Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: For instance, cells from third round of cultivation (RK40-3) and thirteenth round of cultivation (RK40-13) were compared for HMF and furfural conversion, glucose consumption and ethanol production (Figure 3). There was a significant improvement in fermentation time in terms of glucose consumption and ethanol production. RK40-13 consumed all glucose and reached maximum ethanol concentration (8. 6 g l-1) in 35 h, whereas, RK40-3 consumed all glucose and reached maximum ethanol concentration (8. 3 g l-1) in 45 h (Figure 3a). The rate of HMF conversion was increased marginally, however, no significant difference was observed in the rate of furfural conversion (Figure 3b). Also, RK40-3 and RK40-13 consumed 16% and 10% of the supplied xylose, respectively during the time span of 12 h after the depletion of glucose until the subsequent cell transfer (data not shown). To increase genetic variability, cells from twelfth round of cultivation (RK40-12) were subjected to UV irradiation for 30, 60 and 90 seconds, respectively. The growth curve in presence of 40% inhibitor cocktail of strains resulting from 30 and 60 seconds UV exposure were indistinguishable, whereas, strain that was exposed to UV for 90 seconds consumed glucose relatively faster (data not shown). Figure 3Progression of glucose consumption, ethanol production and inhibitors conversion, in repetitive batch culture. (a) glucose consumption and ethanol production, (b) Conversion of HMF and furfural by RK40-3 (open symbols) and RK40-13 (closed symbols) during the evolution in 40% inhibitor cocktail in minimal medium containing 20 g l-1 of glucose and xylose, respectively. Glucose (diamonds), ethanol (circles), HMF (squares), furfural (triangles). Full size image60% inhibitor cocktailDirected evolution in presence of 60% inhibitor cocktail was started with RK40-12 exposed to UV for 90 seconds and RK40-13. Two culture lineages were developed, in which UV and non-UV treated cells were evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail for 84 and 116 generations, respectively. The μmax of the non-UV treated lineage remained nearly constant at 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: This corresponds to a risk difference of 18 fewer cases of intussusception with RotaTeq per 100,000 children with the 95% CI indicating from 26 fewer to 191 more per 100,000 (data not shown). Pooled results showed no increased risk of intussusception in children receiving RotaTeq when compared to placebo (RR 0. 33, 95% CI 0. 01 to 8. 16; 7488 participants, 5 comparisons in 2 trials; Analysis 2. 8). 2. 2. Secondary outcomes 2. 2. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity Nine trials provided data for the efficacy of RotaTeq to prevent rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in children; see Analysis 2. 9 for one‐year follow‐up and Analysis 2. 11 for two‐year follow‐up. Six trials were performed in low‐mortality countries (TEQ Block 2007‐EU/USA; TEQ Clark 2003‐USA; TEQ Clark 2004‐USA; TEQ Iwata 2013‐JPN; TEQ Vesikari 2006a‐FIN; TEQ Vesikari 2006b‐INT), one trial in a medium‐mortality country (TEQ Mo 2017‐CHN), and two trials split into four country‐level comparisons in high‐mortality countries (TEQ Armah 2010‐GHA; TEQ Armah 2010‐KEN; TEQ Armah 2010‐MLI; TEQ Zaman 2010‐AS). Data below are grouped accordingly. Low‐mortality countries RotaTeq reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by 70% at both one‐year (RR 0. 30, 95% CI 0. 25 to 0. 37; 8644 participants, 5 trials; Analysis 2. 9) and two years follow‐up (RR 0. 30, 95% CI 0. 25 to 0. 37; 5223 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 2. 11). Medium‐mortality countries RotaTeq reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by 69% at two years follow‐up (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 21 to 0. 46; 3864 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 2. 9). High‐mortality countries RotaTeq reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by 48% at one year (RR 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: , 90, 1095–1108, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-018-7255-y. CrossrefHewitt, C. , and N. Golding, 2018: Development and pull-through of climate science to services in China. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 905–908, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate1745. CrossrefHewitt, C. , S. Mason, and D. Walland, 2012: The global framework for climate services. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 831–832, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate3378. CrossrefHewitt, C. , R. Stone, and A. Tait, 2017: Improving the use of climate information in decision-making. Nat. Climate Change, 7, 614–616, falseSearch 32. Jiao, M. , and Coauthors, 2013: Addressing the potential climate effects of China’s project. WMO Bull. , 62, 49–53. Jiao, M. , and Coauthors, 2013: Addressing the potential climate effects of China’s project. WMO Bull. , 62, 49–53. )| falseSearch 5. Jiao, M. , L. Song, T. Jiang, D. Zhang, and J. Zhai, 2015: China’s implementation of impact and risk-based early warning. WMO Bull. , 64, 1–5. )| falseSearch 10. 1088/1748-9326/aa6cb9. CrossrefKent, C. , E. Pope, V. Thompson, K. Lewis, A. A. Scaife, and N. Dunstone, 2017: Using climate model simulations to assess the current climate risk to maize production. Environ. Res. Lett. , 12, 054012, falseSearch 10. 1175/JAMC-D-19-0096. 1. CrossrefKent, C. , and Coauthors, 2019: Maize drought hazard in the northeast farming region of China: Unprecedented events in the current climate. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , 58, 2247–2258, falseSearch 10. 1007/s10584-013-0703-x.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 30 h-1 and the lag phase time increased for every round of cultivation (Figure 2a,b). The UV treated lineage grew slowly with nearly a constant μmax of 0. 20 h-1 for every round of cultivation; however, with a shorter lag phase time compared to the non-UV treated lineage (Figure 2a,b). Evolutionary engineering in continuous culture with spruce hydrolysateProlonged chemostat cultivation of the strain TMB3400 in presence of spruce hydrolysate supplemented to minimal medium was performed to improve the conversion rate of the growth- affecting inhibitors in order to enhance the inhibitor tolerance. As a measure of growth, the optical density was followed during the chemostat, when OD650 increased the selection pressure for adaptation was also increased by increasing the concentrations of spruce hydrolysate in steps of 10% (v/v). Initially the evolution was started with 20% spruce hydrolysate with a dilution rate of 0. 08 h-1, which was reduced to 0. 05 h-1 for hydrolysate concentrations higher than 20%. The cells were evolved for 97 generations (60 days) in presence of increasing concentrations of spruce hydrolysate before the chemostat was terminated. Throughout the chemostat, the residual glucose concentration remained similar at a low level below 0. 5 g l-1, only 5 to 10% of the supplied xylose was consumed during the first 40 generations, and later, xylose gradually accumulated (Figure 4a). The reduced xylose consumption capacity was also seen from 8 fold decrease in the specific xylose consumption rate during the progress of the evolution (Figure 4b). A significant improvement in ethanol yield from 0. 32 to 0. 41 g g-1 on consumed sugars was observed during the evolution and as a consequence, there was a gradual decrease in biomass yield on consumed sugars (Figure 4a). From the measured HMF and furfural concentrations it was observed that about 80 to 85% of the supplied HMF and furfural were converted during the cultivation at 20% or 30% levels of spruce hydrolysate (data not shown). However, at higher levels the conversion was reduced, 65% and 20% of the supplied HMF was converted during the cultivation at 40% and 50% levels of spruce hydrolysate, respectively.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 12; 57,134 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 2. 16). Data for medical attention and hospitalization rates due to all‐cause diarrhoea were not estimable. 2. 2. 4. incidence of fever (Analysis 2. 17), diarrhoea (Analysis 2. 18), and vomiting (Analysis 2. 19) were evaluated after the first dose, second dose, and third dose, and at the end of the follow‐up period. We found little or no differences between the RotaTeq and placebo groups for any of the reactogenicity outcomes and time points. We noted significant heterogeneity for the pooled post‐first dose data on fever (I2 = 61%). 2. 2. 5. Adverse events that require discontinuation of vaccination schedule Ten trials reported the number of adverse events leading to discontinuation of the vaccination schedule, with little or no difference between RotaTeq and placebo (RR 0. 84, 95% CI 0. 46 to 1. 56; 15,471 participants, 10 trials; Analysis 2. 20). 2. 3. Dropouts before the end of trial Similar numbers of children taking RotaTeq and placebo dropped out from trials before they ended (RR 0. 98, 95% CI 0. 90 to 1. 08; 85,855 participants, 13 trials; Analysis 2. 21). 2. 4. Subgroup analyses 2. 4. 1. Rotavirus serotype (G‐ or P‐type) Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity Four trials reported on serotype specific rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity (Analysis 2. 22). There were fewer cases of G1, G2, G9, and P8 rotavirus diarrhoea in the RotaTeq group compared to the placebo group. Results were inconclusive for G3 and G4‐specific rotavirus diarrhoea due to few events leading to wide 95% CIs. The pooled data for type G3 showed statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 50%). Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe Three trials reported on serotype‐specific severe rotavirus diarrhoea (Analysis 2. 23). There were fewer severe cases of G4, G8, G9, and P6 rotavirus diarrhoea in the RotaTeq groups.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: CrossrefKirchhoff, C. J. , 2013: Understanding and enhancing climate information use in water management. Climatic Change, 119, 495–509, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-16-0127. 1. CrossrefKruk, M. C. , B. Parker, J. J. Marra, K. Werner, R. Heim, R. Vose, and P. Malsale, 2017: Engaging with users of climate information and the coproduction of knowledge. Wea. Climate Soc. , 9, 839–849, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate1614. CrossrefLemos, M. C. , C. J. Kirchhoff, and V. Ramprasad, 2012: Narrowing the climate information usability gap. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 789–794, falseSearch 2016. Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014015, C. , and Coauthors, 2018: Attribution of extreme precipitation in the lower reaches of the during May 2016. Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014015, falseSearch 79. Li, Y. , and G. Zhao, 2014: A review of low-carbon city construction research in China. Ecol. Econ. , 10, 66–79. )| falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate2836. CrossrefLourenço, T. C. , R. Swart, H. Goosen, and R. Street, 2016: The rise of demand-driven climate services. Nat. Climate Change, 6, 13–14, falseSearch 10. 1002/wcc. 403. Moser, S. C. , 2016: Reflections on climate change communication research and practice in the second decade of the 21st century: What more is there to say? Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. : Climate Change, 7, 345–369, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. crm. 2016. 10. 004. . Haigh, M. C. Lemos, A. S. Mase, and M. Widhalm, 2017: Useful to usable: Developing usable climate science for agriculture. Manage.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Similarly, 70% and 50% of the supplied furfural was converted during the cultivation at 40% and 50% levels of hydrolysate, respectively. The fact that less HMF could be converted by the cells at higher levels of hydrolysate was also seen from the concentration ratio of HMF to furfural, which increased from 2. 8 at the 20-30% level to 3. 7 and 4. 