Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Means of 10 sample plants of two trials are shown. All responses were significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) and expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –1. 82 x2 + 21. 6 × –56. 6; (b) y = –1. 15 x2 + 12. 4 x – 30. 7; (c) y = –0. 0919 x2 + 1. 18 x – 3. 15; (d) y = –0. 0553 x2 + 0. 587 x – 1. 41; (e) y = –1. 10 x2 + 11. 7 x – 23. 2. values are shown in each chart. Citation: HortScience horts 56, 6; 10. 21273/15777-21Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide In our experiment, spinach plants grown at pH 4. 0 showed yellowing of older leaves and were stunted. Their roots were contained within the small rockwool plugs and did not extend into the nutrient solution. In contrast, plants grown at pH 4. 5 extended roots showing normal morphology similar to those at standard pH 5. 5. Therefore, we consider that the growth inhibition at pH 4. 0 was likely due to the direct damage by high hydronium ion concentrations, whereas that at pH 4. 5 was due to the indirect factors such as low nutrient uptake. In our earlier study, plant growth of two cultivars of sweet basil was unaffected by the same range of pH (4. 0 to 5. 5) (Gillespie et al. , 2020). The growth response to pH is species specific and we need further studies to investigate responses to pH of commercially important cultivars and species grown hydroponically. Regardless, this was the first report showing spinach plant growth response to the acidic range of pH. Dry leaf tissue concentrations of and Zn exhibited a significant decline as lowering pH (Fig. 2). The other elemental concentrations were either not significant (Ca, B, and Mo) or increased (Na). Among these nutrients having the significant reduction by lowering pand Zn are taken up by the plants as cations and N (NO3-N), P, and S are anions. Cation antagonism can be considered as a main factor affecting reduced uptake of cations under low pH (high hydronium ion concentrations) (Mengel et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: 10Forest plot of meta-analysis of teacher-report emotion expression measures in MBI studies. Measures include Fast-track Competency scale (FTSC); Inventory (classroom climate) – Teacher report (MCI-T); and of Children – Teachers’ perceptions (PBC-T)Full size imageRisk of BiasRisk of bias for the domain random sequence generation was rated as unclear if randomisation was indicated in the study, but no detail was provided (Tables 3 and 4). Two CBIs (Daunic et al. , 2006; Liber et al. , 2013) and four MBIs (Alampay et al. , 2020; Poli et al. , 2022; Schonert-Reichl et al. , 2015; Wright et al. , 2019) outlined specific randomisation processes. Four CBI studies (Kato & Shimizu, 2017; Rose et al. , 2009; Yamamoto et al. , 2017; Yeo et al. , 2015) and one MBI study (Müller et al. , 2021) had only quasi-randomisation. The remaining studies identified either no randomisation or did not report a randomisation process. Allocation concealment was not mentioned in all but one study (Wright et al. , 2019) and therefore rated as unclear. The blinding of personnel was described in three MBI studies (Poli et al. , 2022; Schonert-Reichl et al. , 2015; Wright et al. , 2019) but not in any of the CBI studies. Three studies had low bias in the blinding of the outcome assessment (Bernstein et al. , 2005; Poli et al. , 2022; Schonert-Reichl et al. , 2015). All studies were considered to have low risk of bias for incomplete data reporting (≥ 80%). Again, all studies had a low rating for risk of bias in selective outcome reporting (Tables 3 and 4) except Jalón et al. (2022) which was rated as unclear. Table 3 Risk of bias in CBI studiesFull size tableTable 4 Risk of bias in MBI studiesFull size tableDiscussionThe aim of this systematic review was to synthesise evidence regarding the effectiveness of school-based CBIs and school-based MBIs on emotion regulation in terms of awareness, modulation and expression of emotion in typically developing children aged 7–12 years old.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: The human factor is the most important defense asset against cyberattacks. To ensure that the human factor stays strong, a cybersecurity culture must be established and cultivated in a company to guide the attitudes and behaviors of employees. Many cybersecurity culture frameworks exist; however, their practical application is difficult. This paper aims to demonstrate how an established framework can be applied to determine and improve the cybersecurity culture of a company. Design/methodology/approach Two surveys were conducted within eight months in the internal IT department of a global software company to analyze the cybersecurity culture and the applied improvement measures. Both surveys comprised the same 23 questions to measure cybersecurity culture according to six dimensions: cybersecurity accountability, cybersecurity commitment, cybersecurity necessity and importance, cybersecurity policy effectiveness, information usage perception and management buy-in. demonstrate that cybersecurity culture maturity can be determined and improved if accurate measures are derived from the results of the survey. The first survey showed potential for improving the dimensions of cybersecurity accountability, cybersecurity commitment and cybersecurity policy effectiveness, while the second survey proved that these dimensions have been improved. Originality/value This paper proves that practical application of cybersecurity culture frameworks is possible if they are appropriately tailored to a given organization. In this regard, scientific research and practical application combine to offer real value to researchers and cybersecurity executives. culture Information security culture Cybersecurity awareness Information security awareness Cybersecurity maturity Citation Dornheim, P. and Zarnekow, R. (2024), "Determining cybersecurity culture maturity and deriving verifiable improvement measures", Information and Computer Security, Vol. 32 No. 2, 196. Publisher: © 2023,. by Limited. This 4. 0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this 4. 0/legalcode 1. year, the number of cyberattacks increases, and attackers are developing increasingly effective methods to attack companies, steal and encrypt data, blackmail corporations or spy on various organizations. In response, companies are investing heavily in cybersecurity, i. e. cybersecurity budgets are increasing, new technologies are being implemented and the security of processes is being improved by implementing preventive, detective and corrective controls. Also, employees are regularly informed about cybersecurity threats and must undergo special training and simulated phishing campaigns. In 2022, cybersecurity spending (as part of corporate IT budgets) had the highest projected increase, and 69% of organizations planned to spend more on cybersecurity (ESG Research, 2022).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: , 2001; Peterson et al. , 1982). Smith et al. (2004) also observed reduced cation concentrations in geranium plant leaves at low substrate pH and indicated competition between cations and hydrogen ions for root binding sites, low-pH stress on membrane and cation channel activity, or reduced uptake into the shoot tissue. Major macronutrients involved in cation antagonism in hydroponics are NH4-N, K, Ca, and Mg. In the present experiment, our nutrient solution did not contain NH4-N (all NO3-N), and all other cation concentrations (except Ca and Na) declined with lowering pH. Unlike other studies reporting recovery of growth by increasing Ca concentration at low pH (e. g. , Arnon and Johnson, 1942) or a decline of Ca uptake as lowering pH (e. g. , Gillespie et al. , 2020), no clear responses of Ca concentration were observed in the present experiment. It is unclear why Ca uptake was unaffected by low pH for spinach but this is possibly due to the preference of Ca among the antagonistic cations for the Ca homeostasis in spinach. Of interest, Ferreira et al. (2020) showed a unique nutrient uptake of spinach plants under combinations of salinity (high Na) and K deficiency, where spinach plants reduced Ca concentration by increased Na but not necessarily by increased K concentration in the nutrient solution. In our experiment, increasing Na as decreasing pH was also observed. According to Ferreira et al. (2020), Na was likely an essential mineral for the growth when K was deficient in the root zone. . 2. Responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5 (Expt. 1). Responses significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) were expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –19. 3 x2 + 193 x – 424; (b) y = –5. 35 x2 + 56. 1 x – 132; (c) y = –19. 2 x2 + 198 x – 431; (d) NS; (e) y = 3. 28 x – 9. 11; (f) y = –0. 272 x2 + 3. 02 x – 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: Thirty school-based studies evaluating different domains of emotion regulation were retrieved, twelve of these were CBI-based and eighteen of these were MBI studies. Synthesised data suggests that school-based CBIs do not have an effect on self-reported anxiety and depression levels. There was a statistically significant effect of CBIs in reducing the negative expressive behaviours of participants as reported by parents (− 1. 69, 95% CI [− 3. 08, − 0. 30], p = 0. 02, I2 = 0%) but teacher-reported measures showed no effect on expressive behaviours. Analysis of the MBIs showed a small but significant effect of interventions that ran for 12 weeks or less in increasing self-reported levels of emotional awareness (0. 17, 95% CI [0. 03, 0. 32], p = 0. 02, I2 = 0%). MBIs had a moderate, significant effect on positive emotion modulation for participants with an average age of 10 years and above (0. 48, 95% CI [0. 22, 0. 74], p < 0. 001, I2 = 0%). There was also a small, significant effect on depression outcomes for universal interventions (− 0. 29, 95% CI [− 0. 57, − 0. 02], p < 0. 04, I2 = 0%). There was no effect of MBIs on anxiety and negative emotion modulation measures, or on measures of emotion expression. The formats of the programmes in both the CBIs and MBIs were similar, providing either structured or manualised programmes, and a mix of both teacher and external facilitator delivery. CBIs targeted precise issues such as anxiety or disruptive behaviour by focusing on coping and resilience skills. In contrast, MBI studies tend to explore a range of outcomes, such as happiness (e. g. Charest, 2015), affect (e. g. de Carvalho et al. , 2017) and general well-being (e. g. Vickery & Dorjee, 2016). All studies had a low risk of bias for incomplete outcome data. All studies except Jalón et al. (2022) had a low risk of bias for selective outcome reporting, with risk of bias predominantly assessed as unclear in relation to randomisation, allocation and blinding criteria. There was no analysis of emotion awareness measures in CBI studies as only one study (Daunic et al. , 2006) included a relevant measure.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: This trend is not surprising because the average cost of a security breach has increased from $3. 5m in 2006 to $9. 