Input: Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: Quality of care for pregnant women and newborns—the WHO vision. Bjog. 2015;122: 1045–1049. pmid:25929823 View 21. Organization. Global report on the epidemiology and burden of sepsis: current evidence, identifying gaps and future directions. Geneva: WHO; 2020 p. 56. Available: 22. Knight M, Inoss. Network of Systems (INOSS): benefits of multi-country studies of severe and uncommon maternal morbidities. Gynecol Scand. 2014;93: 127–131. pmid:24382256 View 23. Early evaluation of the ‘! ’ implemented for healthcare providers in 46 low, middle and high-income countries. BMJ Open. 2020;10: e036338. pmid:32444432 View 24. working group on and Morbidity classifications. Maternal near miss—towards a standard tool for monitoring quality of maternal health care. . 2009;23: 287–296. pmid:19303368 View 25. Souza JP, Gülmezoglu Moving beyond essential interventions for reduction of maternal mortality (the WHO on Maternal and Newborn Health): a cross-sectional study. The Lancet. 2013;381: 1747–1755. pmid:23683641 View 26. WHO. Regional offices. 2022. Available: View 27. Jolliffe IT, Cadima J. Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments. . 2016;374: 20150202. pmid:26953178 View 28. Availability of critical care resources to treat patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in Africa: a self-reported, continent-wide survey of anaesthesia providers. Crit Care. 2011;15: R10. pmid:21219619 View 29. . A new conceptual framework for maternal morbidity. Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;141: 4–9. View 30. Institutional maternal and perinatal deaths: a review of 40 low and middle income countries. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17: 295. pmid:28882128 View 31. Cornelissen L, Woodd S, Shakur‐ Secondary analysis of the WOMAN trial to explore the risk of sepsis after invasive treatments for postpartum hemorrhage. Gynaecol Obstet.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: 5% in low-income countries and even from the 5. 1% in high income countries; and indeed in from the 5% it currently spends [28]. Though attractive from a mental health perspective, the argument to fund disease/disorder categories relative to their burden is simplistic and reductionist and is unlikely to shift real allocations [29]. For example, infectious diseases do warrant special prioritization—not least because DALY calculations do not include people who would become infected should comprehensive control not be introduced. Investing in HIV prevention and treatment in or the global COVID 19 virus serve as good examples of the importance of investments into communicable diseases in order to avoid a global health and security crisis, as well as to avoid much higher DALYs for these conditions in the future. Moreover, the approach of funding based on burden does not take into account that the price of treatments and intensity of care needed for different diseases differs substantially. For example, the actual costs of treating non-communicable diseases such as cancer or severe kidney disease through chemotherapy and dialysis, relative to the costs of a lay counsellor treating mild or moderate depression, need to be carefully considered when allocating resources. Budgeting using DALYs alone would in all likelihood result in conditions that are cheap and relatively easy to treat receiving more resources than complex health conditions that require significant resources. This in turn is likely to result in higher mortality rates for conditions that would of necessity have had their budgets cut to accommodate a burden-based budgeting approach. This would alter (and increase) future DALY calculations for such conditions. The response needed is in fact much more complex than a simple allocation based on burden alone. The reasons that higher income countries allocate a higher percentage of their health budgets to mental health than LMICs is important [30], but there are reasons for this. Most LMIC are already battling to fund treatment for even high mortality conditions. Using proportionate burden-based allocations suggests that there should be a transfer of resources from certain health conditions to others. This could be highly detrimental to people in LMICs where most areas of health are underfunded. What is in fact required to increase the proportion of the health budget that goes to mental health is not a reallocation of health resources, but additional funding being allocated to health that is dedicated to mental health.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Integrases were identified using the PFAM profiles PF00589 for tyrosine recombinases, and the pair of profiles PF00239 and PF07508 for serine recombinases ( All the protein profiles were searched using hmmsearch from the HMMer suite v. 3. 1b1 (default parameters). Hits were regarded as significant when their e-value was smaller than 10−3 and their alignment covered at least 50% of the protein profile. Insertion sequences (ISs) were detected combining two approaches (i) using hmmsearch from the HMMer with IS HMM profiles (as previously proposed)57 and (ii) by a BLAST-based method using the ISFinder database58. Integrases and transposases were defined as mobility-associated proteins (MAPs). tRNA genes were identified using tRNAscan SE v. 1. 2159, tmRNA genes were identified using Aragorn v. 1. 2. 3760, and the location of the rRNA genes was taken from the Genbank annotation file. Antibiotic resistance genes were detected using HMMer against the curated database of antibiotic resistance protein families ResFams (Core v. 1. 2, using the ‘-cut_ga’ option. A hotspot was considered to encode a peculiar MGE or MAP when at least one genome of the clade contained such element (set 3). Identification of origin and terminus of replicationThe ori and ter of replication were predicted using Ori-Finder in the pivot genome of each clade62. When the ratio of the predicted replichores length was greater than 1. 2, the clade was removed from the analysis (set 4). Then, we divided each replichore in 10 equally sized regions from the ori to the ter of replication. Phylogenetic analysesWe retrieved the 16S rRNA sequences of the sequenced type strains (also used as reference genomes, see above) of the 80 bacterial clades (Fig. 3a). We made a multiple alignment of them with MAFFT v7. 305b63 using default settings, and removed poorly aligned regions with BMGE v1. 1264 using default settings. The tree was computed by maximum likelihood with PHYML v3. 065 under the general time reversible (GTR) + Γ(4) + I model (set 2a).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: Loading metrics billion doses and WHO prequalification of nOPV2: Implications for the global polio situation and beyond Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay Roles Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing * E-mail: Ananda. Bandyopadhyay@gatesfoundation. org & of America ⨯ Laura V. Cooper, – review & editing of ⨯ Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing & of America ⨯ One billion doses and WHO prequalification of nOPV2: Implications for the global polio situation and beyond Ananda S. Bandyopadhyay, Laura V. Cooper, x Published: February 9, 2024 2920. : February 9, 2024Copyright: © 2024 Bandyopadhyay et al. This is an open access 1988. However, achieving and sustaining eradication of all forms of polioviruses is being compromised by two sources of paralytic poliomyelitis: persisting pockets of type 1 wild poliovirus transmission in Afghanistan and Pakistan which reported 6 cases each in 2023 [2] and ongoing outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) [3]. The latter, particularly those arising from type 2 Sabin oral polio vaccine (OPV) strains, have outnumbered cases of wild-type polio over the last few years, mostly due to outbreaks in the WHO which affected 28 different countries in 2023 [4]. Sabin OPVs, in monovalent (mOPV) or trivalent (tOPV) forms, induce robust humoral and intestinal immunity, but while passing through the vaccinee’s intestine can lose their attenuations and in rare cases can revert to neurovirulence. In settings of persistently poor immunity and low levels of sanitation and hygiene, such reverted OPV strains can establish person-to-person circulation and cause paralytic outbreaks [5]. This risk is more prominent with type 2 poliovirus given there is limited mucosal immunity against this serotype of polio in young children following the 2016 global switch from tOPV (types 1, 2 and 3) to bivalent (types 1 and 3) OPV in essential immunization schedules [6,7].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: But this too is complex as countries have fiscal constraints that don’t easily accommodate additional funding to health, and if this does occur this can also negatively impact the social determinants of mental health. Even within mental health, the logic of budget allocation based on DALYs would result in major incongruities and radical and potentially irrational reversals from current global practices. For example this approach would result in a relatively small proportion of the mental health budget being allocated for the care and treatment of schizophrenia as it constitutes only 7. 4% of mental health DALYs, relative to say depressive disorders that constitutes 40. 5% [21]. If this was the basis for budgeting this allocation would occur despite a person with treatment-resistant schizophrenia possibly requiring multiple and long stay hospitalizations, the intervention of a psychiatrist, lifelong medication, and psychosocial support in the community; whereas a person with depression might only require counseling from a lay community counselor over a period of a few weeks. The cost of an average case for treatment of depression in using the programme treatment components is around $87 compared with $396 for psychosis [31]. But it would be illogical to prioritize and treat a person with depression over a person with schizophrenia simply because it is cheaper and brings better investment returns (see later) without taking many other considerations into account. Another budgeting approach has been to illustrate the cost benefit of mental health interventions. Results of economic modeling show that for every unit spent on treatment of depression the cost-benefit ratios amount to 2·3–3·0 to 1 when economic benefits only are considered, and 3·3–5·7 to 1 when the value of health returns is also included, with the highest rewards being in lower-middle income countries [32]. For severe mental health conditions the returns are not nearly as high, and in fact there may not be positive financial returns at all on such investment [33]. A return on investment based approach to budgetting could result in a county’s limited mental health resource being all (or almost all) being utilized for treating common mental health conditions on the grounds that the economic return is greatest. But cost benefit or return on investment can and must be only one of many criteria for deciding where and how to intervene in mental health.