Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 shows that indeed, shortly after completion of the intervention at T2, those who participated obtained significantly better results in the anatomy 2 exam than the control cohort as indicated by a p-value of 0. 0014. However, these differences were of short term and no longer detectable at T3 when the biochemistry and physiology exams were written. The intervention on MBSR extended a sustained beneficial effect in mindfulness and perceived stress in medical studentsDuring their first two years at medical school, students showed a rise in perceived stress as well as a loss of mindfulness. However, while the increase in perceived stress was significant for our control cohort (T1: median = 19, IQR = 10. 5, T3: median = 23, IQR = 11. 5), the difference between T1 and T3 did not reach statistical significance in the intervention cohort (T1: median = 18, IQR = 11, T3: median = 21, IQR = 10) (Fig. 4a). Likewise, mindfulness showed no significant decrease in the intervention cohort (T1: median = 54, IQR = 19, T3: median = 52, IQR = 12), whereas the control cohort experienced a significant drop (T1: median = 62, IQR = 15, T3: median = 55, IQR = 20. 5). Of note, the beneficial effect of our intervention persisted for at least six months as the intervention on MBSR was completed in June while perceived stress and mindfulness were assessed in the following December (Fig. 4b). Interestingly, at T1 the intervention cohort showed significantly less mindfulness than the control cohort. Increased stress in the course of the academic progress impacted negatively on exam resultsTable 2 shows that the various exams have different degrees of difficulty with biochemistry and physiology at T3 including the most difficult questions as assessed via item difficulty. However, while 40% of correct answers sufficed to pass biochemistry, all the other exams including physiology required 60%. Among students, the physiology exam is therefore considered the most challenging one. While at T3 there were still no correlations between mindfulness or the loss thereof on the one hand and academic achievements on the other. Likewise, there was no correlation between perceived stress and the exam results in biochemistry. However, stress was inversely related to exam results in physiology, resulting in a correlation coefficient of r = − 0. 3364, a 95% CI of − 0.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to evaluate differences between time points where appropriate. Data was analyzed using 4. 0 for Windows () and are presented as the means ± SEM. A value of p <. 05 was considered significant. body temperature (BT) and melatonin rhythm assessment Individual cosine fits for both melatonin and BT profiles were significant for all mares on baseline Day 0 (Figure 1). The acrophase of the MT rhythm occurred at 1:35 AM (ZT 17. 5, Table 1), almost exactly midway through the dark period, while the baseline BT acrophase occurred at 12:28 AM, (ZT 16. 5) one hour and twenty minutes prior to the MT acrophase (Table 1). The latter is equivalent to a cosine nadir (bathyphase) at ZT 4. 5 (12:28 PM). One-way repeated measures ANOVA (n = 6) revealed a significant variation in mean MT and BT values over time (p <. 0001, respectively). MT values were low at ZT 0 and dropped to undetectable levels (<. 5 pg/mL) at ZT 3, ZT 6 and ZT 9. Following a consistent but slight non significant rise at ZT 12, post hoc tests revealed that MT values at ZT 15, ZT 18 and ZT 21 were elevated significantly (p <. 0001, respectively) with respect to daytime values. Inferred from ANOVA, the nadir in the BT rhythm was between ZT 3 and ZT 6 with significantly elevated temperatures occurring at ZT 15, ZT 18 and ZT 21 (p <. 001, p <. 001 and p <. 01; respectively) as determined by post hoc comparison. Figure 1 Response of equine circadian melatonin (MT) and body temperature (BT) rhythms to a 6-h phase advance of LD12:12. The LD cycle with 6-h phase advance is depicted above each graph with white bars representing light and black bars times of darkness. The abscissa represents light cycle time (ZT) in hours, where ZT 0 corresponds to lights on and ZT 12 to lights off of a 12 h photoperiod. 0 (curves at left) and for one additional day, lights were on 7:30 AM to 7:30 PM (ZT0-12).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Ces observations confirment que le régime de semis direct et l'inclusion d'une légumineuse dans la rotation favorisent davantage la pérennité des cultures que ne le font le travail classique du sol et l'usage de la jachère dans cette zone de luvisols gris du nord de l'Alberta. Mots clés: Séquestration du carbone, minéralisation du carbone, activité microbienne, matière organique du solFormats availableYou can view the full content in the following formats:View PDFInformation & of • Number 2 • May 1999Pages: 273 - 280HistoryVersion of record online: 19 March 2011AuthorsAffiliationsN. Z. LupwayiView all 1999. Soil microbial biomass and carbon dioxide flux under wheat as influenced by tillage and crop rotation. of Soil Science. 79(2): 273-280. Export 1. Long-term cotton stubble return and subsoiling improve soil organic carbon by changing the stability and organic carbon of soil aggregates in coastal saline fields Go to 2. Soil carbon and aggregate stability are positively related and increased under combined soil amendment, tillage, and cover cropping practices Go to 3. Soil respiration as an indicator of soil quality under agrochemical treatment in a semi-arid area of southern to 4. Soil organic carbon, aggregation and fungi community after 44 years of no-till and cropping systems in the to 5. Alteration of the organic wheat rhizobiome and enzyme activities by reduced tillage and diversified crop rotation Go to 6. in the of Côte d’Ivoire: Weather Observations, Perceptions, and of to 7. Comprehensive impacts of diversified cropping on soil health and sustainability Go to 8. The core soil bacterial genera and enzyme activities in incubated soils from century-old wheat rotations Go to 9. Short-term impacts to the soil microbial population during grassland conversion to cropland Go to 10. for to 11. Applications of Community in Carbon Sequestration: Eco-sustainability Go to 12. Management in System: Strategies and to 13. Annual forage impacts on dryland wheat farming in the Go to 14.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: 4997 to − 0. 1501 and a corresponding p-value of 0. 0004. Table 2 Comparison of exam metrics yield physiology as the most challenging examFull size tableDiscussionWe here analyzed the connectedness between stress, mindfulness and academic achievements in early medical students and obtained several results, some of which were to be expected. Firstly, mindfulness and perceived stress showed a significant negative correlation. This is in line with previous studies [9, 12, 13, 25] and serves to confirm the validity of both parameters. Secondly, students progressing from their first to their second year at medical school perceived increasing stress and again, this has previously and internationally been reported [5]. Unfortunately, we here observed – even though in the second academic year only – that the increase in perceived stress had shifted the students’ academic performance along the Yerkes-Dodson curve towards a less productive range [26]. Thirdly, and this again was to be expected considering the above reported connection, the increase in perceived stress was paralleled by a decline in mindfulness [5, 12, 13, 27]. In contrast, the lack of any correlation between mindfulness and academic achievements – assessed twice at T1 and T3 - was unexpected. Even though our findings confirm a previous cross sectional study on 289 medical students across all academic years, results from middle school children and a broad variety of bachelor students were more promising [12, 22]. However, the latter study relied on self-reported grade point averages and did not report on any time delay between exam and assessment of mindfulness [22]. Also, we cannot exclude that any impact of mindfulness on scholarly success is dependent on age or subject specialization. Most importantly, we here showed that six two hours-interventions on MBSR impacted positively on the students and not only helped to preserve mindfulness and to contain the increase in stress, but also fostered scholarly success. Indeed, preclinical and clinical medical students have previously been shown to benefit from an intervention on MBSR, and reductions in psychological distress and perceived stress were paralleled by increases in self compassion, empathy, spirituality and mindfulness. While some of these effects were only measured at completion of the intervention and therefore do not allow to deduce any permanent effect [14,15,16,17], others were shown to last for up to 20 months [18,19,20].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Large red asterisks beneath each curve represent cosine fitted acrophases (ZT), which for BT, are notably phase delayed in association with the waveform distortions on Days 7–11 (see Figure 3A). Other conventions as in Figure 1. Figure 3 Time course of changes in cosine acrophase, amplitude and mesor for equine MT and BT rhythms with a 6-h phase advance of LD12:12 between Day 0 and Day 1. A. Change in acrophase clock time (mean +/- SEM) over Days 0 through 11 of the experiment. B. mean +/- SEM melatonin amplitude and mesor values. C. Means +/- SEM body temperature amplitude and mesor (right y axis) (Range in degrees centigrade: 37. 8°C – 38. 9°C). Dotted horizontal lines in A represent a 6 h phase advance relative to baseline (upper, MT; lower BT). Note that the consistent steep rise in MT between ZT 12 and 15 on all days suggests a rapid MT shift that is essentially complete (+ 6 h) on Day 1 and stable thereafter (Figure 2A). Re-entrainment of BT rhythm post phase advance Following the 6 h phase advance of the LD cycle, there was no significant Day × Time interaction effect on the BT rhythm on Day 0 vs. Days 1, 3 and 5 as determined by two-way repeated measures ANOVA (Figure 1; bottom panel and Figure 2B). On these post-shift days, the shape of the BT rhythm was basically similar to that on pre-shift Day 0, but levels were generally lower and the curves not as sinusoidal as on Day 0. In contrast to the shift in the MT rhythm however, there was a significant Day × Time interaction (p <. 05) with a Day effect manifest in comparing Day 0 vs. Days 7 and 9 (p <. 001, p <. 05; respectively). Also, while there was no significant interaction, there was also an effect of Day between Day 0 and Day 11. On these latter post-shift days, post hoc tests revealed significant differences comparing specific time points to the same ZT on Day 0, as denoted (asterisks) on Figure 2B.