Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Early high-sodium solid diet does not affect sodium intake, sodium preference, blood volume and blood pressure in adult Wistar-Kyoto rats Published online by Press: 17 May 2011 andShow author details Marcin Ufnal* Affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, University of Warsaw, 26/28 Street, Warsaw, 00-927, Drapala Affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, University of Warsaw, 26/28 Street, Warsaw, 00-927, Sikora Affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, University of Warsaw, 26/28 Street, Warsaw, 00-927, Zera Affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, University of Warsaw, 26/28 Street, Warsaw, 00-927, Poland * *Corresponding author: Dr M. Ufnal, fax +48 22 826 45 86, email marcinufnal@poczta. onet. pl 0. 15 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] high-Na diet may lead to the development of hypertension in both humans and rats; however, the causes of Na intake in amounts greater than physiologically needed as well as the mechanisms whereby high-Na food elevates blood pressure are not clear. Therefore, we decided to test the hypothesis that a high-Na diet introduced after suckling affects Na intake, food preference, resting blood pressure and blood volume in adult rats. Male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, 4 weeks old, were divided into three groups and placed on either a high-Na (3·28%), a medium-Na (0·82%) or a regular diet (0·22%) with the same energy content for 8 weeks. Subsequently, food preference, resting arterial blood pressure, blood volume, plasma osmolality and Na blood level were evaluated. When offered a choice of diets, all the groups preferred the regular chow, and there was no significant difference in total Na intake between the groups. When the rats experienced the change from their initial chow to a new one with different Na content, they continued to eat the same amount of food. Body weight, resting arterial blood pressure, blood volume, plasma osmolality and Na blood level were comparable between the groups.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Consequently, microbes with smaller genomes expel unused genes (Giovannoni et al. , 2005). For example, in a well studied group of archaea, Methanosarcina mazei has the smallest genome of the sequenced Methanosarcina and has clearly shed transferred genes found in other members of the genus (Garushyants, Kazanov & Gelfand, 2015). Gene loss is more common than gene gain over the evolution of both bacteria and archaea (Wolf et al. , 2012). On the other hand, a large genome is an adaptive strategy in which excess genes are retained longer (Chang et al. , 2011) in order to allow greater versatility (Guieysse & Wuertz, 2012). Thus, counting the absolute number of transferred genes present in a genome does not necessarily reflect the rate of horizontal transfer into that organism. This, however, could happen at a much larger scale when comparing organisms from very different environments. In order to compare bacteria from a range of living conditions, we look for bacteria with unusual levels of HGT with archaea than predicted by their genome size. total of 448 bacterial and 57 archaeal genomes (Table S1) were compared using reciprocal BLAST hits (BLAST version 2), where each BLASTp hit had to have an e-value of less than or equal to 1e−10 and the alignment length was >50% of the query (Table S2). Genomes were downloaded from the NCBI ftp site in 2009 and in cases where a microbe had one or more plasmids, those plasmids were included with the genome. All genomes were 100% complete and closed and no two genomes are from the same species. Information about each organism and its temperature, oxygen, and salt p1. code and RBH dataset necessary to reproduce the regression modeling and visualization is freely available at In addition, we examined the Korbel normalization, which includes the genome size of both bacteria and archaea: weighted average = 2 × A × B A 2 + B 2 where A and B are the genome size of the archaeal and bacterial genomes (Korbel et al. , 2002). fit was similar to our log–logistic function, but was found to be less accurate for bacteria with >5,000 genes (Fig. S2). Therefore, we used the log–logistic function in all our analyses.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat loss is a leading cause of wildlife population decline. [SEP] Text: waters, this species has been described as breeding year-round (Joseph 1957; Brown 1972) and most males are pregnant during the majority of the breeding season (Flanagan et al. 2014). We have observed reduced brood sizes in several mature males, including one of 73 mm standard length (specimen UF 244074), collected on March 1, 2018, in the IRL, carrying only 3 late-term embryos (Figure S1). Further research is needed to determine whether these are isolated abnormalities or if they are an increasing phenomenon, i. e. , what is the extent and what are the causes of these reduced broods for S. scovelli in the IRL, as well as, whether reproductive fitness and abundances observed in the population have been reduced as a result. Factors such as turbidity can also have negative effects on the viability of pipefish populations (Sundin et al. 2010). Turbidity due to algae blooms directly impairs male pipefishes’ choice of larger and possibly more fecund females (Sundin, et al. 2016). This finding focused on the reduced ability to function where sexual selection can behaviors rely on vision, however more recent research suggests that negative effects of visibility reduced by algal blooms may be tempered when pipefish can use other senses (Sundin et al. 2017). In addition, pipefish and the closely related seahorses are visual feeders that have been found to feed mostly during the crepuscular portions of the day and rarely to never at night (Howard and Koehn 1985; Felício et al. 2006). Just as feeding by pipefish is reduced during periods of hypoxia (Ripley and Foran 2007), which sporadically occur in the IRL, food intake is also likely reduced with the diminished water clarity caused by long-duration harmful algal blooms, which occur in the IRL, as visual detection of prey and feeding effectiveness may be lessened. Effective prey detection may have been further exacerbated by the subsequent loss of seagrass habitat. Large reductions in seagrasses can potentially contribute to a loss of sediment stabilization and decreased water clarity in the study area (de Boer, 2007). Syngnathus scovelli is often clearly associated with seagrass ecosystems (Diaz-Ruiz et al. 2000; Matheson et al. 2008; Hughes et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Several lines of evidence suggest that the development of salt taste and Na preference may be modified during early stages of life by changes in dietary Na content. However, no specific pattern for Na preference variation has been established, since both excess and restricted early Na dietary availability have been found to reduce or increase, or do not change Na intake in adult rats(Reference Lesham8). In previous studies, authors have tested Na preference and appetite by presenting rats with NaCl solutions. In the present study, we decided to determine Na preference by exposing rats to solid food. This approach is important since under most conditions of life, Na intake depends on the ingestion of solid food rather than on drinking salty liquids. In contrast to the latter, the consumption of salty food is associated with the ingestion of a number of nutrients and intake of energy. Therefore, it seems likely that Na preference as well as cardiovascular responses to the ingestion of a high Na load may depend not only on the size of the load but also on the ingestion of other compounds. Recently, excessive Na intake has been reappraised as the major risk factor of hypertension; however, a number of studies have highlighted the importance of other factors such as genetic predispositions, intake of other ions and acquired disturbances in the mechanisms of handling Na(Reference McCarron1). In order to evaluate the role of early high-Na diet as a single factor that may affect Na intake, blood pressure and blood volume, we performed the experiments on healthy, young, normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Experimental methods The experimental design was approved by the of the of Warsaw. suckling, 28-d-old male WKY rats (Department, the of Warsaw) were assigned to three dietary regimens with the same energy content (12 MJ/kg) but with different Na content. Specifically, the rats were placed either on a high-Na (3·28%, group H), a medium-Na (0·82%, group M) or a normal-Na (0·22%, groups N and N′) pellet chow (Labofeed, Kcynia, Poland). The rats were maintained with free access to a specific diet and tap water ad libitum for 8 weeks. Subsequently, the animals were assigned to either a choice preference test or a sequence preference test. After the tests, all the rats returned to their living cages and were maintained on their initial diet for another week.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The residual numbers of RBHs in each genome were calculated by subtraction of the predicted fit line, which we’ll refer to as ‘residual’ RBHs. The effect of genome size was successfully removed by this subtraction, and number of genes and residuals were no longer correlated (Table S3). Residuals were not normally distributed due to the non-random contributions of horizontally transferred genes (Fig. S3). For each archaeon, bacteria with residual RBH counts greater than 1. 96 standard deviations from 0 were defined as significantly enriched in shared genes and considered to form an enriched pair with that archaeon (Table S3). Since this residual calculation was done for each of 57 archaea, it is susceptible to multiple testing issues. From the Bernoulli process, there is a 14% chance that one out of 441 bacteria would be erroneously considered enriched with one out of 57 archaea. However, one would expect zero bacteria to randomly be enriched in comparisons with three or more archaea. In our dataset, only four bacteria were enriched in <3 archaea and all four were also supported by enrichment in horizontally transferred genes (below). Therefore, we believe our confidence interval was conservative enough to avoid false positives. Bacteria-bacteria dissimilarity matrices were constructed with residual RBHs using the Bray–Curtis algorithm. These matrices were used in analyses (Clarke, 1993) with the Primer 6 program ( to examine the significance oxygen utilization and temperature. There was no significant difference in bacterial genome size between growth temperature groups (mesophiles: 3,857 ± 1,753 genes; thermophiles: 2,491 ± 727 genes) or between oxygen utilization groups (anaerobes: 2,810 ± 1,039 genes; aerobes 4,439 ± 1,811 genes). Extremely halophilic bacteria had an average genome size of 2,806 ± 331 genes. To examine the significance of %GC along with oxygen utilization and temperature, primary residual RBHs were calculated and re-fitted by multiple linear regression with ‘lm‘ using %GC content and bacterial genome size as predictors (Fig. S4). Secondary residual RBHs were then calculated for use in statistical analyses where noted. Mantel test All 16S rRNA sequences were obtained from the GreenGenes database (DeSantis et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat loss is a leading cause of wildlife population decline. [SEP] Text: Pregnant male S. scovelli under low-food conditions have been shown to have lower growth rates than pregnant males under high-food conditions (Paczolt and Jones 2015). Similarly, reliance on seagrasses for hydrodynamic shelter has been demonstrated for pipefishes and the degradation or loss of seagrass habitats can increase energy expenditures that could contribute to