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Sjomr. org Sjomr. org 08/10/2024 by admin1989 0 comments on "Menangkan Keseruan: " Menangkan Keseruan: era digital saat ini, permainan slot online semakin menjadi favorit di kalangan pencinta judi. Dengan hadirnya banyak penyedia permainan, nama muncul sebagai salah satu yang terdepan dalam industri ini. Salah satu tawaran menarik dari adalah demo slot, yang memberikan kesempatan bagi pemain untuk menikmati permainan tanpa harus mengeluarkan uang. Melalui slot demo gratis, pemain dapat merasakan keseruan dan keunikan dari berbagai jenis permainan tanpa risiko finansial. Menjelajahi demo slot online menjadi langkah awal yang menarik bagi banyak pemain, terutama bagi mereka yang ingin menemukan slot gacor atau permainan yang memiliki peluang menang lebih tinggi. Dengan akses ke slot demo gacor, para pemain dapat memahami lebih dalam tentang mekanisme permainan, fitur bonus, serta RTP slot yang ditawarkan. Dalam artikel ini, kita akan membahas secara lengkap tentang demo slot Pragmatic Play, termasuk tips untuk menemukan link slot gacor dan meningkatkan pengalaman bermain Anda. Bersiaplah untuk merasakan keseruan dunia slot online yang penuh tantangan ini. Demo dan Slot demo adalah versi percobaan dari permainan slot yang memungkinkan pemain untuk bermain tanpa harus menggunakan uang sungguhan.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: To mitigate the risk of cVDPV and vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and retain the advantages of OPV—ease of administration, affordability and favorable impact on interrupting virus transmission—a scientific consortium was established in 2011 to develop a novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2). Designed at the molecular level to be more genetically stable than Sabin monovalent OPV type 2 (mOPV2) and to have a lower risk of reverting to neurovirulent variants [8], nOPV2 promises to break the vicious cycle of creating new cVDPV emergences while responding to cVDPV2 outbreaks [9]. As illustrated in Fig 1, increasing numbers of cVDPV2 outbreaks derived from Sabin type 2 vaccines were detected following the tOPV to bOPV switch, peaking in 2019–20 before a gradual decline. To interrupt these outbreaks, there was widespread use of mOPV2 and to a lesser extent tOPV in mass vaccination campaigns between 2016 to 2021. In certain settings this led to seeding of new cVDPV2 emergences derived from Sabin OPV type 2 due to declining population immunity against type 2 poliovirus and insufficient coverage and delays in outbreak response. Given the risk of global spread of cVDPV2 outbreaks, and based on clinical data on the safety, immunogenicity, and genetic stability of nOPV2 generated in a series of clinical trials, the WHO issued an Listing (EUL) recommendation for nOPV2 on November 13, 2021 [10]. The new vaccine, priced the same as the mOPV2 it replaced at less than 20 cents per dose has been rapidly distributed and the downward trend in new cVDPV2 emergences continued following nOPV2 rollout. Approximately 1 billion doses of nOPV2 have been administered between March 13, 2021 and January 1, 2024, compared with approximately 580 and 150 million doses of mOPV2 and tOPV, respectively, from July 1, 2016 to January 1, 2024 (WHO data on file).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: For instance, the disruption that a person with untreated schizophrenia might cause in a community, their higher risk of other physical morbidities, higher mortality and the fact that without treatment they might be abused or imprisoned also have to be considered. While the above cost benefit argument implies that investment in treatment of depression and anxiety will not cost the country anything in the longer term due to the social cost benefit, and possibly that this investment should be in addition to investments in severe mental disorder rather than instead of such investment, an immediate upfront budget is nonetheless required from the State, given that most LMIC countries currently invest proportionately very little in common mental disorder [34]. The expected resource needs of a package of care based on target levels of coverage has been calculated for certain countries [35]. A defined package of cost-effective interventions for schizophrenia, depression, epilepsy and alcohol use disorders in Sub- was found to be around $3-4 per person. In upper-middle income countries, such a package is expected to be at least double this amount [20]. Using a mental health systems planning tool (OneHealth), a recent study on costs of mental health at target levels in 6 LMICs ranged from 0. 14 to US$5 per capita with a yield of between 291 and 947 healthy years per million population gained [36]. The actual cost makes this an aspirational rather than a realistic target, even though the authors suggest that this may be phased in. Moreover, this approach has not included costs for prevention and potential cost savings that should accrue from this. Prevention and promotion in mental healthPromoting mental health and preventing mental illness is a burgeoning field that warrants inclusion in the mental health programme of every country. have documented a number of effective programmes [37] while the emerging evidence from low resource settings has been well summarized and documented by Petersen et al [38]. The importance of prevention in mental health has also been emphasized in the on [12]. Moreover, the internet and mobile based interventions are showing promise for highly accessible interventions for prevention of depression for example [39] that may also be feasible in LMIC as global internet use increases. A review of preventive/promotive interventions provided at the population- and community-levels in LMICs concluded that such interventions have an important role to play in promoting mental health, preventing the onset, and protecting those with and Substance abuse disorders [40]. However, the need for further research on interventions in LMICs is highlighted.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass


Input: Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: As nOPV2 is currently only being produced by one manufacturer, ensuring expansion of the manufacturing base to provide sufficient supplies will likely be the single-most important factor in the next phase of nOPV2 use. In addition, considerations for preventative use of nOPV2 may also have to be evaluated in select geographies if outbreaks and risk of transnational spread persist. The process of developing nOPV1 and nOPV3 [14] or multivalent nOPV formulations should be accelerated by using lessons-learned from the development, regulatory approval and rollout of nOPV2 to mitigate cVDPV1 and cVDPV3 risks. Furthermore, while nOPVs are a step forward for outbreak response tools with lower risk of vaccine-related polio, the ultimate strategic goal is to replace all live attenuated OPVs with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) for essential immunization to completely eliminate the risk of new cVDPV and VAPP. Strengthening essential immunization coverage and targeted use of IPV for outbreak response in specific circumstances, aligned with SAGE guidance, should enhance the probability of interrupting virus transmission and reduce the paralytic burden. Successful outbreak response with stockpiled nOPVs should take the world closer to cessation of all OPV use and allow transition to exclusive use of IPV for essential immunization [15]. Several firsts that have global health implications are attributable to nOPV2: the first vaccine to have a (before the better-known COVID-19 vaccines), on December 27, 2023 it became the first vaccine to transition from a to WHO prequalification. In addition, it represents the only example of a global public-private partnership driving vaccine development, production, supply, rollout, and monitoring, led by the GPEI. Vaccine science advances such as nOPV2 coupled with time-tested principles of vaccination efforts in the field should strengthen the likelihood of global eradication of all forms of polioviruses, an eagerly awaited achievement in global public health. 1. Enabling accelerated vaccine roll-out for Emergencies of (PHEICs): type 2 (nOPV2) experience. Vaccine 2023; 41 (Suppl 1):A122–7. pmid:35307230 View 2. Eradication Initiative. Polio this week. Available at: Accessed on January 19, 2024. View 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: Table 5 Impact of access abilities on indicators of problematic access1Full size tableAlthough we did not find consistently a statistically significant association with hospitalization in these model, further analyses showed a statistically significant non-linear effect for financial status, educational status, social support, and Sum-of-vulnerabilities, as well as for ability-to-seek and ability-to-reach. Characteristically, likelihood curve for hospitalization is indeed highest for categories of highest vulnerability or lowest scores of ability to access care; it is lowest in the mid categories, and rises slightly again for the least vulnerable or with high levels of abilities to access care. Finally, we explored the independent effects of abilities to access and social vulnerability on indicators of problematic access when adjusted for each other. For statistical efficiency and conceptual clarity, Table 6 shows the results of logistic regression models that included both sum of abilities and sum of social vulnerabilities. For each indicator of problematic access, there is some attenuation of both abilities to access and social vulnerability when controlled for each other, and only the sum of access abilities remains statistically significant for most indicators of problematic access. Table 6 Likelihood of experiencing problematic access1Full size tableDiscussionIn this sample of subpopulations selected in four different regions of two high-income countries according to their likelihood of experiencing difficulties with access to appropriate healthcare, we confirm findings from other studies that those at higher risk of social vulnerability are more likely to report problematic access (having difficulties getting needed care or advice, forgoing care and using the ER because of these difficulties, and higher use of the ER overall). What this study adds to the literature is that these social vulnerabilities are also associated independently with reported lower levels of ability to seek, ability to reach, ability to pay and ability to engage with healthcare. This confirms our previously untested assumption. Having two or more indicators of high social vulnerability significantly increases the likelihood of low ability to access healthcare and of problematic access. However, in regression models predicting problematic access, the aggregated measure of abilities to access remains independently and significantly protective against problematic access when adjusted for social vulnerability, and the independent effect of social vulnerability is greatly attenuated. Our finding that socially vulnerable patients are more likely to experience problematic access to healthcare echoes what has been reported in the literature [14, 20,21,22]. In this small sample we found that effects are particularly marked for those who are financially poor and have two or more vulnerabilities.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass


Input: Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: é M, et al. Risk factors for the spread of vaccine-derived type 2 polioviruses after global withdrawal of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine and the effects of outbreak responses with monovalent vaccine: a retrospective analysis of surveillance data for 51 countries in Africa. Dis 2022; 22(2):284–294. pmid:34648733 View 4. . Statement following the Thirty-seventh Meeting of the IHR for Polio, 22 December 2023. Available at: Accessed on January 12, 2024. View 5. . The origins and risk factors for serotype-2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV2) emergences in Africa during 2016–2019. J 2023; 228(1):80–8. View 6. WHO. Research for universal health coverage: World health report 2013. Available at: Accessed on January 12, 2024. View 7. - Cessation of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine and introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine—Worldwide, 2016. 2016; 65(35): 934–8. pmid:27606675 View 8. Bandyopadhyay AS, Zipursky S. nOPV2 development as a global effort for polio outbreak response. Health 2023; 11(11):e1695. pmid:37858579 View 9. Bandyopadhyay AS, Zipursky S. A novel tool to eradicate an ancient scourge: the novel oral polio vaccine type 2 story. Dis 2023; 23(2): e67–e71. pmid:36162417 View 10. WHO. Meeting of the Group of Experts on Immunization, September 2023: conclusions and recommendations. Rec 2023; 98:599–620. View 11. . Monitoring the risk of type-2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus emergence during roll-out of type-2 novel oral polio vaccine. 9th on Dynamics: P2. 029. Available at Accessed on January 12, 2024. View 12. . Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication—worldwide, January 2021- March 2023. 2023; 72(19):517–22. View 13. WHO. Meeting of the Group of Experts on Immunization, September 2023: conclusions and recommendations. Rec 2023; 98:599–620. View 14.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: Although we only measured problematic access, a similar pattern is observed in other measures of appropriate care, such as recommended procedures for a variety of health conditions, preventive care, and mental health services, even in our universal healthcare systems [15, 23]. Although we did not find the same degree of disparity between native-born and immigrants that are reported in other studies [13, 15, 24], we observed higher ER use, especially among recent immigrants (< 10 years). and Canada have publicly-funded health systems universally available to their citizens, but both have gaps that affect disproportionately the poor, new immigrants and other socially vulnerable populations [25,26,27]. Beyond the effect of specific indicators of social vulnerability, our findings support the notion of intersectionality in which multiple risk factors overlap and interact in a person to create a new state of amplified vulnerability, especially to effects that result from structures of privilege and power [28, 29]. We observe lower abilities to access and problematic access among those having two or more vulnerabilities, regardless of what the specific vulnerabilities are. An independent review [30] also found reports of greater access disparity associated with multiple vulnerabilities. Consequently, in our study, factors that were not individually predictive, such as low educational level and immigrant status, became predictive of problematic access in combination. It is critical for publicly-funded healthcare systems to reflect on how to ensure access for vulnerable groups, such as those living in poverty, those with severe mental health problems, and those experiencing other characteristics that make individuals susceptible to social exclusion. A lens of intersectionality calls for profound reflection on structures and processes in the health system that reinforce discrimination and social exclusion. Investing in educational and organizational interventions to improve or enhance abilities to access in the population may be a promising approach to reducing disparities in access. Our finding that abilities to access are independently more predictive of problematic access than social vulnerability is particularly interesting and important because modifying abilities to access is more readily actionable than modifying social vulnerability. In the interventions, we found a statistically significant improvement in participants’ ability to seek (from 2. 9 to 3. 2, paired t-test = 6. 43, p > 0. 001) and in their ability to explain their problems to health professionals (from 3. 2 to 3. 4, paired t-test = 3. 73, p > 0. 001).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: demo slot Banyak slot dari memiliki simbol khusus dan putaran bonus yang dapat meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk menang. Dengan memahami mekanisme ini, Anda dapat menentukan strategi terbaik untuk dimainkan. Selain itu, penting untuk mengatur batas maksimal ketika bermain. Meskipun slot demo gratis tidak melibatkan uang sungguhan, penerapan batas waktu dan jumlah putaran dapat membantu Anda menjaga fokus dan menghindari kebosanan. merasa permainan mulai terasa membosankan, tidak ada salahnya untuk berhenti sejenak dan kembali nanti. Terakhir, jangan ragu untuk mencoba berbagai jenis slot demo yang tersedia. Setiap permainan memiliki karakteristik dan RTP (return to player) yang berbeda. Dengan mencoba berbagai slot, Anda dapat menemukan game yang paling cocok dengan gaya bermain Anda. Cobalah untuk mencari slot yang memiliki RTP yang lebih tinggi, karena ini biasanya memberikan peluang lebih baik untuk menang. 07/10/2024 by admin1989 What is a Domino? The domino is a small rectangular block, usually 28 in number, used to play games of chance or skill. Its face is marked with an arrangement of spots resembling those on dice. It also has a blank side. It is a cousin of playing cards. Whether lined up in long rows or knocked down, the domino has many uses and is often a favorite toy of children. It is also a tool that can be used to teach students to count and add, or to play a game of strategy. Dominos are used for a variety of educational purposes, including teaching numbers and counting, recognizing patterns and shapes, and analyzing probability. A student learning the alphabet can also work on letter recognition by matching letters to their corresponding domino dots.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. of 67(2):p 189-191, Apr–Jun 2023. | DOI: 10. 4103/ijph. ijph_764_23 ’s theme on its 75th year, “Health for All”, is both appropriate and meaningful on account of the unfinished agenda of primary health care (PHC), the Goals, and the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. experience of the pandemic amply demonstrated that the application of these PHC principles helped to address diverse aspects of physical, mental, and social dimensions. The need for ‘internalization’ of principles and operational strategies cannot be over-emphasized. On the occasion of the diamond jubilee year celebration of WHO, the theme “Health for All” is being reiterated, which shows its importance in the present global health scenario. The concept of health for all came in the second half of the 20th century, but still, the health system is not able to achieve it. of WHO in 1978 emphasized the concept of “Health for all by 2000,” but still an unachieved dream. Health for all is a holistic approach and it means that health is to be brought within reach of everyone in each country, and “health” means a personal state of well-being, not just the availability of health services. The concept aimed at the universalization of equitable health-care delivery with primary health care (PHC) to achieve it. Public health being an integral component of PHC, and it is imperative that “Health for All” cannot be achieved by ignoring public health. Declaration is considered an idealistic vision which addresses the social determinants of health by calling for efforts in education, housing, agriculture, industry, communication, etc. , but only mentioned little about the financial component. In the early 1980s, neo-liberalization policies came across the globe and international agencies were providing loans for a series of policies to expand the market economy and shrink public spending. [1] Social sectors such as health were affected the most during the late phase of the 20th century. Piecemeal health interventions such as immunization and growth monitoring were only got importance as PHC.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: Impact of pandemic on mental health in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) Published online by Press: 03 December 2020 [Opens in a new window] andShow author details Manasi Kumar* Affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi00100, Kumar Affiliation: UN (UNEP), P. O. Box 30522, Nairobi0010, Kenya * Author for correspondence: Manasi Kumar, E-mail: manni_3in@hotmail. com 0. 13 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the ‘Save PDF’ action button. , 2020 e35 DOI: [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated poverty and resulted in mental illnesses. This nexus of rising mental illness in low resource contexts and increasing extreme poverty in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in the context of the global pandemic is now blatantly visible. These trends have not only exacerbated extreme poverty, but have also induced psychological distress and ill-health, thus significantly affecting general mental health functioning of people across the globe. We ask for urgent action in developing policy that addresses poor mental health, which emanates from material deprivation and is currently intensified by the prevailing pandemic. Our commentary highlights linkages between incidence of poverty and the rise of mental illnesses globally in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Mental ill-health and poverty are closely linked in a complex negative cycle. It has been found that except for diseases such as schizophrenia, where the genetic factor could be a dominant factor, extreme material deprivation resulting from the lack of gainful employment, inadequate nutrition, and lack of basic amenities could precede mental illness (Patel et al. , -and UnÜtzer2018). People affected by material deprivation are known to be at a higher risk of mental illness (Organization, 2013).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: When a child with autism is learning to name people and places, they can use a domino with pictures as an interactive way to practice. dominoes, which are made to represent every possible combination of two thrown dice, European dominoes have one blank face and seven that have the pips from each die. This makes them easier to match and easier to score in positional games. The most basic Western domino games are based on the concept that each player has to place his or her pieces edge-to-edge against those of the other players. The players then draw at random the number of pieces they need to win, usually five or seven. The remaining pieces are discarded, sometimes known as the boneyard. The term domino also refers to the action of a person or company taking over another person or organization. For example, when someone buys a franchise from another company, they assume control of that business. This can be a positive thing, as it allows for new ideas and innovations to enter an industry, but it is also risky if the buyer doesn’t have sufficient resources to succeed in the new business. A domino effect is an unexpected event that occurs as a result of the actions of one person or group. A great example of this is the CVS decision to stop selling to some of its customers, which led to the state of Maryland passing a law banning pharmacies from selling it. The domino effect is not always a good thing, however, as it can result in health and safety issues. 