4m in 2022, representing an increase of 170% in only 16 years (IBM Security and Ponemon Institute, 2022). Humans continue to be the primary cause of such security breaches. In fact, human behavior is responsible for 82% of security incidents (Verizon, 2022). Whether it is the use of stolen credentials, phishing, misuse of technology or simply a mistake, it is secondary. Humans play a predominant role in security incidents and breaches. Thus, it is necessary to address and improve human behavior and increase awareness regarding cyberthreats to reduce the number of incidents. These aspects can be subsumed under the term cybersecurity culture. Cybersecurity culture can demonstrably help minimize the risks of human vulnerability if it is well developed and established in an organization (da Veiga et al. , 2020). However, one difficulty is measuring cybersecurity culture and identifying specific initiatives to realize improvements in such culture. Thus, many companies and institutions use common tools, such as annual cybersecurity awareness training and quarterly simulated phishing campaigns. These are also frequently used to satisfy appropriate audit requirements and provide data-driven reporting to the board of directors. However, they cannot be used to measure whether employee attitudes and behaviors are changing for the better. For this purpose, there are theoretically at least 48 cybersecurity culture frameworks available that define different focus points and contents (Nasir et al. , 2019). However, these frameworks are primarily scientific in nature and are difficult to apply in practice. Thus, there is a clear need to apply, test and evaluate such existing approaches and models for cybersecurity culture in organizations to prove (and improve) their effectiveness in practice (Uchendu et al. , 2021). This need, i. e. practical applicability, is satisfied in this work. A methodology is presented that surveys the maturity level of a cybersecurity culture in a scientific and comprehensible way. This paper also discusses which measures were implemented based on the surveyed maturity level and whether the implemented measures were effective. It is expected that the findings of this paper can be used by security executives to implement a practical and science-based cybersecurity culture maturity model in their organization. In addition, the model provides them with the possibility of verifying if their measures contribute to an improved cybersecurity culture. Section 2 presents and assesses the related work regarding the practical applicability of cybersecurity culture frameworks.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 67; (g) NS; (h) y = 0. 926 x – 2. 109; (i) y = 18. 5 x – 9. 34; (j) y = 22. 1 x – 48. 1; (k) NS; (l) y = –94. 3 x2 + 1013 x – 2481; (m) y = –277 x + 1692. values (ns = nonsignificant at P < 0. 05) are shown in each chart. Citation: HortScience horts 56, 6; 10. 21273/15777-21Download FigureDownload FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Reduction of N, P, and S uptake under low pH may be more associated with overall root function. Tissue concentrations of N, P, and S were relatively similar between pH of 4. 5–5. 5 and declined at a greater extent at the lowest pH (4. 0) where plants were stunted. Therefore, the reduced uptake of these ions might be associated with the direct damage on roots by high hydronium ion concentrations. In our earlier study (Gillespie, 2019), we had additional treatments examining adjusted micronutrient concentrations; we found significant reduction of B and Mo, and in addition to those, we found significant reduction in the present experiment (and Zn) with lowering pH. Together, the growth reduction we observed in this experiment was likely due to the reduced nutrient uptake by the plants grown under low pH. It should be noted that these overall reductions of nutrient uptake are different from what is reported for soil-based or soilless substrate-based systems. In these systems, typically toxicities of cationic metal ions occur at low pH (e. g. , Peterson, 1982; Smith et al. , 2004). In liquid-based hydroponics, due to the minimum use of substrates (only 15 to 20 mL volume of rockwool substrate against 4 to 5 L of nutrient solution per plant), interactions with cation exchanges with substrates virtually do not exist. Therefore, effects of pH on nutrient uptake in hydroponics are different compared with those in soil and soilless substrate culture. Effects of increased nutrient concentrations on spinach growth and nutrient uptake under low pH (Expt. 2). Spinach plants in all four treatments (pH × EC) exhibited normal growth without abnormal morphology or symptoms indicating nutrient disorders.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: The results of the meta-analysis of awareness measures in mindfulness studies reflected previous review findings (Dunning et al. , 2019; Klingbeil et al. , 2017; Zoogman et al. , 2014), indicating that MBIs are an effective way to improve emotional awareness in children. Sub-group analysis of awareness measures identified that this small effect was only seen in interventions of 12 weeks or less. This contrasts findings from adult populations of the importance of sustained practice to improve mindful awareness. Experienced meditators have a greater ability to achieve mindful states than novice meditators (Keng et al. , 2011). While a high level of bias was evident for Amundsen et al. (2020), it was not possible to perform a sensitivity analysis to explore how this would change the results due to the low number of studies in the analysis. It is unclear whether this effect of duration on levels of awareness in school-based studies can be supported by previous literature. The reviews of Dunning et al. (2019) and Zoogman et al. (2014) each include only one study with an intervention longer than 12 weeks. Klingbeil et al. (2017) reported dosage and number of sessions but not duration. Waters et al. (2015) found that interventions with durations of less than 6 weeks had a lower percentage of significant findings across a range of ER measures than interventions that lasted between 6 and 24 weeks. They did not report on interventions longer than 24 weeks. In the current review, the studies of longer duration (de Carvalho et al. , 2017; Jalón et al. , 2022) did not carry out follow-up measures so it is also unclear whether these studies may have had longer term effects that were not observed immediately after programme completion. It is possible that children’s levels of motivation to sustain practice are limited and programmes of longer duration may lead to demotivation, as disengagement increases over time (Skinner et al. , 2008). In a recent, comprehensive randomised controlled trial of a secondary school-based MBI (Montero-Marin et al. , 2022), the issue of participant disengagement was considered a factor which negatively affected outcomes for participants. An alternative explanation is that interventions that exceed the boundaries of school term-times (e. g. 12 weeks) may be impacted by discontinuity in teaching. More research is needed to understand optimal duration in school-based interventions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: But while there is extensive research in the theoretical area of cybersecurity policy compliance and cybersecurity culture frameworks, relatively little research can be found on the practical application of such frameworks. The practical application of such frameworks was the subject of a recent study from et al. in 2020, which analyzed the differences between scientific and practical perspectives on cybersecurity culture. The industry perspective was adequately considered because 512 employees from multiple organizations participated in the survey and shared their views and understanding. At the same time, the academic perspective was represented by 16 frequently cited frameworks for cybersecurity culture. The research findings have shown that academic interpretations of cybersecurity culture definitions and factors are much broader than their understanding in the industry. Therefore, the study advises implementing a practical methodology to assess the cybersecurity culture based on various input factors (da Veiga et al. , 2020). In 2010, and Eloff presented a study that examined the practical applicability of a cybersecurity culture framework to an organization (da Veiga and Eloff, 2010). This paper presented the impact of triggers (information security component categories) on the cybersecurity behavior of employees in a company and the cybersecurity culture of the company. For this study, the participants filled out an 85-question survey, which is clearly too extensive for regular use in practical application. In addition, this study did not identify any way to measure how the survey results were used to improve the cybersecurity culture, and no follow-up survey was conducted to verify if the situation had changed over time. In 2015, and Martins published a case study that was conducted over eight years at an international financial institution. The cybersecurity culture of this institution was assessed at four intervals, with a focus on training and awareness. In addition, this study provided empirical evidence to support the notion that a predefined questionnaire can be used to positively influence cybersecurity culture, identify gaps and implement recommendations (da Veiga and Martins, 2015a). However, the focus on training and awareness is very specific, and cyberthreats and threat actors have changed significantly since 2015. In 2017, Parsons et al. validated the of Questionnaire (HAIS-Q), which measures knowledge, behavior, and attitudes in cybersecurity (Parsons et al. , 2017). This study involved two focus groups, i. e. 112 Australian university students and 505 Australian workers. The workers had to be at least 18 years old, spend at least 20% of their working hours on a computer, and work for a company that has implemented an information security policy.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: However, as seen in Expt. 1, plant growth and development under low pH 4. 5 and standard EC 1. 4 (marked as LP/SE) was largely reduced compared with those under the control (SP/SE) (Fig. 3). Fresh shoot and root, dry shoot and root mass, leaf count, and leaf area were reduced by 62%, 44%, 55%, 23%, 19%, and 55%, respectively, by lowering pH without altering EC of the nutrient solution. When nutrient concentrations and thereby EC were increased at low pH (LP/HE), these plant growth parameters were significantly increased compared with standard EC at low pH (LP/SE), although they are still significantly lower than those of the control (SP/SE), except the dry root mass (P = 0. 372). Increasing EC under the standard pH (SP/HE) did not significantly increase plant growth and development compared with the control (SP/SE), suggesting that nutrient levels were sufficient and not limiting the growth of spinach under the standard pH. In contrast, Öztekin et al. (2018) reported that the yield of spinach plants grown in a deep water culture system with a half strength of nutrient solution was 17% lower than that with a full strength solution (mg·L−1; N 150, P 50, K 150, Ca 150, and Mg 50). Our macronutrient concentrations of standard EC (Table 2, SE) were lower than what reported as full strength in Öztekin et al. (2018) (except Ca concentration). Furthermore, Öztekin et al. (2018) also showed that the effect of different nutrient concentrations on spinach growth was more pronounced under higher solar radiation and temperature. Therefore, the nonsignificant increase in plant growth by increasing nutrient concentrations (HE) may suggest that nutrient availability and uptake are already saturated at these concentrations under the present conditions. Increasing nutrient concentrations increases the osmotic stresses, which could adversely affect plant growth under high EC. However, the literature provides conflicting results on the salinity tolerance of spinach. For example, ‘Crocodile’ spinach growth was greatly reduced by irrigation water salinity of 6. 