Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, the new SUM framework involves a number of long–term opportunities, including enabling a new understanding of the causalities that govern urbanism and allowing citizens and city officials to receive feedback on the consequences of their choices in a systematic way (Shahrokni et al. 2015b). Integrating and analyzing data from different city systems and domains to provide real-time feedback to such city stakeholders as planners, businesses, industries, organizations, institutions, and citizens can support decision making and generate new insights through making them aware of the effects of their actions. This is important to meet the vision of the real-time feedback as outlined in the city’s sustainability program for SRS, which represents the joint collaboration effort of utilities, developers, citizens, as well as the departments of the city (Kramers et al. 2016). DiscussionThe results have shown that smart grids, smart meters, smart buildings, smart environmental monitoring, and smart urban metabolism are the main data-driven smart solutions applied for improving and advancing environmental sustainability in both eco-cities and smart cities. Such solutions are increasingly being implemented within sustainable cities as part of their sustainable energy systems and within smart cities as part of their smart energy systems. Smart grids are considered as the backbone or anchor of smart cities. A number of studies on the overall relationship between ICT and climate change show that the positive effects of ICT on reducing GHG emissions result from increasing the efficiency and flexibility of energy production, distribution, and transmission (e. g. , GeSI 2008; Griffiths 2008; ITU 2007; MacLean and Arnaud 2008; EEF 2008; EICTA 2009; Reding 2008), and such effects increase more significantly when energy efficiency is combined with renewable energy sources (WWF, Pamlin and Pahlman 2008). Renewables continue to scale faster than expected. According to for the 21st Century (REN21) (2010), renewable energy capacity grew at annual rates of 10–60% worldwide for many renewable technologies. The levelised cost of renewables has come down to the point where build-out (work done to make energy systems ready for use or to expand them) have become cheaper than fossil fuels coupled to carbon capture and storage technology. This puts the emphasis on how renewable energy should be integrated with the power grid system at scale, and what this requires in respect to storage solutions as well as mechanisms for decentralized energy generation, sharing, and sale.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text:  Riley, T; Sontag, E; Chen, P; Levine, ATranscriptional control of human p53-regulated genes Biol 9: 402–412, DOI: [PubMed] Mullenders, J; Fabius, AW; Madiredjo, M; Bernards, R; Beijersbergen, RLA large scale shRNA barcode screen identifies the circadian clock component ARNTL as putative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway PloS One 4: e4798.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Many of those living with mental illness have educational difficulties, being less likely to finish school or enter college [6]. This is compounded by social and relationship problems, vulnerability to abuse, and significant social stigma and discrimination. Aside from the individuals themselves, family members of those with a mental illness often take on caring responsibilities and experience chronic stress from the emotional burden of care. It is estimated that mental illnesses cost the UK economy at least £117. 9 billion (US $141 billion) annually (amounting to around 5% of the United Kingdom’s gross domestic product), with almost three-quarters of this being attributable to the loss of productivity and the costs associated with unpaid informal care [7]. As the demands for mental health services exceed physical resources, it is more important now than ever that individuals are able to access free and widely available support. The use of social media is widespread across the world, with use in developing countries exceeding that in developed countries [8]. The growth of social media has seen it being used for many different reasons, including communication, marketing, advertising, media sharing, and entertainment. More recently, as the widespread accessibility of the internet for clinical interventions has been noticed, there has been an increased interest in using social media to deliver online interventions for mental health. Facebook, as the most popular social media platform [9], provides all the necessary tools to make it a suitable location for peer-to-peer support groups. However, as this is an emerging area of research, little is known about the effectiveness of Facebook-mediated peer support or what potential mechanisms may underlie any behavioral and attitudinal changes observed as a result of its use. This viewpoint paper considers the background to peer support, how it is currently being used online, and the scope for Facebook to be used in this area, as well as suggesting some models and theories that may help to explain the mechanisms underlying effective online peer support. We suggest next steps in research to enable the development and rollout of online peer-to-peer support interventions for the benefit of those living with mental illness. SupportPeer support within mental health can be defined as support or services provided to individuals experiencing mental health problems by others who have experienced similar problems [10]. Peer support is not based on psychiatric models or diagnostic criteria but can be understood as an extension of the natural human tendency to respond compassionately to shared difficulty [11].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Smart grid technologies provide numerous benefits associated with energy management, energy conservation, cost reduction, as well as the integration of alternative energy sources in power generation, transmission, and distribution systems in the context of smart cities and sustainable cities (e. g. , et al. 2015; Bibri 2018b, 2019b, 2020a; Brown and Zhou 2012/2014, 2013; Brown 2014; Ersue et al. 2014; Hashem et al. 2016; Kumar and Prakash 2016; Mohamed and Al-Jaroodi 2014; Kyriazis et al. 2014; Parello et al. 2014; Yin et al. 2013). They allow bi-directional energy flows and information between suppliers and consumers and provide data on real time usage and energy pricing. This in turn provides numerous advantages, including real time visibility, service reliability, control of cost and electricity usage, shift in peak load, capacity requirement of the grid, and energy production and sharing (prosumer). Similarly, smart building technologies have proven to be effective in curbing energy consumption (e. g. , Bibri 2018b; GeSI 2008; Kramers et al. 2014). They can provide a multifunctional role in energy efficiency and GHG emissions reductions through highly advanced automatic systems for efficient and natural lighting, temperature control, window and door operations, efficient electric appliances, and many other functions. BMS allows more efficient operation, keeps the building climate within a specified range, reduces energy consumption, decreases energy costs, and gurantees safety and security. The different methods of collecting information about the air quality and the presence of different harmful substances in the air have undergone major advances thanks to the IoT and the associated sensor networks. These are able in real time to gather data about the air condition in different parts of the city and transmit these data via a wireless connection to special analytical centers for further processing and analysis. Moreover, it is possible now to produce a comprehensive analysis of the obtained data, which enables the city authorities to observe the condition of the air and then forecasts about its pollution on the basis of such analysis based on sophisticated modelling and simulation systems. This is to effectively build a variety of preventive systems for environmental protection and to inform citizens and other city stakeholders about GHG emissions.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: DOI: [PubMed] Gery, S; Komatsu, N; Baldjyan, L; Yu, A; Koo, D; Koeffler, HPThe circadian gene per1 plays an important role in cell growth and DNA damage control in human cancer cells 22: 375–382, DOI: [PubMed] Barnes, JW; Tischkau, SA; Barnes, JA; Mitchell, JW; Burgoon, PW; Hickok, JR; Gillette, MURequirement of mammalian Timeless for circadian rhythmicity Science 302: 439–442, DOI: [PubMed] Unsal-Kacmaz, K; Mullen, TE; Kaufmann, WK; Sancar, ACoupling of human circadian and cell cycles by the timeless protein Biol 25: 3109–3116, DOI: [PubMed] Wood, PA; Yang, X; Taber, A; Oh, EY; Ansell, C; Ayers, SE; Al-Assaad, Z; Carnevale, K; Berger, FG; Pena, MM; Hrushesky, WJPeriod 2 mutation accelerates ApcMin/+ tumorigenesis Res 6: 1786–1793, DOI: [PubMed] Yang, X; Wood, PA; Ansell, CM; Ohmori, M; Oh, EY; Xiong, Y; Berger, FG; Pena, MM; Hrushesky, WJBeta-catenin induces beta-TrCP-mediated PER2 degradation altering circadian clock gene expression in intestinal mucosa of ApcMin/+ mice J Biochem 145: 289–297, DOI: [PubMed] Hua, H; Wang, Y; Wan, C; Liu, Y; Zhu, B; Yang, C; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Cornelissen-Guillaume, G; Halberg, FCircadian gene mPer2 overexpression induces cancer cell apoptosis 97: 589–596, DOI: [PubMed] Hua, H; Wang, Y; Wan, C; Liu, Y; Zhu, B; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Ding, JMInhibition of tumorigenesis by intratumoral delivery of the circadian gene mPer2 in C57BL/6 mice Ther 14: 8

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Peers, seen as equals, use their lived experiences to provide “been there” empathy, insight, encouragement, and assistance and to inculcate hope in a reciprocal relationship [11,12]. The roots of peer support services lie in long-established groups, such as [13], designed to build upon peer support that occurs naturally between people [14]. Mental health service providers recognized the benefits of these groups and have since introduced peer support programs across the [13], with peer workers employed in various roles, including facilitating mutual support groups, providing one-to-one support, or running alternative services [15]. As services are provided by nonprofessionals, they can be available in a community setting at a relatively low cost compared to professional services. The effectiveness of peer support has been examined in relation to multiple outcome measures. A recent meta-analysis of 28 randomized controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of peer support for individuals with a range of mental illnesses demonstrated significant improvements in clinical recovery (ie, measures of psychiatric symptoms) and personal recovery (ie, measures of perceived recovery, sense of purpose, and personal agency) but not functional recovery (ie, measures of quality of life and the degree of vocational and social functioning) [16]. Functional recovery did, however, show significant improvements for those with serious mental disorders. Peer support also has a positive impact on psychosocial and recovery outcomes [15], which include increased community integration, sense of control, social functioning, and social support; peer support also promotes feelings of empowerment and hope [17-20]. Furthermore, peer support can improve self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-management of difficulties [21]. Despite evidence supporting their effectiveness, these formal services are usually only available through mental health services, which are facing pressures due to cuts in funding [22] and demand exceeding available Service resources [23]. SupportRecent figures suggest that 99% of people aged 16 to 44 years in the are internet users, with 89% of UK adults reporting using the internet daily [24]. