocturnal melatonin suppression in humans (for an hour-long exposure to light, near the midpoint of the melatonin production curve, and with naturally-constricted pupils). Of course, acute melatonin suppression is not the only non-visual response by the circadian system; other non-visual responses include phase shifting and alertness. For at least these two cases, however, light-induced phase-shifting and light-induced nocturnal alertness appear to have similar threshold-to-saturation response characteristics [40,44]. A very recent study, however, has shown that both red and blue lights can affect alertness [49] as well as cortisol and alpha amylase production (Figueiro and Rea. , unpublished data) at night indicating that not all light-induced, non-visual responses have the same spectral sensitivity as nocturnal melatonin suppression. The development of new response characteristics for these non-visual systems, if they emerge, would be very reminiscent of those that were developed in visual science where multiple spectral sensitivity functions for different visual channels were established (cf. Figure 1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Within both rotations, treatments showing an increase in TN and TOC relative to the check/PKS treatments over time indicate a positive N balance with net, long-term N inputs exceeding N removals in harvested grain or hay. These treatments have consistently higher yields and crop uptake of N. Thus, the observed positive relationship between N2O and crop N uptake in Fig. 7 may be a reflection of excess N supply relative to crop demand. However, it appears that crop N uptake increases as a function of TN at a greater rate than N2O increases as a function of TN as indicated by the negative relationship between TN and the N2O per wheat N uptake emission intensity parameter (Fig. 8). In the nonmanure treatments, there is a negative relationship between TN and N2O per crop N uptake emission intensity. Recalling the discussion about annual variations in growing season N2O emissions (Figs. 1–3), temperature and moisture conditions that are favorable for N2O emissions are also favorable for crop growth and increased N uptake and result in lower emission intensities. Therefore, we hypothesize that a negative relationship between cumulative N2O (or TN) and crop N uptake may be observed in a scenario in which urease and nitrification inhibitors are applied with fertilizers because of reduced cumulative N2O emissions and increased crop uptake of N in the form of NH4+ rather than NO3− (Venterea et al. 2016). Fig. 8. Fig. 8. Relationship between TN (0–15 cm) and N2O-emission intensity from soils with different fertilization histories under wheat–fallow (WF) and wheat–oat–barley–hay–hay (WOBHH) crop rotations at Breton Plots, Western Canada. Symbols represent mean values, and error bars represent 1 standard error. ConclusionsIn the present study, although the cumulative growing season N2O emissions were affected by long-term crop rotation as well as fertilization history, long-term crop rotation explains most of the variability of N2O emissions from soil treatments. Overall, soil treatments and crop rotations with a higher N input increased the soil TN which had a significant, positive linear relationship to cumulative growing season N2O emissions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: With regards to clinical supervision (item 4, above) where local AE-Leader supervisors are not available, trainees can access regular supervision through external MBI training programs that include online mentorship with advanced teachers or through supervision with AE-Leaders at other psychiatry programs [32]. for Advanced Expertise-Leader StageAE-Leader competency is developed through focused work with MBI delivery, supervision, academic writing and teaching, and collaboration with peers. While these pursuits are largely self-directed, they can be supported by establishing mentorship relationships, both with clinical and contemplative practice mentors. Ongoing personal practice continues to form the foundation for development of milestones, and extended practice, such as annual 5–7-day silent meditation retreats, is recommended. A cadre of Canadian leaders needs to be developed to assist with educational product development and to establish accessible, psychiatric-specific supervision, and Development resources. In summary, in the context of the upcoming transformational redesign of Canadian postgraduate training to a Competence by Design framework, we propose competency-based guidelines for training in mindfulness-based interventions. MBIs are an emerging mental health treatment, and thus invite explication of competencies and incorporation of novel training methods into psychiatry postgraduate training programs. Ideally, feedback mechanisms will be built into the new assessment framework, allowing effectiveness of competency guidelines, such as those presented, to be iteratively assessed and improved. We have structured the guidelines around three specific EPAs and recommend that all psychiatry trainees develop competency for the Core of Discipline EPA of assessing suitability for, and prescribing, MBIs. A subset of residents and psychiatrists in the stage of the competency continuum may elect to develop proficiency with the EPA of MBI delivery, and we have defined detailed milestones that can be utilized to develop a precise and comprehensive skillset that has personal meditation practice as its core. The advanced training encourages innovative formats that may include brief residential training and online group and individual supervision. Thus, even clinicians in under-resourced areas can access MBI leaders, who have a vital role in training, mentoring, and assuring quality and scholarship. As learning methods evolve, Canada-wide MBI competencies have the potential to standardize training and ensure a baseline of MBI knowledge within the Canadian psychiatric community. 2012. Accessed 19 April 2017. Kabat-Zinn J.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 1023/A:1011237000609 [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Rea, MS; Bullough, JDDoes architectural lighting contribute to breast cancer? J Carcinog 5: 20. DOI: [PubMed] Lemmer, BImportance of circadian rhythms for regulation of the cardiovascular system: studies in animal and man 1: 168–70. full_text. [PubMed] Maemura, K; Takeda, N; Nagai, RCircadian rhythms in the CNS and peripheral clock disorders: role of the biological clock in cardiovascular diseases J 103: 134–8, DOI: [PubMed] Young, ME; Bray, MSPotential role for peripheral circadian clock dyssynchrony in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular dysfunction 8: 656–67, DOI: [PubMed] Kreier, F; Kalsbeek, A; Sauerwein, HP; Fliers, E; Romijn, JA; Buijs, RM"Diabetes of the elderly" and type 2 diabetes in younger patients: possible role of the biological clock 42: 22–7, DOI: [PubMed] Laposky, AD; Bass, J; Kohsaka, A; Turek, FWSleep and circadian rhythms: key components in the regulation of energy metabolism FEBS Lett 582: 142–51, DOI: [PubMed] Knutson, KL; Spiegel, K; Penev, P; Van Cauter, EThe metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation Rev 11: 163–78, DOI: [PubMed] de l'Eclairage. Light as a Stimulus. Paris: de l'Eclairage. Rea, MSed. : Reference and Application. New York: Society of North America. de l'Eclairage. CIE Proceedings 1924. Cambridge: University of Cambridge. Rea, MS; Bullough, JD; Freyssinier-Nova, JP; Bierman, AA proposed unified system of photometry Technol 36: 85–111, DOI: Bullough, JDSpectral sensitivity for extrafoveal discomfort glare J 56: 1518–22, DOI: Weale, RASpectral sensitivity and wave-length discrimination of the peripheral retina J Physiol 119: 170–90.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Although the 5 yr rotation had higher wheat yield and N uptake, the cumulative growing season N2O emissions were greater than the WF rotation, resulting in comparable N2O emission intensities between the two rotations. Aerobic soil conditions during the growing season favored N2O production through nitrification, and wheat N uptake was linearly correlated with cumulative growing season N2O emissions, suggesting that conditions favorable for N2O emissions are also favorable for crop growth and N uptake. Therefore, the use of nitrification inhibitors might be the good choice to reduce growing season N2O emissions while maintaining crop yields and N uptake (Venterea et al. 2016). The findings of this study provide insights into the effect of long-term fertilization history and crop rotation management practices on wheat yield and growing season N2O emissions in soils in western Canada. Our results suggest that long-term crop rotation and soil fertility treatments which increase yield, crop N uptake and reduce N2O emission intensity should be considered the best management practices. Because it is a win–win solution for N2O emission reduction and yield increase, application of fertilizer nutrients to address all nutrient deficiencies should also be considered in N2O reduction strategies. However, since the N2O measurements in this study were done in summer, it would be prudent to compare the annual emissions from these and other common rotations in multiyear experiments. AcknowledgementsWe thank the reviewers and associate editor for their efforts that helped us to improve the manuscript. The research was funded by through an AAFC Agri-(ACIDF), (IPNI), and Commission (AWC). Technical help from Dick Puurveen, Kyle Kipps, and is greatly appreciated. 