Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: “Coal can’t be given up quickly or easily,” adds GEM analyst Aiqun Yu. In part that’s because energy firms want to operate their new plants enough to earn a return on their investment. The coal sector is also a major employer. Such concerns have left the government “trying to navigate a pathway for coal’s survival in the long term,” Yu says. 2023, for example, the Administration announced it will pay coal plants a fixed amount based on their capacity—how much electricity they can theoretically produce—regardless of how much they actually generate. In July, the agency unveiled a plan to develop low-carbon coal technologies, including carbon capture and storage, that could give coal a longer future. Unfortunately for the global climate, a slower phase-out of coal in China will add more CO2 to the atmosphere than if the nation maximizes its use of renewable energy as soon as possible. “What matters for the climate is total cumulative emissions over time,” Myllyvirta says. Ironically, Yu and other analysts say growing pains for renewables in China have created an opening for continued coal use. The nation’s “coal-centered grid is not well prepared to absorb these massive amounts of rapidly growing renewables,” Yu says. The majority of China’s wind and solar farms are in the sunny and windy western provinces, for example, and it is difficult to move the power they produce to the population and manufacturing centers along its eastern coast. The grid is also not yet optimized to handle the variability of solar and wind power production, and China’s electricity storage capacity is limited. In March, these limitations meant 5% of China’s solar power was curtailed, or not fed into the grid. New storage facilities and high-capacity transmission lines will eventually resolve the renewable challenges, Yu says. But concerns about the stability and flexibility of renewables led to the current coal plant building spree. “Adding so much coal will certainly lead to overcapacity, revenue loss, and potential asset strands,” Yu says, referring to coal plants and infrastructure that will end up with little value. And such issues could only worsen as China moves to meet another goal set by Xi: achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: All fermentations were performed in a HEL BioX array of 4 250 mL vessels situated in a shared block that provided both electric heat and independent magnetic agitation (HEL Group Ltd. , Barnet, UK). Electrochemical probes monitored the dissolved oxygen and pH in each vessel, while individual thermocouples recorded the media temperatures. Bioreactor cultivations were performed at a constant temperature of 30°C and pH of 5, the optimal growth conditions for each yeast species [53]. The pH in each vessel was controlled by the automatic addition of 1 N sulfuric acid or 2 N NaOH. Glucose and xylose were autoclaved separately and added to the growth media in the amounts indicated for each experiment. was added to the reactors as necessary to prevent foaming. Aeration of culture media was found to be a crucial operating variable. The agitation speed was held constant at 500 RPM for both pure and mixed culture fermentations. The gas flow rate into each reactor was altered according to the aeration level required for each experiment. A linear relationship between the gas sparge rate and the gas–liquid oxygen mass transfer coefficient (k L a) was determined using the static gassing out method [54]. Purely aerobic cultures were aerated with pure oxygen, while microaerobic fermentations were aerated with house air passed through a HEPA-VENT filter (Whatman Ltd. , Kent, UK). Total cell weight was measured using a correlation between OD595 measured on a WPA UV1101 (Biochrom Ltd. , Cambridge, UK) and dry cell weight. Cell counts of S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis in co-culture were performed on a hemacytometer in triplicate and averaged. A typical cell count considered approximately 50 S. cerevisiae cells and 200 S. stipitis cells. Conversion factors between dry cell weight and number of cells were found by drying pure culture samples of each yeast after cell counts had been performed. These factors were found to be 0. 006943 gdw/L for S. cerevisiae and 0. 001944 gdw/L for S. stipitis. Ethanol, glucose and xylose concentrations were measured by YSI 2700 biochemistry analyzers (YSI Inc. , Yellow Springs, OH) configured with the enzyme-bound membranes specified for each metabolite.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Eight cases of intussusception were reported in a total of 5764 children in the Rotavac arm compared with three cases of intussusception in 2818 children in the placebo arm. Pooled results showed no increased risk of intussusception in children receiving Rotavac when compared to placebo (RR 1. 33, 95% CI 0. 35 to 5. 02; 8582 participants, 4 trials; Analysis 3. 6). 3. 2. Secondary outcomes 3. 2. 1. Rotavirus diarrhoea: of any severity One trial provided data for the efficacy of Rotavac to prevent rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity in children. Rotavac reduced the number of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity by 34% at both one‐year (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 78; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 7) and two‐year follow‐up (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 57 to 0. 76; 6541 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 8). 3. 2. 2. Rotavirus diarrhoea: requiring medical attention Rotavac reduced the number of children requiring medical attention due to rotavirus diarrhoea at one year of follow‐up by 31% compared to placebo (RR 0. 69, 95% CI 0. 58 to 0. 81; 6799 participants, 1 trial; Analysis 3. 9). 3. 2. 3. incidences of fever (Analysis 3. 10), diarrhoea (Analysis 3. 11), and vomiting (Analysis 3. 12) were evaluated after the first dose in two trials, second dose in one trial, and third dose in one trial. We found no statistically significant differences between the Rotavac and placebo groups for most of the reactogenicity outcomes and time points, except for diarrhoea, which demonstrated an increase with Rotavac compared to placebo after the second dose (RR 1. 55, 95% CI 1. 00 to 2. 41; 356 participants) and third dose (RR 4. 09, 95% CI 2. 11 to 7. 92; 358 participants). 3. 2. 4. was more immunogenic than placebo when measured by vaccine virus shedding at the end of follow‐up (RR 9. 86, 95% CI 2. 58 to 37.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: That is expected to require China to get 90% of its electrical power from non–fossil fuel energy, up from roughly 40% last year. Clues to how China might meet that goal could come next year, when the government is scheduled to release an updated plan for reducing emissions under the Paris climate agreement. “We certainly hope China submits a more ambitious plan,” Yu says. “The scenario might be China increasing the target for renewables but not giving up much on coal. ” doi: 10. 1126/science. zhjouko Relevant tags: Asiathe author mail Normile writes about research and science policy developments in Asia, particularly China and Japan. He is based in Tokyo. More from news 1 Nov 2024 Life evolves. So do minerals. How about everything else? Voosen 31 Oct 2024 At global biodiversity summit, AI starts to make a splash J. Wight 31 Oct 2024 NASA instrument to study the mysterious origins of the solar wind more Got a tip for Science's news department? up for ScienceScience’s award-winning newsletter with the latest news, commentary, and research, free to your inbox daily. ScienceInsider 31 Oct. 2024J. global biodiversity summit, AI starts to make a splash 31 Oct 2024instrument to study the mysterious origins of the solar wind 30 Oct 2024‘in a state of panic’ after Robert F. Kennedy Jr. says Trump will hand him health agencies 30 Oct 2024use of race in biomedical research, panel urges View more 30 Oct 2024known tadpole sheds light on origin of two-stage lifestyle 30 Oct 2024Wilcox 3D tumor maps give researchers an unprecedented look at cancer growth 30 Oct 2024Wilcox Fool’s gold fossil yields evolutionary secrets 29 Oct 2024Pérez scans locate previously unknown Maya city hidden in a Mexican rainforest View more RecommendedCloseNews of the WeekJune 2010to 1992Options for 29 Sep 2020China, the world's biggest coal consumer, become carbon neutral by 2060?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Raw readings were interpreted by 2700 Xylose PC Software (YSI Inc. , Yellow Springs, OH) to resolve cross-talk between the xylose and glucose specific membranes. ModelingThe most comprehensive S. cerevisiae metabolic reconstruction currently available, iMM904 [55], was used for pure and mixed culture simulations. The fully compartmentalized network was reconstructed from 904 genes and accounts for 1228 metabolites and 1412 reactions. S. stipitis metabolism was simulated with iBB814 [20], the first published genome-scale reconstruction for this organism. This model accounts for 814 genes, 971 metabolites and 1371 reactions that are compartmentalized in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and extracellular space. Following the publication of iBB814, a slightly more detailed S. stipitis metabolic reconstruction was developed [21]. We do not anticipate that the use of this alternative reconstruction would significantly alter the results reported in this paper. The S. cerevisiae/S. stipitis co-culture model was constructed by combining the iMM904 and iBB814 stoichiometric matrices into a single matrix [56]. Flux distributions for S. cerevisiae (v c ) and S. stipitis (v s ) were calculated by solving the following linear program based on the assumption that the two species attempted to maximize their individual growth rates: max v c v s μ = μ c + μ s = w c T v c + w s T v s A c 0 0 A s v c v s = 0 0 v c min v s min ≤ v c v s ≤ v c max v s max (2) where the subscript i represents the species, A i is the matrix of stoichiometric coefficients, v i is the vector of reaction fluxes including exchange fluxes, vi,min and vi,max are vectors of lower and upper flux bounds, μ i is the growth rate, and w c and w s are vectors of experimentally determined weights that represent the contribution of each flux to biomass formation in S. cerevisiae[55] and S. stipitis[20], respectively. Other than competing for the common substrate glucose, the two yeasts were assumed to grow independently without species interactions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 63; 427 participants, 2 trials, Analysis 3. 13). It was also more immunogenic when measured by seroconversion at all time points (Analysis 3. 14): after the first dose (RR 3. 58, 95% CI 2. 03 to 6. 29; 121 participants, 1 trial), after the second dose (RR 2. 97, 95% CI 1. 78 to 4. 98; 117 participants, 1 trial), and after the third dose (RR 2. 82, 95% CI 2. 26 to 3. 51; 1699 participants, 3 trials). 3. 2. 5. Dropouts before the end of trial Similar numbers of children taking Rotavac or placebo dropped out from trials before they ended (RR 0. 81, 95% CI 0. 62 to 1. 06; 8215 participants, 3 trials; Analysis 3. 15). 3. 3. Subgroup analyses 3. 3. 1. G type Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe One trial reported severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by G and P type (VAC Bhandari 2014‐IND). At one‐year follow‐up (Analysis 3. 16) there were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotavac groups for G2P[4] (RR 0. 39, 95% CI 0. 22 to 0. 69; 6541 participants) and G12P[6] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0. 74; 6541 participants); results were not significantly different between Rotavac and placebo for G1P[8] (RR 0. 66, 95% CI 0. 36 to 1. 20; 6541 participants) and G12P[8] (RR 0. 30, 95% CI 0. 07 to 1. 26; 6541 participants). At two‐year follow‐up (Analysis 3. 