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating the benefits of internet interventions for mental health conditions, including depression and anxiety [25]. Interventions delivered online eliminate geographical barriers, can be accessed and used at any time, and may be more cost-effective than traditional services for young people aged 12 to 25 years [26]. Peer support can be provided informally online.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: In this light, more and more technologies have recently been developed and implemented in Stockholm and Barcelona for the purpose of monitoring the environment and the timely implementation of preventive measures for its protection, as well as dealing with the problem of air pollution. The identified data-driven smart solutions for air pollution are complementary to those for energy efficiency. The latter are indeed intended to control GHG emissions. Smart environmental control systems in smart sustainable cities can help to collect critical information to make better policy decisions to reduce GHG emissions. Such systems can also guide citizens on making their own efforts for rediucing GHG emissions by a variety of means. However, although the two cities do collect information of various types about the state of the environment, not all competent authorities have an idea about how to maximize the effect of the use of the collected data, which opens up wide prospects for advancing this technology in the future. Air quality monitoring is challenging to enact as it requires the effective integration of multiple environmental data sources, which often originate from different environmental networks and institutions (Rada et al. 2016). These challenges require specialized observation equipment and tools to establish air pollutant concentrations, including sensor networks, geographic information system (GIS) models, and the Service (SOS), a web service for querying real-time sensor data (Rada et al. 2016). The benefits of UM are numerous as to supporting the sustainable development of urban systems (Baccini 1997; Barles 2010; Minx et al. 2010) through a holistic analysis of energy and material pathways. This serves to conceive of management systems and technologies that allow for the reintegration of natural processes, increasing the efficiency of resource use, and the conservation of (and even production of) energy (Newman 1999). These are expected to undergo major transformations thanks to big data analytics. Indeed, advanced ICT has recently demonstrated high potential not only to overcome the limitations associated with UM, but also to provide sophisticated approaches to data collection and analysis under the new SUM framework. Big data technology can allow for radical increases in the speed and complexity of data processing and analysis. The associated solutions often contribute to strategies for decoupling environmental impact from urban development as to various dimensions of urbanization, increasingly achieved through the increase in efficiency enabled by the IoT and big data analytics. The development of data-driven smart solutions to improve the environmental sustainability of cities has been triggered by the co-development of advanced ICT and infrastructure systems.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 15–818, DOI: [PubMed] Gauger, MA; and Res 65: 6828–6834, DOI: [PubMed] Kondratov, RV; Kondratova, AA; Gorbacheva, VY; Vykhovanets, OV; Antoch, MPEarly aging and age-related pathologies in mice deficient in BMAL1, the core component of the circadian clock 20: 1868–1873, DOI: [PubMed] Antoch, MP; Gorbacheva, VY; Vykhovanets, O; Toshkov, IA; Kondratov, RV; Kondratova, AA; Lee, C; Nikitin, AYDisruption of the circadian clock due to the Clock mutation has discrete effects on aging and carcinogenesis 7: 1197–1204.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: This support is more informal in that it is not tied to services and can be accessed by anyone on the internet. Asynchronous platforms, such as forums, discussion groups, and bulletin boards, allow users to post topics and engage in discussions, using these platforms to exchange knowledge, ask for help, discuss problems, and share stories [27]. Synchronous platforms, which can be text-based chat rooms or purposely created virtual worlds, host real-time communication between users [28]. A systematic review indicated that internet support groups (ISGs) are most often used for emotional and informational support (more often experiential knowledge than “second-hand” professional knowledge), which creates a sense of social companionship [29]. This review found that 10 of 16 single-intervention or cross-sectional trials showed a positive effect of ISGs on depression symptoms, although study quality was rated as low, and the studies covered a range of mental and physical health conditions [30]. In one of these studies, which specifically examined individuals with depression, those who were more frequent users of the ISG (defined as using the group for 5 or more hours per week) showed a higher likelihood of depression resolution than less frequent users [30]. A review of online peer support for individuals with depression suggested several benefits, including increased empowerment and self-efficacy, enhanced coping strategies, and reduced social isolation [31]. However, there was limited empirical evidence to validate these descriptive findings. In a systematic review of online peer support for adolescents and young adults, Ali and colleagues [32] found mixed results, with only 2 of the 6 studies included in the review showing evidence of a positive effect. These 2 studies demonstrated reductions in anxiety [33] and higher abstinence from smoking [28] after using online peer support. A further review of digital peer support for mental health found early evidence of feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness among all studies, though it reported that the studies were lacking in measurements of fidelity, limiting understanding of underlying mechanisms [34]. Qualitatively, many advantages of online synchronous peer support platforms have been identified, including emotional support, the availability of advice, enablement of positive personal changes, engagement in valuable social interactions, and the opportunity to disclose and express feelings and views [35,36].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: The increasing integration of the core enabling technologies of the IoT and big data analytics in smart sustainable cities, such as sensor networks, real-time heterogeneous data-sources, and data processing platforms, creates the possibilities of obtaining a better understanding of energy flows in urban environments. This can have several effects as to enhancing smart infrastructure systems to augment energy flows and communicate related information to achieve the environmental objectives of sustainable development by different city stakeholder using a number of communication tools and methods. These include sustainable human computer interaction (HCI) (DiSalvo et al. 2010), eco-visualization (Holmes 2007), augmented reality (Azuma et al. 2001), computers and smart phones (Townsend 2010; Zapico et al. 2009), persuasive technology (Fogg 2002), and climate pervasive services (Zapico et al. 2009). On the whole, the real-time data collection and analytics provides great opportunities for developing applications to use and visualize energy consumption and GHG emissions, directed for behavioral change, sustainable lifestyles, environmental stewardship, and so on. Worth discussing moreover is that SUM is in line with the unprecedented paradigmatic and scholarly shifts that the many sciences underlying smart sustainable urbanism are undergoing in light of big data science and analytics (see Bibri 2019d for further details). This relates to what has been termed “the fourth paradigm of science,” a scientific revolution that is marked by both the emergence of big data science and analytics and the increasing adoption of the underlying technologies in scientific and scholarly research and social practices. Everything about knowledge production is fundamentally changing thanks to the fast-flowing torrent of big data. This is the primary fuel of the new age, which powerful computational processes algorithms are using to generate valuable knowledge for enhanced decision-making and deep insights pertaining to a wide variety of practical uses and applications. This is at the core of UM given its inherent quantitative nature. UM studies have been used to provide indicators for assessing urban sustainability and quantifying GHG emissions of cities, such as measures of energy consumption (Kennedy et al. 2011). UM is also applied to sustainable urban planning and design as well as policy analysis. These applications are categorized by Kennedy et al. (2011) into four main areas: sustainability indicators (e. g. , information pertaining to energy efficiency, quantification of GHG emissions, dynamic mathematical models for policy analysis, and urban design).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Ozturk, N; Lee, JH; Gaddameedhi, S; Sancar, ALoss of cryptochrome reduces cancer risk in p53 mutant mice 106: 2841–2846, DOI: [PubMed] Kang, TH; Reardon, JT; Kemp, M; Sancar, ACircadian oscillation of nucleotide excision repair in mammalian brain 106: 2864–2867, DOI: [PubMed] Schernhammer, ES; Laden, F; Speizer, FE; Willett, WC; Hunter, DJ; Kawachi, I; Colditz, GARotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses' health study J Inst 93: 1563–1568. [PubMed] Hansen, JRisk of breast cancer after night- and shift work: current evidence and ongoing studies in 17: 531–537, DOI: [PubMed] Stevens, RGArtificial lighting in the industrialized world: Circadian disruption and breast cancer Control 17: 501–507, DOI: [PubMed] Davis, S; Mirick, DKCircadian disruption, shift work and the risk of cancer: a summary of the evidence and studies in 17: 539–545, DOI: [PubMed] Keith, LG; Oleszczuk, JJ; Laguens, MCircadian rhythm chaos: a new breast cancer marker Med 46: 238–247. [PubMed] Pushkala, K; Gupta, PDPrevalence of breast cancer in menopausal blind women IJMMS 1: 425–431. Viswanathan, AN; Hankinson, SE; and the Risk of 67: 10618–10622, DOI: [PubMed] Band, PR; Le, ND; Fang, R; Deschamps, M; Coldman, AJ; Gallagher, RP; Moody, JCohort study of pilots: mortality, cancer incidence, and leukemia risk Epidemiol 143: 13–43.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, it has been suggested that online forums can function as platforms for peer education—being “experiential experts,” peers can provide others with health-related information, such as potential interventions or treatments or how to behave or cope in the situation they are facing, and a greater understanding of how others experience the same illness. This is often information that individuals don’t have access to offline [27]. However, users have also identified disadvantages, including the potential for others’ experiences to cause personal distress, restrictive rules and moderation, and unhelpful interactions with others [36]. A survey study exploring adverse events in the use of online peer support found social exclusion and emotional contagion to be other potential risks [37]. Research has also raised the need for guidelines to safeguard vulnerable people, both as users and as moderators of online mental health peer support groups [38]. Furthermore, certain groups, including those with more serious mental illness, may be less likely to engage with the internet, and so may be less inclined to use these groups, missing out on any benefits they provide [39]. for Peer SupportInterventions for mental health, such as online peer-to-peer support, have the potential to exploit the increasing use of social media [40,41]. Social media provides users the ability to connect with similar others without fear of stigma or judgement, to create supportive networks and communities to discuss mental health, and to control their own actions, choosing how much to post and interact with others [40,42,43]. Evidence suggests that social media is already being used by individuals with mental illness for support—in a survey of young adults (aged 18-35 years) with a self-identified mental illness, social media was used for sharing personal experiences (68%), connecting with others with a mental illness (66%), learning coping strategies (50%), and learning about mental illness from others (42%) [38]. The most popular social media platform in the is Facebook [9], with 23% of users aged 18 to 24 years and 31% of users aged 25 to 34 years [44]. Recent evidence suggests that Facebook is used by around 90% of people aged 12 to 34 years who identify as having a mental illness [44,45].