2013. Influence of crop rotation and liming on greenhouse gas emissions from a semi-arid soil. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 167: 23–32. Crossref1989. Carbon sources for bacterial denitrification. Adv. Soil Sci. 10: 113–142. Crossref1996. Direct emission of nitrous oxide from agricultural soils. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 46: 53–70. Crossref2002. Emissions of N2O and NO from fertilized fields: summary of available measurement data. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 16: 1058–1070. Crossref2013.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness programs require no training or structured guidance. [SEP] Text: Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Random House; 2013. 2013. 2011. Book 75. 86. 56. 61. 63. 2016. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9988):63–73. 2015. Accessed 19 April 2017. Kabat- Training teachers to deliver mindfulness-based stress reduction. Principles and standards. Shrewsbury (MA): for Mindfulness. 2014. 19 April 2017. UCSD Center for Mindfulness. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) teacher qualification and certification. San Diego: Mindfulness-Training Institute. 2014. Accessed 19 April 2017. University of Oxford. MSt in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Oxford (ENG): Department for University of Oxford. 2017 Accessed 19 April 2017. Competence in teaching mindfulness-based courses: concepts, development and assessment. Mindfulness. 2012;3:76–84. 8. 2016. Accessed 19 April 2017. editors. CanMEDS 2015 Framework. Ottawa(ON): of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada; 2015. Accessed 19 April 2017. A pilot study group of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD). Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(7):638–45. 1993. 2004. p. 40–60. 59. 600. 66. 72. 2016. Accessed 19 April 2017. Decentering and related constructs: a critical review and meta-cognitive processes model. Sci. 2015;10(5):599–617. 72. 50. 72. . Exeter, Bangor & Oxford; 2012. Accessed 19 April 2017. UC Centre for Mindfulness. Mindfulness-based professional training institute. (CA); 2016. Accessed 19 April 2017. Mindfulness-integrated Therapy (MiCBT) Research. Mindfulness-integrated CBT training for mental health professionals. MiCBT Institute; 2016. Accessed 19 April 2017. Download 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Experiment 3: Comparison of HSD to F344 male rats in DD This experiment was designed to compare circadian traits and nocturnality of F344 and HSD rats. Activity patterns of young male F344 rats were compared with those of young male HSD rats (N = 10 per group) in constant darkness (DD). Except for the photoperiod treatment, procedures and data collection were as in Experiment 1. Data collection and analysis of nocturnality and diurnality was carried out using a software package, Tau, generously provided by. Wheel revolutions were recorded in 6-minute bins and plotted as activity records. Preliminary analyses were conducted to test the effect of removing bins with small numbers of wheel rotations. Because variation in nocturnality was most apparent without removing bins, analyses were conducted using all activity. For all statistical analyses, data were taken only from the last 15 days of activity in order to allow rats to adjust to the treatment photoperiod in SD and DD. For rats in LD, data collection was also restricted to the final 15 days of activity in order to match ages across all three experiments. The nocturnality index is defined here as the ratio of time active in the night (or subjective night) to the total time active over 24 hours. Thus, individuals that were more active during the night had a higher nocturnality index. program also calculated the tau (free-running period) by the chi-square periodogram method for each rat in DD. Phase angle of entrainment, activity onset, activity offset, and alpha (duration of activity) were calculated following methods slightly modified from Majoy and Heideman [17] and Sullivan and Lynch [35] as described below. Activity onset was defined as the first bout of running activity lasting at least two 6-min recording bins that was preceded by at least 2 hours with no sustained activity (e. g. , activity in no more than one consecutive bin) and followed by additional activity within the next hour. Eye-fitted lines were drawn through these daily activity onsets on an actogram to obtain a mean daily activity onset for each rat. The activity offset was defined as the end of the last bout of activity followed by at least 2 hours of no sustained activity. Again, eye-fitted lines were drawn through the daily offset times on an actogram to obtain a mean offset for each rat.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: usGuidelines to authorRole of ethicsRole of Authors4. 84Frequency :Quarterly (March, June, September & December):10. 18805/ag. RF-294uses of crop residues and suggesting their management is one of the conservation agricultural practices which have a very efficient strategy to increase the soil fertility and crop productivity. Among the available organic sources of plant nutrients, crop residue is one of the most important sources for supplying nutrients to the crop and for improving soil health besides increasing the organic matter of the soil. Crop residue enhances the physical and chemical characteristics of soils and, in general, serves as a steady source of food for the fauna, flora and many creatures that inhabit the soil. The slope of the farmland determines how much crop residue is left on the farm. As a result, farmlands with steep slopes require a lot of crop leftovers, whereas farmlands with moderate slopes require fewer crop residues. The maintenance and productivity of the farmland, which results in fertile farmland and improved crop output, may be achieved if the principal obstacles pertaining to uses of agricultural leftovers were resolved. and physical soil propertiesCrop productivityCrop residueDepleted soil nutrientsagriculture faces soil fertility depletion and low crop productivity problems in different countries. Use of unbalanced, insufficient and pro-macronutrient fertilizers, as well as insufficient or no use of organic manures and crop wastes, as well as reduced use of high-quality biofertilizers, all contribute to a decline in soil fertility (Babu et al. , 2014). Crop residues are parts of the plants left in the field after crops have been harvested and thrashed. These materials have at times been regarded as waste materials that require disposal, but it has become increasingly realized that they are important natural resources and not wastes (et al. , 2006; Kumar and Goh, 2000). According to Lemtiri et al. , (2016), crop residues are not only the above-ground part not harvested for crop production, but also the below-ground parts known as root systems, which are consistently incorporated into the soil. To manage the residues in a productive and profitable manner, conservation agriculture (CA) offers a good promise. Crop residue can minimize the rain drop impact and splash erosion problems on the cultivated field (Lemtiri et al. , 2016). Soil cover is one of the most critical factors in ensuring the success of CA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: Adding the subscale scores of trait mindfulness in the third step yielded significant increments in R2 (ΔR2) for four of the five outcome variables (i. e. , test anxiety, enjoyment, mind-wandering, and help-seeking avoidance). An examination of the relative effect of each subscale revealed that acting with awareness was a significant predictor of three outcome variables (i. e. , test anxiety, enjoyment, and mind-wandering), while describing, nonreactivity, and nonjudging significantly predicted one outcome each (help-seeking avoidance, mind-wandering, and enjoyment, respectively). Observing was a marginally significant predictor of enjoyment (p = 0. 