17) there were significantly fewer severe episodes of rotavirus diarrhoea in the Rotavac groups for G1P[8] (RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 38 to 0. 93; 6541 participants), G2P[4] (RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 62; 6541 participants), G12P[6] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 13 to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 8 Over the years, governments, which promoted diesel cars to reduce energy consumption without setting advanced pm2. 5 emission control requirements, ultimately realized few climate benefits from dieselization. When black carbon emissions are taken into account, an average diesel vehicle is not better for the climate than a gasoline vehicle, whereas the health impacts are devastating. 9 Hence, the attitude toward diesel engines has been changing and various governments are seeking to discourage their use. This is done in two ways, by either combining car exhaust standards requiring the installation of a diesel particulate filter (dpf) with various incentives for the production and consumption of electric and hydrogen fuel cell cars, i. e. zero-emission vehicles (zevs), or by raising car emission standards to the levels that amount to bans on fossil fuel cars. Some of these measures are specifically intended to reduce soot, and hence black carbon, from cars, while others are primarily aimed at reducing CO2 emissions or exhaust emissions in general, affecting black carbon emissions indirectly. 10 There is no ‘one size fits all’ road transport emission reduction measure. Much depends on the specifics of the car market and the country’s level of development that may put constraints on setting a maximum permissible emission level. However, to bring about change in black carbon emissions, a minimum standard should at least require the installation of a dpf. dpf and other car emission reduction technologies are already available and cost-effective. 11 But they have not yet penetrated all markets. The lack of minimum international standards and the existing discrepancies in car emission regulations among countries (as most measures are national) are slowing down the diffusion of technologies. Therefore, the adoption of minimum standards and regulations at the international level could facilitate the process of technology diffusion and transition to zevs. So long as the costs of alternative technologies are high, strict emissions standards translating into bans on fossil fuel cars pose high risks for car manufacturers, especially for smaller car producers and automakers in developing countries. International regulatory cooperation on the adoption of emission regulations could potentially increase environmental integrity and at the same time lower trade barriers and the incidence of trade disputes associated with these measures. 12 In light of the foregoing, this 2. 5, black carbon emissions from this sector would be nearly five times as high as current levels.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Therefore the co-culture objective function μ was assumed to be the sum of the individual species growth rates, and the inclusion of multi-level objective functions [34] was deemed unnecessary. The co-culture model was also used to simulate pure cultures of S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis by constraining all fluxes of the unmodeled organism to zero. The steady-state flux balance model (2) was extended to a dynamic model through the addition of the following extracellular mass balance equations: d X c dt = μ c X c (3) d X s dt = μ s X s (4) dG dt = − v g c X c − v g s X s (5) dZ dt = − v z s X s (6) dE dt = v e c X c + v e s X s (7) dO dt = − v o c X c − v o s X s + k L a O * − O (8) where X c and X s are the biomass concentrations of S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis, respectively, G, Z, and E are the concentrations of glucose, xylose, and ethanol, respectively, ve,c and ve,s are ethanol exchange fluxes, v g,c is the glucose uptake rate for S. cerevisiae, and v g,s and v z,s are the glucose and xylose uptake rates, respectively, for S. stipitis. An equation for the dissolved oxygen concentration (O) was necessary to accurately describe microaerobic growth of S. stipitis (see results). In this equation (8), v o,c and v o,s are oxygen exchange fluxes, k L a is the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen from sparged gas to the culture medium, and O* is the saturation concentration of oxygen. For all simulations, O* was taken to be 0. 24 mM, the saturation concentration for water at 30°C and 1 atm.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 74; 6541 participants), and G12P[8] (RR 0. 31, 95% CI 0. 10 to 0. 96; 6541 participants). The included Rotavac trials did not report separate data on immunocompromised or malnourished subgroups. 3. 4 Sensitivity analyses 3. 4. 1 Primary outcomes with high heterogeneity according to allocation concealment There were no primary outcomes with high heterogeneity (I2 statistic > 75%). ‘Summary of findings' Summary of findings of primary outcomes are presented in summary of findings Table 5 (Rotavac, high‐mortality countries), vaccines have been under development since the 1980s, and to date three have been prequalified by the WHO (RV1, RV5 and Rotavac). Three additional rotavirus vaccines are licensed for use in individual countries (LLR, Rotasiil, and Rotavin, see 1999. The three vaccines prequalified by the WHO (RV1, RV5, Rotavac), and currently in use, are the focus of this review. Summary of main results We included 55 trials with a total of 216,480 participants, that evaluated RV1 (36 trials), RV5 (15 trials), and Rotavac (4 trials). Our analysis stratified the primary outcomes by WHO mortality strata (high‐mortality countries, with high child mortality; and low‐mortality, with low or very low child mortality; WHO 1999). The trials were not designed or powered to detect an effect on preventing death or on the occurrence of possible rare serious adverse events, such as intussusception. 1. RV1 in countries with low child mortality (WHO strata A and B) Fourteen trials were conducted in Asia, six in Europe, four in Latin America, four in North America, and one in Europe and Latin America. In infants under one year RV1 prevents 84% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 16, 95% CI 0. 09 to 0. 26; 43,779 participants, 7 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV1 prevents 41% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 47 to 0. 74; 28,053 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 18 Between 1977 and 2007 in the Middle-West and North-East regions, freight transportation has increased by a factor of around five, while the emissions factor for black carbon has decreased by nearly 80% over the same historical time period. too, emission controls have been instrumental in addressing the problem of emissions from automobiles. Due to the car emissions standards enacted in some European countries in the 1970s, a new European car in the mid-1990s emitted 93% less carbon monoxide (CO) and 85% less nitrogen oxides (NOx) than an equivalent vehicle in 1970. 19 Later, with the adoption of EU-wide car exhaust standards in the early 1990s, capturing black carbon as part of pm2. 5, the p2. 1 standards can be defined as binding limits on the emission of specific polluting substances. They are the most widespread instruments of road transport emission reduction. While road transport emission standards also affect black carbon emissions, the reason for introducing them goes beyond the black carbon abatement. Besides mitigating air pollution, some of them are also aimed at supporting climate change mitigation and energy security. 2. 1. 1 In the 1960s, governments of developed countries started introducing standards for emission of air polluting substances from cars with emission thresholds that were regularly lowered. The first country to introduce such standards was the US, followed by Japan, Canada, Australia and some European countries. 22 In the early 1990s, the introduced the EU-wide car exhaust standards, called Euro. Between the Euro 0 standard of 1990 and the current ‘Euro 6/vi’ standard,23 which entered into force in 2013, the maximum permissible emissions for cars have been reduced by 88% for carbon monoxide, 95% for hydrocarbons, 97% for nitrogen oxides and 98% for fine p2025. If adopted, Euro 7/vii, which additionally may cover CO2 emissions, would eventually ban the sales of fossil fuel cars, thereby complementing the proposed stricter CO2 emission standards for cars discussed below. The progressive tightening of national car exhaust standards in different countries25 has led to the use of ultralow sulfur fuel and the installation of diesel oxidation catalysts (doc) in engines and dpf in the exhaust tailpipes of cars. 26 These technologies are cost-effective and widely used in newly produced diesel cars. In 2018, 40% of new heavy-duty diesel vehicles sold worldwide were equipped with doc and dpf.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The following substrate uptake expressions were used to calculate upper bounds on the actual sugar and oxygen uptake rates: v g = v g max G K g + G 1 1 + E K ieg (9) v z = v z max Z K z + Z 1 1 + G K igz 1 1 + E K iez (10) v o = v o max O K o + O (11) where vg,max, vz,max and vo,max are the maximum uptake rates of each substrate, K g K z and K o are corresponding saturation constants, K ieg and K iez are ethanol inhibition constants, and K igz is a glucose inhibition constant. The glucose (9) and xylose (10) uptake rates were assumed to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an additional inhibitory term that reflects growth rate suppression at high ethanol concentrations [57]. The glucose inhibition term added to the xylose uptake kinetics accounted for diauxic growth where S. stipitis favors glucose over xylose as the carbon source. The oxygen uptake rate was calculated from a Michaelis-Menten expression based on the dissolved oxygen content of the medium [15]. Pure and mixed culture dynamic flux balance models were solved using the Mosek optimization toolbox (Mosek ApS, Denmark) to resolve the linear program for intracellular metabolism within Matlab (Mathworks, Natick, MA) [30]. Because S. cerevisiae could not meet the non-growth associated ATP maintenance demand during the xylose-only consumption phase, the maintenance flux was constrained to zero after glucose depletion to prevent the LP solver from returning zero fluxes for the S. stipitis network. Due to time-scale differences between the sugar and oxygen consumption rates, the differential equation system (3)--(8) exhibited a high degree of stiffness. To reduce the time required to generate large numbers of DFBA simulations for parameter fitting and in silico culture optimization, Matlab stiff ODE solvers ode15s and ode23tb were used to obtain approximate solutions. An ODE solver with greater accuracy, ode23, was used to generate model predictions once parameters had been estimated or an optimum had been determined. A typical co-culture batch simulation that was solved in two minutes with ode15s required five hours with ode23.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: In children up to two years RV1 prevents 82% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 18, 95% CI 0. 14 to 0. 23; 36,002 participants, 9 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV1 prevents 37% of severe all‐cause diarrhoea episodes: Rate ratio 0. 63, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 71; 39,091 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence. For all‐cause death, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 1. 22, 95% CI 0. 87 to 1. 71; 97,597 participants, 22 trials; low‐certainty evidence. For serious adverse events, children receiving RV1 had 12% fewer events than those receiving placebo: RR 0. 88, 95% CI 0. 83 to 0. 93; 96,233 participants, 24 trials; high‐certainty evidence. For intussusception, RV1 was not associated with a higher risk: RR 0. 