Input: Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: Female workers account for 60-70% of the zone workforce worldwide, mounting up to 90% in some regions (ILO, 2007; Milberg, 2007). Figure II: Development of 1975 1986 1997 2002 2006 Number of coutries with EPZs 25 47 93 116 130 Number of EZPs or similar types of zones 79 176 845 3000 3500 Employment (millions) n. a. n. a. 22. 5 43 66 - of which China n. a. n. a. 18 30 40 - of which other countries with figures available 0. 8 1. 9 4. 5 13 26 Source: ILO database on EPZs, 2007 11To sum up, world’s production has changed both in quantity and in form, depending more on subcontracting or outsourcing and being more flexible, generating new jobs and relocating labor more easily. 3. and Feminization of 12The increased liberal orientation in policy-making and the recent trends in production, investment and trade patterns have had a significant impact on labor markets, in general, and on gendered dynamics in labor markets, in particular. The world has been experiencing feminization of labor since the 1970s (Standing 1989), which may be explained by various factors such as export-led growth, structural adjustment, economic crises, etc. (Cagatay and Ozler, 1995; Baslevent and Onaran, 2004; Ecevit, 1998). 13In 1995, Cagatay and Ozler explain the feminization of the labor force in terms of long-term development and structural adjustment. They point to the U-shaped characteristic of women’s labor force participation which is observed along different stages of capitalist development. They underline the dual work burden on women as reproducers and producers which causes the U-shape. They investigate whether changes in the paths of economic development have influenced or brought together the feminization of labor force. Using the data of 165 countries for the years 1985 and 1990 from resources, they carry out econometric analysis to estimate the female share of the labor force. The variables expected to determine this ratio are demographic factors like fertility, urbanization and female education; Product (GNP) per capita and other economic variables such as openness, changes in income distribution and degree of economic expansion.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: In this method, all on-farm sources of nutrients including composts, cattle dung manure, green leaf manure and crop biomass for mulching are exploited to their best potential with continuous soil enrichment through the use of formulation known as “Amritpani” and virgin soil. 15 kg of virgin rhizosperic soil collected from beneath of Banyan tree (Ficus bengalensis) is spread over one acre and the soil is enriched with 200 lit Amritpani. It is prepared by mixing 250 g ghee into 10 kg of cow dung followed by 500 g honey and diluted with 200 lit of water. This formulation is utilized for seed treatment (beej sanskar), enrichment of soil (bhumi sanskar) and foliar spray on plants (padap sanskar). For soil treatment it needs to be applied through irrigation water as fertigation. The system has been demonstrated on a wide range of crops i. e. fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane and cotton. 14 Water and 14. 1. places where Ficus religiosa tree is found, underground water will be more. Underground water will be more in places where the neem tree with more knots is found. In places where termite hills are found, underground water will be more. Farmers are practicing traditional method of using neem stick, metals etc. for finding the water resource in underground for digging wells. While they are walking with this stick on hand it will be rottate automatically at the place where underground water is surplus. Some farmers are using the magnetic stones for identifying water sources. Magnet is tied with a thread and held like a pendulum while walking over the fields. The magnet will rotate automatically at the place where underground water is more and this is taken as the indication for digging wells. 279 - 282 (4 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 14. 1. places where Ficus religiosa tree is found, underground water will be more. Underground water will be more in places where the neem tree with more knots is found. In places where termite hills are found, underground water will be more. Farmers are practicing traditional method of using neem stick, metals etc. for finding the water resource in underground for digging wells. While they are walking with this stick on hand it will be rottate automatically at the place where underground water is surplus.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: The degree of animal-to-animal variability in neuronal morphology, and whether it is compensated for, may depend on the system and the precision of the neuronal and circuit-level computation(s) to be performed. Materials and methods Animals and dissections Request a detailed protocol Adult male (Cancer borealis) were purchased from (Boston, MA) and maintained in artificial seawater at 10–13°C on a 12 hr light/12 hr dark cycle without food. On average, animals were acclimated at this temperature for one week before use. Prior to dissection, animals were anesthetized for 30 min on ice. Dissections were performed as previously described (Gutierrez and Grashow, 2009) in saline solution (440 mM NaCl, 11 mM KCl, 26 mM MgCl2, 13 mM CaCl2, 11 mM Trizma base, 5 mM maleic acid, pH 7. 45). In brief, the stomach was dissected from the animal. The intact stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) was isolated from the stomach, including: the two bilateral commissural ganglia, esophageal ganglion, and stomatogastric ganglion (STG), as well as the lvn, mvn, dgn. The STNS was pinned down in a Sylgard-coated petri dish (10 mL) and continuously superfused with chilled saline. Electrophysiology and dye-fills Request a detailed protocol The STG was desheathed and intracellular recordings from somata were performed with 20–30 MΩ glass microelectrodes filled with internal solution (10 mM MgCl2, 400 mM potassium gluconate, 10 mbuffer, 15 mM NaSO4, 20 mM NaCl as in Hooper et al. , 2015). Intracellular signals were amplified with an Axoclamp 900A amplifier (Molecular Devices). For extracellular nerve recordings, Vaseline wells were built around the lvn, mvn, and dgn and stainless steel pin electrodes were used to monitor extracellular nerve activity (Figure 1A). Extracellular nerve recordings were amplified using model 3500 extracellular amplifiers (A-M Systems).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: The effect of adjustment is included in the model being represented by the involvement of the country in adjustment programs and also by the effects of these programs reflected on the economic indicators. The findings can be summarized as follows: Being consistent with the theoretical arguments, the female share of the labor force declines as the urban share of population increases (Cagatay and Ozler, 1995: 1888). All structural adjustment variables are found to have significant and positive influence on female share of the labor force. They find out that countries which are more intensively involved in structural adjustment processes have turned to an outward oriented growth policy and have increased their share of exports in their Product (GDP) and experienced a feminization of the labor force. They further find that the worsening of income distribution has a positive impact on feminization. 14Cagatay (2001) asserts that men and women are differently affected by trade policies and performance because they are differently located and have different types of command over economic resources. She further stresses that “gender-based inequalities impact differently on trade policy outcomes, depending on the type of economy and sector, with the result that trade liberalization policies may not yield expected results”; and that “gender analysis is essential to the formulation of trade policies that enhance rather than hinder gender equality and human development” (Cagatay, 2001: 5). Similarly, Cagatay and Erturk (2004) argue that globalization have made gender differentiated impacts due to the unequal access to and control over assets and economic resources. They point out that globalization together with economic liberalization has led to losses in livelihoods of many people, especially in poor countries that did not have available resources that could give a hand to these people. 15Standing (1999) highlights five labor market implications of global economic changes. First, the increasing selectivity of the state regarding the attribution of welfare benefits has led to “additional worker” effects, that is, to women’s entrance in the labor market during recessionary periods, and to their permanence as a result of a growing sense of income insecurity. Second, increasingly market-regulated economics has “weakened the defense of employment security regulations and customary practices preserving job security” (Standing, 1999: 585). This is reflected in the attempts of firms to easily fire workers or employ workers with decreased standards and rights or even search for cheaper sources of labor overseas.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: Due to over exploitation of natural resources and indiscriminate use of agro chemicals, green revolution also brought in quite a lot of miseries which focus the urgent need to have that is sustainable, leading to food and nutritional security to the rural poor. At this juncture it will be more appropriate to practicing organic agriculrure through the integration of traditional wisdom and modern scientific knowledge in synergy with nature. 19. 1. Eco-friendly Technologies for A sound package of eco-friendly technologies to grow rice is being successfully adopted by a few progressive farmers in Puliangudi village in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu. “The technologies work well with indigenous rice varieties such as Kitchili Samba. The cost of cultivation is substantially reduced and the organic rice fetches a premium price in the market,” says Mr. P. Gomathinayagam, a pioneer in organic farming in Puliangudi. 20 Steps to A transition from conventional to organic farming requires numerous changes. One of the biggest changes is in the mindset of the farmer. Conventional approaches often involve the use of quick-fix remedies that, unfortunately, rarely address the cause of the problem. Transitioning farmers generally spend too much time worrying about replacing synthetic input with allowable organic product instead of considering management practices based on preventative strategies. Here are a few steps new entrants should follow when making the transition to organic farming: 20. 1. Understand the Basics of and the organic production systems are knowledge based, new entrants and transitional producers must become familiar with sound and sustainable agricultural practices. Transitional producers should be prepared to read appropriate information, conduct their own trials and participate in formal and informal training events. As mentioned, switching from conventional to organic farming is more than substituting synthetic materials to organic allowed materials. Organic farming is a holistic system that relies on sound practices focused on preventative strategies. Since there are often few organic remedies available to organic producers for certain problems, prevention is the key element in organic production. 329 - 334 (6 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart The transition from conventional to organic farming requires numerous changes. One of the biggest changes is in the mindset of the farmer. Conventional approaches often involve the use of quick-fix remedies that, unfortunately, rarely address the cause of the problem. Transitioning farmers generally spend too much time worrying about replacing synthetic input with allowable organic product instead of considering management practices based on preventative strategies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Data were acquired using a Digidata 1440 digitizer (Axon Instruments) and pClamp data acquisition software (Axon Instruments, version 10. 