06/10/2024 by admin1989 of is a card game that is played with a small number of players around a table. The players place bets on a hand, called a pot, until one player has all the chips or everyone folds. There are several different ways to place a bet, including calling, raising or folding. A good poker player will mix up his style, betting and bluffing to keep the other players guessing what he has in his hand. The earliest forms of poker involved only two cards, but the game eventually evolved to include more than four. It also grew from a single round of betting to a series of betting rounds, each time increasing the stakes until there was a showdown in which the highest-ranking hand won the pot. There are a wide variety of poker variants, including draw and stud poker, but Texas Hold’em is by far the most popular.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the AIDS epidemic, and several other health emergencies such as influenza, cholera, and ebola epidemic became rampant. In the absence of a functioning health system, mounting up a response against these epidemics was hard, and expensive. In these circumstances, a resurgent health-for-all agenda was revived through universal health coverage (UHC). Almost 2 billion people are facing catastrophic or impoverishing health spending globally. The major focus of UHC is to prevent the suffering of people from financial hardship while accessing health care. The UHC service coverage index increased from 45 in 2000 to 67 in 2019. -19 pandemic further disrupted essential services in 92% of countries. To build back better health, the WHO recommendation is to reorient health systems to PHC. [2] Most (90%) of essential UHC interventions can be delivered and 75% of projected health gains from the SDGs could be achieved through PHC. [2] Economic utility drives UHC. The idealistic values of the Declaration must be incorporated into UHC. UHC needs to expand the debate further afield from just ensuring financial protection and access to care, to a renewed focus on overall health and well-being. In a developing country like India, UHC requires a financing system mainly from “pooled resources” i. e. , tax funds. This shall cut down the influence of market forces in altering the social cause. Features of PHC allow the health system to adapt and respond to a complex and rapidly changing world. With its emphasis on promotion and prevention, social determinants of health, and a people-centered approach, PHC is a highly effective and efficient way to address the main causes of poor health and handle emerging health challenges. UHC and the health-related SDGs can only be sustainably achieved with a stronger emphasis on PHC. Equitable distribution, appropriate technology, intersectoral coordination, and community participation being the principles of PHC hold more importance than before. The solution for modern-day health issues lies in these principles and examples in the field of communicable and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are in front of us. -19 pandemic was an eye-opener. It exposed the voids and vulnerability of the public health system in our country.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: Poverty and mental health Extreme poverty, measured as earning less than USD 1. 90 a day by the World Bank, is accompanied by hunger, overcrowded living conditions, low accessibility and affordability of health services, limited educational and livelihood opportunities, and adverse life events associated with socioeconomic vulnerabilities. The culmination of these factors is known to increase risk of mental distress and mental illnesses (Lund et al. , and Patel2011). Over time an awareness in the field of mental health recognizes that this vicious cycle of poverty and mental ill health needs to be viewed from human rights perspective. In addition, the focus on poverty alleviation within health sciences needs a better alignment with the global development agenda (Patel et al. , -and UnÜtzer2018; Kumar, Reference Kumar2019). In general, people living in poverty also experience a lower quality of life and exhibit low well-being indicators, such as poor health, social and physical security, and political freedom and choices. Poverty increases the risk of mental illnesses that consequentially increase the likelihood of economic downturn at individual and family levels (Organization, 2011). Individuals with mental illness are stigmatized, actively discriminated against, and their ability to hold livelihoods and access opportunities are reduced. The cost associated with mental health treatments also increases economic burden on the individual and the family (Patel et al. , -and UnÜtzer2018). This indicates that living with mental illness over time can also make one poorer. -19, one out of four people suffered from mental ill-health (primarily anxiety and depression). Now as approximately 3–4 billion people are placed in lockdown as a mitigation response measure to COVID-19, more and more people are suffering from anxiety. People are under acute stress stemming from job loss, COVID-19-related deaths (within family and friends), and abnormal situations associated with restriction of movement and social isolation. In addition, a large number of individuals experience stress and anxiety from suspected exposure to COVID-19 and from being quarantined away from the secure confines of their homes in LMICs. Rise in mental health needs during COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 is merely one symptom of the dysfunctional relationship between humans and nature, which is manifested through climate change, loss of biodiversity, habitat fragmentation, and domestication of wild animals (UNEP, 2020). In 2016, the flagged the worldwide increase in zoonotic epidemics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Many of the rules and variations of poker are based on mathematical calculations and strategies rather than pure chance. In addition to learning probability calculations and the strategy of poker, players develop a range of other skills, including focus and discipline. Poker is also a great way to relax, and it can even help improve the overall quality of life. A player can decide to play a hand of poker for free, or he can pay an ante or blind bet to enter the game. When a player calls or raises the stakes, he must either match or beat the total amount of money placed in the pot so far. If he cannot, he must fold and leave the game. To begin the game, the dealer shuffles the cards and deals them to each player in turn, starting with the person to his left. The player to his left must then place a small bet known as the “blind bet” or “small blind. ” The button moves to the next spot after each deal, and it marks where betting should begin for the next hand. Each player receives two cards, which are known as hole cards. These are dealt face down. Then, the dealer places three community cards on the table in a round known as the flop. A fourth card is then shared, and another betting round takes place. Finally, the final card is revealed in a round called the river. The player with the best five-card hand wins the pot. In poker, as in life, there is often a trade-off between risk and reward. Playing it safe results in fewer chances to win, but it can also prevent you from taking advantage of opportunities when a moderate amount of risk could result in a substantial reward. Likewise, a life of recklessness may seem fun at the time but can have serious consequences in the long run. This is why it is important to understand the risks and rewards of each decision you make. Whether you’re playing a casual game of poker with friends or competing in the world championships, it is always wise to keep these principles in mind. 02/10/2024 by admin1989 of is a form of entertainment that involves risking something of value for the chance to win a prize. It can be played in casinos, racetracks, at home or even on the internet. It is a common pastime for many people and can be fun to participate in.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: Cumulative neglect in the past on infrastructure, funding staffing, and technology upgradation has led to the demolishment and annihilation of the public health system but proved its relevance to the world. Rebuilding the public health system had become the need of the hour. The public health discipline came into the limelight and the policy decisions depended upon the opinion of the public health expert. During the pandemic of COVID-19, the application of these PHC principles helped to address the various aspects of physical, mental, and social issues about it. For instance, one LSGD in Alappuzha, Kerala, launched a program called “Aardramee Aryaad” in 2017 to train community volunteers for NCD control by house-to-house screening for the identification of NCDs including hypertension and diabetes. One community volunteer was trained for every 20 households from the neighborhood and screened all above the age of 30 years for diabetes mellitus and all above the age of 18 years for hypertension. During the initial phase of COVID, these volunteers were trained in COVID control measures such as hand washing, proper usage of masks, social distancing, quarantine, reverse quarantine, and isolation. Identification of high-risk groups and their mapping and resource identification for reverse quarantine of high-risk groups such as places and food kits for people in quarantine were quickly made possible through the intervention of these health volunteers. This is only one among many interventions which is an example of community participation. Activities of Kudumbashree in Kerala are another example of community participation. Kudumbashree is considered the face of women empowerment in Kerala. Even before the emergence of had been contributing to public health activities. Kudumbashree actively participated in the COVID control activities of the state such as break the chain campaign, special care for the elderly, community kitchens, mask-making and sanitizer production, and bud school activities. Kudumbashree is sending a message to the world that if we empower women, they shall act as protection to the family and community. During the pandemic, the influx of funds into the public health-care system occurred and infrastructure development was done by the and II packages announced by the union government. [3] Total beds including intensive care units and ventilator facilities in the hospitals increased to cater for the large population. Facilities in meeting the oxygen requirement of the country were made available to both the poor and rich.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: In a recent COVID-19 mental health impact survey conducted by the WHO, results indicate the pandemic has disrupted or halted critical mental health services in 93% of countries worldwide while the demand for mental health is increasing (Organization, 2020c). We know that COVID-19 is straining the capacity of public health and essential services across the world. There are worries that the LMICs will be severely affected because investments in adequate staffing, health equipment, access to health services, and evidence-based guidelines and their timely dissemination and coordinated implementation continues to be a challenge. Non-COVID-19 patients would suffer as much as those in need of serious medical intervention. Recommended interventions for COVID-19 involve (1) the assessment of the accuracy of information, (2) enhancing social support, (3) reducing the stigma associated with the disease, (4) maintaining a normal life while adhering to safety measures, and (5) using psychosocial services, particularly online services, when needed (Rajkumar, Reference Rajkumar2020). Most of these responses are compromised in under-resourced settings where health systems cannot cope with preventive and promotive messaging and support. The treatment burden is in itself so significant that prevention and ancillary support services cannot be rallied in a timely manner. Those most affected in this pandemic are vulnerable low wage earning individuals who also have underlying chronic conditions. This is worsened if they also belong to vulnerable groups, such as elderly, migrant workers, marginalized ethnic or racial groups, women, pregnant women, and individuals with mental illnesses. In such cases, access to services and available support is also compromised (Pfefferbaum and North, and North2020; Rajkumar, Reference Rajkumar2020). Forced quarantine and marking of informal settlements and localities as ‘red zones’ due to COVID-19 exposure borders human and mental health rights violation. Isolating people without adequate provisioning of their everyday life needs can aggravate people's stress and helplessness (Rubin and Wessely, and Wessely2020; Torales et al. , Reference Torales, O'Higgins, Castaldelli-Maia and Ventriglio2020). Infectious diseases bring with them heightened fear of contagion, stigma, and social ostracization of individuals and communities, as was seen during HIV, Ebola, and related epidemics.