Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: The study of current climate change and the development of projections for the future requires a solid foundation in the study of previous climate change. Based on historical findings and trends, many tools have been used to reconstruct the temperature record and predict GHG values and vice versa. The key tools, models and their corresponding findings are presented in Table 2. Year of Development(s)Organisation/CountryCO2 eq. (GTons)(°C)Other ScenariosPeriodRef. 2023 (Most updated version)C-/Ventana System/Climate Interactive66. 83. 32U/D2023–2100[35]2021Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse Gas-Change ()Climate Resource126. 29< 4. 01. 5 °C2. 0 °C2020–2100[36]2023Global Energy-Climate (GEC)IEA—2023–2100[37, 38]Table 2. Key emerging integrated climate assessment models. U/D – User dependent, NZE – Net Zero, (AP), STEP (Stated and Planned), A – Assumed based on temperature projections from IPCC reports. The three models and tools (C-and GEC) highlighted in Table 2 are all integrated assessment tools, which extract insights and data from several existing and conventional climate models, meteorological, macroeconomic and sector-by-sector data. The GEC model is used mainly to study possible future states of transition into net-zero carbon emissions from energy systems only while keeping in view several sets of assumptions consistent with the sixth assessment report by the IPCC to limit global warming to less than 1. 5°C (with a minimum of 50% probability) with a negligible possibility of exceeding that objective [37]. In the temperature projection part, IPCC scenarios are used. The IPCC scenarios are majorly derived from the model [36]. is a less complicated climate system model, which anticipates future climate change and Earth’s component interactions with uncertainty. simulates the carbon cycle, methane cycle and anthropogenic aerosol emissions in four boxes representing the Earth’s land and ocean. Hence, climate change, greenhouse gas concentrations, effective radiative forcing, temperature change, Earth system heat absorption and sea-level rise are projected [36]. The drawback with the is its set temperature projection limitation, making it difficult to assess the exact estimate values of other constituting factors that influence temperature changes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, the potential of fed-batch SSF with substrate, enzyme and yeast feed can be improved by addressing the challenges pertaining to enzymatic hydrolysis. MethodsMediaThe inoculum for anaerobic fermentations and SSF experiments was prepared by cultivation in minimal medium containing 20 g L-1 glucose and enriched with salts, and 2-fold addition of vitamins and trace elements according to Verduyn et al. [34]. The pH of the medium was set to 6. 0 with 1 M NaOH for all shake-flask cultivations. YPD plates containing 10 g L-1 yeast extract, 20 g L-1 peptone, 20 g L-1 glucose and 20 g L-1 agar were used for colony forming unit (CFU) determination during the SSF. A YNB plate containing 6. 9 g L-1 yeast nitrogen base (without amino acids), 20 g L-1 glucose and 20 g L-1 agar was used to isolate individual colonies of yeast. MicroorganismS. cerevisiae Thermosacc Dry was purchased from Lallemand, USA. The dry yeast was suspended in 5 ml of minimal medium and a loop full of cell suspension was streaked on a YNB plate, which was later incubated at 30°C for 2 days. A loop full of colonies of the same size were picked and re-suspended in 50 ml of minimal medium in a 150-ml shake flask, which was later incubated at 30°C on an orbital shaker set at 180 rpm until the late exponential phase (approximately 20 h). Aliquots of cell suspension (1 ml) were mixed with 0. 5 ml of 60% sterile glycerol and stored at -80°C in sterile vials. Volumes of 100 μl from the vials were used to inoculate precultures. Pretreated spruceSpruce slurry with a WIS content of 20. 3%, w/w (weight of insoluble solids to weight of slurry) was received from SEKAB-E-Technology AB (Örnsköldsvik, Sweden) and the composition of slurry is given in Table 1. The slurry was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 minutes to separate the solid and the liquid fractions. Neither the solid nor the liquid fraction was subjected to chemical or physical detoxification.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: high‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Intervention: RV1 Comparison: placebo or no intervention comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo or no intervention RV1 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 60 per 1000 22 per 1000 (14 to 36) RR 0. 37 (0. 23 to 0. 60) 6114 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to one year follow‐up. We did not downgrade for inconsistency as the heterogeneity observed in the pooled data (I2 statistic = 57%) was due to within‐study heterogeneity (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF results split by country) Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 43 per 1000 28 per 1000 (22 to 35) RR 0. 65 (0. 51 to 0. 83) 13,768** (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to two years follow‐up. Sensitivity analysis excluding the cluster‐RCT (RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD) that contributed data to this outcome showed no significant change in effect estimate or 95% CI (RR 0. 58, 95% CI 0. 42 to 0. 79, n = 2764, 1 RCT) Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 176 per 1000 129 per 1000 (99 to 167) RR 0. 73 (0. 56 to 0. 95) 5639 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to one year follow‐up.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Also, the does not allow for user definitions to ascertain possible feedback based on inputs. Therefore, C-ROAD, with several additional capabilities highlighted in Table 3, has become more pertinent and open-source for user interaction and feedback for policy simulation and decisions. CapabilityDescriptionAccessibilityThe model provides real-time features through a user-friendly graphical interface. ConsistencyThe findings of the on Climate Change’s Report (AR5), along with other organisations and knowledge derived from comprehensive models, align consistently with the outcomes of the simulator. FlexibilityThe model can accommodate a diverse range of user-defined scenarios, which can vary in terms of their complexity. RobustnessThe model effectively encompasses the inherent uncertainty around the potential climatic effects that are linked to decisions regarding emissions. TransparencyThere is access to the equations; they may be checked, and they are displayed graphically. UnderstandingThe causes of the model pattern’s expression can be identified and traced to real behaviours. LimitationNo economic assessment considerations, less spatial resolution and less detailed assessment of climate impacts. Table 3. C-ROAD model capabilities and limitations. As already mentioned in sections 1 and 2 of this study, the objective of the study is to simulate different policy measures available and may be required to transit towards the 1. 5°C scenario. The goal of this simulation procedure is to ascertain the different NDC composition pathways under the context of climate justice needed by all countries and or regions to reduce emissions. The simulation is done to ascertain the possible reduction value at critical years up to the year 2100. Figure 5 shows a schematic of how the model’s process flow is represented, as embedded in the tool used, which is described in the next section. 4. 3 Description of tool used for the study and governing equationsThe tool used in this study integrates climate science, economics and policy analysis to develop a comprehensive and reliable simulation framework. Using fundamental principles, C-ROADS is a real-time system dynamics model that allows users to input actions to reduce GHG emissions from land use and forestry. For studying complex systems across time, developed system dynamics in the 1950s [39]. The system dynamics employs system thinking to analyse the dynamic interplay and feedback between various system components and factors [40, 41]. A system dynamics model’s structure and behaviour may be shown using stock and flow, as in Figure 6 for this study.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The solid fraction was used as a substrate feed for SSF. The liquid fraction along with the minimal medium was used for cultivation during the adaptation step. The liquid fraction was also used for anaerobic fermentation to assess its fermentability by Thermosacc. Cultivation of ThermosaccThe preculture for cell cultivation was developed in 50 ml of minimal medium in a 150-ml shake flask incubated at 30°C on an orbital shaker set at 180 rpm for 20 h. The cells were cultivated in a 3. 6-L Infors HT-Labfors bioreactor in two stages, an initial batch phase in minimal medium, followed by a fed-batch phase of adaptation in a medium of liquid fraction with minimal medium. The batch phase was initiated by adding 50 ml of preculture to a working volume of 500 ml, and the cultivation was carried out until the growth on glucose followed by ethanol was completed, which was indicated by CO2 evolution in the off-gas and by the dissolved oxygen concentration in the culture. Upon exhaustion of glucose and ethanol in the batch phase, a feed solution of the liquid fraction (from pretreated slurry) and minimal medium was fed linearly for 16 h to a final volume of 1. 3 L. The concentration of liquid fraction in the feed solution was 50% (v/v). The minimal medium was supplemented to the feed solution to a final hexose (glucose, mannose and galactose) concentration of 50 g L-1 and the salts, vitamins and trace elements were correspondingly scaled up. The stirrer speed was set to 700 rpm during the batch phase and increased linearly to 1,000 rpm during the fed-batch phase. The aeration rate was maintained at 1 volume per volume per minute (vvm) and the pH was maintained at 5. 0 by automatic addition of 2 M NaOH. Cell suspension was harvested after the fed-batch phase and used as yeast loading for anaerobic fermentation and also as initial yeast loading for the subsequent fed-batch SSF process. After the fed-batch phase the cultivation process was changed to a continuous mode with the adaptation feed solution with a flow rate of 50 ml h-1 and the working volume was maintained at 1 L. A part of the outflow was manually regulated as a cell suspension feed to the SSF reactor.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 08 to 0. 39) 7318 (4 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderateb due to inconsistency RV5 probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting Severe all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting All‐cause death Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 1 per 1000 (0 to 1) RR 1. 13 (0. 65 to 1. 96) 77,642 (9 studies) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ lowc due to imprecision RV5 may make little or no difference to all‐cause death compared to placebo. All serious adverse events Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 27 per 1000 25 per 1000 (23 to 28) RR 0. 93 (0. 86 to 1. 02) 75,672 (8 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 makes little or no difference to serious adverse events compared to placebo. Serious adverse events: intussusception Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 0 per 1000 (0 to 1) RR 0. 77 (0. 41 to 1. 