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Generally, urban sustainability as entailing complex dynamics of human-natural system interactions requires a decisive, radical change in the way the science is undertaken and developed. This change is what data-intensive science—a data-driven exploration-centered form of science, where big data computing and the underpinning technologies are heavily used to help scientists and scholars to manage, analyze, and share data for multiple purposes—is about (Bibri 2019d). SUM is one of the transformations that is enabled by what data-intensive science is offering in terms of its novel computational and scientific approaches in the light of the nature of the shortcomings associated with the application of UM in the context of urban planning and design, including intensive data collection and analysis and a lack of data at the city scale. Stockholm has the best practices for environmental sustainability given its high level of sustainable development practices, including the implementation of applied data-driven solutions and their integration with green energy technologies to reach environmental targets. This can further be demonstrated by the SUM solution that has been implemented in the Smart Eco-city District of SRS to monitor environmental sustainability outcomes concerning energy consumption and GHG emissions. SUM as a new framework is more associated with sustainable cities given their strong environmental policies than smart cities. The concept of UM is fundamental to the development of sustainable cities (Kennedy et al. 201; Niza et al. 2009). UM research “involves conceptualizing a city … as an organism and tracking resources that go into the system and products and wastes that leave it” (Bai 2007, p. 1). In the eco–city as defined by Register (2002) as an urban environmental system, input of resources and output of waste are minimized (Register 2002). Nonetheless, while the two cities differ in the nature rather than the degree of the implementation of data-driven smart solutions as best reflected in their overall environmental performance, Barcelona as a smart city is taking concrete actions with respect to energy efficiency and pollution mitigation. Accordingly, the smart ecological/environmental ideal has succeeded in enabling action in major cities around the world, and has recently become normalized as a widely accepted set of consensus concepts and ideas related to the sustainable city (Bibri 2020a; Cowley 2016).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Pukkala, E; Aspholm, R; Auvinen, A; Eliasch, H; Gundestrup, M; Haldorsen, T; Hammar, N; Hrafnkelsson, J; Kyyrönen, P; Linnersjö, A; Rafnsson, V; Storm, H; Tveten, UCancer incidence among 10,211 airline pilots: a Nordic study 74: 699–706. [PubMed] Kubo, T; Ozasa, K; Mikami, K; Wakai, K; Fujino, Y; Watanabe, Y; Miki, T; Nakao, M; Hayashi, K; Suzuki, K; Mori, M; Washio, M; Sakauchi, F; Ito, Y; Yoshimura, T; Tamakoshi, AStudy of the Risk of among Rotating-Shift Workers: Findings from the 164: 549–555, DOI: [PubMed] Band, PR; Le, ND; Fang, R; Deschamps, M; Coldman, AJ; Gallagher, RP; Moody, JCohort study of pilots: mortality, cancer incidence, and leukemia risk Epidemiol 143: 13–43. Schernhammer, ES; Laden, F; Speizer, FE; Willett, WC; Hunter, DJ; Kawachi, I; Fuchs, CS; Colditz, GANight-and Risk of in the Nurses' 95: 825–828. [PubMed] Mormont, MC; Waterhouse, J; Bleuzen, P; Giacchetti, S; Jami, A; Bogdan, A; Lellouch, J; Misset, JL; Touitou, Y; Levi, Marked 24-h rest/activity rhythms are associated with better quality of life, better response, and longer survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and good performance status Res 6: 3038–3045.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Facebook is a free-to-use platform that has similar features to both synchronous and asynchronous platforms, with users able to post content and engage in discussions with others, and the messenger tool allows personal communication with others when group users may not want to share personal stories or information on the main feed. Therefore, Facebook is being increasingly used to host peer-to-peer support groups. These can be private or public, with anyone able to read and post content on public groups, but only those granted access by an individual with administration rights can see content in private groups. Moderators also on occasion set up live chat rooms where users can meet and speak live, on or off camera, with others in the group. Facebook peer support groups for mental health are typically self-organized in an informal way, rather than being organized, run, or moderated by medical professionals. Currently, there is little research into the use of Facebook groups for mental health peer support. In a content and thematic analysis of public Facebook groups for mental health peer-to-peer support, Prescott and colleagues [46] found that groups are used to share personal experiences, to request advice, to find informational support such as signposting to services, and to seek emotional support. However, this was a passive analysis and did not involve gaining any personal insights, personal information, or confirmation of diagnoses from participants. In a qualitative evaluation of a private Facebook group, Watkins and colleagues [47] found the group to be well-liked by participants, who found it educational and thought-provoking and found that it enabled them to build relationships with others and have conversations they may not have felt comfortable having face-to-face. Site–Based InterventionsAs social media has developed as a platform for delivering peer support, some researchers have taken this further to develop a novel form of digital intervention called social network site (SNS)-based interventions. These interventions have an SNS format, combining individually tailored therapy with clinical and peer moderation within a peer-to-peer social support network [48,49]. While initial pilot and small-scale studies have demonstrated positive outcomes following the use of these interventions, further research is required to support their efficacy and to understand how the peer support element can best be utilized to support users. ModerationMany online peer support groups and SNS-based interventions involve moderation, which is important for building a safe and positive community [50].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Besides, the enabling, integrative, and ubiquity nature of the IoT and big data technologies supports and justifies their applicability to the different paradigms of urbanism within different contexts, irrespective of the complexity of the environmental, economic, and socio-political systems of the city. In recent years, the IoT and big data technologies have become a central issue in the domain of smart sustainable urbanism. The generation of colossal amounts of data and the development of sophisticated data analytics techniques for monitoring, understanding, and analyzing urban systems are the most significant aspects of smart cities that are being embraced and leveraged by sustainable cities in the endeavor to enhance their contribution to sustainability (Bibri and Krogstie 2019a, b). While smart eco-cities generally deal with the challenges of environmental, economic, and social sustainability and prioritize strategies and solutions accordingly (see Bibri and Krogstie 2020a for a comprehensive case study), the environmental dimension of sustainability remains at the core of the eco-city(e. g. , Bibri 2020b; Holmstedt et al. 2017; Mostafavi and Doherty 2010; Rapoport and Vernay 2011). As such, they involve the combination of ecological and compact strategies as well as smart solutions (e. g. , Bibri and Krogstie 2020a, c; Höjer and Wangel 2015; Pandis and Brandt 2011; Späth 2017). Regarding the latter, the use of the IoT and big data analytics in ecological urbanism has just recently gained interest in research (e. g. , Bibri 2018a, 2019a, 2020b; Bibri and Krogstie 2017b; Shahrokni et al. 2014a, b; Shahrokni et al. 2015a, b). As regards smart cities, while all of them face the same challenges of sustainability in the light of the escalating urbanization trend, they differ in the policies and strategies they adopt to deal with and overcome such challenges. Moreover, smart cities vary in the kind of challenges they face and the solutions they prioritize. Evertzen et al. (2018) provide some comparative insights into the key differences between several cities. Regardless, the challenges for achieving the goals they pursue have been brought to the forefront by the combination of the IoT and big data analytics in recent years.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Chen, ST; Choo, KB; Hou, MF; Yeh, KT; Kuo, SJ; Chang, JGDeregulated expression of the PER1, PER2 and PER3 genes in breast cancers Carcinogenesis 26: 1241–1246, DOI: [PubMed] Zhu, Y; Brown, HN; Zhang, Y; Stevens, RG; Zheng, TPeriod3 structural variation: a circadian biomarker associated with breast cancer in young women 14: 268–270. [PubMed] Winter, SL; Bosnoyan-Collins, L; Pinnaduwage, D; Andrulis, ILExpression of the Genes Per1 and Per2 in Sporadic and 9: 797–800, DOI: [PubMed] Xiang, S; Coffelt, SB; Mao, L; Yuan, L; Cheng, Q; Hill, SMPeriod-2: a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer Journal of 6: 4. DOI: [PubMed] Klevecz, RR; Shymko, RM; Blumenfeld, D; Braly, PSCircadian gating of S phase in human ovarian cancer 47: 6267–6271.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Moderation within online communities can improve intention to participate [51] and the quality of users’ contributions [52]. Furthermore, moderation has been identified as a key component for the success of online peer-to-peer interventions [53], with the most favorable being those guided by moderators, who are perceived as caring, supportive, and friendly by users. Previous studies of moderators of various health-related online support groups for both mental and physical health conditions have found that most moderators are individuals living with the condition themselves. Some moderators described how moderating online communities fulfilled their own support needs and reported that it was empowering to be able to help others. Other motivations for setting up groups included addressing a lack of good existing support groups, reducing isolation, and having a place to exchange support and information. Moderators described various roles they took within these groups, such as circulating health information; moderating messages; providing support, encouragement, and advice; making announcements; and performing administrative tasks, such as responding to requests, banning harmful users, and organizing discussion threads [54-56]. In a study specifically examining moderation within mental health communities on Reddit [57], moderators’ motivations for starting Reddit threads included feeling good for helping others, taking the opportunity for leadership, improving the community, and spreading awareness about treatment. Their roles and responsibilities included clearing up spam and troll posts, handling posts on suicide or self-harm, and providing social support. In the same study, Saha and colleagues [57] found that the involvement of medical professionals as moderators or group members could be helpful to answer questions that other group members may have, but it was considered inappropriate to have medical professionals diagnose others via the group. While moderators have many critical roles within these groups, there may be some inherent risks given they are often vulnerable individuals themselves. Moderation may become overwhelming, taking up much time and energy, and moderators must set boundaries to focus on their own health. Moderators are required to make decisions on censoring potentially harmful content, to which posters may react angrily [36,37]. It is possible that moderators may become stressed with the responsibility of looking after members. Despite these initial studies investigating moderation within online health communities, research has not yet considered the roles and experiences of group moderators within peer-to-peer support groups specifically mediated via Facebook. Models and TheoriesSeveral models and theories have been proposed for the mechanisms underlying offline peer support.