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: However, it is important to understand the risks involved in gambling to protect yourself and your money. Some people gamble because they are in it for the money and enjoy the thrill of winning big. Others are in it for social reasons, such as playing with friends, or they want to get that rush or high that comes from risk-taking. Some people may also play for relaxation or to escape from their everyday problems. However, the fact is that you are more likely to lose money than to win when you gamble. Therefore, it is best to only gamble with money that you can afford to lose. Various studies have examined the negative and positive impacts of gambling, but the results are inconsistent. Some studies show negative effects such as increased crime and delinquency, but most of the research ignores the social aspects of gambling. This is because social impacts are difficult to measure and have a high sensitivity to individual differences, which makes it difficult to apply a common methodology. Gambling can have negative and positive consequences for individuals, society and the economy. The most obvious impact is the financial loss, but there are other effects such as mental health problems, family difficulties, work performance and self-control issues. The negative impacts of gambling are largely due to the behavioural aspect of the activity and the inability of some people to resist temptation. In addition, some people are genetically predisposed to thrill-seeking behaviours and impulsiveness, which can make them more susceptible to gambling addiction. It is essential to know that gambling is a risky activity and can have significant negative effects on your health, life style and finances. It is important to set a budget and be aware of your spending habits. It is also essential to seek help if you feel that your gambling is out of control. Many organisations offer support and assistance for those affected by gambling. These services can include counselling, education and training. It is possible to overcome a gambling addiction and live a healthy, fulfilling life. The first step is admitting that you have a problem, which can be hard for some people to do. However, you can find the help and support you need through peer support groups such as Gamblers Anonymous. These groups follow the same model as Alcoholics Anonymous, and can help you change your destructive habits. In addition, you can use online therapy to learn how to manage your emotions and gain the confidence to stop gambling. You can also try alternative ways to relax and have fun, such as going for group activities with friends or practicing relaxation techniques.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: Under the DRP, postgraduate students in both private and government medical colleges are being posted in district hospitals and taluk hospitals. This will provide orientation for all clinical and nonclinical postgraduate students toward public health and more acquittance with various national programs is possible which eventually strengthens PHC. Training of foreign medical graduates in Indian medical colleges opens the provision of internships for foreign medical graduates after qualifying for the entrance examination in medical colleges which helps in the standardization of young doctors. Proper exposure to community medicine/public health will also be possible through this program. The new flagship programs of the government such as which make provisions to transform existing subcenters and primary health centers to Health and to ensure universal access to an expanded range of comprehensive PHC services. Upgradation of primary health centers into family health centers and ensuring more hours of PHC service delivery to the people which helps in accessibility to the health system, for both communicable as well as NCDs. These initiatives put public health principles as their bedrock and aim at ensuring health for all in the community. The persistent remainder is “Not to unlearn the public health lessons learned during COVID-19. ” For the improvement of the health of the community in the future, the following shall be ensured. Proper utilization of the infrastructure and technological advancements established during Covid 19 pandemic. Raising the budgetary allocation for (at least 6% of GDP) More allocation to local self-governments for planning, delivery, and monitoring of under them Establishment of outbreak monitoring systems for communicable diseases control in every state Implementation of quality drugs and vaccine production in the public sector Research environment enhancement in and other academic institutes under health Digitalization of the health sector Proper utilization of the social capital and Enforcement of Act for the regulation of the private sector to stop exploitation. All these shall only be attained through the principles of PHC directly or indirectly. We all aim to attain Goals which can only be possible through various public health interventions. The dream of Health for All shall no longer be a dream when the principles of PHC are followed. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. 1. | History, Facts, & Impact | Britannica. Available from: [Last accessed on 2023 May 27] 2. Coverage (UHC). Available from: [Last accessed on 2023 May 27] 3.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: There is existing evidence that poor mental health can be a cause and a consequence of poverty and destitution (Lund et al. , and Patel2011; Funk et al. , Reference Funk, Drew and Knapp2012). Common mental health disorders affect the wage-earning capacity of the poor as the individual's everyday functioning is reduced (Kleinman, Reference Kleinman2009). Challenging mental health condition also reduces the wage earning potential of individual because of lower employability. The absolute material deprivation can also cause depression, anxiety, or traumatic stress. We know that absolute poverty in many parts of the world can be intergenerational. Pandemics further hinder the capability of the poor to climb out of extreme poverty. Even though mental health disorders affect 1 billion people globally, the governments of the world spend only about 2% of their health budgets on addressing this issue. Additionally, most people lack access to basic psychosocial and psychiatric treatments. The interconnections between poverty and mental health stop short of examining the health and care infrastructure and ignore the political factors that perpetuate an increase in both (Patterson et al. , and Wipfli2020). COVID-19: driver of poverty and deprivation suggests that the world's economy is projected to contract by up to 8% in 2020, which is worse than the 2008–09 financial crisis (IMF, 2020). The emerging markets and developing economies are projected to contract by 1% in 2020. On employment, the Organization forecasts that around 2. 7 billion workers are affected due to lockdown (81% of the world's workforce) (Organization, 2020). By now, several global agencies and think tanks have conclusively shown that workers who are either extremely poor (less than USD 1. 90 a day) or poor would be hit the hardest. This includes refugees, migrant workers, non-farm laborers, and workforce engaged through other informal activities. Although governments have responded promptly with relief packages to keep their economies on life support and to maintain economic activities, informal workers (about 2 billion) are not benefiting from these relief packages. Informal labor has 92. 70% of total labor share in low-income countries, 83% in lower-middle countries, 55. 35% upper-middle countries, and 14. 43% in high-income countries.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: It is important to address any underlying mood disorders that might be contributing to your gambling behaviour, such as depression or anxiety. 02/10/2024 by admin1989 Bermain Togel: Hasil dan togel, khususnya Toto Macau, telah menjadi salah satu pilihan favorit bagi banyak orang yang mencari hiburan sekaligus peluang menang. Dengan berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil dan data, penting untuk memiliki pemahaman yang dalam tentang semua aspek pengeluaran dan keluaran dari game ini. Artikel ini akan memberikan panduan lengkap mengenai Toto Macau, termasuk pengeluaran dan data terkini yang dapat membantu Anda menjadi lebih pintar dalam memainkan permainan ini. Hari ini, kami akan membahas berbagai informasi penting seperti live draw Macau, result Macau hari ini, dan situs terpercaya untuk bermain togel Macau. Melalui pemahaman yang mendalam tentang data dan hasil yang tersedia, Anda akan dapat meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk menang. Mari kita mulai perjalanan ini dan gali lebih dalam tentang apa yang membuat menjadi pilihan yang menarik bagi para pemain togel. Data dan dan pengeluaran sangat penting bagi para pemain yang ingin menganalisis dan meningkatkan peluang kemenangan mereka. Setiap hasil pengeluaran yang dilakukan secara rutin oleh situs resmi memberikan informasi yang akurat tentang angka-angka yang telah keluar. Dengan mempelajari data ini, pemain bisa merumuskan strategi yang lebih baik untuk taruhan mereka di masa mendatang.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: An assessment in Madagascar focusing on access to ten essential diagnostics for primary care settings found that individuals often had to travel an average of 5. 5 kilometres by foot and by bus to access a testing facility [8]. Given that the average cost of a bus ride constitutes 42% of an individual’s daily income, this presents significant financial barriers to care [9]. There is also poor road infrastructure, so many had to travel by foot through rice fields and uneven terrain to get to healthcare centres [9]. This leads to questions of: Who are tests for? Are they predominantly for governments to ascertain how quickly a pathogen is spreading? Or are they predominantly so that communities can know their status? How can we work to ensure that both objectives are achieved but that we prioritise the right of people to know their status–and seek subsequent treatment services as they are needed? How do we create community-friendly diagnostics services? How can we listen to what communities have reported, such as in the assessments described above, and adapt testing and treatment services to meet people where they are? How can we transform diagnostics to truly serve the needs of the people that need them the most? Fig 1 below offers an illustration of how we can better service communities and what best practice could look like. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Factors to consider in the design of community-friendly diagnostics programmes. Incorporating a intersectional equity lens at the outset of diagnostics plansThere are countless other examples of communities that we have not included here–but what this diagram illustrates is that for the right to health vis-à-vis diagnostics to be truly fulfilled, we need three core components guiding diagnostics deployment: A meaningful understanding of communities, including their strengths and routines, their challenges and vulnerabilities, and what their preferred access routes (or care seeking patterns) are. Pragmatism in response/diagnostics teams. If PCR facilities in their current locations won’t help increase access–be pragmatic and innovative. That the right to know one’s status is equally if not more important than the desire of governments to conduct surveillance or impose public health measures such as quarantine. Global policy factors also influence access to diagnostics for communities. For example, and required WHO guidance to procure COVID-19 self-tests for deployment.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: 1 The syndemic nature of the disease can be explained as a synergistic relationship between mental disorders and other chronic conditions (eg, HIV, tuberculosis) and with social determinants of health (eg, poverty). 5–7 These bilateral relationships may fuel the incidence of both disease and social ills and interventions to mitigate the effects on mental health and other chronic diseases, in particular, should thus target the health system and organisational levels. 8 9 In the absence of a coordinated and integrated approach to chronic disease management, many illnesses, including mental health conditions may go undetected and thus undertreated. Mental health integration into primary healthcareA large cohort study estimated a 95% treatment gap for mental disorders in public primary care antiretroviral therapy programmes, reinforcing the need for integrated chronic care as opposed to vertically delivered programmes. 10 In the broader low-income and middle-income country (LMIC) landscape, the general mental health treatment gap estimates range from 76% to 85%. 11 The integration of mental health in primary healthcare services enables the consolidation of care from a single delivery point and from generally trained health teams who are able to detect and treat any chronic condition, including mental disorders. These strategies underpin the WHO’s Programme in 2008 for the integration of mental health at primary healthcare level in LMICs. 11 12 Building on this, the for 2013–2030 encompasses more comprehensive strategies for improving mental health services and the mental well-being of individuals worldwide. 11 To this end, both initiatives employ mechanisms to build capacity within the mental health workforce through the upskilling of non-specialist healthcare providers and the use of evidence-based guidelines and interventions for the management of common mental health conditions such as depression, psychotic disorders and alcohol abuse. 11 12Mental health workforce challenge and strategiesThe success of integration hinges on having sufficient numbers and types of well-trained and equipped healthcare workers. 13 However, barriers such as a paucity of human resources for mental health, a high workload for existing primary care workers and poor medicine availability are prohibitive to optimal implementation in many LMICs. 12 The scarcity of specialists in mental healthcare is well documented with LMICs registering a median of 1. 3 mental health nurses and a mere 0. 4 psychiatrists per 100 000 population. 1 Furthermore, an observed inverse primary care law in sub-translates to lower densities of healthcare workers at primary care levels and rural communities.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Melalui pemahaman yang mendalam tentang tren pengeluaran, individu dapat membuat keputusan yang lebih bijaksana. Salah satu cara untuk mengakses data dan pengeluaran adalah melalui live draw Macau. Acara ini biasanya disiarkan secara langsung dan memberikan hasil yang aktual seketika, memungkinkan pemain untuk melihat hasil pengeluaran dengan jelas. Selain itu, banyak situs terpercaya menyediakan arsip data keluaran Macau sebelumnya, sehingga pemain dapat dengan mudah menelusuri hasil-hasil sebelumnya dan mencari pola atau angka yang sering muncul. Menggunakan data Macau dan pengeluaran Macau hari ini juga membantu dalam memantau performa permainan. Dalam setiap sesi pengeluaran, pemain dapat mencatat angka yang keluar dan membandingkannya dengan angka-angka yang telah mereka pilih. Dengan cara ini, mereka bisa menilai seberapa besar peluang mereka dalam memilih nomor yang tepat. Menjadi paham mengenai data dan pengeluaran merupakan langkah cerdas bagi siapa pun yang serius dalam bermain togel. Bermain togel Macau membutuhkan strategi yang tepat agar dapat meningkatkan peluang kemenangan. Salah satu strategi yang umum digunakan adalah analisis data hasil pengeluaran sebelumnya. Dengan mempelajari hasil-hasil sebelumnya, pemain dapat mencari pola atau angka yang sering muncul.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: In addition, a summary of each of the 1614 papers which describe an initiative to improve health or healthcare is provided (Additional file 1) in a format that can be thematically searched. This will be a useful resource for academics and policy makers interested in improving urban health. The outputs of this systematic scoping review should be used to inform urban health policy for the next decade. MethodsAim and overviewA systematic search was conducted to identify literature on city-wide initiatives to improve health. This study was completed in accordance with the extension for scoping reviews [28] The protocol was registered at (number CRD42020166210). Search strategy and selection criteriaTen databases were searched; Embase, Ovid Medline, (), (HMIC), PyschINFO and Prospero. Specific and pre-determined search terms were developed, tested and finalised for each database. These are available in Additional file 1. The inclusion criteria was: city-wide initiatives that aimed to improve health or healthcare. The definition of improvement, for the purposes of this research, was purposefully broad and included any initiative whose aim was to improve health outcomes or healthcare services. 2019. Subject areas of health improvementA total of 47 themes emerged as subject areas that cities were seeking to address. Just over two thirds (69% n = 1113) of the subject areas were related to improving health, with the remaining 31% (n = 501) related to improving health services. Across improving health and improving healthcare, 92% (n = 1483) were addressing non-communicable diseases (Fig. 2). Fig. 2Subject area cities were seeking to addressFull size imageOf those related to improving health, 1043 (94%) were focused on non-communicable diseases and 70 (6%) were focused on communicable diseases. In relation to non-communicable diseases, there were 39 different subject areas addressed. A significant proportion (n = 354 equivalent to 33%) did not state a specific area of health they were seeking to address. Where a specific area was stated, the highest was obesity (n = 104), followed by diet (n = 102), smoking (n = 61) and then air quality (n = 53). The non-communicable health subject areas are presented in Fig. 3 below.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: 0000000000000628OpenUrlPubMed↵ “Social vulnerability and mental health inequalities in the “Syndemic”: call for action”. 2022;13:894370. doi:10. 3389/fpsyt. 2022. 894370↵ Addressing the tuberculosis–depression Syndemic to end the tuberculosis epidemic. Dis 2017;21:852–61. doi:10. 5588/ijtld. 16. 0584↵ Integrating HIV and mental health interventions to address a global Syndemic among men who have sex with men. Lancet HIV 2022;9:e574–84. doi:10. 1016/S2352-3018(22)00076-5OpenUrl↵ Tuberculosis: an opportunity to integrate mental health services in primary care in low-resource settings. 2018;5:952–4. doi:10. 1016/S2215-0366(18)30347-XOpenUrl↵Ruffieux Y, Efthimiou O, Van den Heuvel LL, et al. The treatment gap for mental disorders in adults enrolled in HIV treatment programmes in South Africa: a cohort study using linked electronic health records. Sci 2021;30:e37. doi:10. 1017/S2045796021000196↵Organization. Comprehensive mental health action plan 2013-2030. Geneva: Organization, 2021. ↵Organization. mh: Scaling up care for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. Geneva: Organization, 2008. ↵Organization. Organization of Services for Mental Health. Geneva: Organization, 2003. ↵ Human resources for primary health care in sub-Saharan Africa: progress or stagnation Health 2015;13:76. doi:10. 1186/s12960-015-0073-8↵Kakuma R, Minas H, van Ginneken N, et al. Human resources for mental health care: Current situation and strategies for action. 2011;378:1654–63. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(11)61093-3OpenUrl↵Aurizki GE, Wilson I. Nurse-led task-shifting strategies to substitute for mental health specialists in primary care: A systematic review.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Ini akan membantu dalam menentukan angka mana yang sebaiknya dipilih pada taruhan berikutnya. Misalnya, pemain dapat fokus pada angka-angka yang telah muncul dalam beberapa draw terakhir atau menghindari angka yang jarang keluar. Selain itu, penting untuk menetapkan batasan dalam bermain. Pemain sebaiknya menetapkan anggaran untuk bertaruh dan mematuhi batasan tersebut. Dengan cara ini, risiko kerugian besar dapat diminimalkan. Mengatur bankroll secara bijak juga akan membantu pemain dalam mengambil keputusan yang lebih rasional tanpa terpengaruh emosi saat bermain. Terakhir, bergabung dengan komunitas togel atau forum online dapat memberikan tambahan informasi yang berguna. Banyak pemain berbagi pengalaman, strategi, dan tips dalam komunitas tersebut. Mendengarkan pendapat orang lain dan belajar dari kesalahan serta keberhasilan mereka dapat memberi wawasan baru yang bermanfaat. Mengkombinasikan informasi dari komunitas dengan data keluaran resmi akan meningkatkan strategi dalam bermain togel Macau. untuk Memilih situs togel Macau yang terpercaya adalah langkah penting untuk menjamin keamanan dan kenyamanan dalam bermain. Di era digital saat ini, banyak situs yang menawarkan permainan togel, namun tidak semuanya memiliki reputasi baik. Pastikan untuk memilih situs yang memiliki lisensi resmi dan ulasan positif dari pemain lain.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: Editorial: Global health initiatives and the new dichotomy in health systems 1 1741 Accesses 3 all metrics Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. proposes to lead a discussion about global aid and Initiatives (GHIs), beginning in these Federation Pages. In this issue (JPHP 31. 