Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Open table in a new tabSensitivity AnalysisTable 7 indicates that all parameters (intensity of selection, heritability, and accuracy of genomic evaluation) induced changes in the mean bias and mean MSE[[page end]] of the BLUP evaluations compared with those of the reference scenario, UD_REF. When genomic selection intensity increased, the magnitude of the bias also rose and the accuracy of the estimations decreased. This is verified for UD and FA traits when the proportion of selected candidates decreased from 25 to 10% (scenario UD_REF compared with UD_p and scenario FA_REF compared with FA_p). The same trends were observed when the precision of the genomic evaluation decreased (FA_gEDC compared with FA_REF). Finally, scenarios UD_REF and FA_REF were compared, with the same proportion of selected candidates and the same amount of genomic information. When the heritability was lower, genetic evaluations were more affected: the magnitude of the bias was larger and the accuracy of the estimations was lower. Scenario1Δ,σΔMSEUD_REF−0. 146±0. 0140. 188UD_p−0. 227±0. 0160. 217FA_REF−0. 214±0. 0210. 305FA_p−0. 155±0. 0200. 299FA_gEDC−0. 249±0. 0250. 364Table 7Mean bias (Δ), standard deviation (σΔ), and mean squared error (MSE) over 50 replicates when the heritability, the proportion of selected candidates, and the reliability of genomic evaluation vary1UD = udder depth trait; FA = foot angle trait; REF = reference; p = proportion of young sires retained; gEDC = genomic equivalent daughter contribution; UD_REF = 36% of heritability, 25% of young sires retained, 10 EDC from genomic evaluation; UD_p = 36% of heritability, 10% of young sires retained, 10 EDC from genomic evaluation; FA_REF = 14% of heritability, 25% of young sires retained, 26 EDC from genomic evaluation; FA_p = 14% of heritability, 10% of young sires retained, 26 EDC from genomic evaluation; FA_gEDC = 14% of heritability, 10% of young sires retained, 10 EDC from genomic evaluation.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Rooftop gardens help reduce heat in urban areas. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Flood volume reduction rate Peak time (1) Current condition RBs Rflood volume (m2/s) 29. 54 29. 48 27. 24 Rate of decrease 0. 20% 7. 79% Peak time (2) Current condition RBs Rflood volume (m2/s) 11. 48 10. 97 9. 45 Rate of decrease 4. 86% 18. 04% The effect of reducing the depth of the outlet is higher when using RBs and RGs in combination than when using RBs and RGs individually. The reduction rates in the two peak periods were 36. 36% and 30. 88%, respectively (Fig. 10). In both rainfall scenarios, the combination of RBs and RGs delayed the first peak stormwater runoff time by approximately 10–20 min. The discharge was commensurate with the runoff capacity of the river, reducing the river’s burden. However, once the amount of precipitation exceeded the storage capacity of the RBs and RGs, little controlling effect was observed. For example, at the second and third peaks, little effect was subsequently seen in peak runoff volume or time. 4. 2 Condition in the 1) Long-duration Rainfall (July 2, 2021) SWMM model can show the hourly change of conduit capacity and flood volume from manholes with different colors. Thus, the effectiveness of stormwater control in flooded areas can be verified by comparing flooding scenarios under current conditions with those after using RBs and RGs. Figure 11 shows the conduit capacity in the sewer system during the long-duration rainfall peak time (7:50). Figure 11 shows the conduit capacity in the sewer system during the long-duration rainfall peak time (7:50). In Fig. 11, the middle figure and the left graph show the situation after using RBs and RGs. The color of the circled area has changed compared with the current condition figure on the left. Especially in the case of RGs, as seen in the middle of the figure, almost all conduits have flow depths of less than 1 m, indicating that almost none of the conduits are overflowing. This indicates that the use of RBs and RGs reduces the volume of stormwater in the sanitary sewer system and, thus, reduces the load on the sewer system.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: For instance, McConnell et al [20] analyzed the influence of owning animals on stress. Other work has assessed the impact of the surrounding ecosystem on humans’ and animals’ QoL [21,22]. A practical setup for the entire data management process comprises aspects of generation, collection, transmission, storage, extraction, analysis, reporting, and decision-making as codified according to the principles of accident and emergency informatics (A&EI), with the dual purpose of preventing harm and supporting decisions [23]. Furthermore, aspects such as education, citizen engagement, and the large vision of human nature are notable elements of the Health (ODH) framework. The ODH Framework to an framework develops around 2 so-called keys [24]. On the one hand, looks at monitoring and assessing environmental hazard interactions and their impacts on health and biodiversity [25]. In contrast, stands as the mature deployment of currently available technology to improve individuals’ health and care [26]. The framework also includes 3 perspectives, 5 dimensions, and a technological ring. As ODH proposes a new holistic, data-driven approach encompassing human, animal, and environmental health and welfare, a solid common ground with this working scenario emerges. Table 1 adjusts the common aspects of smart cities and digital public health using the ODH framework. Health professionals traditionally define an intervention as the whole process, starting by defining a protocol; implementing it; systematically evaluating its effects; and then using the results to define, for example, a new therapeutic strategy or a new policy. According to the perspective, we refer to ODH Intervention as the use of digital and mobile technologies for specific initiatives addressing human, animal, and environmental system needs. In other words, an ODH intervention is a real-world implementation of the theoretical ODH framework, which relies on Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) data [27-29]. In this regard, we recognize an appropriate alignment with the Classification of Interventions v1. 0 proposed by the Organization (WHO), which deals with the principles of implementing and delivering formal or informal care using electronic health services [10,30]. Table 1. Relationships between smart cities, digital public health, and Health (ODH). Topics in common between (digital) public health and smart citiesODH dimensionsCitizen engagementEducationHuman and veterinary health careIndustry 4.