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: The emerging data–driven smart solutions have become of paramount importance to smart sustainable urbanism in regard to city development planning and city operational management. A key aspect of this is the use of urban big data as the evidence base for formulating urban policies, plans, strategies, and programs themselves, as well as for tracking their effectiveness and modelling and simulating future urban development projects. The operation and organization of urban systems and the coordination of urban domains require not only the use of complex interdisciplinary knowledge, but also the application of sophisticated approaches and the use of powerful engineering solutions underpinned by advanced computational analytics (e. g. , Batty 2013, Batty et al. 2012; Bibri 2019a, d, e, 2020a, b; Bibri and Krogstie 2017c, 2018; Bibri et al. 2020; Bettencourt 2014; Kitchin 2014). Modern cities employ the latest technologies in city development planning and city operational management to support sustainable development given rapid urban growth, increasing urban domains, and more complex infrastructures. The use of big data provides the basis for cities to be more sustainable, efficient, resilient, equitable, and livable. ConclusionData-driven technologies have become essential to the functioning of smart sustainable cities, particularly in relation to their contribution to environmental sustainability. This paper investigated the potential and role of data-driven smart solutions in improving and advancing environmental sustainability in the context of smart cities as well as sustainable cities under what can be labeled “environmentally data-driven smart sustainable cities. ” This study has shown that smart grids, smart meters, smart buildings, smart environmental monitoring, and smart urban metabolism are the main data-driven smart solutions applied for improving and advancing environmental sustainability in both eco-cities and smart cities. There is a clear synergy between such solutions in terms of their interaction or cooperation to produce combined effects greater than the sum of their separate effects—with respect to the environment. This involves energy efficiency improvement, environmental pollution reduction, renewable energy adoption, and real-time feedback on energy flows, with high temporal and spatial resolutions. Every city has its specific opportunities, capabilities, and constraints, not least in relation to the application of advanced technologies for environmental sustainability. Hence, there are many things for cities to learn from each other concerning the knowledge and expertise they can demonstrate in this regard.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Klevecz, RR; Braly, PSCircadian and ultradian rhythms of proliferation in human ovarian cancer 4: 513–523, DOI: [PubMed] Tokunaga, H; Takebayashi, Y; Utsunomiya, H; Akahira, J; Higashimoto, M; Mashiko, M; Ito, K; Niikura, H; Takenoshita, S; Yaegashi, NClinicopathological significance of circadian rhythm-related gene expression levels in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer et Gynecologica 87: 1060–1070, DOI: Yeh, KT; Yang, MY; Liu, TC; Chen, JC; Chan, WL; Lin, SF; Chang, JGAbnormal expression of period I (PERI) in endometrial carcinoma J Pathol 206: 111–120, DOI: [PubMed] Shih, MC; Yeh, KT; Tang, KP; Chen, JC; Chang, JGPromoter methylation in circadian genes of endometrial cancers 45: 732–740, DOI: [PubMed] Cao, Q; Gery, S; Dashti, A; Yin, D; Zhou, Y; Gu, J; Koeffler, HPA Role for the Per1 in 69: 7619–7625, DOI: Gery, S; Gombart, AF; Yi, WS; Koeffler, C; Hofmann, WK; Koeffler, HPTranscription profiling of C/EBP targets identifies Per2 as a gene implicated in myeloid leukemia Blood 106: 2827–2836, DOI: [PubMed] Yang, MY; Chang, JG; Lin, PM; Tang, KP; Chen, YH; Lin, HY; Liu, TC; Hsiao, HH; Liu, YC; Lin, SFDownregulation of circadian clock genes in chronic myeloid leukemia: Alternative methylation pattern of hPER3 97: 1298–1307, DOI: [PubMed] Lewintre, EJ; Martín, CR; Ballesteros, CG; Montaner, D; Rivera, Rf; Mayans, JR; García-Conde, JCryptochrome-1 expression: a new prognostic

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Gillard and colleagues [58] proposed a change model for peer support worker interventions. Change models provide an understanding of how processes within an intervention are associated with outcomes. The model suggests the primary mechanism is building trusting relationships based on peer workers sharing lived experiences and understanding service users’ experiences. Two parallel mechanisms flow from this: (1) peer workers role-modeling recovery and social functioning and (2) bridging the gap to professional services and the community. The model suggests these mechanisms lead to changes in outcomes such as hope, empowerment, social functioning, self-care, engagement with services, and strength of social networks. Chinman and colleagues [59] suggested these mechanisms show face validity, but no studies have explored their explanatory power. Moreover, no research has investigated whether these mechanisms can be applied to online peer support environments. It is as yet unclear whether models like these transfer to online peer support, and there is a gap in research in this area [14,59,60]. However, some researchers have set out new models describing what benefits people seek from online networks in particular, and how these benefits may be achieved. Naslund and colleagues [61] proposed a theoretical model for online peer support, incorporating 3 main opportunities provided by such networks. The first, challenging stigma, relates to individuals connecting with similar others and feeling more comfortable expressing themselves due to the anonymity afforded by online peer support networks. The second, increasing consumer activation, suggests online settings enable individuals to learn what to expect from a condition, how to cope with it, and how to approach important health care decisions. The final opportunity suggests that online networks facilitate access to other (online and offline) interventions. No studies have so far empirically tested whether this model is supported by users of Facebook groups for peer-to-peer support. Aside from these models, various theories from across the discipline of psychology have been suggested to underlie peer support, including social learning theory, social comparison theory, and helper therapy [62]. Social learning theory, in the context of peer support, suggests that peers with a history of or current mental illness act as role models for peers with similar mental illness [63]. Interacting with a peer perceived to be successfully coping with their illness is suggested to be more likely to result in positive behavior change. Barton and Henderson [64] suggested observing another peer demonstrating desired behaviors with visible consequences motivates others to replicate this behavior.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: It is therefore crucial to investigate the innovative solutions and sustainable strategies of different cities based on the ongoing and future projects and initiatives in their local context for learning purposes. Especially, it is well understood that there cannot be a set of rigid strategic guidelines that should be strictly followed and implemented anywhere around the world to achieve environmental sustainability. Sustainability generally depends on several intertwined factors that should fit the local context. In view of that, each city should tap into its local opportunities and capabilities as well as assesses its constraints and potentials from a more integrated perspective given the complexity surrounding the socio-political systems of the city. Overall, smart sustainable urbanism is shaped by socio–cultural and politico–institutional structures. There is much enthusiasm currently about the opportunities created by the big data deluge and its new and more extensive sources in the domain of smart sustainable urbanism. This involves, in the context of SUM, the collection, processing, and analysis of energy flows to provide data on, among others, energy consumption and GHG emissions based on high temporal and spatial resolutions. The analytical outcome can be used in planning to follow up on the environmental goals of sustainability by optimizing energy efficiency with respect to utilities and building owners, as well as by mitigating the environmental impacts of energy consumption in regard to households thanks to the user-generated automated data collection, real-time analytics, and tailored feedback to various stakeholders needs. The prospect of real–time data collection and analysis at any instant will provide the opportunity for aggregating and harnessing urban data to deal with urban changes at any scale and over any time period. Currently, datasets are able to show the real-time functioning of energy systems and provide deep insights into how long term environmental changes can be detected. Short–termism in energy planning is about measuring, evaluating, modelling, and simulating what takes place over hours, days, or weeks instead of months, years, or decades. In this respect, big data analytics can be used to derive new theories of how urban systems function, energy consumption increases, and GHG emissions rise in ways that focus on much shorter term issues than hitherto to contain the negative impacts of energy use on the environment. In addition, continuous energy planning as data constantly flood from urban systems in operation and are updated in real time allows for a dynamic conception of planning in response to the processual outcomes of urbanization as regards living and consuming processes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text:  marker in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia Haematologica| 94: 280–284.