45) 78,907 (12 studies) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ lowd due to imprecision RV5 may make little or no difference to intussusception compared to placebo. *The basis for the assumed risk is the control group risk across studies included in the meta‐analysis. The corresponding risk (and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio grades of evidence High‐certainty: further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate‐certainty: further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Users can see the system’s responses through simulations utilising system dynamics models. They also investigate the impact of dynamic complexity on system behaviour and unintended outcomes and can use it to develop a case for business [42], technology, market, carbon dynamics emission [43], strategic scenario forecasting [44] and as a guide for other policy decisions. Figure 6. C-ROADS model architecture [45]. Note: Key stocks (carbon cycle and other GHG stocks), key flows (CO2 and other GHG emissions), and feedback (temperature feedback based on carbon cycle from ocean-atmosphere interaction owing to radiative forcing, cooling feedback and heat contents). The C-ROADS integrates national and regional emission and land use sectors, aiming to understand how national and regional commitments could contribute to climate objectives. It generates findings efficiently and is used to support other integrated assessment models, calibrating results using larger disaggregated models [45]. The capabilities and limitations of the C-ROADS based on the model technical reference in [45] are presented in Table 3. Figure 6 depicts the C-ROAD architecture for the emissions versus global temperature transition. The C-ROADS has mainly three phases, as shown in Figure 6. The user input, climate model and the impact phase. The user input phase allows users to set the year of peak emissions, start reduction and level of effort to prevent deforestation and promote afforestation. The reduction levels are a function of the summation of the aggregate percentages of greenhouse gas emissions. In the second phase, the climate model is a fifth-order linear system with three negative feedback loops that control deep ocean warming (Hd, and Rd), as well as heat content in the atmosphere and surface ocean (Hs, and Rs). Radiative forcing Fr, cooling feedback (Fo, and Fd) and heat content (H and R) all have an impact on the first-order ocean warming response. Based on the climate interactive technical reference in [45], the equation governing the variables can be represented in the Eqs. (1)–(6) as follows:Ts=HsRsE1Td=HdRdE2Hs=∫Frt−Fot−Fdtdt+Hs0E3Hd=∫Fdtdt+Hd0E4Where (Ts, and Td) are the surface and deep ocean temperatures, respectively.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Fed-batch SSF with substrate and enzyme-cocktail feed was carried out in a similar way but with all the required yeast cell suspension added at the beginning. Fed-batch SSF with substrate and cell-suspension feed was carried out in a similar manner but with all the required enzyme preparation added at the beginning. The temperature was maintained at 35°C and pH at 5. 0 by automatic addition of 5 M NaOH. The stirrer speed was set at 700 rpm for batch SSF and 400 rpm for fed-batch SSF. All the experiments were carried out in duplicates. Colony-forming unitsSamples collected during the SSF were serially diluted using sterile normal saline solution; 100 μl of two of the dilutions were plated on YPD plates and incubated at 30°C for 2 days and the colonies were counted and represented as CFU ml-1. Sample preparationTo make the sample pipettable equivalent to water, 1 g of the withdrawn sample from SSF was diluted five times with milliQ water. The diluted samples were quantified for metabolites by HPLC. The concentrations (including the dilution factor) of metabolites obtained by HPLC were represented in g (metabolite) kg (slurry)-1. This concentration was used to determine the yields presented in Table 2. However, for the data representation in the graphs and elsewhere in the text, the concentration (g kg-1) was converted to concentration (g L-1) by multiplying with a conversion factor of 1. 06 (kg L-1). The conversion factor was determined by pipetting 1 ml of slurry using a cut tip and weighing. Analysis of metabolitesSamples for extracellular metabolites were analyzed by HPLC using Aminex HPX-87H column with 30 × 4. 6 mm Cation-H Biorad micro-guard column (Bio-) maintained at 45°C; 5 mM H2SO4 was used as an eluent at a flow rate of 0. 6 ml min-1. Glycerol, ethanol and acetic acid were detected using an RI detector maintained at 35°C; HMF and furfural were detected using a UV detector at 210 nm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Low‐certainty: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low‐certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. aDowngraded by one for imprecision. The total number of events was very low. bDowngraded by one for inconsistency. We found substantial heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 44%). Consistency was restored when removing the one study carried out only in a very low‐mortality (stratum A) country, with results then showing a slightly smaller effect (RR 0. 22, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0. 36, 6291 participants, 3 studies). cDowngraded by two for imprecision. These trials were not powered to detect an effect on mortality. dDowngraded by two for imprecision. There was a 1:10,000 to 1:32,000 increased risk of intussusception with a previous rotavirus vaccine (Bines 2005), so these trials were not powered to detect an association between RV1 and intussusception. Open in table viewerSummary of findings 4. RV5 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: high‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Intervention: RV5 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV5 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 30 per 1000 13 per 1000 (9 to 19) RR 0. 43 (0. 29 to 0. 62) 5916 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 63 per 1000 37 per 1000 (27 to 51) RR 0. 59 (0. 43 to 0. 82) 5885 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: (Fo, and Fd) are the cooling feedback, outgoing radioactive flux and heat flux to the ocean, respectively. Fot=λ∗TsE5Fdt=Rd∗Ts−TdτE6Where λ and τ are climate feedback parameters and heat transfer constant. The radiative forcing Fr from CO2 is a logarithmic function of atmospheric CO2 concentration [46,47], while the total Fr, required to quantify CH4 and N2O forcings, is smaller than the sum of the Fr for either gas alone. F-gas forcings are the product of CO2 concentration and radiative forcing coefficient, while other forcings from aerosols and tropospheric ozone are exogenous time-varying parameters. While CO2 concentrations in Eq. (7) are a function of the ratio of atmospheric CO2 concentrations to pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 concentrations. CO2concentration=CO2atmCO2pre−industrialatmE7The equilibrium temperature response TE is determined by the radiative forcing coefficient and climate feedback parameters. Therefore, TE is represented in Eq. (8) as follows:TE=κλ∗InCO2atmCO2pre−industrialatmIn2E8On running the model, the output shows the temperature changes with the emissions, which can be extracted for further analysis. The last phase, the impact phase, produces the consequence effect of temperature changes on sea level rise with flood risk map, pH level, ocean acidification, crop yield decrease, possible death from extreme heat and animal and plant species loss. 5. Dataset and definition of scenarios5. 1 DatasetUnder full yearly resolution up to 2010, six regions modes were assumed, categorised into rest of advanced countries and the rest of developing countries. Both the techno-economic and socio-economic factors play a role in forecasting CO2 emissions and temperature level changes. The main input variables for estimating emissions in Gigatons per CO2 equivalent and global temperature changes are based on the features of Eqs. (1)–(8). The model input baseline values of countries and regional generation profiles used are extracted from recent data from the following sources, as stated in Table 4. InputDescription5. 4. [13]Table 4. Model input data and sources.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The monomeric sugars in the samples were analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography using 4 × 250 mm Dionex CarboPac PA1 column with 4 × 50 mm guard column (Thermo Scientific, Sweden) maintained at 30°C. Eluent A: 300 mM NaOH, eluent B: 100 mM NaOH + 85 mM sodium acetate were used for elution at a flow rate of 1 ml min-1. Monosaccharides including galactose, glucose and mannose were detected using pulsed amperometric detector. Ethanol yield calculationThe ethanol yield was represented as % of the maximum theoretical yield based on total available hexose sugars. The sum of available fermentable sugars, including glucose, mannose and galactose in the liquid fraction and WIS fraction was calculated. Due to the addition of water during hydrolysis, the theoretical weight of glucose released is 1. 11 times the weight of glucan. By using the maximum theoretical ethanol yield of 0. 51 g g-1 sugar, the maximum ethanol that can be produced from total available sugars was calculated. The percentage of the theoretical ethanol yield is defined as: Y SE = 100 * produced amount of ethanol g maximum theoretical amount of ethanol g AbbreviationsCFU: colony-forming units FPU: filter paper units HMF: 5-hydroxy-methyl furfural HPAEC: high performance anion exchange chromatography HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography SSF: simultaneous saccharification and fermentation WIS: water insoluble solids YPD: yeast extract peptone dextrose. 875. 10. 1016/j. enconman. 2010. 08. 013628. 10. 1007/s00253-002-1058-91117. 233. 10. 1002/bit. 260340211497. 10. 1021/ef800434u415. 10. 1016/j. enzmictec. 2011. 01. 007349. 10. 1002/jctb. 167653. 10. 1016/j. tibtech. 2013. 10. 003870. 10. 1002/bit. 2111581. 10. 1007/BF029507784964. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2009. 11. 01014. 10. 1186/1754-6834-3-147. 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Moderate‐certainty: further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low‐certainty: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low‐certainty: we are very uncertain about the estimate. aDowngraded by one for indirectness. Single trial conducted in three African countries (Mali, Ghana, and Kenya), so generalization to any high‐mortality country is difficult. bDowngraded by two for imprecision. These trials were not powered to detect an effect on mortality. cDowngraded by one for imprecision. The 95% CI includes both no effect and appreciable harm. dDowngraded by two for imprecision. There was a 1:10,000 to 1:32,000 increased risk of intussusception with a previous rotavirus vaccine (Bines 2005), so these trials were not powered to detect an association between RV1 and intussusception. Open in table viewerSummary of findings 5. Rotavac compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: one high‐mortality country (India) (WHO stratum D) Intervention: Rotavac Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) No of Participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 1 year 31 per 1000 13 per 1000 (9 to 19) RR 0. 43 (0. 30 to 0. 60) 6799 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness Rotavac probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea follow‐up: up to 2 years 47 per 1000 21 per 1000 (16 to 28) RR 0. 46 (0. 35 to 0. 60) 6541 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness Rotavac probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: er=NDCi1001nE9Where er is the annual emissions reduction (expressed in percentage), NDC is the national determined contribution for each country i, and n is the number of periods (in years) to fulfil that commitment, starting from the year the NDC was submitted to the under the registry in [13]. 