69, 95% CI 0. 45 to 1. 04; 96,513 participants, 17 trials; low‐certainty evidence. See summary of findings Table for the main comparison. 2. RV1 in countries with high child mortality (WHO strata D and E) Two trials were conducted in Bangladesh, one in India, one in Peru, three in South Africa, and one in and Malawi. In infants under one year RV1 prevents 63% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 23 to 0. 60; 6114 participants, 3 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV1 prevents 27% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 73, 95% CI 0. 56 to 0. 95; 5639 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. In children up to two years RV1 prevents 35% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 65, 95% CI 0. 51 to 0. 83; 13,768 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV1 prevents 17% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 83, 95% CI 0. 72 to 0. 96; 2764 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: This share was projected to grow to 50% in 2021 (after the adopted Euro 6/vi-equivalent standards had gone into force in India and Mexico) and to 70% (provided China and Brazil also introduce them). 27 Car exhaust standards equivalent to Euro 5 and Euro 6 requiring doc and dpf have nearly eliminated black carbon emissions from new light-duty vehicles sold in the US, EU, Canada, and Japan. 28 A major shortcoming of car exhaust standards is that they generally apply only to new vehicles. Older and second-hand vehicles with poorly-maintained engines limit the potential effectiveness of emission reduction strategies, as the absence of adequate car emission regulations for imports of second-hand cars in developing countries limits the global effectiveness of higher standards of developed countries. As car markets of developed countries advance in a green transport transformation through higher road transport emission standards, developing countries’ markets increasingly become ‘dumping grounds’ for polluting technology from developed countries. 29 Even though countries exporting second-hand cars might benefit from some reduction of air pollutants and CO2, when older vehicles are sold to other countries, the air pollution problem is simply exported to other parts of the world, while bad impacts for the climate will be felt everywhere. 30 Another problem with car exhaust standards is compliance. 31 Car manufacturers are known to cheat by installing special software that shows a much better emission output when cars were tested in the lab compared to on-the-road situations. 32 To avoid stricter car exhaust standards, carmakers have also colluded on emission reduction technologies in violation of antitrust law. 33 These cheating practices underscore implementation problems associated with car emissions standards and the need to improve the surveillance systems ensuring truly independent on-the-road testing. For example, the new EU regulation on vehicle type approval34 with market surveillance should lead to more robust testing and ensuring EU oversight of the activities of national type approval authorities. 35 2. 1. 2 the extent that dpfs perform best with a maximum diesel sulfur content of 10 or 15 ppm, the effectiveness of exhaust emission reduction technologies, such as doc and dpf, depends on the use of low-sulfur diesel fuel. 36 While it is important to reduce sulfur in fuel,37 the costs of upgrading a refinery to produce low-sulfur fuels are generally substantial and desulfurization may not be economically attractive without stringent fuel quality standards in place.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Abbreviationsμi: Growth rate (1/h) Ai: E: Ethanol concentration (g/L) G: Glucose concentration (g/L) Kg: Glucose uptake saturation constant (g/L) Kie: Ethanol inhibition constant (g/L) Kigz: Glucose inhibition constant (g/L) kLa: Oxygen mass transfer coefficient (h-1) Ko: Oxygen uptake saturation constant (mM) Kz: Xylose uptake saturation constant (g/L) O: Dissolved oxygen concentration (mM) O*: Dissolved oxygen saturation concentration (mM) vc: S. cerevisiae Flux distribution (mmol/gdw/h) ve: c: S. cerevisiae ethanol flux (mmol/gdw/h) ve: s: S. stipitis ethanol flux (mmol/gdw/h) vg: c: S. cerevisiae glucose uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vg: max: Maximum glucose uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vg: s: S. stipitis glucose uptake flux (mmol/gdw/h) vi: max: Vector of upper bound flux constraints (mmol/gdw/h) vi: min: Vector of lower bound flux constraints (mmol/gdw/h) vo: c: S. cerevisiae oxygen uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vo: max: Maximum oxygen uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vo: s: S. stipitis oxygen uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vs: S. stipitis Flux distribution (mmol/gdw/h) vz: max: Maximum xylose uptake rate (mmol/gdw/h) vz: s: S. stipitis xylose uptake flux (mmol/gdw/h) wc: S. cerevisiae biomass reaction ws: S. stipitis biomass reaction Xc: S. cerevisiae concentration (g/L) Xs: S. stipitis concentration (g/L) Z: Xylose concentration (g/L). 577. 157. 172. 1097. 4800. 509. 236.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV5 in countries with high child mortality (WHO strata D and E) Two trials were conducted in Asia and two in Africa. In infants under one year RV5 prevents 57% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 29 to 0. 62; 5916 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. Data on severe all‐cause diarrhoea was reported in one trial. This suggested a protective effect, but the results were not statistically significant: RR 0. 80, 95% CI 0. 58 to 1. 11; 4085 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence. In children up to two years RV5 prevents 41% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 59, 95% CI 0. 43 to 0. 82; 5885 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. RV5 prevents 15% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 85, 95% CI 0. 75 to 0. 98; 5977 participants, 2 trials; high‐certainty evidence. For all‐cause death, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 0. 92, 95% CI 0. 68 to 1. 24; 6806 participants, 3 trials; low‐certainty evidence. For serious adverse events, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 0. 92, 95% CI 0. 66 to 1. 28; 6830 participants, 4 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence. For intussusception, RV5 was not associated with a higher risk: no cases were reported, 6588 participants, 2 trials; low‐certainty evidence. See summary of findings Table 4. 5. Rotavac in countries with high child mortality (WHO stratum D) Four trials were conducted in India. In infants under one year Rotavac prevents 57% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 43, 95% CI 0. 30 to 0. 60; 6799 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence. In children up to two years Rotavac prevents 54% of cases of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: RR 0. 46, 95% CI 0. 35 to 0. 60; 6541 participants, 1 trial; moderate‐certainty evidence.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Therefore, car exhaust standards need to be accompanied by fuel quality standards that set a limit on sulfur content. Combined with the Euro 6/vi car exhaust standard, fuel standards in the EU set a limit of 10 ppm sulfur in diesel. In fact, no country that has adopted the Euro 6/vi standard has a maximum diesel sulfur content above 10 ppm. 38 In the US, where the 2007 and 2010 heavy-duty vehicle emission standards and Tier 3 light-duty vehicle standards have led to the deployment of dpfs, the maximum diesel sulfur level is 15 ppm. 39 Canada’s and Chile’s fuel standards are harmonized to the US ones. In contrast, developing countries have varying standards in place, with many at 50 ppm or above for diesel fuel. 40 Given that many developing countries are experiencing increased fuel consumption and rapidly growing vehicle fleets, it is important that they move to cleaner fuel standards to minimize health and climate impacts from their fleets. In addition, in support of the reduction of ghg emissions and with a long-term goal of transitioning to zevs in mind, they might also consider the use of blending fuel requirements for mixing biodiesel and ethanol with traditional fuels. The experience of promoting alternative fuels in the EU and some other countries can offer lots of useful guidance. 41 2. 1. 3 for the Euro-type standards limiting emissions from engine exhaust and driven primarily by air pollution concerns, governments enact standards to address climate change, either directly by setting limits on CO2 emission from cars or indirectly by adopting standards for fuel consumption in cars. While the two groups of standards are aimed at different objectives enabling different regulatory outcomes, they both facilitate CO2 emission reduction and the transition to zevs. The EU introduced mandatory CO2 emission standards for light-duty vehicles in 2009 as part of its efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% from 1990 levels by 2020. 42 As discussed below, these standards have subsequently been revised and are currently undergoing yet another revision as part of the ‘Fit for 55’ legislative package designed to achieve an at least 55% emission reduction by 2030. For the time being, up to 2024, they prescribe that the automaker’s new fleet must not emit more than an average of 95 g CO2/km for cars, whereas for vans, the automaker’s new fleet is permitted to emit on average 147 g CO2/km.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research --living yeasts of a tropical host plant community: diversity and effects on community-wide floral nectar traits View 10. 7717/peerj. 3517 Published 2017-07-14 Accepted 2017-06-07 Received 2016-12-05 analysis, Flowers, Hill numbers, Nectar sugars, Yucatan-Mexico, Pollinators, Species richness, © 2017 Canto et al. is an open access 2017. Nectar-living yeasts of a tropical host plant community: diversity and effects on community-wide floral nectar traits. PeerJ 5:e3517 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 0. 50 to 1 µL. Flowers used in the sampling were fully open at the time of nectar collection. Three to six flowers were sampled from each plant and 6–10 individual plants were surveyed per plant species. Of the three nectar drops obtained from each flower, one was used for DNA-based identification of yeasts, another for quantification of yeast cell density and the other to estimate sugar composition and concentration, using methods described below (see 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/table-1 Yeast isolation and DNA identification The respective nectar drops were individually streaked onto YM agar plates (1. 0% glucose, 0. 5% peptone, 0. 3% malt extract, 0. 3% yeast extract, 2. 0% agar) with 0. 01% chloramphenicol, and incubated at 25 °C until microbial colonies were detectable (2–20 days). A total of 158 yeast isolates was obtained from the 439 nectar drops plated. Agar plates were observed under a microscope at 10×–40×magnification (Olympus CX31) and phenotypically different yeasts were purified by streak-plating; approximately 1–5 yeast types grew per agar plate. A single clone (an entire colony) of each purified morphotype was used for species identification. As many yeast isolates from nectar drops as possible were DNA sequenced.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Rotavac prevents 16% of cases of severe all‐cause diarrhoea: RR 0. 84, 95% CI 0. 71 to 0. 98; 6799 participants, one trial; moderate‐certainty evidence. For all‐cause death, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 0. 92, 95% CI 0. 52 to 1. 62; 8155 participants, 2 trials; very low‐certainty evidence. For serious adverse events, an effect of the vaccine has not been shown: RR 0. 93, 95% CI 0. 85 to 1. 