5). For GM identification, one of two electrodes was impaled into the soma and spiking activity was matched with GM spike units on the dgn. GM identity was verified with positive and negative current injections (Figure 1D). Following unambiguous identification, the GM soma was impaled with a second electrode containing dilute alexa488 dye (2 mM 488-hyrazide sodium salt (ThermoFisher Scientific, catalog no. A-10436, dissolved in internal solution)). The GM neuron was iontophoretically dye-filled with negative current pulses (−4 nA, 500 ms at 0. 5 Hz) for 15–25 min. For two-electrode current clamp, the electrode containing alexa488 was typically used for recording and amplified with a 0. 1xHS headstage. The electrode used for cell identification was used for current injection and amplified with a 1xHS headstage. Resting membrane potential and input resistance were monitored throughout the experiment to ensure the integrity of the preparation (neurons with input resistances <5 MΩ were discarded). In TTX, the mean input resistance, as measured at the somata and in the linear range of the current-voltage curve, was 9. 9 ± 2. 9 MΩ across preparations (Table 2). Input resistances did not change significantly before and after addition of TTX to the bath (data not shown). Reversal potentials for the glutamate response were determined by evoking at least three responses at >6 membrane potentials spanning −110 mV to −40 mV. In three preparations, an offset in the membrane voltage recording occurred during the dye-fill. This offset remained unchanged for the remainder of the experiment. This offset was corrected post-hoc during analysis of the recordings. Focal glutamate uncaging Request a detailed protocol For photo-uncaging experiments, preparations were superfused with a multi-channel Ecoline re-circulating pump (Ismatec/Harvard Apparatus, catalog no. PY2 72–6432) to maintain a stable bath volume and superfusion rate. 250 µM MNI-caged-L-glutamate (dissolved in saline; Tocris Bioscience, catalog no.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: Third, removing or weakening the minimum wage legislations, many countries have decreased the income security of the employed. As a result, low-wage employment became the norm leading to “a substitution of women for men”. Fourth, increasing emphasis on trade liberalization and export-led industrialization has had implications for women's labor force participation especially in less-developed countries. As mentioned above, Standing emphasizes the search of firms for much lower labor costs giving priority to the type of workers who are ready or willing to be employed with low wages: In industrialized and industrializing countries, firms have turned to forms of labor offering the prospect of minimizing fixed non-wage costs. As a result, they have turned increasingly to casual labor, contract labor, outsourcing, home-working and other forms of subcontracting. As part of this flexibilization, there has been an “informalization” of employment across the world. Although the dichotomy of “formal” and “informal” sectors has always been misleading, a growing proportion of jobs possess what may be called informal characteristics, i. e. , without regular wages, benefits, employment protection, and so on. Such forms of employment have been compatible with characteristics presumed to be associated with women workers - irregular labor force participation, willingness to work for low wages, static jobs requiring no accumulation of technical skills and status, etc. The informalization could thus be expected to be a major factor stimulating the growth of female employment across the world. (Standing, 1999: 585) 16Fifth, Standing stresses the changing skill and job structures due to the recently introduced production techniques around the world. He remarks two trends concerning the changes in skill and job structures, first being the decline in the share of jobs that require “craft skills learned through apprenticeship or prolonged on-the-job learning” and second being the “skill polarization”. Since it has been conventional to perceive crafts as the field of men, the step-down of them together with the modified character of skill are expected to have affected the gender division of labor. Skill polarization refers to the requirement that a minority of workers dominate specialist skills while a majority “possess minor training, typically imparted through modules of employable skill, in which docility, application, rote learning and related capacities figure prominently” (Standing, 1999: 585).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering will eliminate the need for traditional farming methods. [SEP] Text: Here are a few steps new entrants should follow when making the transition to organic farming: 20. 1. Understand the Basics of and the organic production systems are knowledge based, new entrants and transitional producers must become familiar with sound and sustainable agricultural practices. Transitional producers should be prepared to read appropriate information, conduct their own trials and participate in formal and informal training events. As mentioned, switching from conventional to organic farming is more than substituting synthetic materials to organic allowed materials. Organic farming is a holistic system that relies on sound practices focused on preventative strategies. Since there are often few organic remedies available to organic producers for certain problems, prevention is the key element in organic production. 21 in 1. How are crop diseases managed on organic farms? Soil-borne diseases are managedby improving organic matter and biological activity. Cultural, biological, and physical methods such as rotation, sanitation, pruning, and selection of disease resistant varieties are all part of organic disease management. Some natural substances, such as clays, and a few synthetic fungicides such as copper sulfate are permitted by when used in conjunction with the farm plan and used according to the restrictions found on the National List. 2. What are the requirements for converting to organic dairy production? 2 from conventional sources must be maintained under organic management for 12 months prior to sale of any products as organic. Replacement animals may be added to the herd after a similar 12-month conversion period. If an entire, distinct herd is converted, a one-time allowance is granted to permit feeding of up to 20% non-organic feed for the first 9 months, followed by 100% organic feed for three months. If this type of conversion is made, all replacement animals must be managed organically from the last third of gestation. in 1. How are crop diseases managed on organic farms? Soil-borne diseases are managedby improving organic matter and biological activity. Cultural, biological, and physical methods such as rotation, sanitation, pruning, and selection of disease resistant varieties are all part of organic disease management. Some natural substances, such as clays, and a few synthetic fungicides such as copper sulfate are permitted by when used in conjunction with the farm plan and used according to the restrictions found on the National List. 2. What are the requirements for converting to organic dairy production? 2 from conventional sources must be maintained under organic management for 12 months prior to sale of any products as organic.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: 1490) was bath applied. 10−7 M teterodotoxin (TTX) was also superfused to minimize spike-driven synaptic activity. Alexa488-filled GM neurons were visualized with a custom-built epifluorescence microscope (Figure 10) equipped with a 40x water-immersion UV fluorescence objective (40XW) and a 470 nm LED (Thor Labs, M470L2). The emitted fluorescence was imaged with a monochrome CCD camera (Scientifica, SciCam). Focal photo-activation of MNI-glutamate was achieved with a small ultraviolet (UV) spot (~10 µm in diameter; Figure 4—figure supplement 1) projected through this same 40x objective lens. By situating the custom microscope on a micromanipulator (Sutter MPC-200), this UV spot could be lased at different positions on the GM neuronal structure. Three-dimensional coordinates for each photo-uncaging site were tabulated during the experiment. Glutamate responses were evoked with 30 mW (as measured at the back aperture of the objective), 1 ms UV pulses with inter-pulse periods no less than 30 s to minimize photo-damage and desensitization (Figure 4—figure supplement 1). To achieve this small UV spot, the UV laser beam (DPSS Lasers, model no. 35-07–100, 0. 96 W, 100 kHz repetition rate) was coupled to a 50 µm diameter fiber optic cable (Thor Labs, M50L02S-A) with a UV lens (Thor Labs) and collimated with a 50 mm focal length plano-convex lens (Thor Labs, LA4148-UV). This collimated UV beam was delivered into the 40x objective lens to produce a focused spot of UV light on the preparation. A neutral density filter wheel was situated in the beam path for manipulation of the beam intensity (Thor Labs, NDM2). To ensure consistent beam intensities across experiments, the intensity was monitored in real-time using a photodiode (Thor Labs, PDA25K) previously calibrated with a power meter (Thor Labs, S302C). For precise temporal control of UV stimuli, a shutter (Thor Labs, SH1) was situated in the beam path.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: Figure VI: by Region (Men, age 15-64)(jpeg, 92k) Source: Derived by the author from : by Region (Women, age 15-64)(jpeg, 92k) Source: Derived by the author from 26Most of the world’s employed population (43,3%) works in the services sector, while 33,5% is employed in agriculture and 23,2% works in the industrial sector in the year 2008. The region that is highly engaged in agriculture is Sub-Saharan Africa. Developed economies and the are relatively more engaged in services sectors. There is a noticeable shift from agriculture to other sectors around the world as a whole and in each individual region beginning from 1998 to the year 2008. This shift seems to be captured mostly by the services sectors. The shift from agriculture to industry and services is most striking in between 1998 and 2008. In the the shift was mainly from agriculture to services (see Table IV). Table IV: World and of Employment by Sector(jpeg, 204k) Source: *2008 preliminary estimates. 27It is worth noting that EPZ employment was found to increase by 217,27% in the between 2002 and 2006, while the increase was 91,18% in Asia, 157,77% in Eastern and and 104,10% in Sub-(ILO, 2007). This may be an indicator of the shift from agriculture to other sectors in those regions as well. 2 For further comments on these figures, see Dejardin (2008). 28If we go through the gender decomposition of employment in different sectors, we observe that nearly 40% of the wage employment in non-agricultural sector in the world is composed of women workers. The female shares of the non-agricultural sector in developed and developing countries such as of (Europe and Asia), are both higher and on an increasing trend since 1990, compared to less-developed regions. Female shares rose even in Western Asia, Southern Asia, Sub-and Oceania between 1990 and 2006 (see Figures VIII and IX). Dejardin (2008) explains these trends with the increased demand for woman workers in export industries. The expansion of women’s paid employment is most observable in developing countries, but it has been observed even in countries which are known for the traditionally low rates of female labor force participation (e. g. Bangladesh).