1 emission reduction rate per annum, as calculated, is presented in Table 5. CategoryCountry/RegionAnnual reduction (%)NDC (Targets)0. 9465%2030AUSA0. 92850–52%2030DIndia0. 91545%2030AEurope0. 90340%2030DRest of (RAC)NU—P/DARest of (RDC)NU—P/DTable 5. Annual emissions reduction based on updated policies of selected top GHG emitters (Type 1, calculated as per eq. (9)). *NU – Non-Uniform, P/D – Partly defined and not same across all the developing and advanced countries. 5. 2 Scenario definitionsThe definition of the scenarios is presented in Table 6. The different simulation input data in the form of NDC based on each scenario is made as a hypothesis as in Table 6 and described in the 12. 0 °but equal shares across all regionsTable A11. 5 °but equal shares across all regionsTable A1Table 6. Scenario definitions and hypothesis. 6. Results and discussion6. 1 FindingsThe results of the simulation are presented in this section under two categories: Policy versus global temperature rise in Figure 7 and policy versus emissions in Figure 8. The detailed emissions values per country or region (i. e. , of Developed Countries, China, India, and the Rest of Developing Countries) are included in the 7. Different simulated policies versus global temperature rise. Figure 8. Different simulated policies versus emission. The simulation results of the emissions reduction scenarios of Figures 7 and 8 provide insights into how the five scenarios (baseline, announced type 1 and 2, 2 and 1. 5°C scenarios) might influence future temperature levels. Simulations show that reducing emissions results in lower temperatures compared to scenarios where emissions continue to rise at the baseline scenarios. The extent of reduction significantly influences the simulated temperature outcomes, with more substantial reductions of 0. 9, 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The dominant biopharmaceuticals produced by S. cerevisiae are insulin (and insulin analogs), human serum albumin, hepatitis vaccines and virus like p1. Overview of some biopharmaceuticals produced by S. cerevisiaeCitation12secretory pathway in yeast is quite complex (see Fig. 1 for a schematic overview) as it involves more than 160 proteins that are responsible for different post-translational processes, e. g. , folding and glycosylation. The secretory pathway handles more than 550 proteins that have a signal peptide in the yeast proteome, but only very few of these proteins are secreted to the extracellular matrix as all proteins targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi, vacuole and cytoplasmic membrane are also processed through the secretory pathway. Protein folding in the ER is of key importance for the secretory pathway as the accumulation of mis-folded proteins results in ER stress that is handled then by the unfolded protein response (UPR). Activation of the UPR results in transcriptional change of about 400 genes,Citation20 many of which are under regulation of the Hac1p transcription factor. Citation21 A result of this regulation is upregulation of chaperones and foldases as well as ER associated degradation (ERAD). Based on studies of the UPR many targets for improving protein secretion have been identified and implemented,Citation12 and it is generally believed that any factor that reduces ER stress and its downstream damage caused by heterologous protein production, results in improved secretion of the produced protein. Figure 1. Schematic overview of the secretory pathway in yeast. Proteins targeted for secretion enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). If they fold correctly they can enter the secretory pathway, whereas misfolded protein cause ER stress leading to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that results in activation of a very large number of cellular processes, including activation of chaperones and foldases (like BIP and PDI) that assist with refolding. UPR is also upregulating ER-associated degradation (ERAD) where the unfolded proteins are exported from the ER, ubiquitinated and hereby targeted for degradation by the proteasome (ubiquitin-proteasome system, UPS).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: We excluded 78 studies for the reasons given in the Characteristics of excluded studies section. Included studies The 55 included trials enrolled about 216,480 participants (approximate number, as some trials provided only the number evaluable), and each trial compared a rotavirus vaccine with a placebo. The vaccines tested were RV1 (36 trials reported in 171 publications or reports; 119,114 participants), RV5 (15 trials reported in 60 publications or reports; 88,934 participants), and Rotavac (4 trials reported in 13 publications or reports; 8432 participants). The trials were conducted in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, and the location can be identified in the study reference: AF, Africa; AS, Asia; EU, Europe; INT, several international locations; LA, Latin America; NA, North America; or country three‐letter acronym according to ISO 3166‐1 Alpha‐3 (e. g. BGD for Bangladesh) from www. all‐acronyms. com/special/countries_acronyms_and_abbreviations, if the study was conducted in a single country. 1. RV1 The 36 RV1 trials were published between 1998 and 2017. Five of the trials are unpublished and were located on the GlaxoSmithKline website through clinicalstudyresults. org or clinicaltrials. gov. One trial (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF) provided country‐specific data for efficacy outcomes but not for safety outcomes, and was consequently split into RV1 Madhi 2010‐MWI and RV1 Madhi 2010‐ZAF for the Malawi‐ and South Africa‐specific data. Twenty‐five trials enrolled around 500 participants or fewer, three trials enrolled around 1000 participants, seven trials enrolled between 2155 and 12,318 participants, and one large trial enrolled 63,225 participants. Most children were aged between one and three months at the time of the first vaccination. trials included healthy infants. Two trials included HIV‐infected or ‐exposed infants (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF; RV1 Steele 2010a‐ZAF), one trial included premature infants (RV1 Omenaca 2012‐EU), and one trial included children aged two to six years (RV1 Li 2013a‐CHN). Outcome measures Each trial reported on one or more of the outcome measures specified for this review (see 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 5 and 6% having a more pronounced impact on limiting global temperature increase to 2. 62, 2. 0 and 1. 5°C, respectively. In all the scenarios, the temperature rises from 2023 till 2100. However, the average annual temperature growth rate is different, with 1. 15, 1. 04, 0. 84, 0. 50 and 0. 12%, for the baseline, announced type 1 and 2, 2 and 1. 5°C scenarios, respectively. Similarly, the average annual emissions reduction growth rate is −0. 09, 0. 50, 0. 90, 2. 28 and 4. 12%, respectively. The baseline scenario has a negative emissions reduction growth rate, which implies that emissions may continually be on the increase. Emissions are expected to peak between the years 2070–2080 owing to the envisaged world’s population peak at that time, too; hence, there may be a reduced need for high energy usage in the building and other sectors, resulting in fewer emissions. Ideally, the output of average annual emissions reduction growth rate in, particularly, the announced 2, 2 and 1. 5°C scenarios are supposed to be equal to the input emission reduction commitment per annum of 0. 9, 2. 5 and 6%, respectively. However, this is not the case with the simulation results as the model considers other factors, such as the population-economic growth dynamics of countries. Also, the world economic growth measured in annual GDP growth rate is expected to decrease, based on the OECD data for real GDP forecast [48]. The economies of industrialised nations, such as China, are expected to peak, while those of the developing nations may continue to rise as they transition into being industrialised and with more accessibility to electricity for all population. These dynamics resulted in discrepancies between emission reduction commitment and the output of the average annual emissions reduction growth rate in the announced 2, 2 and 1. 5°C scenarios. The cost of delaying the decision to reduce emissions is not to be overlooked as the consequences outweigh the immediate cost of action. Given a short time interval between 2023 and 2030, the average annual temperature growth rates are 1. 76, 1. 67, 1. 67, 1. 67 and 1. 48%, while the average annual emissions reduction growth rates are 0. 03, 0. 06, 0. 17, 0. 43% for the baseline, announced type 1 and 2, 2 and 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Correctly folded proteins can be exported to the Golgi for further processing (including additional glycosylation). The COPI- and COPII-complexes facilitate the ER-Golgi transfer, and from the Golgi the protein may be secreted via the endosome or be targeted to the vacuole for storage and/or degradation. Different colors represent different types of vesicular compartments of the secretory pathway. Display full sizeDue to the complexity of the protein secretion pathway there has traditionally been focus on transcriptional regulation of protein production. A large number of different promoters have been evaluated for driving expression of the heterologous genes, and among the most widely used promoters are strong glycolytic promoters like pTDH3, pPGK1 or pTPI1, pADH1, or galactose induced promoters like pGAL1, pGAL7 or pGAL10. Citation12 However, even though changing expression may improve production of one protein, it does not imply there would be improvement in production of another protein, as clearly demonstrated in our recent study on production of insulin precursor and α-amylase. Citation22 In this study we used an expression system originally developed by Novo for their insulin production. This expression system involves deletion of the TPI1 gene in the chromosome and use of the corresponding gene, POT1, from Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a plasmid marker (see Fig. 2). This gives a very stable construct as all cells losing the plasmid will be deficient in triose-phosphate isomerase activity, a key glycolytic enzyme. A particular strength of this method is that it is stable also with use of complex media containing amino acids and nucleotides, which is not the case with standard yeast auxotrophy markers. Using this vector system we evaluated two different promoters (pTPI1 and pTEF1) as well as two different leader sequences (synthetic leader and the α-factor leader) for production of insulin precursor and α-amylase, and found that there was considerable differences in production of the two proteins with the different expression systems evaluated, i. e. , with low gene expression α-amylase was produced at higher levels, whereas for high gene expression system insulin precursor was produced at higher levels.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RV1 Bernstein 1999‐USA; RV1 Kawamura 2011‐JPN; RV1 Li 2014‐CHN; RV1 Phua 2005‐SGP; RV1 Phua 2009‐AS; RV1 Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA; RV1 Tregnaghi 2011‐LA; RV1 Vesikari 2004b‐FIN; RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU), and high‐mortality countries (RV1 Colgate 2016‐BGD; RV1 Madhi 2010‐MWI; RV1 Madhi 2010‐ZAF; RV1 Steele 2010b‐ZAF; RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) RV1 reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 84% after one year (RR 0. 16, 95% CI 0. 09 to 0. 26; 43,779 participants, 7 trials) and by 82% after two years (RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 14 to 0. 23; 36,002 participants, 9 trials; Analysis 1. 