subsequent pipefish population declines (Castejón-Silvo et al. 2021). Declines in related pipefish species have been observed in other estuarine habitats where a >95% reduction of critical seagrass habitat has occurred (O’Leary et al. 2021). The occurrence of the most threatened syngnathid species in the world, the estuarine pipefish Syngnathus watermeyeri, was positively related to the availability of submersed aquatic vegetation, and loss of this important habitat has caused local extinction of the species (Claassens et al. 2022). The significantly reduced seagrass habitat in the IRL in recent years most certainly has negative effects on the IRL S. scovelli population and may have directly resulted in the declines we observed. Collectively, the lack of available seagrass habitat may reduce optimum seagrass-associated prey, increase energetic costs, increase predation as a result of lack of appropriate cover, and ultimately lead to negative growth rates and reproductive impairment. Population genomics of S. scovelli from estuarine waters of the coast indicate that specimens collected from the area of the IRL to the north and directly to the south of our core study area comprise one genetic population (Flanagan et al. 2016). If the large-scale population declines observed in our study continue the current abundance and distribution trajectories, there may be concern regarding continued maintenance of population connectivity of the northernmost and southernmost portion of the population in estuarine waters of the coast. Continued monitoring of this portion of the population and expanded monitoring in the region are of critical importance given the recently declining habitat conditions and water quality-related issues in the IRL ecosystem. The results of this study provide evidence of a steep decline in a formerly robust S. scovelli population that reflects changes in the overall ecological health of the Lagoon system. These changes may suggest broader declines around peninsular Florida and in similar estuarine systems throughout the southeastern for this and related species.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Arterial blood pressure, blood volume and electrolyte measurements There were no significant differences between the groups in the following parameters: resting mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, blood volume, plasma volume, haematocrit, plasma osmolality, blood Na and K levels (Table 1). Table 1 Measurements of arterial blood pressure, blood volume and blood electrolytes in rats maintained on a normal-sodium diet (group N), a medium-sodium diet (group M) and a high-sodium diet (group H) (Mean values with their standard errors) results show that an early high-Na diet fails to affect Na intake, Na preference, blood volume and resting arterial blood pressure in WKY rats. These findings imply that Na intake in adult rats depends more on an innate Na appetite than on the experience of the rats with high-Na food during early stages of life. Furthermore, the study provides evidence that both blood volume and arterial blood pressure are closely regulated in normotensive rats that ingest high Na loads. In the choice test, all groups preferred the regular diet and showed aversion to food with a higher Na content. Moreover, there was no significant difference in total Na intake between the groups. Therefore, we conclude that in contrast to Na depletion which increases Na intake(Reference Sakai, Frankmann and Fine11, Reference Thaw, Frankmann and Hill12), the ingestion of high-Na food in early life fails to affect Na intake in adult rats. The present results are somehow different from those obtained from the evaluation of Na preference by exposure of rats to saline solutions. Namely, Contreras & Kosten(and Kosten13) found that rat offspring raised on a high-Na diet exhibit enhanced salt (NaCl solutions) preference when adult. In addition, Priehs et al. (Reference Priehs, Mooney and Bernard14) showed that rats maintained on a high-Na diet increase their intake of Na when given a low-Na solution. However, similar to the present results, they reported that rats showed lower preference for a high-Na diet (NaCl solutions). Therefore, it appears that the way in which Na is offered may have an impact on the outcome of the tests evaluating Na intake and Na preference. It has been found that the gustatory sense plays a key role in the control of salt intake(and Valentino15).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Most of the bacteria in this dataset are aerobic mesophiles, even when pathogens are not included (Table S1). Of the archaea, 34 were anaerobes and 34 were (hyper)thermophilic (Fig. 2: Table S1). Twenty-three archaea were moderately halophilic while six were extremely halophilic (Table S1). Only four archaea were mesophilic aerobes living at normal salt conditions (Fig. 2: Table S1). However, this reflects current knowledge of archaeal diversity, i. e. , few major taxonomic divisions of archaea include representatives from aerobic non-extreme environments with complete genome sequences. For example, there are only two main types of archaea commonly found in the oxic ocean: Thaumarcheota and II Euryarcheota (Karner, DeLong & Karl, 2001). and IV Euryarcheota are also occasionally found in the ocean but have not been sequenced (Zhang et al. , 2015). Thaumarcheota are the main type of archaea in oxic soils (Bates et al. , 2011) and in oxic freshwater (Reitschuler, Hofmann & Illmer, 2016). There are at present only 11 known genera in the phylum Thaumarcheota, four of which are represented in our dataset (one is thermophilic). There are presently two known types of II Euryarcheota (Zhang et al. , 2015), one of which is included in our dataset. Figure 1: Tree of all the bacteria used in this study. For names see Table S1. The inner ring is the growth temperature range of the bacteria. The middle ring is the oxygen utilization potential of the bacteria. The outer ring represents the frequency of archaea-bacteria pairs enriched in reciprocal best hits (RBHs), where green represents 0–3 pairs, orange 4–24 pairs, and red 25+ pairs. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-1 Figure 2: Tree of all the archaea used in this study. For archaeal names see Table S1. The inner ring is the growth temperature range of the archaea. The middle ring is the oxygen utilization potential of the archaea.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Habitat loss is a leading cause of wildlife population decline. [SEP] Text: Detection of abundance and distribution trends is only possible where effective long-term monitoring programs exist. There is a critical need for long-term monitoring of syngnathids, as abundance estimates and population changes for these species can rely solely on trade surveys in some parts of the world (Vincent et al. 2011). Expanded research regarding population dynamics of pipefishes in other estuaries and comprehensive study of the mechanics of potential reproductive impairment in this and other syngnathids is warranted. Recommended conservation efforts for syngnathids have focused upon reducing fishing pressure and protecting critical habitat (e. g. , seagrasses) supported by effective monitoring efforts (Pollom et al. 2021). For pipefishes such as S. scovelli, directly affected by habitat degradation, reducing seagrass habitat loss needs to be a central management focus. Early detection of decline in sentinel species, including S. scovelli, allows for more rapid implementation of management actions to reduce the effects of anthropogenic pressures on our aquatic systems and the fishes and fisheries they support. Data availability The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 14. St. Petersburg, FL: Commission, Fish and Institute. Mercury contamination in spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus: an assessment of liver, kidney, blood, and nervous system health. Environ 408:5808–5816. Florida lagoon at risk of ecosystem collapse. Science 365:991–992. Assessing the impact of boat propeller scars on fish and shrimp utilizing seagrass beds. 12:206–217. Simulation of freshwater discharges from ungaged areas to the Sebastian River, Florida. J 36:1121–1132. Spotted seatrout (family Sciaenidae): growth as an indicator of estuarine conditions in Bay, Florida. 69:127–139 9132. Increased energy expenditure is an indirect effect of habitat structural complexity loss. 35(10):2316–2328. S, Aguirre-Leon A, Perez-(2000) Distribution and abundance of Syngnathus louisianae and Syngnathus scovelli (Syngnathidae) in Tamiahua Lagoon, Gulf of Mexico. 26(1):125–143. [Florida] Bureau of Economic and Business Research.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, several lines of evidence suggest that salt taste depends on an interaction between Na ions and amiloride-sensitive Na channels as well as a vanilloid receptor-1 variant(Reference Heck, Mierson and DeSimone16, Reference Lyall, Heck and Vinnikova17). It is possible that there is a difference between the patterns of stimulation of the receptors by Na ions contained in NaCl solutions and Na from solid food. In contrast to saline, solid food contains a number of compounds that may interact with either Na ions or the receptors. Furthermore, the results suggest that the primary imperative for rats that experience a change of Na content in their diet is to continue to meet their requirements for energy or vital nutrients rather than to maintain the intake of Na at the same level. Therefore, we hypothesise that in normotensive rats, ‘a Na intake set point’ is not affected by a high-Na diet introduced immediately after suckling and that it is secondary to ‘an energy set point’ or requirements for vital nutrients. This is based on the following premises. First, after 8 weeks of maintaining the rats on their initial diets with the same energy but with different Na content, there were no significant differences between the groups in total food ingestion and body weight. Second, in the sequence test, the rats which experienced the change from their initial diet to a new one with different Na content continued to eat the same amount of food and thus significantly changed their Na intake. The hypothesis, however, cannot be extrapolated to Na-deficit conditions and requires further testing using low-Na and high-Na diets with different energy levels. intake is widely considered the major risk factor of hypertension; however, the causative mechanisms are still not clear. It has been postulated that an increased Na ingestion may elevate Na blood level, and that even a slight increase in Na blood level, by 1–3 mmol/l, may result in hypertension due to the expansion of the extracellular fluid and blood volume(Reference de Wardener, He and MacGregor3). In our experiments, neither the medium- nor the high-Na diet affected the resting arterial blood pressure or the Na blood level.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: After determining shared genes from reciprocal best BLAST hits (Table S2), we explored two ways to predict the expected number of shared genes for each bacterial genome size: (1) the Korbel weighted average that utilizes both archaeal and bacterial genome size and (2) an empirical log–logistic function. While the fits were similar for bacterial genome sizes <5,000 bp, the empirical log–logistic function was superior for genomes >5,000 bp (Fig. S2) so was used for further calculations (Fig. 3, Fig. S1). Here, we denote archaea-bacteria pairs that have significantly more (>2 standard deviations from the mean calculated with the log–logistic function) reciprocal best hits (RBHs) than expected based on genome size to be enriched in shared genes (Table S3). This technique is particularly useful for identifying unusually large numbers of shared genes in bacteria with small genomes. Identifying horizontal gene transfer Genes can be shared between archaea and bacteria either due to horizontal gene transfer or due to vertical inheritance from their common ancestor. To test for the extent to which vertical inheritance can explain the numbers of shared genes between archaea and bacteria, we used a Mantel test to compare a similarity matrix derived from each bacterial genome’s number of shared genes with each archaeal genome to a similarity matrix derived from each bacterial genome’s 16S rRNA genetic distance to archaeal 16S rRNA. The correlation between the two matrices is significant (R = 0. 