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Comme les apports de carbone ont été dans l'ensemble inférieurs à ce seuil, le COS a généralement diminué pendant l'expérience. Les simulations du COS établies par le modèle Century ont été compatibles avec nos observations concernant ▵COS par unité d'apport de C. Une légère baisse du COS a été associée au régime de précipitation supérieure à la moyenne durant l’étude. Les simulations ont également corroboré notre conclusion selon laquelle il faudra peut-être plusieurs décennies avant de pouvoir établir des distinctions entre les différences de COS selon l’éventail de cultures et le régime de travail du sol dans ce climat semi-aride caractérisé par des apports de C faibles et variables. The agricultural area of the prairies accounts for more than 80% of the arable land in Canada. A century of cultivation of native land in the prairies has reduced soil organic C (SOC) by approximately 15 to 30% (Monreal and Janzen 1993; Gregorich et al. 1995). Adoption of soil conservation practices on the prairies in recent times has tended to reverse this trend (Janzen et al. 1998; Smith et al. 2001). Several studies on the Canadian prairies have examined the effect of crop management (e. g. , crop rotation, cropping frequency, tillage, crop type, and soil nutrients) on SOC pool and have related the latter to C inputs (Rasmussen et al. 1978; Campbell et al. 2000, 2005b, 2007a, b; Bremer et al. 2002; McConkey et al. 2003; Gan et al. 2009a). These studies have indicated that increased SOC sequestration occurs with adoption of continuous cropping systems following frequent summer fallowing in rotations (McConkey et al. 2003; Campbell et al. 2005b), increases under cropping systems with greater fertilizer or manure application (Campbell et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: We here assessed mindfulness and perceived stress six months after completion of our intervention and therefore confirm a medium-term impact of our intervention on these two parameters. However, the situation was different for academic achievements. Here a positive impact resulting from the intervention was short lived and only measureable at T2, shortly after completion of the intervention. Already at T3, any positive impact had tapered off. A previous publication discussed that repeated practice of mindfulness in private might lead to more lasting effects [18]. However, increased academic demand during the first two years at medical school or negligence may prevent students from taking the time for practicing formal mindfulness. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present a controlled analysis of MBSR and its longitudinal impact on academic achievements. We consider our results promising and would like to speculate, that continuous refresher seminars and follow-ups into the clinical years at medical school might strengthen mechanisms to deal with stress and improve scholarly success. Our results were the more astonishing as the students participating in the intervention started out with a significantly reduced mindfulness in the first term (Fig. 4). Even though we have no way of finding out retrospectively, it would be interesting to know if the students who volunteered for our intervention were aware that their mindfulness presented room for improvement or whether we are looking at a chance finding. There are limitations to our study and they concern the study design. Choosing a randomized controlled trial instead of a non-randomized one may have rendered intervention and control cohorts comparable for mindfulness. However, forcing students to participate in a mindfulness-based intervention if there is no appreciation for the topic may be counterproductive [28]. More limitations of our study include the small sample size of the intervention cohort and the duration of both, the intervention itself and the observation period. However, the short term positive effects of our intervention on scholarly success combined with the preservation of mindfulness and containment of perceived stress after six months are encouraging and suggestive of follow-up studies to investigate if longer-lasting effects can be achieved if the formal techniques of mindfulness such as meditation and bodyscan are routinely trained until applied automatically. ConclusionPerceived stress and mindfulness correlated inversely at both time points. The intervention on mindfulness based stress reduction helped to contain stress and maintain mindfulness during the observation period and this effect lasted for at least six months beyond completion of the intervention. In contrast, beneficial effects on scholarly success were transient and only detectable at completion of the intervention.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Post-shift disturbances in the waveform of the BT rhythm can also be visualized in the number of time points where the mean temperature falls below the 95 % confidence limits of the phase advanced Day 0 means (Figure 2B). Disturbances in waveform were also evident by the failure of individual cosine fits to reach significance in the latter days post-shift (data not shown). While not significant statistically, it is also worth noting the appearance of double peaks (ZT 15 and ZT 21) in the mean BT rhythm on all days following Day 1. There was a significant difference in the BT acrophase between Day 0 and Days 1–11 (p <. 0001; Figure 3A). The acrophase shifted by three hours and twenty-eight minutes on Day 1 and completed the 6-h shift by Day 3. While the amplitude of the BT rhythm was statistically unaffected by the phase shift, there was a significant effect of experimental Day on the cosine mesor (p <. 0001), with post hoc differences on Days 1, 5, 7, 9 and 11 (Figure 3C), reflecting the overall reduction in BT mesor (and mean) post-shift. is the first experiment of its kind to investigate the re-entrainment of two crucial circadian rhythm phase markers in the horse to an abrupt 6-h advance of the LD cycle. The null hypothesis was that following the 6-h phase shift of the LD cycle there would be no change in the phase of the MT and BT rhythms in relation to the LD cycle. Rejection of this null hypothesis would follow with evidence of acrophase times (ZT) on Days 1 through 11 that differ significantly from the corresponding Day 0 baseline acrophase. As no such differences could be demonstrated, there is, based on cosine analysis, no compelling evidence in the present study for phase-shift related transients in the entrainment of these two equine rhythms to a 6-h phase advance of an LD12:12 cycle. This surprising outcome is discussed further below in the context of human jet lag and in association with a more detailed consideration of the present data. In humans, jet lag symptoms persist longer following an easterly rather than a westerly flight [26], theoretically, in part because the human clock displays an intrinsic free-running period greater than 24 h, making it more amenable to phase delays than to phase advances [11].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Measurable changes in soil C stocks in field conditions may take many years to become apparent; however, models can be used to facilitate prediction of the long-term effects of crop management on change in the SOC pool (Powlson et al. 1996; Smith et al. 1997). model is one that has been widely tested and found to be suitable for predicting SOC pool in various regions of the world (Kirschbaum and Paul 2002; Smith et al. 2005; Milne et al. 2008; Shrestha et al. 2009). VandenBygaart et al. (2008) reported that the C change factors for use in Canada's greenhouse gas inventory were adequately derived by the Century model. The objective of this study was to compare and evaluate the short-term (11 yr) changes and model the long-term (until year 2050) changes in SOC as affected by cropping frequency, crop rotation, crop type and tillage management in the Canadian semiarid prairies. and Experimental DesignThis experiment was initiated in 1995 on Swinton silt loam, an Chernozem, at the Centre in Swift Current, Saskatchewan. The study was conducted on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) stubble land after a long-term rotation of fallow-wheat (FW) in order to evaluate the impact of conservation tillage systems [i. e. , minimum till (MT) vs. no till (NT)] on SOC for several crop rotations, and to relate this to C input from crop residues. The study used a completely randomized block design with three replicates. Plot dimensions were 15 × 24 m, allowing us to use full-size farm machinery. The surface soil has 31% sand, 51% silt, and 18% clay, with bulk density (BD) of 1. 4 g cm−3, a pH in soil paste of 6. 5, and about 3% organic matter in the upper 10-cm depth. Table 1 shows the treatments that were assessed in this study. Crop types used in the study were: (1) cereal: durum wheat (Triticum durum L. ); (2) oilseeds: sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ), flax (Linum usitatissimum L. ), and canola (Brassica napus L.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: We used the DIF t statistic (with Bonferroni correction) that calculates the difference between the item difficulty for participants of each country and the expected score without DIF divided by the approximate standard error of difference. Then, we assessed the impact on person measures by observing whether the observed average of the scored responses was greater than expected. Once the measurement invariance was established, we examined the psychometric properties of the SCS by means of unrestricted factor analysis. In this exploratory factor analysis, the number of factors is fitted, so the factor solution is rotated to fit the proposed population model as closely as possible. Bifactor solutions were examined using pure exploratory bifactor analysis (PEBI; Lorenzo-Seva & Ferrando, 2019) for oblique solutions. As recommended (Reise et al. , 2010), after obtaining evidence of the presence of a strong latent variable, a unidimensional solution was modeled. Considering that the scale was not too long and the sample was large, we conducted a double cross-validation. Thus, the total sample was split to obtain fully independent subsamples by generating random samples. The coefficients of congruence for the results across samples were > 0. 97 in all cases. So, the current study only presents the results from the entire sample. The person-fit statistic detected 7. 4% of participants with inconsistent patterns of responses. The results of the analysis to test for negative impact on person measures, in particular on reliability, showed that it was negligible, so we retained them for the remaining analyses. Because item scores were ordinal and some item distributions were skewed, a nonlinear factor analysis based on polychoric correlations was used to fit the data. To assess how many factors to retain, we applied optimal parallel analysis based on minimum rank factor analysis (PA-MRFA; Timmerman & Lorenzo-Seva, 2011) with bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) bootstraps (500 samples). MRFA is the only factor analysis method that allows computing the percentage of explained common variance of each factor in the solution. At the item calibration stage, we conducted a basic internal assessment of the scale by means of a set of indices (see Ferrando & Lorenzo-Seva, 2018) such as (a) the root mean square residuals (RMSR close to 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: In addition, abrupt advances in the LD cycle have recently been shown to result in slower resynchronization of the molecular core clock components of endogenous oscillators within the rat SCN [3]. This finding suggests that a putative molecular mechanism may underlie the increased severity of physiological symptoms associated with eastward transmeridian air travel. An investigation of the equine circadian BT rhythm under constant light (LL) conditions demonstrated a circadian period of 24. 2 h [23], suggesting that the equine circadian system, similar to that of humans, might have greater difficulty re-entraining to an advance shift of the LD cycle. Our results indicate that in the horse, the MT rhythm, often regarded as the best marker of SCN pacemaker phase in humans [18], rapidly adjusts to a 6-h shift of the LD cycle. As has been previously observed in almost all mammalian species, including the horse [22], the duration of elevated MT levels on the baseline Day 0 reflected the duration of the scotophase. However, in contrast to human [27,28] and animal studies [29 - 31] that demonstrate gradual adaptation of the MT rhythm to an advanced photoperiod, the equine MT rhythm essentially appeared to complete the 6-h phase advance on the first post-shift day, as judged by the acrophase shift and by the 6-h advance in the evening rise of MT beginning at ZT 12. While we cannot exclude that more frequent sampling might have revealed transients not seen with 3-h sampling, the lack of distorted waveforms in the days post-shift strongly supports that stable re-entrainment had been achieved. It is well known that MT production by the pineal gland increases significantly at night in both diurnal and nocturnal species and is a consequence of the high magnitude nocturnal rise in the enzyme serotonin-N-acetyltransferase [32]. The immediate rise in circulating levels of MT observed at ZT 12 on Day 0 is not surprising as a similar rapid rise has been observed in sheep immediately following exposure to darkness under conditions of normal 24-h entrainment [33]. However, the observation of a similar rapid rise at ZT 12 on Day 1 post-shift, a time corresponding with the midpoint of the subjective day in the pre-shift photoperiod, stands in stark contrast to what has been observed following phase advances in humans [15,28].