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: Regulating genetic engineering guided by human dignity, not genetic essentialism Published online by Press: 09 December 2021 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Benjamin Gregg* Affiliation: University of Texas at Austin; * Correspondence: Benjamin Gregg, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA; Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Email: bgregg@austin. utexas. edu 0. 18 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to How might a liberal democratic community best regulate human genetic engineering? Relevant debates widely deploy the usually undefined term “human dignity. ” Its indeterminacy in meaning and use renders it useless as a guiding principle. In this 10. 1017/pls. 2021. 29 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Press on behalf of the Association for Politics and the We humans have bodies in a biological sense. By contrast, we are our bodies in the cultural sense of how, in a normative sense, we collectively regard our own bodies and the bodies of others. The biological is given; the cultural, socially constructed. With the rapidly increasing capacity to manipulate future bodies genetically, toward influencing some traits of future bodies, the distinction between nature and culture weakens but hardly vanishes. To be sure, the sphere of human nature has always shared a porous boundary with human culture. Consider several examples of how humans construct culture. Disease, pathology, and medicine have more to do with nature than culture but are not culture-free. Another example: “human nature” with respect to what is “normal,” what is “illness,” what is “harm,” and what constitutes a physical disease or cognitive illness involves both natural and cultural elements. A third example: notions of human freedom, equality, and rights have mostly to do with culture—but they are not nature-free. My concern is with genetically based congenital diseases. Here, too, nature and culture are porous vis-à-vis one another.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Both the laser Q-Switch and shutter were triggered by a set of coupled model 2100 isolated pulse stimulators (A-M Systems). The effective photo-uncaging radius in the x-y plane (15 µm) was determined by photo-uncaging at peripheral, distal neurites and moving away at 5 µm increments in the x-y plane (Figure 4—figure supplement 1) in a number of neuron types: pyloric dilater (PD), lateral pyloric (LP), and GM neurons. Figure 10 Download asset Open asset Microscope schematic showing laser (purple), fluorescence excitation (blue), and fluorescence emission (green) paths. A 1 Watt 355 nm laser (1) is focused by a plano-convex lens (2) and coupled to a 50-micron fiber optic cable (3) situated on an x-y translating fiber adaptor (4). The UV beam is collimated with a plano-convex lens situated in a z-translator (5). The beam intensity can be manually adjusted with a neutral density filter wheel (6) and passes through a 40x UV water immersion objective (7) onto the STNS preparation (8). The UV beam intensity is measured in real-time with a calibrated photo-diode (9) measuring a signal proportional to the power administered to the preparation. A 470 nm blue LED (10) is collimated by a plano-convex lens (11) and passes through a 466/40 nm band-pass filter (12) and field diaphragm (13). This light is re-directed by a 495 nm dichroic beamsplitter (14) and passes through a tube lens (15) and 405 nm low-pass dichroic beamsplitter (16). This is directed through the same 40x objective (7) and excites the alexa488 dye-filled preparation. This fluorescence passes through the 405 nm low-pass dichroic beamsplitter (16), tube lens (15), and 495 nm dichroic beamsplitter (14) and is subsequently captured by the CCD array of a firewire monochrome camera (Scientifica).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Globalization has increased interconnectedness in trade and labor markets. [SEP] Text: The figures below demonstrate female shares of wage employment in non-agricultural sectors across regions and selected Asian countries respectively. There have been noticeable increases in women’s share of total employment in manufacturing, especially in since 1995 and in Thailand and Singapore since 2000. The lowest ratio across years between 1980 and 2005 was around 20% in the selected Asian countries. 2 Figure VIII: Female % share of wage employment in non-agricultural sector, by regional group of countries, 1990-200(jpeg, 100k) Source: Dejardin (2008: 5), derived from : Women’s share of total employment in manufacturing – selected Asian countries, 1980-2005(jpeg, 80k) Source: Dejardin (2008 : 5), derived from 29Primo (2003), Carr and Chen (2002) and Dejardin (2008) address the changing structure of jobs with globalization and argue that exports are becoming more information-based, requiring more skills and specialization such as software development and investment analysis. While these jobs are promising for women and men who have accomplished modest levels of education, and offer higher pay opportunities, most women remain with traditional occupations, such as export manufacturing. The authors convey the idea that these developments help to replicate the gender division of labor. Consistent with this, women are stuck in conventional jobs in banking, telecommunications and insurance sectors, and “in the low-skilled end of the hierarchy: simple, single-tasked jobs such as data-entry, invoicing, payroll administration and routine accounting; and call centre work” (Dejardin, 2008: 6). This kind of low-skilled jobs are mostly intense in the Caribbean, China, India, Malaysia and the Philippines employing women in a majority. For example, in Jamaica, women construct 100% of the data entry workers in “digiports” and in India, similarly, most of the data entry jobs in banking, airlines and insurance firms are occupied by women (Mitter, 2003). On the contrary, in countries such as Brazil, India and Malaysia, women were introduced and welcomed into more skilled jobs like software programming and computer analysis. However, it is noted that many of these women come from more privileged or more advantageous backgrounds and they are less in numbers.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: Medical practice works with a naturalistic conception of disease, defined as a pathology whereby a particular bodily system departs from “natural functioning,” with adverse consequences for the individual. Even this naturalistic conception has a cultural element: the evaluation of a particular, natural, biological process as harmful. Disease so understood is neither wholly empirical nor wholly normative (whereby I understand all social and moral norms to be social constructs). To the extent that abnormal functioning can be identified by science, it is something objective. To the extent that humans frame the abnormal as adverse—resulting, for example, in the individual’s diminished well-being—the term disease has a normative, hence intersubjective, component, even as the phenomenon itself is objective. In other words, a biological abnormality may have consequences for the individual’s life that human communities define in value-laden ways (e. g. , as something “bad” for the person). At an extreme, if humans understand a particular biological process to be harmful to its carrier, the process may then be understood to be dysfunctional (much in the way that human communities classify some flora as “weeds” and some animals as “vermin”). What humans regard as the negative quality of biological processes, and call “disease,” is in fact a quality identified by human values, not natural scientific observation. Here, human interests (value judgments) frame natural phenomena in cultural ways. The framing of a particular corporal condition as diseased is the normative framing of an empirical phenomenon. For example, aging is a normal feature of organic life. That most elderly persons, but not most young persons, are frail, is hardly a disease. By contrast, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is a disease: an incurable, randomly occurring genetic mutation that leads to a bizarrely rapid rate of senescence (such as slow growth and hair loss), beginning in the first year or two of a child’s life and usually leading to death by age 17. Thus, the claim that an abnormal functioning is not in the individual’s best interest, that it degrades their potential well-being, that a particular bodily process is harming them in a particular way, is normative, not natural. Such a claim does not require a notion of “human nature” but is in fact often accompanied by some such notion.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Dye-fill amplification and immunohistochemistry Request a detailed protocol Following photo-uncaging experiments, GM neurons were secondarily dye-filled with 2% CH dipotassium salt (LY; Sigma, catalog no. L0144) in filtered water using a low-resistance electrode (10–15 MΩ). LY was injected for 20–50 min with negative current pulses (−6 to −8 nA, 500 ms at 0. 5 Hz). Once fine neurites of the cell could be visualized with a fluorescent stereomicroscope (Leica MF165 F), a preliminary image was acquired at 11. 5x magnification with an attached monochrome digital camera (Leica DFC365 FC). LY-filled preparations were fixed for 40 min at 21°C or overnight at 4°C in 2% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 440 mM NaCl, 11 mM KCl, 10 mM Na2HPO4, 2 mM KH2PO4, pH 7. 4). Preparations were washed with 0. 1 M PBS-T ((0. 1–0. 3%% Triton X-100 in PBS) and stored in PBS for 0–3 days prior to immunohistochemistry. The LY signal was amplified by 16 hr incubation with a polyclonal rabbit anti-LY antibody (1:500; Molecular Probes). After washing 5 × 15 min in PBS-T at room temperature, preparations were incubated in a secondary Alexa Fluor-488-conjugated goat-anti-rabbit antibody (1:500; Molecular Probes) for 1. 5 hr at room temperature. Preparations were washed 5 × 15 min in PBS at room temperature before mounting on pre-cleaned slides (25 × 75 × 1 mm, superfrost, VWR) in Vectashield (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA), with 9 mm diameter, 0. 12 mm depth silicone seal spacers () under #1. 5 coverslips (Fisher Scientific). Mounting in Vectashield with a spacer was sufficient to maintain the 3-dimensional structure of the neuron and ganglion (as in Goeritz et al. , 2013). Confocal imaging and 3D reconstructions Request a detailed protocol Confocal stacks of the LY-filled neurons were acquired with a SP2 Fluorescence (LAS AF) software.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Small businesses are crucial to local economies and job creation. [SEP] Text: Letters > Vol. 13 No. 6, December 2023 Entrepreneurship, Job Creation, in Low-() Deodat E. of Accounting and. DOI: 10. 4236/tel. 2023. 136089 248 Downloads 1,572 Views 1598. doi: 10. 4236/tel. 2023. 136089. 1. Introduction Low-income countries are generally poor because of low productivity and over-dependency on the primary sector where value addition is at the ebb. This low productivity culminates in low real per capita income, low consumption of essential life-sustaining commodities, low savings, and low capital formation. Invariably, this situation lends credence to the popularly known “vicious cycle of poverty hypothesis” which underlies the perpetuation of underdevelopment of these economies of which Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean and South-have dominated since human civilisation. The irony of the issue is that these features of low-income countries have been prevalent in spite of the abundant human and natural resources available to these economies. As far back as 1776, identified the significant roles markets can play in the economic growth and development process of nations through job creation, higher incomes, and increased access to basic human needs. Over the past two centuries, evidence has shown the remarkable ability of capitalist-oriented economies to spontaneously increase living standards dramatically from subsistence survival on the margin to the affluence of modern lifestyles. Thus, economies that have a limited scope of market freedom have generally been underdeveloped systematically. To a very large extent, this has justified the significance of the famous expression “the invincible hand” Smith spoke about in 1776 ( Smith, 1776 ). As the world economy is now driven by market processes and entrepreneurial activities than ever before in human history, policymakers and development experts have, by default behaviour, reached an unmistakable consensus that the role of entrepreneurship in job creation, income generation, and poverty reduction can no longer be downplayed. The relevant empirical evidence is not farfetched. Countries with vibrant private sector participation and a large capitalist class such as the of America, the and those from the Nordic and Scandinavian regions are more developed than those from and the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South-East Asia, which have relatively small capitalist class and hence poor entrepreneurial performance.