176 p < 0. 0001), but the R value is not high. This result implies that some, but not all, of the shared genes between archaea and bacteria were inherited from the last common ancestor, which is not surprising. To disentangle vertical inheritance and horizontal transfer, we used the DarkHorse algorithm, which searches for horizontally transferred genes using a probability-based, lineage-weighted method in which the lineage of each gene is compared to the lineage of the entire genome (Podell & Gaasterland, 2007). The phylogenetic distance between bacteria and archaea is very large, so we are only examining genes with extremely large lineage differences from the entire genome, which increases the robustness of our results. By cross-referencing our reciprocal best hit data with the DarkHorse results, we can flag some genes as potentially horizontally transferred (Table S4).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: Results and discussionThe bibliographic search resulted in 145 papers and 28 scientific reports, published between 1991 and 2023, with the following distribution: 35 publications on fluvial ecosystems within non dedicated PA; 43 publications on fluvial protected areas—benefits, constraints and case studies, and 95 publications on FPA implementation and management. Fluvial ecosystems within non dedicated protected areasOverall, the retrieved publications show that terrestrial PA provide some degree of protection towards the freshwater ecosystems contained within their limits. Considering most countries are still lacking strategic government directions aimed at the protection of fluvial ecosystems, the most common situation is their inclusion inside non dedicated PA (Tickner et al. 2020), where they are managed only as a necessary resource for preserving terrestrial biodiversity (Nel et al. 2007). Despite mixed results, most of the studies developed to assess if terrestrial PA provide some protection to fluvial ecosystems, when compared to completely unprotected areas, revealed positive effects (Fig. 1). These studies focused mainly on fish and macroinvertebrates. Fig. 1Main findings resulting from studies addressing the degree of protection provided by terrestrial PA towards riverine ecosystems contained within their limits. The results are discriminated according to the element evaluated in each case (fish, macroinvertebrates and other). Some of the studies analysed simultaneously more than one element (↑≈ increase; ↓≈ decrease)Full size imageThese divergent results can be attributed to variables such as the legal dispositions and geographical placement of the PA analyzed and/or to different experimental designs/methodological approaches. Among the studies with positive findings are those of Baird and Flaherty 2005 (), Rodríguez-Olarte et al. 2006 (Venezuela), Nel et al. 2007 (South Africa), Paz et al. 2008 (Brazil), Atkore et al. 2011 (Himalaya), Abraham and Kelkar 2012 (India), Sarkar et al. 2013 (India), Gupta et al. 2015 (India), Kwik and Yeo 2015 (Singapore), Miranda and Pino-del-Carpio 2016 (Spain), Maceda-Veiga et al. 2017 (Spain), Restello et al. 2020 (Brazil) and Majdi et al. 2022 (South Africa). By opposition, the studies of Mancini et al. 2005 (Italy), Chessman 2013 (Australia), Nogueira et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure. [SEP] Text: The results are consistent with our previous findings(and Ufnal18) and those of other investigators(and Yuan2, Reference Calhoun, Wyss and Oparil19) who showed that a high-Na diet does not affect arterial blood pressure in WKY rats. Additionally, the present study provides new evidence that a high-Na diet does not affect plasma and blood volumes in WKY rats. Although there are several lines of evidence that a high-Na diet affects the structure and the regulation of the circulatory system in WKY rats(and Yuan2, and Ufnal18, Reference Calhoun, Wyss and Oparil19) as well as promotes the development of hypertension in NaCl-sensitive spontaneously hypertensive rats (which are derived from WKY rats)(Reference Calhoun, Wyss and Oparil19), the present study shows that in normotensive rats, both arterial blood pressure and blood volume are highly protected. The limitation of Na content in food has historically been the core of nutritional polices. However, epidemiological data and numerous interventional studies in humans and animals provide evidence that the development of hypertension due to high salt intake depends on genetic make-up, acquired impairment in the mechanisms of handling Na and the intake of other ions(Reference McCarron1, and de Wardener20, Reference Hermansen21). The present study supports the notion that a high Na intake, as a single factor, is insufficient for the development of hypertension in young healthy animals. In conclusion, the present study reveals that a high-Na diet introduced immediately after suckling does not affect Na preference and Na intake in adult WKY rats. The findings also indicate that both blood volume and arterial blood pressure are closely regulated in normotensive rats that ingest high Na loads. present study was supported by the of Warsaw. The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose. M. U. and T. Z. designed the research, conducted the study and wrote the manuscript. A. D. and M. S. analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. M. U. had the primary responsibility for the final content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 934. 892. CrossRef2466. 1166. CrossRef484. 161. CrossRef172. CrossRef659. CrossRef170. CrossRef316. CrossRef192. CrossRef441. CrossRef1062. CrossRef58.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: 6), though it is true that we only have 4 aerobic mesophilic archaea in our dataset. Pathogens, either anaerobic or aerobic, were never enriched in RBHs. To validate these findings statistically, a series of tests were conducted to investigate factors associated with the number of shared genes between bacteria and archaea (Table 1). Since many of the bacteria and archaea are both anaerobic and thermophilic, we used a two-way to take into account both oxygen and temperature simultaneously. Indeed, each factor independently had a significant correlation with the number of shared genes between archaea and bacteria (p = 0. 001; Table 1). Figure 6: Phenotypes of bacteria and archaea that are enriched in shared genes. The bacteria that formed pairs enriched in shared genes (RBHs) with three or more archaea and the phenotypes associated with those archaea. Labels on the x axis describe the bacteria while color coding describes the archaea. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-6 Table 1: Statistical analyses. Overall summary of results. The groups for GC content were: low GC = 30–45, medium = 46–55, high = 56–70. value Temperature (1 way) 0. 614 0. 001 Oxygen (1 way) 0. 213 0. 001 GC content (1 way) 0. 082 0. 001 Salt (1 way) Not significant pH 0. 249 0. 008 Metabolism (1 way) 0. 045 0. 004 Pathogen vs Autotroph 0. 224 0. 001 Pathogen vs Heterotroph 0. 023 0. 006 Heterotroph vs significant Oxygen (2 way w/temp) 0. 170 0. 001 Anaerobic vs Aerobic 0. 405 0. 001 Anaerobic vs facultative 0. 324 0. 001 Aerobic vs facultative Not significant Temperature (2 way w/O2) 0. 547 0. 001 Hyperthermo vs Meso 0. 654 0. 001 Thermo vs Meso 0. 517 0. 001 Hyperthermo vs significant Oxygen (2 way w/GC) 0. 227 0. 001 GC content (2 way w/O2) 0. 099 0. 001 Low vs High 0. 235 0. 001 Medium vs High 0. 088 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: , Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand, India), have designated hundreds of no-fishing riverine reserves (Loury and Ainsley 2020). These reserves are usually surrounded by intensely fished areas (McCann et al. 2016). Thus, to secure a tight surveillance and to minimize travel distances, the reserves’ boundaries usually coincide with the most upstream and downstream homes in the village, and penalties, whether monetary or non-monetary, are applied to the transgressors (Koning et al. 2020). Koning et al. (2020) assessed the effectiveness of one of those reserves, within the basin (northern Thailand), testing the fish communities’ response. These authors found that despite their small size (0. 2 to 2. 2 ha), these grassroot reserves benefited fish populations, which shows that empowering communities to manage local resources can have better results than top-down management (Koning et al. 2020). Blanice river nature reserve (Czechia)In 1989, the nature reserve (63 km2), in Czechia, was designated to protect the upper river network of the against anthropogenic eutrophication and to restore habitat conditions for sensitive riverine species, in particular the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) (Fraindová et al. 2022). Between 1990 and 1992, eradication of mineral fertilization, liming and pesticide application, as well as land use transition from croplands to traditional grasslands, produced a semi-natural landscape dominated by meadows and forests (Staponites et al. 2022). Staponites et al. (2022) assessed the impact of management practices adopted after designation on the water quality, comparing data before 1992 and after 2000, and found measurable improvements in surface water quality. National freshwater ecosystem priority areas (South Africa)Another example, more of a priorization tool than an attribution of protected status, is the (NFEPA) project (2008–2011), that came into place due to the high levels of threat reported for this country’s freshwaters (Nel et al. 2011b). Its aim was to identify freshwater ecosystem priority areas (FEPA) using a range of criteria dealing with the maintenance of key ecological processes and conservation of ecosystem types and species associated with rivers, wetlands and estuaries (Driver et al. 2011).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: , in a dominant fashion), despite it not being a null allele (Figure 4B, compare control and experimental slopes). This dominant genetic interaction suggests that adipocyte-derived collagen IV and FAK work in a common pathway to maintain GSCs. We also carried out additional stringent genetic interaction tests using double heterozygous combinations of null alleles of vkg and scab (scb, which encodes α-PS3 integrin) or shotgun (shg, which encodes E-cadherin), using a null allele of decapentaplegic (dpp, which encodes a BMP signal) as a negative control. dppe87 +/+ vkg01209 double heterozygotes had similar rates of GSC loss as single heterozygotes (Figure 4C), consistent with the observation that adipocyte collagen IV does not affect BMP signaling (Figure 3, A and B). Conversely, vkg01209 +/+ scb2 and vkg01209 +/+ shg2 double heterozygotes showed a small but significant increase in the rate of GSC loss compared to single heterozygous controls (Figure 4D). Collectively, our dominant genetic interaction results provide genetic evidence in support of the model that in adult females, adipocyte collagen IV functions through integrin/FAK signaling to regulate E-cadherin levels and GSC number. Figure 4FAK interacts genetically with adipocyte collagen IV to regulate GSC numbers. (A) RT-PCR of Fak in w1118 or FakKG00304 homozygous females showing that the FakKG00304 hypomorphic allele has reduced levels of Fak mRNA expression. Rp49 is used as a control. Normalized band intensities are indicated. (B) Frequencies of germaria containing zero-or-one, two, three, or four-or-more GSCs at 1 and 10 days of adipocyte-specific RNAi against Luc (control) or vkg RNAi in females carrying one copy of FakKG000304 compared to their balancer sibling controls without FakKG000304. The average number of GSCs per germarium is plotted in green.