02; 8210 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence. For intussusception, Rotavac was not associated with a higher risk: RR 1. 33, 95% CI 0. 35 to 5. 02; 8582 participants, 4 trials; very low‐certainty evidence. See summary of findings Table 5. Overall completeness and applicability of evidence We carried out this systematic review using RCTs. All the included trials were placebo‐controlled, except for two RV1 trials that compared vaccine to no intervention (RV1 Colgate 2016‐BGD; RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD). We could not evaluate potential herd protection afforded by vaccination. The trials provided only limited data for special groups of children, such as malnourished or immunocompromised children. Efficacy by setting RV1 and RV5 were highly efficacious in reducing severe rotavirus diarrhoea episodes in low‐mortality countries; widespread roll‐out of rotavirus vaccines has led to major reductions in rotavirus hospitalizations in such settings (Hungerford 2015; Jonesteller 2017). In contrast, trials of RV1 and RV5 in high‐mortality countries in Africa and Asia demonstrated a relatively lower vaccine efficacy. However, because of the higher burden of rotavirus disease in such countries, the absolute number of events prevented by vaccination is greater than in low‐mortality countries (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF). Efficacy by age Results from RV1 and RV5 found higher vaccine efficacy against severe rotavirus diarrhoea in the first year compared to the cumulative efficacy for the first and second years.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 43 In the US, carbon standards for cars are designed as fuel economy standards. (cafe) standards were enacted in 1975 to increase the fuel economy of cars in the wake of the Arab oil embargo. Today, they also pursue the objective of CO2 reduction. cafe standards have been tightening over the years and the recently revised standards will require an industry-wide fleet average of approximately 49 mpg (miles per gallon), which correspond to approximately 111 g CO2/km, for passenger cars and light trucks in model year 2026 by increasing fuel efficiency by 8% annually for model years 2024 and 2025, and 10% annually for model year 2026. 44 Like the EU carbon standards, the US cafe standards do not apply to every single vehicle but to an automaker’s fleet average. While carbon and fuel economy standards are beneficial for the climate, they create a perverse incentive for extending the use of diesel engines as the most efficient ones. 45 Indeed, in the last two decades, European manufacturers relied heavily on diesel technology to achieve reductions in CO2 emissions of new cars. This means that if the installation of dpf is not induced by stricter car exhaust standards, carbon standards for cars can lead to higher emissions of black carbon. This relationship between the standards calls for their combination in the emission policy mix. 2. 2 To enable a more rapid phase-out of specific types of technology, governments may impose bans, which are usually implemented by raising standards to a level that makes the use of the technology impossible. This is how the EU and some other countries have recently decided to speed up the transition to zevs. Car emission standards will be raised to a level where they amount to a de facto prohibition of sales of new fossil fuel vehicles. Unlike bans on sales, bans on the use of fossil fuel vehicles are less common. One of the few examples is the recently announced ban on fossil fuel cars on the roads in Singapore, which is expected to take effect from 2040. 46 In most other cases, however, bans on the use of fossil fuel vehicles are applied in the context of low-or zero-emissions zones in cities. 47 By making owning such vehicles less attractive, they contribute to the phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles indirectly. 2. 2. 1 on Sales of countries were among the first to announce plans to phase-out fossil fuel cars and substitute them with zevs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene (D1/D2 region) was two-way sequenced for each clone using the primer combination NL1–NL4, according to Kurtzman & Robnett (1998) and Lachance et al. (1999). Raw sequences were edited and assembled and consensus sequences were obtained using 8. 1. 7 bioinformatics software (Biomatters Ltd. , Auckland, New Zealand). Nucleotide collection databases at GenBank were queried with the Tool (BLAST; Altschul et al. , 1997) to look for named yeast species with DNA sequences matching those obtained from the isolates. All sequences queried yielded significant correlations with named yeast accessions in GenBank databases, generally with 98–100% of sequence coverage and identity. Resulting DNA species and the associated sampling information (Drop, Individual, Species, Genus and Botanical family) was used for analyses of yeast diversity. The yeast isolates studied are maintained in the Centro de de Yucatan (CICY); their corresponding DNA sequences have been deposited in GenBank under the accessions listed in Table 1. Cell counts and nectar sugar composition and concentration The density of yeast cells in each nectar drop was estimated using a Neubauer chamber and standard cell count procedures (Herrera et al. , 2009). The initial volume of nectar drops was measured with calibrated micropipettes (Dafni, 1992), then each nectar sample was diluted with 0. 5% lactophenol cotton blue solution to obtain a final volume of up to 1. 5–6 times the initial volume. Each diluted sample was loaded on a counting chamber and examined under a microscope. Cells were counted in each of 16 quadrants of the counting chamber and cell density was calculated using the formula: cells per µL = average number of cells counted in the quadrants multiplied by the dilution factor and the fixed volume of the chamber. The sugar composition and concentration of nectar was measured using procedures described by Herrera, Pérez & Alonso (2006) and Canto et al. (2011) and ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: This review did not detect a difference in the number of deaths for children receiving any of the vaccines or placebo. Two post‐vaccine implementation national surveillance studies from Mexico and Brazil reported that the introduction of RV1 into the national immunization programme was associated with a decline in the number of diarrhoea‐related deaths (2011; Richardson 2010) in comparison with historical controls. A study from rural Malawi showed that diarrhoea deaths reduced by a third following RV1 introduction (Bar‐Zeev 2018). Safety data There was no detectable difference in the number of cases of intussusception for children receiving vaccine or placebo. While both RV1 and RV5 have been associated with a low risk of intussusception in post‐marketing studies in Europe, Americas and Australia, the benefits of vaccination are considered to outweigh the risk of vaccine‐associated intussusception (Yen 2016). However, the risk of intussusception after administration of RV1 was not higher than the background risk of intussusception in seven lower‐income sub‐countries (Tate 2018). Subgroup analyses Rotavirus G‐types All three rotavirus vaccines showed efficacy against most of the specific rotavirus G‐types that were assessed (G1, G2, G3, G4, G8, G9, and G12), although results were often inconsistent between different countries and imprecise due to few events. Immunocompromised children One RV1 trial and two RV5 trials reported on immunocompromised children, all exposed to or infected with HIV. We found no differences for efficacy or safety, but samples were not sufficiently powered. It is now strongly recommended that all HIV‐infected or HIV‐exposed infants be vaccinated with oral rotavirus vaccine, unless severely immunocompromised (Calles 2010). While we lack specific information on many immunodeficiencies, infants with known severe combined immunodeficiency should not receive live rotavirus vaccine (Pinto 2016; Vesikari 2015). Children with malnutrition One RV1 trial (RV1 Salinas 2005‐LA) found that RV1 was significantly better than placebo in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in a subgroup of malnourished children.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Norway has set a national target of eliminating all diesel and gasoline cars by 2025. 48 It will be the first country in the world to end sales of new fossil fuel cars. To facilitate the implementation of this target, Norway has introduced various regulatory incentives for zevs, including tax incentives, preferred access to municipal parking facilities, waivers of fees for ferries and toll roads etc. The UK also announced that it would ban sales of new diesel and gasoline cars by 2030. 49 The EU has recently followed suit planning to realize its phase-out of fossil fuel cars through stricter car emission standards. 50 When presenting the ‘Fit for 55’ legislative package, the proposed to slash the average CO2 emissions of new cars by 55% by 2030 (based on 2021 levels) and 100% by 2035. 51 The new 2030 target of cutting CO2 in new cars by 55% is a large step from the current EU target of cutting emissions from new cars by 37. 5% by 2035 against 2021 levels. 52 The revised standards, especially the 100% reduction target in 2035, imply a phase-out of fossil fuel cars and, given the lack of renewable fuels such as hydrogen, a ban on the internal combustion engine as such. 53 Plans to get fossil fuel cars off the road have also been announced in other parts of the world. By 2035, China wants to allow only sales of new cars, which are powered by ‘new-energy’, so that 50% of sales will fall on electric and fuel cell cars and 50% on hybrid cars. 54 Yet, phasing out fossil fuel cars is a challenging task, especially for developing countries. A major problem is a lack of necessary infrastructure with a sufficient number of renewable energy-based charging and refueling points available to drivers, especially high-power chargers suitable for trucks, which is currently felt even in developed countries. 55 Less developed economies, such as those in Africa and Latin America, would need much more time to establish infrastructure for zevs. 56 Another problem is the prices of zevs, which are currently much higher than for fossil fuel cars. For less advanced countries with markets filled with cheap second-hand fossil fuel cars, it presents a major obstacle for transition. To make zevs more attractive for consumers, import duty, sale tax and other incentives are used with various degree of success. 57 Rising fuel prices are likely to support the competitiveness of zevs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Samples of nectar were individually blotted onto a 10 mm × 12 mm sterile Whatman 3 MM paper wick; immediately after absorption, wicks were placed into sterile envelopes and stored at 25−26 °C in silica gel. For the analytical procedure, nectar-containing wicks were individually placed into Eppendorf tubes and 1 mL of HPLC-grade water was added to each tube. Each diluted sample was filtered using a 0. 4 µm polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filter and 5 µL of solution injected into a Dionex DX 500 HPLC system (Dionex; ). The HPLC system was equipped with an effluent degas module, a GP 40 gradient pump, a CarboPac PA10 (4 mm × 50 mm) guard column and a CarboPac PA10 (4 mm × 250 mm) analytical column. It also had an ED40 electrochemical detector for pulsed amperometric detection in integrated amperometric mode, with the normal preloaded wave form for sugar detection (Dionex Corp. , 1994). The column was eluted isocratically (flow rate 1 mL min−1) with 40 mM NaOH (50% solution; JT Baker, Deventer, Netherlands) and kept at 24 °C during analysis. The concentrations of sucrose, glucose and fructose in each nectar sample (g of solute per 100 mL solution) were calculated by integrating the area under the corresponding chromatogram peaks, using linear regression models fitted to the data of standard sugar solutions, then calculating the expected concentration values corresponding with the integrated area of each sugar type in the analyzed samples. Two independent HPLC measurements were performed on each diluted sample; replicate results were averaged for the analyses. Data analysis To characterize the species diversity of nectar yeasts and to compare diversity estimates across the hierarchical sampling levels (i. e. , Drop, Individual, Species, Genus, Family), the analytical framework suggested by Chao et al. (2014) was implemented using the R package iNEXT (Hsieh, Ma & Chao, 2016). This method generalizes the sample size-based approach of Colwell et al. (2012) and the coverage-based approach of Chao & Jost (2012) to produce and expand rarefaction-extrapolation curves of species based on Hill numbers (Hill, 1973).