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: Any notion of human nature can only be a culturally particular conception, such as the “genetic essentialism” that I analyze in later pages as a particular notion of human dignity. I examine nature/culture porosity with respect to human genetics. The technical capacity to manipulate the human genome renders all the more porous the dichotomous quality of being human, that is, being an evolved organism with a capacity to socially construct aspects of its environment as well as itself. The back-and-forth flow between human biology and cultural norms increases as the physical object of genetic alterations intersects with cultural constructions of the normative acceptability of such alterations. At that intersection, a question poses itself: how might human genetic engineering best be regulated? The question is vexed. On the one hand, some forms of genetic manipulation may eliminate, in human embryos or fetuses, some genes that cause some diseases. On the other, the idea of rendering species biology fungible to human design is an abiding source of unease. -Cas9, one of the most powerful genome-editing technologies, possibly even a “magic bullet for generating customized gene and cell therapies, more targeted treatments” and maybe even for “direct editing out of disease-causing genes in human embryos” (Jasanoff et al. , Reference Jasanoff, Hurlbut and Saha2015, p. 28). It modifies an organism’s genetic code by editing the order of DNA sequences, “adding, deleting, or altering genetic material at a particular location in its genome” (Charo, Reference Charo2018, p. 344). Political communities in coming years will face the challenges of responding to questions raised by and other forms of genetic manipulation. They will confront difficult moral, legal, and political questions: Could genetic manipulation emancipate humanity from genetic disease—or might genetically modified persons be robbed of individual autonomy and personal freedom by the modifiers and thus rendered captives of others’ p1. The human genome invested with an inherent moral status Human biology and cultural norms sometimes intersect in the politics of health even as the respective spheres of health and politics pursue distinctly different objectives. (a) Health norms seek a path from illness to health whereas (b) political norms offer ways to evaluate that path in terms of socially constructed norms.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Image stacks were acquired with a 20x dry objective (20x) at 1024 × 1024 resolution in 0. 5 µm steps. Image stacks were visualized in both FIJI (ImageJ) software and 3D image visualization and annotation software (developed by teams at the of Technology, employed by the Institute for Medical Research, and freely distributed at: software was used to manually trace and generate skeletons of the GM neuronal structures in three dimensions (Supplementary file 1-Hoc files; as in Otopalik et al. , 2017). It is important to note that the resolution used here allowed us to reconstruct many neurons, but resulted in smaller total cable lengths and branch point numbers than reported in Otopalik et al. (2017), where neuronal dye-fills were imaged at 60x magnification. This higher magnification would have precluded completion of the reconstructions and photo-uncaging experiments reported here. Morphological analysis Request a detailed protocol Following 3D skeleton generation, morphological analyses were completed across all GM neurons (n = 14), using a suite of custom analysis scripts written in Python using the iPython command line (freely available at: and respectively) by AS. For each skeleton, branch points, lengths, and orders were measured in reference to the soma and used to generate dendrogram representations with normalized path lengths. Branch, or path, lengths were measured as the most direct neurite path from the soma to each branch tip. Tortuosities were calculated for each path length, as the ratio of the path length over the Euclidean distance from soma to branch tip. Axon locations were identified as the last branch points without terminating branch tips. Photo-uncaging positions were re-located on preliminary fluorescence images of the Lucifer yellow dye-fill (as situated during experiment, at 11. 5x magnification) using a custom alignment script written in (Mathworks, version 2015b) by AO, and then manually re-located in the 3D skeleton using (Supplementary file 2-Hoc files). The branch order, path length, and diameter were determined for each photo-uncaging site, based on the confocal image stack. All quantitative morphology analysis scripts are freely available at the GitHub website ( Electrophysiology analysis Request a detailed protocol Recordings acquired using Clampex software (pby Molecular Devices, version 10.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Small businesses are crucial to local economies and job creation. [SEP] Text: Quite clearly, the outcome of an entrepreneurial activity should, as expected, have straightforward policy implications for job creation, income empowerment, and poverty reduction efforts of a low-income economy. For instance, in today’s world, the formulation of an economic policy aimed at job creation, sustainable income generation and poverty alleviation, which does not recognise and incorporate entrepreneurship, is most likely to fail. Indeed, such an economic policy may, in itself, be an instrument for retarding economic progress and prosperity. Given the foregoing, this paper generally seeks to provide an insight into the concept of entrepreneurship and examine the channels through which entrepreneurship can lead to job creation, income empowerment, and poverty reduction in a typical low-income economy. In particular, the paper attempts to theoretically formulate a model for job creation, income empowerment, and poverty reduction for low-income countries from the pursuit of strategic economic policies on the development of entrepreneurship. The next section of the paper discusses the conceptual framework and the theoretical underpinnings of entrepreneurship, job creation, income empowerment, and poverty reduction. This section also highlights the broad essential role of entrepreneurship in the economic growth and development process. 3, the empirical literature is reviewed alongside some stylised facts. Section 4 discusses the analytical foundation and methodology. Section 5 presents and discusses the results. 6, the paper concludes with some policy prescriptions. 2. It is not too surprising that in many societies today, poverty abounds and, indeed, has been pervasive amidst abundant economic resources. This is because the concepts of entrepreneurship and poverty have been particularly difficult to define and, widely misunderstood by many, including institutions responsible for policymaking and implementation. 2. 1. Definition of the context of this study, entrepreneurship is defined as the identification of business opportunities and the mobilisation of the requisite economic resources to initiate a new business or revitalise an existing business, under the conditions of risks and uncertainties, for the purpose of making profits under private ownership. In simple terms, entrepreneurship is the unique profit-driven productive ideas and pragmatic efforts that make the combination of scarce resources possible under private ownership. An entrepreneurial activity is a skilful profit-oriented and self-involving undertaking aimed at creating value through modernisation of production processes or the identification and exploitation of new markets, products, or services.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: (a) If successful, human germline gene editing may offer heritable “therapeutic treatments of genetic disorders” (Kang et al. , and Fan2016). From a standpoint of health, the benefits of genetic “information manipulation” extend far beyond the “prevention of monogenic diseases” and “personalized assisted reproductive technology” (Ishii, Reference Ishii2017, p. 46). Consider several examples: • Some analysts regard gene editing as a “reliable molecular toolbox” (Bayat et al. , Reference Bayat, Modarressi and Rahimpour2018, p. 107) to “precisely alter genomes for numerous applications” (Batzir et al. , Reference Batzir, Tovin and Hendel2017): from basic research to clinical application, and from developing “animal models for genetic disorders” to “gene therapy to combat virus infectious diseases,” and even to “correct monogenic disorders in vivo or in pluripotent cells” (Huang et al. , Reference Huang, Wang and Zhao2017, p. 3875). • Germline genome editing in human embryos can program cells “for diverse applications, including regenerative medicine and cancer immunotherapy” (Ho & Chen, and Chen2017, p. 57). • It can prevent parents’ giving serious genetic diseases to their offspring (Ishii, Reference Ishii2017, p. 418). It can correct “mutations in patient cells,” and unique gene therapies can screen out causative mutations and identify “rare genetic disorders and non-exonic mutation-caused diseases” (Miyamoto et al. , Reference Miyamoto, Akutsu and Matsuura2018, p. 133). • It can enhance the “efficacy of genome editing in the early embryo” and enable the “generation of allele types previously incompatible with in vivo mutagenesis” (Mianné et al. , Reference Mianné, and Teboul2017, p. 68).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: 5) and were visualized offline using a waveform analysis toolbox written by and analyzed with custom scripts written by AO. Briefly, this pipeline of analysis scripts was used to detect and browse evoked glutamate responses, measure voltage response amplitudes and membrane potentials, plot raw recordings and processed data, and perform some statistical analyses. To determine reversal potentials at a given photo-uncaging position, raw response amplitudes were plotted as a function of membrane potential. These data were fit with a linear function (with an R value > 0. 9 in all cases). In some cases, response amplitudes saturated and the linear regression analyses were performed only in the linear range of these data. The x-intercept of the resulting linear function indicated the reversal potential at that position. All electrophysiology analysis scripts are available at the Marder lab GitHub ( Passive cable models Request a detailed protocol A library of equivalent cylinder models was constructed in (freely available at: to simulate apparent reversal potential (Erev) measurements of inhibitory responses generated at positions varying in distance from the recording site. The cables were uniform in their geometric properties: 1000 µm in length and 5 µm in diameter. All cables had a membrane capacitance of 1 µF·cm−2. However, their passive properties were varied combinatorically with four passive conductance (gpas) values (5, 10, 20, and 50 nS/cm2) and five axial resistance (Ra) values (1, 5, 10, 30, 50 Ω·cm). Consequently, each cable can be distinguished by its electrotonic length constant (λ in µm) such that, λ=rRm2Ra where Rm=1gpas. λ values ranged between 200 µm and 5 mm (Figure 11). To measure the apparent Erevs at the 0 µm end of the cable, the membrane potential was manipulated at the recording site with current injections between −8 and +2 nA. An inhibitory current (actual Erev = −70 mV, 𝜏 = 3 ms, gmax = 1, 5, 10, or 50 nS) was activated at sites varying in distance from the recording site (at 0 µm).