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Social comparison theory suggests that people seek out others they perceive as having things in common with, such as a similar mental illness, to establish a sense of normalcy and identity [65]. Interacting with peers who have successfully managed their illness may lead to aspirations of positive behavior change [66]. Upward comparisons, to those perceived to be successfully managing their illness, can provide hope and promote self-improvement. Downward comparisons, to those believed to be worse off, put into perspective how bad things could be and are proposed to be self-enhancing. Helper therapy proposes that individuals can benefit themselves through helping others [67]. Suggested benefits to the helper include enhanced self-image, development of their abilities, and the status of the helper role influencing the way they are treated [67,68]. Research has highlighted other benefits, including feeling useful to others, reducing internal stigma, feeling looked up to, and having a sense of achievement and competence [69-72]. Helper therapy has been identified as one of the mechanisms underpinning positive behavior changes with peer support-worker interventions [73]. In a study examining the mechanisms of peer support alongside a web-based psychoeducational program, Proudfoot and colleagues [74] found evidence for social comparison theory, which promotes hope, motivation, and faith in treatments, and helper therapy, which helps provide others awareness of how to manage their illness and promotes feelings of competence and a sense of connectedness to the mental health system. However, this study investigated peer support alongside another intervention, and research has yet to explore the mechanisms underpinning behavior and attitude changes in peer support when it is delivered alone in online peer support settings. When considering how these models and theories may be applied to online peer support, it will also be important to consider the extent to which users engage with and contribute to online groups. A common measure is frequency of posts, which has been suggested to broadly fit the 90-9-1 principle, stating that a majority of content will be posted by a small proportion of users (1%), while the vast majority of users (90%) choose to observe rather than participate actively [75]. However, this is a restricted, unidimensional measure, and reviews of multidisciplinary participatory styles have suggested there are up to 41 different styles of engagement found across various online health communities [76].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Especially, the data-driven smart solutions pertaining to urban metabolism, which include smart grids as part of energy production flows, derive a real-time dynamic understanding of energy flows, which can provide planners a good basis for decision-making as to the system consequences of their decisions and actions on the environment. They moreover enable the further optimization of energy efficiency through automated decisions. In a nutshell, as concluded by Bibri (2019f), smart sustainable urbanism will prevail for many years yet to come given the underlying transformational power of big data science and analytics, coupled with its legitimation capacity associated with the scientific discourse as the ultimate form of rational thought and the basis for legitimacy in knowledge production. The present study offers insights that can inform future research agendas on smart sustainable urbanism from a technological and environmental perspective. More specifically, it provides the grounding for further in–depth research on the untapped potential of the IoT and big data technologies and their novel applications in advancing and improving environmental sustainability in the context of smart sustainable cities of the future. We would particularly like to encourage research on the development of a holistic approach to environmental sustainability underpinned by a strong synergy and dynamic interplay between techno-scientific and socio-political dimensions for the primary purpose of devising more effective solutions and more concrete guidelines and clear pathways for a wider implementation. This is predicated on the assumption that the data-driven smart solutions applied do not exist independently of the instruments, systems, practices, and knowledge employed and embedded within the multidimensional context (e. g. , local, national, social, political, cultural, institutional, organizational, regulatory, etc. )—where they are created and disseminated. Also, we would like to draw the attention of future researchers to the importance of developing a deeper understanding of the multi–faceted processes of change to achieve environment sustainability in the era of big data revolution through focused discursive investigations on, and practical implementations of, data-driven smart solutions in different contexts. Moreover, qualitative analyses of the kind that we have attempted, which try to illuminate how the data-driven smart solutions contribute to SDG 7 is of high importance and value. One key reason for this is that as the demand for practical ideas from both the technologically and ecologically advanced nations about how to achieve the environmental objectives of sustainable development through emerging technologies, such solutions are likely to get increasing attention from the policy makers and practitioners from other major cities around the world.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Eisele, L; Prinz, R; Klein-Hitpass, L; Nückel, H; Lowinski, K; Thomale, J; Moeller, LC; Dührsen, U; Dürig, JCombined PER2 and CRY1 expression predicts outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia Haematol 83: 320–327, DOI: [PubMed] Spathis, A; Morrish, E; Booth, S; Smith, IE; Shneerson, JMSelective circadian rhythm disturbance in cerebral lymphoma 4: 583–586, DOI: [PubMed] Hoffman, AE; Zheng, T; Stevens, RG; Ba, Y; Zhang, Y; Leaderer, D; Yi, C; Holford, TR; Zhu, YClock-in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Study and of the Cryptochrome 2 69: 3605–3613, DOI: [PubMed] Pogue-Geile, KL; Lyons-Weiler, J; Whitcomb, DCMolecular overlap of fly circadian rhythms and human pancreatic cancer 243: 55–57, DOI: [PubMed] Gery, S; Komatsu, N; Kawamata, N; Miller, CW; Desmond, J; Virk, RK; Marchevsky, A; McKenna, R; Taguchi, H; Koeffler, HPEpigenetic silencing of the candidate tumor suppressor gene Per1 in non-small cell lung cancer Res 13: 1399–1404, DOI: [PubMed] Taniguchi, H; Fernández, AF; Setién, F; Ropero, S; Ballestar, E; Villanueva, A; Yamamoto, H; Imai, K; Shinomura, Y; Esteller, MEpigenetic inactivation of the circadian clock gene BMAL1 in hematologic malignancies 69: 8447–8454, DOI: [PubMed] Mulero-Navarro, S; Esteller, MEpigenetic biomarkers for human cancer: the time is now 68: 1–11, DOI: [PubMed] Kaminskas, E; Farrell, A; Abraham, S; Baird, A; Hsieh, LS; Lee,

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Further research is required to understand engagement categories specifically within mental health support groups on Facebook and how this engagement ties into the potential mechanisms of online peer support that have been proposed. Research PerspectivesAs we emerge into the aftermath of the coronavirus pandemic, it is important now to understand and act on the toll that the pandemic has taken on mental health. There are indications that COVID-19 can have a direct impact on mental well-being through mental and neurological manifestations, with many of those hospitalized with COVID-19 experiencing anxiety or depression [77]. The pandemic also impacted on mental well-being indirectly through grief for those dying as a result of contracting the virus, heightened loneliness, and isolation from social distancing and lockdown measures, as well as anxiety and uncertainty about the future [78]. Financial insecurity will have contributed to poorer well-being for many, with the number of those claiming benefits due to unemployment rising [79], food insecurity quadrupling, and an estimated 1. 1 million people at the end of 2020 facing poverty [78]. Young people in particular have seen their mental health significantly worsen over the course of the pandemic [80]. Research shows promise for the use of online SNSs, including Facebook, to provide forums where mental health peer support can take place, with a variety of theories that could plausibly underpin their use. Novel online peer support platforms making use of social network functions may therefore offer a useful way to support people with mental health difficulties. However, it is currently difficult to use or promote online peer-to-peer support as an intervention when we do not have a quantification of the effectiveness of peer support provided in this way or a clear understanding of the benefits its users experience. We argue that in order for existing social network platforms like Facebook to be recommended as peer-to-peer support interventions and for separate peer support interventions to be developed based on SNSs, more research is needed to understand their effectiveness, making use of both quantitative and qualitative methods. We suggest that the effectiveness of novel social network–based peer support interventions should be evaluated using similar experimental designs as applied in prior research into offline peer support [16,32-34] with a primary focus on symptomology (using both clinical and self-reported outcomes) and psychosocial outcomes, such as self-efficacy in managing disorders, quality of life, hope, knowledge, empowerment, and social isolation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All space missions are environmentally sustainable with no pollution. [SEP] Text: Further research should focus on providing the knowledge that these actors will need to make informed decisions about how to achieve those objectives through the development and implementation of the solutions in question in their own context. In addition, as this study has demonstrated that solutions for improving and advancing environmental sustainability already exist and are rapidly evolving across the selected cities, it would be useful and worthy to pursue a wider and more varied comparison (involving cities from other European and Scandinavian countries or from other parts of the world) with a view to revealing more global trends in smart sustainable urbanism. Taking up this in future research is indeed justified by the limitations to the present study, which pertain to the case selection that included only European countries. Due to this bias in the case selection, it is moreover conceivable that potentially more data-driven smart solutions for environmental sustainability exist in other cities in Europe and around the world. Finally, the concepts, ideas, and findings presented in this study for policy makers provide practical clues as well as lessons on the expected benefits of developing and implementing data-driven smart solutions to accelerate the movement towards environmental sustainability in the light of the emerging paradigm of the IoT and big data computing. Most of the time, when it comes to data-driven smart sustainable urbanism, contradictions, uncertainties, and even contentions and conflicts emerge during the cooperation and interaction between policymakers, planners, government officials, sustainability strategists, urban scientists, ICT experts, environmental engineers, technologists, industry experts, thought leaders, and citizens, irrespective of whether the city is already badging or just regenerating itself as data-driven smart sustainable. This phenomenon is nevertheless common in all urban development projects and initiatives due to the difficulty of aligning and accommodating the various interests and expectations of the involved city stakeholders. Regardless, learning from the experience and knowledge of the leading cities in their areas of expertise is a common way to formulate and implement urban visions, policies, and strategies through drawing positive and negative lessons and acting about the outcome We hope to have contributed our share to improving that practice. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. AbbreviationsAMI: : : Real-time : : : : : : : : Management EVs: GHG: : Heating, Ventilation, and ICT: Information and IoT: Internet of Things KPIs: : Near-field Communication OMI: : : : : : : Metabolism UM: 110. bcn. cat 110. bcn. cat 110. bcn.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text:  SL; Leighton, JK; Patel, H; Rahman, A; Sridhara, R; Wang, YC; Pazdur, RFDA.