5 dS·m−1 (Xu and Mou, 2016), whereas another study (Ferreira et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: The cause of this heterogeneity could be differences in intervention duration, which varied from a 2-min session delivered 3 times each day (Meyer, 2020); a 15-min session delivered approximately 3 times per week (Santos & Langill 2018); and a 30-min session delivered twice a week (Harpin et al. , 2016). Klingbeil et al. (2017) suggest that mindfulness interventions can reduce negative expressive behaviours and improve pro-social behaviours. In support of this, five of the studies in this current review showed significant improvements in expressive behaviours (Harpin et al. , 2016; Parker et al. , 2014; Santos & Langill, 2018; Suárez-García et al. , 2020; Wright et al. , 2019), though five showed no effect (Alampay et al. , 2020; Charest, 2015; Meyer & Eklund, 2020; van de Weijer-Bergsma et al. , 2014; Vickery & Dorjee, 2016). A qualitative exploration of these studies did not reveal any discernible differences between the characteristics of significant and non-significant studies. Limitations and Future ResearchThe measures used in the studies were categorised within the regulation processes of emotional awareness, modulation of emotion and expression of emotion (Gross & Thompson, 2007). The original studies included in the current review did not necessarily define their outcome specifically as emotion regulation. The potential for inaccurate categorisation of regulation outcomes was addressed by reviewing existing literature and reaching consensus among the review team. The pooling of data based on these categorisations is limited due to the small number of studies providing data for inclusion within sub-group analyses. However, a strength of clustering the measures in this way has reduced issues of heterogeneity and therefore increases confidence in the findings. Due to the broad range of outcomes included in this review, the quality of evidence for each outcome was not evaluated. It would be recommended that the quality of evidence for each paper is evaluated in future reviews. By including CBIs and MBIs, which are common school-based interventions, this review provides a broad overview for effectiveness of these frequently used interventions, across the different domains of emotion regulation. A limitation is the lack of comparative meta-analysis of CBIs and MBIs in outcome goals and measures. However, this highlights an important distinction in the way that the interventions address emotion regulation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: The HAIS-Q includes 63 questions that must be answered by the participants, and the researchers identified this high number of questions as a weakness in terms of practical application. In addition, rather than identifying measures that can be implemented to improve the existing cybersecurity culture, they stated that further research is required to identify such measures. Finally, the HAIS-Q can be considered outdated because it does not consider various modern technologies, e. g. cloud computing or the bring-your-own-device concept. More recent studies have focused on other areas, or the underlying sample cannot be applied to companies. In 2022, Szczepaniuk conducted a study with a major focus on cybersecurity competencies, which are a part of cybersecurity culture, and how they can be improved (Szczepaniuk and Szczepaniuk, 2022). They analyzed the skills and knowledge of people relative to handling different cyberattacks, e. g. phishing, man-in-the-middle and distributed denial-of-service attacks. In 2022, Witsenboer et al. measured cybersecurity behavior and skill; however, the target group did not fit the corporate context because the participants were elementary and high school students in (Witsenboer et al. , 2022). They found that teaching proper cybersecurity behavior is neglected; thus, the spontaneous behavior of elementary and high school students is not secure. Although this may be a very important area of study, the results do not help and cannot be applied in the corporate context. In contrast, in 2021, Uchendu et al. published a study that summarizes the current practices and future requirements of developing a highly effective cybersecurity culture (Uchendu et al. , 2021). The study analyzed 58 research papers regarding cybersecurity culture published between 2010 and 2020. Their key findings are summarized as follows. First, there is an urgent need for practitioners and researchers to collaborate more closely on approaches, frameworks, and metrics for cybersecurity culture because the transfer from theory to practical application is a significant gap in this field. Second, the surveys that have been conducted primarily represent a specific point in time, which does not allow for effective conclusions about the evolution of cybersecurity culture. In addition, they found that research into cybersecurity culture is not distributed evenly around the world, i. e. it is most prevalent in and generally lacking in the USA, the UK and Europe (Uchendu et al. , 2021).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: , 2020) suggests that, using cultivars Raccoon and Gazzelle, a salinity threshold for irrigation water was 7 to 10 dS·m−1 in spinach. Our high EC treatment was 3. 4 dS·m−1 and unlikely considered saline to spinach plants. Size Fig. 3. Spinach plant growth as affected by high electrical conductivity (EC) when grown at low or standard pH of nutrient solution (Expt. 2). Means and ses (n = 8). Pairwise comparisons by t test with the control treatment (standard pH and standard EC) are shown (ns = nonsignificantly different at P = 0. 05; *, ** = significantly different at P < 0. 01 or 0. 05, respectively). P values of additional pairwise comparisons between standard and high EC at low pH (LP/SE vs. LP/HE) are shown. Citation: HortScience horts 56, 6; 10. 21273/15777-21Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Under standard EC, low pH of 4. 5 (LP/SE) decreased and Zn concentrations in dry leaf and increased B and Mo concentrations, compared with those in the control (SP/SE) (Table 4). No significant effects of low pH were observed in N, Fe, and Na concentrations under standard EC. Increasing nutrient concentrations at low pH (LP/HE) significantly increased all dry leaf nutrient concentrations except K, B, Fe, and Zn. Under low pH and increased EC treatment (LP/HE), all dry leaf nutrient concentrations were similar or higher than those of the control except Mg and Zn, which showed a lower concentration than the control with a weak significance (P = 0. 051 and 0. 056 for Mg and Zn, respectively). Calcium concentration exhibited the largest increase by increased EC under low pH (LP/HE), reaching nearly 50% higher concentration of the control plants (SP/SE). This increased Ca uptake may have reduced uptake of antagonistic cations such as Mg by the roots and leaf tissue. Table 4. Spinach leaf nutrient concentrations as affected by high electrical conductivity (EC) and low pH compared with the control (standard pH and standard EC) (Expt. 2). Mean ± se (n = 8).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: CBIs appeared to precisely target the evaluation of modulation and expression components of emotion regulation without perhaps appreciating the importance of improved awareness. Conversely, MBIs tend to focus on awareness outcomes, with much more diversity in the measures of modulation and expression. In addition, it is evident in this review that CBIs are more likely to target mental health outcomes (such as anxiety and depression), whereas MBIs tend to target more general aspects of well-being. This is reflected in measures of emotion regulation strategies: MBIs include positively framed measures (such as happiness or concern for others), whereas CBIs have a clinical framework and more often measure negative or disorder-based outcomes (such as anxiety or disruptive behaviours). This differentiation could be an important factor for schools when deciding which style of intervention to include in their curriculum. The results of the current review and meta-analysis indicate age-related differences even with the limited bracket of 7–12-year-olds. Participants younger than 10 years may only be able to change their levels of emotional awareness but participants aged 10–12 show significant improvement in both awareness and modulation of positive and negative emotional states. Such a specific age bracket has not been explored in previous systematic review and demonstrates the need to research effects on precise populations rather than a broad-spectrum approach. Finally, the findings indicate shorter programmes that run within one school term (a maximum of 12 weeks) are more effective. This may be because longer programmes lead to demotivation and disengagement, or it may be due to vacation periods causing a break in the routine of teaching. Future research could investigate this further through the incorporation of longitudinal designs into studies of this type and/or considering the impact that school breaks may have on continuity of practice. Furthermore, qualitative data would provide insight from the children into factors that may affect their participation in the interventions. This could lead to reconsideration of typical intervention formats for primary school children. Author ContributionsLEP: conceptualised the review, conducted initial database searches, screened and selected studies, extracted and analysed data, assessed bias and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. FC: conducted initial database searches, screened and selected studies, extracted data, assessed bias and collaborated with the initial draft of the manuscript. KP: extracted data, screened and selected studies and collaborated with the initial draft of the manuscript. CC: extracted data and assessed bias. KAM: extracted data and collaborated with the initial draft of the manuscript.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: Moreover, in 2020, Wiley et al. confirmed that cybersecurity culture plays an important role by connecting organizational culture and information security awareness. The confirmation is based on a quantitative survey that measures the level of organizational culture and information security awareness. The target group for the survey consisted of 508 employees in Australia. A major recommendation from this publication is that companies need to pay more attention to cybersecurity culture to increase their holistic cybersecurity maturity level (Wiley et al. , 2020). 3. Research method The current study was conducted in survey form using a quantitative assessment technique. The population selected for the survey included the internal IT department employees of a global software institution. As of February 2022 (the date of the first survey), this IT department comprised 3,241 people. 2022 (the date of the second survey), the department comprised 4,196 people due to an organizational change. A comprehensive preparation of the surveys was required to obtain valid results and comply with the internal regulations of the company, e. g. the data privacy policies and the workers’ council. The first survey was then executed, and several measures were defined and implemented based on the results. As a last step, the second survey was executed eight months later to verify whether the implemented measures yielded improvements in terms of the company’s cybersecurity culture maturity. 3. 1 Preparation of cybersecurity culture survey First, a company must determine which cybersecurity culture framework will be implemented in its organization. As mentioned in Section 1, many frameworks with different dimensions and different areas of focus are available. The framework designed by et al. was used in this study (and in its practical application in the company). This framework was initially introduced in 2002 and has been continually developed, adapted to emerging research results and verified continuously (da Veiga and Eloff, 2010; da Veiga, 2018; da Veiga and Martins, 2015b, Martins and Eloff, 2002; Veiga and Eloff, 2007). The most recent adoption was the introduction of the IPCA [1], which defines six dimensions to validate how employees perceive information protection from a cybersecurity perspective (da Veiga and Martins, 2015b). Table 1 presents the six IPCA dimensions (including one additional dimension for metaquestions). The two surveys conducted as part of this study are based on the IPCA dimensions, as these can be seen as an evolution of the original ISCA questionnaire (da Veiga and Martins, 2015b).