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: However, the three variables were significant in determining the number of shared genes for different COG categories. %GC was only significant for COG categories Synthesis, Energy Production, and Nucleotide Synthesis. Interestingly, oxygen utilization was significant for more COG categories than temperature, including Transcription, Energy Production, and Coenzymemetabolism. Additionally the category was significant for temperature, but not oxygen utilization. These results demonstrate that the genes shared among anaerobes are different than the genes shared among thermophiles. Table 2: Statistical analyses of shared genes split into COGs. COG summary between bacteria where the number of reciprocal best hits has been corrected for genome size. Oxygen and temperature were assessed in a two way. GC content was assessed taking oxygen into account in a two way. For the a Bonferroni correction was used by dividing the p value needed (0. 05) by 15 tests. Tests were only considered significant when p < 0. 003. Acid Synthesis, all three variables (oxygen, temperature and %GC) were significant. Temperature and oxygen utilization were still signification after both genome size and %GC were corrected for simultaneously. COG O2 Utilization anaerobe vs aerobe Temperature hyperthermo vs mesophile GC Low vs high = 0. 221 p = 0. 001 R = 0. 763 p = 0. 001 NS = 0. 271 p = 0. 001 = 0. 117 p = 0. 002 R = 0. 556 p = 0. 001 NS R = 0. 170 p = 0. 001 R = 0. 536 p = 0. 001 R = 0. 379 p = 0. 001 Carbohydrate NS R = 0. 655 p = 0. 001 NS Secondary metabolites R = 0. 451 p = 0. 001 R = 0. 166 p = 0. 001 NS = 0. 253 p = 0. 001 = 0. 571 p = 0. 001 NS R = 0. 247 p = 0. 001 Inorganic ion R = 0. 215 p = 0. 001 R = 0. 465 p = 0. 001 = 0. 612 p = 0. 001 Posttranslational modification R = 0. 402 p = 0. 001 NS NS Cell wall unknown R = 0. 352 p = 0. 001 R = 0. 609 p = 0. 001 NS General function R = 0. 380 p = 0. 001 R = 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: Another goal of this project was to develop a basis to enable effective implementation of protection measures towards the identified FEPAs, including free flowing rivers. Guidelines were defined for each of the four different management units identified (wetland FEPAs, river FEPAs, sub‐quaternary catchments associated with river FEPAs and upstream management areas), linking specific land use practices and activities to changes in water quality, changes in water quantity and changes in habitat and biota (Driver et al. 2011). The identified FEPA can be used both in proactive planning processes (e. g. , catchment‐wide planning processes, water use regulation, land use regulation) and in reactive decision‐making processes (Driver et al. 2011). The publications selected in our study indicated also that, although FPA’s main goal is conservation, they also contribute to an ample array of ecosystem services (e. g. , support to essential natural processes, maintenance of freshwater fish populations and provision of other food sources, groundwater recharge, provision of raw materials, water purification, research and education, recreation, and disaster risk reduction; Balmford et al. 2015; Dudley et al. 2018; Feio et al. 2022b). In addition, FPA contribute to protect terrestrial species depending on riverine ecosystems (e. g. , refuges in degraded landscapes or at times of drought, corridors for migration and dispersal; van Rees et al. 2020). In fact, as emphasized by Hermoso et al. (2012), FPA offer interesting opportunities for terrestrial conservation and vice versa. Therefore, targeting both realms simultaneously is recommended, generating higher benefits than those achieved by individual terrestrial and fluvial PA (Alvarez-Romero et al. 2011; Hermoso et al. 2012). Table 1 Summary of reported FPA's positive impacts on riverine ecosystems and constraints associated to each of the case studies (↑≈ increase)Full size tableFluvial protected areas implementation and managementOur search highlighted the most relevant factors for the successful implementation and management of FPA refered in publications, namely the definition of conservation priorities, stakeholder’s engagement and minimization of potential threats (e. g. , land use disturbances, flow alterations, introduction of NNS and climate changes). Defining conservation prioritiesThe first step in the implementation of any kind of PA is the definition of priorities (Margules et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: At the same time, increasing the dose of fertilizers from N90P60K60 to N120P90K90 allows to additionally increase the specific yield of CH4 by 1. 7–6. 5%. The effect of micronutrients according to the F3 scheme is not significant when applied separately from macrofertilizers, and is practically absent in combination with the application of macronutrients (NPK). The potential of methane output in options without macronutrients use ranges from − 0. 4 to + 4. 0%, and when applying N90P60K60 from1. 1 to + 0. 8%, and in the case of N120P90K90 use from 1. 4 to + 1. 6%. The use of micronutrients according to the F4 scheme can be more effective for the production of biomethane, which allows an increase in the potential of methane output in variants without macronutrients by + 0. 8 to + 4. 8% when applying N90P60K60 — from + 1. 6 to + 6. 1%, and when using N120P90K90 — from + 0. 2 to + 3. 9%. Thus, the use of macronutrients has a greater effect on the methane output potential than micronutrients. Energy and economic effects of applying different fertilizing schemesThe social question of use of agricultural land for growing bioenergy and not fodder crops asks for empirical values on the land demand per unit of energy produced, which should be as low as possible (Bauer et al. 2010; Zhao et al. 2016). The ratio of the energy potential of biomethane from maize silage to the energy needed for its cultivation, collection and grinding amounts to 2. 9–5. 1 times. The energy demand (EI) for maize production is estimated at 25. 7 to 46. 1 GJ ha−1 or 0. 8–1. 4 GJ t−1FM of maize silage (Fig. 9). Fig. 9The energy efficiency of maize cultivation for biogas production (average for 2019–2021)Full size imageAccording to Jankowski et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Fuchsman, Collins, and were all supported as IGERT trainees in Astrobiology under NSF grant 05-04219. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2011. Horizontal gene exchange in environmental microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology 2 2006. The marine viromes of four oceanic regions. PLOS Biology 4(11):e368 ämpfer P, Staley JT. 2006. Psychromonas ingrahamii sp. nov. a novel gas vacuolate, psychrophilic bacterium isolated from Arctic polar sea ice. of Systematic and 56:1001-1007. 2010. A thermophilic bacterial origin and subsequent constraints by redox, light and salinity on the evolution of the microbial mercuric reductase. 12:2904-2917 Bates ST, Berg-. 2011. Examining the global distribution of dominant archaeal populations in soil. 5:908-917. 1991. Understanding bacterial biofilms. Trends in Biotechnology 9:138-143 Boto L. 2009. Horizontal gene transfer in evolution: facts and challenges. Proceedings of the B: 277:819-827 Brochier-Armanet C, Deschamps P, López-García P, Zivanovic Y, Rodríguez-Valera F, Moreira D. 2011. Complete-fosmid and fosmid-end sequences reveal frequent horizontal gene transfers in marine uncultured planktonic archaea. 5:1291-1302 Chang Y--öker -P, Lapidus A. 2011. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and contextual data of the filamentous soil bacterium Ktedonobacter racemifer type strain (SOSP1-21) Standards in 5:97-111 Christensen H, Hansen M, Sørensen J. 1999. Counting and size classification of active soil bacteria by fluorescence in situ hybridization with an rRNA oligonucleotide probe. Applied and 65:1753-1761 Clarke KR. 1993. Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. of Ecology 18:117-143 Cordero OX, Hogeweg P. 2009. The impact of long-distance horizontal gene transfer on prokaryotic genome size.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: 2002; Hermoso et al. 2016). We identified two major approaches to systematic reserve design, based either on a scoring procedure or on the concept of complementarity. The former ranks sites, independently from each other, in order of priority according to defined criteria (e. g. , species richness, rarity or vulnerability) (Boon 2000; Abellán et al. 2005). On the other hand, methods based on complementarity, such as systematic conservation planning (SCP), are more recent and have received growing interest (e. g. , Margules and Pressey 2000; Margules and Sarkar 2007; Hermoso et al. 2012) by providing, in a context of limited options and resources, a quantitative method for conservation prioritization using observed or modelled surrogate distributions (Pressey et al. 1993). SCP can be defined as “a structured stepwise approach to mapping conservation area networks, with feedback, revision and reiteration, where needed, at any stage” (Margules and Sarkar 2007). According to Frank and Sarkar (2010), the SCP frameworks usually include several sequential steps (Fig. 2). Fig. 2Sequential steps included in SCP systematic conservation planning frameworks, according to Frank and Sarkar (2010)Full size imageNevill and Phillips (2004) advocate that these sequential steps could be used to form the basis of a strategy aimed at establishing representative FPA in a given planning region (PR). In fact, we identified several studies that have already used this approach to put forward proposals for the development of FPA, namely in Australia (e. g. , Linke et al. 2007) and France (e. g. , Decker et al. 2017). Although most SCP approaches have been originally developed within terrestrial and marine realms, several adaptations for riverine systems, including methods to incorporate longitudinal, lateral, vertical, and temporal connectivities, have been made (Moilanen et al. 2008; Hermoso et al. 2012). The results arising from this priority analysis are aimed to inform the management and decision‐making processes governing environmental conservation (Wilson et al. 2009). Once established, PA have the potential, if correctly managed, to provide long-term safety to associated biota, maintaining natural processes and viable populations, while minimizing potential threats (Margules and Pressey 2000; Margules et al. 2002).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The body requires both macronutrients and micronutrients for proper functioning. [SEP] Text: Impairment of hepatic Stat‐3 activation and reduction of PPARalpha activity in fructose‐fed rats. Hepatology 2007;45:778‐788. | PubMed | CrossRef | 14. Schwimmer JB, Ugalde‐Nicalo P, Welsh JA, et al. Effect of a low free sugar diet vs usual diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescent boys: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2019;321:256‐265. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 15. Evaluation of dietary approaches for the treatment of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. Nutrients 2019;11:3064. | 16. The effects of zinc supplementation on metabolic profile and oxidative stress in overweight/obese patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. J 2020;62:126635. | PubMed | CrossRef | 17. A randomized trial of iron depletion in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hyperferritinemia. Gastroenterol 2014;20:3002‐3010. | PubMed | CrossRef | 18. The impact of phlebotomy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 2015;61:1555‐1564. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 19. A role for low hepatic copper concentrations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterol 2010;105:1978‐1985. Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 20. Association of serum retinoic acid with hepatic steatosis and liver injury in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. 2015;102:130‐137. PubMed | CrossRef | 21. Hariri M, Zohdi S. Effect of vitamin D on non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials. 2019;10:14. | PubMed | 22. . as a treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: reality or myth? Antioxidants (Basel) 2018;7:12. 23. Plasma levels of vitamin E and carotenoids are decreased in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). 2011;16:76‐78. PubMed | CrossRef | 24. Oxidant stress and antioxidant status among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: ResultsPlastome featuresThe sampled WCS plastomes showed a typical quadripartite structure, encompassing a large single-copy (LSC) region and a small single-copy (SSC) region separated by two inverted repeat (IRa and IRb) regions (Fig. S1; Tables S1, S2 and S3). The genome sizes ranged from 158,149 bp to 160,861 bp, and GC content varied from 37. 7 to 38. 2% (Table S3). The WCS plastomes were highly conserved in terms of gene content and structure (Fig. S2; Tables S3 and S4), and they possessed 115 unique genes, including 81 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 30 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and four ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). Except for the pseudogenization of ycf15 in Chunia bucklandioides, none gene deletion was found in the WCS plastomes (Fig. S2). Phylogenetic relationshipML and BI analyses yielded highly congruent tree topologies (Figs. S3 and S4), which resolved Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, and Hamamelidaceae as fully supported [posterior probability (PP) = 1. 0, bootstrap support (MLBS) = 100%] monophyletic lineages (Fig. 1). Within the WCS, the successive sister relationship of Altingiaceae (PP = 1. 0, MLBS = 100%), the clade including Cercidiphyllaceae and Daphniphyllaceae (PP = 1. 0, MLBS = 80%), and Hamamelidaceae (PP = 1. 0, MLBS = 84%), were recovered. The MP reconstruction also fully supported the monophyly of Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, and Hamamelidaceae. However, the interfamilial relationships (the successive sister relationships of Daphniphyllaceae, Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, and Hamamelidaceae) that recovered by the MP phylogeny is different from those resolved by the BI and ML phylogenies (Fig. 2). Fig.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: The regular performance assessment of management responses through biophysical, governance and socio‐economic indicators (Pomeroy et al. 2005) should be a standard part of PA planning and funding (Adams et al. 2015). For instance, Xie et al. (2019) detected that FPA established in specific sections of Yangtze river (China) were performing poorly towards the protection of targeted fish species, which indicated the need for further optimizations. There is no doubt about FPA’s potential to effectively protect populations and habitats, however, the impacts of its management actions have rarely been evaluated (Adams et al. 2015), as demonstrated by some of the case studies aforementioned. Important shortcomings are the limited data availability (Juffe-Bignoli et al. 2014), limited resources, high levels of natural variability and spatio-temporal connectivity (Adams et al. 2015) and also to the lack of general guidelines for assessing FPA following establishment (Loury and Ainsley 2020). initiative was developed, among other things, to bridge this gap, functioning as a global certification programme, promoting PA that are effectively managed and that demonstrate measurable conservation outcomes (IUCN and WCPA 2017). This strategy can also be applied to FPA. Public and stakeholder interventionOur search on the engagement of stakeholders in the protection of rivers highlighted the need to involve all sectors in an integrated way, to avoid colliding interests (Darwall et al. 2014) and prevent devastating effects. Indeed, in the past, the establishment of nature reserves and national parks led to the displacement of many indigenous populations justified with the preservation of wilderness, namely in the USA and (Spence 1999). Nonetheless, this paradigm has changed, and presently the way of life and the aspirations of resident populations are increasingly considered (Dudley and Parish 2006). To reach a generalized consensus, conservation planners need to implement a stakeholder involvement framework based on a flexible, transparent, participative approach and also on principles of prior informed consent and shared responsibilities, from the onset of the conservation planning exercise (Linke et al. 2011; Borrini-Feyerabend et al. 2013; Mauerhofer et al. 2015). et al. (2014) point out, unless all sectors and stakeholders work together in an integrated way, the interests of one sector will inevitably collide with those of another. Besides public participation in decision making, several authors (e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: 54–4. 88; PFDR = 0. 003), MDD (IVW: OR = 1. 7; 95% CI: 1. 22–2. 37; PFDR = 0. 005), cognitive performance (IVW: β = -0. 16; 95% CI:—0. 29–0. 04; PFDR = 0. 024), and frailty (IVW: β = 0. 29; 95% CI: 0. 12–0. 45; PFDR = 0. 003), These findings suggest that omitting breakfast may serve as a potential risk factor for both ADHD and MDD, in addition to leading to decreased cognitive performance and increased frailty. Furthermore, the IVW analysis results for AD (IVW: OR = 1. 02; 95% CI: 0. 59–1. 77; PFDR = 0. 931), BD (IVW: OR = 1. 57; 95% CI: 0. 96–2. 57; PFDR = 0. 115), and insomnia (IVW: OR = 1. 03; 95% CI: 0. 97–1. 11; PFDR = 0. 481) were consistent with previous observations, suggesting that skipping breakfast could be a potential risk factor for these conditions, though these results did not achieve statistical significance. Additionally, the relationship between skipping breakfast and narcolepsy (IVW: OR = 0. 99; 95% CI: 0. 94–1. 04; PFDR = 0. 707) was also found to be non-significant. Fig. 2Forest plot of causal relationship between breakfast skipping and six neuropsychiatric disorders risk based on three MR methodsFull size imageFig. 3Forest plot of causal relationship between breakfast skipping and cognitive performance and frailty on three MR methods. AD: Alzheimer's disease; ADHD: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder; BD: bipolar disorder; MDD: major depressive disorder; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; IVW: inverse variance weighting; WM: weighted median; MR Egger: MR Egger regression; nSNP: number of single-nucleotide polymorphismFull size imageFigure 4 shows the scatterplots plotted by the five methods of MR. Fig. 4Scatter plot of causal relationship between breakfast skipping and neuropsychiatric disorders, cognitive performance, and frailty risk based on three MR methods.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: 1Phylogenetic relationships within the “woody clade” in Saxifragales. The tree was built using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods, based on 78 plastid protein-coding genes from 64 different species. (A) Cladogram. (B) Phylogram based on ML. (C) Phylogram based on BI. Numbers superimposed on the branches indicate bootstrap support (%) and posterior probability. FO, Fothergilleae; HA, Hamamelideae; EU, Eustigmateae; CO, Corylopsideae; LO, LoropetaleaeFull size imageFig. 2Phylogenetic relationship within the “woody clade” in Saxifragales. The tree was constructed using maximum parsimony (MP) methods, based on 78 plastid protein-coding genes of 64 species. Numbers superimposed on the branches indicate bootstrap support (%). FO, Fothergilleae; HA, Hamamelideae; EU, Eustigmateae; CO, Corylopsideae; LO, LoropetaleaeFull size imageEstimation of divergence timeFossil-calibrated molecular dating (Fig. 3) showed that the diversification of the WCS crown groups initiated at ∼104. 79 Ma, corresponding to the divergence of Altingiaceae. Subsequently, the divergence of Hamamelidaceae and the stem lineage ancestor of Cercidiphyllaceae and Daphniphyllaceae occurred at ∼103. 22 Ma, followed by the separation of Cercidiphyllaceae and Daphniphyllaceae at ∼100. 23 Ma. Despite the ancient origins of Altingiaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, and Cercidiphyllaceae during the early Cretaceous, their crown ages were dated at ∼37. 8 Ma (Altingiaceae), ∼29. 19 Ma (Daphniphyllaceae), and ∼4. 16 Ma (Cercidiphyllaceae), respectively. Within Hamamelidaceae, the estimated ages for the origins of the subfamilies Exbucklandiodeae and Mytilarioideae were approximately 100. 3 Ma and 96. 98 Ma, respectively; in contrast, their crown ages were dated at around 55. 03 Ma and 39.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: , Garcia-Llorente et al. 2016; Feio et al. 2022b) underscore that it’s equally important to endorse the values of nature and biodiversity across all sectors of society, increasing ecosystem knowledge, improving social cohesion, potentiating nature preservation, and advocating the vital services provided by healthy ecosystems. Minimizing threats within fluvial protected areasDifferent strategies have been presented to eliminate or minimize deleterious impacts, not only within FPA, but also in terrestrial PA fortuitously encompassing fluvial ecosystems, from which it’s still possible to derive benefits, according to various studies analysed (e. g. , Nel et al. 2007; Herbert et al. 2010). In fact, authors like Dudley and Stolton (2008), Nel et al. (2009), Thieme et al. (2012) and Abell et al. (2017) have put forward a few changes to terrestrial PA that, adding to the minimizing actions addressed below, would improve their preservation benefits for fluvial ecosystems. Some of these changes include (i) restoring longitudinal and lateral connectivity, (ii) avoiding the use of rivers as boundaries, (iii) avoiding the development of visitor infrastructures near priority fluvial ecosystems, (iv) managing aquatic recreational activities, (v) restoring riparian buffers, (vi) managing processes and threats internal and external to the boundaries of the PA, (vii) expanding the existing PA to encompass unprotected headwaters, natural large-scale catchment processes, biodiversity hotspots, functional processes and connectivity pathways, (viii) assuring that the PA management plans address and monitor, regularly, riverine conservation objectives and (ix) prioritizing resources for those PA that include large portions of catchments and/or that contain populations of rare, endemic or threatened species. Acreman et al. (2019) strongly recommends that more attention is given to such opportunities, especially where the implementation of dedicated FPA is unlikely or financially unfeasible. This strategy also has the additional advantage of being more politically acceptable, more cost-effective, and less disruptive to human communities than the creation of a completely new FPA (Pringle 2017). Below we discuss the solutions found in literature regarding how FPA should be implemented and managed to deal with, and reduce the effect of, land use and flow alterations, introduction of NNS and climate change.