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: Qualitative evidence could usefully be gathered on existing peer support groups on Facebook to describe processes involved in online peer support, such as how groups are created, how they function, and how groups differ in terms of purpose and target audience. It is important also to be mindful of the limitations and potential harms of online peer support. The use of peer support may result in adverse events, such as behavioral contagion, corumination, or unpleasant or negative interactions with other users [36,37,81-83]. There is a need to apply principles of responsible research and innovation to future initiatives to develop online peer support, to anticipate potential harms and consequences of these approaches, and to engage with users to surmount these issues wherever possible [84]. Finally, exploring the mechanisms that underlie effective online peer support is crucial to understanding why it is helpful, and how its utility can be maximized. Particularly, in order to develop new interventions that are based on sites like Facebook, that is, SNS-based interventions, it will be important to understand whether theories underpinning offline peer support also apply to online peer-to-peer support in this context. It is also crucial to understand the role of moderation within these communities, and the benefits that moderators have for the workings of online peer support, including safeguarding, to clearly demonstrate their role in future social network–based peer support interventions. Deriving knowledge from existing online peer support groups (ie, those on Facebook) will be beneficial for the design of new online peer support interventions. Research in this area has the potential to provide a better understanding of why and how these networks help, and how they can best be organized and managed for maximum effect while reducing risk of harms. 2013. . Morbidity Survey: Survey of and Wellbeing, England, 2014. Service (NHS Digital). 2014. URL: [accessed 2023-02-16] Coronavirus and depression in adults, Great Britain: July to August 2021. Office for National Statistics. URL: https://www. ons. gov. uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/1032. [CrossRef] [Medline] The economic case for investing in the prevention of mental health conditions in the UK. Foundation. 2022 Feb. URL: https://www. mentalhealth. org.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth, allowing for potential habitation without domes. [SEP] Text: Thus, as for div, morphogenesis of wild type depends on all three types of conflict, with directional conflict playing an essential role. Video 21 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Wild-type wedge model without surface conflict as in Figure 10G. Size of canvas is rescaled to better visualise the deformation of the canvas. Video 22 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Wild-type wedge model without areal conflict as in Figure 10H. Size of canvas is rescaled to better visualise the deformation of the canvas. Video 23 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Wild-type wedge model without directional conflict as in Figure 10I. Size of canvas is rescaled to better visualise the deformation of the canvas. Video 24 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Wild-type wedge model without orthogonal directional conflict as in Figure 10J. Size of canvas is rescaled to better visualise the deformation of the canvas. Integrating the activity of DIV into the full corolla model of div described above generated a corolla with a typical Snapdragon shape (Figures 10K and 2A, Video 25). Removing dorsoventral gene activities (i. e. ) from the model generated phenotypes resembling those of the respective mutants (Figure 11A–D, Videos 26 and 27). These phenotypes were distinct from virtual mutants obtained by removing each tissue conflict from the wild-type model (Figure 9—figure supplement 1C and E–F). Removing the deflection of polarity at the sinus resulted in an overarching lower corolla (Figure 9—figure supplement 1D), suggesting that the deflection of polarity could play a role in refining corolla shape.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Approval summary: azacitidine for treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome subtypes Res 11: 3604–3608, DOI: [PubMed] Issa, JP; Gharibyan, V; Cortes, J; Jelinek, J; Morris, G; Verstovsek, S; Talpaz, M; Garcia-Manero, G; study of low-dose decitabine in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia resistant to imatinib mesylate J 23: 3948–3956, DOI: [PubMed] Fu, L; Lee, CCThe circadian clock: pacemaker and tumour suppressor Cancer 3: 350–361, DOI: [PubMed] Sahar, S; Sassone-Corsi, PMetabolism and cancer: the circadian clock connection Cancer 9: 886–896, DOI: [PubMed] Filipski, E; Lévi, FCircadian disruption in experimental cancer processes Ther 8(4): 298–302, DOI: [PubMed] Lee, CCTumor suppression by the mammalian Period genes Control 17: 525–530, DOI: [PubMed] Hanahan, D; Weinberg, RAThe hallmarks of cancer: A review Cell 100: 57–70, DOI: [PubMed] Kondratov, RV; Kondratova, AA; Gorbacheva, VY; Vykhovanets, OV; Antoch, MPEarly aging and age-related pathologies in mice deficient in BMAL1, the core component of the circadian clock 20: 1868–1873, DOI: [PubMed] Gauger, MA; and Res 65: 6828–6834, DOI: [PubMed] Wang, CY; Wen, MS; Wang, HW; Hsieh, IC; Li, Y; Liu, PY; Lin, FC; Liao, JKIncreased vascular senescence and impaired endothelial progenitor cell function mediated by mutation of circadian gene Per2 Circulation 118: 2166–2173, DOI: [PubMed] Campisi, JSenescent cells, tumor suppression, and organismal aging: good citizens, bad neighbors Cell 120: 513–522, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, F; Okyar

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: uk/sites/default/files/2022-06/MHF-Investing-in-Prevention-Full-Report. pdf [accessed 2023-02-16] Poushter J, Stewart R. to Rise in but Developed Ones. Center. 2018. URL: https://www. pewresearch. org/global/2018/06/19/social-media-use-continues-to-rise-in-developing-countries-but-plateaus-across-developed-ones/ [accessed 2023-02-16] Tankovska H. Social media usage in the (UK) - Statistics and facts. Statista. URL: [accessed 2021-06-22]. Peer support among adults with serious mental illness: a report from the field. 2006 Jul;32(3):443-450 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Penney D. Defining "peer support": Implications for policy, practice and research. Advocates for Human Potential. 2018. URL: https://www. ahpnet. com/AHPNet/media//White%20Papers/DPenney_Defining_peer_support_2018_Final. pdf [accessed 2023-02-16] Peer support services for individuals with serious mental illnesses: assessing the evidence. 2014 Apr 01;65(4):429-441. [CrossRef] [Medline]Watson E. 31. Lloyd-Evans B, Mayo- A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of peer support for people with severe mental illness. BMC Psychiatry 2014 Feb 14;14:39 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] The effectiveness of one-to-one peer support in mental health services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2020 Nov 11;20:534 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. The effectiveness of peer support for individuals with mental illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. 2022 Sep 06:1-10 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Corrigan PW. Impact of consumer-operated services on empowerment and recovery of people with psychiatric disabilities. 2006 Oct;57(10):1493-1496.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth, allowing for potential habitation without domes. [SEP] Text: To distinguish between the age of cells walls formed at each stage, we specify that walls at an initial time point (T0) are marked with thick blue lines, cell walls that arise during T1 are shown with thinner green lines and cell walls that arise during T2 are marked with very thinner white lines. A proximodistal polarity field is established at T0 using the GUI. We explore three growth patterns: 1. Uniform isotropic growth, Kpar=0. 05Kper=0. 05 2. High Kpar, Kpar=0. 08Kper=0 3. during T1 switching to high Kper at start of T2 During T1Kpar=0. 1Kper=0During T2Kpar=0Kper=0. 1 Generation of domes through tissue conflicts To illustrate how various types of tissue conflict resolution lead to curvature, we use an initial square with very slight curvature and marked with circular clones. Figure 1A, B. Uniform isotropic growth Request a detailed protocol To model uniform specified isotropic growth the KRN equations are: Kpar=0. 03Kper=0. 03Knor=0. 044 where Knor is specified growth rate in canvas thickness. Figure 1C, D. Uniform anisotropic growth Request a detailed protocol To model uniform specified anisotropic growth, a polarity field is established by producing POL at the bottom of the canvas (through factor ) and fixing it to a low concentration at the top (through factor SINK). The gradient of POL defines the local polarity. For uniform anisotropic specified growth, the KRN equations are: Kpar=0. 03Kper=0. 02Knor=0. 044 Figure 1E, F. Surface conflict Request a detailed protocol To model surface conflict with growth, the KRN equations are: Kpara=Kpera=0. 06Kparb=Kperb=0. 05Knor=0. 044 Figure 1G, H. Areal conflict Request a detailed protocol To model areal conflict with growth, the KRN equations are: Kpar=0. 05+0. 05 ∙ icentreKper=0. 05+0. 05 ∙ icentreKnor=0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: , A; Dulong, S; Innominato, PF; Clairambault, JCircadian timing in cancer treatments 50: 377–421, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, F; Schibler, UCircadian rhythms: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications 47: 593–628, DOI: [PubMed] Mormont, MC; Lévi, FCancer chronotherapy: Principles, applications, and perspectives Cancer 97: 155–169, DOI: [PubMed] Lévi, FRedfern P, Lemmer B(1997).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: J Res 2009 Sep 30;11(3):e41 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Systematic review on internet support groups (ISGs) and depression (1): Do ISGs reduce depressive symptoms? J Res 2009 Sep 30;11(3):e40 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Melling B, Houguet-Pincham T. Online peer support for individuals with depression: a summary of current research and future considerations. J 2011;34(3):252-254. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Online peer-to-peer support for young people with mental health problems: a systematic review. 2015;2(2):e19 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]'Dea B. Comparative randomised trial of an online cognitive-behavioural therapy program and an online support group for depression and anxiety. Journal of & Rehabilitation 2011;4(4):461-467. -Ilani Y, et al. Digital peer support mental health interventions for people with a lived experience of a serious mental illness: systematic review. 2020 Apr 03;7(4):e16460 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Benefits of peer support in online Japanese breast cancer communities: differences between lurkers and posters. J Res 2011 Dec 29;13(4):e122 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. An online, moderated peer-to-peer support bulletin board for depression: user-perceived advantages and disadvantages. 2015;2(2):e14 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Easton K, Diggle J, Ruethi-Davis M, Holmes M, Byron-Parker D, Nuttall J, et al. Qualitative exploration of the potential for adverse events when using an online peer support network for mental health: cross-sectional survey. 