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Certainty of the evidence The trials included in this updated review were placebo‐controlled (53 trials) or compared vaccine to no intervention (RV1 Colgate 2016‐BGD; RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD), were conducted in and Africa, and the largest included over 60,000 children (RV1 Ruiz‐Palac 06‐LA/EU; RV5 Vesikari 2006b‐INT); we identified the need for such trials in the original version of the review (Soares‐Weiser 2004). However, most children were followed for safety outcomes only. The certainty of the evidence for efficacy outcomes (rotavirus diarrhoea of any severity and severe, and all‐cause diarrhoea of any severity and severe) was either high or moderate. This was because most trials were assessed at low risk of bias, especially more recent trials, and pooled samples were usually large enough to generate more precise estimates. When we downgraded efficacy outcomes to moderate certainty, this was due to selective reporting bias (only half of the studies reporting on severe rotavirus diarrhoea reported on severe all‐cause diarrhoea), imprecision (low number of events), attrition bias (incomplete outcome data were not clearly reported), or indirectness (only one study carried out in one high‐mortality country or neighbouring high‐mortality countries makes it difficult to generalize to any high‐mortality country). The certainty of the evidence for all‐cause mortality was low because the trials were not powered to detect an effect on mortality, and results were consequently imprecise with wide 95% CIs. The certainty of the evidence for all serious adverse events was mostly high but downgraded to moderate for RV5 in high‐mortality countries due to imprecise results, and for Rotavac due to indirectness (all trials were carried out in India). For the rare serious adverse event intussusception, evidence was of low certainty for RV1 and RV5 due to imprecision because trials were not powered to detect an association between RV1 and intussusception. evidence on intussusception was of very low certainty, due to imprecision and indirectness as previously described. Potential biases in the review process We stratified all analyses by WHO mortality strata, which may not reflect the current situation in the member countries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 58 But concerns are also raised about the readiness of the car industry to undergo the transformation. As any other structural changes, a transition to zevs entails job losses in the car industry59 and requires huge investments. 60 The announcement of bans on fossil fuel cars by the EU and other governments has already pushed the world’s largest carmakers to earmark dozens of billions of euros for the development and production of zevs and use profits from the current sales of diesel and gasoline cars for these purposes. 61 As not all automakers can afford such big investments in new technologies, market stimuli, additional to fossil fuel car bans, including subsidizing sales of zevs and the already mentioned consumer tax incentives, are needed. 62 2. 2. 2 Local and Plans to phase out fossil fuel cars have also been announced by various local governments around the world. province of Quebec announced that it would ban the sales of new gasoline-powered passenger cars from 2035, whereas the US state of California plans to ban by that year not only sales of new gasoline passenger cars but also trucks. 63 Some cities also take measures ahead of their national governments. In their action they are driven either by local authority initiatives or by legal challenges brought by citizens or ngos based on the right to clean air. In a number of disputes, it has been confirmed that citizens have the right to require sub-national authorities to implement measures aimed at achieving compliance with air quality norms. In 2017, the of Stuttgart ordered the state of Baden-Württemberg to consider a year-round ban on diesel-powered vehicles. 64 A year later, the in Leipzig declared that the cities of Stuttgart and Düsseldorf were allowed to prohibit older diesel vehicles from driving in zones worst affected by pollution. 65 Moreover, the of Justice overturned the 2016 relaxation of car NOx emission limits to 168 mg/km, which allowed the cities of Brussels, Madrid and Paris to proceed with their plans to reject Euro 6 diesel vehicles from their centers. 66 Business also plays an important role in the transition to zevs. It participates in important public-private initiatives, such as the one launched at the climate change conference in Glasgow in November 2021.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Hill numbers are a mathematically unified family of diversity indices, differing among themselves only by an exponent q. These indices provide a suitable framework for measuring diversity because (1) they are expressed in units of effective numbers of species, (2) by using algebraic transformation, they are easily associated with key diversity indices such as Shannon entropy and Gini-Simpson index, and (3) their estimations can be effectively generalized to incorporate hierarchical levels of diversity in a species assemblage (Chao et al. , 2014). For each sampling level (Drop, Individual, Species, Genus, and Family), an incidence matrix was built by recording the presence or absence across sampling units of each of the 158 DNA species identified. The first three Hill numbers (Hill, 1973), which are associated with estimators of species richness and species dominance, were calculated for each level; their corresponding rarefaction and extrapolation curves were constructed. The first Hill number (q = 0) used in the analysis estimates the expected yeast species richness (number of species) in the assemblage of nectar host plants. The second Hill number (q = 1) is the exponential of the Shannon entropy index and estimates yeast diversity with respect to equally common species and species richness (Shannon diversity). The third Hill number (q = 2) is the inverse Simpson concentration index and measures the dominance of yeast species in the species assemblage (Simpson diversity); see Hill (1973) for further details about Hill numbers. To compare hierarchical sampling levels, rarefaction and sample size-based extrapolation were produced for each level to provide asymptotic estimators of diversity based on Hill numbers with their respective 95% confidence intervals constructed by a bootstrap method (Chao et al. , 2014). One potential issue in our sampling is that it included many different plant species, each with a relatively low replication. To account for this as much as possible, first, all yeast species that occurred only once were excluded from the analysis, as they were likely to be allochthonous; second, an analysis of sampling completeness was conducted to estimate the sample size needed for the proportion of undetected autochthonous species to remain unchanged even when the sample size increases (Chao & Jost, 2012). To this end, a sample completeness curve was constructed by combining the sample size-based and the coverage-based estimations.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: The use of the strata may not be sensitive enough to show differences at the country level, and perhaps stratifying by prevalence/burden of rotavirus may be a better method to group the analyses. In addition, not all countries are represented by the studies performed, and some strata (e. g. C) are lacking sufficient data. Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews We identified three systematic reviews of RCTs evaluating RV1 or RV5 or both that have been conducted since the 2012 update of this Cochrane Review: Lamberti 2016 included RCTs and observational studies and evaluated region‐specific effectiveness of RV1, RV5 and Rotavac. The systematic review found that rotavirus vaccination was both efficacious and effective in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea, severe rotavirus diarrhoea and rotavirus hospitalizations among children under five across all regions, with higher efficacy in more developed regions. Velázquez 2017 included RCTs and post‐licensure observational studies from and the Caribbean, and found that RV1 reduced the risk of any‐severity rotavirus‐related gastroenteritis by 65% and of severe gastroenteritis by 82% versus placebo. Both RV1 and RV5 vaccines significantly reduced the risk of hospitalization and emergency visits by 85% for RV1 and by 90% for RV5. Vaccination with RV5 or RV1 did not increase the risk of death, intussusception, or other severe adverse events. Buyse 2014 presented an integrated meta‐analysis of safety and reactogenicity data of 28 RV1 RCTs and found that RV1 has a reactogenicity and safety profile similar to placebo. The findings of these systematic reviews agree with the findings of our review, although the scope of these reviews was narrower; they reviewed efficacy or safety only, or were limited to a specific geographical region, or reviewed only one of the vaccines. Consequently, we included more trials in our review. Finally, the major findings of this review update, including new evidence from 14 trials of RV1, RV5, and Rotavac, are not significantly different from the previous Soares‐Weiser 2012b review.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: At cop26, six car manufacturers (German Daimler’s Mercedes-Benz, Swedish Volvo, China’s byd, Rover, a unit of India’s and the American automakers Ford and General Motors) and some other companies joined a group of 24 governments (including such developing countries as India, Turkey and Mexico) and some city and province authorities (e. g. New York, California) in signing a declaration calling to speed up the global transition from cars that burn fossil fuels to zevs. 67 Their intention is to end the sale of new fossil fuel cars in leading car markets by 2035, and globally by 2040. 68 Driven by expectations that governments will raise emission standards, some carmakers make their own plans to phase out fossil fuel car production. For instance, Volvo announced that by 2030 it would only sell e-cars and phase out any car in its global portfolio with an internal combustion engine, including hybrids. 69 Group with other truck makers pledged to end diesel truck sales by 2040. plans to go fully electric by 2035. 70 Rover plans to stop producing diesel and gasoline vehicles under its Jaguar brand by 2025 and switch to electric-only models. 71 There are many more automakers that have made similar pledges, and there will likely be more in the future. 72 2. 3 Market-Based and In addition to command-and-control measures, governments have been experimenting with more innovative measures to reduce negative impacts of road transport on the environment and climate change. Market-based instruments of emission reductions, such as emission trading schemes (ets), have proven to be an effective tool of climate policy, inducing reduction of CO2 in the power and some industrial sectors in a cost-effective way. 73 However, things get more complicated when the focus turns to black carbon emissions. Unlike CO2, impacts from black carbon are short in duration and mainly caused by black carbon concentrations in specific geographical areas rather than by nation-wide quantities (see 2. 