7 at 40% and 50% of hydrolysate, respectively. At generation 31, the specific conversion rates of HMF and furfural was two and three fold higher than at generation 6, respectively, and this trend of increasing specific conversion rates of furans was found throughout the adaptation, indicating the evolutionary progress toward improved HMF and furfural conversion (Figure 4c). Acetate present in the hydrolysate was consumed to some extent by the cells but at the end of the evolutionary regime with 50% hydrolysate the specific consumption rate of acetate was decreased by 35% compared to the consumption rate at the beginning of the cultivation (data not shown). This also support that at higher hydrolysate levels the inhibitors started affecting the cellular performance. Figure 4Evolutionary progress in chemostat culture supplemented with spruce hydrolysate. (a) Yields of biomass (Y X/S) and ethanol (Y E/S) on consumed sugars (left ordinate) and xylose concentration in the chemostat (right ordinate). Biomass (crosses), ethanol (circles), xylose (triangles). (b) Specific consumption rate of xylose (r xyl) (left ordinate) and xylitol yield (Y XOH/xyl) from consumed xylose (right ordinate). Xylose (closed triangles), xylitol (plus). (c) Specific conversion rates of HMF (r HMF) and furfural (r fur) (left ordinate), line with step wise increase shows the generation points at which the spruce hydrolysate concentration was increased (right ordinate). HMF (squares), furfural (diamonds). Full size imageScreening and selection of evolved strains for characterizationEvolved cells sampled at different time points during the process of evolutionary engineering were screened by drop tests.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 59 to 0. 76; 11,008 participants; Analysis 3. 8) and by 23% at two‐year follow‐up (RR 0. 77, 95% CI 0. 71 to 0. 84; 11,008 participants; Analysis 3. 9). 3. 2. 2. Rotavirus diarrhoea: requiring hospitalization Rotasiil reduced the number of children requiring hospitalization due to rotavirus diarrhoea by 41% at one‐year (RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 39 to 0. 88; 7500 participants, 1 trial) and at two years (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 52 to 0. 85, 7500 participants, 1 trial) follow‐up compared to placebo (Analysis 3. 10). 3. 2. 3. All‐cause diarrhoea of any severity There was little or no difference between Rotasiil and placebo for any severity all‐cause diarrhoea at one‐year (RR 0. 97, 95% CI 0. 90 to 1. 04; 3508 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 11) and at two years follow‐up (RR 0. 96, 95% CI 0. 90 to 1. 02; 3508 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 12). 3. 2. 4. incidence of fever (Analysis 3. 13), diarrhoea (Analysis 3. 14), and vomiting (Analysis 3. 15) were evaluated after any dose in four trials. We found little or no difference between the Rotasiil and placebo groups for any of the reactogenicity outcomes. 3. 2. 5. Adverse events requiring discontinuation One trial reported no adverse events leading to discontinuation of the vaccination schedule (RR not estimable, 7500 participants; Analysis 3. 16). 3. 2. 6. Dropouts before the end of trial Similar numbers of children taking Rotasiil or placebo dropped out from trials before they ended (RR 0. 93, 95% CI 0. 66 to 1. 32; 11,591 participants, 2 trials; Analysis 3. 17). 3. 3. Subgroup analyses 3. 3. 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: , 15, 1–7, falseSearch 10. 3880. /j. issn. 1004-6933. Qiu, B. , 2015: The connotation, approach and prospect of Sponge City. Constr. , 2, 8–16, falseSearch 0. 2013-05-001. Song, L. , F. Xiao, and W. Li, 2013: The current status and future development of modern climate operation in China. Xuebao, 24, 513–520, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-16-0158. 1. CrossrefSun, Y. , L. Song, H. Yin, X. Zhang, P. Stott, B. Zhao, and T. Hu, 2016: Human influence on the 2015 extreme high temperature events in western China. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 97, S102–S106, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-18-0280. 1. CrossrefSutton, R. T. , 2019: Climate science needs to take risk assessment much more seriously. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 100, 1637–1642, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-17-0253. 1. CrossrefTonya, H. , and Coauthors, 2018: Provision of climate services for agriculture: Public and private pathways to farm decision-making. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 99, 1781–1790, falseSearch 9485. php. Vaughan, C. , S. Dessai, and C. Hewitt, 2018: Surveying climate services: What can we learn from a bird’s-eye view? Wea. Climate Soc. , 10, 373–395, C. , S. Dessai, and C. Hewitt, 2018: Surveying climate services: What can we learn from a bird’s-eye view? Wea. Climate Soc. , 10, 373–395, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-16-0008. 1. CrossrefWall, T. U. , A. M. Meadow, and A.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Six ten-fold dilutions of cell suspension were incubated on YP-hydrolysate and YPD75 plates. All evolved cells from repetitive batch cultures performed better than parental strain TMB3400. Notably, cell population of two lineages (UV and non-UV treated) evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail had relatively higher number of colonies across the dilution series on YP- hydrolysate plate than TMB3400 (data not shown). YPD75 plate containing 75% inhibitor cocktail was found to be more inhibitory than YP-hydrolysate, in particularly to TMB3400 with very few colonies on the first dilution and no colonies appearing on rest of the dilutions. Whereas, cells evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail showed relatively more colonies, however, only on the first two dilutions. Selection of cell population for further characterization was primarily based on their ability to grow on inhibitor plates such as YPD75 and YP-hydrolysate. Since the performance of cells evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail was better than TMB3400, two strains, RK60-5 (evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail for 5 rounds of cultivation) and RKU90-3 (UV exposure for 90 seconds and evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail for 3 rounds of cultivation) were chosen for further physiological characterization. Evolved cells from chemostat cultivation were compared with TMB3400 and there was hardly any notable difference observed in number of colonies on YP-hydrolysate plate. Accordingly, we chose to consider other factors for selection of cell populations. The cell population after 97 generations exhibited the highest ethanol yield of 0. 41 g g-1 consumed sugars and was evolved in chemostat for longest duration (Figure 4a). The cell population at generation 97 was designated as KE1-17. During the chemostat cultivation, xylose gradually accumulated after 40 generations (Figure 4a), therefore, we compared xylose consumption and xylitol produced from consumed xylose at various generation points during the evolution. At generation 31, the specific xylose consumption rate was at the highest at 142 mg l-1 OD650-1 h-1 and the xylitol yield was at the lowest at 0. 21 g g-1 consumed xylose (Figure 4b). This cell culture at generation 31 was designated as KE1-5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavirus serotype (G‐ or P‐type) Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe Two trials (SIIL Isanaka 2017‐NER; SIIL Kulkarni 2017‐IND) reported on G‐ and P‐type specific severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea (Analysis 3. 18). There were fewer severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotasiil groups for G1, G2, Gp, P4, P6; results were inconclusive due to inconsistency in the results or few events leading to wide 95% CIs for G3, G4, G8, G12, and P8. The pooled data showed statistical heterogeneity for G1 (I2 = 49%), G2 (I2 = 47%), and G3‐specific severe rotavirus diarrhoea (I2 = 73%). Rotavirus diarrhoea: any severity One trial (SIIL Isanaka 2017‐NER) reported on G‐ and P‐type specific cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity (Analysis 3. 19). There were fewer cases of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotasiil groups for G1, G2, P4, P6; results were inconclusive due to few events leading to wide 95% CIs for G3, G4, G8, G9, G12, and P8. The included Rotasiil trials did not report separate data on immunocompromised or malnourished subgroups. 3. 4 Sensitivity analyses 3. 4. 1 Primary outcomes with high heterogeneity according to allocation concealment We rated all trials at low risk of bias for allocation concealment for the outcome where heterogeneity was high (I2 > 75%); see Analysis 3. 1 (I2 = 77%). 4. Rotavac 4. 1. Primary outcomes Summary of findings of primary outcomes are presented in summary of findings Table 8 (Rotavac, high‐mortality countries). 4. 1. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe High‐mortality countries One trial conducted in India provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent severe rotavirus diarrhoea in children. Rotavac reduced severe rotavirus diarrhoea cases by 57% at one year (RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 30 to 0. 60; 6799 participants; Analysis 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Horganic, 2017: Developing evaluation indicators to improve the process of coproducing usable climate science. Wea. Climate Soc. , 9, 95–107, falseSearch 10. 1088/1748-9326/aa9404. CrossrefWang, J. , S. Tett, Z. Yan, and J. Feng, 2018: Have human activities changed the frequencies of absolute extreme temperatures in eastern China? Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014012, falseSearch 758. Wang, Y. , B. Zhou, Y. Ren, and C. Sun, 2016: Impacts of global climate change on China’s climate security. Xuebao, 27, 750–758. )| falseSearch 10. 1007/s13351-019-8106-1. CrossrefWang, Y. , and Coauthors, 2018: Construction and application of a climate risk index for China. J. Meteor. Res. , 32, 937–949, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-18-0087. 1. CrossrefWeichselgartner, J. , and B. Artheimer, 2019: Evolving climate services into knowledge–action systems. Wea. Climate Soc. , 11, 385–399, falseSearch 10. 1007/s11434-012-5587-z. CrossrefWu, Q. , and F. Niu, 2013: Permafrost changes and engineering stability in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 58, 1079–1094, falseSearch 331. Xiao, F. H. , C. Zhang, B. Wang, H. Wang, C. Liu, and A. Wang, 2006: Impact of climatic change on agriculture and its adaptation countermeasures in China. Xuebao, 15, 327–331. )| falseSearch 10. 1142/S2345748117500075. CrossrefXie, X. , and Y. Zheng, 2017: Research on the evaluation indicator system for climate adaptive cities: A case study of Beijing. Chinese J. Urban Environ. Stud. , 5, 1750007, falseSearch 755. Yao, X. , M. Liu, X.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: KE1-17 and KE1-5 from the chemostat adaptation were chosen for further physiological characterization. Fermentation characteristics of evolved strainsThe fermentation performances of the selected strains were compared in anaerobic batch cultures in minimal medium and spruce hydrolysate. Anaerobic fermentation in minimal medium was performed with 20 g l-1 glucose and xylose each as carbon source. To quantitatively compare the fermentation performance, physiological parameters were calculated and it was found that all the evolved strains, but KE1-5, performed better than parental strain TMB3400. The strains RK60-5, RKU90-3 and KE1-17 exhibited 10 to 20% higher μmax than TMB3400, whereas, KE1-5 displayed 8% lower μmax than TMB3400 (Table 2). All the strains displayed maximum ethanol concentrations ranging between 8. 2 to 8. 7 g l-1 and the ethanol yields for all evolved strains showed a marginal increase of 3 to 5% higher than TMB3400. However, the specific glucose consumption rate and specific ethanol productivity of RK60-5, RKU90-3 and KE1-17 were significantly increased by 16 to 32% compared to TMB3400 (Table 2). It was observed for TMB3400, KE1-5 and KE1-17 strains that during the initial exponential growth on glucose, almost no xylose was consumed, as soon as glucose was depleted, growth ceased and cells started to utilize xylose. The specific xylose consumption rate calculated after the depletion of glucose, was significantly reduced by 50% in KE1-5 (0. 