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Open table in a new tabDiscussionSimulating data such as TBV and phenotypic values has many advantages. Compared with studies on real data, the only relevant source of bias is isolated and the mechanisms underlying bias are controlled so that it is then easy to vary parameters of interest and better understand mechanisms underlying bias. In the literature, several methods were proposed to systematically detect bias in prediction procedures. They involved assessing the change between estimates of 2 sets of selected and unselected data to study sequential selection (Mallinckrodt et al. , 1995) or between 2 consecutive predictions (Reverter et al. , 1994). However, by accessing true genetic values, the actual properties of BLUP solutions may be contrasted with their expectation of unbiasedness and of minimum error variance. The major limitation with this method is that it cannot be used to check routinely if classical evaluations are biased by genomic preselection. The approach in our study was designed to be realistic. It is based on real data with large numbers of herds and young sires promoting genetic and environmental diversity. Moreover, the choice of paternal families and their composition (number of siblings) tried to mimic the strategies implemented by breeding companies when genotyping candidates. However, only one data structure was considered with type traits. Repeated or longitudinal data, for example, for which evaluation models are different, were not investigated. Genomic selection can be seen as a missing data process where only progeny of selected animals are recorded. These were selected based on GEBV; however, this information was not included in the evaluation. Actually, whatever the scenario, it is always observed that under genomic selection, bias is significant and breeding values of selected young sires and their daughters are underestimated. Mixed model equations assume that selected young sires have a Mendelian sampling term with zero expectation, whereas the MS contribution is now, on average, positive. The accuracy of evaluations is also always lower when a genomic preselection step is implemented. The magnitude of the bias and the accuracy loss are even greater when the intensity of genomic selection is increasing. This is not surprising, because the proportion of missing data is indeed rising. We observe the same trends when the accuracy of the genomic evaluations is decreasing, when the correlation between GEBV and the trait is in the same way declining. [[page end]] Finally, Sorensen and Kennedy (1984) reported that the magnitude of a selection bias also depended on heritability.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -nutrient estimator: distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants based on plant growth View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871 Published 2024-02-23 Accepted 2024-01-22 Received 2023-09-29 -Time and hydroponic, Nutrient estimator, Mask R-sensors, Micro nutrients, Macro nutrients, Region proposal network Copyright © 2024 Sangeetha and This is an open access 2024. Automatic nutrient estimator: distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants based on plant growth. PeerJ 10:e1871 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 97. 5% accuracy for the first 5 weeks with 1,715 ppm of nutrition ingestion, identifying the vegetative state. The flowering stage is identified with 97. 5% accuracy in the 6–9th week with 2,380 ppm of nutrition consumption, and the fruiting location is determined with 99. 4% accuracy in the last 10–15th week with 2,730 ppm of nutrition consumption. world’s population is projected to increase from 6. 8 billion today to 9. 1 billion by 2050. This growth will necessitate a 25% increase in food production compared to the current levels (FAO, 2022a). According to research conducted by the FAO, meeting this demand and simultaneously addressing issues such as hunger, poverty, efficient management of finite natural resources, and adaptation to climate change will pose significant challenges for global agriculture in the upcoming decades. (FAO) (FAO, 2022b) projects that in India, more than 189 million people may receive less food in terms of quantity and quality for healthy growth by 2020. In India, the population is increasing rapidly, but at the same time, the percentage of agricultural land is decreasing. At the same time, inadequate water resources, fewer rainfalls, increased expenses, and sudden disasters decreased farmers’ interest in farming. As a result, many of them have transitioned into the real estate sector to seek higher profits within a shorter timeframe (Shirsekar et al. , 2021). Hydroponics is a branch of hydroculture that is the most suitable explanation for these difficulties. Hydroponics farming (Tagle et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 0Surrounding environmentSurveillanceAccidents and emergencies✓Environmental conditions✓Electromagnetic radiation✓Health condition of older adults✓✓Emotions✓Epidemics✓✓Fitness activities✓✓✓Food quality✓✓✓Healthy lifestyle promotion✓✓✓Our main objective was to show and discuss how the ODH framework—combined with A&EI—can dynamically support the comprehensive monitoring and analysis of the daily life events of humans and animals in technologically integrated environments such as a smart home and a smart city. The paper is structured as follows. After the introduction, we present and analyze a timely use case from a smart healthy city context [31]. We then describe the planning of an ODH intervention to deal with the use case features. Therefore, we remodel and update the original use case as an actual outcome of an ODH intervention. In the end, we introduce a part of the generic evaluation process of an ODH intervention and discuss its implementation potential. We conclude by pointing out the strengths and limitations of this use case, such as future developments of the ODH framework jointly with A&EI. Use CaseOverviewA smart and healthy city well acknowledges several core ODH challenges. Our use case describes the sequence of steps needed to set up an ODH intervention around a user-centered demand and measure several parameters continuously, comprehensively, and reliably for effective multipurpose and integrative welfare monitoring. In this use case, we deal with human and animal health and welfare monitoring, continuously measuring physiological and behavioral parameters during their different activities—alone or together. Tracy is a healthy single woman aged 27 years who shares her apartment in a metropolitan area with her dog Mego. Tracy is a junior finance analyst (ie, a tertiary position with responsibilities that might cause stress). During working weekdays, Tracy follows some typical activities of daily living. Mego is a healthy midsized male dog aged 5 years. Mego lives with his owner Tracy. Most of Mego’s time is spent at home (Figure 1). Figure 1. A day in Tracy and Mego’s lives. A in Tracy and Mego’s LivesAt 6 AM, Tracy usually wakes up and checks that Mego’s smart pet feeder delivered kibble and water. She then goes for a 30-minute run with Mego.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: The coefficients of the relationship matrix being incorrect and even combined with the variance ratio in the mixed model equations may explain how bias and MSE vary with heritability. The magnitude of the bias was significantly different from zero under genomic selection in all of the studied scenarios. Over one generation only, the bias comprises between 4 and 11% of genetic standard deviation for the daughters of the young sires, and between 15 and 25% for the young sires. For the same range of heritability and selection intensity, such magnitude was never reported in studies assessing bias in genetic evaluations. As genomic evaluations are predicted to be the future dominant selection tool (progeny testing is already being abandoned in some breeding programs), the preselection intensity, which is not yet accounted for in classical models, may become large, and clearly biased evaluations are to be feared. Henderson (1990a, b) reported that a biased predictor may exist that has a smaller mean squared error than an unbiased predictor. Indeed, Gianola et al. (1988) and L. R. Schaeffer (Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Canada, personal communication) used this argument to stress that the most important aspect to increase genetic gain is the increase of EBV accuracy. However, our results indicate an increase of the MSE. Assuming genomic preselection of the young sires only, genetic progress may then be decreased by 3 to 4%, if 25 or 10% of YS are retained. It means that an uncontrolled loss of accuracy can actually threaten the effectiveness of a breeding program and have large genetic and then economic effects. It seems essential to take into account this bias. To assess the bias magnitude over more generations, a fully stochastic study would have to be used. Considering previous studies, we expect that effect on genetic evaluations would increase. For example, Schenkel et al. (2002) found that the bias increased over generations in the case of missing pedigree information. In fact, direction and amplitude of the bias may particularly become unpredictable when daughters of selected young sires are mated to other preselected young sires. ConclusionsThis study presents evidence that national genetic evaluations are biased once young sires are preselected based on genomic breeding values. The challenge is now to account for genomic preselection in the classical evaluation models.