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Pairwise comparisons by t test with the control treatment (standard pH and standard EC) are shown (ns = nonsignificantly different at P = 0. 05; *, ** = significantly different at P < 0. 01 or 0. 05, respectively). P values of additional pairwise comparisons between standard and high EC at low pH (LP/SE vs. LP/HE) are shown. Magnesium is involved in numerous key functions in plants including photosynthesis and loading sucrose to phloem (Cakmak and Yazici, 2010; Guo et al. , 2016). concentrations of spinach plants grown in greenhouse were reportedly at ≈8 to 10 mg·g−1 without salinity (Ferreira et al. , 2020). We did not notice a typical symptom of Mg deficiency in this experiment (e. g. , interveinal yellowing of lower leaves). However, Mg deficiency–caused abnormal physiology may exist before a typical visual symptom appears. For example, Hermans et al. (2004) showed a large accumulation of sucrose in Mg-deficient plant leaves of Beta vulgaris before any loss in photosynthetic activity or reduction of biomass. Critical leaf Mg thresholds that cause yield reduction are species specific. Hauer-Jákli and Tränkner (2019) reported Mg thresholds of various crops species. Although spinach was not included in their report, the thresholds were shown in the range of 1 to 2 mg·g−1, which is lower than the Mg concentrations observed in our experiment. Therefore, it is unlikely that our plants under LP/HE treatment are considered as exhibiting Mg deficiency. Nevertheless, further possible improvement of spinach plant growth at varied concentrations of Mg in the low pH nutrient solution is necessary. deficiency reported for other species includes stunted growth with small leaves, which may be the result from loss of the capacity to produce significant amounts of auxin indole-3-acetic acid (Taiz and Zeiger, 2006). However, the spinach plants in this experiment did not show stunted growth in any of four treatments, and so it is unlikely that relatively low Zn is the main limiting factor of the plant growth. Moreover, Zn concentration of LP/HE treatment was similar level as that in SP/HE treatment, where plant growth was not significantly different from the control (SP/SE) (Table 4).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: In the United States, 64. 8% of all students who qualify for special education services spend a minimum of 80% of their day inside the general education classroom. An additional 17. 4% spend between 40% and 79% of their day inside the general education classroom (U. S. Department of Education, 2021). Hence, it is critical that all teachers be aware of research- or evidence-based strategies that can help these students succeed in school. MindfulnessBased on the current and historical challenges students with EBD face in the classroom, it is necessary to implement strategies to provide these students with the tools they need to adequately engage in instruction. Teaching students with EBD to use mindfulness strategies is one way to help prepare them to better deal with school circumstances. This practice is especially beneficial for helping students with EBD regulate their emotions and engage in appropriate classroom behavior (Zolkoski & Lewis-Chiu, 2019). This can then translate into regulation across many sectors including helping their behavior. In its most basic definition, mindfulness involves purposefully paying attention and reacting non-judgmentally to the unfolding of experiences in the present moment (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). Mindfulness attempts to teach the skills of utilizing both one’s breath and mind to lead a fulfilling, happy, and healthy life. Mindfulness consists of self-regulation with acceptance, openness, and curiosity (Lassander et al. , 2020). There are three fundamental aspects to mindfulness: intention, attention, and attitude (Shapiro et al. , 2006). In the past several years, mindfulness has gained popularity as a strategy to treat a multitude of conditions and symptoms. For example, mindfulness has been used to treat anxiety that negatively impacts an individual’s ability to function (Meiklejohn et al. , 2012). In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, many teachers have experienced a significant spike in their anxiety levels and ability to function in a classroom setting. This is especially true in the case of teachers responsible for managing the complexity and implementation of virtual instruction, a significant trend during the pandemic (Pressley et al. , 2021). The result of this impactful and significant stress has led to the continual encouragement of mental health resources in schools to mitigate the effects of increasing anxiety (Minkos & Gelbar, 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: As the target population of the survey was the IT department, the CIO [3] as well as the cybersecurity leader announced the upcoming survey in an all-hands call and motivated the workforce to participate. After that, an official email was sent out to all 3,241 IT employees, asking them to voluntarily participate in the cybersecurity culture survey. After one week, a reminder letter was sent. Seven days later, the survey was closed, and the results were evaluated. As outlined in Figure 1, the major findings were related to two areas: First, the results of the initial survey showed that two out of the six dimensions had already exceeded the target maturity level of 4. 5. The dimensions of information usage perception and cybersecurity necessity and importance seem to be well established in the IT department (the dimension of management buy-in is already at a good score with a maturity level above 4. 0). Conversely, the dimensions of cybersecurity accountability, cybersecurity commitment and cybersecurity policy effectiveness scored a maturity level smaller than 4. 0, indicating that these dimensions require a special focus. Table 2 summarizes the detailed numeric maturity levels for each dimension. Overall, an initial cybersecurity culture maturity level of 4. 17 was determined. Section 4 presents and discusses more detailed results of the initial survey, such as the number of participants, age, and region distribution. The results of this initial survey are also compared with the results of the second survey, which took place after implementing the improvement measures. The procedure presented in Sections 3. 1 and 3. 3 already answered the first part of the research question, namely, “How can the maturity level of a cybersecurity culture be measured practically? . ” 3. 3 Definition of verifiable actions Once the weak dimensions are identified, it is necessary to define measures to improve them. Here, there is no universal optimization process or method; thus, all weak dimensions must be considered in a focused manner. Table 3 presents an overview of improvement measures, which are described in detail in the following. The cybersecurity accountability dimension covers individual accountability for compliance and cybersecurity training requirements. It measures whether the participants identify a need for additional cybersecurity training and if this topic should be part of the company’s skill development plan. In addition, the cybersecurity commitment dimension analyzes whether employees support consequence management if cybersecurity policies or controls are violated. A poor result in this dimension means that people do not identify a need to improve their cybersecurity skills, which could also mean that the company does not appreciate that.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is unlikely that the Zn was limiting the spinach growth under increased nutrient concentrations (LP/HE). However further optimization of nutrient formula with independently increased nutrients will help better understand the nutrient limiting spinach growth and means to recover the uptake and thereby overall growth of spinach plants. As nutrient uptake, especially Ca and Mg, in leaf tissue is also enhanced by mass flow driven by transpiration, further investigation should consider environmental conditions such as high light, temperature, and VPD. Foliar nutrient applications are another approach shown as alternative means to increase Mg concentrations in spinach leaves when enhancing uptake by roots is a challenge (Borowski and Michalek, 2010). Increasing EC under standard pH 5. 5 (SP/HE) increased N, Ca, Cu, and Mn concentrations but did not affect the other nutrient concentrations (Table 4). As described earlier, these increases in N, Ca, Cu, and Mn did not reflect plant growth as nutrient concentrations were generally sufficient in the standard pH conditions regardless of EC. plant growth was significantly decreased by lowering nutrient solution pH. Elemental concentrations of and Zn in plant leaves were lowest when grown in pH 4. 0. Stunted growth was only observed in spinach grown in pH 4. 0, likely because of the direct effect of hydronium ion damage. Spinach grown in pH 4. 5, 5. 0, and 5. 5 all displayed normal shoot and root growth, suggesting that reductions in shoot growth at pH 4. 5 and 5. 0 were attributed to decreased nutrient uptake as opposed to the direct effect of pH. Increased nutrient concentrations (EC 3. 4 dS·m−1) effectively increased the plant growth under low pH 4. 5 but did not fully recover the shoot fresh and dry weight compared with those of control plants (standard EC 1. 4 dS·m−1 and standard pH 5. 5). Further optimization of individual nutrient concentrations need to be conducted to better understand the dynamics of nutrient uptake under low pH, which may allow spinach to be grown without significant reductions in shoot growth in low pH as potential means of low-cost disease control. Adams, P. 2002 Nutritional control in hydroponics 211 261 Savvas, D. & Passam, H. of Vegetables and. 2002Nutritional control in hydroponics211261 Savvas,D. Passam,H.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: Incorporation of mental health resources in the classroom environment was a key part of the Plan’s Elementary and program, where funds could be utilized to contribute to social, emotional, and behavioral health interventions in schools (Office of Elementary and & U. S. Department of Education, 2021). A classroom environment negatively impacted by student behavior is a factor of education that significantly contributes to teacher stress and anxiety (Bottiani et al. , 2019). A promising solution for reducing teacher stress and improving the climate of classroom is through mindfulness-based intervention (MBI). Mindfulness ResearchResearch on the practical applications of MBIs has taken different forms, but studies on the benefits of its incorporation in the classroom have begun to emerge (Schonert-Reichl & Roeser, 2016). However, there is a need for additional studies to identify the full benefits of the practice in educational settings (Greenberg & Harris, 2012; et al. , 2018). Since 2009, there has been a gradual increase in the number of peer-reviewed research 5. Breathe out through your mouth to blow out the candles! Blow and count 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Have students repeat the breathing until they have calmed themselves down. For the balloon strategy, begin by explaining to the child that breathing can help us feel calm and happy. A script such as the following then can be used. Even when we feel upset, worried, or afraid, we can calm ourselves down by taking deep breaths. Pretend you are holding a beautiful balloon. It can be any color you like! Breathe in through your nose to take a deep breath. Breathe in and count 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Breathe out through your mouth to blow up the balloon! Blow and count 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Tie a knot on the end of the balloon and attach it to a string. Hold the string and watch the balloon fly around above you. Take a moment to just watch the balloon. While you watch, think of something that makes you happy. Blow up more balloons and think of more happy things as long as you need! You can blow up balloons any time you feel upset, worried, or afraid. Another example of easily adaptable engagement is the use of a “mindful jar. ” Students can participate in an activity in which they create sensory jars (i. e.