05 g g cell dry weight-1 h-1) and 20% in KE1- 17 (0. 08 g g cell dry weight-1 h-1) compared to the value for TMB3400 (0. 10 g g cell dry weight-1 h-1). Also, the xylitol yields for KE1-5 (0. 74 g g consumed xylose-1) and KE1-17 (0. 66 g g consumed xylose-1) were higher than the yield exhibited by TMB3400 (0. 61 g g consumed xylose-1).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 1), by 48% in the second year of life (RR 0. 52, 95% CI 0. 33 to 0. 81; 6516 participants; Analysis 4. 2), and by 54% by up to two years follow‐up (RR 0. 46, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 60; 6541 participants; Analysis 4. 3). 4. 1. 2. All‐cause diarrhoea: severe High‐mortality countries One trial conducted in India provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent severe all‐cause diarrhoea in children. The trial showed a reduction in the number of severe cases of diarrhoea with Rotavac compared to placebo at one year by 16% (RR 0. 84, 95% CI 0. 71 to 0. 98; 6799 participants; Analysis 4. 4). 4. 1. 3. All‐cause death High‐mortality countries Two trials conducted in India reported on all‐cause death. There was little or no difference in all‐cause death between Rotavac and placebo (RR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 50 to 1. 56; 8155 participants, Analysis 4. 5). Thirty‐five deaths occurred among 5549 participants in the Rotavac arms and 18 deaths occurred among 2606 participants in the placebo arms. This corresponds to a risk difference of 83 fewer deaths with Rotavac per 100,000 children with the 95% CI indicating from 345 fewer to 387 more per 100,000 (data not shown). We present details of causes of death for each trial in 7. 4. 1. 4. All serious adverse events High‐mortality countries Serious adverse events were reported in three trials conducted in India. Pooled results showed no statistically significant difference in the number of serious adverse events in the Rotavac group compared with the placebo group (RR 0. 93, 95% CI 0. 85 to 1. 02; 8210 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 4. 6). 4. 1. 5. Serious adverse events: intussusception High‐mortality countries Four trials conducted in India reported on cases of intussusception. Eight cases of intussusception were reported in a total of 5764 children in the Rotavac arm compared with three cases of intussusception in 2818 children in the placebo arm.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Fan, J. Wang, and L. Wang, 2011: Review on evaluation of meteorological service benefits. Meteor. Mon. , 37, 749–755. )| falseSearch 10. 1155/2016/5194091. CrossrefZhai, J. , Y. Liu, P. Hou, T. Xiao, and G. Cao, 2016: Water conservation service assessment and its spatiotemporal features in Zones. Adv. Meteor. , 2016, 5194091, falseSearch 10. 1360/N972018-00911. CrossrefZhai, P. , Y. Yuan, R. Rong and J. Guo, 2018: Climate change and sustainable development for cities. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 64, 1995–2001, https// falseSearch 10. 3969/2012JMS. 00. Zhang, T. , S. Song, C. Tian, X. Chai, and S. Pan, 2011: The benefit valuation method and analytical study of profession meteorological service in China. J. Meteor. Sci. , 31, 194–199, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. egypro. 2011. 03. 148. CrossrefZhang, W. , H. Li, and X. An, 2011: Ecological civilization construction is the fundamental way to develop low-carbon economy. Energy Procedia, 5, 839–843, falseSearch 45. Zhang, X. , 2019: Analysis of the climatic characteristics at airport. Adv. Meteor. Sci. Technol. , 9, 41–45. )| falseSearch 8637. Zheng, G. , M. Jiao, Y. Ding, and L. Song, 2019: China Climate. Press, 318 pp. Zhou, F. , D. Zou, 2016: The core concepts, main points and basic rules of ecological economy. Daxue Xuebao, 17, 100–102, https// F. , D. Zou, 2016: The core concepts, main points and basic rules of ecological economy. Daxue Xuebao, 17, 100–102, https// falseSearch 0121. 1. xml The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Surprisingly, in anaerobic batch cultures of RK60-5 and RKU90-3, when the glucose was depleted, xylose was hardly utilized even after 100 h of fermentation and minute traces of xylitol (0. 3 g l-1) were observed. Table 2 Physiological characterization: Anaerobic fermentation in minimal medium with 20 g l-1 glucose and xylose, respectively Full size tableTo further elucidate the phenotypic differences between evolved strains and TMB3400, anaerobic fermentations were performed in spruce hydrolysate containing carbon sources such as glucose, mannose, galactose, xylose and arabinose, the composition of which is presented in the Table1. It was observed in all fermentations that the sugars glucose and mannose were co-utilized and when glucose was depleted, galactose was consumed. Xylose consumption varied between the strains, TMB3400 utilized 15 to 17% of supplied xylose, KE1-5 consumed 10 to 12% and KE1-17 metabolized only 5% during 70 h of fermentation. There was hardly any xylose consumed by the RK60-5 and RKU90-3 strains. Arabinose was untouched by all the strains. The physiological parameters were determined and it was found that RK60-5 and RKU90-3 displayed the highest μmax of 0. 10 h-1 which was 43% higher than TMB3400 (Table 3). The ethanol yields displayed by the evolved strains were 8 to 10% higher than TMB3400. The strains RK60-5 and RKU90-3 exhibited a significant increase of 38% and 50% in specific sugar consumption rate and specific ethanol productivity, respectively. Similar improvement in specific ethanol productivity was observed in KE1-17, while sugar consumption and ethanol production rate of KE1-5 were similar to that of TMB3400. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences observed in rates of inhibitor conversion. The specific conversion rates of HMF and furfural were similar among all the strains with the exception being KE1-17 which showed 57% increase in the specific conversion rate of furfural compared to the strain TMB3400 (Table 3).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: This corresponds to a risk difference of 35 more cases of intussusception with Rotavac per 100,000 children with the 95% CI indicating from 69 fewer to 428 more per 100,000 (data not shown). Pooled results were inconclusive due to few events leading to wide 95% CIs (RR 1. 33, 95% CI 0. 35 to 5. 02; 8582 participants; Analysis 4. 7). 4. 2. Secondary outcomes 4. 2. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity One trial provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in children. Rotavac reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity by 34% at both one‐year (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 78; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 4. 8) and two‐year follow‐up (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 57 to 0. 76; 6541 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 4. 2). 4. 2. 2. Rotavirus diarrhoea: requiring medical attention Rotavac reduced the number of children requiring medical attention due to rotavirus diarrhoea at one year of follow‐up by 31% compared to placebo (RR 0. 69, 95% CI 0. 58 to 0. 81; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 4. 11). 4. 2. 3. incidence of fever (Analysis 4. 12), diarrhoea (Analysis 4. 13), and vomiting (Analysis 4. 14) were evaluated after the first dose in two trials, second dose in one trial, and third dose in one trial. We found little or no difference between the Rotavac and placebo groups for most of the reactogenicity outcomes and time points, except for diarrhoea, which demonstrated an increase with Rotavac compared to placebo after the second dose (RR 1. 55, 95% CI 1. 00 to 2. 41; 356 participants) and third dose (RR 4. 09, 95% CI 2. 11 to 7. 92; 358 participants). 4. 2. 4. Dropouts before the end of trial Similar numbers of children taking Rotavac or placebo dropped out from trials before they ended (RR 0. 85, 95% CI 0. 57 to 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Link copied successfullyCopy link Share on facebook Share on linkedin Share on twitter Weather, Climate, and Abstract1. Introduction2. Framework for Climate Servicesa. Requirements of climate servicesb. The vision and goals of the CFCSc. Structure of the CFCSd. Governance of the CFCS3. Practicesa. Climate services for disaster risk reductionb. Climate services for agriculturec. Climate services for the water sectord. Climate services for the energy sectore. Climate services for urbanizationf. Climate services for major engineering projects4. Summarya. The transition of climate research to operational climate servicesb. Delivering relevant, tailored, and usable climate informationc. Effective engagement between users and providers of climate servicesd. Building a professional interdisciplinary team5. Concluding remarks 10. 1016/j. cosust. 2012. 01. 003. CrossrefAsrar, G. R. , V. Ryabinin, and V. Detemmerman, 2012: Climate science and services: Providing climate information for adaptation, sustainable development and risk management. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustainability, 4, 88–100, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-018-8002-0. CrossrefBelcher, S. , E. Stott, L. Song, Q. Chao, R. Lu, and T. Zhou, 2018: Preface to special issue on for China. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 897–898, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-018-7210-y. CrossrefBett, P. E. , and Coauthors, 2018: Seasonal forecasts of the summer 2016 basin rainfall. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 918–926, falseSearch 10. 1093/scipol/scy070. CrossrefBisbal, G. A. , 2018: Practical tips to establish an actionable science portfolio for climate adaptation. Sci. Public Policy, 46, 148–153, falseSearch 10. 1002/2015EF000338. CrossrefBrasseur, G. P. , and L. Gallardo, 2016: Climate services: Lessons learned and future prospects. Earth’s Future, 4, 79–89, falseSearch 10. 1016/j.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Physiological characterization: Anaerobic fermentation in spruce hydrolysate Full size tableEnzyme activitiesThe evolved strains RK60-5 and RKU90-3 were unable to consume xylose during anaerobic fermentations in presence of glucose and xylose. Specific activities of enzymes XR and XDH of RK60-5 and RKU90-3 were compared with TMB3400 grown in presence of 20 g l-1 glucose and xylose, respectively. The recombinant S. cerevisiae strain TMB3400 expressed XR and XDH with activities of 0. 20±0. 00 and 1. 23±0. 34 U mg protein-1. Interestingly, there were no activities of XR and XDH detected in cell extracts of evolved strains RK60-5 and RKU90-3. DiscussionInfluence of evolutionary strategies on selection parametersThe lag phase time, μmax and inhibitor consumption rates were chosen as selection parameters for inhibitor tolerance. An important characteristic of evolution in repetitive batch culture is cells go through distinct phases of lag, exponential, transition and stationary growth under a given selection pressure. Evolution in chemostat culture provides a constant environment for the cells to adapt to. Evolutionary events that arise from advantages in any of these phases in batch and chemostat cultures may influence the fitness of cells [27]. The two evolutionary engineering strategies employed here were found to affect the selection parameters differently. Evolution in repetitive batch cultures influenced the maximum specific growth rate, specific glucose consumption rate and ethanol productivity whereas, evolution in chemostat cultures influenced specific conversion rates of inhibitors. For the first time, evolutionary engineering to enhance tolerance towards the synergistic action of inhibitors using a cocktail of 12 different inhibitors was demonstrated for a recombinant xylose- utilizing strain of S. cerevisiae. The lag phase, commonly referred as a preparatory phase for the cell growth was not affected in presence of 20% inhibitor cocktail. However, in presence of 40% inhibitor cocktail, a prolonged lag phase and a feature of increasing lag phase time followed by decreasing lag phase time was observed during the time course of the evolution process (Figure 2b). The prolonged lag phase before the recovery of cell growth indicates a major shift in physiology of cells evolved under inhibitor stress.