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: , 2018) is an intelligent way of growing crops that yields high-quality organic plants in a limited space without using soil and does not expose them to external disasters, and not causing any environmental pollution. The hydroponic food production method is becoming more popular for cultivating crops, especially for urban people who can grow plants on balconies or rooftops (Kaewwiset & Yooyativong, 2017). The hydroponic food production method of cultivation, referred to as “soilless culture” (Resh, 2022), uses water or nutrient solutions as the growing standard. Possibility of using land that is unsuitable for conventional agriculture, such as dry and degraded terrain. The ability of plants to adapt to shifting weather patterns. Cultivation is possible all year. Reduced need for labor-intensive operations such as weeding and soil preparation. These are the method’s primary advantages (Gumisiriza et al. , 2022). There is debate about whether hydroponic farming is more active than conventional farming (Atikah & Widyawati, 2021; Lee & Lee, 2015). Hydroponics agriculture has become a revolution in many countries and is slowly spreading in India. It has proved that it can ultimately grow pesticide-free crops with 95% less water and consume reduced nutrients compared to conventional agriculture. Six different methods of growing hydroponics include deep water culture, wick system, nutrient film technology, ebb and flow systems, drip systems, and aeroponics. It can choose any growing medium except soil like coconut pellets, perlite gravel, rockwool, or sand, or it can be any nutrient explanation. Plants are grown either horizontally or vertically based on space availability (Nursyahid et al. , 2021). In our system, we used deep water culture to grow plants, as shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Deep water culture for hydroponics. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-1 The entire method for a vertical farming controlled environment comprises three significant steps. The first step is about intelligent sensors for monitoring several parameters, including air density, humidity, light intensity, temperature, CO2 levels, oxygen levels, water inflows, and recording pH and EC values. The second step covers caring for the plants under a controlled environment and regulating all the above parameters in specific ranges or threshold values.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Mego noticed the problem and started barking. After a while, some people came along, and finally, the ambulance arrived. Tracy stayed a few days in the hospital and another week at home to recover. During this time, Tracy’s friends had been taking care of Mego, hosting him and trying to preserve his routine to reduce the negative impact of Tracy’s absence (ie, during hospitalization) or unavailability to take care of him on her own (ie, during recovery). MethodsPlanning an intervention can be seen as the implementation of a set of digital functionalities, or digitalities [24], designed and deployed to (1) support specific initiatives that address human, animal, and environmental system needs and challenges; (2) assess and study these systems’ expected and unexpected outcomes and effects and collect related data; and (3) select timely metrics for the outcomes of multicriteria decision analyses. An ODH intervention is implemented to (1) address One Health–related challenges; (2) achieve One Health–related important and strategic outcomes for clinical follow-up and practice, such as for technology improvements needed; and (3) achieve FAIR uses of digital technologies [30,44]. In our case, this translates to (1) a challenge aiming to enhance aspects of healthy lifestyle promotion and surveillance; (2) an outcome consisting of performing effective monitoring of human and animal welfare within the context of a smart city, where health is a pivotal component; and (3) sensors for monitoring as digital technologies through which the intervention is implemented. Effective monitoring of humans and animals in a smart environment must cover all relevant locations (indoors and outdoors) and define the critical parameters of health care and QoL [45]. Table 2 reports the 9 major types of interactions between the intervention recipients considering the extant strict interconnectedness between them [46]. Each cell reports instances of how one actor (row) positively or negatively affects another (column). Table 2. Examples of interactions between the 3 components.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Understanding why evaluations are biased leads us to propose the inclusion of, in the classical evaluation, performance obtained from deregressed GEBV of culled and selected candidates, whereas Misztal et al. (2009) proposed a single-step genetic evaluation combining pedigree-based information with genomic data. All information upon which selection has been based would then be included. In addition, genomic and polygenic information would be naturally combined so that the level of accuracy of national evaluations would be increased. However, a correction, at a national level, would be even more relevant for international evaluations where breeding practices strongly differ between countries. At least, a validation test would be required to check that national evaluations are still unbiased despite genomic preselection to ensure the quality of international evaluations. 1. Ducrocq, V. , M. Goddard, L. Schaeffer, and G. Banos. 2008. (2007-2008) to the Committee. 4 pp. Interbull meeting, Niagara Falls, NY. 2. Gianola, D. ∙ Im, S. ∙ Fernando, R. L. Prediction of breeding value under Henderson's selection model: A revisitationJ. Dairy Sci. 1988; 71:2790-2798Abstract(PDF)Scopus (14)3. Harris, B. ∙ Johnson, D. Approximate reliability of genetic evaluations under an animal modelJ. Dairy Sci. 1998; 81:2723-2728Abstract(PDF)Scopus (60)PubMed4. Henderson, C. R. Accounting for selection and mating biases in genetic evaluationGianola, D. ∙ Hammond, K. Advances in for of LivestockSpringer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1990; 413-436Crossref5. Henderson, C. R. Statistical methods in animal improvement: Historical overviewGianola, D. ∙ Hammond, K. Advances in for of LivestockSpringer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1990; 2-14Crossref6. Hickey, J. M. ∙ Keane, M. G. ∙ Kenny, D. A. . . . Estimation of accuracy and bias in genetic evaluations with genetic groups using samplingJ. Anim. Sci. 2008; 86:1047-1056CrossrefScopus (7)PubMed7.