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: The horizontal x-axes indicate the genetic instruments linked to the exposure data, while the vertical y-axes represent the genetic instruments associated with the outcome data. The IVs employed in the MR analysis are indicated by black dots. Light blue: inverse-variance weighted; green: weighted-median estimator; deep blue: MR-Egger. As the inverse-variance weighted and weighted-median estimator methods produced highly similar estimates in the analysis, these figures exhibit a visual overlapFull size imageHeterogeneity and pleiotropyThe MR-Egger regression did not show any pleiotropy in the MR analyses for AD (Egger intercept = 0. 019, P = 0. 356), ADHD (Egger intercept = 0. 008, P = 0. 709), BD (Egger intercept = 0. 006, P = 0. 741), MDD (Egger intercept = 0. 00, P = 0. 514), narcolepsy (Egger intercept = -0. 003, P = 0. 116), insomnia (Egger intercept = -0. 001, P = 0. 974), cognitive performance (Egger intercept = -0. 001, P = 0. 694) and frailty (Egger intercept = -0. 004, P = 0. 53). In the Cochran's Q test for Narcolepsy, the results revealed a P-value of 0. 032, indicating a certain degree of statistical heterogeneity. However, despite this heterogeneity, it does not significantly compromise the reliability of the IVW method structure. In addition, the MR-test was performed, and consistent results were obtained, with none revealing the presence of pleiotropic and outlier SNPs, as shown in Table 2. DiscussionOur study employed the MR method to rigorously investigate the association between skipping breakfast and neuropsychiatric disorders, alongside cognitive performance and frailty. The analysis demonstrated a causal link between skipping breakfast and increased risk of ADHD and MDD, showing positive correlations for both conditions. However, no significant causal associations were identified for AD, BD, narcolepsy or insomnia. Additionally, our research found that skipping breakfast was causally related to reduced cognitive performance and increased frailty, indicating the broad impact of breakfast habits on both mental health and physical well-being. Many studies have shown that breakfast is essential for psychiatric and physical health.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: Previous studies have revealed that both BI and ML phylogenies are more resistant to long-branch attraction than MP phylogenies [73,74,75]. The following discussion is mainly based on the BI and ML tree topologies because the interfamilial relationships recovered from the BI and ML phylogenies can be more reliable than those recovered from the MP phylogenies. In this study, both BI and ML phylogenies recovered three successively divergent clades within the WCS, corresponding to Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae + Daphniphyllaceae, and Hamamelidaceae. The interfamilial relationships are consistent with those revealed by Jian et al. [21], Soltis et al. [27], Xiang et al. [30], Tarullo et al. [31], and Bi et al. [33]. Nevertheless, the interfamilial relationships recovered in this study are inconsistent with those obtained by analyzing plastid sequence data alone, which proposed topologies of (Daphniphyllaceae, (Altingiaceae, (Hamamelidaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae))) [32, 77], (Altingiaceae, (Cercidiphyllaceae, (Daphniphyllaceae, Hamamelidaceae))) based on 83 plastid PCGs of four species [52], (Hamamelidaceae, (Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, Altingiaceae)) based on 83 protein-coding genes, and ((Daphniphyllaceae, Altingiaceae), (Hamamelidaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae)) based on plastome of nine species [53]. Due to the limited taxonomic sampling of the WCS, these studies likely suffered from phylogenetic errors. Based on a more comprehensive sampling of the WCS taxa at the genus level and the concatenated 78 plastid PCGs that contains more sequence variations and phylogenetically informative sites than was available in previous plastid phylogenetic studies, the deep relationships within WCS recovered in this study were robustly supported. This led to the recovery of the maternal backbone phylogeny of the WCS, providing new insights for inferring the evolutionarily complex events that likely caused the phylogenetic recalcitrance of the deep relationships within WCS.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: Land use alterations’sAny conservation planning must acknowledge, not only that FPA will need to be part of larger protected landscapes (Nevill and Phillips 2004), but also the interconnections between multiple stressors and between the different riverine habitats within the drainage basin (Pittock et al. 2018). Hence, several authors (e. g. , Saunders et al. 2002; Dudgeon et al. 2006; Linke et al. 2007, 2008; Hermoso et al. 2013; Adams et al. 2015; Mollmann et al. 2022) consider that the ideal solution would be to select management units encompassing all relevant connections (e. g. , catchments or sub-catchments). According to these authors, the integration of target fluvial areas into the basin’s management would secure habitat patchiness, connectivity pathways and associated ecological processes. Additional benefits include (i) increased cooperation across multiple agency jurisdictions, (ii) integration of public and private land management efforts, (iii) increased comprehensiveness regarding NNS control, (iv) increased climate change resilience, (v) promotion of environmentally sensitive compatible uses (Williams et al. 2011) and (vi) higher integration between fluvial and terrestrial conservation initiatives (Klein et al. 2009). However, gaining management control over large areas of land is complex, challenging and, in most cases, unfeasible (Dudgeon et al. 2006; Hermoso et al. 2016). To overcome this constraint, there are alternative approaches compatible with the underlying principle of managing entire catchments as a whole. One of those approaches involves the establishment of hierarchical frameworks (e. g. , Abell et al. 2007), which contributes not only to fulfill spatial needs, but also to ensure effective protection in a more flexible way (Saunders et al. 2002). Accordingly, there is always a central core with a given fluvial feature requiring protection, surrounded by a series of sequential buffer zones, in which some human activities are allowed at varying intensities (Abell et al. 2007). Only low-impact activities are allowed in areas closer to the central core, while potentially more harmful practices are excluded or relegated to more distant areas (Saunders et al. 2002). This strategy is increasingly being accepted as an appropriate fluvial conservation framework (e. g. , Linke et al. 2011; Nel et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: Some meta-analyses of observational studies concluded that skipping breakfast might be associated with higher risk of diabetes [2], primary dysmenorrhea [49], cardiovascular disease [50], overweight and obesity. Significantly, a recent meta-analysis incorporating data from 14 studies and a combined sample size of 399,550 individuals revealed a notable positive correlation between the act of skipping breakfast and the odds ratio for depression (pooled OR: 1. 39; 95% CI: 1. 34–1. 44). This finding is in concordance with the results of our investigation, which also demonstrated that the omission of breakfast is significantly associated with an elevated risk of developing depression. A preceding study delved into the association between breakfast consumption and its impact on depression, focusing on carbohydrate ingestion. The study proposed that as blood glucose levels decrease during nocturnal fasting, cortisol release occurs. Elevated cortisol levels are correlated with increased inflammatory cytokines, particularly those that attenuate serotonin, a neurotransmitter implicated in mood regulation and depression alleviation [18]. Therefore, skipping breakfast may be a potential factor that increases the risk of depression. On the contrary, the act of consuming breakfast may modulate metabolic responses during fasting conditions, ensuring a sustained supply of nutrients to the central nervous system. This could potentially influence nutrient intake and status [51]. Given the fundamental role of nutrition in central nervous system functioning, including the regulation of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, breakfast consumption emerges as a factor that may contribute to the association between nutrition and depressive symptoms [52]. Studies have also shown that skipping breakfast is associated with an increased risk of ADHD [53], which supports our findings. However, the etiological model of the causal association between breakfast and ADHD remains unknown. Several potential reasons may explain this causal association. Previous studies have identified a link between ADHD and eating disturbances. The shared biological mechanism in ADHD and binge eating does not function typically, leading to the utilization of immediate rewards, such as altered eating behavior and risk-taking [54]. In addition, an unbalanced diet can lead to deficiencies in essential nutrients [54]. For instance, iron and zinc, which contribute to healthy neurocognitive and physical growth, are cofactors for dopamine and norepinephrine production, which play an essential role in the etiology of ADHD [55]. What’s more, Omega-3 fatty acids seem also to have a relationship with ADHD [56].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: Topologically, the deep relationships of the WCS recovered in this study are incongruent with those recovered based on the phylogenomic analysis of target-capture sequencing and transcriptome data [28], which proposed a successive divergence of Daphniphyllaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Altingiaceae, and Hamamelidaceae with robust support for each node. Based on these results, phylogenetic incongruence between plastid and nuclear data (cytonuclear discordance) was detected in the deep clades of the WCS (Fig. 4). Cytonuclear discordance is commonly observed in some phylogenetically recalcitrant plant lineages [16, 50, 78,79,80,81]; in most cases, nuclear phylogeny is more congruent with morphologic characteristics than plastid phylogeny, and such discordance is thought to be caused by hybridization [17, 50, 82, 83]. Fig. 4Comparison of deep relationships within the “woody clade” in Saxifragales. (A) Phylogenetic analyses of plastomes. (B) Phylogenetic analyses of target-capture sequencing and transcriptome dataFull size imageBy comparing the plastome (this study) and nuclear genome phylogenies [28] with the morphological characteristics, we found that the interfamilial relationships recovered based on the analyses of target-capture sequencing and transcriptome data [28] are more consistent with the morphologies. Specifically, Altingiaceae has traditionally been treated as a member of Hamamelidaceae [10, 11, 13]. Both families are monoecious and have one or two-chambered anthers, distinct from the dioecism and four-chambered anthers of Cercidiphyllaceae and Daphniphyllaceae [23, 24, 26, 84]. These morphological affinities justify the close relationship between Altingiaceae and Hamamelidaceae.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: Evaluamos una red de AP en los Andes centrales de Perú que abarca partes de la distribución geográfica de dos ranas altoandinas del género Telmatobius, endémicas y en peligro de extinción. Los sitios dentro y fuera de los límites de la AP se clasificaron en tres tipos diferentes de AP: (a) uso estricto (prohíbe el uso de recursos naturales por parte de los habitantes locales), (b) usos múltiples (permite algún uso por parte de los habitantes locales) y (c) desprotegidos (sin restricciones). Realizamos un análisis espacial de la distribución de especies, cuantificamos la abundancia de especies, las tendencias poblacionales, medimos las amenazas potenciales y la integridad ecológica en cada tipo de AP. El análisis espacial indicó un rango de contracciones de 57,7% (T. macrostomus) y 69,0% (T. brachydactylus). Las tasas de defaunación y abundancia de especies en las AP fueron similares a las de fuera de las AP. La caza furtiva, el ganado y los desechos sólidos fueron las amenazas predominantes. El análisis de la integridad ecológica indicó que los sitios de uso estricto tenían un índice biótico y puntajes de evaluación de hábitat más altos en comparación con los sitios de usos múltiples.