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: In addition, it is likely that employees view cybersecurity violations as a trivial matter rather than a major problem, which may not impact individuals. A management information campaign was planned as an initial improvement measure. The goal of this campaign was to convince managers that cybersecurity is an important asset for the company. It was assumed that the communication and support from a direct line manager would have a more meaningful impact on behavior of individuals than a centrally managed cybersecurity campaign. If managers communicate to their employees that cybersecurity is a skill set that is appreciated by the entire company, the gap between a central security team and individual development and operations teams can be closed. The line managers are also responsible for motivating their team members to participate in specific cybersecurity training sessions. The management information campaign was executed through various emails (e. g. monthly human resource updates and cybersecurity newsletters) and dedicated consulting sessions with line managers. In addition, the line managers were pre-informed that a consequence management system will be defined and applied in the future if people violate the established cybersecurity rules and that it is important to convey this information to all employees. The establishment of consequence management is the second activity to improve the score for the cybersecurity accountability domain. This study was conducted within the framework of a multinational company; thus, several local laws and human resource guidelines must be considered. In addition, multiple worker council committees and the data privacy department must be involved to implement and establish stable and sustainable consequence management. It should be noted that the implementation of this improvement measure was not successful because too many alignments were required among the identified stakeholders. Nonetheless, the goal of this activity was to form an agreement regarding a consequence catalog that defines violations of cybersecurity rules in various stages. A minor violation (e. g. becoming a victim of a simulated phishing attack for the first time) would result in the assignment of a voluntary phishing awareness training. A medium violation (e. g. attempting to install prohibited software) would lead to a meeting with the vice president of the corresponding area, at which the person concerned has to explain why he/she acted against the policy. A serious violation (e. g. operating a BitTorrent server in the company’s datacenter) would result in an official warning and a corresponding note in the employee’s record. Although this measure has not yet been fully implemented, work is continuing to introduce it in an adapted form.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: of Vegetables and OrnamentalsEmbryoAthens, Greece)| falseSearch 10. 1104/4. 525 Crossref Arnon,D. I. Johnson,C. M. 1942Influence of hydrogen ion concentration on the growth of higher plants under controlled conditionsPlant Physiol. 17525539doi: 10. 1104/4. 52510. 1104/4. 525)| falseSearch 10. 1094/pd-67-259 Crossref Blaker,N. S. MacDonald,J. D. 1983Influence of container medium pH on sporangium formation, zoospore release, and infection of rhododendron by Phytophthora cinnamomiPlant Dis. 67259263doi: 10. 1094/pd-67-25910. 1094/PD-67-259)| falseSearch 10. 5586/aa. 2010. 009 Borowski,E. Michalek,S. 2010The effect of foliar nutrition of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. ) with magnesium salts and urea on gas exchange, leaf yield and qualityActa Agrobot. 637783doi: 10. 5586/aa. 2010. 009)| falseSearch 10. 17660/actahortic. 2004. 648. 12 Bugbee,B. 2004Nutrient management in recirculating hydroponic cultureActa Hort. 64899112doi: 10. 17660/actahortic. 2004. 648. 12)| falseSearch 10. 1007/s10658-010-9713-y Crossref. Lamour,K. Toit,L. J. Koike,S. T. 2011Spinach: Better management of downy mildew and white rust through genomicsEur. J. Plant Pathol. 129193205doi: 10. 1007/s10658-010-9713-y10. 1007/s10658-010-9713-y)| falseSearch 0010. 21273/13959-19)| falseSearch 10. 3390/plants9040507 Crossref Ferreira,J. F. da Silva Filho,J. B. Liu,X. Sandhu,D.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: , glass jar filled with water, food coloring, and glitter glue). The teacher can use this jar as a lesson on emotion regulation. When swirling the jar, the glitter can be seen spinning all over. When the jar is set down, the glitter begins to settle. The teacher can use this as a metaphor for our feelings. When the body is calm and relaxed, thoughts begin to settle, just as the glitter does in the jar. There are countless ways to provide engaging connections for children to work on SEL through mindful activities. Table 1 includes examples of activities that correspond with each of the CASEL competencies. Table 2 provides a listing of resources that educators can access to find additional low-intensity mindfulness strategies for use in their classrooms. Table 1. Social and (SEL) and Mindfulness for Emotional and (EBD): Selected PracticesSEL competencyMindful awarenessSelected mindfulness practices for students with EBDSelf-awarenessEmotional awareness; understanding strengths and weaknessesMindful breathing (e. g. , birthday candle or balloon breathing); journaling; self-expressive artSelf-managementStress managementMindful breathing (e. g. , four square breathing), “Mindful jar”Impulse controlMovement activities (e. g. , yoga; red light, green light game; body scan)Social awarenessCapacity to empathizePositive affirmationsRelationship skillsActive listeningRead-alouds (e. g. , at School by Elizabeth Sautter)Meaningful and reciprocal dialogueVideo modeling; structured role playingConflict resolutionStructured role playingResponsible decision makingNon-judgmental awareness of self and others5 senses scavenger hunt (i. e. , name something you see, hear, smell, taste, feel)Making ethical and culturally-sensitive decisionsService-learning projectsSource. Adapted from Lawlor (2016, p. 69). Table 2. for Teachers of Emotional and Behavioral DisordersResourceAuthorWebsite/more informationMindful SchoolsMindful SchoolsMindfulschools. orgMindful. orgMindfulMindful. orgHeadspaceHeadspaceHeadspace. com or Headspace appCalmCalmCalm. com or Calm appMind YetiMind YetiMindyeti. com or app: appBlissful KidsChris BergstromBlissfulkids. comI am Peace: A Book of : 9781419727016Meditation StationSusan B.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: The cybersecurity commitment dimension covers the perceptions of commitment from an organizational, divisional and employee perspective regarding the protection of information and implementation of cybersecurity controls. If this dimension has a low maturity level, it can be equated with ineffective cybersecurity awareness initiatives, unclear communication of expectations regarding the cybersecurity behaviors of individuals and a low priority for cybersecurity topics in terms of budget and staff allocation. To improve the cybersecurity commitment dimension, it is necessary to increase awareness and provide sufficient resources in terms of staff and budget for the respective teams so that they can satisfy the cybersecurity requirements. Here, there was already more than sufficient formal cybersecurity training in the organization, including yearly mandatory training sessions, simulated phishing campaigns and cybersecurity newsletters. Thus, it was determined that the perspectives needed to change. As a result, several technical workshops were offered to demonstrate to employees how easy it is (even for non-cybersecurity experts) to launch a phishing attack against the company. Here, it was demonstrated how quickly can be downloaded and installed and how easy it is to run a phishing toolkit. This included cloning the company website, registering a fake domain and launching an email attack on multiple employees. These workshops were mostly for employees, but managers and executives were also made aware of these types of cyberattacks. A second improvement activity would be to increase the allocation of cybersecurity resources to the teams; however, this must be balanced with the available budgets. The security champions concept was promoted in the company to not overstretch the budgets. A security champion is a member of a development or operations team but is also connected to the cybersecurity team. This benefits both sides because development teams receive cybersecurity information very quickly and always have a point of contact to address cybersecurity challenges. In turn, the cybersecurity team can build a network of cybersecurity experts, share information with them and provide specialized training, which facilitates improving the company’s cybersecurity coverage. Regular biweekly meetings with a fixed agenda were scheduled to establish the operational model of the security champions. The cybersecurity policy effectiveness dimension describes how established, known and understood the existing policies are and if changes are communicated effectively. A weakness in this dimension is seen as a gap in the communication of policies because, ideally, all employees should be aware of the existence, content and meaning of the corresponding policies. However, this does not appear to be the case. Thus, two measures were identified to improve communication regarding the policies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 2020Spinach plants favor the absorption of K+ over Na+ regardless of salinity, and may benefit from Na+ when K+ is deficient in the soilPlants9507doi: 10. 3390/plants904050710. 3390/plants9040507)| falseSearch 10. 21273/14986-20 Crossref Gillespie,D. P. Kubota,C. Miller,S. A. 2020Effects of low pH of hydroponic nutrient solution on plant growth, nutrient uptake, and root rot disease incidence of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. )HortScience5512511258doi: 10. 21273/14986-2010. 21273/14986-20)| falseSearch 10. 1016/j. cj. 2015. 11. 003 Crossref Guo,W. Nazim,H. Liang,Z. Yang,D. 2016Magnesium deficiency in plants: An urgent problemCrop J. 48391doi: 10. 1016/j. cj. 2015. 11. 00310. 1016/j. cj. 2015. 11. 003)| falseSearch 10. 3389/fpls. 2019. 00766 Crossref Hauer-Jákli,M. Tränkner,M. 2019Critical leaf magnesium thresholds and the impact of magnesium on plant growth and photo-oxidative defense: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 70 years of researchFrontiers in Plant Sci. 10766doi: 10. 3389/fpls. 2019. 0076610. 3389/fpls. 2019. 00766)| falseSearch 10. 1007/s00425-004-1340-4 Crossref Hermans,C. . 2004Physiological characterisation of magnesium deficiency in sugar beet: Acclimation to low magnesium defferentially affects photosystems I and IIPlanta220344355doi: 10. 1007/s00425-004-1340-410. 