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: The last step is crucial for monitoring plant disease detection, weeds detection, pollination, prediction of nutrients mixture along with plant growth maturity stage identification, and messaging complete crop information through smart phone to inform the farmer about changes and for good yielding (Saputra, Irawan & Nugraha, 2017). The fundamental factors which affect a plant’s growth include pH, temperature, CO2, and EC of the water in the system. Four primary sensors control the environment in our hydroponics system. They are DHT11 (temperature and humidity), ultrasonic sensors (water flows), EC sensors (nutrient dissolvability), and pH sensors (acidity of nutrient solution). For these factors, we use an Arduino UNO to communicate and monitor whether or not the readings are in the given threshold range. Instead of soil, hydroponics is fed with nutrient solution added to the normal RO water. Hydroponics needs a varying number of macronutrients and micronutrients throughout its life cycle. Macronutrients are called primary nutrients and are crucial for the plant’s health; these include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), which are available from Ca (NO3)2 (calcium nitrate), KNO3 (potassium nitrate), and KH2PO4 (mono-potassium phosphate). In addition to the NPK mixture, micronutrients are also needed for plants that, include calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), boron (B), iron (Fe), molybdate (Mo), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu) and sulfur (S). Proper nutrients, like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, etc. , are essential for plant development. Estimating ratios of NPK solution is a significant step that helps in high productivity (Shirsekar et al. , 2021). In hydroponic systems, plant growth and efficiency mainly depend on two main features, EC and pH values, that regulate plant nutrient uptake. We use a pH meter to measure the pH of the nutrient solution. If the pH value measured below seven, that shows acidic, whereas above seven shows basis or alkaline of explanation. The threshold range of pH values of hydroponics plants is mostly from 5. 5 to 6. 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: HumanAnimalEnvironmentHumanFace to face [6] Interactive (technology-based; eg, via social media) [8,47] Food, habitat provision, emotional bond, and health and well-being control [48] Population follow-up and birth control [49,50] Environment destruction [51] Compliance and sustainability for a technological environment at home, on a bicycle, in the steering wheel of a car, in the fridge handle, and more [52] Urbanization [53-55] Climate change, pollution, and regulation [51] AnimalEmotional and physical bond; health, well-being, and safety feelings (eg, dog) [56] Disease vectors (zoonoses) [57] Food chain [58,59] Natural regulation of populations [60] Soil fertilization [61,62] Natural hazard (invasive species) [63-66] EnvironmentFood chain [58,59] Natural hazards and disasters [67] Space for well-being development [68-70] Availability of survival resources (food and shelter) [71] Chemicals’ influence on animal reproduction [72] Wildfire impacts on slope stability triggering in mountain areas [73] Natural hazards and disasters [67] Therefore, all the collected physiological, behavioral, and environmental data must (1) comprise indoor and outdoor locations where subjects are active and in contact [74,75], (2) be continuously time stamped, and (3) be shareable in a FAIR way [27]. framework delivers a variety of observations for continuous health monitoring. It aims at analyzing health data on environmental, behavioral, physiological, and psychological domains, which is in line with the WHO QoL definition [76]. Continuous health monitoring allows continuous data analytics and even subtle trends to become recognizable at the early stages. This then opens many options for preventive medicine, hindering adverse health events (AHEs) [77]. However, AHEs will still occur but maybe not as frequently as without continuous monitoring. In such an event, the measurements taken from the subject are helpful. As of today, smart homes, smart cars, smart wearables, and smart clothes send out emergency calls, but so far, useful information—although available at the site—is not transferred because of lacking protocols and communication standards.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Loberg, A. ∙ Dürr, J. Interbull survey on the use of genomic informationProc. Workshop on in Genetic Evaluations. No. 392009; 3-148. Mallinckrodt, C. H. ∙ Golden, B. L. ∙ Bourdon, R. M. The effect of selective reporting on estimates of weaning weight parameters in beef cattleJ. Anim. Sci. 1995; 73:1264-1270PubMed9. Misztal, I. ∙ Legarra, A. ∙ Aguilar, I. Computing procedures for genetic evaluation including phenotypic, full pedigree, and genomic informationJ. Dairy Sci. 2009; 92:4648-4655Full Text(PDF)Scopus (408)PubMed10. Pearson, K. 1903. Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. XI. On the influence of natural selection on the variability and correlation of organs. Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London 200:1–66. 11. Reverter, A. ∙ Golden, B. L. ∙ Bourdon, R. M. . . . Technical note: Detection of bias in genetic predictionsJ. Anim. Sci. 1994; 72:34-37 [[page end]]PubMed12. Schenkel, F. S. ∙ Schaeffer, L. R. ∙ Boettcher, P. J. Comparison between estimation of breeding values and fixed effects using Bayesian and empirical BLUP estimation under selection on parents and missing pedigree informationGenet. Sel. Evol. 2002; 34:41-59CrossrefPubMed13. Sorensen, D. A. ∙ Kennedy, B. W. The use of the relationship matrix to account for genetic drift variance in the analysis of genetic experimentsTheor. Appl. Genet. 1983; 66:217-220PubMed14. Sorensen, D. A. ∙ Kennedy, B. W. Estimation of response to selection using least-squares and mixed model methodologyJ. Anim. Sci. 1984; 58:1097-110615. van der Beek, S. 2007. Effect of genomic selection on national and international genetic evaluations. Pages 115–118 in Proc. Interbull Meeting: Dublin, Ireland. No. 37.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: Table 1: Survey for automatic hydroponic nutrient estimator. Khaoula et al. (2021) ML-based nutrient supply optimization Vernier sensors are connected to a to measure nutrients. There needs to be more information available regarding data storage or transmission. Gao, He & Yue (2018) To regulate and keep track of environmental and water quality factors A solar-based power source powers node. The sensor node’s Wi-Fi implementation increases power consumption and necessitates more Internet infrastructure. Arvind et al. (2020) Hydroponics system automation using hydroponics and machine learning (ML) edge computing technique Implemented cloud server to display sensor data It is only used on a small scale. Valiente et al. (2018) Systems for remote monitoring that use TDS sensors TDS sensors are subjected to calibration. The IoT-based system is missing a cloud server. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-1 Table 2: Nutrient consumption measured. Week number pH measured Average ppm measured/Week (EC X 700) Stage identified Week 1 5. 6 1,120 2 5. 8 1,330 3 5. 5 1,470 4 5. 8 1,575 5 5. 6 1,715 6 5. 4 2,100 7 5. 6 2,240 8 5. 5 2,250 9 5. 7 2,380 10 5. 5 2,390 11 5. 6 2,520 12 5. 3 2,555 13 5. 2 2,450 14 5. 5 2,660 15 5. 4 2,730 Fruit DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-2 Table 3: Accuracy analysis. Week number Stage identified 1–5 Vegetative 95. 5 94. 3 97. 5 Week 6–9 Flower 95. 7 96. 7 97. 5 Week 10–15 Fruit 96. 8 96. 6 99. 4 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/table-3 Tagle et al. (2018) created a hydroponic tower for urban farming. It was outfitted with various sensor modules to track growth parameters like water temperature and level, total dissolved solids, relative humidity, ambient temperature, and light intensity. A subsequent investigation has included an automated data acquisition system (DAQ) (Shetty, Pai & Mallya, 2021).