1), we have invited authors from the Department of from the Institute of Antwerp, Belgium, and from the of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to discuss the ‘New dichotomy in health systems’ strengthening and the role of global health initiatives’. Next, the WFPHA will take a very active part in the upcoming Geneva Forum, 19–21 April 2010, entitled Globalization, Crisis & Health Systems: Perspectives ( The problems of GHIs will be the topic of a special session. In it, the organisers will integrate views of researchers, such as the contributors here, along with those of GHIs professionals, and participants from recipient countries. The questions underpinning foreign aid are many, and cover a wide area. We have to look at the ethical and moral assumptions behind the belief that foreign aid ‘does good’. We must ask: ‘Where has aid failed? ’ and then explain why. As has Roger Riddell,1 we will ask not only if aid works, but also, ‘Is it needed? ’. GHIs and foreign aid remain fragmented, suffering from lack of coordination among donors. The under-resourced, local governments are burdened by duplicative reporting requirements, with each donor insisting upon different forms and formats to collect the same sorts of information. Even after the international consensus conferences in Paris and Accra to confront this challenge, progress is not encouraging (as demonstrated by the Organization for and Development (OECD) in its 2008 Survey on Monitoring the Paris Declaration). Why does harmonisation of foreign aid remain so difficult after the declared willingness of large donors to coordinate in this way? Several reasons are likely. For example, each donor has its own agenda, all must demonstrate accountability to their governance bodies and many fear mismanagement by recipients. Many recipients prefer competition among donors, with the view that the competitive dynamic may yield more resources. They worry that greater visibility of harmonised aid might lead to reduction, not only of funding, but also of recipient autonomy and leadership role for setting the development and health agendas for their own countries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: Access to healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional analysis of income and user-access across 16 economically diverse countries access Published: 01 October 2024 Access to healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional analysis of income and user-access across 16 economically diverse countries Zachary D. V. Abel1, Laurence S. J. Roope1,2, Raymond Duch3 & …Philip M. Clarke1,2,4 Show authors BMC 2022. Quota sampling and post-stratification weighting was used to obtain an age, gender, geographically, and educationally representative sample. The study assesses the differences in challenges in access to healthcare during the pandemic (for GP, surgical/clinical and digital GP services) using country-specific expanded health-needs-adjusted Erreygers’ concentration indices and compares these values between countries using a Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. ResultsResults show wide variation in income-related challenges in access within countries for different types of care. For example, Erreygers’ concentration index for digital services in Colombia exhibited highly regressive inequality at 0·17, compared to Japan with an index of -0·15. Inequalities between countries were also evident, with Spearman rank coefficients of -0·69 and -0·65 (p-values of 0·003 and 0·006) for digital and surgical access, indicating that lower income countries had greater inequality in healthcare access challenges. ConclusionDuring the pandemic, inequalities in challenges to accessing healthcare were greatest in low and middle-income countries. Digital technologies offer a reasonable means to address some of this inequality if adequate support is provided and accessible digital infrastructure exists. reports IntroductionThe onset of the COVID-19 pandemic saw many health systems overwhelmed in ways that few would have expected. At its extremes, when care was required, certain systems, e. g. in Italy and India among others, were unable to provide care adequately due to the number of COVID patients requiring attention [1, 2]. The concept of limited resources in healthcare is familiar to many health systems and practitioners who work in these systems. In these systems, it is often necessary to take decisions that prioritise resources, which can result in individuals receiving, postponing, or being refused care – as in triage environments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Sebuah situs yang baik biasanya memiliki sistem keamanan yang canggih untuk melindungi data pribadi dan transaksi keuangan pemain. Selain keamanan, penting juga untuk mempertimbangkan kemudahan akses dan variasi permainan yang ditawarkan. Situs togel terpercaya biasanya menyediakan berbagai jenis permainan togel, termasuk live draw Macau, serta pengeluaran dan hasil terkini. Dengan fitur ini, pemain bisa mendapatkan informasi lengkap dan akurat tentang hasil togel secara real-time, sehingga meningkatkan pengalaman bermain. Terakhir, jangan lupa untuk memeriksa layanan pelanggan yang disediakan oleh situs tersebut. Situs terpercaya akan menawarkan layanan pelanggan yang responsif dan profesional, siap membantu pemain dalam menghadapi masalah atau pertanyaan. Dengan mengikuti langkah-langkah ini, Anda akan lebih mudah menemukan situs togel Macau yang tidak hanya aman, tetapi juga menyenangkan untuk dimainkan. toto macau 01/10/2024 by admin1989 of a gambling game combines the convenience of portable devices with the fun and excitement of casino games. Mobile phones and tablets are capable of running sophisticated casino software to produce a realistic gaming experience. They also incorporate a variety of sensors that can personalize the gambling experience for each user. However, as of yet, the development of casino games for mobile platforms has not caught up to the technology available in modern smartphones and tablets. While many people use their mobile phones for online gambling, it is important to understand that the nuances of this form of play can be quite different from traditional Internet gambling. This is because mobile devices are used in a variety of contexts and are more likely to encourage impulsive behaviour.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: The WHO monitors and supports global public health initiatives. [SEP] Text: The role GHIs could play2008, the Institute of Antwerp, Belgium convened a workshop to review the evidence on the effects of international AIDS response interventions on the broader health systems. 17 The extent to which the international AIDS response strengthens or weakens the health workforce emerged as the critical issue. The ‘Maximizing positive synergies between health systems and Initiatives research effort of the WHO, also launched in May 2008, confirmed the crucial importance of health workforce strengthening, but found that GHIs investments in the health workforce have been focused on in-service training for disease-specific programmes, task-shifting, and on increasing numbers of less qualified health workers who require limited training. 18The WHO approach, requiring doubling or tripling of the number of nurses in some countries, calls for a long-term strategy: develop training capacity first, then train, and finally hire additional health workers. 19 Returns should not be expected within the next five years. Can GHIs adopt such a long-term perspective? The ‘Raise it, Spend it, Prove it’ slogan of the former executive director of the Global Fund20 illustrates the pressure to deliver results on the short term under which the was and is probably still operating. A ‘Raise it, Spend it, Prove it’ approach would probably encourage the MBB approach to HSS, more than the WHO approach. Paradoxically perhaps, while GHIs are somehow pushed towards the MBB approach, they may be the key to enabling the WHO approach. As mentioned above, a crucial difference between them is that, for recurrent costs, the MBB approach relies on domestic health funding, while the WHO approach relies partially on international health funding. argue that international health funding is, in general, unpredictable and ‘therefore poorly suited to fund recurrent costs’. 21 But they continue: ‘Parts of the new institutional architecture, such as the Global Fund, appear to deliver stable and predictable financing’. The WHO approach to HSS thus depends on GHIs. ConclusionReading the and the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and justification for rejecting the WHO approach to HSS in LICs, and for favouring an alternative MBB approach, recalls the (PHC) versus dichotomy of three decades ago. Once again the and join forces against the WHO, proposing something cheaper, and – so they seem to believe – more efficient.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: , [13,14,15]) or if referred to care by a doctor (e. g. in Zhuoga et al. ’s work) [16]. Alamneh et al. define a challenge to access as being a situation where individuals faced financial constraints, long distances to facilities, did not receive permission to consult a health practitioner, or did not want to attend an appointment by themselves [11]. Alamneh et al. investigate barriers in accessing maternal care in Sub-[11]. Ghana, Uganda, and are included in their study, alongside 30 other African countries. They find pro-rich inequality in accessing maternal care, though estimates at the country level were not available. Houghton et al. conduct an analysis on access barriers in four countries, including Colombia. Lower-income respondents faced increased barriers relative to wealthier respondents, with significant results observed from 2010–2016 using the slope index of inequality. Wu et al. investigate unmet need for inpatient and outpatient care in China from 2011–2015, while Zhuoga et al. investigate unmet need for hospitalization (inpatient) in Tibet [14, 16]. Wu et al. find inequality favouring the rich for both inpatient and outpatient unmet need due to financial constraints, but find that the poor were less affected than the rich by non-financial constraints. Their work implies that financial barriers reduce care-seeking more than non-financial barriers for low-income earners [14]. Zhuoga et al. find pro-rich inequality in unmet need, implying that the poor had disproportionately more unmet need, though the result was not statistically significant. The pro-rich inequality decreased marginally over the study period (2013–2018). In a 2012 study, Gordon et al. find pro-rich inequality in unmet need in South Africa. Similarly, postponement of healthcare was also inequitably concentrated amongst less-wealthy households [13]. A further study by Nontarak et al. investigates modes of medication delivery during the pandemic, and found that traditional services for non-communicable disease patients exhibited pro-rich inequalities. However, new modes of medication access such as primary care facility collection, postal delivery, and delivery by volunteers exhibited pro-poor inequalities [17]. -related cross-country research focuses predominantly on health outcomes and utilisation rather than challenges in access [18,19,20].