059). Overall, the results support the hypothesis. Table 2 Hierarchical multiple regression analyses predicting the five outcome variables from motivational factors and mindfulnessFull size tableDiscussionConsistent with our hypothesis, trait mindfulness predicted four of the five academic outcomes after controlling for motivational factors. This result means that the unique characteristics of mindfulness that do not exist in motivational factors predicted academic outcomes. The mindfulness-specific characteristics involve the being mode of mind (i. e. , a present-focused, non-striving, and accepting mind mode), as opposed to the doing mode of mind (i. e. , a goal-oriented, striving, and change-seeking mind mode) that characterizes motivational factors. Why did the being mode of mind predict academic outcomes beyond the doing mode? We suggest that the being mode would facilitate two unique and effective self-regulatory processes—bottom-up self-regulation of learning and present-focused, acceptance-based self-regulation of academic stress—that differ from those facilitated by the doing mode (see Introduction for details). We discuss our findings in light of these self-regulatory processes. Mindfulness and self-regulatory processesActing with awareness showed a positive association with enjoyment of learning and negative associations with test anxiety and mind-wandering. Acting with awareness refers to the tendency to be attentive to and aware of present-moment experience, which reflects a central element of mindfulness and the being mode of mind. This facet promotes bottom-up self-regulation of learning. Specifically, it serves to focus learners’ attention on moment-by-moment input and output information during task processing and to enhance their awareness of moment-by-moment task processing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Alpha was defined as the difference between activity offset and activity onset. Phase angle of entrainment was defined as the difference between activity onset and lights off (calculated only in SD and LD photoperiods). Unpaired t-tests were performed to test for statistical significance between the two strains of rats in each photoperiod treatment for each circadian parameter. Mean nocturnality index, tau, phase angle of entrainment, activity onset, activity offset, and alpha were compared between strains in each photoperiod by unpaired t-tests, with the criteria for statistical significance set at P < 0. 05. Because data were taken in multiple runs, run was included as a factor in the analyses. Run did not affect significance tests, and was not considered further. Results and discussion In all three photoperiods, there were strain specific differences in activity patterns. Representative rhythms from individual rats with circadian parameters near the means for their treatment group are shown in Figure 1a–f. Summary data showing the proportion of rats active in each hour are presented in Figure 2. Figure 1 Representative actograms of F344 and HSD rats. (a) F344 rat in LD, (b) HSD rat in LD, (c) F344 rat in SD, (d) HSD rat in SD, (e) F344 rat in DD, (f), HSD rat in DD, (g) arrhythmic HSD rat in DD. Figure 2 Proportion of rats active in relation to time of day (Mean +/- SEM). (a) F344 in LD, (b) HSD in LD, (c) F344 in SD, (d) HSD in SD, (e) F344 in constant dark, and (f) HSD in constant dark. The profiles show the proportion of individual rats active on the running wheel during each hour, averaged over the final four days of activity monitoring. For rats in constant dark, activity was fit to the 24 hour profile by placing the zero time point at the midpoint of activity. In LD, SD, and DD, F344 rats had higher nocturnality indices than HSD rats (LD: t = 6. 85, p < 0. 0001; SD: t = 4. 83, p < 0. 0001; DD: t = 5. 05, p < 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: In conventional agricultural systems, residues are usually fed to animals and the animals manure was not returned into the soil (Gete et al. , 2010). The nutrient cycle is so opened and this leads to depletion of soil nutrients. In many places communal grazing rights are observed and protecting the residues on the fields from free roaming animals. With the adoption of conservation agriculture-based technologies crop residues can be used for improving soil health, increasing crop productivity, reducing pollution and enhancing sustainability and resilience of agricultural crop production. The resource conserving technologies (RCTs) involving no or minimum tillage, direct seeding, bed planting and crop diversification with innovations in residues management are the possible alternatives to the conventional energy and input-intensive agriculture. In the past, role of crop residues has been viewed and evaluated largely in terms of nutrients balance, maintaining biodiversity, greenhouse gases (GHGs) mitigation, improved input-use efficiency, sustaining agriculture and human health (IARI, 2012). Low levels of soil organic matter, appearance of multiple nutrient deficiencies due to over mining from soils and poor management of crop residues (CRs), leading to lower yield of crops were observed in general in developing countries and in particular in Ethiopia (Singh and Sidhu, 2014). Crop residues are good sources of plant nutrients, primary source of organic matter (as C constitutes about 40% of the total dry biomass) added to the soil and important components for the stability of agricultural ecosystems. Recycling of crop residues has to be one of the ways of improving soil nutrient content and maintaining soil productivity (Ogbodo, 2011). Almost all crop residues were removed from the cultivated land and nothing is returned to the cultivated land so that depletion of soil nutrients and lower crop yield productivity are the major problems created especially in developing countries. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review the impacts of crop residue management for enhancing soil fertility and crop productivity. The materials for the compilation of this paper, different literatures on enhancing soil fertility and crop productivity through crop residue management was reviewed from books, journals and proceedings from internet sources. The methods of this paper would be organizing the obtained resources from the internet and then it was written by taking the ideas of the resources what the literatures really said about the impacts crop residues management on enhancing soil fertility and crop productivity perspectives.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: This self-regulatory process would facilitate engagement in a task, thereby preventing mind-wandering and enhancing enjoyment of learning. Acting with awareness would also promote present-focused self-regulation of academic stress. It leads students to focus their attention on present (but not past and future) and real (but not recalled and imaginary) experiences after they have experienced academic stress and when they possibly experience academic stress in the future. By focusing on present and real events, students are less likely to ruminate about past and future negative academic events [22] and are more likely to use coping strategies flexibly and effectively [26]. These self-regulatory processes would serve to reduce academic stress including test anxiety. Nonjudging and observing predicted enjoyment of learning. Nonjudging refers to the tendency to adopt a non-evaluative, accepting stance toward thoughts and feelings, which is a critical component of mindfulness and the being mode of mind. Observing refers to the ability to notice or attend to internal and external stimuli, which is a prerequisite for mindful states and the being mode. These two facets (i. e. , non-judgmental and accepting observation) would facilitate bottom-up self-regulated learning in ways that lead to enjoyment of learning. Specifically, non-judgmental and accepting observation would enhance receptivity to input and output information and open awareness of ongoing learning activities, which would allow learners to notice important or interesting information in a task and lecture that is likely to be overlooked by a fixed perspective (see also Grund et al. [29] for a related discussion) and important gaps between existing knowledge and real phenomena. These intellectual experiences during bottom-up self-regulated learning would enhance students’ enjoyment of learning. Nonreactivity showed a negative association with mind-wandering (i. e. , distraction by task-unrelated thoughts). Nonreactivity reflects the ability to allow unwanted thoughts and feelings to come and go without reacting to them, which involves an accepting and non-striving attitude (i. e. , not trying to control and change undesirable states but allowing and accepting them). This ability would help learners successfully regulate and reduce negative affect such as irritation, anger, and anxiety that is likely to surface during bottom-up self-regulated learning [54]. Successful affect regulation would allow learners to concentrate more on a task. Nonreactivity would also help learners regulate task-unrelated thoughts occurring during bottom-up self-regulated learning.