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 29; 8215 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 4. 15). 4. 3. Subgroup analyses 4. 3. 1. Rotavirus serotype (G‐ or P‐type) Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe One trial reported severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by G and P type (VAC Bhandari 2014‐IND). At one‐year follow‐up (Analysis 4. 16), there were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotavac groups for G2P[4] (RR 0. 39, 95% CI 0. 22 to 0. 69; 6541 participants) and G12P[6] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0. 74; 6541 participants); results were not significantly different between Rotavac and placebo for G1P[8] (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 36 to 1. 20; 6541 participants) and G12P[8] (RR 0. 30, 95% CI 0. 07 to 1. 26; 6541 participants). At two‐year follow‐up (Analysis 4. 17) there were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotavac groups for G1P[8] (RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 38 to 0. 93; 6541 participants), G2P[4] (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 62; 6541 participants), G12P[6] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0. 74; 6541 participants), and G12P[8] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 10 to 0. 96; 6541 participants). The included Rotavac trials did not report separate data on immunocompromised or malnourished subgroups. 4. 4 Sensitivity analyses 4. 4. 1 Primary outcomes with high heterogeneity according to allocation concealment There were no primary outcomes with high heterogeneity (I2 > 75%). 5 Post hoc subgroup analysis: Intussusception combining all vaccines The risk of intussusception with any rotavirus vaccine compared with placebo was 1 fewer case per 10,000 children (95% CI from 2 fewer to 1 more case per 10,000) with a RR of 0. 87 (95% CI 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: crm. 2015. 04. 004. CrossrefBriley, L. , D. Brown, and S. E. Kalafatis, 2015: Overcoming barriers during the co-production of climate information for decision-making. Manage. , 9, 41–49, falseSearch 10. 1175/JCLI-D-16-0892. 1. CrossrefBurke, C. , and P. A. Stott, 2017: Impact of anthropogenic climate change on the summer monsoon. J. Climate, 30, 5205–5220, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. landusepol. 2018. 03. 005. CrossrefChan, F. K. S. , J. A. Griffiths, D. Higgitt, S. Xu, F. Zhu, Y. Tang, Y. Xu, and C. R. Thorne, 2018: “Sponge City” in China—A breakthrough of planning and flood risk management in the urban context. Policy, 76, 772–778, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-18-0087. 1. CrossrefChen, Y. , and Coauthors, 2019: Anthropogenic warming has substantially increased the likelihood of July 2017–like heat waves over central eastern China. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 100, S91–S95, falseSearch 10. 3969/j. issn. 1002-2104. 2006. 06. 031. Cheng, J. , S. Li, and Q. Wu, 2006: Consideration on the water management in China. China Popul. Resour. Environ. , 16, 162–168, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. cliser. 2017. 06. 002. CrossrefChristel, I. , D. Hemment, D. Bojovic, F. Cucchietti, L. Calvo, M. Stefaner, and C. Buontempo, 2018: Introducing design in the development of effective climate services. Climate Serv. , 9, 111–121, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-18-0015. 1. CrossrefDaly, M. , and S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This interesting lag phase profile can be speculated to be due to accumulation of cell populations with non-beneficial mutations until they are overgrown by the cell population with beneficial mutations. Evolution in repetitive batch cultures clearly favored the improvement of μmax (Figure 2a and Table 3). The specific conversion rates of HMF and furfural were less affected during the evolution in batch cultures, however in contrast, evolution in chemostat cultures clearly favored the improvement of specific conversion rates of HMF and furfural from generation 50 until generation 97 (Figure 4c). Previous evolutionary engineering study in batch and continuous culture for acetic acid tolerance in xylose fermenting S. cerevisiae strain reported that acetic acid tolerance was acetate inducible, so when cells were precultured in absence of acetic acid stress they failed to grow in anaerobic batch culture supplemented with acetic acid [28]. However, the evolved strains selected in this study displayed improved performance in anaerobic batch fermentation even though the cells were precultured in minimal medium in absence of inhibitors which suggests that the inhibitor tolerance developed was not inhibitors inducible. The results of fermentation performance in spruce hydrolysate indicated that the strains RK60-5, RKU90-3 displayed marginally higher μmax and all the evolved strains exhibited higher specific ethanol productivity compared to TMB3400 (Table 3). It has been previously shown that growth and ethanol productivity of inhibitor tolerant strain was improved due to higher capacity for reduction of HMF and furfural compared to a less tolerant strain [29]. However, in the anaerobic fermentation of spruce hydrolysate, there was no evident difference observed in the specific conversion rates of HMF and furfural among all the strains except KE1-17. The indistinguishable conversion rate of furfural by evolved and parental strains has been previously reported and mentioned that improved performance of evolved strain was due to increased viability under furfural stress [30]. In screening and selection after evolutionary engineering experiments, our evolved strains grew well and displayed higher number of colonies across the dilution series compared to the strain TMB3400 when incubated on inhibitor plates which suggests increased viability of our evolved strains.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 61 to 1. 25, 43 trials, 212,636 participants, Table 2). The risk difference was similar in all mortality settings. vaccines have been under development since the 1980s and, to date, four vaccines have been prequalified by the WHO (Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil, and Rotavac). A further two rotavirus vaccines are licensed for use in individual countries (LLR in China and Rotavin in Vietnam, see 1999. The four vaccines currently in use and prequalified by the WHO (Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil, and Rotavac) are the focus of this review. Summary of main results We included 60 trials with a total of 228,233 participants, that evaluated Rotarix (36 trials), RotaTeq (15 trials), Rotasiil (5 trials), and Rotavac (4 trials). Our analysis stratified the primary outcomes by country under‐five child mortality strata (high‐mortality countries, medium‐mortality countries, and low‐mortality countries; 2019). The trials were not designed or powered to detect an effect on preventing death or on the occurrence of possible rare serious adverse events, such as intussusception. 1. Rotarix trials were conducted in low‐mortality countries; five in Asia, five in Europe, and four in North America. See summary of findings Table 1 for main results. Briefly, in infants under one year, Rotarix vaccination prevented 93% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and 52% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (moderate‐certainty evidence). In children up to two years, 90% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and 51% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (moderate‐certainty evidence) were prevented with Rotarix. For serious adverse events, children receiving Rotarix had 11% fewer events than those receiving placebo (high‐certainty evidence). trials were conducted in medium‐mortality countries; five in Latin America, four in Asia, and one in Europe. See summary of findings Table 2 for main results.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Dessai, 2018: Examining the goals of the regional climate outlook forums: What role for user engagement? Wea. Climate Soc. , 10, 693–708, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-016-5247-3. CrossrefDong, B. , R. T. Sutton, W. Chen, X. Liu, R. Lu, and Y. Sun, 2016: Abrupt summer warming and changes in temperature extremes over northeast Asia since the mid-1990s: Drivers and physical processes. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 33, 1005–1023, falseSearch 10. 1360/N972017-00916. CrossrefFang, J. , J. Zhu, and Y. Shi, 2018: The responses of ecosystems to global warming. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 63, 136–140, falseSearch 10. 1167/j. issn. 1001-8166. 2015. 04. 0445. Fang, X. , X. Wang, W. Du, L. Li, X. J. He, C. Cheng, and Y. Liu, 2015: The application of climate information in urban planning in China: Retrospect and future prospect. Jinzhan, 30, 445–455, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. cliser. 2017. 03. 004. CrossrefGolding, N. , C. P. Hewitt, P. Zhang, P. X. Bett, X. Fang, H. H. Hu, and S. Nobert, 2017a: Improving user engagement and uptake or climate services in China. Climate Serv. , 5, 39–45, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. cliser. 2017. 11. 002. CrossrefGolding, N. , C. Hewitt, and P. Q. Zhang, 2017b: Effective engagement for climate services: Methods in practice in China. Climate Serv. , 8, 72–76, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. crm. 2019. 01. 002. CrossrefGolding, N. , C. Hewitt, P. Q. Zhang, M. Liu, J. Zhang, and P.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Another possible explanation of similar specific conversion rates of HMF or furfural among evolved strains may presumably be explained that the rate of transport of HMF and furfural in to the cells was not affected by evolutionary engineering; however, we speculate that increase in μmax and specific ethanol productivity of evolved strains in spruce hydrolysate could be due to higher in vivo rates of conversion of HMF, furfural and possibly also other inhibitory aldehydes which ensures that the intracellular concentrations of these inhibitors remain low. Inhibitor tolerance Vs xylose consumptionThe progress in μmax and lag phase time until the evolution in 60% inhibitor cocktail, by no means represents the final stage of evolution. However, as the evolution progressed, the xylose utilization during the time span of 12 h after glucose depletion until cell transfer was reduced significantly, and therefore the evolution in repetitive batches was terminated. Decreased specific xylose consumption rates were also observed during the evolution in chemostat (Figure 4b) therefore, the chemostat was also terminated when the cells were evolving in 50% levels of spruce hydrolysate. The cofactor NADPH dependent HMF and furfural reduction has been previously observed in S. cerevisiae[31, 32]. The engineered S. cerevisiae strain TMB3400 expressing the XR/XDH pathway has been known to require NADPH for xylose reductase activity [23]. Long term exposure of these aldehyde inhibitors evolutionarily favors the yeast cells to use NADPH for furan reduction over xylose reduction since xylose was not the limiting carbon source in our experimental system. The genes XYL1 and XYL2 encoding XR and XDH, respectively, are under the control of constitutive promoters, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH) and PGK promoters, respectively. So, the burden for the cells to keep these genes expressed is higher if cultivated in presence of inhibitors for a prolonged time, since the NADPH is directed to inhibitors reduction over xylose reduction. This is well in accordance that there were no activities of XR and XDH enzymes detected from the cell extracts of RK60-5 and RKU90-3 strains.