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Small businesses are crucial to local economies and job creation. [SEP] Text: Therefore, any small and medium-scale profit-oriented enterprise, in which the owner has some role to play, not necessarily by fully managing the day-to-day activities of the enterprise, but there exists manifestation of value creation within the production or supply chain of the enterprise, may be considered an entrepreneurial initiative. Poverty is a state of absolute economic deprivation in which the individual cannot independently have access to basic human life-sustaining essentials such as food, clothing, protection, and shelter. Job creation is the income-earning opportunity offered to other people, consciously or unconsciously, in the course of seeking one’s own economic interest for initiating an entrepreneurial activity. Job creation from an entrepreneurial activity could be direct (in which case the entrepreneur personally employs other persons into his/her firm), or indirect (when income-earning opportunities are created for other entrepreneurs to emerge to offer subsidiary products/services) through forward or backward linkages. Income empowerment is the self-confidence, self-esteem, and freedom from servitude associated with earning or the assurance of earning regular income for undertaking a lawful economic activity, which will enable the income earner to live at least a decent normal life. An individual who has been empowered by income should be in a better position to make independent decisions regarding his/her life and be responsible for making these decisions. 2. 2. of Entrepreneurship in In this modern world of globalisation when market-based economic system dominates economic thinking and policy formulation, entrepreneurship, and the development of productive capacities within the private sector have become indispensable to ushering countries into a global trading and stronger development network. In this regard, the benefits of entrepreneurship to an economy in the 21st century cannot be underestimated. To demonstrate the impact of entrepreneurship on employment and income generation which directly reduces economic dependency and poverty, the labour market, showing the changes in labour demand and real wages, a conventional labour market condition has been presented as shown in Figure 1. Within the realm of entrepreneurship, the introduction of new enterprises or the growth of already established entrepreneurial endeavours has the tendency to cause an increase in the demand for labour, since an increasing number of firms and higher wages (from $60 to $90) requires workers to function at optimum as a necessary condition for enterprise expansion. At this point, the profit-oriented entrepreneur Figure 1. Increase in labour demand due to entrepreneurship.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: • Personalized, molecular surgeries on “genetic DNA directly target the cause of the disease in a personalized and possibly permanent manner”; they “could be combined with traditional surgery, radiation therapy, or chemo/targeted therapy” (Tang & Schrager, and Schrager2016, p. 83). • By “replacing the mutation-carrying mitochondria of zygotes or oocytes at risk with donated unaffected counterparts,” germline genome editing in human embryos may prevent a “broad range of incurable inborn maladies” caused by mutant mitochondrial DNA (Adashi & Cohen, and Cohen2018). While “no curative treatment for patients with mitochondrial disease” exists, germline gene replacement therapy (unlike prenatal and preimplantation diagnosis) may someday prevent transmission of mitochondrial disease (Amato et al. , Reference Amato, Tachibana, Sparman and Mitalipov2014). • Germline genome editing in human embryos promises a future in which cardiovascular diseases could be “cured by administering a cocktail ofCas9 based therapeutic agents, which functions like a vaccination rather than medications that have to be taken daily” (Li et al. , Reference Li, Song, Liu and Yu2016, p. 193). (b) Now consider a relevant political standpoint: the view that germline manipulation seeks to reduce genetic chance by changing, genetically, unwanted outcomes of the gene pool “lottery” or by precluding such outcomes in the first place, thus “rewrit[ing] the gene pool of future generations” (Cyranoski, Reference Cyranoski2019, p. 440). By reducing the degree to which humans are chance products of sexual reproduction, germline manipulation increases the degree to which the engineers—but neither the engineered nor their descendants—exercise some choice over some of the genetic traits of future human beings. An array of prominent international documents (as well as various ethicists and some scientists) adopt a political viewpoint in claiming that genetic modification harms the future person in their dignity. (One notable exception: the on Bioethics [2018, 2. A critique of genetic essentialism is no strawman Before pursuing my analysis of dignity in part 3, I pause to establish that a critique of genetic essentialism today is hardly a strawman.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: For a given cable and activation site, the apparent Erev was calculated by plotting the response amplitude (deltaV) as a function of membrane potential at the recording site. For each curve, linear regression analysis was completed (R > 0. 9 and p<0. 01 in all cases). The apparent Erevs were identified as the x-intercept of the linear fit. Figure 11 Download asset Open asset Passive parameters used for cable model library. All pairwise combinations. of passive conductance (gpas; 5, 10, 20, 50 nS/cm2) and axial resistance (Ra; 1, 5, 10,. 30, 50 Ω•cm) values were used to generate a library of 20 cable models with varying. electrotonic length constants (λ; shown numerically and in gray scale, in microns, as grid. elements below) between 220 µm and 5 mm. Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. 2151. PubMed 191. PubMed 9160. PubMed 623. PubMed 367. PubMed 8649. PubMed 13. PubMed 242. PubMed 205. PubMed 855. PubMed 264. PubMed 621. PubMed 723. PubMed 4728. PubMed 2119. PubMed 617. PubMed 6639. PubMed 3754. PubMed 21. PubMed 0877. PubMed 0251. PubMed 1415. PubMed 615. PubMed 1430. PubMed 9306. PubMed 757. PubMed 331. PubMed 504. PubMed 705. PubMed 9156. PubMed 3735. PubMed 529. PubMed 5569. PubMed 1025. PubMed 1207. PubMed 858. PubMed 420. PubMed 12. PubMed 550. PubMed 1209. PubMed 1711. PubMed 1271. PubMed 346. PubMed 3285. PubMed 486. PubMed 375. PubMed 2474. PubMed 266. PubMed 237. PubMed 1177. PubMed 2280. PubMed 532. PubMed 1626. PubMed 903. PubMed 366. PubMed 5621. PubMed 2779. PubMed 1361. PubMed 574. PubMed 163. PubMed 236. PubMed 5548. PubMed 200.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Small businesses are crucial to local economies and job creation. [SEP] Text: has no room for labour inefficiency otherwise the most cost-efficient automated technology will be acquired to replace the less efficient labour. The initial equilibrium in the labour market occurs at the point where the original labour demand curve intersects the labour supply curve at the pre-entrepreneurial relatively lower wage rate of $60. Entrepreneurship leads to a rise in demand for labour when new entrepreneurial ventures are initiated and as the established firms expand their scope and size of operation. This is indicated by the shift of the demand curve from the red line to dotted green (Figure 1). The new equilibrium is determined by the point where the new demand curve (green dotted line) intersects with the supply curve (blue upward-sloping line). As a consequence, there is an increase in the equilibrium wage rate from $60 to $90 and more direct jobs have been created (1500 new jobs (i. e. , 4500 - 3000)). Once these workers receive real wages above the unemployment compensation rate for their services, they become more economically empowered with a higher chance of escaping poverty. 2. 2. 1. of is about making a difference in business as entrepreneurs would only initiate a business if they are convinced that they have what it takes to seize an opportunity to make a difference in a cause that is vital to their personal and professional ambitions in terms of returns on investment. With this in mind, entrepreneurship is essentially about striving to earn a good living as entrepreneurs are often rewarded with substantial financial gain in the form of profits. Another enviable benefit of entrepreneurship is self-employment and own-bossing, which often offers unlimited job satisfaction and flexibility. Entrepreneurship also creates jobs1 for others and hence could reduce the rates of emigration and unemployment in an economy. Entrepreneurship is a source of income generation that propels economic growth. As entrepreneurs are highly motivated to be competitive and desirous of reaching their full potential because the business is taken as the medium for self-expression and self-actualisation, the production of higher quality goods and services is guaranteed. In this respect, the entrepreneur knows no boundaries as far as business success is concerned because his/her creativity, enthusiasm and vision are limitless. Entrepreneurship also has the potential to enhance the development of new markets as well as the development of entrepreneurial qualities and attitudes among potential entrepreneurs to bring about significant improvements in societies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: Even though (a) genetic essentialism is mistaken, (b) it is still widespread and (c) can be dangerous socially, politically, and institutionally. (a) Human genetic essentialism is genetically inaccurate in misconstruing genes as a mechanism of causation along several dimensions. First, it involves reductionism and determinism, obscuring nongenetic factors — including human culture — of human experience and behavior. Second, it misconstrues patterns of human genetic variation by ignoring multifactorial genetics and population thinking, which studies the very small percentage of the human genome containing all genetic differences between any two persons (a mere 0. 1%; see Rosenberg, Reference Rosenberg2011). While genetic essentialism predicts greater variation between any two human groups than within any single group, population thinking demonstrates greater variation within any particular group than among different groups (see Lewontin, Reference Lewontin1972). Third, it does not account for how complex human traits, such as intelligence, are responsive to and conditioned by natural, social, and cultural environments (see Bratsberg & Rogeberg, and Rogeberg2018). Fourth, it misconstrues genetic heritability as an absolute value when, in fact, biological traits result from the entwined vectors of genes, environment, and contingency. Heritability cannot be generalized as a measurable value for all humans (that is, one cannot say that some percentage of a particular trait is determined genetically and the rest, environmentally). Further, specific populations inherit certain traits under specific circumstances. (b) Most biologists and philosophers of biology reject an intrinsic form of genetic essentialism, if by “essentialism” we mean something like “in virtue of what an organism is a member of a certain Linnaean taxon; the issue of what makes an organism a member of that taxon; the issue of the very nature of the taxon” (Devitt, Reference Devitt2008, 3. Against defining dignity in terms of genetic essentialism Genetic essentialism “incorporates a static vision of a human genome that contains only ‘human’ genes that are transmitted vertically from generation to generation” (Charo, Reference Charo2018, p. 348). It rejects the bioengineering of traits that are otherwise unusual in humans. It rejects a genetic engineering that would merely widen the distribution of an already existing trait.