2). After three years there was no statistically significant difference between RV1 and placebo (RR 0. 10, 95% CI 0. 01 to 1. 52; 12,109 participants, two trials (RV1 Phua 2009‐AS and RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU; data not shown)). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year (I2 statistic = 61%, Analysis 1. 1) and three years (I2 statistic = 69%, data not shown) follow‐up. High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) RV1 reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 63% during the first year of follow‐up (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 60; 6114 participants, 4 comparisons from 3 trials) and by 35% after two years (RR 0. 65, 95% CI 0. 51 to 0. 83; 7113 participants, 3 comparisons from 2 trials; Analysis 1. 2). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 statistic = 57%, Analysis 1. 1).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 5°C scenarios, respectively. The percentage changes within a short time series appear very little compared with the case of the long-term difference, even with the large emission reduction commitments. This is in line with the work by L. A. Gil-Alana [14], which has shown that global temperature changes are hardly noticeable until a long-term span. The degree of uncertainty in determining how much temperature rise can be ascertained in the short term is owing to many variables that result in these changes. Some of these variables could be attributed to various factors such as carbon cycle dynamics, complex interactions and other uncertainties such as future human behaviour in terms of the release of anthropogenic gases, technological advancements and natural system responses. Overall, simulations consistently show that reducing emissions is crucial for mitigating global temperature rise, with even moderate reductions of 0. 9% in the announced type 1 scenario slowing the pace of temperature rise. Figure 9 shows the results of all five scenarios in the years 2030, 2050 and 2100 for the different countries and regions where the commitments were made. In the baseline scenario of Figure 9(a), only the EU shows emission reduction to 4. 06, 3,63 and 3,03 Gtons CO2 eq in the years 2030, 2050 and 2100, respectively. At the same time, China showed a continuous increase to 15. 98 Gtons CO2 eq in 2050 from the 15. 29 Gtons CO2 eq value of 2030, with a corresponding reduction to 12. 25 Gtons CO2 eq by 2100. The rest of the advanced countries showed a value of 8. 4 and 7. 67 Gtons CO2 eq in 2030 and 2050, respectively, with an increase to 7. 76 Gtons CO2 eq by 2100. For the USA, India and the rest of developing countries, emissions value continually increased across the baseline scenario. In the rest of the other four scenarios, as in Figure 9(b)–(d), all six regions show progress in emissions reduction due to the introduction of policies to support emissions reduction. However, the results show an envisaged high growth in emissions value of the rest of developing countries. This change is an indication of the anticipated high growth in industrialisation and increase in energy accessibility across developing countries, being a part of the UN Goal (SDG) 7 of providing clean and modern energy for all.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Citation22 This pointed to very different protein processing in the ER, i. e. , the larger and more complex α-amylase is more challenging for ER-processing when the flux is high. This hypothesis was confirmed by a measured increase in ER stress (by genome-wide transcription analysis) in the α-amylase producing strains. Based on this analysis it was hypothesized that engineering of the down-stream secretion pathway may be able to improve the secretion of amylase, and indeed overexpressing regulators of the so-called SNARE complex, Sec1p and Sly1p, resulted in improved protein secretion. Citation23 Moreover, it was found that overexpression of SEC1, that is involved in regulating vesicle trafficking from Golgi to the cell membrane, resulted in improved production of both insulin precursor and α-amylase, whereas overexpression of SLY1, that is involved in regulating the vesicle fusion from ER to Golgi, increased only the α-amylase production. Citation23 Through combined overexpression of the Sec1p and Sly1p the overall secretion of α-amylase could be improved by about 70%, whereas insulin precursor production was increased by about 30%, and the study therefore clearly demonstrates that engineering of the secretory pathway can result in significant improvement of recombinant protein production. Figure 2. Illustration of the stable expression system with a glycolytic gene as the selection marker. One of the glycolytic enzymes is used as a marker for plasmid presence: the endogenous gene encoding triosephosphate isomerase (TPI1) is deleted and the corresponding gene (POT1) from Schizosaccharomyces pombe is expressed from a plasmid. The same plasmid carries the gene for the heterologous gene to be expressed (here demonstrated with a gene encoding human insulin). If the plasmid is lost the cells lack a key glycolytic enzyme and the glycolytic flux is therefore reduced dramatically resulting in impaired growth. Cells that are replicating the plasmid in high copy numbers and expressing the genes from the plasmid therefore have an inherent growth advantage.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 71; 39,091 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 1. 6). One trial reported on severe all‐cause diarrhoea after three years follow‐up (RV1 Phua 2009‐AS); RV1 reduced the number of severe cases by 27% (RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 61 to 0. 88; 10,519 participants; data not shown). High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) RV1 reduced the number of severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea by 27% at one year follow‐up (RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 95; 5639 participants, 3 comparisons from 2 trials; Analysis 1. 3), and by 17% at two years follow‐up (RR 0. 83, 95% CI 0. 72 to 0. 96; 2764 participants, 2 comparisons from 1 trial; Analysis 1. 4). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 statistic = 75%). 1. 1. 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Though substantial progress has been made in this regard, there is still a huge gap in the population’s access to electricity in developing countries. For instance, only about 60% of Africa’s population has access to electricity [49] and yet, there is also an increasing population growth compared with the other regions or nations [50]. Therefore, in closing this gap while reducing the probability of high emissions from this form of industrialisation, energy from renewable sources should be highly utilised as this could drastically reduce further emissions from the power sector. Mitra S. et al. [51] emphasised the importance of such energies to be affordable towards increasing universal accessibility. The issues and challenges to achieving these are numerous and diverse, with the key ones being discussed by Akpan J. et al. in [26] and Batinge B. et al. in [52] providing a roadmap for reducing energy poverty in African electricity markets. Figure 9. Summary of simulation results at strategic period across countries/regions’ (all scenarios). (a) Baseline scenario; (b) announced policy type 1; (c) announced policy type 2; (d) (d) 2. 0°C scenario; (e) 1. 5°C scenario. Consequently, considering climate justice, the NDC initiative proposed during COP26 is left in the hands of each country to determine its contribution to the global value in the drive to meet the UN SDG 2030 target. The results from sections 6. 1 and 6. 2 indicate that in the baseline case, the announced policies, types 1 and 2, are insufficient to mitigate global warming and climate change effects. Whereas, in the other two scenarios (i. e. , 1. 5 and 2. 0°C scenarios), the world needs to increase its current NDC of emissions reduction by about 6. 5% and 2. 5%, respectively, and concurrently across the six regions used in the hypothesis of this study has been defined in Table A1. In this way, reduction commitments can be. However, this measure is not without a challenge. The next section presents a discussion on this constraint and then proposes potential pathways that could help overcome the challenge with the strategy of equal percentage reduction commitment. 6.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Display full sizeThere are many other studies that clearly demonstrate that engineering of the secretory pathway can result in improved protein production,Citation12 but a general finding is that most targets are quite specific, depending which particular protein is being overexpressed. Ideally, there would be one (or few) efficient yeast platform strain(s) that can serve as production host for a wide range of different biopharmaceuticals. There is therefore a need for a more rational approach to engineering yeast for improved protein secretion. In such an approach detailed models of the secretory pathway can be used for design, similarly as it has been done with engineering of metabolic pathways, where the use of genome-scale metabolic models has been shown to be of great importance. Citation15,Citation24,Citation25 This approach is referred to as Metabolic Engineering, and the workflow, often called the Cycle,Citation26 is illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3. Schematic overview of the metabolic engineering cycle where systems biology tools are implemented for design of improved cell factories. Through advanced modeling novel targets for genetic engineering can be identified, e. g. , to ensure improved protein secretion. These targets are evaluated by characterizing the strains in bioreactors where rates of biomass growth, sugar consumption, and product formation are quantified. Fermentation analysis may be combined with high-throughput analyses, or omics analyses, where the transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and fluxome are measured. Omics analyses may provide new insights into the cellular metabolism and physiology, and this may be used to improve the models, that can hence be used for further design. The metabolic engineering cycle is very similar to the workflow of many systems biology studies where perturbation of the cellular system is performed using genetic engineering, e. g. , by overexpression or deletion of specific genes, followed by detailed analysis that can be used to define a mathematical model for the biological system. Display full sizeAs illustrated, the workflow involves detailed modeling, often based on detailed analysis of the cellular metabolism and physiology using high-throughput experimental techniques developed in the field of genomics, and the concept of quantitatively describing cellular processes with mathematical models is at the core of systems biology. Citation27 The metabolic engineering cycle is therefore very similar to the workflow of many systems biology studies where perturbation of the cellular system is performed using genetic engineering, e. g.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 1 Serious adverse events: Kawasaki disease Three trials reported four cases of Kawasaki disease among 7701 children allocated to RV1 compared to no cases in 5416 children allocated to placebo (RV1 Phua 2005‐SGP; RV1 Phua 2009‐AS; RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA). We did not observe a statistically significant difference between the intervention and placebo groups (RR 1. 79, 95% CI 0. 30 to 10. 61; 13,117 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 1. 10). 1. 2. 