3. 1 for One element of the ‘Fit for 55’ package is the proposal for an EU-wide ets for fuel used in road transport and heating, with the aim of incentivizing the use of zevs. 78 This ets is planned as a separate system from the EU ets currently applied to some industries, as well as the power and air transport sectors.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Extrapolations were extended up to double the initial sample size (i. e. , 122 nectar samples) for all sampling levels, which allowed us to make predictions about the yeast diversity that can be detected in each sampling level using a similar sampling effort. The number of nectar samples examined in each level was 122, 54, 17, 13, and 10 for Drop, Individual, Species, Genus, and Family, respectively. Correspondence analysis was conducted using the R package ca (Greenacre, Nenadic & Friendly, 2016) to obtain a statistical and graphical visualization of associations between nectar-living yeasts and host plants. This analysis is a geometric technique for displaying the rows and the columns of a contingency table as points in a low-dimensional space such that the positions of the row and column points are consistent with their associations in the table. The analysis produces correspondence-dimensions based on the profiles (relative frequency of yeast taxa corresponding with the respective host plant), weighted average of profiles (centroid of the space representation), chi-square Euclidean-distances (proximity between points), and the total inertia (total contribution of yeast taxa and host plant to the between-taxa correspondence). For yeasts and host plant data, contingency tables were produced using yeast species as column variables and plant species as row variables. All singletons were excluded from the analysis. The first three dimensions obtained from the analysis were plotted to generate biplots representing correspondence between yeast and host plant taxa. Given that the relationship between response and explanatory variables follows a power pattern (e. g. , the response variable is proportional to the explanatory variable raised to a power), a power regression model was used to test the association between yeast cell density (explanatory variable) and nectar sugar concentration (response variable) in nectar samples. To construct the power model and test it, first the logarithm of both variables was taken and plotted to verify the linear pattern; then, a linear regression was performed on the transformed data to test the relationship between variables. The inverse transformation was made on both sizes of the linearized function to obtain the power function and the exponential term (Rossiter, 2016). Data were plotted taking the logarithms of both variables.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: Relationship to current policies The data in this review support the WHO's Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization’s recommendation for "the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination of infants into all national immunization programmes" with a stronger recommendation for countries where "diarrhoeal deaths account for ≥10% of mortality among children aged <5 years" (SAGE 2009). Figures and Tables - Figure 1 A simplified diagram of the location of rotavirus structural proteins (source: Graham Cohn, Wikipedia (public domain image)): Rotaviruses are segmented, double‐stranded RNA viruses. The mature, triple‐layered virus p1. 1 Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe (up to 1 year follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 1 Comparison 1 RV1 versus placebo, Outcome 1 Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe (up to 1 year follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 2 Comparison 1 RV1 versus placebo, Outcome 2 Rotavirus diarrhoea: severe (up to 2 years follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 3 Comparison 1 RV1 versus placebo, Outcome 3 All‐cause diarrhoea: severe cases (up to 1 year follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 4 Comparison 1 RV1 versus placebo, Outcome 4 All‐cause diarrhoea: severe cases (up to 2 years follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 5 Comparison 1 RV1 versus placebo, Outcome 5 All‐cause diarrhoea: severe episodes (up to 1 year follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Figures and Tables - Analysis 1. 6 Comparison 1 RV1 versus placebo, Outcome 6 All‐cause diarrhoea: severe episodes (up to 2 years follow‐up).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 79 The road transport ets will apply to upstream fuel suppliers, putting the responsibility on fuel producers to comply with the ets, rather than requiring individual road transport users to participate directly. 80 The obligation to submit emissions allowances will set a price to reflect the carbon footprint of fuels that apart from reducing carbon emissions can also help to make zevs competitive on the market. 81 The idea of a road transport ets has raised a great deal of criticism. 82 Given that road transport is characterized by technological barriers to investments in energy efficiency improvements, high upfront costs of emission abatement options and the low-price elasticity of energy demand, the widespread effect of the ets will be an increase in the price of every kilometer driven resulting in higher business costs and transport prices for citizens. In this respect, questions have been asked whether carbon pricing is the right tool to decarbonize road transport, whether there are alternatives, how the high costs for consumers can be mitigated and what are the prospects for combining (linking) of the road transport ets with the general EU ets. 83 Concerning black carbon emissions specifically, the planned ets in road transport is unlikely to have an effect as it targets only CO2 and, had there been no strict exhaust standards in place, it would even create a negative effect on black carbon emissions stimulating consumption of diesel as a less carbon-intensive and more fuel-saving fuel compared to gasoline. 2. 3. 2 Taxes and Transition to zevs Environmental taxes have long been used in road transport to internalize external costs, especially those associated with the congestion of road networks. 84 They were initially levied on heavy-duty vehicle traffic, particularly in developed countries. Later, carbon taxes, including carbon footprint taxes for fuel and cars, were introduced to address climate change from road transport. Taxes on car purchase or ownership may vary in accordance with the car’s emissions rate. For instance, some years ago Mauritius used a CO2 levy and rebate scheme on motor vehicles85 stimulating car buyers to import cleaner automobiles. 86 Switzerland, Finland and some other countries link the car’s annual registration fee to the car’s emissions rate, thereby accelerating the retirement of high-emission vehicles. 87 And irrespective of the carbon footprint, fossil fuel vehicles may be taxed more heavily.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: To identify the contribution of different types of yeasts and host plants after removing the variance due to yeast cell density a least-square regression with two categorical co-factors was performed on the transformed data. Different groups of yeasts (Yeast) and different host plant species (Plant) were treated as co-factors. Sample sizes in several combinations of yeasts and host plants were less than five and yeast groups tended to not occur across all host plants, therefore, the Yeast was classified into groups to obtain a robust analysis. The groups of yeasts were Metschnikowia, Papilotrema, Ustilago, and Other yeasts. group included the closely related Metschnikowia ipomoeae, M. koreensis, M. lochheadii, and Metschnikowia sp. Similarly, the Papilotrema included Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii, P. nemorosus, and P. rajasthanensis. group included Ustilago sparsa and Ustilago sp. The yeast species with very small sample sizes were included in the Other yeasts group. Given that data are structured as an incomplete design, an interaction term (Yeast × Plant) was added to test multiplicative effects of yeasts and host plants, rather than additive effects. A Type III approach for unbalanced data was used to calculate the sums of squares (Zahn, 2010). (AIC) was applied to measure the goodness of fit of the model, taking into account the number of parameters included and to find the best model that fits the data with the minimum number of parameters. The AIC analysis drops terms from the full model and compares the original model to the reduced one. Analyses were calculated separately for sucrose, glucose, and fructose. In four cases, nectar samples produced more than one yeast species. In each of those cases, the yeast identity assigned in the analysis was selected at random from the co-occurring yeast species. Analyses were performed with R software (R Team, 2016). diversity A total of 39 species of yeasts was identified, composed of 48% Ascomycota and 52% Basidiomycota (Table 1). The number of colonies produced by each nectar drop is reported in the raw data file and the number of nectar drops by host plant species is reported in the 1.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 17 Comparison 3 Rotavac versus placebo, Outcome 17 Subgroup analysis: severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea by G and P types (up to 2 years follow‐up). Using systematic reviews (free)Navigate to figure in ReviewPrint figureOpen in new tab Summary of findings for the main comparison. RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Setting: low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) Intervention: RV1 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV1 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 13 per 1000 2 per 1000 (1 to 3) RR 0. 16 (0. 09 to 0. 26) 43,779 (7 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ higha RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. One study (RV1 Vesikari 2007a‐EU) reported higher efficacy compared to the pooled data. When we excluded this study from the analysis, there was no heterogeneity observed in the pooled data Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 24 per 1000 4 per 1000 (3 to 5) RR 0. 18 (0. 14 to 0. 23) 36,002 (9 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 41 per 1000 24 per 1000 (19 to 30) RR 0. 59 (0. 47 to 0. 74) 28,051 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderateb due to reporting bias RV1 probably reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe episodes of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 39 per 1000 24 per 1000 (22 to 28) 0. 63 (0. 56 to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Also, as already mentioned, governments stimulate imports of zevs, hybrid vehicles and simply more energy-efficient vehicles through reductions of or exemptions from import duties, sales (excise) and registration taxes, road fees etc. 88 At the same time, taxes that directly target black carbon emissions are rare. 89 In sum, the overview of emission control measures in road transport reveals a heterogeneous landscape of national car emission regulations, and at the same time a considerable improvement that has taken place in emission regulation over the last decades. However, the improvement has mainly occurred in the EU, US and some other developed and advanced developing countries, whereas less developed countries are lagging behind. The uneven car emission standards among countries lead to the situation, which is very similar to ‘pollution heaven’ and carbon leakage. 