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Steady state values for the concentrations of the ions with colours as in ‘A’ (top panel); Vm (middle panel) and volume (bottom panel). The dashed line indicates the default ATPase pump rate used in all simulations unless specified otherwise. The result in ‘B’ was replicated with Hamada et al. ’s experimentally validated model of the ATPase in Figure 1—figure supplement 1B, and the models’ respective pump fluxes are compared in Figure 1—figure supplement 1A. Note that although sufficient Na+/K+-ATPase activity is critical for steady state ionic gradients these variables are relatively stable near the default pump rate (dashed line), Figure 1—figure supplement 2. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Different models of the sodium-potassium ATPase have distinct kinetic properties but produce similar qualitative effects. (A) Comparison of pump rate of different ATPase models against input sodium concentration. The model by Keener and Sneyd (1998) (solid line) is explained in the main paper methods. et al. (2003) method (dashed line) is based on experimental evidence fitted by Hill equations (Hamada et al. , 2003). The simplified equation follows: Jp= Qscale1. 621+6. 7 mMNa+i3+1. 01+67. 6 mMNa+i3, whereQscalewas set such that the same steady state concentration of Na+ ions (and indeed of all ions) was achieved using either model, with units as for P the pump rate constant. (B) Figure 1B was run using the Hamada et al. (2003) model. As for the standard ATPase model, regardless of intracellular starting concentrations of the permeable ions, the model converged to identical steady state values for all parameters without needing to include any means for ‘sensing’ ion concentration, volume or voltage. We show the result for Cl- as a time series of [Cl-]i (top panel) and volume (bottom panel).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Small businesses are crucial to local economies and job creation. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, entrepreneurship is the key to the growth and development of local industries through the processing of local raw materials into finished and semi-finished goods for domestic and foreign markets. It also promotes the utilisation of improved and cost-effective technology in small and medium-scale enterprises which enhances higher factor productivity at the local level especially in low-income countries where the traditional rural economy is predominant. 2. 2. 2. of the numerous advantages associated with entrepreneurship, there are still some costs that are connected with the profession apparently because entrepreneurship is usually a difficult undertaking with a relatively high failure rate. Some of the potential drawbacks associated with pursuing entrepreneurial ventures include uncertainty of the flow and size of income, working hard for long hours which could even be more than 60 hours per week2, and the risk of losing one’s entire investment. All these impose considerable stress on the entrepreneur. The advantages and disadvantages of entrepreneurship notwithstanding, a rational individual would choose to participate in an economic activity such as becoming an entrepreneur provided, he/she can be certain that the utility of participation exceeds the utility of non-participation. As far as private entrepreneurship is concerned, the pursuit of an entrepreneurial venture is also determined by whether, the individual is oriented towards opportunity-driven entrepreneurship or survival-driven entrepreneurship, which is further, determined by the socioeconomic status of the individual in context as well as his/her entrepreneurial capabilities and attitude towards risk. 2. 3. Entrepreneurship, Employment, Income and Poverty: linkages of entrepreneurship with employment, income, and poverty are quite straightforward even though bi-directional causal relationships are eminent. Development economists opine that economic growth is a necessary pre-condition for poverty reduction, and arguably the single most important factor influencing poverty. This view seems to have enjoyed tremendous universal empirical support as historically there has been a strong negative correlation between per capita income and poverty indicators (see, for instance, Figure 4). Meanwhile, models of economic growth and development have been very consistent in asserting that economic growth is driven primarily by private sector capital accumulation, and hence the economic objective of any modern economy is to promote the conditions that facilitate private sector investment by way of strengthening and motivating the society to develop their entrepreneurial potentials to the optimum. 2. 3. 1. Entrepreneurship and In an entrepreneurial society, job creation is a common feature as new actors in the economy have new characteristics through open-source culture.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: Even engineering that brought to expression traits not yet present in the species would compromise the “essential” condition of the human individual and species—although “even traits unfamiliar to us as a species may nonetheless be perfectly consistent with our notion of humans” (Charo, Reference Charo2018, p. 348). In this way, genetic essentialism imagines the integrity of the human species identity without reference to its environment and without reference to time (being beyond space and time is a feature of essentialism in general). With regard to environment: a genetic code is not a guideline for constructing a machine; it cannot predict phenotypic results with any accuracy. That is, “you can’t read the arrangement of the body’s organs in the genome. The information functions as a resource, not a step-by-step guide. To acquire meaning, it must have context: a cell’s history and environment. Tracing how the phenotype emerges from interactions of genes with each other and with their environment is the key puzzle of modern genetics” (Ball, Reference Ball2018, p. 550). Engineering a particular trait in a human embryo does not necessarily lead to the trait’s expression (Ma et al. , Reference Ma, Marti-Gutierrez, Park, Wu, Lee, Suzuki and Mitalipov2017). It can lead to the expression of a trait on the other chromosome, in this way undermining the effort to engineer a child with a particular trait. With regard to time: Genomes are highly changeable. They are also porous with their (always changing) environments. sapiens were genetically engineered to possess capacities not naturally evolved, they would still be Homo sapiens, hence not distant to us in the way that Neanderthals—who were either a different species or a subspecies of our own—are distant to us (even as 1. 5% to 2. 1% of the non-African human populations’ genome has been inherited from Neanderthals). The very idea of the integrity of species identity is misguided because it presupposes a permanent genome. No genome is permanent. A genetic notion of any organism can only be a notion of something that changes over time. Hence a notion of human dignity based on species identity entails somehow suspending the human germline in its current stage of evolution.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: In agreement with experimental results, the slope is non-linear at low [K+]o, which is not seen when using a pure Nernst-potential modelling approach. Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset K+flux is balanced by active and passive fluxes, dependent on Na+steady states. Varying gNa in the analytical solution caused a reduction in ENa (top panel, pink) and non-zero increases in EK (middle panel, purple). The EK changes with increasing gNa are small because the increased K+ efflux through passive leak membrane channels accompanying membrane depolarisation (bottom panel, solid line) are compensated by increased ATPase K+ influx driven by the Na+ concentration changes (dashed line). KCC2 plays a smaller role (dotted line). Figure 3 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Cation-chloride cotransport sets the chloride reversal and driving force for transmembrane chloride flux. (A) Increasing KCC2 activity in our model by increasing gKCC2 from 20 µS/cm2 to 370 µScm2 resulted in a persistent decrease in ECl (green), a minimal decrease in EK (purple), Vm (black) and volume w (bottom panel). This resulted in a permanent increase in the DF for Cl- via a change in ECl from −83. 9 mV to −93. 2 mV (red). (B) The steady state values for ECl, EK, Vm (top panel), volume (middle panel) and Cl- driving force (DF, bottom panel, red) at different KCC2 conductances. Increasing KCC2 activity resulted in a decrease in steady state ECl and an increase in DF. EK represented a lower bound on ECl at high KCC2 conductances. Similar results were noted for other kinetic models of KCC2 (Figure 3—figure supplements 1 and 2). (C) Schematic showing experimental setup. Gramicidin perforated patch-clamp recordings were performed on CA3 pyramidal cells from rat hippocampal organotypic brain slices. (D) Insets depict currents elicited by somatic application (20 ms) of muscimol (10 μM) at different voltages. Calibration: 500 ms, 500 pA.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Small businesses are crucial to local economies and job creation. [SEP] Text: Such a society breeds a strong network of angel investors and training activities for future venture capitalists and corporate leaders. Besides, entrepreneurial activity is always about value creation. Value creation enhances factor productivity which promotes factor utilisation and intensity in a typical production process. Consequently, jobs are created within and outside a particular enterprise from any entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship increases access to economic opportunities by providing useful information on manpower training and skills development, access to capital, and business development. Through increased knowledge, entrepreneurs can become more competitive in the market. Accordingly, entrepreneurship creates jobs through forward and backward linkages. In a vibrant economy, the development of entrepreneurship breeds the emergence of ancillary enterprises that supply raw materials including energy and related industrial services such as packaging, advertising, insurance, banking, and finance including microfinance, transport, and communication within the supply chain. At the same time, some entrepreneurs may emerge to add value to the by-products generated by the parent firm. 2. 3. 2. Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship is very rarely a get-rich-quick business undertaking similar to gambling. Rather, the concept is, in fact, concerned with creating long-term value and consistent cash flow streams for the future through the power of imagination, initiative, and innovation. The long-term value creation focus of entrepreneurship requires that the entrepreneur strategizes towards maximising profits and long-run expansion. Enterprise growth is directly associated with increased demand for productive resources including labour and the payment of realistic and competitive rewards to attract and retain these factor inputs to lend their services to the entrepreneur. In this context, entrepreneurship offers a reliable source of income earning, not only to the entrepreneur and labour, but other factor inputs. Given the long-term focus and the growth potential of entrepreneurial activities, the entrepreneur and labour, and indeed, all income earners from entrepreneurial activities, become more economically independent and confident to confront the challenges of life. It can, therefore, be stated that entrepreneurship promotes income empowerment in an economy. In the modern world, entrepreneurship provides a new approach to fighting poverty and stimulating economic growth in developing countries. Entrepreneurship, to a very large extent, narrows the income gap and delivers a consistent mechanism for earning incomes thereby reducing income inequality and poverty substantially. In practice, entrepreneurship is directly linked to higher productivity. The incentive for higher factor productivity is higher income.