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Briefly, in infants under one year, Rotarix prevented 79% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and 36% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence). In children up to two years, 77% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and 26% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea cases (low‐certainty evidence) were prevented with Rotarix. For serious adverse events, children receiving Rotarix had 15% fewer events than those receiving placebo (high‐certainty evidence). trials were conducted in high‐mortality countries; seven in Asia, four in Africa, and one in Latin America. See summary of findings Table 3 for main results. Briefly, in infants under one year, Rotarix prevented 58% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and 27% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence). In children up to two years, 35% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (moderate‐certainty evidence) and 17% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) were prevented with Rotarix. Rotarix had little or no effect on serious adverse events in this setting (high‐certainty evidence). An effect of Rotarix on all‐cause mortality (low‐ to moderate‐certainty evidence) or on intussusception (low‐certainty evidence) has not been shown in any of the settings. 2. RotaRotaTeq trials were conducted in low‐mortality countries; three in North America, two in Asia, two in Europe, one in Europe and the USA, and one in North America, Europe, Asia, and Latin America. See summary of findings Table 4 for main results. Briefly, RotaTeq vaccination prevented 97% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea in infants under one year (high‐certainty evidence) and 96% of cases in children up to two years (high‐certainty evidence). We found no RotaTeq trials that reported on severe all‐cause diarrhoea. RotaTeq had little or no effect on serious adverse events in this setting (high‐certainty evidence).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Bett, 2019: Co-development of a seasonal rainfall forecast service: Supporting flood risk management for the basin. Manage. , 23, 43–49, falseSearch 10. 1175/JAMC-D-19-0050. 1. CrossrefHan, Z. , Y. Shi, J. Wu, Y. Xu, and B. Zhou, 2019: Combined dynamical and statistical downscaling for high-resolution projections of multiple climate variables in the Beijing–Tianjin–of China. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , 58, 2387–2403, falseSearch 10. 1175/2009BAMS2607. 1. CrossrefHawkins, E. , and R. Sutton, 2009: The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 90, 1095–1108, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00376-018-7255-y. CrossrefHewitt, C. , and N. Golding, 2018: Development and pull-through of climate science to services in China. Adv. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 905–908, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate1745. CrossrefHewitt, C. , S. Mason, and D. Walland, 2012: The global framework for climate services. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 831–832, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate3378. CrossrefHewitt, C. , R. Stone, and A. Tait, 2017: Improving the use of climate information in decision-making. Nat. Climate Change, 7, 614–616, falseSearch 32. Jiao, M. , and Coauthors, 2013: Addressing the potential climate effects of China’s project. WMO Bull. , 62, 49–53. Jiao, M. , and Coauthors, 2013: Addressing the potential climate effects of China’s project. WMO Bull. , 62, 49–53. )| falseSearch 5. Jiao, M. , L. Song, T. Jiang, D. Zhang, and J. Zhai, 2015: China’s implementation of impact and risk-based early warning.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: One possible explanation for this observed phenotype of RK60-5 and RKU90-3 is that the XYL1 and XYL2 genes cassette of xylose utilization pathway may have been lost during the process of evolutionary engineering. Although there was a marked reduction in specific xylose consumption rate of strains KE1-5, KE1-17 (Table 2) evolved in chemostat cultures, the xylose consumption ability was still retained. Previous study on inhibitors adaptation of xylose fermenting S. cerevisiae strain that retained xylose consumption ability even after 353 h of adaptation in carbon limited chemostat cultures [17] elucidates the importance of evolution in well controlled chemostat cultures to both retain xylose consumption and further improve inhibitor tolerance. Alternatively, the inability of RK60-5 and RKU90-3 to consume xylose (Table 2) clearly indicates that in order to keep the xylose consumption intact, evolutionary engineering for inhibitor tolerance should be performed with xylose as the limiting carbon source in repetitive batch cultures. ConclusionThe potential of evolutionary engineering is more vivid in improving a complex phenotypic trait that requires multi-gene modifications such as inhibitor tolerance. In this study, we have developed evolved S. cerevisiae strains that showed improved tolerance to inhibitors in spruce hydrolysate. Although three of the evolved strains performed relatively better, the strains evolved in the inhibitor cocktail stands alone with 50% increase in specific ethanol productivity compared to the performance by the parental strain of S. cerevisiae, TMB3400. From an economical point of view, this is an interesting feature since it reduces overall time required for fermentation. Phenotypic characteristics during the process of evolutionary engineering evidently demonstrated the importance of evolution in repetitive batch cultures and chemostat cultures to improve the maximum specific growth rate and inhibitor conversion rates, respectively. Directed evolution in presence of a comprehensive solution of inhibitor cocktail extends the tolerance limits of yeast cells towards three different inhibitor categories which were apparent from improved performance of evolved strains, even though all the strains had similar HMF conversion rates. In addition, the decrease in specific xylose consumption rates of evolved strains has highlighted the consequence of the choice of medium for evolutionary engineering.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Two RotaTeq trials were conducted in medium‐mortality countries; both in Asia. In addition, a large multicentre trial that was conducted on several continents included centres in a few medium‐mortality countries, but was analysed in the low‐mortality stratum since most centres were in low‐mortality countries (see TEQ Vesikari 2006b‐INT). See summary of findings Table 5 for main results. Briefly, no medium‐mortality stratum RotaTeq trials reported on severe rotavirus diarrhoea or on severe all‐cause diarrhoea in infants under one year. In children up to two years, RotaTeq prevented 79% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (low‐certainty evidence). For serious adverse events, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown (very low‐certainty evidence). Three RotaTeq trials were conducted in high‐mortality countries; two in Asia and one in Africa. See summary of findings Table 6 for main results. Briefly, in infants under one year, RotaTeq prevented 57% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and 20% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (moderate‐certainty evidence). In children up to two years, RotaTeq prevented 44% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and 15% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence). RotaTeq had little or no effect on serious adverse events in this setting (moderate‐certainty evidence). An effect of RotaTeq on all‐cause mortality (very low‐ to moderate‐certainty evidence) or on intussusception (very low‐ to low‐certainty evidence) has not been shown in any of the settings. 3. Rotasiil trials have been carried out in low‐ or medium‐mortality countries. trials were conducted in high‐mortality countries; four in India and one in Niger. See summary of findings Table 7 for main results. Briefly, in infants under one year, Rotasiil vaccination prevented 48% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence) and resulted in little to no difference in severe all‐cause diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: WMO Bull. , 64, 1–5. )| falseSearch 10. 1088/1748-9326/aa6cb9. CrossrefKent, C. , E. Pope, V. Thompson, K. Lewis, A. A. Scaife, and N. Dunstone, 2017: Using climate model simulations to assess the current climate risk to maize production. Environ. Res. Lett. , 12, 054012, falseSearch 10. 1175/JAMC-D-19-0096. 1. CrossrefKent, C. , and Coauthors, 2019: Maize drought hazard in the northeast farming region of China: Unprecedented events in the current climate. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , 58, 2247–2258, falseSearch 10. 1007/s10584-013-0703-x. CrossrefKirchhoff, C. J. , 2013: Understanding and enhancing climate information use in water management. Climatic Change, 119, 495–509, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-16-0127. 1. CrossrefKruk, M. C. , B. Parker, J. J. Marra, K. Werner, R. Heim, R. Vose, and P. Malsale, 2017: Engaging with users of climate information and the coproduction of knowledge. Wea. Climate Soc. , 9, 839–849, falseSearch 10. 1038/nclimate1614. CrossrefLemos, M. C. , C. J. Kirchhoff, and V. Ramprasad, 2012: Narrowing the climate information usability gap. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 789–794, falseSearch 2016. Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014015, C. , and Coauthors, 2018: Attribution of extreme precipitation in the lower reaches of the during May 2016. Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014015, falseSearch 79. Li, Y. , and G. Zhao, 2014: A review of low-carbon city construction research in China. Ecol. Econ. , 10, 66–79. )| falseSearch 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Since the type of inhibitors and their concentrations may vary according to the type of lignocellulosic raw materials and pretreatment methods used, our study elucidates the significance of dedicated evolutionary engineering experiments to a specific type of raw materials to develop tailor made strains that can show marked improvements. MethodsStrainsThe recombinant xylose utilizing S. cerevisiae TMB3400 [26] was used as a parental strain in the evolutionary engineering strategies. The parental strain and strains developed during the course of evolution were stored at −80°C in culture aliquots containing 20% sterile glycerol. Volumes of 100 μl from the vials were used to inoculate precultures. Spruce hydrolysateSpruce hydrolysate was provided by -Technology AB (Örnsköldsvik, Sweden) and prepared from spruce wood chips pre-treated with dilute sulfurous acid (SO2 in water) and filtered to remove the solids. The composition of the hydrolysate is presented in the Table 1. Inhibitor cocktailThe inhibitor cocktail solution used in this study contained 12 different inhibitors (Table 1). The selection of inhibitors and their concentrations for the preparation of inhibitor cocktail solution was based on the analysis of inhibitors composition in spruce hydrolysate used in this study (Table 1). Also, previously published 0. 1 M NaOH and was added to milliQ water and the pH was set to 6. 5. The rest of the components but HMF were dissolved one by one maintaining the pH at 6. 5 throughout the preparation. The inhibitor cocktail was then filter sterilized and stored at −20°C in small aliquots. HMF was directly added to the medium during the evolution process. MediaEvolution in shake flasks were carried out in minimal medium containing 20 g l-1 of glucose and xylose, respectively and enriched with salts, two folds of trace elements and vitamins according to Verduyn et al. [37]. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 6. 5 with 1 M NaOH for all shake flask cultivations. The inhibitor cocktail was added to minimal media to achieve final concentrations of 20, 40 and 60% of inhibitors concentration presented in Table 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In children up to two years, Rotasiil vaccination prevented 44% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence), but resulted in little to no difference in severe all‐cause diarrhoea (high‐certainty evidence). Rotasiil had little or no effect on serious adverse events in this setting (high‐certainty evidence). An effect of Rotasiil on all‐cause mortality (moderate‐certainty evidence) or on intussusception (low‐certainty evidence) has not been shown. 