90 Particularly, it is evident where second-hand cars from developed countries with stringent emissions controls flow to developing countries with lax standards, simply relocating the problem of air pollution to other parts of the world while continuing to spoil the climate for all. Therefore, an alignment of car emission standards among countries with their gradual convergence and, possibly, harmonization at the level of the highest standards is needed. 91 How such an alignment of car emission regulations can happen is discussed below. 3 Prospects for Standards for argument here is that the worldwide alignment of car emission standards would improve air quality in individual countries and support action on climate change globally. Alignment is also desirable for economic reasons. Varying standards and regulations among countries increase costs of doing business and act as trade barriers, whereas their harmonization would lead to economies of scale and economic efficiencies with positive welfare effects. 92 This section explores two ways, in which global alignment of car emission standards can happen. One is a ‘laissez faire’ way induced by market forces. The other is an institutional way, which requires an intervention of states entering negotiations on common standards in international and regional fora. 3. 1 Market-The market plays an important role in the alignment of product standards among countries. Studies reveal that large consumer markets with greener p3. 2 Alignment through International and Car emission standards can become part of a negotiated agreement as a result of treaty-driven harmonization in contrast to market-driven one discussed above.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: There was a single yeast species per nectar drop in practically all cases; two or three different yeast species occurred in only four nectar samples (see Data S1). The most frequent ascomycetous yeasts were Metschnikowia koreensis (n = 13), M. lochheadii (n = 11), and Kurtzmaniella cleridarum (n = 12), and the most frequent basidiomycetous yeasts were Ustilago species (n = 14) Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii (n = 12), and Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili (n = 8). Analysis of diversity predicts that the overall species richness of yeasts in the sampled nectar community (Hill number q = 0) was between 25 and 34 species, which was in the same order of magnitude as the number of equally common species (q = 1, 22–34 species) or dominant species (q = 2, 19–33 species). Rarefaction and extrapolation curves were consistent in showing that several yeasts remained unrecorded at the Genus and Family sampling levels of the plant community surveyed. None of the three diversity estimates used reached an asymptote at those levels of the sampling hierarchy. At the Species level, species richness reached an asymptote at a sample size doubling the initial sampling effort, i. e. , n = 17. Analyses also showed that the number of species harbored at the Drop and Plant levels was nearly completely sampled since the three estimators of diversity reached an asymptote at approximately 100 and 50 sampling units, respectively. The maximum predicted species values were 25 for species richness (q = 0), 22 for equally common species (q = 1) and 19 for dominant species (q = 2). At all levels, estimation of the species richness is roughly comparable to the dominance. Rarefaction and extrapolation curves also allow us to make two predictions of Hill numbers for equally common species (q = 1) and dominance (q = 2) of yeasts in the host plant community. In the first scenario, Drop and Individual sampling categories for nectar collection reach an asymptote and harbor relatively low yeast diversity. In the second, Species, Genus and Family categories do not reach an asymptote; even when extrapolations double initial sample size and remain relatively high, there is unrecorded yeast diversity.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: aWe observed heterogeneity (I2 statistic = 61%) in the pooled data, but given the strength of the evidence, and that estimates were all in the same direction, we did not downgrade the outcome. bDowngraded by one for risk of selective reporting bias. Only three of the seven studies reporting on severe rotavirus diarrhoea provided data for this outcome. cDowngraded by one for risk of selective reporting bias. Only five of the nine studies reporting on severe rotavirus diarrhoea provided data for this outcome. dDowngraded by two for imprecision. These trials were not powered to detect an effect on mortality. eDowngraded by two for imprecision. There was a 1:10,000 to 1:32,000 increased risk of intussusception with a previous rotavirus vaccine (Bines 2005), so these trials were not powered to detect an association between RV1 and intussusception. Figures and Tables - Summary of findings for the main comparison. RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Navigate to table in of findings 2. RV1 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: high‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Intervention: RV1 Comparison: placebo or no intervention comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo or no intervention RV1 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 60 per 1000 22 per 1000 (14 to 36) RR 0. 37 (0. 23 to 0. 60) 6114 (3 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to one year follow‐up. We did not downgrade for inconsistency as the heterogeneity observed in the pooled data (I2 statistic = 57%) was due to within‐study heterogeneity (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF results split by country) Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 43 per 1000 28 per 1000 (22 to 35) RR 0. 65 (0. 51 to 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 101 As there is no sector-specific international organization for road transport, car emission standards can potentially be captured by work of a number of international and regional environmental and trade-related fora, such as the for Europe, the Climate and Coalition, the Organization and regional trade agreements. 3. 2. 1 for for Europe (unece) is a regional economic organization with the biggest influence on car emission standards worldwide. unece, which embraces 56 European and non-European members (including US, Canada, Israel, Turkey and former Soviet republics), hosts three UN agreements on car technical regulations open to any UN member102 and the for Harmonization of (wp. 29) aimed at pursuing actions towards the worldwide development of technical regulations for vehicles. The harmonization efforts of wp. 29 contribute to improving vehicle safety, protecting the environment, promoting energy efficiency and increasing anti-theft performance. An important milestone in the unece formation of the global car emission regulation is the recently adopted uniform car approval regulations. 103 They are based on the (wltp), which is a global standard for determining the levels of air pollutants (including pm2. 5), CO2 emissions and fuel consumption of traditional, hybrid and e-cars, aimed to ensure that emissions remain under the set limits whether the vehicle is driven in urban, rural or highway environments. 104 This international testing standard is beneficial from both an economic and an environmental perspective. For one, car manufacturers get a single approval for all major markets adopting this regulation. 105 For the other, as one of the main goals of wltp is to better match the laboratory estimates of fuel consumption and emissions with the measures of an on-road driving condition, wltp addresses the reliability of testing procedures in the wake of the Dieselgate scandal. wp. 29 and its on Pollution and Energy are now actively working to complement the new regulation on wltp with a globally-agreed Emissions Test, which will introduce procedures for testing vehicles in real life conditions on public roads to demonstrate real world compliance in addition to the wltp test performed in controlled conditions in laboratories. It is noteworthy that the uniform car approval regulations adopted by the unece are based on the Euro 6/vi standard of the EU. 106 This fact demonstrates the unilateral regulatory power of the EU and its global regulatory influence through international organizations and the potential for the worldwide convergence of car emission standards.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These last categories have the highest predicted diversity of yeasts (Fig. 1, q = 0, q = 1, q = 2). Completeness curves show that sample completeness was nearly achieved with the current sample size at the Drop and Individual levels (1 and 0. 99, respectively). At the Species level, sampled completeness was close to one (0. 89) and at higher-order levels, the maximum sample completeness was 0. 76 and 0. 65 for Genus and Family, respectively (Fig. 1, sampling completeness). Figure 1: Diversity of tropical nectar-living yeasts. Diversity of nectar-living yeasts at the different hierarchically nested sampling levels used in nectar collection: nectar drops (Drop), individual plants (Individual), plant species (Species), plant genus (Genus), and botanical family (Family). Plots show (A) species richness (Hill number for q = 0), (B) equally abundant species (q = 1), (C) dominance (q = 2), and (D) sample completeness curve. Diversity curves were constructed using rarefied (solid lines) and extrapolated nectar samples (dashed lines) with sample size-based estimations. Each curve was extrapolated up to double the initial sample size. Observed sample size for each category curve is denoted by a different symbol. The 95% confidence intervals (color-shaded regions) were obtained by a bootstrap method based on 200 replications. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-1 Yeast-plant associations Correspondence analysis revealed a significant number of associations between yeasts and host plants (Fig. 2). The most extreme correspondence was observed between K. cleridarum with Opuntia dillenii, followed by Starmerella sp. and Metschnikowia ipomoeae with the host plant Ipomoea crinicalyx, Clavispora lusitaniae with Agave angustifolia, and M. koreensis with Tecoma stans. Looser associations included Candida sorbosivorans with Passiflora foetida, Metschnikowia sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: 83) 13,768** (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to two years follow‐up. Sensitivity analysis excluding the cluster‐RCT (RV1 Zaman 2017‐BGD) that contributed data to this outcome showed no significant change in effect estimate or 95% CI (RR 0. 58, 95% CI 0. 42 to 0. 79, n = 2764, 1 RCT) Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 176 per 1000 129 per 1000 (99 to 167) RR 0. 73 (0. 56 to 0. 95) 5639 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to one year follow‐up. We did not downgrade for inconsistency as the heterogeneity observed in the pooled data (I2 statistic = 75%) was due to within‐study heterogeneity (RV1 Madhi 2010‐AF results split by country) Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 233 per 1000 191 per 1000 (166 to 222) RR 0. 82 (0. 71 to 0. 95) 2764 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness RV1 probably slightly reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo or no intervention at up to two years follow‐up. All‐cause death Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 24 per 1000 21 per 1000 (16 to 30) RR 0. 88 (0. 64 to 1. 22) 8181 (8 studies) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ lowb due to imprecision RV1 may make little or no difference to all‐cause death compared to placebo or no intervention. All serious adverse events Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 95 per 1000 84 per 1000 (72 to 99) RR 0. 89 (0. 76 to 1. 04) 7481 (7 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV1 makes little or no difference to serious adverse events compared to placebo or no intervention.