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: ); and (3) pulses: lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. ), dry pea (Pisum sativum L. ), and chick pea (Cicer arietinum L). The rotations were fallow–wheat–wheat (FWW), fallow–canola–wheat (FCW), fallow–wheat–pulse (FWP), fallow–pulse–wheat (FPW) and wheat–oilseed–pulse (WOP). The FWW and FCW rotations were conducted under both NT and MT management, while all other rotations were under NT only. The WOP rotation consisted of three types of oilseed crops at different time steps with rotation of wheat–flax–lentil from 1995 to 1997, wheat–sunflower–pea rotation from 1998 to 2000, and wheat–canola–pea from 2001 to 2006. The pulse in the FPW and FWP was chickpea for 1995–1997 and pea thereafter. Table 1. Table 1. Average annualz dry matter grain, straw, below-ground biomass, total crop residue yield and annual C inputs in the 0- to 20-cm depth of the soil in different crop rotations from 1995 to 2005 z z Annual average yield=sum of crop yields × 0. 33. Yields are for the rotation phase in parentheses. y y Rotations: FWW, Fallow–Wheat–Wheat; FCW, Fallow–Canola–Wheat; FWP, Fallow–Wheat–Pulse; FPW, Fallow–Pulse–Wheat; WOP, Wheat–Oilseed–Pulse (Oilseed was flax in 1995–1997, sunflower in 1998–2000 and canola in 2001–2005; pulse was chickpea in 1995–1997 and pea thereafter). x x Till, tillage management; MT, minimum tillage; NT, no tillage. w w Straw yield was estimated using harvest index (HI) for different crops: canola=0. 20, flax=0. 23, pea=0. 30, wheat=0. 30, lentil=0. 34, (Gan et al. 2009a). v v Below-ground biomass consists of roots and rhizo-deposits.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: In recent decades, mindfulness has been defined in multiple ways in academic contexts, from a theoretical construct that can be measured (Baer et al. , 2008; Brown & Ryan, 2003) to a type of meditation practice (Kabat-Zinn, 1994). One of the most accepted definitions in the academic field is the one that understands mindfulness as the ability to “pay attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and non-judgmentally” (Kabat-Zinn, 1994). Other definitions suggested defining it as a trait. In that case, mindfulness can be understood as a relatively stable but trainable ability. Therefore, a fairly consensual model of trait mindfulness would have two components (Bishop et al. , 2004): (a) self-regulation of attention so that it remains in the experience of the present moment and (b) the deliberate guidance of attention toward one’s own experience while approaching it with curiosity, openness, and an acceptance of bodily sensations, thoughts, and emotions. The role of learning in mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) programs is the acquisition of mindfulness skills with the aim of achieving clinical, educational, social, or emotional outcomes (Crane et al. , 2017). Different measuring instruments are used to understand the level of trait mindfulness and to evaluate the mindfulness competences acquired by participants (Baer, 2016; Soler et al. , 2014). Although there are many advantages in using a psychometric approach to measure mindfulness (e. g. , rapid application, known methodology, and statistical support) (Sauer et al. , 2013), numerous criticisms have been associated with how problematic it can be to even define a construct as complex and with such a particular historical-spiritual journey as mindfulness, let alone try to measure it using self-evaluation instruments (Grossman, 2011; Grossman & Van Dam, 2011), or how the verbal nature of the questionnaires limits their capacity to assess non-conceptual aspects included in the construct (Tortella-Feliu et al. , 2020). One of the most problematic issues is that the definition of mindfulness is different for each measuring instrument, due to the different theoretical models underlying each of them. (2011) pointed out, one of the possible reasons is that even though an accepted definition, out of the dozens of existing scales, exists by consensus (Bishop et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Our study reveals that in contrast to the human, the horse appears to possess a circadian pacemaker that is more amenable to rapid adjustment to a new photoperiod, suggesting in turn that their performance capacity at a new destination might be less compromised than in human athletes. Further investigation of this phenomenon could potentially provide new insights into re-entrainment mechanisms that might assist in the fight to conquer human jet lag. Competing interests The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions BAM conceived of the study, designed the study, collected and analysed the data and drafted the manuscript. JAE performed the cosinor analysis of data and assisted with figures, data analysis and drafting of the manuscript. DRS assisted in study design and data collection. MMV assisted in study design and data collection. ELK assisted in study design and data collection. BPF assisted in data collection and MT assays. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 10. 1677/joe. 0. 1770017 Reppert, SM and Weaver, DR (2002). Coordination of circadian timing in mammals Nature 418: 935–41, [PubMed] DOI: -Bernstein, E, Sehgal, A and Shigeyoshi, Y (2003). An abrupt shift in the day/night cycle causes desynchrony in the mammalian circadian center J Neurosci 23: 6141–51. [PubMed] and Holley, DC (1984). A review of human physiological and performance changes associated with desynchronosis of biological rhythms 55: 1085–96. [PubMed] and Mitsumoto, A (2006). Temperature rhythm reentrains faster than locomotor rhythm after a light phase shift 88: 404–10, [PubMed] DOI: and Graeber, RC (1985). Phase shifting two coupled circadian pacemakers: implications for jet lag Physiol 249: R704–19. [PubMed] Reilly, T, Waterhouse, J and Edwards, B (2005). Jet lag and air travel: Implications for performance Med 24: 367–80, Xii. [PubMed] DOI: and Lohrer, H (2002). Jet lag in athletes after eastward and westward time-zone transition 19: 743–64, [PubMed] DOI: and Conconi, F (1998).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: The production of straw was estimated from grain yields using the harvest index (HI); then the root biomass was estimated using straw-to-root (S:R) ratio and 65% of the root biomass was considered to be biomass of rhizo-deposits (Gan et al. 2009a). inputs to the soil from the crop residues were estimated assuming a C concentration of 42. 3% (Bolinder et al. 2007). Modeling SOC Pool with the Century ModelThe original Century model simulates SOC and N dynamics in soils of the US (Parton et al. 1987). It was revised and improved several times for applications to other ecosystems (Parton et al. 1994; Parton 1996). It is a compartmental model whereby SOC is partitioned into conceptual pools with active, intermediate and passive fractions. The flow of C and N is tracked through plant litter, organic and inorganic pools. The model can simulate a wide range of crop rotations and tillage practices to evaluate the effects of management and land use change on productivity and sustainability of agroecosystems. A long-term simulation was carried out in this study to estimate and predict the trends in SOC change for each of the five rotations studied. The SOC pools were first stabilized in a 5000-yr simulation with native grass then simulations were run for a FW system until 1966 followed by FWW to the beginning of the experiment in 1995. At this point, all phases of the five rotations with NT and MT management as defined above were simulated to 2006 using observed weather. Simulations were extended to 2050 to estimate long-term trends in SOC change due to the treatments using long-term average monthly weather. Yields were calibrated for each crop by adjusting the potential above-ground monthly production parameter (PRDX) in the model such that average grain yields over the course of the study for each crop were within 1. 5% of measured. Calibration of yields in using the Century model is a common practice (Metherall et al. 1993; Smith et al. 2001). Data AnalysisStatistical analysis of data was done using the "proc mixed" procedure in SAS software (Littell et al. 2006). concentration, SOC amount and temporal change in the SOC, as well as the C input to the soil from crop residues under different crop rotations and tillage management were analyzed as dependent variables.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: , 2004), only the Scale (PHLMS) (Cardaciotto et al. , 2008) is inspired by Bishop’s definition. What happens then is that studies that aim to analyze the correlations between mindfulness scales find that the mean correlation can range anywhere between 0. 21 and 0. 67 with an average value of 0. 43 (Bergomi et al. , 2013). One study even reported a total absence of correlations between the measurement scales (Thompson & Waltz, 2007). This could account for the fact that half of the MBIs failed to detect changes in self-reported mindfulness after ending the treatment (Visted et al. , 2015). This abundance of different mindfulness measurement scales does not seem to have reduced the problems of validity and reliability of the construct (Grossman, 2019; Tomlinson et al. , 2018). In addition, quantitative approaches have been criticized and reported to be limited and biased in terms of the significant responses offered when analyzing multidimensional, complex terms with an experiential value (first-person experiences) such as mindfulness (Grossman, 2008, 2019). All of this has led to a gradual increase and a trend toward qualitative research that seeks to enrich the field of study of mindfulness (Frank et al. , 2019). Thus, it is possible to offer a greater prominence to the subjectivity of the meditators or to the complex set of conditions determining whether and how the mindfulness training influences the attendees. (Frank et al. , 2019; Garland & Gaylord, 2009; Tomlinson et al. , 2018). Regarding the problem of defining the construct, Grossman (2011) proposed another added difficulty, in which he pointed out that some authors are not sufficiently familiar with the theoretical and practical bases of the concept of mindfulness as presented in the Buddhist tradition. Yet another difficulty could be found when trying to unlink a single concept (mindfulness) from related concepts belonging to a conceptual framework of Buddhist origin at a theoretical level (Christopher et al. , 2009) and, at the same time, carrying out this terminological decontextualization with different objectives. For this reason, some authors already recommended designing MBIs considering different types and dimensions of mindfulness, which would mean refining and integrating the complexity of the theoretical definition itself (Dorjee, 2010).