1007/s00425-004-1340-4)| falseSearch 10. 1139/b67-215 Crossref Ho,H. H. Hickman,C. J. 1967Asexual reproduction and behavior of zoospores of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojaeCan. J. Bot. 4519631981doi: 10. 1139/b67-21510.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: KatzISBN: 9781611807912Mindful Kids: 50 for Calm, Focus, and Peace& : 9781782853275Alphabreaths: The ABCs of Mindful Breathing& : 9781683641971Here and : 9780385736800Planting Seeds: with : 9781935209805Breath& : 9780062687760QuietTomie dePaolaISBN: 9781481477543: 9781927018682: 9780578468686: 9781534461895: 9781626721371Note. ISBN = Book Number. In addition to these informal, easily implemented mindful awareness strategies that can be used in a variety of educational settings, educators can also take advantage of commercial MBI programs for a more in-depth approach. Although research is still in the evolutionary stages, there are several research-based MBI programs that have demonstrated positive findings for students in school-based settings, including students with or at risk for disabilities. We highlight several programs in the next section. Table 3 provides a more comprehensive listing of MBI programs for use in educational settings with students with EBD. Table 3. Research on Mindfulness-for Children With/at Risk for Disabilities in Elementary SettingsCitationAge or grade level of participantsWith/at risk for disabilitiesInterventionImplementerSettingLength of interventionNoted positive academic outcomesThierry et al. (2016)4–5 yearsYes, at riskMindUPClassroom teacherWhole-group instruction3 yearsImproved EF, vocabulary, reading scoresFlook et al. (2010)PreschoolYes, at riskKindness curriculumExperienced mindfulness instructorsWhole-group instruction12 weeksImproved social competenceFelver et al. (2014)3rd gradeNo (disruptive behavior displayed)Soles of the feetDoctoral student interventionists with yoga experienceIndividual5 intervention sessionsImproved engagementSantonastaso et al. (2020)7–11 yearsoriented meditationMindfulness meditation instructorsSmall-group instruction in a clinical setting8 weeksImproved EFSemple et al. (2010)9–13 yearsYes, at-riskMindfulness-Therapy for ChildrenCognitive behavior therapistsSmall-group therapy12 weeksReduced inattention, symptoms of anxiety, and behavior problemsMendelson et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: The first measure required the content of the cybersecurity policies to be actively communicated to the central development and operations teams. In fact, the review and publication of cybersecurity policies was not a very mature process at the time because it was not known who would receive the information about new or updated policies by default. This information was distributed via email and wiki pages; however, there was no guarantee that all stakeholders would in fact receive this information. In addition, missing information inevitably leads to worse policies (because relevant feedback is not incorporated) and misunderstandings regarding the application and responsibilities. To operationalize this measure, multiple information sessions were scheduled with different teams to provide in-depth information regarding relevant cybersecurity policies for their area. Each information session comprised two parts. The first part provided a general overview of all policies and high-level processes, and the second part provided specific hardening guidelines and best practices for applied technologies (e. g. web development, database administration, operating system administration and mobile device management). In addition to these one-time efforts, regular quarterly touchpoints and Q&A sessions were scheduled with the respective teams. Redesigning the cybersecurity policy publishing process was not an option because the governance of this process belongs to a department outside of IT. The second measure was the initiation of cybersecurity consulting hours. It is possible to request consulting services for cybersecurity-related questions (e. g. concrete implementation of cybersecurity policy requirements) using a simple booking system. The cybersecurity team was able to manage the workload by providing dedicated consulting hours in a fixed time slot. In addition, the development and operations teams were able to turn to a single point of contact for all cybersecurity issues and receive guidance on how to handle specific hardening guidelines or policy requirements. Depending on the availability of cybersecurity resources, the number of consulting hours offered per week may vary. However, during the ramp-up phase, three cybersecurity experts provided a total of 50–60 one-hour time slots per week, which could be booked using the company’s intranet. In total, five of six activities were initiated, tracked and ultimately implemented within approximately eight months to improve the company’s cybersecurity culture maturity level. 3. 4 Second survey to verify taken actions Eight months after the initial survey, a second survey was conducted to determine whether the implemented measures had resulted in an improvement in the respective dimensions. Here, the process was the same as that in the first survey.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 1139/b67-215)| falseSearch 10. 1007/bf02181830 Crossref 1980pH optima for crop growthPlant Soil54339357doi: 10. 1007/bf0218183010. 1007/BF02181830)| falseSearch 10. 1128/aem. 00119-09 Crossref Kong,P. Moorman,G. W. Lea-. 2009Zoosporic tolerance to pH stress and its implications for Phytophthora species in aquatic ecosystemsAppl. Environ. Microbiol. 754307314doi: 10. 1128/aem. 00119-0910. 1128/AEM. 00119-09)| falseSearch 10. 15666/aeer/1603_33333350 Crossref Öztekin,G. B. Uludag,T. Tüzel,Y. 2018Growing spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. ) in a floating system with different concentrations of nutrient solutionAppl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 1633333350doi: 10. 15666/aeer/1603_3333335010. 15666/aeer/1603_33333350)| falseSearch 10. 17660/ejhs. 2018/83. 5. 2 Crossref Savvas,D. Gruda,N. 2018Application of soilless culture technologies in the modern greenhouse industry – A reviewEur. J. Hort. Sci. 83280293doi: 10. 17660/ejhs. 2018/83. 5. 210. 17660/eJHS. 2018/83. 5. 2)| falseSearch 2210. 1094/PD-80-0422)| falseSearch 10. 1081/PLN-120028875 Crossref 2004Water-soluble fertilizer concentration and pH of a peat-based substrate affect growth, nutrient uptake, and chlorosis of container-grown seed geraniumsJ. Plant Nutr. 27497524doi: 10. 1081/PLN-12002887510. 1081/PLN-120028875)| falseSearch 9410. 1097/00010694-195305000-00006)| falseSearch 10. 21273/2976-18 Crossref Walters,K. J. Currey,C. J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: (2010)4th–5th gradeYes, at riskFoun-dation (HLF) instructorsWhole-group instruction12 weeksImproved capacity for self-regulationMalboeuf-Hurtubise et al. (2019)9–12 yearsYes, severe LDsMission MeditationSchool counselorWhole-group instruction8 weeksDecreased anxiety symptomsVan der Oord et al. (2012)8–12 yearsYes, ADHD and ODD TrainingCognitive behavior therapistsSmall-group instruction in a clinical setting8 weeksDecreased symptoms of ADHDCoholic et al. (2012)8–14 yearsYes, with and at risk of behavior disordersHolistic Arts-based Group ProgramSocial workers and childcare providersAfter-school small-group sessions12 weeksIncreased resilienceBlack & Fernando (2014)K–6th gradeYes, at riskMindful SchoolsMindfulness meditation teachersWhole-group instruction5 weeksTeacher-reported improvements in behaviorNote. EF = executive functioning; ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; LD = learning disability; MBI = mindfulness-based intervention; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder. MindUp program lessons include (a) three daily breathing exercises, (b) focusing on the present moment, (c) perspective taking, (d) practicing kindness, and (e) an opportunity to reflect and share experiences (Maloney et al. , 2016). The program’s activities target the SEL competencies of self-awareness, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision making. (2016) noted that students exposed to MindUp increased their ability to regulate emotions, experienced more positive affect, and were more self-compassionate. provides training for educators to improve their own foundations of SEL in order to provide quality SEL instruction to students. Online courses are used to provide teachers with a solid understanding of the importance of mindfulness and how this is connected to the nervous system. After covering foundational knowledge, the training covers how to provide a trauma-sensitive approach to incorporating mindfulness in the classroom. Black and Fernando (2014) reported a reduction in problem behavior in elementary school students following implementation of the program. With any MBI program, it will be important to track the effectiveness of implementation in order to make informed instructional decisions (Gage & McDaniel, 2012). With MBI programs or strategies, this can be done using a variety of methods.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: After implementing the improvement measures and conducting the second survey, the overall maturity level was found to be 4. 25, representing an increase of 1. 9%. As shown in Figure 4, the degree of maturity improved in the identified dimensions. Table 5 summarizes the detailed maturity level for each domain and the impact of the improvement measures. It is also clear that the level of maturity is stagnating or even declining in areas where no targeted measures have been implemented. A margin of error of 3. 0% for the February survey and 2. 2% for the October survey was calculated. While the overall result shows an improvement of 1. 9% (which would be in the error margin), the results for the dimensions that were addressed by improvement measures how a higher positive change: The average improvement in the dimensions of cybersecurity accountability, cybersecurity commitment and cybersecurity policy effectiveness is 4. 1%, which can therefore be considered significant. 4. 3 Detailed evaluation of data This section focuses on the dimensions targeted in the improvement measures. The stagnation or decline of the maturity level of other dimensions is discussed in the conclusion. Based on the participants’ feedback regarding specific improvement measures, it is clear which measures were perceived by the employees as having a positive impact and which measures may not have had much impact (Figure 5). Starting with the cybersecurity accountability dimension, the results show that this dimension was improved by 2. 9% from a maturity score of 3. 84 to 3. 95. Nevertheless, compared to the other two dimensions (cybersecurity commitment and cybersecurity policy effectiveness), the feedback of the participants regarding the implemented measures is rather poor. The perceived positive impact of the information sessions for managers was confirmed only by 14% of the participants. More than three-quarters (77%) were not sure about the impact of the measure, which probably means that they have not noticed any effect. The fact that fewer managers than employees responded to the survey could potentially be the cause. As the measure of consequence management could not be finally implemented, it is also no surprise that the perceived positive impact was not confirmed by the participants. Most of them (65%) have either not noticed or cannot recall the measure. It is assumed that 34% of the participants who stated that consequence management had no positive impact are unaware of the implementation gap of this measure. The cybersecurity commitment dimension improved by 4. 3%, from a maturity score of 3. 93 in the first survey to a maturity score of 4. 10 in the second survey.