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Due to the diverse membership of unece, the Euro standards have already been exported through unece to non-EU markets, including India, Mexico and China. 107 Also, as the UN agreements on car technical regulations hosted by the unece are open for non-unece members as well, these higher car emission regulations can potentially be adopted worldwide. Whether the adoption of stricter car exhaust and CO2 standards in the EU will prompt the unece wp. 29 to undertake further steps for harmonization of car emission regulations facilitating the transition to zevs at a global scale remains to be seen. 3. 2. 2 Climate and Climate and Coalition (ccac), a public-private partnership that promotes slcp reduction policies, also supports a universal upward convergence of car emission standards by bringing high-level attention to the policies and technologies available to promote low-sulfur fuels and cleaner diesel vehicles, providing expertise and financial assistance and promoting regional partnerships (see 2. 5 and black carbon from the global on-road diesel fleet could be reduced by over 90% in different regions by 2030 in a cost-effective way through the introduction of low-sulfur fuels and cleaner diesel vehicle standards. 108 It describes four categories of action depending on country’s specifics: ‘importers’, ‘refiners’, ‘vehicle standards’ and ‘cities first’. In import-dependent countries, implementing higher standards should not take long, as low-sulfur fuels are readily available on the global market. There are also countries that have no longer a problem with low sulfur fuels but still have a problem with appropriate car exhaust standards. These countries can gain from adopting stricter car exhaust standards matching already-available fuel quality, while playing the role of regional leaders sharing their experience with implementing low-sulfur fuel in regional fora. As concerns the ‘cities first’ approach, some countries, such as China and India, introduce stricter fuel quality only for urban areas, for instance through investments in cleaner public transport, so that lower sulfur fuels are available in cities and some transit corridors prior to ramping up low sulfur fuels in the whole country. In general, the ccac strives to implement car exhaust and fuel quality standards equivalent to Euro 4/iv by 2025 and Euro 6/vi by 2030 worldwide.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: with Lonchocarpus longistylus, Sporidiobolus ruineniae with Merremia dissecta, Papilotrema flavescens with Bravaisia berlandieriana, and Kwoniella mangrovensis with Operculina pinnatifida. The weakest associations were observed between Saitozyma flava, Ustilago sparsa, and Ustilago sp. with Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea triloba, and Vishniacozyma taibaiensis and Naganishia liquefaciens with Piscidia piscipula (Fig. 2). Figure 2: Correspondence analysis for nectar-living yeasts. Correspondence analysis for yeasts isolated from floral nectar samples. Plots show the associations between yeasts and host plants: (A) dimensions 1 and 2, (B) dimensions 2 and 3, (C) dimensions 3 and 4. Yeasts are depicted by filled triangles and letters and host plants by filled circles and numbers. Distances among points depict the similarity between members of the same yeast group or of the same plant group. White dashed-line ellipses indicate significant (p < 0. 05) correspondences between yeasts and host plants. Percentage of contribution of each dimension to total variation is shown in parenthesis in the respective dimension. The points depicting the extreme correspondence of Kurtzmaniella cleridarum with Opuntia dillenii were extracted from the graphic analysis so that the correspondences are better observed. Yeasts: (a) Starmerella sp. , (b) Wickerhamiella occidentalis, (c) Candida sorbosivorans, (e) Clavispora lusitaniae, (f) Metschnikowia ipomoeae, (g) Metschnikowia lochheadii (h) Metschnikowia sp. , (i) Metschnikowia koreensis, (k) Vishniacozyma taibaiensis, (l) Saitozyma flava (m) Cryptococcus sp. 1, (n) Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii, (o) Papilotrema flavescens, (p) Cryptococcus sp.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV5 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in low‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: low‐mortality countries (WHO strata A and B) Intervention: RV5 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV5 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 17 per 1000 1 per 1000 (1 to 5) RR 0. 08 (0. 03 to 0. 22) 4132 (5 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to imprecision RV5 probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 25 per 1000 4 per 1000 (2 to 10) RR 0. 18 (0. 08 to 0. 39) 7318 (4 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderateb due to inconsistency RV5 probably reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting Severe all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ We found no studies that reported on this outcome in this setting All‐cause death Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 1 per 1000 1 per 1000 (0 to 1) RR 1. 13 (0. 65 to 1. 96) 77,642 (9 studies) ⊕⊕⊝⊝ lowc due to imprecision RV5 may make little or no difference to all‐cause death compared to placebo. All serious adverse events Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 27 per 1000 25 per 1000 (23 to 28) RR 0. 93 (0. 86 to 1. 02) 75,672 (8 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 makes little or no difference to serious adverse events compared to placebo.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Climate resilience can solve global warming without reducing carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 109 By committing ccac member countries to adopt higher car exhaust and fuel quality standards, the ccac makes an important contribution in the alignment of these standards across countries. 3. 2. 3 the Organization (wto) is not a forum for setting international standards for products, the wto has a structural unit, the Committee of to Trade (tbt Committee), which oversights the implementation of rules on the adoption and application of technical regulations and standards (tbt measures), including emission standards for cars. These rules ensure transparency and prevent unnecessary barriers to trade imposed by tbt measures, as well as discrimination of imports. At the same time, these rules promote regulatory harmonization through provisions which stimulate the use of international standards as the basis of national technical regulations and standards and mutual recognition of regulations and conformity assessment procedures (the basis for the conclusion of mutual recognition agreements). tbt rules will therefore play an important role in promoting compliance with any future car emission standards adopted by unece or at any other international forum. tbt rules also contribute to promoting best regulatory practices, particularly through discussions of specific trade concerns (stcs) at the tbt Committee. 110 Emissions standards for cars and fuels have also been the topic of stcs. These stcs focused on the elimination of trade barriers resulted from the methodology chosen for the calculation of environmental impact, trade restrictiveness of car regulations and some of their implementation features. 111 Also important are requirements of notification for draft technical regulations, which ensure transition periods between the announcement of a technical regulation and its promulgation. The experience with transition to low-sulfur fuel shows that the successful adoption of low-sulfur fuel standards in different countries was preceded by planning and preparation periods of up to 5 years to allow refiners to select strategies for compliance and raise the necessary capital. 112 Allowing transition periods and technical assistance for developing countries to adopt to more stringent regulations for their exports will be important in the transition to zevs. At the same time, wto is criticized for not paying due attention to environmental issues and its inability to induce upward regulatory harmonization. 113 Stricter standards can be compromised in trade disputes. In US-Gasoline, Venezuela and Brazil challenged three U. S. vehicle-related regulations – the luxury car tax, the gas-guzzler tax and the corporate fuel efficiency standards – and the US lost the dispute on the grounds that some requirements for the implementation imposed on imports were found discriminatory.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 2, (q) Naganishia liquefaciens, (r) Hannaella siamensis, (s) Kwoniella mangrovensis, (t) Rhodotorula paludigena, (u) Sporidiobolus ruineniae, (v) Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili, (w) Ustilago sparsa, (x) Ustilago sp. Host plants: (1) Agave angustifolia, (2) Bravaisia berlandieriana, (3) Gymnopodium floribundum, (4) Ipomoea crinicalyx, (5) Ipomoea hederifolia, (6) Ipomoea nil, (7) Ipomoea triloba, (8) Lonchocarpus longistylus, (9) Merremia dissecta, (10) Operculina pinnatifida, (12) Passiflora foetida, (13) Piscidia piscipula, (14) Tecoma stans. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-2 Yeast effects on nectar sugars Nectar samples containing yeasts had lower average concentrations of sucrose, glucose, and fructose than nectar samples lacking yeasts, irrespective of the yeast species and host plant (Table 2). In general, significant relationships were found between yeast cell density and nectar sugar concentration. The decrease in concentration of sucrose, glucose and fructose were proportional to the increase in yeast cell density raised to a power coefficient. In Fig. 3, data are plotted taking the logarithms of both variables to show the linearized pattern and the power function fitted for each sugar. Different yeasts groups (Yeast) and different plant species (Plant) as main factors showed no contributions to explaining variance in the model, but the interaction between both terms had a significant impact on the relationship between yeast cell density and nectar sugar concentration (Table 3). The AIC values confirmed that the multiplicative impact of the interaction between Yeast and Plant was more important to the regression model than the additive effect of each factor.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Vaccines help in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. [SEP] Text: RV5 compared to placebo for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in high‐mortality countries Patient or population: children Settings: high‐mortality countries (WHO strata D and E) Intervention: RV5 Comparison: placebo comparative risks* (95% CI) Relative effect (95% CI) Number of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) risk Corresponding risk Placebo RV5 Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 30 per 1000 13 per 1000 (9 to 19) RR 0. 43 (0. 29 to 0. 62) 5916 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of rotavirus diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 63 per 1000 37 per 1000 (27 to 51) RR 0. 59 (0. 43 to 0. 82) 5885 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 reduces severe rotavirus diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 1 year 77 per 1000 62 per 1000 (45 to 85) RR 0. 8 (0. 58 to 1. 11) 4085 (1 study) ⊕⊕⊕⊝ moderatea due to indirectness RV5 probably makes little or no difference to severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to one year follow‐up. Severe cases of all‐cause diarrhoea Follow‐up: up to 2 years 130 per 1000 110 per 1000 (97 to 127) RR 0. 85 (0. 75 to 0. 98) 5977 (2 studies) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ high RV5 slightly reduces severe all‐cause diarrhoea compared to placebo at up to two years follow‐up. All‐cause death Follow‐up: 2 months to 2 years 26 per 1000 23 per 1000 (17 to 32) RR 0. 92 (0. 68 to 1.

Output: corroborate