2017 Oct 30;4(4):e49 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Combining online and offline peer support groups in community mental health care settings: a qualitative study of service users' experiences. Syst 2020;14:39 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Use of the internet and digital devices among people with severe mental ill health during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth, allowing for potential habitation without domes. [SEP] Text: sketeers Atterholt et al (2024) on neural canal ridges in dinos Boisvert et al (2024) on (2024) on sauropod bauplan and taphonomy King et al (2024) on pneumatic ribs in apatosaurs Windholz et al. (2024) on a pneumatic rebbachisaurid caudal Taylor and Wedel (2023) on pneumatic Brachiosaurus ribs Wedel and Taylor (2023) on bifurcated cervical ribs Lei et al (2023) on theropod-bitten Morrison sauropods Wedel and Atterholt (2023) on expanded neurocentral joints in sauropods Aureliano et al (2023) on pneumaticity in et al. (2023) on the of et al (2022) on vertebrae of early saurischians Taylor and Wedel (2022) on vertebral orientation Smith, Rodgers, Dollé, and Wedel (2022) on nerve growth in big animals et al (2022) on dental cementum and age at death in humans Atterholt and Wedel (2022) on paramedullary diverticula in birds Woodruff et al. (2022) on respiratory infection in a sauropod Taylor (2022) on incomplete necks Aureliano et al. (2021) on saltasaur pneumaticity Kay, Estes, and Wedel (2021) on variation in the peroneus tertius muscle (PT) Amedeo et al (2021) on variation in human leg muscles Wedel et al. (2021) on expanded neural canals in the Taylor and Wedel (2021) on pneumatic variation Staples et al (2019) on long cutaneous branches of the obturator nerve in humans Taylor (2018) on Xenoposeidon as a rebbachisaurid Taylor and Wedel (2016) on the neck of and Wedel (2016), Dinosaurs: Life in the Age of et al. (2016) on moral dimensions of open Hone, Farke, and Wedel (2016) on dinosaur ontogenetic stages Taylor (2016) on evaluating research Wedel et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: GnRH cells tend to be anterior to the SCN in rodents, but in humans, GnRH is released mainly from cells of the arcuate nucleus posterior to the SCN. The neurophysiologic pathways controlling GnRH are not as clear as with prolactin. In sheep, melatonin seems to influence neurons in the posterior or median hypothalamus which use several neurotransmitters to modulate the GnRH neurons [12,35]. There are also direct synaptic connections to GnRH neurons from SCN cells, which might transmit the photoperiodic regulatory message [14,36,37]. A possible SCN neurotransmitter or diffusable messenger is prokineticin 2, for which a dense receptor supply is found in the arcuate [38]. Kisspeptin is also thought to be released by the SCN [39 - 41]. The exact mechanisms by which day length may be transduced to control arcuate nucleus pulsatile GnRH release remain somewhat a mystery. FSH pulsatile release is mediated to some extent by GnRH release. However, there is also a chemically-related peptide more specific for releasing FSH, called FSHRF [42]. The cells releasing FSHRF in the rat have somewhat distinct anatomic distributions compared to the GnRH cells. There is intriguing evidence that humans are photoperiodic, but the data are not entirely consistent. Human melatonin secretion has a longer duration in winter than summer [13,43 - 46]. Human reproduction varies somewhat by season; moreover, seasonal effects interact with latitude [47,48]. There are two peaks of births per year in some human population data sets. In hot climates, air temperature may be a factor [49]. Regarding the reproductive hormones, one study found a small June LH peak in young men from the west coast of America [50]. Similarly, in elderly Romanian men and women, LH was higher in spring and summer [51]. In contrast, February-March and August-September LH peaks were found in male and female Italian children ages 6-10 years [52]. women, 6-hour midfollicular LH was greater in December than April-May [53]. Some discrepancies between studies may be due to failure to control adequately for circadian effects in hormones which undergo both circadian and seasonal modulation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: 2021;12:732735 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Sanger E. Social networking in mental health interventions for adolescents. Health 2022 Sep;142(5):261-262 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]ützer. Exploring opportunities to support mental health care using social media: A survey of social media users with mental illness. Psychiatry 2019 Jun;13(3):405-413 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Chung JE. Social networking in online support groups for health: how online social networking benefits patients. J 2014;19(6):639-659. [CrossRef] [Medline]. How patients with schizophrenia use the internet: qualitative study. J Res 2010 Dec 19;12(5):e70 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Dixon S. Distribution of Facebook users worldwide as of January 2022, by age and gender. Statista. 2022 Nov 10. URL: [accessed 2023-02-16]. Role of social media and the Internet in pathways to care for adolescents and young adults with psychotic disorders and non-psychotic mood disorders. Psychiatry 2017 Aug;11(4):290-295 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Online peer to peer support: Qualitative analysis of UK and US open mental health Facebook groups. 2020;6:2055207620979209 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Strengths and weaknesses of the Men, Masculinities, and (YBMen) Facebook project. Orthopsychiatry 2017;87(4):392-401 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Gleeson JFM, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Lederman R. Moderated online social therapy for recovery from early psychosis. 2012 Jul;63(7):719. [CrossRef] [Medline]Álvarez-Jiménez M. Moderated online social therapy: Designing and evaluating technology for mental health. 2014 Feb 01;21(1):1-26. [CrossRef]. Providing online support for young people with mental health difficulties: challenges and opportunities explored. Psychiatry 2008 May;2(2):108-113.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth, allowing for potential habitation without domes. [SEP] Text: : 2157-7617 Journal of & -in-for Manuscript 10. 4172/2157-7617. 1000461 as It is Gravity and Universe: *Department of Mechanical Engineering, of Mechanics, Vadodara, India *Corresponding Author: Rajendra SP, Department of Mechanical Engineering, of Mechanics, Vadodara, India, Tel: +0030-210-5381560, Email: raju2180@gmail. com Received: 05-Apr-2018 Accepted Date: 16-Apr-2018 Published Date: 19-Apr-2018 DOI: 10. 4172/2157-7617. 1000461 should be agreed that all objects like planets, stars etc. float in the full vacuum universe. It should also be agreed that atmosphere possessed by these objects is due to gravity and the atmosphere is in the open system full vacuum universe. Here, air molecules always try to escape in full vacuum universe against gravity to have uniformity in the universe. Means it is balanced between gravity and full vacuum universe. It is in science textbooks that the Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure. But, to have pressure in the system, it must be isolated by boundary and its value is same at any point within. Here, Earth’s atmospheric air neither uniformly distributed nor in a closed system. It is known that gravity is holding each air molecule towards the Earth. On surface, air has high-density molecules and as further go away molecules density decreases. This density difference is balanced between gravity and full vacuum universe. This paper uncovers the misconception regarding Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure due to its air molecules vertical column mass. To prove the argument, the manometer experiment is visited. In this experiment author makes the effort to raise mercury filled tube up against gravity above pot level then inverts it. Here, mercury level drops because of gravity which creates a vacuum in the top of the tube. This causes reduced surface energy inside wall of the tube. To be in the equilibrium state with outer tube wall, inner wall surface tries to suck in all direction that holds mercury up against gravity that means tube mercury weight is balanced by vacuum and that is demonstrated.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: ) Standards (0 to 100 mIU/ml), controls and unknowns were incubated with an anti-LH antibody in micro plate wells coated with another anti-LH antibody. After incubating and washing, the wells were incubated with tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate and the timed reaction stopped with an acidic solution. Finally, enzymatic turnover of the substrate was quantified by dual wavelength (450 and 630 nm) absorbance measurement in a micro plate reader. With the above protocol, the displays a sensitivity of 0. 1 mIU/ml with intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation ranging with mean dose (2. 8 to 69. 2) from 5. 3 to 7. 6%. Urine samples were typically measured by diluting 1:1 with zero standard. The concentration of LH or FSH was multiplied by the urine volume per time to obtain excretion during each sampling interval expressed as mIU/h. By assaying LH in the same urine specimens in which melatonin had been measured (aliquots of which remained frozen at -70οC), we produced LH-response curves resembling light phase-response curves [56], to indicate increases or decreases in LH following light treatment at contrasting circadian phases. The LH response was the 24-hour excretion rate for LH during the follow-up divided by the 24-hour excretion rate during the baseline. Because these responses formed a highly skewed distribution, the responses were then normalized as the Log10 of this ratio, the response index. These logged normalized responses formed a normal distribution. The circadian times of optimal response were sought. A dead zone for LH stimulation was predicted near mid-day, similar to that observed in light responses [56]. Such a stimulation dead zone might incidentally serve the function of a control-placebo condition. Responses of older and younger adults were compared. Advantages of this design were that the responses of subjects ages 18-30 years and 60-75 years could be directly contrasted in the same protocol, and LH responses to light could be observed at all circadian times. A limitation was that although an attempt was made to study all women ages 18-30 years during the follicular menstrual phase, there were various operational scheduling problems. Unfortunately, the menstrual phases were not physiologically verified, so studies with better control of menstrual phase are needed for young women.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: [CrossRef] [Medline]. Moderation, response rate, and message interactivity: features of online communities and their effects on intent to participate. J Comm 2006 Oct;12(1):24-41 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. Moderated online communities and quality of user-generated content. J Syst 2014 Dec 08;28(2):237-268. [CrossRef]Ridout B, Campbell A. The use of social networking sites in mental health interventions for young people: systematic review. J Res 2018 Dec 18;20(12):e12244 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Coulson N, Shaw R. Nurturing health-related online support groups: Exploring the experiences of patient moderators. Behav 2013;29(4):1695-1701 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]Smedley R, Coulson N. A thematic analysis of messages posted by moderators within health-related asynchronous online support forums. Couns 2017 Sep;100(9):1688-1693. [CrossRef] [Medline]van Uden-van de Laar MAFJ. Patient-initiated online support groups: motives for initiation, extent of success and success factors. J 2010;16(1):30-34. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Understanding moderation in online mental health communities. In: Meiselwitz G, editor. and and Applications of Social Computing. HCII 2020. in Computer Science, vol 12195. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2020. . Developing a change model for peer worker interventions in mental health services: a qualitative research study. Sci 2015 Oct;24(5):435-445 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Establishing a research agenda for understanding the role and impact of mental health peer specialists. 2017 Sep 01;68(9):955-957 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Rogers ES. Peer support services: state of the workforce-state of the field in the USA. 2017 Jun 12;21(3):168-175. [CrossRef]. The future of mental health care: peer-to-peer support and social media.