2. Serious adverse events requiring hospitalization Two trials reported serious adverse events requiring hospitalization (RV1 Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; RV1 Steele 2008‐ZAF) and found fewer events in the RV1 group than the placebo group (RR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 81 to 0. 96; 63,675 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 1. 11). 1. 2. 3 Rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity Eighteen trials provided data for the efficacy of RV1 to prevent rotavirus diarrhoea in children; see Analysis 1. 12 for two‐months safety trial follow‐up, Analysis 1. 13 for one‐year follow‐up and Analysis 1. 14 for two‐year follow‐up. Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RV1 Anh 2011‐PHL; RV1 Anh 2011‐VNM; RV1 Bernstein 1999‐USA; RV1 GSK[041] 2007‐KOR; RV1 GSK[101555] 2008‐PHL; RV1 Kerdpanich 2010‐THA; RV1 Omenaca 2012‐EU; RV1 Phua 2005‐SGP; RV1 Rivera 2011‐DOM; RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA; RV1 Vesikari 2004b‐FIN; RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU; RV1 Vesikari 2011‐FIN), and in high‐mortality countries (RV1 Madhi 2010‐MWI; RV1 Madhi 2010‐ZAF; RV1 Narang 2009‐IND; RV1 Steele 2010a‐ZAF; RV1 Steele 2010b‐ZAF; RV1 Zaman 2009‐BGD). Data below are grouped accordingly.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 2 The way-forwardThe recent turnout from each country for the submission of her NDC has been poor; for instance, to reduce emissions in accordance with the Paris Agreement, ten nations updated their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) in 2022. Of the 195 nations that have ratified the Paris Agreement, just about 30 have nevertheless set clear goals for achieving net-zero emissions [13]. While regulatory policy announcements remained the same, there were around 80 new renewable energy programmes made on the demand side. Eight announcements came from and the Caribbean, seven from Asia, four from Africa, two from Oceania and just one each from North America, the. Most announcements came from Europe. At the end of the year 2022, 94 countries either had goals or policies in at least one end-use sector, but only three (Spain, Portugal and Turkey) had plans or objectives in all four end-use categories [13]. It is well understood that the complexity of ascertaining NDC is high, as it requires many sectors’ inputs and data. For many countries, arriving at this data that presents the peculiar situation of the country is more cumbersome and would also involve regulation of existing energy policies and regulatory frameworks. Commitment to research findings in preferring holistic pathways in addressing these current issues is very timely. It cannot be overemphasised as many governments and international organisations are actively looking out for the best measures to facilitate the 100% RE vision, UN SDG and climate change agenda of 2030. Accurate data and long-term estimates of energy demand, the need to create adaptable and responsive market and regulatory frameworks, international collaboration and coordinated activities are mostly highlighted as the necessary strategies to decarbonise the current global systems. In this study, we emphasise just and fair sharing as an important consideration for developing strategic emissions reduction, energy and climate policy for progressive achievements through planning and implementation. Hence, leaving no room for prejudice in the sharing. For instance, this reduction measure employed in this study to achieve the 2. 0 to 1. 5°C scenarios was fairly shared among the regions and countries used in the simulation. Suggested in Table 7 below are other possible areas that can help have a more responsive NDC needed to facilitate the rapid deceleration of global emissions increase and to stay within the right temperature rise threshold.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: , by overexpression or deletion of specific genes, followed by detailed analyses that can be used to define a mathematical model of the biological system. However, there is a major difference in the sense that systems biology is a fundamental science where the primary objective is to gain novel insights, whereas metabolic engineering is an applied science with the primary objective to obtain an improved cell factory. Clearly the process of metabolic engineering also results in improved insight of the cellular metabolism and physiology, but generally to a less extend than in a systems biology study due to the differences in study design resulting from the different objectives. A major limitation in using the rational approach, with model based design, for improving protein secretion, is the lack of detailed models of the protein secretion pathway. Even though there have been described several kinetic models,Citation28,Citation29 these describe only part of the pathway. There is therefore an obvious need for a genome-scale model for protein secretion, in analogy to what has been done for metabolism. Citation30 Such detailed models will not only enable rational design of improved protein secretion routes they will also enable improved integrative analysis of this complex pathway using previously developed tools (for studying metabolismCitation31) and hereby lead to more insights into how the secretory pathway operates as a system.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) Safety trials (up to two months follow‐up): RV1 was not superior to placebo in the prevention of rotavirus diarrhoea in the trials assessing outcomes up to two months after vaccination (RR 1. 28, 95% CI 0. 66 to 2. 50; 3537 participants, 9 trials). These trials, although reporting cases of rotavirus diarrhoea, were not designed to measure efficacy. Efficacy trials (one to three years follow‐up): RV1 reduced rotavirus diarrhoea by 78% at up to one year (RR 0. 22, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0. 40; 9083 participants, 4 trials) and 65% at the second year of follow‐up (RR 0. 35, 95% CI 0. 25 to 0. 48; 10,441 participants, 6 trials). Pooled results, however, showed statistical heterogeneity at one year (I2 statistic = 80%, Analysis 1. 13) and two years (I2 statistic = 55%, Analysis 1. 14) of follow‐up. At the third year of follow‐up, there were very few reported cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity. Based on a single trial (RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU, 1590 participants), there was no difference between RV1 and placebo groups (data not shown). High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Safety trials (up to two months follow‐up): Three trials found no difference in the RV1 group compared to placebo when outcomes were assessed up to two months after vaccination (RR 1. 00, 95% CI 0. 41 to 2. 41; 757 participants, 3 trials). Efficacy trials (one to two years follow‐up): RV1 reduced rotavirus diarrhoea by 51% during the first year of follow‐up (RR 0. 49, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 68; 6114 participants, 4 comparisons from 3 trials), and by 59% during the second year (RR 0. 41, 95% CI 0. 28 to 0. 62; 1251 participants, 1 trial). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at one‐year follow‐up (I2 statistic = 76%, Analysis 1. 13). 1. 2. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: ConceptsDescription of proposed pathwayRegional NDC Stock-taking and Commitment (GDC) ConceptThis initiative should be aimed at replacing the current pattern of NDC global stock-taking in a 5-year interval. Rather, stock-taking should be a 2-year interval carried out at the regional or continental level, at least twice before the main global forum. This way, countries’ efforts are measured earlier, and appraisal for immediate support in the continuous reduction of emission synonymous with the requirements for the 1. 5°C - 2. 0°C Scenario is done well in time. This initiative acknowledges the efforts of a few countries that have made the commitments. But because this commitment is made at the will of individual countries, there is bound to be a possibility of no prioritisation of commitments. Therefore, finding the right emissions reduction sharing ratio that considers other factors such as developmental issues, renewable resource constraints and the economic situation of developing countries is pertinent. Reducing the CO2 emissions per wealth class per populationThe wealthiest individuals and highest-income nations produce a disproportionate amount of the world’s CO2 emissions. In order to reduce emissions, both high-income individuals and rapidly expanding places should be the focus, with each group’s unique challenges and opportunities being carefully taken into account. This initiative should be driven by a global effort that takes these complex dynamic issues, such as behavioural changes in the emissions disparities, into account to ensure a just and fair decrease in CO2 emissions. Equality with the Drivers of Acts and DecisionsThis initiative is poised towards the inclusiveness and even appropriation of global climate decision makers as most key representation of climate change decisions is made from a selected few and from countries not representing full global coverage representation. Framework for Attractiveness of 1. 5°CTo meet the 1. 5°C objective and reduce global emissions, a huge financial investment commitment is required. In addition to government and public support, private investment is highly required. To ensure that financial commitment in this region is attractive, an emissions budgeting framework is important. This budgeting framework should allow the predictability of carbon emissions cost per investment options, mitigate high-carbon asset risks, align with global climate goals and induce green capital through carbon pricing and tax incentives. Organisations can commit to decarbonisation since clean technology investment and climate action are promoted via low-carbon technology innovation.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Measured and predicted dissolved oxygen concentrations presented as percentage of the saturation value are shown in the inset. Full size imageFigure 2S. stipitis batch cultures aerated at a k L a of A) 5. 5 h-1B) 7. 6 h-1and C) 12. 6 h-1. Data points are experimental measurements, while solid lines are dynamic model predictionsFull size imageTo examine extensibility of the S. stipitis dynamic model to different microaerobic conditions, batch experiments were performed at two additional k L a values and model predictions were generated with the same uptake parameter values listed in Table 1. Figure 2B shows a comparison of measured and predicted concentration profiles for a batch culture performed with a k L a of 7. 6 h-1 and initial conditions of 0. 25 g/L biomass, 16. 8 g/L glucose and 8. 0 g/L xylose. The simulation results were generally satisfactory, although the model predicted slightly faster consumption of both substrates and small overprediction of biomass production throughout most of the batch. A second validation experiment was performed with a larger k L a of 12. 6 h-1 and initial conditions of 0. 2 g/L biomass, 15. 6 g/L glucose and 8. 6 g/L xylose. As shown in Figure 2C, the model adequately captured the fermentation dynamics throughout the first 15 hours but it was unable to predict the subsequent reassimilation of ethanol that is evident in the data. Although the S. stipitis dynamic metabolic model generated satisfactory predictions over a range of microaerobic conditions, the model failed to capture the ethanol and biomass concentration profiles at higher aeration levels once glucose had been exhausted. Ethanol can be simultaneously produced and reassimilated at these higher k L a values [18], resulting in overprediction of ethanol secretion and underprediction of biomass formation by our model. This phenomenon is likely due to the relative ease at which ethanol diffuses across the plasma membrane [37], while the uptake of xylose has been shown to be facilitated by oxygen [38]. Since xylose was more energetically favorable, the LP solver returned a flux distribution with simultaneous xylose and ethanol uptake only if there was excess oxygen available beyond that required for xylose metabolism. Even in absence of xylose, the S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV1 was more immunogenic than placebo when measured by vaccine virus shedding after the final vaccine dose (RR 10. 