4. Rotavac trials have been carried out in low‐ or medium‐mortality countries. All four Rotavac trials were conducted in India, a high‐mortality country. See summary of findings Table 8 for main results. Briefly, in infants under one year, Rotavac prevented 57% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (moderate‐certainty evidence) and 16% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea (moderate‐certainty evidence). In children up to two years, Rotavac prevented 54% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea (moderate‐certainty evidence). Rotavac had little or no effect on serious adverse events in this setting (moderate‐certainty evidence). An effect of Rotavac on all‐cause mortality (very low‐certainty evidence) or on intussusception (very low‐certainty evidence) has not been shown. Overall completeness and applicability of evidence We carried out this systematic review using RCTs. All the included trials were placebo‐controlled, except for two Rotarix trials that compared vaccine to no intervention (RIX Colgate 2016‐BGD; RIX Zaman 2017‐BGD). The trials provided only limited data for special groups of children, such as malnourished or immunocompromised children. Efficacy by setting Rotarix and RotaTeq were highly efficacious in reducing severe rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries; widespread roll‐out of rotavirus vaccines has led to major reductions in rotavirus hospitalizations in such settings (Hungerford 2017; Jonesteller 2017). In contrast, trials of Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil and Rotavac in high‐mortality countries in Africa and Asia demonstrated a relatively lower vaccine efficacy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: 1038/nclimate2836. CrossrefLourenço, T. C. , R. Swart, H. Goosen, and R. Street, 2016: The rise of demand-driven climate services. Nat. Climate Change, 6, 13–14, falseSearch 10. 1002/wcc. 403. Moser, S. C. , 2016: Reflections on climate change communication research and practice in the second decade of the 21st century: What more is there to say? Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. : Climate Change, 7, 345–369, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. crm. 2016. 10. 004. . Haigh, M. C. Lemos, A. S. Mase, and M. Widhalm, 2017: Useful to usable: Developing usable climate science for agriculture. Manage. , 15, 1–7, falseSearch 10. 3880. /j. issn. 1004-6933. Qiu, B. , 2015: The connotation, approach and prospect of Sponge City. Constr. , 2, 8–16, falseSearch 0. 2013-05-001. Song, L. , F. Xiao, and W. Li, 2013: The current status and future development of modern climate operation in China. Xuebao, 24, 513–520, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-16-0158. 1. CrossrefSun, Y. , L. Song, H. Yin, X. Zhang, P. Stott, B. Zhao, and T. Hu, 2016: Human influence on the 2015 extreme high temperature events in western China. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 97, S102–S106, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-18-0280. 1. CrossrefSutton, R. T. , 2019: Climate science needs to take risk assessment much more seriously. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 100, 1637–1642, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-17-0253. 1. CrossrefTonya, H. , and Coauthors, 2018: Provision of climate services for agriculture: Public and private pathways to farm decision-making. Bull.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The cultivation medium for chemostat cultures was based on minimal medium with 20 g l-1 xylose and with increasing levels, 20-50% (v/v), of spruce hydrolysate and 0. 1% (v/v) of polypropylene glycol P 2’000 from Fluka as antifoam. Glucose was added to the medium giving a final concentration of 20 g l-1 taken into account the amount of glucose already present in the hydrolysate. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 5. 0 with 1 M NaOH and was supplemented with salts, two folds of trace elements and vitamins according to Verduyn et al. [37]. Anaerobic fermentations in minimal medium and spruce hydrolysate were supplemented with antifoam polypropylene glycol P 2’000 from Fluka at 0. 1 and 0. 25% (v/v), respectively, along with ergosterol and Tween 80. Ergosterol and Tween 80 were dissolved in boiling absolute ethanol and were added to the medium to a final concentration of 0. 01 g l-1 and 0. 42 g l-1, respectively. Three different agar plates 75 and YP-hydrolysate were used for screening strains. All the three plates contained 10 g l-1 yeast extract, 20 g l-1 peptone and 20 g l-1 agar. In addition, YPX plate was supplemented with 20 g l-1 xylose and YPD75 plate was supplemented with 20 g l-1 glucose and 75% of inhibitors concentration (inhibitor cocktail) in Table 1, whereas, in YP- hydrolysate plate yeast extract, peptone and agar were dissolved in spruce hydrolysate. UV mutagenesisThe cell samples stored at −80°C were retrieved and diluted with sterile milliQ water to read an OD650 of 0. 1 and a volume of 100 μl was spread on three YP-hydrolysate plates. The three plates were subjected to high intensity UV radiation at 302nm from a UV transilluminator TMF26V from UVP for 30, 60 and 90 seconds, respectively and incubated at 30°C until colonies were formed. One colony per plate was taken for further evolutionary engineering.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: However, because of the higher burden of rotavirus disease in such countries, the absolute number of events prevented by vaccination is greater than in low‐mortality countries (RIX Madhi 2010‐AF). A recent meta‐analysis of observational studies (Burnett 2020a) documented that effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in children age < 12 months was 86%, 77% and 63‐66% in low‐, medium‐ and high‐mortality countries, respectively. The global impact of rotavirus vaccination on rotavirus hospitalizations, all‐cause diarrhoea hospitalizations, and diarrhoea mortality, has recently been reviewed across a range of child mortality strata (Burnett 2020b). Efficacy by age Results from RCTs of Rotarix and RotaTeq found higher vaccine efficacy against severe rotavirus diarrhoea in the first year compared to the cumulative efficacy for the first and second years. Vaccine efficacy was lower in the second year of life to a degree that varied by setting; the difference in efficacy between the first and second years was greater in high‐mortality (Rotarix: 63% up to one year versus 54% up to two years; RotaTeq: 57% versus 41%) compared to low‐mortality countries (Rotarix: 84% up to one year versus 82% up to two years; RotaTeq: 92% versus 82%). Trials with Rotavac and Rotasiil were not carried out in any low‐mortality country. Reduced vaccine efficacy in high‐mortality countries in trials reporting two years of follow‐up could be explained either by waning of vaccine‐induced immunity, or some protection in the placebo group resulting from more frequent exposure to natural rotavirus infection (RIX Madhi 2010‐AF). A modelling study in Malawi concluded that reduced protection could be predicted in the absence of waning immunity (Pitzer 2019). In real‐world vaccine effectiveness studies among children age 12‐23 months, effectiveness was 84‐86%, 54% and 58% in low‐, medium‐ and high‐mortality countries, respectively (Burnett 2020a).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 99, 1781–1790, falseSearch 9485. php. Vaughan, C. , S. Dessai, and C. Hewitt, 2018: Surveying climate services: What can we learn from a bird’s-eye view? Wea. Climate Soc. , 10, 373–395, C. , S. Dessai, and C. Hewitt, 2018: Surveying climate services: What can we learn from a bird’s-eye view? Wea. Climate Soc. , 10, 373–395, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-16-0008. 1. CrossrefWall, T. U. , A. M. Meadow, and A. Horganic, 2017: Developing evaluation indicators to improve the process of coproducing usable climate science. Wea. Climate Soc. , 9, 95–107, falseSearch 10. 1088/1748-9326/aa9404. CrossrefWang, J. , S. Tett, Z. Yan, and J. Feng, 2018: Have human activities changed the frequencies of absolute extreme temperatures in eastern China? Environ. Res. Lett. , 13, 014012, falseSearch 758. Wang, Y. , B. Zhou, Y. Ren, and C. Sun, 2016: Impacts of global climate change on China’s climate security. Xuebao, 27, 750–758. )| falseSearch 10. 1007/s13351-019-8106-1. CrossrefWang, Y. , and Coauthors, 2018: Construction and application of a climate risk index for China. J. Meteor. Res. , 32, 937–949, falseSearch 10. 1175/WCAS-D-18-0087. 1. CrossrefWeichselgartner, J. , and B. Artheimer, 2019: Evolving climate services into knowledge–action systems. Wea. Climate Soc. , 11, 385–399, falseSearch 10. 1007/s11434-012-5587-z. CrossrefWu, Q. , and F.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Cultivation conditionsEvolutionary engineering in repetitive batch culturesEvolutionary engineering in repetitive batch cultures were carried out in 100 ml shake flasks with a working volume of 50 ml. The cultures were inoculated to an initail OD650 of 0. 01, incubated at 30°C on an orbital shaker at 180 rpm. Samples were frequently withdrawn for measurement of OD650 and analysis of extracellular metabolites. The presence of glucose during the cultivation was monitored using glucose test strips (keto-diabur-test 5000 from Roche) and the cells were serially transferred to subsequent shake flasks at 8 to 12 h after the depletion of glucose. Possible contamination of the cultivation was checked by ocular inspection in microscope. Cell samples during the evolution that usually contain mixed cultures were withdrawn periodically and stored in glycerol vials for further evaluation. Evolutionary engineering in continuous culturesThe directed evolution in chemostat culture was performed in a 1 l fermenter () with 740 ml working volume (measured at the end of the cultivation) determined by having the outlet pumping fixed at a certain height in the vessel. The conditions of the cultivation were controlled at a temperature of 30°C, a pH of 5. 0 with 2M NaOH, and a stirrer speed at 350 rpm and with both gas in- and outlets open to the atmosphere. The culture was run for 60 days and samples for measurements of OD650 and extracellular metabolites were taken regularly. Possible contamination of the cultivation was checked by ocular inspection in microscope. Cell samples during the evolution that usually contain mixed cultures were withdrawn periodically and stored in glycerol vials for further evaluation. Anaerobic fermentationAnaerobic fermentations were carried out in 4 l fermenters (Belach Bioteknik, Sweden) with a working volume of 2 l and the anaerobic condition was maintained by flushing N2 at flow rate of 0. 4 l min-1. The pH was maintained at 5. 0 by automatic addition of 2 M NaOH and the temperature at 30°C. The stirrer speed was 500 rpm in minimal medium and set to 400 rpm for fermentation of spruce hydrolysate due to excessive foam formation. Precultures for fermentation were inoculated from glycerol vials containing mixed cultures and grown in minimal medium with 20 g l-1 of glucose and xylose respectively, in shake flasks until the late exponential phase.