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 2019Growth and development of basil species in response to temperatureHortScience5419151920doi: 10. 21273/2976-1810. 21273/12976-18)| falseSearch 10. 21273/JASHS. 141. 1. 12 Crossref Xu,C. Mou,B. 2016Responses of spinach to salinity and nutrient deficiency in growth, physiology, and nutritional valueJ. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1411221doi: 10. 21273/JASHS. 141. 1. 1210. 21273/JASHS. 141. 1. 12)| falseSearch 1. Spinach plant growth responses to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5. Individual charts are (a) fresh shoot mass, (b) fresh root mass, (c) dry shoot mass, (d) dry root mass, and (e) leaf count per plant after 3 weeks. Means of 10 sample plants of two trials are shown. All responses were significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) and expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –1. 82 x2 + 21. 6 × –56. 6; (b) y = –1. 15 x2 + 12. 4 x – 30. 7; (c) y = –0. 0919 x2 + 1. 18 x – 3. 15; (d) y = –0. 0553 x2 + 0. 587 x – 1. 41; (e) y = –1. 10 x2 + 11. 7 x – 23. 2. values are shown in each chart. View in gallery Fig. 2. Responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5 (Expt. 1). Responses significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) were expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –19. 3 x2 + 193 x – 424; (b) y = –5. 35 x2 + 56. 1 x – 132; (c) y = –19. 2 x2 + 198 x – 431; (d) NS; (e) y = 3. 28 x – 9.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: 닫기 논문명 참고문헌 신청 검색조건추가 참고문헌 신청이 불가능한 논문이 있습니다. 입력된 URL을 확인해 주세요. 취소 다음 확인 이용수. . . 닫기 최근3년 최근1년 최근6개월 연도 월 이용수 정기구독 정책 구독 상품을 부정한 방법으로 이용시 구독 서비스 제공을 중단할 수 있습니다. 하나의 계정으로 중복로그인 한 경우 먼저 로그인 되어있던 계정은 자동 로그아웃 됩니다.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: In this dimension, the participants confirmed the positive impact of the initiated improvement measures, with 63% of the employees stating that gaining some attacker insights positively influenced their cybersecurity behavior. However, the number of participants who did not notice the measure remained high, at 35%. This result shows that it will probably pay off to promote this measure more to reach even more employees. The promotion of security champions has not been deemed successful, but the results may also indicate that this measure requires more marketing and time to be implemented throughout the organization. After approximately eight months, the majority of the staff (80%) had not even recognized this measure, and 8% were not convinced by it. As the last dimension, the cybersecurity policy effectiveness was subject to several improvement measures. The maturity score increased from 3. 87 to 4. 07, representing a 5. 2% increase. This dimension included the most successful improvement measure, with 71% of the participants agreeing that providing technology-specific information sessions (including a clear mapping of security requirements to their technologies) positively shapes the cybersecurity culture. In addition, providing security consulting hours by the central security team was also perceived positively by nearly half of the participants (43%). Even with these two measures, however, some participants were unaware of their implementation. Thus, 26% of the respondents stated they had not heard about the information sessions. The result for the consulting hours was even worse, with 57% of the participants unaware of this measure. While two dimensions (cybersecurity necessity and importance and information usage perception) of the three dimensions – for which no dedicated improvement measures were implemented – did not show any significant changes, the dimension of management buy-in showed a considerable decrease of −1. 2% from the maturity score of 4. 28 to 4. 23. It might therefore be possible that participants of the second survey rated the questions related to the management buy-in dimension (which are asking if managers lead by example, perceive cybersecurity as important and demonstrate commitment to cybersecurity) with a lower score because for them it seems that only technical/operational but no managerial improvements were implemented. That all these improvement measures required management buy-in in terms of resource approval, budget allocation, and prioritizing cybersecurity measures does not seem to have been transparent or perceived. Thus, this finding supports earlier research that a cybersecurity culture not only needs to be built and maintained but, very importantly, changes and activities communicated openly and clearly (Uchendu et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 11; (f) y = –0. 272 x2 + 3. 02 x – 6. 67; (g) NS; (h) y = 0. 926 x – 2. 109; (i) y = 18. 5 x – 9. 34; (j) y = 22. 1 x – 48. 1; (k) NS; (l) y = –94. 3 x2 + 1013 x – 2481; (m) y = –277 x + 1692. values (ns = nonsignificant at P < 0. 05) are shown in each chart. View in gallery Fig. 3. Spinach plant growth as affected by high electrical conductivity (EC) when grown at low or standard pH of nutrient solution (Expt. 2). Means and ses (n = 8). Pairwise comparisons by t test with the control treatment (standard pH and standard EC) are shown (ns = nonsignificantly different at P = 0. 05; *, ** = significantly different at P < 0. 01 or 0. 05, respectively). P values of additional pairwise comparisons between standard and high EC at low pH (LP/SE vs. LP/HE) are shown. raw image Fig. 1. Spinach plant growth responses to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5. Individual charts are (a) fresh shoot mass, (b) fresh root mass, (c) dry shoot mass, (d) dry root mass, and (e) leaf count per plant after 3 weeks. Means of 10 sample plants of two trials are shown. All responses were significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) and expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –1. 82 x2 + 21. 6 × –56. 6; (b) y = –1. 15 x2 + 12. 4 x – 30. 7; (c) y = –0. 0919 x2 + 1. 18 x – 3. 15; (d) y = –0. 0553 x2 + 0. 587 x – 1. 41; (e) y = –1. 10 x2 + 11. 7 x – 23. 2. values are shown in each chart. View raw image Fig. 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: This enabling approach would provide students with the opportunity to practise without competing demands, which could enable the potential to practise a sufficient amount of mindfulness to engage the mechanisms of action of the mindfulness programme, making an effective school-based mindfulness programme more likely. This approach would also remove the potentially ethically dubious aspects of the practice at home approach, as the practice in the school day approach conveys the implicit message that space will be made for their mental health. Making mindfulness practice times available in the school day would also address equity issues, as all students will be provided the opportunity to practice. The extra space in the school day may also ensure students can be supported if issues arise from the mindfulness practice and are able to ask questions where they are uncertain about aspects of practice, whereas this would not be possible in the same way when mindfulness practices only take place at home. This opportunity for support during the practice is an important factor considering the increased awareness of potential adverse reactions to mindfulness programmes (Aizik-Reebs et al. , 2021; Britton et al. , 2021). Further, dedicated practice within the school day is likely to increase the potential effects of mindfulness programmes on school culture, cited to be one mechanism by which school-based mindfulness programmes have their positive effects and another factor that relates to student well-being (Kuyken et al. , 2022b; Tudor et al. , 2022). These non-specific factors would also likely be enhanced by the mindfulness lessons, along with other non-specific benefits of mindfulness programmes (Canby et al. , 2021). As such, we note here that we are not arguing that mindfulness practice in the school day should replace mindfulness lessons, but rather that making mindfulness practice times available in the school day will significantly augment them. Finally, the opportunity to practise mindfulness in the school day and the implicit message that space will be made for students’ mental health might also contribute to a pushback against an implicit but unfortunately pervasive neoliberally derived educational philosophy, which places a burden on children to prepare for being productive members of our global economy. This burden has been argued to have adverse effects for both students and teachers (Acton & Glasgow, 2015; Macdonald et al. , 2020), and its reduction alone might help improve mental health outcomes. is Needed to Practice is BeneficialSurprisingly, it is not yet clear how much mindfulness is required to obtain positive effects.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: , 2021; Alshaikh, 2020; Reegård et al. , 2019). With the improvement measures outlined in Section 3 and the analysis of their impact described in Section 4, the second part of the research question can be answered, which is “how should the results [of a cybersecurity culture maturity survey] be handled? . ” 5. paper demonstrated how a cybersecurity culture framework can be applied practically in a company and how the findings of a cybersecurity culture maturity survey should be handled. The results showed that such frameworks must be tailored to the given company and that different stakeholders must be considered when determining how corresponding surveys are conducted. In addition, this paper identified how to reflect the current cybersecurity culture, going far beyond the implementation of standard measures, e. g. simulated phishing campaigns or cybersecurity awareness sessions. In this study, two surveys were executed, and the participants were able to provide feedback regarding the implemented measures. As a result, it was also possible to validate which specific measures yielded improvements to the cybersecurity culture maturity of the company. There were three measures that had a significant positive impact on the maturity level. First, providing insights into the daily work of hackers was very well perceived, and participants confirmed that this measure improved the cybersecurity culture. An equally positive effect was confirmed for the measure of technology-specific information sessions. Finally, providing security consulting hours was identified as a positive factor influencing the cybersecurity culture. To give more clarity on the meaning when an employee rates the impact of a measure as “Don’t know,” this option should be changed or at least rephrased in future surveys. It must be possible to distinguish whether employees have not perceived a specific measure at all or whether it remains without effect despite perception or participation. In such a case, the impact of the measure could also be considered negative. It is acknowledged that the maturity level improvement rates appear to be low, e. g. the percentage improvement value of all measures was only 1. 9% with an absolute improvement of 0. 08. However, a closer look at this result indicates that even an improvement rate of 4. 1% was achieved if only the dimensions focused on by the targeted improvement measures were considered. If an average improvement of 4. 1% per survey is assumed, the maximum maturity level of 5 is reached after five more surveys (which would take about 2–3 years).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5 (Expt. 1). Responses significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) were expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –19. 3 x2 + 193 x – 424; (b) y = –5. 35 x2 + 56. 1 x – 132; (c) y = –19. 2 x2 + 198 x – 431; (d) NS; (e) y = 3. 28 x – 9. 11; (f) y = –0. 272 x2 + 3. 02 x – 6. 67; (g) NS; (h) y = 0. 926 x – 2. 109; (i) y = 18. 5 x – 9. 34; (j) y = 22. 