94, 95% CI 4. 90 to 24. 43; 2638 participants, 16 trials), although the results showed statistical heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 76%, Analysis 1. 29). RV1 was also more immunogenic when measured by seroconversion at all time points (Analysis 1. 30); although the pooled data showed statistical heterogeneity after one dose (I2 statistic = 57%), after two doses (I2 statistic = 79%), and after three doses (I2 statistic = 51%). 1. 4. Dropouts before the end of trial Twenty‐eight trials reported on the number of participants who dropped out of the trial before it ended. Overall, there was no statistically significant difference between the RV1 and placebo or no‐intervention groups (RR 0. 95, 95% CI 0. 90 to 1. 00; 93,106 participants, 28 trials; Analysis 1. 31). 1. 5. Subgroup analyses 1. 5. 1. G type Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity Six trials reported on rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity by different G types. There were significantly fewer episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in the group receiving RV1 when compared to placebo, regardless of G type (G1, G2, G3, G4, or G9); however, the pooled data for G1 (I2 statistic = 81%) and G9 (I2 statistic = 63%) types showed statistical heterogeneity, see Analysis 1. 32. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe There were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the RV1 groups compared with placebo in episodes attributed to the G1, G2, G3, G9, and G12 types; see Analysis 1. 33. Results were not statistically significant for G4 and G8 types. The pooled data for G8 types showed statistical heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 63%). 1. 5. 2. Malnourished children Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity One trial provided data separately as the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in a subgroup of malnourished children (RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Hence, promoting social and environmental responsibility, as well as increasing stakeholders and public support. With this approach, the investing community can help create a more sustainable and climate-resilient future. Table 7. The way forward in reaching the 1. 5°C - 2. 0°C scenario. To help reduce carbon emissions, policy alternatives are continuously being widened to preserve the environment and improve society are complementary goals. The claims in [53, 54] show that Africa generally has historically had a small impact on global warming in terms of countries’ contribution to global CO2 and GHG emissions. But these assertions cannot be used to justify continuing to pollute at current rates for these countries. Why? Because the consequence effect does not exclude fewer CO2 emitters, as the impact can be direct or indirect. Africa, today, can make huge technological leaps that would contribute to flattening the curves to net-zero emissions by pushing into policies, research and implementation of projects from renewable energy sources to meet each country’s electricity consumption. commitment, done at a regional level [55], with noticeable progress even with the advent of the recent Russia – Ukraine war that kept the EU’s energy dependence on imports at a disadvantaged position, proves the resiliency of the EU towards the NDC emissions goal. The EU has had a joint effort to reduce GHG emissions, being evidenced in their NDC proposal. In the coming years, the bulk of the emission is envisaged to come from developing countries due to the anticipated increase in energy access by the population and the growing industrialisation agenda. Therefore, it is pertinent to consider ways of both managing and mitigating this emission through a determined commitment at a centralised level. The current NDCs are done in a decentralised pattern, leaving the individual countries with a wavering will and dwindling decision over the implementation of announced strategies. From the perspective of this study, it is believed that the most effective way of reducing emissions without impeding other developmental agendas could be best done through a just fair approach yet at a regional commitment level. Furthermore, most developing countries are energy poverty-driven yet full of one of the world’s largest renewable energy resources; therefore, in the commitment to reaching the 1. 5°C scenario, this inequality in energy access should be accounted for in any further NDC commitment, proposed pathways in Table 7, and climate science models, as these are often overlooked in many existing frameworks.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: stipitis metabolic reconstruction predicted that k L a values greater than 34 h-1 would be required just to meet the ATP maintenance demand for growth on ethanol. By contrast, we observed ethanol assimilation in our experiments for k L a values as low as 12. 6 h-1. Without altering the objective function or the ATP maintenance coefficient of the iBB814 model, the observed disparity between model and experiment cannot be resolved. Fortunately, the highest ethanol yields and titers observed experimentally were obtained at aeration levels under which ethanol assimilation did not occur. As a result, we do not consider k L a values above ~10 h-1 in the remainder of the paper. S. cerevisiae 311 pure culturesBecause S. cerevisiae 311 was created by applying ethidium bromide to a wild-type strain, the genetic alterations that produced the respiratory-deficient mutant were non-specific. As a result, modifications to the wild-type iMM904 metabolic network necessary to describe S. cerevisiae 311 metabolism were unknown. We used the metabolic network model to identify putative gene knockouts consistent with the known alteration of mitochondrial DNA by ethidium bromide treatment [39] and to obtain predictions in agreement with our data. All the gene knockouts considered prevented growth on non-fermentable substrates and reduced oxygen demand. To determine the reactions to be deleted, model fluxes in the mitochondrial compartment were systematically set to zero until FBA simulations matched the S. cerevisiae 311 phenotype of lower biomass yields, higher ethanol yields and smaller oxygen demands than the wild-type strain. This process identified knockouts of genes encoding two enzymes: ubiquinol-6 cytochrome c reductase and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. Modifications to these enzymes may well have occurred in S. cerevisiae 311, as other respiratory-deficient S. cerevisiae mutants have been created through the direct removal of the encoding genes [40]. The S. cerevisiae 311 dynamic model was built on the modified iMM904 metabolic network with glucose uptake parameters estimated from anaerobic culture data and oxygen uptake parameters estimated from aerobic culture data with the glucose parameters fixed [41]. The resulting parameter values are listed in Table 1. Figure 3A shows a comparison of measured concentration profiles and model predictions for the anaerobic batch fermentation initiated with 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV1 was significantly better than placebo in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea for this subgroup at one year of follow‐up (RR 0. 39, 95% CI 0. 19 to 0. 79; 287 participants, 1 trial, Analysis 1. 34). 1. 5. 3. Children infected with HIV Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity One safety trial included only confirmed HIV‐positive, asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic children (RV1 Steele 2010a‐ZAF). At one‐month follow‐up, no statistically significant difference between the RV1 and placebo arms for rotavirus diarrhoea was reported (RR 1. 00, 95% CI 0. 26 to 3. 78; 100 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 1. 35). One efficacy trial included children who were infected with HIV or children that had been exposed to HIV, as long as they were not clinically immunosuppressed (e. g. AIDS) at the age of vaccination (six weeks) (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF). HIV tests were performed on approximately 46% of children from Malawi and 23% of children from South Africa. We did not conduct a specific analysis for this population, but the authors stated that demographic characteristics and the proportion of children who were infected with HIV were similar across the study groups. 1. 6 Sensitivity analysis 1. 6. 1 Primary outcomes with high heterogeneity according to allocation concealment To investigate heterogeneity for primary outcomes with pooled results where I2 statistic > 75%, we planned to pool data only from studies with low risk of bias for allocation concealment in a sensitivity analysis. We rated all trials at low risk of bias for allocation concealment for the two outcomes where heterogeneity was high (I2 statistic > 75%); see Analysis 1. 3 (I2 statistic = 75%) and Analysis 1. 4 (I2 statistic = 90%). 1. 6. 2 Cluster‐randomised trials Two outcomes (serious adverse events: intussusception, and rotavirus severe diarrhoea at two years) included one cluster‐randomised trial carried out in a high‐mortality country (RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD). When we excluded data from this trial there was a small but non‐significant change to the effect estimate and 95% CI for Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe (up to 2 years follow‐up) (RR 0. 58, 95% CI 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Hence, this study emphasises the unity in diversity towards reducing emissions burden and mitigating climate change. 7. ConclusionThere is a lot of technical and political depth to the current conversation on how to evaluate a country’s NDC progress towards the 1. 5°C scenario. This complexity makes it challenging to have a central consensus on the ‘rightʼ or ‘objectiveʼ technique to follow. Many models and climate systems have been developed to provide platforms to determine the effects of the current practices on global warming and climate change. The challenges with the complexity of these existing tools have been supported by the introduction of feedback loops to allow for the simulation of the different actions that can either enhance or mitigate the impacts of climate change. In this study’s simulations, feedback processes are incorporated in the simulation tool used, which accounts for uncertainties already established by existing complex integrated assessment models. The process involves studying variables such as greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption patterns, technological deployment, land use changes and policy adoption. Key components include implementing significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to sustainable energy sources, implementing renewable energy infrastructure and implementing carbon reduction technologies. All these processes were assumed to have been accounted for in the NDC reduction percentages used in this study. The model considers data from historical emissions, current NDC commitments, technological advancements and socio-economic factors. The findings from this study promote the initiatives of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) reports to keep the global temperature level below 1. 