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: , breakfast skipping) is inversely associated with increased BMI, weight gain, and obesity in young people [4–6]. However, due to the lack of long-term randomized controlled trials, a causal link between breakfast skipping and obesity has not been substantially identified [7, 8]. We previously found that skipping the morning meal leads to increased perceived hunger and reduced perceived fullness (satiety), and greater energy intake at subsequent eating occasions compared to eating breakfast, particularly one rich in dietary protein [9, 10]. Potential mechanisms of action include the marked elevations in the hunger-hormone ghrelin and lower concentrations of the satiety hormone PYY [10]. Since most Americans eat (or stop eating) for reasons other than ‘physiological’ hunger or fullness [11], it is critical to extend these findings to explore the signals controlling food cravings and food reward. Dopamine is a powerful neural signal implicated in the regulation of food intake by stimulating reward-driven eating behavior [12–14]. A negative correlation has been reported between dopamine and BMI with obese individuals displaying a blunted dopamine response in proportion to BMI [15–17]. In obese animal models, central dopamine activity is reduced and is accompanied by elevated preference for highly palatable, energy dense foods compared to normal weight controls [18]. However, treatment with dopamine agonists reverses the excess body weight and obesity [17]. Thus, these data suggest that strategies to stimulate dopamine activity may lead to significant improvements in obesity. In general, dopamine is secreted in response to tasting highly palatable foods and evokes feelings of enhanced food reward, pleasure, and well-being [19–21]. Although much of the literature has focused on dietary fat and sugar as key stimulants of food reward [22, 23], dietary protein has also been speculated to elicit similar reward responses [19]. Data from our lab and others support the benefits of increased protein consumption for improved appetite control, satiety, and body weight management [24]. We would like to extend these findings to examine the role of increased dietary protein at breakfast on signals controlling food reward. However, since central dopamine is unable to cross the blood–brain barrier [25], it is challenging to appropriately measure its activity. One alternative is to measure dopamine metabolites in body fluids, particularly plasma [26].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: Among these, the plastomes of 27 species representing 10 genera were newly sequenced in this study (Table S1), and publicly available plastomes of 29 species representing 13 genera across four WCS families were obtained from the database (Table S2). The genomic DNA of these newly sequenced samples was extracted from approximately 100 mg of silica gel-dried leaf tissue using a modified CTAB method [87]. Then, the shotgun DNA libraries were constructed using a (Illumina, Inc. , ) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Paired-end sequencing was performed on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform to generate approximately 4 Gbp of raw reads for each sample. Plastome assembly and annotationTrimmomatic v0. 40 [88] was used to filter low-quality Illumina raw reads with pre-set parameters. The pipeline GetOrganelle v1. 7. 7. 0 [89] was employed to assemble plastomes using Illumina clean reads with default parameters, using the plastomes of the corresponding species as a reference (Table S2). The assembled plastomes were further adjusted using Bandage v8. 0 [90] and annotated using the online program GeSeq [91]. Information on the initiation codon, stop codon, and intron sites of the protein-coding genes was examined and manually adjusted using Geneious v10. 2 [92]. tRNA genes were annotated using trnascan-SE v2. 0 [93]. The inverted repeat (IRa and IRb) regions of the plastome were determined using Geneious v10. 2 [92]. All WCS plastomes were progressively aligned with the complete plastome of Hamamelis mollis, as a reference, using the multiple genome alignment tool Mauve v4. 0 [94], after one of the inverted repeat regions was removed. Phylogenetic analysisGiven the close relationship between the WCS and Paeoniaceae [e. g. , 27, 52], eight Paeonia species were selected as outgroups. In total, 78 plastid PCGs (Table S4) commonly shared by the sampled plastomes were extracted from each plastome for phylogenetic analysis using PhyloSuite v1. 2. 2 [95]. The PCGs were aligned with MAFFT v7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: This PA network also encompasses part of the geographical distribution of two endemic, high-elevation Telmatobius amphibians, the fully-aquatic Junín giant frog (T. macrostomus) and the semi-aquatic Junín riparian frog (T. brachydactylus). Twenty-eight of the 63 described species of Telmatobius frogs are distributed in Peru (AmphibiaWeb 2021). Unlike most other frogs, adult Telmatobius are highly or strictly aquatic, showing their greatest diversity at high elevations, above the tree line (Barrionuevo 2017). Telmatobius macrostomus and T. brachydactylus have elevational ranges of 3200–4600 and 4000–4600 m above sea level, respectively. Telmatobius macrostomus is the world’s largest aquatic frog (Sinsch and Aguilar-Puntriano 2021), and T. brachydactylus, like most Telmatobius species, is smaller. Geographically and phylogenetically they are closest to one another (Castillo and Aguilar 2019), with adults occupying the benthos. Telmatobius brachydactylus is typically found inhabiting lotic environments whereas T. macrostomus is more commonly associated with lentic environments (Sinsch 1986), however, they have been found to live in sympatry (Castillo and Aguilar 2019). Although little is known about the ecology of T. brachydactylus, adult and larval T. macrostomus are generalists, feeding entirely on aquatic prey (Castillo and Elias 2021; Watson et al. 2017a). Amphibians play a key role in aquatic food webs. They can reach high densities and biomass, exhibit high per-capita consumption rates, serve as important prey resources, and are often used as bioindicators as their populations are influenced by numerous environmental factors (Schiesari et al. 2009; Dixon et al. 2011). In addition to their importance in nutrient cycling, food web dynamics and indicators of ecosystem health, T. macrostomus and T. brachydactylus were historically a culturally important resource for human consumption (Angulo 2008). Currently, they are categorized as Endangered by Peruvian and International legislation due to declining population trends (2018a; b).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. of 8(1):p 85-91, Jan–Jun 2023. | DOI: 10. 4103/. _12_23 Abstract Background: Breakfast is one of the essential meals needed for normal growth. Skipping breakfast can cause poor concentration, fatigue, irritability, obesity, and high blood pressure, in university students. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with skipping breakfast and its attitude among university students. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted using a sample of 368 students. The sample was selected by a simple random sampling technique. A web-based, self-administered, electronic questionnaire was used to collect the data. Results: Breakfast skipping was found in 62. 4% of the participants. The most common reasons for breakfast skipping included not getting up early, not feeling hungry in the morning, and the burden of learning. The most common types of food consumed by the study subjects were juices, eggs, and cheese. A statistically significant negative relationship was found between breakfast skipping and students' overall breakfast attitudes as well as between skipping breakfast and the of the studied participants. However, there is a statistically significant positive relationship between breakfast skipping, body mass index, and the time of early morning awakening of the respondents. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that breakfast skipping was prevalent among students and their overall attitudes toward breakfast were neutral. Raising public awareness about the importance of breakfast and its impact on academic achievement by organizing and executing nutritional programs, particularly for the university students is required. is considered the most important meal of the day. Among its practical benefits are increased alertness, boosted energy, and restoring the glucose supply, and also offers other principal nutrients for optimal health. Numerous studies have demonstrated the health benefits of breakfast intake. Breakfast provides a large amount of absolute supplementation daily with a lower intake of lipid-rich foods while increasing the intake of starch, dietary fiber, and specific micronutrients. [1,2] While other meals provide supplementary nutrition for the entire day, they cannot replace breakfast requirements. [3] Evidence demonstrated that regular breakfast consumption resulted in significantly higher physical activity thermogenesis.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: 402 [96] and concatenated using Geneious v10. 2 [92], with the default parameters. BI, ML, and MP methods were used to infer phylogenetic relationships. For BI analysis, PartitionFinder v2. 1. 1 [97] was used to estimate the best partitioning schemes and substitution models (Table S5). MrBayes v3. 22 [98] based on BI, was used to construct a phylogenetic tree. Carlo (MCMC) analyses were run for two million generations, sampling one tree every 100 generations and discarding the first 25% of trees as burn-in. The obtained trees were evaluated for convergence using Tracer v1. 7. 1 [99], with effective sample sizes (ESSs) > 200. For the ML analysis, IQ-tree v2. 1. 3 [100, 101] was used to estimate the best partitioning schemes and substitution models (Table S6), and the ML bootstrap support (MLBS) value of each branch was calculated with 1000 replicates. The MP analyses employed PAUP* 4. a168 on the XSEDE platform via the Cyberinfrastructure for Science () Gateway web server. All characters were treated as unordered and equally weighted, while branches with a minimum optimized length of zero were condensed [102]. The analysis utilized a heuristic search approach with tree bisection-reconnection (TBR) branch swapping. It generated 1000 replicates, employing random-addition-sequence methodology and allowing for the storage of up to 10,000 trees per replicate. From the retained most-parsimonious trees (MPTs), a strict consensus tree was derived. Bootstrap support values were calculated using bootstrap analyses [103] involving 1000 replicates. Each replicate consisted of 10 random-addition-sequence replicates, with a maximum of 100 trees saved per replicate. Fossil record and estimation of divergence timeData for the fossil record of the WCS were obtained from the literature, the ( and the Index ( BEAST v1. 10. 4 [104] was employed to estimate the divergence time. According to the most recent time-calibrated angiosperm phylogeny [29], the stem age of the WCS is constrained to 105.