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: This is addressed by A&EI [23]—in an emergency, whether an accident or a health-related adverse event, every second in fact counts as it carries data correlated with the individual involved. In a temporal-spatial continuous monitoring supported by the dynamic point of perception, the subject’s associated data are distributed in each measuring smart environment and device. Upon the occurrence of an event, such isolated data silos have to concatenate to build the complete informative understanding of the latest health status of the subject. Number (ISAN) takes over the role, aiming at (1) standardizing an event by associating a unique number (token) composed of time and location of the event and ID number, (2) automatically collecting the corresponding isolated data slices of the individual from the alerting system (ie, smart environments and wearables), (3) automatically generating the alert and transferring it to the responding system (ie, emergency service), and (4) simultaneously transferring the vital and nonvital data to the curing system (ie, hospital) for informing the medical personnel before the subject is delivered to the hospital [78,79]. deconstruct the ODH intervention into single independent events and steps (globally called “activities”) as items to be organized in tabular form, called the ODH intervention table (see Multimedia 4. 0 as health care services and technologies involving, eg, robots, 3D printing, cutting-edge ITs, and artificial intelligence [24,80]), and S (surrounding environment). DomainThe field refers to 1 of the 3 areas of digital functionalities (humanities, animalities, and environmentalities) encompassed by the technology ring within the ODH steering wheel [24]. This field is divided into 2 subfields. The first one, named “Speciality,” reports the digitality explicitly deployed in the corresponding activity. Each speciality is assigned to a single row. This means that each single activity is operationalized by one or more specialities and is characterized by the marking letter of the domain it refers to: H (human), A (animal), or S (surrounding environment). Accordingly, H(Si) denotes the ith speciality that operationalizes the general digital functionality from the human domain, which delivers the corresponding activity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Login to your account Email or Remote login password? Keep me logged in Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. Username Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Products & Renew 0 Enter topic, phrases, DOI, title, or author& Well--19 Eye on the IRA Medicare & Costs & 2024, Children, Medicare, Pharmaceuticals & 2024, Care, Coverage & 2024, Needs, Pharmaceuticals & 2024, -19 & Featured 10. 1377/forefront. 20200327. 868172 to favorites health response to an emerging infectious disease creates demands for preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions. As the COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded, concerns about the cost and availability of a potential vaccine have emerged. While this concern is understandable given the current public health crisis and ongoing concern about patient affordability of health care generally, safeguards for vaccine access and a vaccine procurement and distribution infrastructure are already in place. A range of existing policies and programs promote widespread, affordable access to marketed vaccines, as well as public-private partnerships to support the development and potential stockpiling of new vaccines that address threats like COVID-19. As the country grapples with the challenges presented by the coronavirus, policymakers should remain mindful of existing mechanisms that provide widespread access to affordable vaccines. policies and programs addressing vaccine access can be divided into two pathways. Components of the first pathway have been designed to ensure coverage for and access to vaccines that are currently marketed and recommended for use. At the same time, a second pathway provides robust federal support for the development, procurement, and stockpiling of medical countermeasures needed to respond to infrequent but high-consequence public health events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. While distinct, both pathways are designed to provide widespread access to vaccines and can be leveraged in a pandemic to ensure that a novel vaccine is available and affordable for the US population. Pathway 1: Conventional U. S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: The DAQ program, written in Arduino software, was intended to collect and store data from six hydroponic parameters. Tembe, Khan & Acharekar (2018) suggested a hydroponics technique in 2018 to meet humans’ food requirements. They put the pH probe module and the light spectrum for hydroponics in place. The hydroponics idea can be applied in areas that are experiencing drought. Hydroponic plants can produce a higher yield and quality with less water consumption. It is not affected by the environment in the hydroponics system, and crops can be grown all year. The foremost disadvantage of a hydroponic system is the higher initial setup cost and the requirement to implement automatic monitoring equipment. Likewise, it requires constant supervision from the farmer. Power outages must be resolved manually in Sihombing et al. (2018) recently established hydroponic organization that only procedures the temperature of the nutrient clarification and the water level. A smartphone can be used to monitor the system. The method developed by Belhekar et al. (2018) and Jaimes et al. (2019) measures the system’s relative humidity, temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, and water level. Farmers are alerted to situations like systemic nutrient imbalances by the data submitted to a database. Monitoring the hydroponic atmosphere is the only function of the system. Therefore, the system is without actuators and depends on the farmer to control occurrences (Belhekar et al. , 2018). et al. (2019) can add rainwater to the design and regulate pH levels. The volume and velocity problem of data generated in a hydroponic system is addressed by Chaiwongsai (2019) using data fusion. Data fusion is a technique that merges (fuses) information from many sensors to provide a more accurate result. Moreover, data fusion lessens network transfers, which lowers traffic and energy use. The authors suggested a control and management system for tropical hydroponic horticulture. The system keeps track of data on the state of the power, temperature, humidity, water level, pH, and EC, which are then sent over the internet to a remote database. Users can access a mobile application to verify the hydroponic sensor’s status. A two-tier network of sensors (including data fusion and SI sensors) makes up the system (DFi).