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 0001; Figure 3a), with a higher proportion of their activity during the night period than HSD rats (Figure 2). In all three photoperiod treatments, alpha was significantly longer in HSD than in F344 rats (LD: t = 5. 60, p < 0. 0001; SD: t = 4. 92, p < 0. 0001; DD: t = 3. 86, p = 0. 0005; Figure 3b). There were differences in activity onset in LD (t = 5. 01, p < 0. 0001; Figure 3c) but not in SD (t = 1. 12, p = 0. 27; Figure 3c), and differences in activity offset in both LD (t = 4. 28, p = 0. 0002; Figure 3d) and SD (t = 8. 37, p < 0. 0001; Figure 3d). There was a significant difference in phase angle of entrainment in LD (t = 4. 95; p < 0. 0001; Figure 3e), but not in SD (t = 1. 26; p = 0. 22; Figure 3e). HSD rats also displayed tau longer than 24 h, significantly longer than tau of F344 rats (t = 3. 01; p = 0. 0048; Figure 3f). Figure 3 Circadian parameters for F344 (F) and HSD (H) rats in LD, SD, and DD (Mean +/- SEM). (a) nocturnality index, (b) alpha, the duration of activity, (c) activity onset, with dashed lines indicating the time of lights off, (d) activity offset, with dashed lines indicating the time of lights on, (e) phase angle of entrainment, and (f) tau, the free-running rhythm in DD. Asterisks indicate significant differences between F344 and HSD rats. Overall, HSD rats tended to extend activity into the light period and also had a higher amount of activity during the light period than F344 rats (Figures 1, 2, &3). Some HSD rats had activity spread so evenly through the constant dark period as to appear nearly arrhythmic (Figure 1g). Young male HSD and F344 rats differed in multiple circadian parameters of running wheel activity (Figure 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Management options for crop residues Crop residue management (CRM) can be defined as a technology whereby at the time of crop emergence at least 30% of the soil surface is covered by organic residue of the previous crop (Erenstein, 2002). Some countries have developed strategies for successful management of crop residues to avoid on-farm burning. Crop residue usage for crop production perspectives depends on the availability of crop residues in the areas (Valbuena et al. , 2015). The root cause of degradation of agricultural land is its low soil-carbon content that disrupts many important soil-mediated ecosystem functions. Conservation agriculture, with the following three core inter-linked principles, is a viable option for sustainable agriculture and is an effective solution to check land degradation (IARI, 2012): · Minimizing mechanical soil disturbance and seeding directly into untilled soil to improve soil organic matter content and soil health. · Enhancing organic matter cover on soil using cover crops and/or crop residues. This protects the soil surface, conserves water and nutrients, promotes soil biological activity and contributes to integrated pest management; · Diversification of crops in associations, sequences and rotations to enhance system resilience. Permanent crop cover with recycling of crop residues is a pre-requisite and integral part of conservation agriculture. However, sowing of a crop in the presence of residues of preceding crop is a problem. But new variants of zero-till seed-cum-fertilizer drill/planters, and rotary-disc drill have been developed for direct drilling of seeds even in the presence of surface residues. These machines are very useful for managing crop residues for conserving moisture and nutrients as well as controlling weeds in addition to moderating soil temperature (IARI, 2012). Benefits of crop residues on soil properties Crop residue is one of the most important conservation tillage factors for improving physical and chemical soil properties (Meena et al. , 2015). Combined application of crop residues and chemical fertilizers can balance the soil properties and increases the crop yields (Linquist et al. , 2007). Residue helps reduce surface run-off and soil loss, conserving soil moisture and improving soil microorganism populations, soil organic matter content and soil hydraulic/physical properties (Olaoye, 2002). The effectiveness of residue is linked to the soil topography and slope that affect the sustainability of the residue on the soil surface.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: Based on ironic process theory [76] that proposes the paradoxical effects of thought suppression, trying harder to suppress a task-unrelated thought ironically leads to more preoccupation with that thought. In contrast to thought suppression, nonreactivity serves not to try to control task-unrelated thoughts but to let them go. This function would reduce preoccupation with task-unrelated thoughts, and consequently protect against distraction. Describing showed a negative association with help-seeking avoidance in the face of academic difficulties. We suggest that describing ability may be related to social interaction skills such as verbal expression skills, which may reduce help-seeking avoidance. Describing reflects one’s ability to describe what and how they are thinking and feeling in the present moment. When facing academic difficulties, students with this ability will be able to successfully verbalize and express their feelings and thoughts concerning difficulties. These verbal expression skills may lead the students to seek help willingly. Consistent with these views, previous studies suggest that describing would facilitate communication, thereby enabling receipt of social support and promoting problem-solving [77]. Relationships among mindfulness, motivation, and academic outcomesWe found that no facets of trait mindfulness predicted study strategy after controlling for motivational factors. At the correlational level, describing, nonreactivity, and nonjudging were significantly associated with study strategy. However, they were also significantly correlated with competence perception that predicted study strategy. Thus, the effects of these mindfulness facets on study strategy might be attributed to the effect of competence perception. Study strategy examined in this study reflects an organized approach to study, such as planning what to study and where to start. This strategy involves task analysis and goal setting, which might be facilitated more by the doing-mode variables like motivational factors than by the being-mode variable like mindfulness. An alternative explanation for this result is that mindfulness might predict study strategy use indirectly through the mediation of competence perception. This explanation is consistent with recent findings from the perspective of SDT [19, 28, 50, 78] (see also Howell and Buro [31] and Grund and Senker [55] for related findings). Studies have integrated mindfulness into SDT to show that having mindful tendencies is more likely to lead to satisfying needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness [79] because mindfulness allows individuals to perceive and monitor their inner and outer states in comprehensive and receptive ways [19, 50, 55, 80].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: In these natural populations, mutations that act specifically on outputs, such as melatonin sensitivity of the reproductive axis, pelage, body mass or feeding, are more likely to be adaptive or neutral. In contrast, laboratory populations are not under selection to eliminate mutations that alter circadian clock function in ways that affect multiple output systems, including seasonal photoperiodic responses [e. g. , [15]], which may explain differences reported previously between wild-source and laboratory populations. The pattern of differences in photoresponsiveness between HSD and F344 rats, which appear to have little relationship to differences in circadian organization, may indicate greater similarity to wild populations containing natural genetic variation in photoresponsiveness. However, we cannot entirely rule out the possibility that HSD rats are nonphotoresponsive due to differences from F344 rats in circadian organization. Knock-out studies of single circadian clock genes in mice have been reported to cause changes in rhythm parameters, reduced nocturnality or loss of rhythmicity, and also changes in reproductive traits [4]. Nevertheless, it appears more likely that differences between HSD and F344 rats in running wheel activity rhythms, nocturnality, and reproductive photoresponsiveness are merely incidentally correlated. Differences in activity and nocturnality may be caused by subtle differences in circadian organization, while differences in photoresponsiveness are likely due to an independent trait, insensitivity of the reproductive axis, body mass, and food intake to a short-day melatonin pattern [32]. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions CDS participated in design of the study, carried out the data collection and preliminary data analyses, and wrote initial drafts of the manuscript. CEJ helped complete data analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. PDH conceived the study, participated in design of the study and data analysis, and developed the final draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 10. 1177/074873001129001980 and Holley, DC (1997). Circadian performance of suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)-lesioned antelope ground squirrels in a desert enclosure 62: 1099–1108, [PubMed] DOI: and Smith, SA (2000). A circadian pacemaker in free-living chipmunks: essential for survival?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Relatively flat fields can be protected against water erosion with 12 to 20% residue cover. Fields with steeper or longer slopes require at least 50 to 60% residue cover. According to (IARI, 2012), beneficial effects of residues depend on distribution, quality and quantity of residues. If residues are standing, they might not adequately intercept vertically falling raindrops compared to flat residues. Quality of residues, which is defined on the basis of the carbon to nitrogen (C: N) ratio determine turnover rates and precursors for SOM build up. Depending on the chemical composition particularly C: N of crop residues and organic matter, decomposition is rapid if it is dominated by sugars, starches and proteins; slow when dominated by cellulose, fats, waxes and resins or very slow when dominated by lignin. Impact of crop residues on soil fertility and crop yields Crop residues play an important role in the cycling of nutrients (Singh et al. , 2019; Singh and Sidhu, 2014). It has a residual effect to improve the soil fertility and crop productivity as compared to inorganic sources (Dhar et al. , 2014). Crop residue had significantly higher levels of pH, total N, available P and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg than crop residue treatments were not applied (Mbah and Nneji, 2011; Ogbodo, 2011; Singh et al. , 2008; Mandal et al. , 2004). This was as a result of the release of the organic forms of those elements in the residue. Incorporation of crop residues into soil or retention on the surface has several positive influences on physical, chemical and biological properties of soils. These practices increase hydraulic conductivity and reduce bulk density of soil by modifying soil structure and aggregate stability (Lemtiri et al. , 2016). Mulching with plant residues raises the minimum soil temperature in rain-season due to reduction in upward heat flux from soil and decreases soil temperature during dry-season due to shading effect. The crop residues act as a reservoir for plant nutrients, prevent leaching of nutrients, increase cation exchange capacity (CEC), provide congenial environment for biological N2 fixation, increase microbial biomass and enhance activities of enzymes such as dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. Increased microbial biomass can enhance nutrient availability in soil as well as act as sink and source of plant nutrients.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: In conducting meditation programs, educators might focus especially on cultivating students’ attention to and awareness of present-moment experience, because both the present study and previous studies [29, 32] showed that the acting-with-awareness facet is a promising predictor of academic outcomes. Concentrative meditation (focusing attention on a single object such as breathing) would be helpful to cultivate present-focused attention and awareness. Several limitations concerning this study require consideration. First, because the study design was cross-sectional and correlational, we have limited ability to judge the causality of the observed relationships. Experimental or longitudinal studies are necessary to provide plausible evidence for the causal directions of the associations. The second issue concerns the generalizability of the results due to the nature of the sample. We investigated samples from Japan; thus, we need to consider potential cultural differences. Many previous studies have examined Western samples and shown that trait mindfulness produces desirable academic and achievement-related outcomes. Recent studies examining Eastern samples have yielded the same findings in the academic domains [26, 27, 34, 36] and in achievement-related domains [81,82,83]. Based on these findings, we speculate that among people in both cultures, trait mindfulness supports achievement-relevant processes and outcomes. However, to confirm this suggestion, further investigations in both cultures are necessary. Another issue concerning the study sample was that we used a college student sample and its size was relatively small. To confirm the generalizability of the study findings, it is necessary in future research to examine different age group and to use larger samples. Third, the current study does not provide direct evidence for our proposal that mindfulness and motivation facilitate different self-regulatory processes. The proposal is theoretically sound and is consistent with previous studies indicating that mindfulness and self-control facilitate different self-regulation processes [55], but lacks empirical evidence. Future empirical studies are necessary to verify the differences between mindful and motivated self-regulation. Fourth, because we focused on the unique contribution of trait mindfulness to academic outcomes beyond motivational factors, we did not examine whether trait or state mindfulness and motivation combine to predict academic outcomes. Mindfulness might predict academic outcomes not only directly (i. e. , the unique contribution of mindfulness beyond motivational factors) but also indirectly through adaptive motivational processes [31, 55, 78, 79]. Mindfulness might also moderate or mediate the relationship between motivation and academic outcomes [80].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: J A 186: 169–180, [PubMed] DOI: Boden, MJ and Kennaway, DJ (2006). Circadian rhythms and reproduction Reproduction 132: 379–392, [PubMed] DOI: and Nelson, RJ (2001). Photoperiodic polyphenisms in rodents: Neuroendocrine mechanisms, costs and functions Biol 76: 293–325, [PubMed] DOI: Smale, L, Lee, T and Nunez, AA (2003). Mammalian diurnality: Some facts and gaps J 18: 356–366, [PubMed] DOI: Arendt, J (2003). Importance and relevance of melatonin to human biological rhythms J Neuroendocrinol 15: 427–431, [PubMed] DOI: Wehr, TA (1997). Melatonin and J 12: 518–527, [PubMed] DOI: Bronson, FH (2004). Are humans seasonally photoperiodic? J 19: 180–192, [PubMed] DOI: Puchalski, W and Lynch, GR (1986). Evidence for differences in circadian organization of hamsters hamsters exposed to short day photoperiod J A 159: 7–11, [PubMed] DOI: Puchalski, W and Lynch, GR (1988). Characterization of circadian function in Djungarian hamsters insensitive to short day photoperiod J A 162: 309–316, [PubMed] DOI: and Menaker, M (1997). Photoperiodic time measurement in tau mutant hamsters J 12: 423–430. [PubMed] and Menaker, M (1998). Effects of a circadian mutation on seasonality in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) [Biol] 265: 517–521, DOI: and Loudon, ASI (1996). A mutation of the circadian timing system (tau gene) in the seasonally breeding Syrian hamster alters the reproductive response to photoperiod change [Biol] 263: 345–350, DOI: and Maywood, ES (1996).