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Additionally, mobile apps impose a number of constraints on the user’s behaviour that can impact their experience with the game and increase the risk of problem gambling. There are many mobile gambling games that offer players a wide range of gambling opportunities. These include slots, video poker, blackjack, and roulette. Some of these games can even be played against live dealers. In addition, some of these games allow players to place bets with virtual money. This is particularly useful for those who travel frequently or have limited access to traditional casinos. The popularity of these games is due to the fact that they can be played almost anywhere, with or without an Internet connection. In fact, they have become a major source of revenue for many online gambling operators. The main issue is that these games are often not regulated as well as other forms of online gambling. This has caused some regulatory agencies to impose strict regulations on their operation. While this has been helpful for regulating the industry, it has also created an environment that is potentially dangerous to some users. Until recently, the graphical and processing limitations of older smartphone models meant that rich gambling environments were not possible. However, the latest generations of smartphones allow for a much more interactive gambling experience. This is because they have a wide range of sensors that can be used to customize the gambling experience and enhance player enjoyment. These features can be incorporated into a mobile casino game to attract new players and retain existing ones. One way to do this is by providing a mobile casino with a wide range of games and bonuses. For example, a good mobile casino will offer free bets and free spins to encourage players to try the games. Free bets and spins can also help new players gain confidence in the casino games. This will make them more likely to return in the future. In addition, a mobile casino should have contact information for players to help promote the games they offer. This will help to attract more customers and improve their brand image. This will in turn help them to generate a bigger share of the gambling market. 30/09/2024 by admin1989 What is the Lottery? The lottery is a form of gambling in which players pay a small fee to play for a chance to win a large prize. The prizes range from cash to goods or services. The odds of winning vary based on how many tickets are purchased and how many numbers are correct. Many states have lotteries.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malaria is easily prevented through lifestyle modifications alone. [SEP] Text: Overweight in children is associated with arterial endothelial dysfunction and intima-media thickening. . 2004;28:852-857. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science56. . Obese children have higher arterial elasticity without a difference in endothelial function: the role of body composition. Obesity. 2012;20:165-171. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science57. . Signs of early sub-clinical atherosclerosis in childhood cancer survivors. Cancer. 2014;61:532-537. CrossrefPubMed58. Mortality and causes of death of end-stage renal disease in children: a Dutch cohort study. Kidney Int. 2002;61:621-629. CrossrefPubMed59. . Hemodialysis acutely impairs endothelial function in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20:200-204. CrossrefPubMed60. Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, on and Management. ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;128:1007-1022. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science61. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction and arterial stiffness among children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treated with stimulants. J Pediatr. 2014;165:755-759. CrossrefPubMed62. . Correlation of habitual physical activity levels with flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery in 5-10-year-old children. Atherosclerosis. 2002;160:233-239. CrossrefPubMed63. Schack-. Arterial stiffness in 10-year-old children: current and early determinants. Nutr. 2005;94:1004-1011. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science64. Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in childhood cancer survivors. Cancer. 2014;62:305-310. CrossrefPubMed65. Relationships between measures of fitness, physical activity, body composition and vascular function in children. Atherosclerosis. 2009;204:244-249. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science66. Farpour-. Physical activity reduces systemic blood pressure and improves early markers of atherosclerosis in pre-pubertal obese children. J Cardiol.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mental health issues are more frequently diagnosed in high-income countries due to greater healthcare access. [SEP] Text: 2, providing firm numerical estimates of within country inequality. Fig. 2Graphical representation challenge statistics by type of care, quintile, and countryFull size imageThe results of the computed concentration indices across countries are reported graphically in Fig. 3 against median household income, as median income is shown to be correlated with inequality in access challenges across the three types of care in a country level regression. The regression results are available in Table S5. Within country inequality is presented in Fig. 3, with the country’s concentration index plotted on the chart as a point on the y-axis, with a 95% confidence interval. Results using the restricted standardization are reported in Figures S2-S4. Correlations with income are robust to standardization, apart from the in-person GP results (Figure S2). We observe ranges in the inequality indices from 0·19 (Colombia) to -0·14 (France); 0·19 (Uganda) to -0·29 (Canada); and 0·17 (Uganda) to -0·15 (Japan) in the in-person GP, surgical or clinical, and digital care types respectively. Fig. 3Challenge inequality by type of care and country-ranked median income levelsFull size imageIn Fig. 3, between country inequality and within-country inequality are shown relative to median household income. Between-country inequality is shown by the trend-line and the correlation measure between the inequality indices and median national household income. Results are negatively sloped in each of the types of care investigated. Median income has the largest observed correlation in the digital care-type, with a calculated Spearman’s correlation coefficient of -0·69 and p-value of 0·003. The surgical/clinical type of care follows closely with a correlation of -0·65 and p-value of 0·006. Results in the GP channel are weaker. The negative monotonic relationship between median income and inequality is observed across each of the variables investigated, effectively implying that lower median country income is associated with higher inequality in reported challenges to accessing care during the COVID-19 pandemic. DiscussionThis study investigated the relationship between income levels and inequality in accessing health services in three different care pathways across 16 socioeconomically diverse countries. In around half the countries studied, we observe significant inequalities in access to care based on the difficulties in accessing care reported by respondents.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Critics of the lottery argue that it promotes addictive gambling behavior, is a major regressive tax on lower-income groups and leads to other abuses. Proponents say that the proceeds help fund public programs and are a safe source of income. In addition to offering an array of instant-win scratch-off games, online lotteries offer a variety of other types of gaming. Some are video poker and slots while others involve picking numbers or symbols. These games have different rules and payouts, and the chances of winning are very low. Regardless of the game, players should always read the rules and regulations carefully to avoid fraud or other problems. The practice of making decisions and determining fates by drawing lots has a long history, including several instances in the Bible. It is also evident in ancient Greek plays and Roman emperors’ giving away property and slaves by lottery. Despite this antiquity, the modern state lottery is relatively new, with its first record occurring in 1466 in Bruges, Belgium. Lottery is often seen as a way for the government to raise money without raising taxes or cutting other public spending. This argument can be effective, especially when a state’s financial conditions are uncertain or when there is a perceived need to increase the budget for a particular public good. The popularity of lotteries varies by state, however. When deciding whether to participate in a lottery, you should consider your debt, financial goals and your level of discipline. You should also think about whether you want to take a lump sum or annuity payments. In either case, you should consult with a financial advisor to make sure you are maximizing your investment and minimizing your risk. The advisor can also help you decide whether to buy a single ticket or a multi-ticket and how to maximize your odds of winning. A financial advisor can also help you decide whether to use your winnings for an expensive purchase or invest them. Taking on too much debt can be dangerous, and it is important to set aside some of your winnings for retirement or other expenses. In addition, you should plan for taxes and other financial obligations, such as alimony or child support. The amount you receive may be subject to federal, state and local taxes. If you choose to invest your winnings, be sure to do your research and find a reputable broker. The last thing you want is to lose your money because of an inexperienced broker.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Microplastics have been found in oceans and marine life. [SEP] Text: AbstractTo unveil the interaction of radioactive Cs and Sr with polyethylene-derived microplastics in the marine environment, a mesocosm study was conducted in a stepwise manner by investigating the uptake capability of microplastics at three different stages: pristine, radiation-exposed, and marine-exposed microplastics. The study demonstrates that the physio-chemical properties of microplastics undergo significant alterations upon exposure to the environment, leading to the emergence of biofilm formation upon marine exposure, while radiation exposure induces surface roughness and cracks. Biofilm growth enhances the uptake of radionuclides by microplastics. However, the growth of biofilms increases the density of microplastics through aggregation, leading to a buoyancy transition from positive to negative buoyancy. Various interaction mechanisms, such as electrostatic, ion–dipole, and physical diffusion interactions, were identified as important mechanisms playing key roles in radionuclide binding to polyethylene-derived microplastics. Despite the significantly lower apparent distribution coefficients observed for radio Cs (in the range of 7. 3–23. 6 L/kg) and Sr (in the range of 4. 3–8. 06 L/kg) in the marine system, typically 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than those on marine suspended sediment, this study offers compelling evidence that microplastics in marine environments are capable of sequestering radio Cs and Sr. Consequently, microplastics can potentially accumulate these radionuclides, highlighting their role as potential reservoirs as well as vectors of radionuclides in marine environments. Similar content being viewed by others Biofilms of Microplastics 4. 8 million tonnes into marine environment hints at substantial sub-surface deposition [2]. The fate of MPs is influenced by factors such as size, shape, density, and environmental conditions, including coastal currents, drift, river outflow, wind, and rotational ocean currents. As a result, MPs undergo a dynamic journey, moving from coastal areas to deeper ocean regions. This trajectory is shaped by a complex interplay of physical, chemical, and biological forces, which contribute to processes like weathering and degradation [3, 4]. As a result of weathering in marine systems, MPs release additives and unreacted monomers.

Output: corroborate