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The second subfield, named “Technology,” refers instead to one or more technological solutions through which the speciality is deployed. Each technology is assigned a single row as well. FAIR Data and an ODH intervention’s FAIRness is a basic requirement to correctly process the entire management cycle and stewardship of the data collected and shared during the intervention itself. Thus, the design and deployment steps of an ODH intervention need for its data to be FAIR. In this context, it means that the data must be (1) “Findable” by allowing for their discovery and sharing continuously between different monitoring, analyzing, and alerting systems; (2) “Accessible” by allowing the relevant and approved individuals and connected systems (ie, on behalf of accredited organizations) to deal with data and information when, where, and how needed to manage regular and disruptive events; (3) “Interoperable” by involving health-related communication, data exchanges, and processing standard protocols offered in a secured technological framework; and (4) “Reusable” to allow for a systematic, continuous, and intelligent integration of big multidimensional data for primary (eg, real-time clinical and environment monitoring) and secondary (eg, clinical and epidemiological follow-up) uses [29]. More specifically, a FAIR data assessment is conducted for every technology singled out so that an overall score is extracted for the speciality that the technologies refer to [29]. We mark satisfying, good, and total versus inadequate FAIRness of an individual technology with the symbols + or −, respectively. DomainThis points out 1 of the other 2 areas of the technology ring (Figure 2) involved in the same activity as the main one. Similar to the main digitality domain, we divide related digitalities into the subfields speciality and technology and assess their level of FAIRness. Figure 2. Example of a graphical representation of digitalities involved in a Health intervention. Data LinkageIn total, 2 digitalities from 2 different domains form a relationship. If 3 digitalities—one from each of the 3 domains—connect with each other, we refer to it as a triality, and the field is duplicated. The “Data Linkage” field relates to the relationship or triality between the specialities described in the previous subsections.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: For most Americans, affordable vaccine access today is made possible through a handful of federal and state policies and programs. The most important of these are discussed below. the 1980s, Congress enacted requirements that the influenza, pneumococcal, and hepatitis B vaccines be covered under B with zero cost sharing. of 2003, which created the program—the Medicare drug benefit—provided that all commercially available adult vaccines not covered under would be covered under Part D. However, the 45 million beneficiaries with coverage may be subjected to out-of-pocket costs, and higher rates of immunization have been observed among enrollees in plans that offered $0 cost-sharing. As a result, the 45 million beneficiaries with coverage are subjected to out-of-pocket costs for vaccines, and higher rates of immunization have been observed among enrollees in plans that offered $0 cost-sharing. However, the recently enacted Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and (CARES) Act provides coverage of a COVID-19 vaccine under B without cost sharing. As a result, beneficiaries will not be subject to cost sharing for the vaccine, as they would have if it were to be covered under Part D. Children (VFC) Established in response to a measles outbreak in the U. S. between 1989 to 1991, the federal Vaccines for Children (VFC) program provides childhood vaccines at no cost to over 40 million children who are Medicaid-eligible, uninsured, underinsured, or Alaska Native. The program has resulted in substantial increases in childhood vaccine uptake and drastic reductions in vaccine-preventable disease. Manufacturers negotiate vaccine prices with the Centers for and Prevention (CDC) at levels that are substantially reduced relative to commercial list prices. (ACA) On the heels of the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak, in the spring of 2010, Congress passed the Act (ACA). The law requires that all vaccines recommended by the on (ACIP) be covered without cost sharing by non-grandfathered commercial health insurance plans and Medicaid expansion programs. This requirement extended vaccine coverage to millions of Americans, but those in traditional Medicaid programs (e. g. pregnant women) are subject to variable vaccine coverage across states, an access barrier potentially worth evaluating within and beyond the COVID-19 vaccine affordability discussion.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: According to Bafdal, Dwiratna & Kendarto (2017), this technology is an advancement over earlier ones. Smart watering is the system’s registered trademark. The valve for the proposed self-aware fertigation is built to adhere to gravity and pressure laws. It implies that the valve will automatically open and shut depending on the predetermined height, enabling adequate nutrient circulation. This kind of technology is excellent for use in places without electricity. A hydroponic intelligent plant care system that uses IoT technology to control the environment was created by Paulchamy et al. (2018). IoT allows users to make changes by quickly adding or removing sensors and actuators. By managing the water sprinkling and pump flow, the IPCH box effectively reduces the CO2 concentration. According to the level, the flow of nutrients to hydroponic plants is automatically increased. The challenging step is maintaining a steady pH level in the water solvent. The crop can be grown anywhere in hydroponics, where the growth rate is 90% more than in regular farming. The novelty of the proposed method for distributing nutrient solution in hydroponic plants lies in its groundbreaking approach to optimizing plant growth through advanced modeling techniques. Unlike existing convolutional neural network (CNN) and deep neural network (DNN) models, this innovative system leverages a unique combination of data-driven insights and real-time feedback mechanisms to achieve unparalleled accuracy. The model’s claim to surpass existing CNN and DNN models is rooted in its ability to adapt and learn dynamically from the intricate interplay of variables affecting plant nutrition. By integrating cutting-edge sensor technologies and machine learning algorithms, the system not only precisely distributes nutrient solutions tailored to the specific needs of each plant but also continuously refines its predictions based on live environmental data. This adaptive and responsive nature sets it apart, positioning it as a pioneering solution in the realm of hydroponic agriculture, promising enhanced crop yields and resource efficiency. Proposed system and system design The ratios of nutrients will keep changing due to plant type, plant stage, plant organ focus, air temperature, and humidity. Automatic hydroponic nutrient management must focus on- Taking complete control of hydroponics that monitor and regulate everything needed for plants, including nutrients, EC, pH, CO2, temperature, and humidity Estimating nutrient ratios for feeding plants. Automating nutrient supply to dispatch nutrients in the right amounts at the right time.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Equation 1 describes an example of a relationship between 2 specialities:rHA = H(Si) ⊕ A(Sj) (1)where rHA is the relationship between specialities, H(Si) is the ith speciality related to a digital functionality in the human domain, A(Sj) is the jth speciality related to a digital functionality in the animal domain, and ⊕ denotes a special defined operation similar to addition. It implies a possible confrontation between different specific deployments (in different domains) of the same kind of digital functionality. In the absence of a relationship between one speciality from one domain and another speciality from another domain, the symbolism of equation 1 becomes as follows:rHø = H(Si) ⊕ ø (2)where ø is the null element (there is no speciality connecting with Si) and rHø is the absence of a relationship (the second member is null). Consequently, we represent a triality as:t = rHAS = H(Si) ⊕ A(Sj) ⊕ S(Sk) (3)where t = rHAS is the triality (the specialities relate to all 3 domains) and S(Sk) is the kth speciality related to a digital functionality in the environment domain. Technology RingThe technology ring serves as a catalyst among all the digital functionalities that the ODH framework relies on [24]. Accordingly, an ODH intervention takes place ideally within it through a series of steps described as follows. Each of the 3 domains is divided into as many circular sectors as digitalities are involved in the ODH intervention (Figure 2). The width of each circular sector is directly proportional to the number of technologies deployed by the single speciality. Then, the bisector of the angle at the center is identified for each sector and represented by a dashed line. A dot is located along the bisector to represent the rate of involvement of the referring digitality within the ODH intervention. The position of each dot is the output of the overall assessment of the FAIRness of the digitality considered, which involves all the possible technologies related at once; the lesser the output of the assessment, the farther the dot is from the center, and the higher the associated score (decreasing importance from 1 to 5; integer values) of the digitality.