1 x – 48. 1; (k) NS; (l) y = –94. 3 x2 + 1013 x – 2481; (m) y = –277 x + 1692. values (ns = nonsignificant at P < 0. 05) are shown in each chart. View raw image Fig. 2. Responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5 (Expt. 1). Responses significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) were expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –19. 3 x2 + 193 x – 424; (b) y = –5. 35 x2 + 56. 1 x – 132; (c) y = –19. 2 x2 + 198 x – 431; (d) NS; (e) y = 3. 28 x – 9. 11; (f) y = –0. 272 x2 + 3. 02 x – 6. 67; (g) NS; (h) y = 0. 926 x – 2. 109; (i) y = 18. 5 x – 9. 34; (j) y = 22. 1 x – 48. 1; (k) NS; (l) y = –94.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: In one randomised control trial of a brief (four-session) mindfulness programme, 5-min mindfulness practices have been associated with larger improvements in mindfulness and stress than 20-min practices (although both conditions resulted in significantly improved outcomes compared to controls) (Strohmaier et al. , 2021). As such, it may be a case of less is more for novices with limited prior experience of mindfulness practice (with practice times increasing as participants become more experienced). However, the relative brevity of this four-session mindfulness programme and the focus on novices restricts potential conclusions about dose-responses to longer mindfulness programmes. More research is required to assess effects of different doses of mindfulness in longer mindfulness programmes where participants become more familiar with the practice (Bowles et al. , 2022), or progressively increasing lengths of mindfulness practices over the course of a mindfulness programme (as suggested by Strohmaier et al. , 2021). We also note that the mechanisms of action of mindfulness programmes are suggested to be underpinned by neuroplastic change (Hölzel et al. , 2011). Studies outside of the mindfulness field that examine neuroplastic change as a result of practising a skill often include months of daily training, with typical overall cumulative practice times in excess of 50 hr (Schlaug et al. , 2009; Valkanova et al. , 2014). Shorter cumulative practice times within neuroplasticity research are also cited as a potential explanation for studies showing null results, and larger and more durable effects provided by longer cumulative practice times (Schlaug et al. , 2009; Valkanova et al. , 2014). This perspective aligns with the common sense understanding of the effects of practising a skill — higher amounts of cumulative practice makes us better at that skill. It is not yet clear whether the effective cumulative amount of mindfulness practice required to obtain improved well-being could be reached via the little and often approach to practice (for example with 10-min daily practices), or whether longer single sessions are required. Given this uncertainty with regard to the mindfulness practice dose question, dedicated research is important to determine how much cumulative mindfulness practice time is sufficient to obtain positive effects, so this amount could be implemented in school-based mindfulness programmes. This would include the need for dose-response research for adolescent populations in school settings to ensure contextual effects on any dose-response relationship are relevant to programmes that implement mindfulness in schools.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: Moreover, considering the declining dimensions, it is obvious that creating and maintaining a cybersecurity culture are ongoing tasks. The dimensions that are not addressed will decrease or stagnate over time. Thus, an effective cybersecurity culture program must be established, covering all related areas and stakeholders. In particular, this program should include communicating activities that are not directly visible to the entire workforce, such as the leadership approval of cybersecurity-related activities, as this demonstrates their active engagement and commitment. As cyberthreats become increasingly sophisticated, it is strongly recommended that all companies consider the cybersecurity culture in their organizational setup and assign clear accountability to a cybersecurity executive to ensure a high level of maturity. 6. Limitations and future research The methodology employed in this study cannot be applied to any company because different stakeholders and organizational characteristics must be considered to a greater or lesser extent depending on the given company. By tailoring validated cybersecurity culture frameworks, it must be accepted that the results cannot be compared in a one-to-one manner across organizational boundaries. In addition, it is acknowledged that if a voluntary survey on cybersecurity culture is conducted, employees with an interest in this area are likely to outnumber those with no interest in the subject. Moreover, there is evidence that there could be a response bias in cybersecurity policy surveys (Kurowski, 2019). Thus, the results may be biased toward the positive. This study identifies some areas for future research. One is the development and implementation of a cybersecurity consequence management catalog in organizations, and another is the format and content of cybersecurity management briefings. It must be studied how non-security managers can be convinced that cybersecurity plays a significant role and that they must empower their development and operations teams to work more closely with central security teams. Also, the mapping between the consent rate of the Likert scale and a maturity assessment in terms of CMMI must be analyzed, and an improved proposal must be developed. This is considered one of the most important topics because it is also expected to improve the perception of (a small) improvement rate. In addition, respondents who have already participated in a previous survey should be asked voluntarily for a reason if they change the rating of a question compared to the former survey. This allows a clear understanding of which measures the workforce actively perceived (and which may need better communication). Finally, to eliminate the potential bias, qualitative research like expert interviews or group discussions can be conducted to verify the survey results. 1. Graphical results of initial survey and target maturity level Figure 2.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 3 x2 + 1013 x – 2481; (m) y = –277 x + 1692. values (ns = nonsignificant at P < 0. 05) are shown in each chart. View raw image Fig. 3. Spinach plant growth as affected by high electrical conductivity (EC) when grown at low or standard pH of nutrient solution (Expt. 2). Means and ses (n = 8). Pairwise comparisons by t test with the control treatment (standard pH and standard EC) are shown (ns = nonsignificantly different at P = 0. 05; *, ** = significantly different at P < 0. 01 or 0. 05, respectively). P values of additional pairwise comparisons between standard and high EC at low pH (LP/SE vs. LP/HE) are shown. Export 10. 1104/4. 525 Crossref Arnon,D. I. Johnson,C. M. 1942Influence of hydrogen ion concentration on the growth of higher plants under controlled conditionsPlant Physiol. 17525539doi: 10. 1104/4. 52510. 1104/4. 525)| falseSearch 10. 1094/pd-67-259 Crossref Blaker,N. S. MacDonald,J. D. 1983Influence of container medium pH on sporangium formation, zoospore release, and infection of rhododendron by Phytophthora cinnamomiPlant Dis. 67259263doi: 10. 1094/pd-67-25910. 1094/PD-67-259)| falseSearch 10. 5586/aa. 2010. 009 Borowski,E. Michalek,S. 2010The effect of foliar nutrition of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. ) with magnesium salts and urea on gas exchange, leaf yield and qualityActa Agrobot. 637783doi: 10. 5586/aa. 2010. 009)| falseSearch 10. 17660/actahortic. 2004. 648. 12 Bugbee,B. 2004Nutrient management in recirculating hydroponic cultureActa Hort. 64899112doi: 10. 17660/actahortic. 2004. 648. 12)| falseSearch 10. 1007/s10658-010-9713-y Crossref. Lamour,K. Toit,L. J.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness activities can promote a calm learning environment. [SEP] Text: We discuss these points in more detail later in this 1. 9 to 2. 6% of students practising one of the recommended mindfulness practices every day (depending on the practice) (Montero-Marin et al. , 2023). Furthermore, it is not certain whether the relationship between worse outcomes and more home practice in the study would apply if space for mindfulness practice was made in the school day. Firstly, it may be that those who choose to practise more mindfulness at home did so in an attempt to alleviate their increased stress or mental health issues. Additionally, if students did not engage in a sufficient amount of overall mindfulness practice to obtain positive effects to offset the costs of home practice, the time spent practising mindfulness may have been an added stressor instead of a helpful activity. Indeed, the team state that “low-intensity programmes may bring awareness to upsetting thoughts, feelings and mental health difficulties, but not provide sufficient support to enhance resilience, especially if such difficulties are social/societal” (Montero-Marin et al. , 2022, p. 123). Finally, it may be that more anxious students are generally more eager to fulfil their suggested homework, and so completed their mindfulness practices at home even though making the time to do so may have added to their stress load. In contrast, some evidence suggests students who do practise mindfulness regularly do show improved well-being. This evidence comes from the second largest study of a school-based mindfulness programme, a cluster-randomised controlled trial including 56 Finnish schools and 2754 students, with a mindfulness condition following the. b programme (N = 1220) and both an active control group (relaxation, N = 1181) and inactive control group (N = 353) (Lassander et al. , 2021). The results of this study showed that while the mindfulness programme only had an overall protective effect on resilience and health-related quality of life compared to the active control group (who showed decreases in these measures), the 4% of students who practised mindfulness nearly every day showed improved health-related quality of life and social-emotional functioning compared to the active control group, both after the 9-week programme and in the 26-week follow-up (Lassander et al. , 2021; Volanen et al. , 2020).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Cybersecurity measures eliminate the need for physical security in banks. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -15. 08 Committee F12 $ 0. 00 Out of stock Scope1. 1 This guide is intended to aid in the selection of effective physical security measures to deter or detect an attack on a protected facility. Consideration is made for the skill of the attacker and the type of facility that is being protected. A threat/physical security matrix given in Table 1 identifies typical protective measures and instrumentation applicable for protecting several types of facilities from several identified levels of threat. unavailable unavailable What is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! Redlines save you time and ensure you see what the changes are to the standard. you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the by itself. Soon! and Handling × Domestic orders are delivered via Service (UPS) or (USPS). Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Boxes. . orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. is untraceable. Please allow 4-7 weeks for delivery. . Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Boxes. Because of the variability of customs processes and procedures in different countries, ASTM International cannot guarantee transit times to international destinations.

Output: contrast