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Circadian rhythms, athletic performance, and jet lag 32: 101–6. [PubMed] Loat, CE and Rhodes, EC (1989). Jet-lag and human performance 8: 226–38. [PubMed] and Wever, R (1975). Re-entrainment of circadian rhythms after phase-shifts of the zeitgeber Chronobiologia 2: 23–78. [PubMed] Rosenthal, NE (1991). Plasma melatonin as a measure of the human clock J Metab 73: 225–6. [PubMed] Lewy, AJ and Sack, RL (1989). The dim light melatonin onset as a marker for circadian phase position 6: 93–102. [PubMed] and Wetterberg, L (1979). Melatonin excretion, body temperature and subjective arousal during 64 hours of sleep deprivation Psychoneuroendocrinology 4: 219–25, [PubMed] DOI: Van Cauter, E, Moreno-Reyes, R, Akseki, E, L'hermite-and Copinschi, G (1998). Rapid phase advance of the 24-h melatonin profile in response to afternoon dark exposure Physiol 275: E48–54. [PubMed] Boivin, DB and James, FO (2002). Phase-dependent effect of room light exposure in a 5-h advance of the sleep-wake cycle: implications for jet lag J 17: 266–76, [PubMed] DOI: 'Hermite-Baleriaux, M and Zee, PC (2005). Stability of melatonin and temperature as circadian phase markers and their relation to sleep times in humans J 20: 178–88, [PubMed] DOI: and Kronauer, RE (2002). Comparisons of the variability of three markers of the human circadian pacemaker J 17: 181–93, [PubMed] DOI: Refinetti, R and Menaker, M (1992). The circadian rhythm of body temperature 51: 613–37, [PubMed] DOI: Goel, N and Lee, TM (1996).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: input to 20-cm depth for the 11-yr period of the study was greatest for the continuous cropping [WOP (NT)] rotation as expected, with values of 22. 1 ha−1 while for the fallow–crop–crop rotations, it was 18–20 ha−1 (Table 2). These values are generally similar to those reported by Campbell et al. (2007b) for wheat grown on the same soil at Swift Current, in MT experiment during a similar period. In this latter study, C input over 11 yr for FWW was 19. 4 ha−1 and for continuous wheat 25 ha−1. Canola grown on fallow produced greater C inputs than wheat grown on fallow (Table 1). Although canola has a lower biomass production than wheat, the HI is lower (0. 20) than wheat (0. 30), thus the crop residue inputs (straw and root fractions) are higher (Gan et al. 2009a). Canola also had a subsequent rotational effect because C inputs were greater for wheat grown on canola than for wheat grown on wheat (Table 1). inputs for pulse crops were higher than that for wheat considering both productions on fallow or on wheat stubble (Table 1). Similarly, a study by Campbell et al. (2007a) indicated that pulse in rotation resulted in higher C inputs than rotations without pulse. Relationship between C Inputs and Changes in SOC PoolThe range in total C inputs across systems and rotation phase over the experiment was from 17 to 28 ha−1 (Fig. 2a). Range in C input between phases within one system was up to 9 ha−1 over the 11 yr (data not shown). Thus, the C inputs reflected both average differences between systems (Table 2) and variation from interactions between rotation phase and precipitation. The first type of interaction was between precipitation and fallow. To illustrate this interaction, consider the years 2000 to 2002 when 2001 was an extreme drought year while 2002 had much above-average growing season precipitation (Fig. 1). The sequence of crop–crop–fallow in those years placed the stubble crop in the 2001 drought year when its yield was negatively affected while fallow happened to occur in 2002 with no crop to take advantage of favorable growing season rainfall.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: ”Some participants identified mindfulness as an important element of “connection with oneself” (n = 24), and illustrated it in different ways, “it is an encounter with myself,” or “it is the ability to go within yourself,” or even “it is the ability to pay attention to what is happening in your inner world. ” However, others gave weight not only to the connection with oneself, but also to the potential of mindfulness for the “connection with the environment” (n = 4), with one participant pointing out that mindfulness implied “the awareness of your whole being and what surrounds you. ”Lack of understanding of mindfulnessA group of people showed total or partial ignorance (n = 10) regarding the meaning of mindfulness and, obviously, did not offer a definition. Some were brief in their response, pointing out that “I don’t know what mindfulness is, I don’t understand it,” and others did not dare to define it because they did not have the necessary knowledge, “I am still too new to define it properly. ”DiscussionThe present study collected seven descriptive themes that revealed the different types of definitions surrounding the concept of mindfulness. These themes were identified through a systematized analysis of the qualitative data obtained from the definition of mindfulness reported by each of the participants. The results of this study revealed the complexity of the mindfulness construct (Grossman & Van Dam, 2011), and the even greater linguistic and semantic dispersion and diversity that is found in non-academic definitions, compared to academic ones. At the same time, the strong socio-cultural influence on the definition itself was verified and we can speculate that there are many reasons why these definitions may vary (i. e. , personality or learning history) (Dunne, 2015). As presented in the results, seven themes were conceptualized that represent the definitions obtained from the data. As expected, the subject of mindfulness as attention/awareness stood out at a quantitative and qualitative level; most of the participants used some unit of meaning that was articulated from attention or awareness to define mindfulness, in such a way that conceptual similarities were found with the scientific-academic definition of mindfulness, where the importance offered to attention and awareness is decisive (Bishop et al. , 2004; Kabat-Zinn, 1994).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Relationship of circadian activity and social behaviors to reentrainment rates in diurnal octodon degus (rodentia) 59: 817–26, [PubMed] DOI: Piccione, G, Caola, G and Refinetti, R (2005). Temporal relationships of 21 physiological variables in horse and sheep 142: 389–96, [PubMed] DOI: and Matthews, CD (1995). Plasma melatonin in the horse: measurements in natural photoperiod and in acutely extended darkness throughout the year J 19: 7–15, [PubMed] DOI: Piccione, G, Caola, G and Refinetti, R (2002). The circadian rhythm of body temperature of the horse Res 33: 113–119, DOI: and Mcmanus, CJ (2000). Evidence for a seasonal variation in the ability of exogenous melatonin to suppress prolactin secretion in the mare Endocrinol 18: 395–408, [PubMed] DOI: and Halberg, F (1979). Methods for cosinor-rhythmometry Chronobiologia 6: 305–23. [PubMed] and Ilmarinen, J (1990). Flight attendants' desynchronosis after rapid time zone changes 61: 543–7. [PubMed] and Arendt, J (1998). Adaptation of the 6-sulphatoxymelatonin rhythm in shiftworkers on offshore oil installations during a 2-week 12-h night shift 241: 9–12, [PubMed] DOI: Fevre-and Copinschi, G (1981). Effects of "jet lag" on hormonal patterns. ii. Adaptation of melatonin circadian periodicity J Metab 52: 642–649. [PubMed] and Westerink, BH (1997). A microdialysis study on pineal melatonin rhythms in rats after an 8-h phase advance: New characteristics of the underlying pacemaker Neuroscience 80: 233–9, [PubMed] DOI: Kennaway, DJ (1994). Effect of a phase advance of the light/dark cycle on pineal function and circadian running activity in individual rats Bull 33: 639–44, [PubMed] DOI: Illnerova, H, Trentini, GP and Maslova, L (1989).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: 4), although we are not suggesting that this empirical relationship is predictive for general precipitation effects. There were other differences between the studies in terms of crops and soil management that may have affected the C balance (e. g. , tillage, water storage). Nevertheless, the weather was one of the main differences between the studies, and our results suggest that weather patterns over time, interacting with crop and soil management, can produce marked long-term differences in the soil C balance. The long-term Century projections indicate important SOC advantages for having canola and pulse crops in rotation compared with monoculture wheat. These projections suggest that pea will provide more SOC than canola in similar rotations in the semiarid Prairies. By 2050, the NT FPW rotation will have about 5 ha−1 more than the NT FWW vs. only about half that difference for NT FCW compared with NT FWW. study showed that C input was the dominant predictor of change in the SOC. The SOC increased about 0. 33 Mg per Mg of C input above 2. 4 ha−1 yr−1 but decreased by the same amount when C inputs were below 2. 4 ha−1 yr−1. There was no evidence that crop type (canola, pulse, or wheat) or fallow affected SOC change beyond its effect on C inputs over a short term. Pulse and canola provided about 10% greater C inputs advantage in comparison with wheat. Over the 11 yr, there was little difference in SOC between cropping systems, with the only difference detectable being in the shallowest soil depth (0- to 7. 5-cm) and only for continuous cropping system versus the fallow-crop-crop systems. For the 0- to 15-cm depth, there were no significant differences in SOC between systems after 11 yr. model estimated similar C inputs and rate of SOC change per unit of C input as was measured. In this semiarid climate with low and variable C inputs, the Century model simulations also confirmed that it will be difficult to detect SOC differences between these cropping systems until, probably, several decades after system changes. 1995. Changes in soil organic matter. In D. F. Acton and L. J. Gregorich, eds. The health of our soils: toward sustainable agriculture in Canada. Centre for Land and and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON. Publ.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: Another similarity observed was the importance that the theme of mindfulness as a non-evaluative attitude took in the collected definitions, coinciding with the psychometric weight of factors such as acceptance or non-judgment in scientific-academic definitions (Baer et al. , 2008; Bishop et al. , 2004). However, participants’ definitions that resembled those proposed by Buddhist academics were limited. In this regard, mindfulness (sati) understood as remembering, important in tradition, was reported only by two people, and mindfulness integrated in an ethical-moral aspect was not pointed out by anyone. This may indicate that, at a pedagogical level, the dissemination of scientific mindfulness has permeated the public in a more evident way than the dissemination of Buddhist mindfulness. On the other hand, the aspects debated at a scientific-academic level, such as the differences between paying attention and awareness (Travis et al. , 2017) or the differences between awareness and concentration (Mikulas, 2015), were also included in the collected definitions, although with varied terminological connotations and not always coinciding with the academic ones. In non-academic definitions, the linguistic complexity and the variety of terms were greater than in the academic definitions, detecting up to ten subthemes referring to the subject of attention/awareness. In general, we can say that, in conceptual terms, the lay or common-sense definitions were quite aligned with the scientific-academic definitions and the construct of mindfulness itself, although they differed in the importance they gave to each dimension (attention to the present moment vs. acceptance/non-judgment), with the importance given to attention/awareness to the present being greater in the collected definitions. This study can also confirm that the definitions that come from the Buddhist school have little conceptual weight in the definitions collected. The theme that includes mindfulness as a strategy coincides with the mechanisms of action proposed by the literature to explain how mindfulness meditation works (Hölzel et al. , 2011), especially the mechanisms that refer to the regulation of attention and the regulation of emotion. Along with this, some definitions were found that were not very compatible with scientific-academic definitions. Some participants defined mindfulness as flowing or being completely concentrated, which seems to be referring to the construct of flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990), rather than to that of mindfulness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: were deeply anaesthetized with a cocktail containing ketamine (150 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) 60 min after light pulse at CT15 and perfused intracardially with 4% paraformaldehyde in 0. 