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Section 317 Even with the programs just discussed, unaddressed coverage gaps may leave some individuals, specifically un- or under-insured adults, subject to lack of coverage for vaccines or significant out-of-pocket costs. The federal Section 317 Immunization Program, established in 1962, continues to play a critical role in achieving immunization coverage targets and reductions in disease. The initiative provides funding for the nation’s immunization programs and services through grants to states, cities and territories; it is focused on supporting vaccinations for children, adolescents and adults who are uninsured. Additionally, the federal government purchases vaccine doses at CDC-negotiated public sector prices for distribution to states, in limited numbers subject to Congressional funding levels. These doses may be used to vaccinate the just under 30 million uninsured adults in the US through mass clinics and at Health Centers. Like VFC prices, Section 317 vaccine prices are substantially reduced relative to commercial list prices, and states also have access to these prices for additional vaccine purchase. 317 program is also charged with helping respond to outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases and thus will likely play an important role in the COVID-19 response. Under an important program exception, in an outbreak scenario, Section 317 doses may also be administered to insured individuals. In fact, the (NVAC) has noted that a “profound strength of the program is its flexibility, allowing it to respond efficiently and effectively to state-specific priorities and unexpected outbreaks of disease. ” However, the program’s ability to make a large-scale vaccine purchase in an outbreak scenario depends on adequate congressional appropriations. Pathway 2: the above programs are largely designed to ensure uptake of vaccines recommended for use in the US civilian population, other public health mechanisms exist to support the development and rapid deployment of vaccines in response to infrequent, high-consequence events, such as outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases like COVID-19. () is a federal, interdepartmental coordinating body, It supports the development, procurement, and stockpiling of medical countermeasures (MCMs) to diagnose, prevent, or treat conditions associated with chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) threats, pandemic influenza, and emerging infectious diseases.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: Maintain an app that communicates with the farmer and allows remote access to the growing environment. Immediate alerts to the farmer for uncommon incidences in the growing environment. Use a cloud server to maintain day-to-day plant growth status. Block diagram Hydroponics is soilless cultivation that can be grown in any small indoor area. Each requirement must be provided artificially in a controlled environment, whereas everything is naturally available for soil agriculture. The above Fig. 2 depicts the whole idea of our proposed system. Figure 2: Block diagram for proposed automatic nutrient provider for hydroponics farming. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1871/fig-2 Our proposed system aims at developing an auto-dosing system for nutrient management to distribute essential nutrients for plants with less human intervention. The system mainly automates the nutrient supply to prevent under-dosing or overdose. This system calculates and estimates the number of nutrients based on the ratios given at every plant stage or age. The block diagram of the system mainly comprises a growing chamber, water reservoir, NPK mixture pumps, and Arduino microcontroller that connects various sensors to sense different parameters like pH, EC, temperature, and water levels and uses LCD 16 × 2 monitor to display all these parameters. The pH and EC sensors in the system continuously monitor the hydroponic solution. If the recorded pH falls beyond the required range, the system triggers pH adjustment processes, such as introducing pH-up or pH-down solutions, to return the pH to the ideal range. If the EC values exceed the predefined thresholds, the system adjusts the nutrient content by diluting the solution with water or supplementing it with more nutrients. These corrective steps are frequently automated and initiated in real-time to handle any variations as quickly as possible and to guarantee that the nutrient solution remains within the precise parameters conducive to plant health. The system provides a stable and controlled environment by proactively maintaining pH and EC levels, protecting against harmful impacts on nutrient uptake and overall plant development in hydroponic farming. It feels pH and EC in regular intervals and compares recorded values with the minimum threshold already initialized in the system. EC and pH ranges vary from plant to plant. The nutrient solution requirement of the plant is directly dependent on the growth stage of the plant, which causes EC ranges to go for different growth stages.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: We define the harmonic average of the associated mentioned scores as the weight of a relationship between 2 digitalities:where Mg=Mg(Si) is the harmonic average, N=2 is the number of digitalities related to each other, and Si is the score associated with each of the specialities that operationalize the digital functionalities involved in the relationship. We use a harmonic average as it is based on all observations, gives larger weights to smaller observations, and is thus more robust to strong observations and fluctuations of samples. Moreover, it can cope with variable time factors—in our case, the same speciality deployed via different technologies in different domains and in different time settings. For a triality, we calculate the Mg value for each of the 3 single relationships and then their arithmetic average. Mg is a function of the scores associated with the 2 related dots. The higher the output of the FAIRness assessment of the digitalities, the closer the corresponding dot is to the center of the technology ring, the lower the ranking of the relationship (decreasing importance from 1 to 5), and the more effective that portion of the ODH intervention is. From a graphical point of view, the dots and relationships shall tend toward the center of the ring. For an optimal ODH intervention, its ODHness (ie, an overall evaluation of how well the ODH intervention is delivered) has to tend to 0 [24]. Eventually, the weight associated with the dimensions involved in the ODH intervention is a corrective factor that improves the scores obtained in the previous steps. Accordingly, the greater the number of dimensions involved in the ODH intervention, the more effective the corrective factor is supposed to be. Ethical ConsiderationsOur research is not an observational study and does not produce or analyze any data taken from humans. Rather, we present a viewpoint and a use case as a potential scenario for an ODH intervention. Accordingly, a review by an ethics committee is not required. However, planning an ODH intervention must cope with data privacy and security. In our opinion, confidentiality protection is a sensitive issue. In this use case, we do not focus specifically on this aspect. Nevertheless, in a real-world operationalization, it will be critical to have a dedicated data protection framework that allows us to deal when needed with data anonymization and deidentification.