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Additional vaccine doses have been explored in an attempt to extend the duration of protection in settings with a high burden of disease (Cunliffe 2016), although the predicted impact of one such strategy, an additional vaccine dose at nine months of age in a high‐mortality setting (Malawi) was modest (Pitzer 2019). Efficacy by schedule Children who were enrolled in trials performed in low‐mortality countries received the vaccines according to the country's immunization schedule. Trials performed in high‐mortality countries examined the efficacy of Rotarix when administered at 10 to 14 weeks of age, a later age than is recommended in the on Immunization (EPI) schedule. However, the 6‐ and 10‐week Rotarix schedule used in EPI programmes has now been extensively evaluated following vaccine roll‐out in high‐mortality countries in Africa, with effectiveness comparable to efficacy trial estimates (Burnett 2020b). All‐cause diarrhoea The impact of rotavirus vaccination on severe all‐cause diarrhoea from a public health perspective is important, as laboratories in low‐income countries may not routinely test for rotavirus infection. The effect on all‐cause diarrhoea is a function of the contribution of rotavirus to all diarrhoea; the efficacy of the vaccine against rotavirus; and potential nonspecific effects of vaccination on gut health. Surprisingly, few trials reported vaccine efficacy against all‐cause diarrhoea. Vaccine efficacy against all‐cause diarrhoea of any severity was lower, meaning that vaccination may not have such a noticeable impact on milder episodes of diarrhoea occurring in the community (Hungerford 2018). Mortality data The included trials were not individually powered to detect a mortality effect. This review did not detect a difference in the number of deaths for children receiving any of the vaccines or placebo. Two post‐vaccine implementation national surveillance studies from Mexico and Brazil reported that the introduction of Rotarix into the national immunization programme was associated with a decline in the number of diarrhoea‐related deaths (2011; Richardson 2010) in comparison with historical controls. A study from rural Malawi showed that diarrhoea deaths reduced by a third following Rotarix introduction (Bar‐Zeev 2018). Safety data There was no detectable difference in the number of cases of intussusception for children receiving vaccine or placebo.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can eliminate all climate-related risks entirely. [SEP] Text: Niu, 2013: Permafrost changes and engineering stability in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 58, 1079–1094, falseSearch 331. Xiao, F. H. , C. Zhang, B. Wang, H. Wang, C. Liu, and A. Wang, 2006: Impact of climatic change on agriculture and its adaptation countermeasures in China. Xuebao, 15, 327–331. )| falseSearch 10. 1142/S2345748117500075. CrossrefXie, X. , and Y. Zheng, 2017: Research on the evaluation indicator system for climate adaptive cities: A case study of Beijing. Chinese J. Urban Environ. Stud. , 5, 1750007, falseSearch 755. Yao, X. , M. Liu, X. Fan, J. Wang, and L. Wang, 2011: Review on evaluation of meteorological service benefits. Meteor. Mon. , 37, 749–755. )| falseSearch 10. 1155/2016/5194091. CrossrefZhai, J. , Y. Liu, P. Hou, T. Xiao, and G. Cao, 2016: Water conservation service assessment and its spatiotemporal features in Zones. Adv. Meteor. , 2016, 5194091, falseSearch 10. 1360/N972018-00911. CrossrefZhai, P. , Y. Yuan, R. Rong and J. Guo, 2018: Climate change and sustainable development for cities. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 64, 1995–2001, https// falseSearch 10. 3969/2012JMS. 00. Zhang, T. , S. Song, C. Tian, X. Chai, and S. Pan, 2011: The benefit valuation method and analytical study of profession meteorological service in China. J. Meteor. Sci. , 31, 194–199, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. egypro. 2011. 03. 148. CrossrefZhang, W. , H. Li, and X. An, 2011: Ecological civilization construction is the fundamental way to develop low-carbon economy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The fermentation of minimal medium and spruce hydrolysate was initiated by inoculating to an initial OD650 of 0. 01 and 0. 05, respectively. Drop testCells in frozen glycerol vials that contained mixed cultures were thawed and diluted with sterile milliQ water to read an OD650 of 1. 0. Six ten-fold serial dilutions were made and a volume of 10 μl of each dilution was placed on 75 and YP-hydrolysate plates. The plates were incubated at 30°C for at least two days and evaluated by visual inspection. Analysis of metabolites and cell dry weightSamples for extracellular metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography using Aminex HPX-87H column with 30 x 4. 6 mm Cation-H Biorad micro-guard column maintained at 45°C. 5 mM H2SO4 was used as an eluent at a flow rate of 0. 6 ml min-1. Glucose, xylose, xylitol, acetic acid, glycerol, and ethanol were detected using RI detector maintained at 35°C and HMF, furfural, vanillin and syringaldehyde were detected using UV detector at 210 nm. The sugars in spruce hydrolysate and samples from chemostat cultures were analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography using 4 x 250 mm Dionex CarboPac PA1 column with 4 x50 mm guard column maintained at 30°C. Eluent A: 300 mM NaOH, eluent B: 100 mM NaOH+85 mM sodium acetate were used for elution at a flow rate of 1 ml min-1. Monosaccharides including arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose and mannose were detected using pulsed amperometric detector. Optical density (OD) and cell dry weight were used as an estimate of cell concentration. OD was measured at 650 nm using the cell free medium at the point of sampling as background. Cell dry weight was determined in duplicates by filtering 5–10 ml of culture through a pre-weighed 0. 45μm hydrophilic polyethersulfonate filter (Biotech, Germany). After removal of medium the filters were washed with milliQ water and dried in microwave at 125W for 15 min.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: While both Rotarix and RotaTeq have been associated with a low risk of intussusception in post‐marketing studies in Europe, Americas and Australia, the benefits of vaccination are considered to outweigh the risk of vaccine‐associated intussusception (Yen 2016). However, the risk of intussusception after administration of Rotarix was not higher than the background risk of intussusception in seven lower‐income sub‐countries (Tate 2018). Subgroup analyses Rotavirus G‐ and P‐types All four rotavirus vaccines demonstrated efficacy against most of the rotavirus G‐ and P‐types that were assessed (G1, G2, G3, G4, G8, G9, G12, P4, P6, P8), although results were often inconsistent between different countries and were imprecise due to few events. Immunocompromised children trial and two RotaTeq trials reported on immunocompromised children exposed to, or infected with, HIV. No differences were identified for efficacy or safety, but studies were not sufficiently powered for these endpoints. It is recommended that all HIV‐infected or HIV‐exposed infants be vaccinated with oral rotavirus vaccine, unless severely immunocompromised (Calles 2010). While specific information on rotavirus vaccination in many immunodeficiency conditions is lacking, infants with known severe combined immunodeficiency should not receive live rotavirus vaccine (Pinto 2016; Vesikari 2015). Children with malnutrition trial (RIX Salinas 2005‐LA) found that Rotarix was significantly superior to placebo in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in a subgroup of malnourished children. Quality of the evidence The trials included in this updated review were placebo‐controlled (53 trials) or compared vaccine to no intervention (RIX Colgate 2016‐BGD; RIX Zaman 2017‐BGD); were conducted in and Africa; and the largest included over 60,000 children (RIX Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; TEQ Vesikari 2006b‐INT); we identified the need for such trials in the original version of the review (Soares‐Weiser 2004). However, most children were followed for safety outcomes only.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -04. 12 Committee E06 $ 69. 00 In stock Significance and Use 5. 1 Investments in projects supporting community resilience are characterized by uncertainties regarding the frequency and magnitude of natural, technological, and human-caused disruptions. Accounting for these low-probability, high-consequence events challenge traditional economic evaluation methods. 5. 2 The traditional approach to evaluating the benefit-cost of investment decisions routinely focus on measures directly tied to loss avoidance. 5. 3 Following this guide when performing an economic evaluation assures the user that relevant economic information, including information regarding uncertainties and indirect inputs, is considered for capital project facing possible disruptions from natural, technological, and human-caused hazards. 5. 4 Use this guide in the planning phases of community resilience plan development process. Consideration of risk mitigation choices early in the planning process allows both greater flexibility in addressing specific hazards and lower costs associated with their implementation. 5. 5 Use this guide to integrate community resilience plans with economic development, zoning, hazard mitigation, and other community planning activities that affect buildings, public works, and infrastructure systems. 5. 6 Use this guide to identify all relevant inputs—that is, costs and benefits (savings)—associated with construction, implementation, and use of the capital asset, over the lifetime of the asset. Relevant inputs include direct, indirect and externalities, and non-market values. 5.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The filters were kept in a desiccator over night before they were weighed again. All yields and rates were calculated in the exponential phase identified by natural logarithm of cell dry weight or OD650 and culture time. The lag phase time was calculated from the point of intersection of lag phase and exponential phase in a plot of natural logarithm of OD650 and culture time. Enzyme activitiesXR and XDH assays were perfomed in 96-well microtiter plates with a FLUmulti-mode microplate reader (). Culture aliquots stored at −80°C were used to inoculate minimal medium containing 20 g l-1 glucose and xylose, respectively in shake flasks. The concentration of salts, trace elements and vitamins were exactly the same as used in the medium for evolutionary engineering in shake flasks. Cells were harvested in xylose phase (10 h after glucose was consumed), washed twice with water and resuspended in disintegration buffer, 0. 1 M triethanolamine buffer (pH 7. 0), containing 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 0. 5 mM dithiothreitol, and 0. 5 mM EDTA and glass beads. The suspension was vortexed in FastPrep-24 instrument (MP Biomedicals, France) for 20 s and kept in ice for 2 min and this cycle was repeated for six times. Later, the suspension was centrifuged at 20,000 g, 5 min, 4°C and the supernatant was used for enzymatic assays. The total protein concentration was determined using Bio-Rad protein assay dye reagent (Bio-Rad laboratories, US) with bovine serum albumin as standard. XR and XDH activity were measured as previously described in [23]. Experiments were performed in duplicates of three different concentrations of cell extract. Specific activities are expressed as units per milligram of protein. Units are defined as micromoles of NADPH oxidized or NAD+ reduced per minute. Nomenclature of evolved cellsCells evolved in shake flasks were named accordingly as follows, RK_% inhibitor cocktail_round of cultivation, for instance, strain RK40-3 was evolved in 40% inhibitor cocktail for three rounds of cultivation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: However, the stratified analysis provides indirect efficacy and safety results to countries that are not represented within the included trials. The largest RotaTeq trial (TEQ Vesikari 2006b‐INT) was carried out mostly in low‐mortality countries (), but also in some medium‐mortality countries (Costa Rica, Jamaica, Mexico) and in one high‐mortality country (Guatemala). Disaggregated data, split by country, were not available for this trial. The data were placed in the low‐mortality stratum and potentially resulted in under‐representation in the medium‐mortality stratum for RotaTeq. Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews We identified three systematic reviews of RCTs evaluating the efficacy or safety of rotavirus vaccines that have been conducted since the 2012 update of this Cochrane Review: Lamberti 2016 included RCTs and observational studies and evaluated region‐specific effectiveness of Rotarix, RotaTeq and Rotavac. The systematic review found that rotavirus vaccination was both efficacious and effective in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea, severe rotavirus diarrhoea and rotavirus hospitalizations among children under five across all regions, with higher efficacy in more developed regions. Velázquez 2017 included RCTs and post‐licensure observational studies from and the Caribbean, and found that Rotarix reduced the risk of any‐severity rotavirus‐related gastroenteritis by 65% and of severe gastroenteritis by 82% versus placebo. and RotaTeq vaccines significantly reduced the risk of hospitalization and emergency visits by 85% for Rotarix and by 90% for RotaTeq. Vaccination with RotaTeq or Rotarix did not increase the risk of death, intussusception, or other severe adverse events. Buyse 2014 presented an integrated meta‐analysis of safety and reactogenicity data of 28 Rotarix RCTs and found that Rotarix has a reactogenicity and safety profile similar to placebo. Clark 2019 conducted a meta‐regression analysis of RCTs of rotavirus vaccines and demonstrated that efficacy fell more rapidly, to 44% by 12 months of age, in high‐mortality settings.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: 7 Use this guide for economic evaluations based on Practices E917 (life-cycle costs), E964 (benefit-to-cost and savings-to-investment ratios), E1057 (internal rate of return and adjusted internal rate of return), E1074 (net benefits and net savings), E1121 (payback), E1699 (value engineering), and E1765 (analytical hierarchy process for multi-attribute decision analysis), and Guide E1369 (treatment of uncertainty). 5. 8 Use this guide in conjunction with Guide E2204 to summarize the results of economic evaluations involving natural, technological, and human-caused hazards. 5. 9 This guide generalizes Guide E2506 (cost-effective risk mitigation plan for new and existing constructed facilities) by evaluating investments into capital assets for a community. Scope 1. 1 This guide describes a generic economic methodology for evaluating investment decisions aimed to improve the ability of communities to adapt to, withstand, and quickly recover from, disruptive events. The methodology describes a framework for developing cost-effective community resilience strategies for new and existing constructed facilities—buildings, industrial facilities, and other critical infrastructure. This guide provides owners and managers of constructed facilities, architects, engineers, constructors, other providers of professional services for constructed facilities, and researchers and analysts with an approach for planning and comparing resilience strategies. 1. 2 This guide frames the economic decision process by identifying and comparing the relevant present and future streams of costs and benefits to a community—the latter realized through cost savings and damage loss avoidance—associated with new capital investment into resilience to those generated by the status-quo. 1. 3 This guide provides a means to increase the capacity of communities to objectively and effectively compare and contrast capital investment projects through consideration of benefits and costs while maintaining an awareness of system resilience. Topics related to non-market values and uncertainty are also explored. 1. 4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1. 5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: For the cells that were exposed to UV were named accordingly as follows, RKU_seconds of UV exposure_cycle of cultivation in 60% inhibitor cocktail, for instance, RKU90-3 was exposed to UV for 90 seconds and evolved in 60% inhibitor cocktail for three rounds of cultivation. Cells evolved in chemostat were named as follows, KE1_no. of. isolates, for instance, KE1-5 was the 5th isolate of evolution in the chemostat culture. AbbreviationsHMF: 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde XR: Xylose reductase XDH: Xylitol dehydrogenase XYL1 and XYL2: Genes encoding for xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, respectively ADH: Aldehyde dehydrogenase PGK: Phosphoglycerate kinase HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography HPAEC: High performance anion exchange chromatography UV: Ultraviolet YPD: Yeast peptone dextrose YPD75: YP-hydrolysate: agar plates with inhibitors and spruce hydrolysate, respectively. 485. 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 2008. 02422. x755. 10. 1007/s002530051586487. 10. 1016/S0167-7799(99)01384-026. 10. 1007/s00253-004-1642-215. 11. 10. 1016/S0960-8524(01)00212-74665. 10. 1021/ie970083133. CAS 349. 10. 1002/jctb. 1676318. 10. 1016/0141-0229(88)90135-4159. CAS 55. 10. 1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19990405)63:1<46::AID-BIT5>3. 0. CO;2-J632. 103. 560. 10. 1021/bp00029a017320. 10. 1006/jtbi. 1995. 00641773. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2006. 07. 021460. 10. 1385/ABAB:121:1-3:0451395.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Skansberg 2021 summarized the available clinical trial and post‐introduction evidence for the newer vaccines Rotasiil, Rotavac, and Rotavin, and concluded that all three vaccines had demonstrated safety and efficacy against rotavirus diarrhoea. Lu 2019 assessed the risk of intussusception in RCTs of Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotasiil, Rotavac, and RV3‐BB and found that the vaccines were not associated with an elevated risk of intussusception among neonates or infants. The findings of these systematic reviews agree with the findings of our review, although the scope of these reviews was narrower; they reviewed efficacy or safety only, or were limited to a specific geographical region, or reviewed only one of the vaccines. Consequently, we included more trials in our review. Finally, the major findings of this review update, including new evidence from five trials of Rotasiil, are not significantly different from the previous Soares‐Weiser 2019 review. Relationship to current policies The data in this review support the WHO's Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization’s recommendation for "the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination of infants into all national immunization programmes" with a stronger recommendation for countries where "diarrhoeal deaths account for ≥ 10% of mortality among children aged < 5 years" (SAGE 2009; WHO 2020). Figures and Tables - Figure 1 A simplified diagram of the location of rotavirus structural proteins (source: Graham Cohn, Wikipedia (public domain image)): Rotaviruses are segmented, double‐stranded RNA viruses. The mature, triple‐layered virus p1. 1 Comparison 1: Rotarix versus placebo, Outcome 1: Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe (up to 1 year follow‐up) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 2 Comparison 1: Rotarix versus placebo, Outcome 2: Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe (2nd year of life) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience strategies are universally effective, regardless of location. [SEP] Text: Chiara Trabacchi5 & Martin Stadelmann5 1333 Accesses AbstractPublic finance for adaptation measures in developing countries falls short of the investment needed to build climate resilience in a world on a 4 °C warming trajectory. It is unlikely to meet these needs on its own. Private finance is an essential complement to set these countries on climate-resilient development pathways. This study investigates the levers that international public finance can use to involve domestic private actors in the financing and implementation of adaptation efforts. To this end, it takes a case study approach examining a project selected from the portfolio of the for Climate Resilience-backed and run by the Corporation in the agricultural sector of Nepal. To assess private actors’ interest in building climate resilience, barriers to private investment in adaptation measures and how the PPCR project addresses these barriers, the authors conducted semi-structured interviews with project stakeholders, financial modelling, risk assessment and a cost-benefit analysis. The study identified four key elements of the project strategy that helped to involve and raise the interest of Nepalese private actors in the project: (i) early involvement in project design supported by consultations and in-depth analyses of the country’s agricultural sector and related climate change risk; (ii) tailored capacity building measures to build a private delivery model for adaptation; (iii) innovative financing mechanisms to tackle risks and get local financiers on board (iv) a supply-chain approach to leverage the alignment of interest between buyers and suppliers of agricultural products and build the “business case” beyond the project’s life. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 84. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e109. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 109. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others for Adaptation: Facility (NCF) as a 1.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Butanol production from lignocellulosic sugars by Clostridium beijerinckii in microbioreactors access Published: 30 January 2021 Butanol production from lignocellulosic sugars by Clostridium beijerinckii in microbioreactors : orcid. org/0000-0002-8176-67581,2, Kristin F. Degnes3, Sidsel Markussen3, Alexander Wentzel3 & …Håvard Sletta3 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 29. 2 MJ/l compared to that of ethanol (19. 6 MJ/l) and methanol (16 MJ/l), and a lower heat of vaporization (0. 43 MJ/kg) than that of ethanol (0. 92 MJ/kg) and methanol (1. 2 MJ/kg) which provides an easier engine start [3]. Moreover, butanol run engines have lesser ignition problems due to a lower autoignition temperature of 385 °C compared to 434 °C and 470 °C for ethanol and methanol, respectively [3, 4]. In addition, diesel engines can run on pure butanol or diesel blends without any modifications and apparent damage [5]. Based on a recent report from Reuters (April 2019), the butanol market will register a 3. 5% CAGR (compound annual growth rate) in terms of revenue over the next 5 years (2019–2024), and the global market size will reach US$ 7. 7 billion by 2024, from US$ 6. 4 billion in 2019 [6]. The majority of butanol is produced via petrochemical reaction; the propylene hydroformylation, also known as oxo route [7, 8], creating a close link to the propylene market, thus to the price of crude oil [8]. Therefore, butanol production via the petrochemical route is not favorable due to environmental concerns as mentioned above, creating a greater interest in fermentative butanol production. Despite these driving factors, fermentative butanol production still faces multiple challenges such as feedstock availability, costly product recovery, and low product yield as discussed thoroughly in our literature review 34. 2–46. 4% glucose, 4. 9–24. 9% xylose, 1. 1–2. 9% arabinose, 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 16 Comparison 4: Rotavac versus placebo, Outcome 16: Subgroup analysis: severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by G and P types (up to 1 year follow‐up) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 4. 17 Comparison 4: Rotavac versus placebo, Outcome 17: Subgroup analysis: severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by G and P types (up to 2 years follow‐up) Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Summary of findings 1. Rotarix compared with placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Patient or population: childrenSetting: low‐mortality countriesIntervention: Rotarix, 2 dosesComparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect(95% CI) Number of participants(studies) Certainty of the evidence(GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 13 per 1000 1 per 1000(0 to 2) RR 0. 07(0. 03 to 0. 18) 14,976(4 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 2 years 29 per 1000 3 per 1000(2 to 4) RR 0. 10(0. 07 to 0. 14) 18,145(6 RCTs) ⊕⊕⊕⊕high Rotarix reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoeaFollow‐up: up to 1 year 94 per 1000 45 per 1000 (35 to 58) RR 0. 48(0. 37 to 0. 61) 3874(1 RCT) ⊕⊕⊕⊝moderatea due to reporting bias Rotarix probably reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared with placebo at up to one‐year follow‐up.

Output: corroborate