01 M phosphate buffer. Brains were carefully removed, post-fixed overnight, cryoprotected in sucrose 30% in 0. 01 M PBS for 24 h and 25 μm thick coronal sections were cut with a freezing microtome and collected in 0. 01 M PBS. Free floating slices were blocked with 5% non-fatty milk in PBS contained 0. 4% Triton X-100 and incubated with primary antisera raised in rabbit against c-Fos (Biotechnology, 1:2000) diluted in the same solution, for 48 hs at 4°C. Sections were then treated using the avidin–biotin method with a Universal kit containing a biotinylated universal secondary antibody, avidin and biotilylated horseradish peroxidase (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) and Vector-VIP peroxidase substrate (SK-4600). Image analysis and cell counting was performed using ImageJ software, as described previously [27]. Data analysis All circadian parameters were calculated using program (Antoni Díez Noguera, University of Barcelona). For phase angle (ψ) calculation and phase shifts analysis, individual waveforms were performed using 15 consecutive days in LD or DD condition. Activity onsets were defined as the moment in which the activity curve is on top of the mean line of each individual waveform. ψ was calculated as the difference between the activity onset in LD conditions and the time of lights off. In order to improve the visualization and analysis of the activity patterns we computed an hourly activity profile, in which we plotted mean locomotion for each hour (or circadian hour) relative to average activity counts. These individual hourly waveforms were used for the analysis of activity distribution both in LD and DD conditions. Also, an average waveform for each animal group was calculated using these individual waveforms. The activity distribution over the day in LD conditions was analyzed in four different intervals: ZT12-23, ZT23-3, ZT3-10 and ZT10-12 (see results).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Management in Semi‐Arid Regions: Effect on Soil and Go to 13. of on a Long-Site with Rotations and Go to 14. No-Systems in the Go to 15. Quantifying soil carbon change in a long‐term tillage and crop rotation study across Iowa landscapes Go to 16. Assessing C–N balance and soil rejuvenation capacity of vermicompost application in a degraded landscape: A study in an alluvial river basin with Cajanus cajan Go to 17. Effect of Diversity and on Pasture Productivity, Animal Performance, and Sequestration of Re-in Go to 18. Climate change, agricultural inputs, cropping diversity, and environment affect soil carbon and respiration: A case study in Saskatchewan, to 19. Responses of soil organic carbon, aggregate stability, carbon and nitrogen fractions to 15 and 24 years of no-till diversified crop rotations Go to 20. Soil organic carbon changes as influenced by carbon inputs and previous cropping systemElwin G. Smith, H. Henry Janzen, Benjamin H. Ellert, and Go to 21. in Tillage, Crop Rotation, Soil Health, and in Cultivation: A 17-to 22. Crop rotation, tillage system, and precipitation regime effects on soil carbon stocks over 1 to 30 years in Saskatchewan, to 23. A comparison of methods to quantify greenhouse gas emissions of cropping systems in LCA Go to 24. Development of Crop. LCA, an adaptable screening life cycle assessment tool for agricultural systems: A Canadian scenario assessment Go to 25. Emergy and energy analysis as an integrative indicator of sustainability: A case study in semi-arid Canadian farmlands Go to 26. Greenhouse gas emission reductions in subtropical cereal-based cropping sequences using legumes, DMPP-coated urea and split timings of urea application Go to 27. Crop rotations for increased soil carbon: perenniality as a guiding principle Go to 28. Carbon balance under four double-season cropping systems in to 29. in Production: A Survey on German Farmers’ and Advisors’ to 30. Greenhouse gases emission, soil organic carbon and wheat yield as affected by tillage systems and nitrogen management practices Go to 31. Impacted by Diversity under No-in to 32. to Intensity and No‐Till in a Go to 33.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: Specifically, two categories detected within the subject of mindfulness understood as a strategy of emotional and/or mental regulation, such as thought-avoidance or “not thinking” strategies and objective activity, seemed highly incompatible with the scientific definition of mindfulness. However, while these characteristics of mindfulness were not necessarily reflected in the scientific literature, they were sometimes described as such by leading mindfulness practitioners and trainers (Knuf, 2019). Some definitions were inconclusive or not very explicit, and limited themselves to defining mindfulness with a synonym (“atención plena [Spanish translation for mindfulness or full awareness]”). An explanation could be that having carried out the study in Spanish, and having used an Anglicism (mindfulness) when asking the open-ended question, made it possible for some participants to be satisfied with the mere translation of the term from English to Spanish. The data also highlights the wealth of perspectives with which mindfulness was understood in the population; although most opt for a definition related to attention/awareness, some referred to mindfulness as a strategy to achieve an end, such as a psychological or spiritual state, or as a path to self-knowledge, of connection with oneself, or, even, as a life philosophy. Some of these issues were not covered in scientific-academic definitions or in Buddhist ones. In the case of collected definitions, the influence of popular or self-help literature on mindfulness, or on meditation in general, may be a causal factor to consider. Criticism surrounding mindfulness meditation was also collected, several of them implying that scientific mindfulness was a trend, indicating its superficial and utilitarian character, compared to what the Buddhist contemplative tradition proposed through the integration of ethical and spiritual aspects. This line of criticism has already appeared in the scientific literature (Grossman & Van Dam, 2011). Derived from the thematic analysis of the definitions, it could be hypothesized that the concept of attention was the linguistic reference that stood out. Furthermore, due to its difference in meaning with respect to the rest of the themes, the theme referring to people who do not know mindfulness stood out. In this study (with a sample that spoke Spanish), less than 5% (4. 7%) of the participants did not understand mindfulness. Thus, it could be hypothesized that the vast majority of meditators, no matter what meditation they practiced, were able to offer a definition of mindfulness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The contribution of each interval to total activity was calculated by performing hourly waveform analysis of the relative activity for each individual animal, and measuring the area under the curve for each interval. The ratio between this area and the total area under the curve of the waveform, expressed as a percentage, was used for further comparisons. Resynchronization to a new LD cycle, after 6-hour phase shifts of the time of lights off, was considered fully accomplished when activity onset took place at the new time of lights off ±15 minutes. We calculated the number of days (transients) required to resynchronize for each animal. In DD conditions, free-running activity periods (τ) were determined by Chi-square periodograms. Duration of the subjective night (α), was calculated by performing an hourly waveform analysis of the relative activity data for each animal in DD (using the corresponding τ), and measuring the time length covered by the portion of the curve on top of the mean of activity. Conversely, ρ (duration of the subjective day) was calculated as the time length covered by the portion of the curve under the mean of activity. The percentage of total activity occurring during α was calculated as the percentage of the area under the curve of the waveform analysis occurring within the α interval. Phase shifts were calculated as follows: individual waveforms of the ten previous days to the light pulse and of ten days after the light pulse (excluding the 2 cycles immediately after the pulse) were obtained; the time at which the activity curve crossed the mean line of each waveform was defined as the activity onset and used as phase marker of the rhythm prior and after the pulse. Phase shifts were calculated as the difference between the two onsets. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Differences between the two groups were analyzed by unpaired Student’s t test or the non-parametric test, accordingly. P values of 0. 05 or less were considered to be statistically significant. running period and general activity pattern in nude mice We first analyzed the characteristics of the circadian activity pattern in LD and DD conditions of nude mice and their respective control WT strain (N:NIHS). We evaluated the ψ between the time of lights off and the beginning of the locomotor activity. The activity onset occurred after the time of lights off in both strains of mice, without differences between the ψ in nude and control mice (8. 7 ± 6. 3 min, n = 9 and 8.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Compared with the control, PB2 increased barley yield and total Mg and Na accumulation, and both PB increased plant N, P, and Ca accumulation in barley and dry bean. The impact of DB on soybean was limited. The addition of liming by-products to PB or DB did not affect crop attributes except the combination with MgSE, which severely reduced the growth of dry bean and, to a lesser extent, soybean. Soil NO3-N was immobilized following DB application, whereas there was a net release with both PB. Combining PB and liming by-products produced the greatest changes in soil properties at harvest. Generally, LM and CL raised pH and Mehlich-3 Ca, and MgSE caused a strong increase in Mehlich-3 Mg and Na and water-soluble Cl. When used with appropriate crops, biosolids from paper mills and alkaline residuals other than MgSE can efficiently enhance soil fertility by providing organic C and macronutrients for balanced crop fertilization. RésuméZiadi, N. , Gagnon, B. et Nyiraneza, J. 2013. Le rendement des cultures et la fertilité du sol étant affectés par les biosolides papetiers et les sous-produits chaulants. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 319–328. Les biosolides papetiers (BP) en combinaison avec les résidus industriels alcalins pourraient bénéficier aux sols agricoles tout en les détournant des sites d'enfouissement. Une étude en serre a été menée afin d’évaluer l'effet de trois types de BP à des taux de 0, 30, et 60 Mg humide ha−1, ainsi que cinq sous-produits chaulants à 3 Mg humide ha−1 avec 30 Mg BP ha−1 sur le rendement des cultures, l'accumulation des éléments nutritifs et les propriétés du sol. Des biosolides de désencrage (BD, C/N de 65) ont été appliqués au soya [Glycine max (L. ) Merr.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: This study points to the diversity of mindsets when it comes to understanding mindfulness and highlights the need for additional research to better comprehend what the population understands by mindfulness.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 13 ± 3. 14, n = 6, respectively; p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Table 1). Table 1 Activity patterns in LD conditions Nude WT P (mean ± SEM)(mean ± SEM) ψ (min) 8. 7 ± 6. 3 8. 1 ± 3. 