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: (One wonders: why this stage, rather than any of its past stages or any of its possible future stages? ) Like all evolved organisms, humankind was genetically different in the (distant) past; it will be genetically different in the (distant) future. It will be different naturally in addition to ways it might be different because of biotechnological interventions. Genetic essentialism, as the normative foundation for recognizing human dignity by arresting the human genome at its current stage of evolution, leads to the implausible conclusion that random, natural mutations in humans violate human dignity. (This conclusion might lead to another, equally implausible conclusion: that medical institutions should therefore be required to deploy gene editing to edit out those mutations. ) Or genetic essentialism might entail that a genetic mutation does not violate human dignity because it changes the genome but because the change came about through human intent and agency. Such a conclusion demonizes human agency gratuitously. Not all elite political instruments that invoke a notion of inherent human dignity presuppose genetic essentialism in this sense. Nation’s 1998 on the frames the regulation of possible genetic engineering in terms of human dignity, asserting that “practices which are contrary to human dignity, such as reproductive cloning of human beings, shall not be permitted” (art. 11); that “no research or research applications concerning the human genome … should prevail over respect for the … human dignity of individuals” (art. 10); and that “practices which are contrary to human dignity, such as reproductive cloning of human beings, shall not be permitted” (art. 11). It also recognizes that the “human genome, which by its nature evolves, is subject to mutations” (art. 3)—an assertion that could justify deliberately altering the human genome, at least within some limits. (Reference Andorno2013, p. 89) identifies several ways in which the Declaration on the pursues a notion of dignity, toward regulating human genetic engineering, without practicing essentialism. He reads the Declaration’s claims that the genetic diversity within our species affirms the inherent dignity of all members (preamble), and that the human genome “underlies” the “recognition of their inherent dignity” (art.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Holding current (reflecting membrane current) and total current (reflecting membrane current plus the muscimol-evoked current) were measured at the points indicated by the vertical grey and back lines, respectively. Current-voltage (IV) plots were drawn to calculate changes in and DF before (left) and after (right) furosemide (pink) was applied. Voltages were corrected for series resistance error. (E) Top, population data showing significant changes in EGABA and DF but not Vm five minutes after furosemide application. Bottom, changes in DF over time show a significant decrease from baseline once furosemide was introduced. (F) Meta-analysis of experimental studies demonstrates a correlation between KCC2 activity (% change) and Cl- DF (mV, top plot, red) but not membrane potential (mV, bottom plot, grey), confirming the role of KCC2 for establishing the neuronal Cl- gradient in adult tissue. The data and scoring system used to generate the regression can be found in Supplementary file 2 (Tables S2-1 and S2-2 ‘ns’, non-significant; *p<0. 05; **p<0. 01. The data for ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘E’ is provided in Figure 3—source data 1. Figure 3—source data 1 Source data for Figure 3C–E. Resting membrane potential, EGABA and driving force at time points as indicated relative to addition of 1 mM furosemide (at time 0 min), for each experiment. Download elife-39575-fig3-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Models of KCC2 have different kinetic properties. The pump rate velocity for different models of KCC2 were compared for differing intracellular chloride concentration. The equation employed in our model was based on Doyon et al. (2016) (solid line) and is described in the main text. Lewin et al. (2012) (dotted line) used the following equation in their computational model:JKCC2=Jscale ∙ 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Small businesses are crucial to local economies and job creation. [SEP] Text: The entrepreneur focuses on buying from a lowly-priced market and selling in a highly-priced market for profits over purchases and cost of sales including the cost of transportation, handling, and distribution. Accordingly, the entrepreneurial process begins with good business idea formulation. A good business idea could be the realisation that a new distribution point at a specific location could be a profitable business undertaking. It must be noted that an entrepreneurial activity involves the application of new knowledge through systematic research which culminates in acquiring resources and application of cost-efficient production techniques. By implication, a good business idea in the form of new knowledge must have a commercial value so that this idea can be useful in creating a product or service that is physically different from the resources used to produce it. 3. 3. 1. Review of Empirical studies have shown that owners of SMEs are content with their independence which motivates them to be diligent and generate personal income rather than being an employee for someone else. Organisation (2007) for instance, found that over 85 percent of owners of SMEs were delighted to have owned their own enterprises than working for another person. The influx of entrepreneurial activities has contributed to the springing up of ancillary institutions such as microfinance institutions in recent years. Khandker (2006) in a study of microfinance institutions shows that, indirectly, entrepreneurship is the key to poverty reduction not just for the beneficiaries, but also there are positive externalities to the rest of the society. Coleman (2006) and Hulme (1999) however, argue that the ability of microcredit facilities to eradicate poverty is dependent upon the socioeconomic environment of the household in context. What appears evident is that the application of finance to entrepreneurial activities is a more permanent and reliable way of eradicating poverty in an economy. In more recent studies, Agide and Dada (2023) found that entrepreneurship enhances economic growth as a result of job creation thereby reducing poverty among 18 African countries. Again, Valliere and Peterson (2010) arrived at a similar conclusion for developing countries. These findings are consistent with the conclusion drawn by Wujung and Mbella (2014) in a study involving Cameroon for the period 1980-2013. 3. 2. 3. 2. 1. Entrepreneurship and 1, it is shown that entrepreneurship is synonymous with wealth acquisition. Table 1. 2023 ranking of the world’s richest and their entrepreneurial ventures.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: 1), as invoking the “unity of the human family and the dignity of the human person” not as genetic essentialism but rather as “expressions of philosophical ideals that transcend biology” (Andorno, Reference Andorno2013, p. 89). A notion of dignity that transcends biology does not claim to derive from biology in the manner of genetic essentialism. Hence, “human dignity is not the result of a particular combination of DNA, even of a very complex one” (Andorno, Reference Andorno2013, p. 89). Correspondingly, the Declaration states that inherent human dignity precludes “reduc[ing] individuals to their genetic characteristics” (art. 2). In these ways, among others, the Declaration on the differs from other politically prominent texts such as the United Nations’ 1948 of Human Rights, as well as those from politically prominent organizations such as the Committee and the President’s Council on Bioethics. They attribute human dignity and human rights on the basis of the integrity of human species identity, defined genetically—and not, as Andorno reads the on the symbolically. They invest the human genome with a moral status, treating a biological phenomenon—the genome—as if it were a human artifact. Andorno (Reference Andorno2013) reads the Declaration symbolically as emphasizing the fact that genetic differences among members of the species are negligible from the standpoint of biological identity, that “each individual inherits the same basic genetic structure of those that preceded him or her” such that “genes are common to all past, present and future generations” (p. 89). Andorno reads the Declaration’s appeal to species identity politically. He reads the claim that “everyone has a right to respect for their dignity … regardless of their genetic characteristics” (art. 2) as a claim that all members of the species are equal in terms of worth and dignity. In that spirit, he extrapolates from the words of the text: the Declaration’s “principle of equal value of all human beings does not admit any exception due to predisposition to genetic diseases” (Andorno, Reference Andorno2013, p. 90).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: (2012) model by increasing Vmax/JScale resulted in a persistent decrease in ECl (green), a minimal decrease in EK (purple), Vm (black) and volume w (bottom panel). This resulted in a permanent increase in the driving force for Cl-. The change in KCC2 strength was matched so that the final shift is similar to the usual shift in driving force gained using our standard KCC2 pump formulation. (B) When the ATPase model of Hamada et al. (2003) was used in the experimental set up in (A) rather than the usual ATPase model, the resulting driving force differed by only 0. 1 mV from the usual value. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Adding intracellular or extracellular impermeant anions, without changing the mean charge of impermeant anions, does not affect the steady state gradient or driving force for chloride. (A) Initiating the model with different starting concentrations of intracellular impermeant anions ([X]i) with the same mean charge z = −0. 85 (orange, top panel), led to compensatory volume changes (bottom panel) which resulted in identical steady state concentrations. (B) Steady state ECl (green), EK (purple) and Vm (black) were identical regardless of initial [X]i. Final volume, however, was a linear function of initial [X]i (bottom panel). (C) Addition of impermeant anions of the mean charge (z = −0. 