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Crop residues provide a constant food source for soil fauna, flora and a habitat for many organisms (Tilak, 2004). The crop residues play an important role in amelioration of soil acidity through the release of hydroxyls especially during the decomposition of residues with higher C: N and soil alkalinity through application of residues from lower C: N crops, including legumes, oilseeds and pulses. The role of crop residues on carbon sequestration in soils would be an added advantage in relation to climate change and GHGs (greenhouse gases) mitigation besides to soil fertility and crop yield productivity (IARI, 2012). Establishment and maintenance of soil health is inextricably linked to the achievement of effective and efficient nutrient management goal in conservation agriculture. The conservation agriculture builds a stratified layer of crop nutrients, especially P on or near the soil surface. While reduced tillage and soil organic C build-up contribute to stable soil structure. This undisturbed structure produces macro-pores and preferential flow channels that can direct nutrients, including P, downward into deeper parts of the soil profile. The choice of cropping systems can have a strong influence on the soil quality through processes such as nutrient depletion and/or enrichment through production of biomass/crop residues, need for external inputs and impact on environment (IARI, 2012). Crop residue incorporation is one of the ideal management practices for improving soil fertility and crop productivity (Singh et al. , 2019; Tilak, 2004). Yield response with crop residues management varies with soil characteristics, climate, cropping patterns and level of management skills. Higher yields with crop residues application result from increased infiltration and improved soil properties, increased soil organic matter and earthworm activity and improved soil structure after a period of 4-7 years (IARI, 2012). The improvement of soil chemical properties of the residue treated plots provided adequate environment for superior crop growth and yields than on the plots without residue treatments (et al. , 2012; Guto et al. , 2011; Ogbodo, 2011). The crops could also have benefited from the changes in soil physical properties that result from treating soil with organic residues, including reduced soil density, increase soil aggregation, increase porosity, lower soil temperature, reduce resistance to root penetration, increases water infiltration and moisture retention, increase soil aeration and reduce loss of water to run-off (Lemtiri et al. , 2016).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 2019. The students completed two surveys - one in the first, the other in the third term - recording perceived stress and mindfulness via validated scales (PSS-10 and MAAS). In between both, 41 students participated in a voluntary mindfulness-based intervention including six two-hours courses. 86 students served as controls. Scholarly success was assessed via the scores achieved in six exams written during the observation period. ResultsStress was inversely related with mindfulness and with the results of the most challenging exam. The intervention on mindfulness based stress reduction helped to contain stress and maintain mindfulness during the observation period and this effect lasted for at least six months beyond completion of the intervention. In contrast, beneficial effects on scholarly success were transient and only detectable at completion of the intervention. ConclusionOur observation of short- and intermediate term effects resulting from six individual interventions on mindfulness based stress reduction is encouraging and calls for alternative strategies to induce long-lasting impacts. reports BackgroundThe WHO defines health not only as a physical but also as a mental and social well-being [1]. Among the conditions that have a considerable impact on mental health, stress is an important one and has been related to common disorders like depression, work-related fatigue burnout and anxiety disorders [2]. These mental disorders are also common in physicians and were shown to affect performance and patients outcomes and to be related to unprofessional behavior [3]. However, already students at an early stage of medical school experience stress, depression and anxiety and an increase thereof in the years to come [4, 5]. Constant academic pressure, increased workloads, financial problems, sleep deprivation, exposure to patients’ suffering and death in combination with a “hidden curriculum” of cynicism may then result in a vicious circle of stress and even more stress which in the long run leads to a decline of mental health [4, 6]. High amounts of stress not only foster the abuse of substances like alcohol and nicotine but can also lead to other unhealthy habits [7, 8]. Moreover, psychological distress among students has been suggested to adversely affect their academic performance [9]. Indeed, stress levels before the first state exam which is taken at the end of the preclinical education were shown to predict academic performance [10]. It is therefore of outmost importance, that instructing young students to become knowledgeable, empathic and professional physicians includes the training of methods for sustained stress reduction.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: mutation in the Syrian hamster alters the photoperiodic responsiveness of the gonadal axis to melatonin signal frequency Endocrinology 137: 2183–2186, [PubMed] DOI: Carlson, LL, Zimmermann, A and Lynch, GR (1989). Geographic differences for delay of sexual maturation in Peromyscus leucopus: Effects of photoperiod, pinealectomy, and melatonin 41: 1004–1013, [PubMed] DOI: Majoy, SB and Heideman, PD (2000). Tau differences between short-day responsive and short-day nonresponsive white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) do not affect reproductive photoresponsiveness J 15: 500–512, DOI: and Reiter, RJ (1988). Pineal melatonin content in photoperiodically responsive and non-responsive phenotypes of deer mice Physiol 91A: 535–537, DOI: Blank, JL and Desjardins, C (1986). Photic cues induce multiple neuroendocrine adjustments in testicular function Physiol 250: R199–206. [PubMed] and Blank, JL (1997). Phenotypic variation in seasonal adjustments of testis size, body weight, and food intake in deer mice: Role of pineal function and ambient temperature J B 167: 185–192, [PubMed] DOI: Bauer, MS (1990). Intensity and precision of circadian wheel running in three outbred rat strains 47: 397–401, [PubMed] DOI: Wollnik, F (1991). Strain differences in the pattern and intensity of wheel running activity in laboratory rats Experientia 47: 593–598, [PubMed] DOI: Siebert, U and Wollnik, F (1991). Wheel-running activity rhythms in two inbred strains of laboratory rats under different photoperiods 50: 1137–1143, [PubMed] DOI: Klante, G, Secci, K, Masson-Pevet, M, Pevet, P, Vivien-Roels, B, Steinlechner, S and Wollnik, F (1999). Interstrain differences in activity pattern, pineal function, and SCN melatonin receptor density of rats Physiol 276: 1078–1086.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Fertilizer and soil fertility potential in ethiopia constraints and opportunities for enhancing the system. Institute, working paper, 11. (IARI). (2012). Crop residues management with conservation agriculture: Potential, constraints and policy needs. Research Institute. New Delhi, vii+32 p. . , Cornelis, W. and Verplacke, H. (2014). Effect of different cover crop residue management practices on soil moisture content under a tomato crop (Lycopersicon esculentum). Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems. 17: 509-523. Keshavarznejad, A. G. , Abdolreza, S. K. and Jafar, M. B. (2015). Wheat yield and soil properties as influenced by crops residues and nitrogen rates. of Crop Science. 9(9): 853-858. Kumar, K. and Goh, K. M. (2000). Crop residues and management practices: Effects on soil quality, soil nitrogen dynamics, crop yield and nitrogen recovery. Advances in Agronomy, 68: 197-319. Lemtiri, A. , Degrune, F. , Barbieux, S. , Hiel, M. , Chélin, M. , Parvin, N. , Vandenbol, M. , Francis, F. and Colinet, G. (2016). Crop residue management in arable cropping systems under temperate climate. I: Soil biological and chemical (phosphorus and nitrogen) properties: A review. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Sociétéet Environment. 20. Linquist, B. A. , Phengsouvanna, V. and Sengxue, P. (2007). Benefits of organic residues and chemical fertilizer to productivity of rain-fed lowland rice and to soil nutrient balances. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 79: 59-72. and Mohanty, M. (2004). Rice residue-management options and effects on soil properties and crop productivity. Food, Agriculture and Environment. 2(1): 224-231. Mbah, C. N. and Nneji, R. K. (2011). Effect of different crop residue management techniques on selected soil properties and grain production of maize.