5°C and suggest that the comprehensive adoption and serious commitment towards NDCs of reducing emissions at about 2. 5 and 6. 0% can significantly mitigate global temperature rise to 2. 0 and 1. 5°C, respectively as against the current practices. The overall results produced projections of Earth’s climate responses to temperature changes based on the emissions values at the strategic periods, as shown in Figure 9 from each policy scenario could help governments, corporations and communities make informed decisions regarding mitigation techniques, adaptation measures and policies to limit global temperature rise to 1. 5°C. The findings and perspectives presented in Section 6, with the proposed pathways in Table 7, provide valuable insights for policymakers, stakeholders and the broader scientific community, offering a strategic framework for improving NDCs, fostering international collaboration and bolstering global commitment to tackling climate change complexities. 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 28 g/L biomass, 18. 0 g/L glucose and 1. 8 g/L residual ethanol from the preculture shake flask. Figure 3B shows results for the aerobic fermentation initiated with 0. 20 g/L biomass, 15. 5 g/L glucose and 1. 8 g/L ethanol. In each case, the dynamic model accurately predicted the entire ethanol profile and the glucose and biomass profiles in the second half of the batch. However, the model overpredicted glucose uptake and ethanol synthesis during the first half of the batch. While this discrepancy could have been attributable to the preculture cells used for inoculation being in stationary rather than exponential phase [42], we were unable to verify this hypothesis through additional experiments in which the preculture cells were harvested earlier. Figure 3S. cerevisiae 311 batch cultures grown A) anaerobically B) aerobically and C) at a k L a of 5. 5 h-1. Data points are experimental measurements, while solid lines are dynamic model predictions. Full size imageTo examine extensibility of the S. cerevisiae dynamic model to different aeration levels, a microaerobic batch experiment was performed at a k L a of 5. 5 h-1 and model predictions were generated with the same uptake parameter values listed in Table 1. Figure 3C shows the results obtained for the fermentation initiated with 0. 26 g/L biomass, 18. 7 g/L glucose and 1. 4 g/L residual ethanol. The model produced excellent agreement with data, and only small deviations in the biomass concentration during the initial portion of the batch and in the ethanol concentration following glucose exhaustion were observed. Co-culture modelingA preliminary dynamic co-culture model was developed by direct combination of the two individual yeast models assuming no species interactions other than competition for glucose (see Materials and Methods). This approach resulted in faster glucose consumption and a higher final concentration of S. cerevisiae 311 than were observed in our microaerobic batch fermentations (not shown). We found that these discrepancies could be partially rectified by reducing the S. cerevisiae maximum glucose uptake rate from the pure culture value of 21. 5 mmol/gdw/h to 18. 5 mmol/gdw/h. Otherwise, the substrate uptake parameters remained fixed at the pure culture values listed in Table 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 42 to 0. 79, 2764 participants, 1 trial; analysis not shown), and there were no changes to effect estimates or 95% CIs for serious adverse events: intussusception. ‘Summary of findings' Summary of findings of primary outcomes according to country mortality rate (WHO strata A to E) are presented in summary of findings Table for the main comparison (RV1, low‐mortality countries), and in summary of findings Table 2 (RV1, high‐mortality countries). 2. RV5 2. 1. Primary outcomes 2. 1. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe Seven trials provided data for the efficacy of RV5 to prevent severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children; see Analysis 2. 1 for one‐year follow‐up and Analysis 2. 2 for two years follow‐up. Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RV5 Clark 2004‐USA; RV5 Vesikari 2006a‐FIN; RV5 Vesikari 2006b‐INT; RV5 Block 2007‐EU/USA; RV5 Iwata 2013‐JPN; RV5 Mo 2017‐CHN), one trial was split between low‐mortality Vietnam in stratum B (RV5 Zaman 2010‐VNM) and high‐mortality Bangladesh in stratum D (RV5 Zaman 2010‐BGD), and another between high‐mortality Ghana and Mali in stratum D (RV5 Armah 2010‐GHA; RV5 Armah 2010‐MLI) and high‐mortality Kenya in stratum E (RV5 Armah 2010‐KEN). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) RV5 reduced the number of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 92% at one year (RR 0. 08, 95% CI 0. 03 to 0. 22; 4132 participants, 5 trials) and 82% by two years (RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 08 to 0. 39; 7318 participants, 4 trials). Pooled results showed statistical heterogeneity at two‐year follow‐up (I2 statistic = 44%); see Analysis 2. 2. High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) RV5 reduced the number of severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 57% at one year (RR 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Peak of Emissions (Year)Start of (Year)Rate (% per annum)CountriesScenario-Baseline210021000China210021000US210021000India210021000EU210021000The rest of the advanced countries210021000Rest of the developing countriesType 1202320230. 94China202320230. 928US202320230. 915India202320230. 903EU210021000The rest of the advanced countries210021000Rest of the developing countriesType 2202320230. 94China202320230. 928US202320230. 915India202320230. 903EU202320230. 9The rest of the advanced countries202320230. 9Rest of the developing countries202320230. 94China2. 0 °C Scenario202320232. 5China202320232. 5US202320232. 5India202320232. 5EU202320232. 5The rest of the advanced countries202320232. 5Rest of the developing countries1. 5 °C Scenario202320236China202320236US202320236India202320236EU202320236The rest of the advanced countries202320236Rest of the developing countriesTable A1. Hypothesis definition for each of the scenarios. Policies versus Emissions OutcomeFigure A1. Global CO2 emissions with baseline path. Figure A2. Global CO2 emissions with announced policies type I. Figure A3. Global CO2 emissions with announced NDC policies type 2. Figure A4. Global CO2 emissions with 2. 0°C scenario. Figure A5. Global CO2 emissions with 1. 5°C scenario. 1. . Contributions (NDCs). Available from: [Accessed: May 24, 2023]2. den Elzen MGJ et al. Updated nationally determined contributions collectively raise ambition levels but need strengthening further to keep Paris goals within reach. Mitigation and for Global Change. 2022;27(6):33. DOI: 10. 1007/s11027-022-10008-73. . Much of zero emissions commitment occurs before reaching net zero emissions. Letters. 2023;18(1):014017. DOI: 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Moreover, xylose transport has been identified as the main bottleneck in pentose sugar metabolism with pure S. stipitis cultures [43]. Therefore, we used the dynamic co-culture model to predict the effects of modifying S. stipitis xylose transport parameters on ethanol productivity. To model engineering of the associated transport proteins, the nominal values listed in Table 1 for the maximum xylose uptake rate (v z,max ), the xylose uptake saturation constant (K z ), and the glucose inhibition constant for xylose uptake (K igz ) were perturbed both upward and downward to determine their impact. The ethanol inhibition constant for xylose uptake (K iez ) was excluded from detailed analysis because the ethanol concentrations achieved in silico were too small to cause significant xylose uptake inhibition. For the remaining three parameters, scaled sensitivity coefficients were calculated as: S = p ¯ y ¯ · Δy Δp (1) where p ¯ is the nominal parameter value, Δ p is the parameter change, y ¯ is the optimal ethanol productivity obtained with the nominal parameter value, and Δ p is the predicted change in the ethanol productivity that results from the parameter change. All simulations were initialized with 16 g/L glucose and 8 g/L xylose at the optimum k L a = 10 h-1 and inoculum of 0. 1 g/L S. cerevisiae 311 and 0. 9 g/L S. stipitis. Figure 7 shows the ethanol productivities and scaled sensitivity coefficients obtained when v z,max was changed upward and K z and K igz were changed downward. Increasing the maximum xylose uptake rate offered the largest improvement in ethanol productivity as indicated by the relatively large sensitivity coefficients, with a productivity enhancement of 14% achieved with a 25% v z,max increase (Figure 7A). As indicated by the small sensitivity coefficients, more modest gains in ethanol productivity were predicted for decreases in the xylose uptake saturation constant (Figure 7B) and the glucose inhibition constant for xylose uptake (Figure 7C). However, complete elimination of S. stipitis diauxic growth by removal of the glucose inhibition term from the xylose uptake expression resulted in a large productivity enhancement of 85% (not shown). The simulated parameter changes could potentially be realized through protein engineering of the sugar transporters [44, 45]. Because many S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity Nine trials provided data for the efficacy of RV5 to prevent rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in children; see Analysis 2. 8 for one‐year follow‐up and Analysis 2. 9 for two‐year follow‐up. Trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (RV5 Block 2007‐EU/USA; RV5 Clark 2003‐USA; RV5 Clark 2004‐USA; RV5 Iwata 2013‐JPN; RV5 Mo 2017‐CHN; RV5 Vesikari 2006a‐FIN; RV5 Vesikari 2006b‐INT), and in high‐mortality countries (RV5 Armah 2010‐GHA; RV5 Armah 2010‐KEN; RV5 Armah 2010‐MLI; RV5 Zaman 2010‐AS). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) RV5 reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by 70% at one year (RR 0. 30, 95% CI 0. 25 to 0. 37; 8644 participants, 5 trials; Analysis 2. 8) and by 66% during the second year (RR 0. 34, 95% CI 0. 26 to 0. 43; 6144 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 2. 9). High‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) RV5 reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by 48% at one year (RR 0. 52, 95% CI 0. 28 to 0. 94; 4806 participants, 3 comparisons from 1 trial; Analysis 2. 8) and by 39% during the second year (RR 0. 61, 95% CI 0. 45 to 0. 83; 6744 participants, 4 comparisons from 2 trials; Analysis 2. 9). Pooled results were significantly heterogenous at one‐year (I2 statistic = 67%; see Analysis 2. 8) and at two‐year (I2 statistic = 69%; see Analysis 2. 9) follow‐up. 2. 2. 2. All‐cause diarrhoea: of any severity One trial performed in high‐mortality Kenya (RV5 Armah 2010‐KEN) provided data for the efficacy of RV5 to prevent all‐cause diarrhoea of any severity; see Analysis 2. 