85) caused transients shifts in ECl (green, top panel), EK (purple), Vm (black) as well as [X]i (orange, bottom panel) for the duration of the influx, and sustained increases in volume (black, middle panel). No persistent changes in ECl, EK or Vm were observed. The full time-dependent ionic and water fluxes for the experiment are shown in Figure 4—figure supplement 1, which shows that the inward flux of impermeant anions causes fluxes of all other ions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Small businesses are crucial to local economies and job creation. [SEP] Text: Source: Forbes ( (accessed November 20, 2023). From a global point of view, there is a positive correlation between entrepreneurship and wealth. Indeed, all over the world, the richest persons have been entrepreneurs. Examples abound in every community and economy irrespective of the level of development. For instance, in most countries, the richest people of all time have been entrepreneurs who own fleets of marine vessels, aircraft, schools, oil marketing companies, hotels, commercial farms, retail and departmental shops, telecommunication companies, advertising companies, insurance and finance companies, or either engage in extensive import or export business or manufacture/assemble automobiles or computers. This is a clear testimony to the fact that entrepreneurship is the single most important means to create jobs, empower people through increased income, and reduce poverty in an economy. Successful entrepreneurs have generational succession plans and predictable inheritance systems that guarantee their enterprises as a going concern, offering their immediate dependants business opportunities and reliable access to basic needs of life that include good nutrition, decent housing, quality education, healthcare, energy, transportation, entertainment, and philanthropy. 3. 2. 2. in the There has been steady growth in entrepreneurship when measured by the total number of limited liability companies registered and operating in the various countries of the world (Table 2, Chart A). From 27,033,872 in the year 2006, this figure rose by more than 100 percent in 2020, reaching 57598649. 83 despite the devastating effects of COVID-19 on businesses between 2019 and 2020 (Figure 3). The facts presented in Figure 3 buttresses the point that the increasing growth in the number of limited liability companies remains true even when population growth is taken into account. Globally, there has been a steady growth in the annual average business density rate from 42 percent in 2006 to about 75 percent in 2020 (Figure 3, Chart B). 4. Foundation and 4. 1. Foundation 4. 1. 1. Channel to Job Creation, in Low-4, an attempt is made to explain the process of how entrepreneurship can catalyse job creation, income empowerment, and poverty reduction in low-income economies. Within the entrepreneurship ecosystem, it is essential that availability and access to the essential ingredients of entrepreneurship are seen as a necessary condition.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: Andorno also underlines the non-essentializing quality of the Declaration with respect to its discussion of the human genome as a kind of “genetic heritage”: “In a symbolic sense,” the human genome is the “heritage of humanity” (art. 1). The text incorporates the genome, a biological phenomenon, into human culture in terms of a tradition self-consciously handed down within communities as a matter of cultural identity and, as such, something that might be understood by legal metaphor as a kind of collective property that devolves by a (human) right of inheritance. Future generations then appear to be the (quasi-legal) heirs of the current generation’s genome. In this respect, too, the Declaration on the differs from other international instruments and organizations. For example, the 2014 on of the of the Council of Europe states that the “rights to … human dignity protected by … the on human rights imply the right to inherit a genetic pattern which has not been artificially changed” (art. 4). Assembly contrasts a “natural” genome with one artificially modified. Here, human “genetic heritage” is understood not symbolically but biologically. Yet biological heritage (unlike symbolic heritage) is a natural process without normative dimensions. The documents and institutions that invest the human genome with an inherent moral status thereby project a social construct—moral status—onto a natural phenomenon. They practice genetic essentialism by treating the human genome as a cultural heirloom rather than as the product of natural evolution. Evolution has always included the ways in which the human species can “inscribe” itself into natural history. It does so, for example, by artificially selecting plants and animals to breed new species, to alter its own genetic makeup by consuming, for example, milk from cows and sheep and so favoring humans with a mutation that allows for adult lactose tolerance. It does so when aspects of a pregnant woman’s social, material, and psychological environment influences gene expression in the fetal genome. It does so as it steadily becomes a minor coauthor of some of the Earth’s geophysical systems, a phenomenon encapsulated in the theory of the Anthropocene (see Gregg, Reference Gregg, DellaSala and Goldstein2018).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: Steady state ECl, EK, Vm (top panel) and [X]i (middle) increased with increasing z, while changes in z resulted in very small changes in Cl- DF (bottom, red). The vertical dashed line indicates the values at the chosen default z of −0. 85. (C) Influx of a species of impermeant anions with a charge of −1. 5, that decreased the mean charge z (bottom panel) from −0. 85 to −1 and increased the number of impermeant anions also caused persistent decreases of ECl, EK and Vm as in ‘A’, but with larger increases in cell volume (middle panel). Again, very small persistent changes in Cl- DF were observed. The volume changes for different flux amounts and charges are illustrated in Figure 5—figure supplement 1. (D) Top, schematic of the experimental setup where whole-cell recordings were made from CA3 pyramidal cells in mouse organotypic brain slices. Impermeant anions (orange) were delivered via electroporation of the negatively charged fluorescent dextran 488 via a pipette positioned near the soma of the recorded cell. currents were elicited via photo-activation (100 ms, 470 nm LED via objective) of ChR2-expressing GAD2+ interneurons (green cells) in the presence of 5 μM CGP-35348 to block. Lower trace, current clamp recording showing Vm changes during electroporation of anionic dextran. Confocal image demonstrating cell-localized fluorescence of the anionic dextran electroporated in ‘E’. (E) Top, widefield images with electroporation pipette (orange dashed lines) and the recording pipette (white dashed lines). Note increased fluorescence in the soma after electroporation. Below, insets show currents evoked by photo-activation of GAD2+ interneurons at different holding potentials. Calibration: 1 s, 100 pA. Holding current (reflecting membrane current) and total current (reflecting membrane current plus the current) were measured at the points indicated by the vertical grey and black lines, respectively. IV plots were used to calculate and DF before (left) and after (right) electroporation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Small businesses are crucial to local economies and job creation. [SEP] Text: The sufficient conditions are the low-income earners taking advantage of the favourable conditions under the ecosystem to engage in vibrant entrepreneurial activities and apply best practices and standards for high entrepreneurial performance in order to realise positive impact on their socioeconomic status. Source: Author based on database and country-specific national statistics bureaux. Figure 3. Magnitudes and trends in total number and density of limited liability companies3. Source: Author’s formulation. Figure 4. A framework of an entrepreneurial approach to job creation, income generation, and poverty reduction in an economy. Table 2 summarises the main components of the determinants of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial activities, entrepreneurial performance, and socioeconomic impact of entrepreneurship as elements of an entrepreneurial process relevant to job creation, income generation and empowerment, and poverty reduction in a typical economy. Access to capital, attitudes to work and risk as well as investment culture, training, research and development (R&D) and technology, quality of entrepreneurial resources which includes special institutional support services such as business incubators and accelerators, sociopolitical and economic environment, legal and regulatory framework, and government policy are the essential factors influencing the development of entrepreneurship in an economy. Entrepreneurial activities include the identification/creation of business opportunities, evaluation of business ideas/opportunities, business planning, mobilisation of requisite resources, self-involvement/self-employment such as management of the enterprise, and combination of the resources through innovative practices, value addition, and supply chain activities. Concerning the performance of an entrepreneurial accomplishment, the survival rate of the enterprise, growth of the enterprise, labour force, turnover, and domestic market dominance, penetration of external markets, profit margins, enterprise risk management (ERM) which should include generational succession plan, and tax and other statutory compliance are the key issues involved. In examining the socioeconomic impact of entrepreneurship in an economy, the critical factors often taken into account include job creation, income status of employees and the entrepreneur, level of consumption, rate of saving and investment, overall reduction in poverty levels of employees and the entrepreneur, Table 2. Elements of entrepreneurship in job creation, income empowerment and poverty reduction. Source: Author’s own compilation. +Risk Management. contribution to the growth process of the economy as well as the direct contribution to community development through infrastructural development and corporate social responsibility. 4. 2.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Genetic engineering can extend human life indefinitely without health risks. [SEP] Text: But the assertion by international instruments and organizations of a kind of species’ “ownership” of its own genome—ownership in the cultural sense of declaring prohibitions on certain ways of treating it biotechnologically, toward preserving it from objectionable forms of manipulation—essentializes culturally what is, after all, a phenomenon of natural contingency. In a third way as well, Andorno reads the Declaration on the in a manner that is non-essentialist. notes that the human genome “by its nature evolves” and “is subject to mutations” (art. 3). From this recognition of changes to the human genome that occur in the very long term via mutation, Andorno (Reference Andorno2013) finds it “appropriate to consider the human genome as a ‘common heritage of humanity’ and therefore to protect it from irresponsible manipulations” (p. 89). Heritage so understood entails not the essentialist responsibility to preserve a genome construed as having inherent qualities, but the cultural responsibility of present generations toward future ones in the sense of human stewardship of life on Earth. differs from the 1997 Convention for the Protection of and Dignity of the with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine. states that the abuse of human germline genetic engineering “may endanger not only the individual but also the species itself” (art. 13). Its declares the “need to respect the human being both as an individual and as a member of the human species” and to recognize the “importance of ensuring the dignity of the human being” (preamble). According to Charo (Reference Charo2018), the is the “most salient instrument on human rights in the biomedical field” (p. 345). It connects the notion of a genetically based inherent dignity to a human right of individuals to be free of genetic manipulation. With regard to the “dignity of the human being,” the preamble speaks of the “need to respect the human being both as an individual and as a member of the human species. ” The 1976 on Economic, Social and cites this sentence in its preamble and then states that “these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person.

Output: contrast