1 ns Interval %Area ZT12-23 64. 54 ± 3. 43 65. 68 ± 6. 82 ns ZT23-3 12. 37 ± 2. 17 14. 81 ± 4. 00 ns ZT3-10 13. 49 ± 1. 69 10. 22 ± 1. 75 ns ZT10-128. 11 ± 1. 136. 85 ± 1. 71ns Phase angle (ψ, difference of activity onset with the time of lights off) and percentage of activity for each ZT interval over total activity were calculated (% Area, see methods for details). P values correspond to Student’s t test between nude (n = 9) and WT (n = 6) control mice. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. The general pattern of activity in LD condition was similar in both strains, exhibited nocturnal activity and a bout of activity occurring after the time of lights on, which lasted for about 2–3 h (Figure 1A, B). Also, about 50% of the WT mice showed a bout of anticipatory activity, occurring 1–2 hours previous to lights off (data not shown). In order to analyze the contribution of each activity bout to the general activity profile of both mouse groups, we calculated the percentage of total activity corresponding to ZT12-23, ZT23-3, ZT3-10 and ZT10-12. We found no significant difference in the percentage of total activity corresponding to each of the intervals previously measured, with strictly nocturnal activity (ZT12-23) accounting for approximately 68% of the total activity in both strains (p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Table 1). Figure 1 Activity patterns of nude and WT mice in LD and DD conditions. Representative actograms of nude (left) and wild-type (right) mice under LD (A) and DD (C) conditions. Average waveforms of nude (black) and WT (red) mice for LD (B) and DD (D) condition were calculated using the individual waveforms of relative activity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Lorsqu'ils sont utilisés avec des cultures appropriées, les biosolides de papetières et les résidus alcalins autres que MgFE peuvent améliorer efficacement la fertilité des sols en fournissant du C organique et des éléments nutritifs majeurs pour équilibrer la fertilisation des cultures. Intensive agriculture can lead to decreased soil fertility and especially reduced soil organic matter. Recent long-term studies have demonstrated that synthetic fertilizers alone cannot sustain soil productivity unless organic residues or amendments are applied regularly. For instance, in a low-residue crop rotation composed of silage corn and cereal with the removal of straw in the cereal phase, Nyiraneza et al. (2009a) reported a decline in total N, organic C, and major nutrients after 28 yr of annual application of balanced mineral fertilizers compared with the control. The land application of papermill biosolids (PB) could help replenish soil organic matter, supply plants with nutrients such as N, P, and K as well as essential micronutrients, improve soil structure and water-holding capacity, reduce nutrient leaching, and be beneficial to microbial biomass and activity (Cabral et al. 1998; Gagnon et al. 2001; Gagnon and Ziadi 2004; Camberato et al. 2006). In the province of Quebec, Canada, the expanse of agricultural land receiving PB and the amounts of PB applied to crop have increased substantially over the past 20 yr owing both to recognition of the nutrient value of PB and to environmental concerns about the other traditional disposal methods (Simard et al. 1998b; Camberato et al. 2006). Papermill biosolids include primary sludges, secondary sludges, and de-inked sludges from the de-inking process. Primary and de-inking sludges are typically low in plant nutrients, especially N, and have a high C/N ratio. Secondary sludges, however, have a higher concentration in N and P and a lower C/N ratio than primary sludges, because N and P are commonly added during wastewater treatment to enhance biological degradation (Camberato et al. 1997).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn every learning environment, several factors such as mindfulness, self-regulation, school engagement, and resilience may compel students to move beyond their limits to sustain learning and improve their academic performance. The study, therefore, investigated the predictive roles of academic mindfulness, self-regulated learning, and school engagement on academic resilience. Using the analytical cross-sectional design, a sample of 150 students was drawn from high schools in the Accra Metropolis, Ghana. Data were collected from the sample using the academic mindfulness, self-regulated learning, school engagement, and academic resilience scales. The data analysis was performed using CB-SEM with AMOS. Findings showed that mindfulness (B =. 598, Boot 95% CI:. 315,. 937), self-regulation (B =. 528, Boot 95% CI:. 056, 2. 177), and school engagement are significant predictors of academic resilience. Therefore, relevant stakeholders are encouraged to focus on creating and sustaining resilience among learners through mindful and self-regulated policies and practices. Keywords: Academic resilienceself-regulationmindfulnessengagement and performanceSubjects: many decades, extant literature has concentrated on the factors driving learners’ educational progress (Barrera, Citation2022; Brown, Citation2012; Wang, Citation2021). It is a known situation that many factors such as proficiency, determination, organization, and confidence have influenced the success or otherwise of learners over the years (Sedlacek, Citation2017). However, ascertaining the differences in success among learners can be difficult for most educators. This is because educational improvement programmes focus more on the strategies or approaches that facilitate learning (Mohan & Kaur, Citation2021), than latent factors that may compel both the instructor and learner to give off their best towards success (Sedlacek, Citation2017; Steinmayr et al. , Citation2019). In addition, other empirical studies like Cebrián and Junyent (Citation2015), Erus and Deniz (Citation2020) also emphasize on the instructional approaches that nurture competencies such as emotional intelligence, critical thinking, creativity, being mindful of difficulties, problem-solving skills, or collaboration needed in the quest for knowledge search improvement in learning among learners. For success to be attained by learners irrespective of the learning situations and conditions, academic resilience is the most significant factor that helps them withstand adversity (Wolters & Hussain, Citation2015).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The general pattern of activity in DD condition was also similar in both mice strains. However, the activity bout that occurred after the time of lights on in LD conditions, tended to disappear under constant darkness in some mice, more often in the nude strain (Figure 1C, D). We next evaluated the period of locomotor activity in DD condition. There were no statistically significant differences between the two strains (p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Table 2). The period was 23. 86 ± 0. 03 circadian hours -ch (1431 ± 1. 9 min, n = 9) in nude and 23. 88 ± 0. 05 ch (1436 ± 3. 1 min, n = 6) in WT mice. We found no statistically significant difference in α (8. 7 ± 0. 6 hours, corresponding to the 36% of the circadian period for nude mice, n = 9; and 10. 8 ± 1. 5 hours, corresponding to the 45% of the circadian period for control mice, n = 6; p > 0. 05, Student’s t test; Table 2). However, we found that nude mice had a smaller percentage of total activity occurring during the α interval than the WT control (66. 1 ± 3. 5% for nude mice and 79. 9 ± 3. 7% for WT controls, p < 0. 05, Student’s t test, n = 9 for nude mice and n = 6 for WT mice, Table 2). Also, there were no differences in ρ between the two strains, with duration of 15. 3 ± 0. 6 and 13. 0 ± 1. 4 hours for nude and WT mice, respectively and α/ρ ratio did not statistically differ between the two groups (0. 58 ± 0. 06 and 0. 98 ± 0. 27 for nude and WT mice, respectively, Table 2). Table 2 Activity patterns in DD conditions NudeWTp τ (hours) 23. 86 ± 0. 03 23. 88 ± 0. 05 ns α (hours) 8. 7 ± 0. 6 10. 8 ± 1. 5 ns % α/τ 36. 5 ± 2. 4 45. 4 ± 6. 3 ns % Area (α) 66. 1 ± 3. 5 79. 9 ± 3. 7 < 0. 05 α/ρ0. 58 ± 0. 060. 98 ± 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Crop rotation can enhance soil fertility and prevent pests. [SEP] Text: Effects of combined papermill biosolids and liming by-products on selected soil properties at harvest of dry beanzPB1, combined PB from Kruger; LM, lime mud; WA, wood ash; CL, calcitic lime; MgD, Mg dissolution by-product; MgSE, Mg smelting and electrolysis work. **, ***Statistically significant 1 and 0. 1%, respectively; NS denotes not significant at P=0. 05. The PB2 used in barley had the same overall impact as PB1 in dry bean, with the exception of soil pH (Table 7). However, MgSE differentiated much more from MgD, with higher levels of Mehlich-3 Mg and Na and water soluble Cl. The very high contents of available Na and Cl in this soil did not seem to cause any problems for barley, which is definitely more tolerant to salts than dry bean and soybean. Table 7. Table 7. Effects of combined papermill biosolids and liming by-products on selected soil properties at harvest of barleyzPB2, combined PB from Cartons St-Laurent; LM, lime mud; WA, wood ash; CL, calcitic lime; MgD, Mg dissolution by-product; MgSE, Mg smelting and electrolysis work. ***Statistically significant at 0. 1%; NS denotes not significant at P=0. 05. intent of this study was to evaluate different types of biosolids generated by papermill wastewater treatment, along with several alkaline industrial residuals, for appropriate use in agriculture in order to divert them from landfill or combustion. The results demonstrate that the application of PB and alkaline residuals other than MgSE represents a potential source of nutrients for crops and can increase soil fertility and productivity. As expected, the effects of PB depend on their initial properties and the crop to be grown. For instance, DB immobilized soil available N early after application, and it is therefore important to supplement these materials with N fertilizer when a non-legume crop is grown. In contrast, combined PB, which have a higher fertilizer value, can be successfully used in N-demanding crops. Combining PB with LM or CL positively impacted soil pH and Mehlich-3 Ca but had no effect on the crops in the course of this study.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: open-minded awareness) (Barnes & Lynn, Citation2010). This suggests that developing mindfulness abilities increase attentiveness of the momentary nature of undesirable beliefs, feelings, and physical perceptions, thereby, allowing for more supple and impartial responses rather than impulsive responses to events (Keng et al. , Citation2011). Literature has established a link between academic mindfulness and academic resilience. For instance, (Citation2001) intimated that training programmes related to mindfulness can impact an individual’s resilience. This assertion is buttressed by the findings of Jha et al. (Citation2010), who found that mindfulness abilities have the propensity for augmenting the resilience and mental wellbeing. Academic mindfulness of students was found to be a significant predictor of resilience in a study by Keye and Pidgeon (Citation2013). Using a sample of Ghanaian college students Cole et al. (Citation2015) investigated the explanatory roles of resilience and mindfulness on academic stress and mental wellbeing. The study showed that mindfulness influenced the academic stress and depression levels of students. In a similar way, Keye and Pidgeon (Citation2013) studied the relationship between resilience, mindfulness, and academic self-efficacy using a sample of 140 Australian college students. Students’ resilience was found to be strongly correlated with both mindfulness and academic self-efficacy. A study conducted by Vidal-Meliá et al. (Citation2022) on university students found that academic mindfulness correlated positively with academic resilience, which was related to academic performance, and mediated the relationship between academic resilience and academic performance. Since the last three decades, researchers have considered self-regulated learning a significant issue of concern when discussing determinants of students’ academic performance. For instance, In the classroom, self-regulated learning is an integral part of student learning and academic achievement (Corno & Rohrkemper, Citation1985). Self-regulated learning is defined as a process in which students actively control and take responsibility for their learning. Students who employ self-regulated learning have a firm understanding of how and why they should use a specific self-regulatory method (Mohan & Verma, Citation2020). Pintrich (Citation2000) views self-regulated learning as an active, constructive process whereby learners set goals for their learning and then attempt to monitor, regulate and control their cognition, motivation and behaviour.