10 for one‐year and Analysis 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Advertisement news careers commentary in Member sciencescience advancesscience immunologyscience roboticsscience signalingscience translational medicinescience partner journals anywhereTermin in in in in in JournalsTermSearching:: cancer climate artificial intelligence postdoc aging anywhereTerm science. org Custom publishing newsletters collections videos podcasts blogs visualizations prizes and awards authors & reviewers librarians advertisers about help Terms of -’s carbon emissions peaked? The answer is critical to limiting global warming’s carbon emissions peaked? The answer is critical to limiting global warming Nation’s massive deployments of coal and green energy are complicating forecasts 22 Aug 202412:00 leads the world in installing solar power facilities, including this power station in Jiangsu province that helps power an aquaculture facility. Geng Yuhe/VCG via Share:FacebookShare on nearly a year, climate specialists have been speculating that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from China—the world’s largest emitter—may have peaked in 2023, well before a government goal to halt emissions growth by 2030. Supporting evidence emerged earlier this month, when a new analysis from the showed that China’s increasing reliance on renewable energy had cut CO2 output during the April to June quarter by 1% compared with the same period of 2023. However, two contradictory trends raise questions about exactly when and at what level China’s emissions might peak—a key issue for global efforts to curb climate change. On one hand, China now far outpaces the rest of the world in installing new solar and wind capacity, cutting emissions growth. But the country also leads the world in firing up new coal-fueled power plants, a major source of planet-warming CO2. The competing efforts have created “a lot of uncertainty” in projecting the future of China’s emissions, which now account for 31% of the world’s total, says Glen Peters, an analyst at the Center for Research in Norway. Further clouding the crystal ball: a mix of economic and political factors, including pressure from Chinese energy companies to keep coal plants producing revenue as long as possible. Despite those uncertainties, Peters and others still expect China to handily beat the 2030 peaking deadline, which Jinping set in 2020. That target is in reach because of China’s rapid deployment of renewables.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: We used flux balance analysis to screen putative gene knockouts in the mitochondrial compartment that would reproduce the S. cerevisiae 311 phenotype of lower biomass yields, higher ethanol yields and smaller oxygen demands than the wild-type strain. The best agreement with S. cerevisiae 311 pure culture data was obtained for deletions of two genes that encode the ubiquinol-6 cytochrome c reductase and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase enzymes involved in the electron transport chain. With the fluxes through the two reactions catalyzed by these enzymes constrained to zero, the oxygen demand was greatly reduced because oxygen was not needed to serve as a final electron acceptor for ATP synthesis. These results were consistent with more directed genetic engineering efforts to create respiratory-deficient S. cerevisiae mutants through direct removal of these two genes [40]. A preliminary version of the dynamic co-culture model was developed by directly combining the dynamic models of the two yeast species under the assumption that each species attempted to maximize its individual growth rate and the only interspecies interaction was competition for glucose substrate. By comparison of model predictions to batch co-culture data collected at several microaerobic conditions, we found that the preliminary model overpredicted the glucose consumption and S. cerevisiae biomass formation rates. Much improved predictions were obtained by reducing the S. cerevisiae maximum glucose uptake rate from its pure culture value of 21. 5 mmol/gdw/h to 18. 5 mmol/gdw/h. This parameter change suggested the presence of unmodeled species interactions that resulted in S. stipitis having an antagonistic effect on S. cerevisiae growth. Crabtree-negative yeasts like S. stipitis have an established advantage when competing against a Crabtree-positive yeast such as S. cerevisiae for the same growth-limiting substrate [48]. This effect is further magnified when the Crabtree-positive species is a respiratory deficient mutant [49]. One possible cause for this effect was the competition for nutrients other than glucose. Growth under nitrogen limited conditions has been shown to slow the uptake of glucose and other hexoses in wild-type S. cerevisiae[50]. Respiratory-deficient S. cerevisiae could be at a disadvantage in competing for nitrogen sources such as ammonium when grown with respiratory competent S. stipitis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 89, 95% CI 0. 57 to 1. 39; 15,471 participants, 10 trials; Analysis 2. 18). 2. 3. Immunogenicity RV5 immunogenicity was measured by rotavirus vaccine virus shedding (5 trials, Analysis 2. 19) and seroconversion (10 trials, Analysis 2. 20) after the third vaccine dose. We decided not to pool the data, however, because of significant heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 80% and 87%, respectively). 2. 4. Dropouts before the end of trial Similar numbers of children taking RV5 and placebo dropped out from trials before they ended (RR 0. 98, 95% CI 0. 90 to 1. 08; 85,855 participants, 13 trials; Analysis 2. 21). 2. 5. Subgroup analyses 2. 5. 1. G type Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity When the analyses were stratified by the G type (Analysis 2. 22), there were fewer episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the RV5 group compared to the placebo group for the G1 type (RR 0. 26, 95% CI 0. 21 to 0. 32; 11,022 participants, 4 trials), the G2 type (RR 0. 35, 95% CI 0. 16 to 0. 78; 9907 participants, 3 trials), and the G9 type (RR 0. 33, 95% CI 0. 20 to 0. 54; 9537 participants, 2 trials). The results were not statistically significant for G3 (RR 0. 40, 95% CI 0. 08 to 2. 02; 11,022 participants, 4 trials) or for G4 (RR 0. 41, 95% CI 0. 13 to 1. 33; 9907 participants, 3 trials). Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe There were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the RV5 groups for G4 (RR 0. 12, 95% CI 0. 03 to 0. 46; 76,606 participants, 3 trials) and G9 (RR 0. 13, 95% CI 0. 05 to 0. 34; 76,606 participants, 3 trials). Pooled results were not significant for G1 (RR 0. 23, 95% CI 0. 03 to 1. 74; 76,606 participants, 3 trials), G2 (RR 0. 41, 95% CI 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Last year, China commissioned as much new solar power as the entire world brought online in 2022, and its capacity to generate wind energy expanded by two-thirds, according to the Agency. China currently has 339 gigawatts (GW) of utility-scale solar and wind power under construction, more than the rest of the world combined, according to a July report from the Monitor (GEM). And GEM’s total does not include rooftop panels and other small-scale solar installations that made up about 40% of last year’s new solar capacity. (China has also been adding other sources of energy that have low carbon emissions. Over the past 2. 5 years, for example, authorities have approved plans to build 31 nuclear reactors. ) Society’s recent review of China’s overall CO2 output so far this year also noted a 3% drop in March compared with March 2023. Such data suggest the nation is “on track for a decline in annual emissions” this year, Lauri Myllyvirta, an emissions analyst, wrote in an 8 August post on the website. But continuing that decline in CO2 production likely hinges on what China does with its new coal-fired power plants, which could remain in service for decades. Last year the nation added 44 GW of coal capacity, accounting for two-thirds of what was brought online worldwide, according to GEM. An additional 140 GW of coal capacity is under construction, and even more is in the planning stage—although authorities may now be putting the brakes on new permits. Only 14 coal-fired power projects with a combined capacity of 10 GW gained approval in the first 6 months of this year, an 80% cut from the level of the first half of 2023, according to a report released on 20 August by Asia. But Greenpeace’s warned in a statement that a rebound in approvals “remains possible until there are firm measures put in place to directly prevent further coal expansion. ” Officially, coal power is supposed to become a backup to renewable energy sources. Nedopil, a development economist at Griffith University, expects China’s government to “try to find a balance between renewables and coal” while still meeting its peak emissions goal.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: stipitis strain which rapidly consumes xylose in the presence of glucose and does not reassimilate ethanol under microaerobic conditions would be an ideal candidate for enhancing co-culture performance. Future work should focus on the creation of such S. stipitis strains as well as the model-based characterization of co-culture performance for growth on actual biomass hydrolysates with inhibitory compounds. MethodsExperimentalThe wild-type S. stipitis strain NRRL Y-7124 (ATCC 58376) was used in this study. S. cerevisiae 311 (ATCC 42511), a mutant that was created by treating a wild-type strain with ethidium bromide [51], was chosen as the respiratory-deficient S. cerevisiae strain. Stocks of the two yeasts were stored at 4°C on YM agar slants. All pure and mixed cultures were performed in a synthetic yeast minimal medium [52]. The composition per liter of water was 1. 00 g MgSO4 ·7 H2O, 1. 10 g/L KCl, 0. 15 g CaCl2 · 2 H2O, 1. 00 g (NH4)2HPO4, 8. 75 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 60. 3 mg myo-inositol, 30. 0 mg Ca-panthothenate, 6. 0 mg thiamine-HCl, 1. 5 mg pyridoxine-HCl, 0. 03 mg biotin, 10. 6 mg MnSO4 · H2O, 9. 0 mg ZnSO4 · 7 H2O, 5. 0 mg FeSO4 · 7 H2O, and 2. 4 mg CuSO4 · 2 H2O. Pre-cultures in media containing 20 g/L glucose and 20 g/L xylose for S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis, respectively, were grown at 30°C for 36 hours on a shake table set at 175 RPM. The inoculum concentration for each experiment was determined by calculating the volume of preculture required to obtain the target initial concentration of each cell type using the measured biomass concentration in the shake flask media.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavac 3. 1. Primary outcomes 3. 1. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) One trial conducted in India provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children. Rotavac reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 57% at one year (RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 30 to 0. 60; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 1) and by 54% by two years (RR 0. 46, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 60; 6541 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 2). 3. 1. 2. All‐cause diarrhoea: severe High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) One trial conducted in India provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent severe all‐cause diarrhoea in children. The trial showed a reduction in the number of severe cases of diarrhoea with Rotavac compared to placebo at one year by 16% (RR 0. 84, 95% CI 0. 71 to 0. 98; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 3). 3. 1. 3. All‐cause death High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) Two trials conducted in India reported on all‐cause death. There was no statistically significant difference in all‐cause death between Rotavac and placebo (RR 0. 92, 95% CI 0. 52 to 1. 62; 8155 participants Analysis 3. 4). We present details of causes of death for each trial in 9. 3. 1. 4. All serious adverse events High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) Serious adverse events were reported in three trials conducted in India. Pooled results showed no statistically significant difference in the number of serious adverse events in the Rotavac group compared with the placebo group (RR 0. 93, 95% CI 0. 85 to 1. 02; 8210 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 3. 5). 3. 1. 5. Serious adverse events: intussusception High‐mortality countries (WHO stratum D) Four trials conducted in India reported on cases of intussusception.

Output: corroborate