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: Unfortunately, the current status of these species in terms of presence/absence, measures of abundances, and the identification of potential threats is poorly documented. This is concerning, especially considering that Telmatobius frogs have undergone severe population declines across much of their geographic range (Angulo 2008). Besides the threat of unsustainable harvest, species of Telmatobius are threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation and water pollution from urban, agricultural, and mining expansion, invasive species, climate change, and emerging infectious diseases (Catenazzi and von May 2014; 2021). The purpose of this paper is to assess the conservation value of a PA network for aquatic species in a data-poor region of the developing world. We adapted the approach of Parrish et al. (2003) by measuring threat status and ecological integrity in different PA types and conducted a survey of two frog populations at 46 locations with historic records for one or both Telmatobius species. Our specific research goals were to: (1) identify the current geographical distributions of T. macrostomus and T. brachydactylus; (2) quantify Telmatobius abundances and population trends; and (3) measure potential threats and ecological integrity at sites in different PA types. Our study area offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of PAs for aquatic species conservation in the face of extreme funding deficits, inadequate management, and surrounding resource extraction. This effort to address the conservation impact of PA type for endangered and endemic frogs is the first we know of and aims to provide critical information for biodiversity conservation and PA management. MethodsStudy area and samplingThe Junín National Reserve, of Chacamarca, and of Huayllay were designated as national PAs in 1974. The Junín National Reserve, which includes Lake Junín, a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar convention (site no. 882), is an historically important habitat for Telmatobius macrostomus, covering 530 km2. It was created for biodiversity conservation, and also under the auspices of contributing to the social and economic development of the area through the sustainable use of natural resources. Therefore, local inhabitants are allowed to use the area’s natural resources to sustain their livelihoods, and commercial use is allowed under management plans.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: [4] In addition, breakfast consumption improves appetite, satiety, diet, and sleep quality. [1] Regular breakfast consumption may also improve student's mental capacity, particularly memory, analysis, and test grades. [5] A study by Ünal et al. reported that regular breakfast habits and a good quality diet positively impact academic attainments and overall health. [6] Another study reported that regular breakfast consumption is associated with high intelligence quotient. [7] Previous evidence indicated that infrequent breakfast consumption is associated with higher body adiposity and abdominal obesity. [8] Skipped breakfast may increase the likelihood of snack intake or the tendency to overeat at lunch and dinner, leading to weight gain. [9] A study by Lovell et al. aimed to examine university students' mental health and health behavior and showed that skipping breakfast was associated with depressive symptoms. The same study revealed a correlation between skipping breakfast and mental illness. [10] Skipping breakfast was associated with lower mental health indicators and poor academic performance. [11] The dietary habit of skipping breakfast is exceptionally high and broadly predominant among university students. [12] Addressing the factors associated with breakfast skipping requires understanding the causes and attitudes of this age group toward breakfast consumption. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of breakfast skipping and its associated factors and to assess the attitude toward breakfast consumption among university students. design and sample A cross-sectional study was conducted on both female and male undergraduates of University. The total population of students comprised 386, calculated using the online Raosoft sample size calculator software, with a total population of (55,600) students, a margin of error (5%), and a confidence level of 95%. Data were collected by administering a self-reported online questionnaire so that the outreach could be maximized quickly. Nine nutrition and public health experts evaluated and reviewed the questionnaire for its content validity. The internal reliability of the questionnaire was measured using Cronbach's alpha correlation coefficient. The results showed good internal consistency, stability, and reliability (r = 0. 965). The tool has been shown to be valid and reliable for university students. A pilot study was carried out on 39 university students who were not included to assess the study tools' applicability, clarity, and feasibility. No modifications were needed. As the first step of data collection, students were identified and chosen randomly.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Fossil records provide evidence for evolutionary changes. [SEP] Text: AbbreviationsBP: Base pair BS: Bootstrap CTAB: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid ESS: Size GC: Guanine and Cytosine GTR: Reversible IR: Inverted repeat ISC: Large single-copy MCMC: : MPT: Most-parsimonious tree PCG: Plastid protein-coding genes PP: Posterior probability rRNA: Ribosomal RNA tRNA: : Small single copy TBR: Bisection-reconnection WCS: Thewoody clade? in Saxifragales 9. 19. 77. 150. 5488. 22. 232. 4. Stuttgart, Germany: Borntraeger Science; 1892. 1959. 1981. 49. 25. 1997. 20. 10. 1111/jipb. 13415. . Discordance between nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies in the heuchera group (Saxifragaceae). Evolution. 1995;49(4):727–42. 50. 1012. 41. 57. 61. Fu D, Endress PK. Cercidiphyllaceae. In: editors. Flora of China. . St. Louis: Science Press, Beijing & Garden; 2001. p. 126. 2008. p. 315–317. Tang M-S, Tsai C-C, Yang Y-P, Sheue C-R, Liu S-H. A multilocus phylogeny of Daphniphyllum (Daphniphyllaceae). Environ. 2022;107:137–52. 1997. 29. 82. 70. 31. 56. 3544. 694. 70. 104. 67. 6. 66. 57. 8. 84. 68. 708. 12. 80. 7183. 74. 8. 70. 26. 66. 30. 2. 70. 412. 66. 63. 71. 14. 98. 983. Magallón S. From fossils to molecules: phylogeny and the core eudicot floral groundplan in Hamamelidoideae (Hamamelidaceae, Saxifragales). Syst Bot. 2007;32(2):317–47. 230. 64. 66. 75. 121. 22. 83. 72. 8. 8. 93. 43.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Protected areas help preserve biodiversity and endangered species. [SEP] Text: 2022). Debate over PA size dates back almost a century, when Wright et al. (1933) recognized that PAs in the were too small for wide-ranging species. This scale mismatch continues today (e. g. , Chundawat et al. 2016), and is exemplified by migratory species that depend on the quality and connectivity of disparate habitats. On the other hand, non-migratory species have very different spatial-scale requirements. For range-limited, endangered species, the most urgent conservation action is the establishment of new PAs for target species in good quality habitat. Undoubtedly, the persistence of endangered aquatic species in heavily impacted regions is grim, and although not ideal, smaller PAs are especially important for conserving endemic species (Shafer 1995; von May et al. 2008). Furthermore, smaller PAs have the potential to be managed more intensively, focusing on reducing local-level threats (e. g. , poaching, livestock grazing, and solid waste). It is evident that a key factor for conserving biodiversity is the appropriate design of PAs, however, it is likely that no single design will provide benefits for all, and species-specific responses to protection will occur (Halpern 2003). Therefore, for PAs to succeed in the conservation of individual species, their establishment should be linked with programs designed to provide information on their effectiveness as management tools (Watson et al. 2021), and to direct a posteriori adaptive management actions (Halpern and Warner 2003). While highly and strictly aquatic species require core aquatic habitats, most amphibians have a dual reliance on terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems to complete their life-histories. For T. macrostomus and T. brachydactylus basic ecological information, such as movement or habitat requirements for reproduction, is lacking. Therefore, restricting our attention to amphibian population dynamics and community ecology in freshwater systems alone, as has been the tradition, is guaranteed to lead to incomplete understanding of the basic ecology and management requirements of these and other aquatic species (Lowe 2009). Terrestrial zones around aquatic environments are important for protecting aquatic species and may be more important than previously thought (Semlitsch and Bodie 2003). It is evident that most species are of conservation concern because certain aspects of their life history bring them into conflict with land development (Steen et al. 2012), and Telmatobius frogs of the high Andes are probably no exception.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Skipping breakfast can slow down metabolism permanently. [SEP] Text: [7,14] This study illustrated and confirmed the hypothesis of the impact of breakfast on intellectual well-being. A statistically significant negative relationship between breakfast skipping and the cumulative GPA of students was observed and those with a greater CGPA do not miss breakfast. This study also showed no statistically significant relationship between breakfast consumption/skipping and the physical activity of the studied students. A previous study found that breakfast consumption was directly linked to higher alertness levels and capability to focus throughout learning, as well as CGPA. [17] However, other studies contradicted these results and reported that being more bodily active significantly influences breakfast consumption. [26,27] Most notably, there was a significant positive relationship between breakfast skipping and the BMI of the studied students. This finding is consistent with a study conducted to assess the effect of breakfast skipping on university students' BMI, which found that those who consume breakfast have a lower BMI than those who skip breakfast. [28] Several earlier studies have found a direct correlation between skipping breakfast and obesity. [21,29,30] Similarly, studies showed that a greater proportion of overweight and obese pupils preferred to skip breakfast or eat it seldom. [31,32] Increased weight among breakfast skippers may be attributed to unhealthy food choices to make up for a missed breakfast. This study revealed that the overall mean of the studied students' attitudes toward breakfast consumption was neutral. Positive attitude toward breakfast was observed among female teenagers in other studies. [33] In the present study, most participants indicated that breakfast consumption is significant for general health, and more than two-thirds reported that it is vital for increasing intellectual functioning. Another study also reported that more than 50% of participants strongly agreed that breakfast is a critical meal in the day, and contradictorily, 45% of male and 51% of female students skip their breakfast. [34] A negative correlation was observed between breakfast skipping and overall attitudes toward breakfast consumption among the students, which means that students with a positive attitude toward breakfast tend to consume it. The main limitation of this study is a self-reported questionnaire for breakfast consumption, which is subject to measurement error. However, the use of a self-reported questionnaire is common to acquire information about breakfast consumption, and its reliability has been verified in highly cited studies. [35,36] current study showed that nearly two-thirds of university students skipped breakfast and their overall breakfast attitudes are neutral.

Output: contrast