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: A. Representative actograms of general activity of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 10 min) at CT15 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, -23. 2 ± 6. 2 min in nude and −20. 2 ± 6. 0 min in WT mice, n = 6, p > 0. 05, Student’s t test). B. Representative actograms of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 120 min) at CT14 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, -99 ± 6. 3 min in nude and −161. 3 ± 29. 3 min in WT mice, n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). C. Representative actograms of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 10 min) at CT22 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, 42 ± 31 minutes for nude and 2 ± 12 for WT mice, n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). We also analyzed the expression of c-Fos in hypothalamic coronal brain sections 60 min after a 10 min light pulse at CT15. There was no difference between the number of cells expressing c-Fos in WT and nude mice (p > 0. 05, test, n = 3; Figure 3). Figure 3 Light-induced cFos expression in the SCN of nude and WT mice. A. Mean ± SEM of positive cells number in the ventrolateral (core), dorsomedial (shell) and total areas of the SCN of nude and WT mice 60 min after a 10 min light pulse at CT15 (no significant difference was found between the number of cells either in the core, shell or total areas of the SCN; n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). B. Representative SCN coronal sections illustrating c-Fos expression in nude and WT mice exposed to 10 min light pulse (150 lux) at CT15. To evaluate the resynchronization capability of the mice groups, we delayed or advanced the time of the LD cycle by 6-h and calculated the transient needed to entrain to the new cycle. Nude mice exhibited a non-significant tendency towards larger transients for reentrainment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming reduces the use of synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: journalsbooksconferenceservicesabout usnewsblogsSubmitSign in Open AccessResearch 10. 56578/of100103Received: 01-09-2024,Revised: 03-18-2024,Accepted: 03-24-2024,Available online: 03-30-20241. Introductionto of the Deal aims to increase the designated area for organic farming across the entire (EU) by up to 25% by 2030 (European Commission, 2020). Reaching this aim involves tackling the challenge of ensuring an adequate supply of organic seeds (Solfanelli et al. , 2021). The use of organic seeds and vegetative propagating materials, also defined as plant reproductive materials, is mandatory in organic farming. The EC 2018/848 (European Union, 2018) and its implementation regulations 2020/464 (European Union, 2020) and 2022/474 (European Union, 2022) define the conditions that allow for organic farmers to apply for a derogation regarding the use of non-organic seeds without chemical postharvest treatments. Döring et al.  (2012) proposed that, due to the low investment in the past or for other market-related reasons, organic seeds were often not available in sufficient quantity.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: For example, using CB-SEM allows for accurate estimation of the observed covariance matrix in a data set (Hair et al. , Citation2013). ResultsHypothesis one: academic mindfulness will predict academic resilience among studentsThe hypothesis was tested using the covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) approach, specifically, Analysis of (AMOS). The CB-SEM analysis was aided with 5000 bootstrap samples with bias-corrected confidence intervals. For the first hypothesis, the study sought to investigate the impact of students’ academic mindfulness on their resilience. In the study, mindfulness was an exogenous variable, while resilience was an endogenous variable. 1, mindfulness predicts resilience by. 81, with an error variance of 83. 27 for mindfulness and 152. 29 for resilience. 1, results show that mindfulness explained 66% of the variances in resilience. Further, mindfulness was seen as a significant predictor of resilience, B =. 81, Boot 95% CI (. 579, 1. 010). The result implies that a unit increase in mindfulness leads to a. 81 increase in resilience. To this end, the mindfulness of an individual significantly influences the person’s resilience. The findings of this study imply that students who possess high levels of mindfulness could be able to maintain a decentered attitude toward difficult situations, which fosters resilience, and may lead to general wellbeing. Again, mindfulness in students makes them better able to respond and adapt to challenging situations. The findings of the current study are supported extensively by the available literature. For example, Vidal-Meliá et al. (Citation2022) studied among high education students’ using the quantitative approach. The study found that academic mindfulness positively predicted academic resilience, which improved the students’ academic performance. Again, Keye and Pidgeon (Citation2013) study among 140 Australian high school students found a positive relation between academic mindfulness and resilience, where academic mindfulness predicted students’ resilience ability in the ever-increasing uncertain school environment. Figure 1. Mindfulness predicts resilience. Display full sizeTable 1. Model for Mindfulness and Resilience. two: Self-regulated learning will predict academic resilience among studentsThe second hypothesis sought to examine the impact of self-regulated learning on academic resilience. Both variables were measured on a continuum, with the former being the exogenous variable and the latter, the endogenous variable.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: For delay phase shifts nude and WT mice transients were of 2. 7 ± 0. 5 (n = 6) and 1. 3 ± 0. 2 (n = 3) days, respectively. In the advances phase shift, nude mice took 7. 5 ± 0. 5 (n = 6) while WT mice took 5. 7 ± 0. 2 (n = 3) days to reentrain to the new schedule (p > 0. 05, for both, delays and advances, test; Figure 4). Figure 4 Resynchronization to phase shifts in the light–dark schedule. Nude and WT control mice were subjected to a 6-h shift in the light–dark schedule, and the transient needed to resynchronize to the new schedule was quantified. A. Time (days) needed to reentrain to the light–dark cycle in nude and WT mice subjected to a 6-h phase delay (2. 7 ± 0. 5 and 1. 3 ± 0. 2 days for nude and WT, respectively; p > 0. 05 test). B. Transient (days) needed to reentrain after 6-h phase advance of the LD cycle (7. 5 ± 0. 5 and 5. 7 ± 0. 2 days for nude and WT, respectively; p > 0. 05 test). C. Representative actograms of nude and WT mice subjected first to a 6-h phase delay and then (15 days later) to a 6-h phase advance of the LD cycle. Grey background represents time of lights-off. using xenogeneic tumor implantation in athymic immune-deficient mice are becoming a useful tool for understanding both the importance of circadian dysregulation as a factor that potentiates tumor progression and the benefits of timed cancer therapies [29 - 31]. Therefore, a circadian characterization of nude mice results necessary to fully comprehend the results of such experimental approaches. A previous report by Beau et al. (1990) has described the patterns of circadian locomotor activity under LD conditions, analyzing 3 days of recording. In the present study, we extend those results, analyzing circadian rhythms in constant conditions, the response to light pulses and the resynchronization to light–dark cycles shifts. Our results show that general activity characteristics (ψ and activity distribution over different ZT intervals) in athymic mice were not different from their WT control.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming reduces the use of synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: In 2014, maize was classified as a category I crop, which is reflected by a decrease in the number of derogations (Figure 5). The regression analysis of maize indicates a significant increase in the supply of varieties from organic multiplication, with a decreasing number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (subgraphs (a) and (b) of Figure 6). Figure 3. An overview of speltThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 4. Scatter plots with regression lines for spelt from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplicationFigure 5. An overview of maizeThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 6. Scatter plots with regression lines for maize from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplicationFigure 7. Scatter plots with regression lines for the compound of cereals from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplicationFigure 8. An overview of cabbageThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. The compilation of cereals, in which all assessed cereals (winter wheat, spring wheat, winter barley, spring barley, rye, oat, triticale, spelt, and maize) were cumulated, shows an increasing availability of organically multiplied seeds (subgraphs (a) of Figure 7) and a decreasing number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (subgraph (b) of Figure 7).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness in education will universally improve academic scores. [SEP] Text: Offer workshops that teach students techniques for self-monitoring, time management, and effective study strategies. This will empower them to take control of their learning process and develop resilience against academic challenges. Teachers should actively provide emotional and academic support to students, fostering a learning environment where students feel secure to express their challenges and develop coping strategies. ConclusionsThe outcome of this study stresses the crucial role of mindfulness in explaining the variability in academic resilience among high school students. In the current situation of a highly stressful post-Covid academic context, high school students require adequate attentiveness and awareness of their environment to be able to maintain high levels of academic motivation that would aid good performance. Critical to the issue of resilience are teachers’ guidance and students’ self-regulated learning. With conscious effort being placed on improving high School student's cognitive, emotional and behaviour aspects of school engagement, students may have a high sense of school attachment and resilience to academic stress with its rippling effect on the positive academic outcome. The factors, that is, mindfulness, students’ self-regulation and school engagement perhaps help students to maintain high levels of academic motivation in the face of stressful situations that are consequential to academic fortunes. This study calls on relevant stakeholders, such as the Ministry of Education, Service, administrators of SHS, academic counsellors and teachers, to create awareness of these factors in schools employing policy and engagement. Guidance and counselling services may also be offered to strengthen further the latent skills discussed in this study among learners. Further research is required to expand the discussion around potential factors that influence resilience beyond those contained in this present study. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Additional informationNotes on contributorsInuusah MahamaDr. is a Lecturer and an Psychologist. His research interests focus on informing policy and practice in teaching and learning with diverse learners. Specifically, I research into adolescence, academic engagement, autism, curiosity, creativity, metacognition, motivation, self-regulation, and diversity in education. Isaac AmoakoDr. currently a researcher, a lecturer at the. Isaac conduct a lot of research in the field of and Evaluation. His current project is ‘effects of high-stakes testing on teacher professional practice’. Aliu Nandzois a PhD Candidate at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana. His research interests include.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: We found no differences in the magnitude of the phase shifts (both at the early or late night) between WT Swiss mice and the nude mutant mice. Also, the ability to resynchronize to a 6-hour shift (both in delayed or advanced schedules) in the LD cycle did not differ between the two strains. This finding could be expected given the similarities in both the response to light pulses and the endogenous periods of each strain. Alterations in the immune system can produce changes in circadian physiology. For example, mice mutant for the Galectin-1 gene, which regulates cytokine synthesis [37], show altered free-running periods and responses to early-night light pulses [38]. Moreover, activation of the immune system can also modulate the circadian clock. Peripheral LPS administration or introcerebroventricular (icv) injection of TNF-α or IL-1β produced phase delays in wheel running activity [17,39], and icv delivery of a proinflammatory cocktail also activated c-Fos expression in the SCN [40]. In addition, clock gene expression can be altered by exposure to different proinflammatory factors [41 - 44]. Besides the lack of functional T cells, nude athymic mice show resistance to Bacillus anthracis, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus infection [45,46], reduced levels of circulating TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ, in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin [47] and present a higher activation of macrophages [48]. It should also be noted that the nude mice were found to have a reduced number of glial cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia), with presence of hypertrophic astroglia in the adult brain [49], and glial cells have been suggested to modulate the circadian system [50 - 52]. However, given the results of this work, none of these characteristics (or other phenotypic changes) occurring in the Foxn1(Δ/Δ) mice results in a notable alteration in the circadian rhythm of activity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming reduces the use of synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: An overview of field beanThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 15. Scatter plots with regression lines for field bean from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplicationFigure 16. An overview of lupineThe left axis displays changes in supply of cultivars from organic multiplication (Organic), changes in cultivars requested from conventional multiplication (Conventional), and the number of derogations requested per year (Derogations). The right axis displays the corresponding organic crop area (Acreage) in hectares per year in Germany. Figure 17. Scatter plots with regression lines for lupine from 2005 to 2017 (a) the number of cultivars available from organic multiplication; (b) the number of cultivars requested from conventional multiplication3. 1 Analysis of Market DevelopmentTo determine the strength of the association between the offer of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested conventional-quality seed cultivars, a correlation analysis was performed. For this purpose, data on the compilation of all cereal crops were examined. As the number of derogations for conventional-quality maize cultivars depended on their classification as a category I crop, maize was excluded from this analysis. As a result, Figure 18 demonstrates a scatter plot with a regression line, with the p-value of the correlation below the x-axis. The scatter plot indicates an approximately linear relationship between the two variables. Based on Spearman's rank correlation, the correlation coefficient could also describe a non-linear relationship. Consequently, a strong negative relationship between the offer of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested conventional-quality seed cultivars can be observed. The negative correlation shows that the higher the supply of organic-quality cereal seed cultivars recorded in the German national database, the lower the number of requested conventional-quality cereal seed cultivars, and vice versa. Figure 18. Negative correlation between the availability of organic-quality cultivars and the number of requested seed cultivars from conventional production (maize excluded)3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mindfulness can replace all other forms of mental health support in schools. [SEP] Text: Can peer support workers benefit mental health services? Health and 10. 10. 24 doi: 10. 3310/nihrevidence_64594 View commentaries and related content This is a plain English summary of an original research 2019. Peer support workers share coping strategies with people with mental health problems, and aim to provide hope and an example of recovery. Peer support might be provided in one-to-one or group sessions, online or face-to-face. Group sessions can be informal (crafts, gardening, walking or other activities) or formal (structured support in perinatal mental health, for instance). The researchers aimed to provide clinicians, policymakers and researchers with an assessment of peer support: its effectiveness, experiences, and what influences its implementation. What’s new? The analysis was based on 35 reviews of paid peer support interventions in mental health. Each review included between 95 and 40,927 participants. Most reviews were low or very low quality; only 1 was high quality. How effective is peer support? In 23 reviews, the effectiveness of peer support was mixed; many reviews showed no effect. There was some evidence that it may reduce perinatal depression, reduce hospitalisation in severe mental illness, improve confidence and help people live fulfilling lives even if they still have mental health symptoms. The few reviews (4) that reported on cost, suggested that peer support was low cost and potentially cost-saving. What helps implement peer support? The 9 reviews on implementation suggested that successful peer support services: are co-designed with people with lived experience have clear job descriptions and guidelines for peer support workers offer appropriate training, supervision and pay for peer support workers focus on helping people live fulfilling lives even when they have mental health symptoms (a recovery-oriented approach) rather than tackling symptoms alone have receptive leadership, and a supportive and trusting workplace culture, with effective collaboration between peer support workers and non-peer staff. How do people experience peer support? In 11 reviews, people described the benefits and challenges of peer support. Peer support workers said their role improved their own wellness, recovery, self-esteem, personal growth and social connections. Some used the role as a route back to employment. Service users valued peer support workers’ lived experience of mental health problems. They felt that peer support workers had more empathy than other staff, and gave service users hope of recovery.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: results of the present work show that the profound alterations in the immune system of the nude mice do not modify the circadian activity rhythms of these animals, suggesting that the lack of functional T-cell generation (or any other differential phenotype occurring in the athymic mice) does not produce changes in the circadian control of locomotor activity. Indeed, the effect of the Foxn1(Δ/Δ) (nude) mutation on other circadian rhythms remains to be established. These findings are relevant, both regarding the growing interest in the modulation of the circadian system by immune factors, as well as in the use of the immunodeficient nude mice in cancer research, particularly in approaches that rely in the alteration of normal circadian rhythmicity or in chronopharmacological treatment designs. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions NP & JMD performed the behavioral experiments and analysis. NP & MMF performed the immunohistochemistry. NP, JMD & DAG conceived the study, participated in its design and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. thank the staff of the of the of Quilmes. This work was supported by grants from the of Quilmes, the Council () and the for Promotion of Science and Technology (ANPCyT). MMF is a fellow from the of Quilmes, JMD is a fellow from the Council of Argentina () and NP and DAG are established researchers of the. 10. 1152/physrev. 00009. 2009 [PubMed] Reppert, SM; Weaver, DRCoordination of circadian timing in mammals Nature 418: 935–941, DOI: [PubMed] Costa, G; Haus, E; Stevens, RShift work and cancer - considerations on rationale, mechanisms, and epidemiology Health 36: 163–179, DOI: [PubMed] Folkard, SDo permanent night workers show circadian adjustment?

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Organic farming reduces the use of synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: The increase in organic seed demand may also foster investments in the organic seed sector (Osman et al. , 2008), which further supports the development of the organic seed sector. Furthermore, this research shows that farmers use the German national seed database as a source of information to see whether organic seeds are available. Solfanelli et al.  (2022b) highlighted the importance of a functioning national organic seed database. The analysis in this research supports the results of Solfanelli et al.  (2022b) and demonstrates that farmers are open to using available organic-quality cultivars instead of solely relying on their experience and habits regarding cultivar selection. Furthermore, all derogations on the use of non-organic seeds were requested online via the national organic seed database. The advantage of combining information on organic seed supply with the tool used to request derogations is that the database is frequently used as a source of information, increasing the transparency of the organic seed sector. Nevertheless, the number of derogation requests appears to be directly linked with fluctuations in the organic seed supply. 3. 2, the effect of agronomical factors was tested by comparing the yield per hectare with the number of derogation requests in the subsequent year for the cereal crops winter wheat, rye, winter barley, spring barley, triticale, and oat. A strong negative relationship was identified (Figure 20), supporting the hypothesis that years with high yields per hectare are followed by a significantly lower number of derogation requests for non-organic seeds. It can be speculated that during high-yielding years, organic seed multiplication as well as field and seed certification are more successful than in years with lower yields. Furthermore, the organic seed supply shows an increase alongside successful organic seed multiplication, and an increase in organic seed supply is likely to result in fewer cultivars of conventional production being requested (Figure 18).

Output: corroborate