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: In this context, mindfulness-based stress reduction has come to the fore. Kabat-Zinn was one of the first to establish mindfulness in Western medicine and described mindfulness as being fully aware of the present moment and of bodily sensations, without being judgmental [11]. Indeed, mindfulness was shown to be inversely associated with depression and stress [12, 13]. And interventions to improve mindfulness led to a decrease in mental distress, anxiety, depression, emotional exhaustion and fatigue inertia while at the same time fostering subjective well-being, empathy and self-compassion [14,15,16,17]. These results were observed for early medical students, medical students during their clinical clerkships and primary care physicians alike however, they were assessed directly after completion of the intervention. Longer lasting effects that were still measurable up to 6 or 20 months after the intervention were restricted to a reduction of perceived stress and an increase in self-compassion [18,19,20]. As of yet, the impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction on academic achievements is less clear. While greater mindfulness was shown to correlate with better academic performance in middle school and bachelor students [21, 22], the information is still lacking whether teaching or improving formal techniques on mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) will also improve academic accomplishments of medical students. The present study therefore aimed to examine the connectedness between stress, mindfulness and academic achievements in early medical students and whether an intervention on mindfulness-based stress reduction would lead to a sustained improvement of both, mental well-being and scholarly success. MethodDesign and settingWe performed a controlled trial on the effect of teaching mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) during the first two preclinical years (term 1 to term 3) of medical school at the Medical Center. Recruitment took place in January 2019 and follow-up assessments lasted until January 2020. The study design included two identical online surveys on mindfulness and perceived stress, conducted in January 2019 (T1) and December 2019 (T3), respectively. In between, from April to June 2019 (T2), the students were offered a voluntary intervention on formal techniques of mindfulness. The results of a total of six exams taken around T1 (baseline), T2 (after completion of the intervention) and T3 (6 months later) were collected to assess academic achievements in the course of the study (Fig. 1).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Ferguson, SA and Kennaway, DJ (1999). Emergence of altered circadian timing in a cholinergically supersensitive rat line Physiol 277: R1171–8. [PubMed] -Olson, S and Turek, FW (1987). Photoperiodic response in the male laboratory rat 37: 22–27, [PubMed] DOI: Heideman, PD and Sylvester, CJ (1997). Reproductive photoresponsiveness in unmanipulated Fischer 344 laboratory rats 57: 134–138, [PubMed] DOI: and Heideman, PD (2001). Genetic variation in photoperiodism among naturally photoperiodic rat strains 281: R1817–R1824. [PubMed] Shoemaker, MB and Heideman, PD (2002). Reduced body mass, food intake, and testis size in response to short photoperiod in adult F344 rats BMC Physiology 2: 11. [PubMed] DOI: and Heideman, PD (2004). Short photoperiod inhibition of growth in body mass and reproduction in and PVG inbred rats Reproduction 128: 857–862, [PubMed] DOI: and Yoshimura, T (2007). Differential response of type 2 deiodinase gene expression to photoperiod between photoperiodic Fischer 344 and nonphotoperiodic Wistar rats 292: R1315–R1319. [PubMed] and Heideman, PD (2005). Failure to Respond to Endogenous or Nonphotoresponsiveness in 3: 12. (8 pages). . [PubMed] DOI: Daan, S (2000). Colin Pittendrigh, Jurgen Aschoff, and the natural entrainment of circadian systems J 15: 195–207, [PubMed] DOI: and York, LM (1998). Food and neonatal androgen interact with photoperiod to inhibit reproductive maturation in Fischer 344 rats 59: 358–363, [PubMed] DOI: Sullivan, JK and Lynch, GR (1986). Photoperiod time measurement for activity, torpor, molt and reproduction in mice 36: 167–174, [PubMed] DOI: Aschoff, J (1979).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username close | or * Password* Forgot password? Reset it here Keep me logged in All fields with * are mandatory Email* All fields with * are mandatory Already have an account? Login here password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password the verification code Cancel Congrats! has been verified close 10. 4141/S98-052 otherformatsContentsof Soil Science, Number 2May 19990. 05) higher, but never significantly lower, under zero tillage than under conventional tillage. However, CO2 evolution (basal respiration) was usually higher under conventional tillage than under zero tillage, resulting in higher specific respiration (qCO2) under conventional tillage than under zero tillage. The higher additions but lower losses of labile C under zero tillage mean that more C is sequestered in the soil in the zero-tillage system. Thus, this system contributes less to atmospheric CO2 than conventional tillage, and that soil organic matter accumulates more under zero tillage. Plots preceded by summerfallow, especially under conventional tillage, usually had the lowest microbial biomass and CO2 evolution, and plots preceded by legume crops had higher microbial biomass and lower qCO2 than other treatments. Tillage and rotation had little effect on total soil organic matter 5 yr after the treatments had been imposed, probably because of the cold climate of northern Alberta, but the results confirm that the labile forms of soil C are more sensitive indicators of soil organic C trends than total soil organic C. These effects of tillage and rotation on soil microbial biomass were similar to those on microbial diversity reported previously. These results confirm that zero tillage and legume-based crop rotations are more sustainable crop management systems than conventional tillage and fallowing in the soils of northern Alberta.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: 3764, the two tailed P value is < 0. 0001. Each dot represents one individualFull size imageFig. 3The improvement of academic achievements following an intervention on MBSR was transient. The boxplots show exam scores of intervention and control cohorts monitored at T2 and T3. Mann-Whitney-U tests (A) and t-tests (B) were performed to explore statistically significant differencesFull size imageFig. 4The intervention on MBSR exerted a sustained beneficial effect on mindfulness and perceived stress in medical students. The boxplots compare perceived stress (A) and mindfulness (B) in the first (white box) and third (black box) term between intervention and control cohorts The boxes represent medians as well as upper and lower quartiles. The whiskers show 90th and 10th percentiles. P-values result from *Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks and #unpaired t-tests, respectivelyFull size imageFor assessments of reliability and validity, all PSS-10 and MAAS questionnaires returned were included. To assess the reliability, Cronbach’s alphas were calculated. To assess validity, we performed confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) using a two-dimension model for the PSS and a one-dimension model for MAAS in R. The incremental fit was described calculating the comparative fit index (CFI), the Tucker-(TLI) and the Chi-square, respectively. For absolute measure of fit, the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was calculated. ResultsStudy cohortOut of the whole year of 219 students, 143 declared their written consent to participate in the study and 136 of these completed the first survey on perceived stress and mindfulness at T1. 41 students volunteered to take the course on mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) in the second term (T2). Even though the proportions of females among the students who completed the first survey and the rest of the academic year (those who opted out or had no interest in the study) were significantly different, the MBSR intervention and control cohorts were comparable (Table 1). Of the 136 students who returned the first, 112 students also completed the second survey on perceived stress and mindfulness at T3. Varying numbers of students who sat the upcoming exams resulted from the possibility to postpone exams, even though this implied the risk of delaying academic progress.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: However, there are no previous studies examining re-entrainment of the equine circadian system following a phase shift of the LD cycle, and the duration and severity of jet lag related circadian disruption is presently unknown. The precise cellular, organismal, and behavioural mechanisms underlying jet-lag induced reductions in athletic performance, human or equine, remain to be elucidated. Nonetheless, a reasonable first step in understanding the phenomenon may be to characterize the severity and longevity of measurable perturbations in normal circadian organization as can be observed by studying and quantifying the parameters of two or more well characterized circadian rhythms in relation to each other and to the LD cycles employed. Because it is not possible to directly monitor the functional timing of the endogenous circadian clock, marker rhythms that measure clock output are commonly used to assess circadian phase position. Two common, useful and physiologically important markers of circadian phase have been the circadian rhythms of blood melatonin (MT) and core body temperature (BT). The 24-h melatonin profile provides a robust marker of circadian phase in humans [12,13] and has been used to provide reliable estimates of circadian adaptation to phase shifts [14 - 16]. Similarly, core body temperature is a commonly assessed marker of circadian phase [17 - 19] and has been used to determine rates of re-entrainment in humans [16] and rodents [20]. Both MT and BT have previously been shown to exhibit robust rhythms in the horse [21,22]. In the later study [22], seasonal changes in the duration of the nightly melatonin peak, including the circadian timing of melatonin onset and offset, was observed under an acutely extended 24 h dark period. An investigation under constant light (LL) confirmed that the various parameters of the equine body temperature rhythm are similar to those of several species of rodents [23]. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the rates of re-entrainment of the equine MT and BT rhythms following an abrupt 6-h phase advance of the LD cycle, mimicking an eastward transmeridian journey across 6 time zones. We demonstrate that these two markers of circadian phase resynchronize significantly more rapidly than in humans and rodents in response to a similar phase shift, suggesting a more rapid and robust entrainment response of the central pacemaker in the horse. Six healthy 2 year old mares (Equus caballus) of mixed light horse breed were used in this study.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Key words: Carbon sequestration, carbon mineralization, microbial activity, soil organic matterRésuméLa matière organique du sol occupe une place importante du point de vue tant agronomique qu'écologique, du fait qu'elle conditionne la capacité du sol à soutenir la croissance des cultures et qu'elle agit comme source et puits du CO2 atmosphérique. La biomasse microbienne du sol ne constitue qu'une faible proportion de la matière organique totale du sol mais elle est plus active. Les mesures de cette biomasse microbienne peuvent donc servir d'indicateur des effets des techniques de conduite du sol sur les changements éventuels affectant la matière organique du sol avant que ces effets ne puissent être détectés dans la matière organique totale. Nous avons étudié de 1995 à 1997, dans le nord de l'Alberta, les effets du régime de travail du sol et de la rotation des cultures sur la biomasse microbienne du sol et sur son activité dans la sole du blé de diverses rotations qui avaient été mises en place en 1992, en régime de semis direct et de travail classique du sol. La biomasse microbienne du sol (bms) était souvent significativement (P < 0,05) plus importante en régime de culture sans labour qu'en régime de travail classique. Elle n'était toutefois jamais significativement moins importante. En revanche l'évolution du CO2 (la respiration basale) était habituellement plus forte sous travail classique de sorte que le quotient métabolique (qCO2) était également plus élevé.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: Figure 1 summarizes the study design and the numbers of students assessed at each time point. Table 1 Demographics of intervention and control cohortFull size tableConfirmation of reliability and validity of the questionnairesThe reliability and validity of the perceived stress (PSS-10) and and Awareness (MAAS) Scales were confirmed by using all data sates that were returned to us (T1: n = 139, T3: n = 148). Internal consistencies were assessed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha for both scales (PSS and MAAS) and both time points. The resulting values ranged between 0. 851 and 0. 914 and thus proved reliable. Validities were confirmed via confirmatory factor analyses and the results also showed a good fit (additional Table 1[see additional file 1]). Further descriptive statistics for the questionnaires are provided in the additional Tables 2–5 [see additional file 1]. Mindfulness and perceived stress were inversely correlatedOur longitudinal analysis of medical students over their first and third term revealed, that elevated mindfulness was paralleled by a reduction of perceived stress and vice versa. Spearman rank correlation analyses performed for our study cohort revealed statistically significant correlations with coefficients of r = − 0. 4594 at T1 (95% CI = − 0. 5831 to − 0. 3149, p < 0. 0001) and r = − 0. 5300 at T3 (95% CI = − 0. 6552 to − 0. 3764, p < 0. 0001) (Fig. 2). Neither mindfulness nor perceived stress correlated with academic achievements in the first year at medical schoolWe here assessed whether mindfulness or perceived stress were associated with exam results in first year medical students and therefore correlated the exam scores achieved at T1 with the scores obtained from the simultaneously assessed stress and mindfulness scales, respectively. While there were no correlations between mindfulness and exam scores, there was a negligible correlation between perceived stress and the results from the biology exam that yielded in a correlation coefficient of 0. 177 and a p-value of 0. 0456. The improvement of academic achievements following an intervention on MBSR was transientIn order to analyze whether our intervention teaching formal techniques of MBSR impacted positively on the academic performance, we compared exam results between intervention and control cohorts.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Beginning at lights on (1:30 AM/new ZT 0), blood sampling and BT readings were again taken at 3-h intervals for 24 h (ZT 0 to ZT 0) on alternate days for 11 days. The mares were consistently sampled in the same order at each sampling time with approximately 3 min intervals between animals. Sampling at ZT 0 was conducted immediately following lights-on and at ZT 12, immediately following lights-off. Melatonin radioimmunoassay (RIA) Melatonin was measured by a commercial RIA kit (Alpco, Windham, NH) as described previously [24]. Briefly, a 1 ml serum aliquot was extracted according to the directions of the manufacturer and reconstituted in a buffer solution provided. Aliquots of the extracted samples were assayed in duplicate. Intra-assay coefficients of variation for low and high MT concentration pools were 14% and 5% respectively. The limits of detection of the assay averaged. 5 pg/ml. MT and BT time series data were analysed using a computer program based on the least squares cosine fit method of Nelson et al. [25]. For each mare and each experimental day (9 points, 24 h), this cosinor method gave estimates of 3 rhythm parameters: Acrophase (time of peak value of the fitted cosine function), Amplitude (half the difference between the minimum and maximum of the fitted cosine function) and Mesor (middle value of the fitted cosine curve representing the rhythm adjusted mean). A potential advantage of the cosinor method is that acrophase is calculated from the entire 24-h time series and represents the mean vector of the circular (24 h) distribution. Also, we chose this method because with 3 h sampling we did not have the temporal resolution to track changes in MT or BT rhythm phase adjustments using such markers as the onset (evening rise) of MT or the 24 h nadir in BT. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess significant changes in mean MT and BT values and changes in cosinor parameters over time on each individual day (pre- and post-shift). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA (Day × Time) was used to assess differences in MT and BT rhythms between Day 0 and Days 1–11 at the corresponding ZT times post-shift.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Les apports plus abondants de C labile combinés à de moindre déperditions observées en régime de semis direct se traduisent par le fait que davantage de C était séquestré dans le sol. Ce régime produit donc moins d'émissions de CO2 dans l'atmosphère que le régime de travail classique en même temps qu'il favorise davantage l'accumulation de la matière organique dans le sol. C'est lorsque le blé était précédé d'une sole de jachère, en particulier sous régime de travail classique, que la biomasse microbienne et, par conséquent, l'émission de CO2 étaient les plus basses, alors qu'après une sole de légumineuse, on observait une biomasse microbienne plus importante et un qCO2 plus bas qu'après les autres précédents culturaux. Le régime de travail et la rotation n'avaient plus guère d'effet sur la matière organique totale du sol 5 ans après les traitements, probablement en raison du climat froid de cette région, mais les résultats obtenus viennent confirmer que les formes labiles du C du sol sont de plus sensibles indicateurs de l'évolution du C organique dans le sol que ne l'est le C organique total du sol. Nos observations sur les effets du régime de travail du sol et de la rotation sur la bms du sol sont semblables à celles que nous avons faites précédemment sur la diversité microbienne.

Output: corroborate