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth, allowing for potential habitation without domes. [SEP] Text: an equilibrium state of the atmosphere with gravity and assume there is no wind currents and convection to provide a constant mixing of the atmosphere. Also, it should be agreed that the atmosphere tries to be in homogeneous state to have uniform molecule quantity everywhere in the universe. or it can be said that molecules want to be equally distributed everywhere in space. It is agreed that gravity attracts all gas//air molecules with same acceleration but with different force based on their mass. Carbon dioxide is heavy air molecule so; gravity causes it to be attracted more so, it is positioned/settled towards Earth’s surface. is the least mass molecule so, it is least attracted towards Earth’s gravity and it is positioned/settled away from the surface. That is because light molecules collision with heavy molecules keeps light molecules away from gravitating object. Now, consider two planets Earth & Venus atmosphere for example. It is observed that Earth and Venus both have nearly same gravity. Venus mass is nearly similar to Earth's mass. But the mass of 250 km thick atmosphere on Venus is 4. 8 × 10^20 kg, whereas the mass of 100 km thick Earth's atmosphere is 5 × 10^18 kg. That means Venus atmosphere has 100 times more mass than Earth’s atmosphere mass. But, as per above explanation gravity causes/attracts atmosphere, so, both should have nearly same atmospheric conditions as gravity uses energy to hold the atmosphere. The explanation I that, Venus most surface is currently covered with heavy elements which are exposed due to volcano eruptions. That caused high absolute gravity which is utilized for constantly attracting the molecules. Whereas on Earth no such heavy eruptions exist. That is why on Venus, atmosphere is denser and expanded high compared to Earth. Now, put the manometer on Venus surface. Due to Venus atmosphere is so dense compared to Earth's atmosphere, the author need to take huge effort to elevate filled mercury tube up. Here, mercury will keep showing very high level compared to Earth’s surface level. That is because tube wall faces have very high surface energy difference. Here, inside wall having a full vacuum which balances mercury column against gravity has very low surface energy compared to outside wall. Now, examine the siphon pipe experiment [3,4]. Here, to create initial siphon, vacuum is applied by author against gravity to raise water level up and lowered below enough to overcome pipe/fluid frictional losses to start flow.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Study 2, Light treatment of depression Our group tested the value of bright light treatment for depression in a controlled clinical trial, recruiting participants 60-79 years of age [57]. Subjects were selected for a Scale [58] score of at least 11 at baseline, which indicated probable major depressive disorder. An actual research diagnosis of major depression was not required, because many older people suffer substantial handicaps from depression without meeting formal diagnostic criteria for major depression [59]. Participants were studied in their own homes and community, while they continued with any ongoing treatment, which sometimes included stable utilizations of antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy. Light was tested as an augmenting therapy along with antidepressants and psychotherapy. Usage of drugs which distort melatonin secretion was an exclusion criterion, in order not to invalidate aMT6s measurements. At the end of a baseline week during which all subjects received mid-day placebo treatment, subjects collected all fractional urine specimens for 24 hours. Based on actigraphy, subjects were phase typed to predict whether they were somewhat phase-advanced or phase-delayed, and therefore might best respond to early morning light (administered immediately after awakening), mid-day light (no phase adjustment desired), or evening light (administered from 1-2 hours before bedtime). After the phase-typing to predetermine treatment timing, using structured randomization, subjects were then randomly assigned either to bright light treatment (10,000 lux for 1 hour) or dim red (<10 lux for 1 hour) placebo light treatment, to continue for 28 days. Wrist actigraphic monitoring, sleep logs, and self-ratings were carried out throughout the study. At the end of the 28 days, urine collections were repeated for 24 hours, as well as mood ratings. LH was assayed as described above, using the DSL-10-460 ActiveR LH Elisa. Since we only saw tentative actigraphic and mood evidence of light effects in the morning-light group, we limited our LH assays to that group. Study 3, PMDD The bright light responses of menstruating women were studied, contrasting those with and without premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), as an extension of previous work [60]. The women with PMDD who were selected for this study regularly became depressed during the luteal menstrual phase.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Social support is crucial for mental health and resilience. [SEP] Text: The influence of resilience and social support on mental health of older adults living in community: a cross-sectional study access Published: 18 July 2024 The influence of resilience and social support on mental health of older adults living in community: a cross-sectional study Ratchaneekorn Upasen1, Weeraphol Saengpanya2, Wanida Awae3 & …Preedanan Prasitvej4 Show authors BMC Psychology 1. 3 billion. Women comprise the majority of older adults, constituting up to 61% of those aged 80 years or over. Similar to other countries, Thailand has become an aging society in which the number of adults aged 60 years or over is increasing continuously, accounting for approximately 20% of both the male and female populations, with 5,974,022 men (44. 7%) and 7,384,729 women (55. 3%) [1]. Many older adults encounter both physical and mental health problems due to several reasons, including physical illnesses, boredom, loneliness, lack of purpose, or having no one to take care of because their children have moved out of the house to find work or migrated to a new location with their own family. These issues can make older adults feel worthless [1, 2]. Moreover, a previous study on the happiness, suffering, and mental health of older adults in the upper north of Thailand reported that most older adults were experiencing illness, were unable to earn an income, and could not find happiness in life. These factors led to changes in their mental health and resulted in more severe mental health issues [2]. Recently, the overall state of mental health in older adults who live in community has changed both positively and negatively [3]. A review on the psychological factors affecting the mental health of older adults, such as a study conducted by MuiJeen [3], found that most older adults had a mean mental health score of 43. 92, like that of the general population. This indicates that older adults have the same mental health state and capacity as the general population. Moreover, physical illness, specifically the deterioration of various bodily organs, is the primary factor affecting the mental health of older adults [2, 3]. In addition, changes in social roles, such as retirement, loss of a loved one, and loss of income also affect the elderly’s mental health [4]. A study conducted in Province found that 48.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: The Moon has an atmosphere similar to Earth, allowing for potential habitation without domes. [SEP] Text: Because of the strong on-going competition for time allocation on large telescopes, the question requires a careful justification of the scientific return of such observations. The purpose of this paper is to bring some elements of answer to these questions. Section 2 gives a short overview of the physical and chemical properties of the Martian atmosphere. Section 3 discusses the justifications for a ground-based monitoring of Mars. Section 4 illustrates some recent ground-based discoveries regarding the Martian atmosphere, some of which could not have been performed by space missions. Section 5 describes future prospects, both with an ELT and with ALMA, and summarizes the conclusions. 2 of MarsThe atmosphere of Mars is characterized with a very low surface pressure, with a mean value of 6 mbar. It is mostly composed of CO2 (95%), N2 (2. 7%), Ar (1. 6%), and minor gases: O2 (0. 13%), CO (0. 07%), H2O (from 10−5 to 10−3). Traces of O3, H2O2 and CH4 have been found in variable quantities, with mixing ratios ranging from 0 to a few tens of ppb. Like Earth, Mars exhibits a strong obliquity (24°) which induces large seasonal variations. The seasonal effects are much stronger than on Earth, because, due to the low surface pressure, the response of the atmosphere to the changes of solar insolation are very fast. As a result, the surface temperature exhibits considerable variations, with extreme values ranging from about 145 K in the polar regions in winter to more than 300 K near the sub-solar point in summer. These temperature changes lead to the periodic condensation of the main atmospheric constituent, CO2, at the winter poles. About a third of the atmosphere is then transported from one pole to the other following the seasonal cycle. The temperature cycle also induces the periodic condensation of H2O on the winter pole. As a result, the water vapor content changes drastically as a function of location and season, from about zero (at high latitude in winter) up to more than 50 precipitable microns at the time of maximum water ice outgassing, at the North pole in summer. The polar caps are thus composed of CO2 and H2O ice; perennial caps, observed in summer, are covered each winter by fresh CO2 and H2O ice (Langevin et al. 2005; see also Kieffer et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 0 with a multivariate repeated-measures general linear model. The main within-subjects factor was the baseline to after-light-treatment change within each CRC admission. The secondary within-subjects factor was the follicular phase and luteal phase repetitions of the light treatment protocol. A between-subjects factor was light treatment in the morning or evening. Since hormonal results were highly skewed, the log10 transformations of excretion were utilized. 1, PRparticipants were 25 young women with a mean age of 24. 0 years (range 18-31), 17 young men with a mean age of 23. 6 years (range 18-30), 28 older women with a mean age of 66. 2 years (range 60-74), and 28 older men with a mean age of 67. 8 years (range 59-75). The mean 24-hour LH excretion rate before light treatment was 597 mIU/h. The young females secreted more than 4 times as much LH as young males, but older participants of either gender were intermediate and about equal (ANOVA gender effect P = 0. 028, age effect NS, age/gender interaction P = 0. 03). LH excretion was more than twice as high in the April-June quarter as in January-March (with July-December intermediate), but the ANOVA for season effect controlled for age and gender was not significant, nor did the LH response after light treatment differ significantly by season of the year. After treatment, mean excretion was 719 mIU/ml. The gender effect persisted post treatment (P < 0. 04), but the interaction with age did not. The mean ratio of excretion after/before treatment was 1. 62 ± SE 0. 19. The increase in log10(LH) post treatment, controlled for age group and gender, was significant (P = 0. 03). Thus, the Log10 mean excretion index was. 063. The timing groups did not differ significantly by log10(LH response), which averaged close to zero for all groups, independent of time of light stimulation. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the moving average responses were close to 0 at all times of day. Neither for the 98 participants as a whole nor for any of the age-gender subgroups (not shown) was there a consistently elevated response at a particular time of day. Figure 1 Change in LH in relation to time of light exposure.

Output: pass