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Guided by the and and the the of Health and the Research and routinely partner with biopharmaceutical companies to support MCM development through funding, technical assistance, and core services like clinical trial site management and manufacturing scale-up. These MCMs, such as H5N1 influenza vaccines and anthrax vaccines, are maintained in the Stockpile (SNS) along with other medicines, medical supplies, and equipment. In response to a public health threat, the SNS can deliver assets anywhere in the U. S. within 12 hours. While some MCMs in the SNS are licensed by the US Food and (FDA), others are stockpiled under Authorization (EUA), which is granted by the FDA during or in preparation for an emergency. EUA allows use of an unapproved medical product or the unapproved use of an approved medical product. First employed in January 2005 to facilitate anthrax vaccination for military personnel, this EUA authority provides flexibility in the interest of public health preparedness and response. The H1N1 pandemic is perhaps the most far-reaching precedent for vaccine procurement and distribution using the public health response pathway. During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, the federal government purchased vaccines directly from manufacturers and distributed them to providers participating in vaccination programs. Because vaccine supply was initially limited, the ACIP recommended that priority be given to groups at highest risk of complications from the virus including pregnant women, anyone 6 months through 24 years of age, and health care personnel, among others. The vaccines were free for patients, and providers could bill for the administration of the vaccines. The government maintains bulk vaccine product in the SNS for pandemic influenza strains, which can be quickly filled, finished, and distributed should the need arise. As was the case for H1N1, the federal government may be the primary purchaser for the COVID-19 vaccine. To this end, Congress appropriated $300 million for the purchase of COVID-19 vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics as part of the Appropriations Act, H. R. 6074, which was signed into law on March 6. the government be the primary purchaser of COVID-19 vaccines (Pathway 2), the price of the product will likely be negotiated in the same way it has been for other procurements of this nature.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: The pH meter calibrates the acidity or alkalinity of nutrient explanation in the water tank. In this system, we have grown tomato plants for the experimental results, and tomato plants can grow at a 5. 5 to 6. 5 feasible pH range. At all times, pH should be checked after getting EC in the predetermined range. The pH is too low or too high can stop nutrient uptaking and causes some deficiencies in plants. We should use pH up or down solutions to bring into the correct pH ranges. EC meter: EC meter and pH meter supports feeding hydro plants nutrients at consistent levels. Electrical conductivity (EC) can be measured in millisiemens (mS) or parts per million (ppm). For tomato plants, optimal EC ranges can be from 2 to 5 mS or 1,400 to 3,500 ppm levels based on the type of crops and growth stage of the tomato plants. If the EC value decreases, plants consume soundly and switch ON NPK pumps to raise nutrient solution. If the solution’s EC goes up, it means more nutrients in the resolution, and switching to the ON water pump dilutes the solution. Ultrasonic sensor: An ultrasonic sensor (HC SR04) is used to regulate the water level in the water tank. It is used to degree distance from one object to another object. It controls the water pump to turn on or off, thus avoiding water wastage. If the water equal recorded is less than the inception, it prompts the water pump to turn ON; otherwise, it will turn OFF immediately. 20 × 4 LCD: We used 20 columns × 4 rows of character LCD monitor designed for Arduino microcontroller with 16 pins to display all the input from sensors. 328 ADC: This device used for analog to digital conversion and vice versa. are using deep water culture for growing plants. Submersible pumps are used to mix the nutrient solution into the water reservoir. Hydroponic plants are soilless and consume macro and micro nutrients for their growth. It is essential to remember that the number of hydroponic nutrients and ratios that plants often require increases as plants get grown up. Then they slowly decrease as the plant enters the reproduction or harvesting stage. An auto-dosing system, designed to deliver nutrients mainly to concentrate on the plat stage, should fix specific nutrient ratios accordingly. Let us see how tomato plants consume nutrients at different stages of their growth.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: In addition, anyone interested in running (primary use) or using data collected (secondary and tertiary uses) during an ODH intervention in real-world conditions must, according to the relevant local rules, obtain the approval of the relevant research ethics and data protection committees. Results(Updated): A Day in Tracy’s Life in a CityTo picture this vision, we flashback to our use case with Tracy and Mego. This time, we tell the same story but set in a smart city using smart devices. Tracy wakes up while her smart home processes the physiological measurements acquired overnight with IoT devices: a radar sensor on top of the bed monitors the respiratory rate, and the bed is equipped with a capacitive electrocardiograph in the mattress. Tracy also uses ballistocardiography and seismocardiography mounted on the bed frame for cardiorespiratory measurements and sleep assessment. opens a door or presses a switch, her body temperature, electrodermal activity (EDA), and photoplethysmography (PPG) are taken, which deliver heart and respiratory rates upon touching the smart door handle or smart switch, respectively. In addition, passive infrared sensors gather activity data for both Tracy and Mego. In the bathroom, the smart toilet analyzes her urine and measures the pH value and density of excrements. In front of the mirror, Tracy’s body temperature is measured by an infrared thermal sensor, whereas the weight scale integrated into records PPG and EDA. When watching television, Tracy’s electrocardiogram (ECG) chair records her heart and respiratory rates. leaves her apartment, she checks for Mego’s general health status, provided by his smart dog collar, on her app. Upon Tracy’s exit, her smart home transfers the health monitoring to her wearable sensors: Tracy’s smart clothes are equipped with an embedded ECG. During all her outdoor activities, Tracy’s wearable device performs the measurement, and data on the air quality are recorded [17,45]. Today, Tracy uses her car to drive to work. Opening the smart car door activates the measuring system, including body temperature, EDA, and ECG from the steering wheel as well as heart and respiratory rates from image-based PPG computed from the smart car’s indoor camera.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Typically, the government uses a standard sole-source purchasing approach that establishes price based on the company’s development, manufacturing, and distribution costs, plus a mark-up for profit. With one seller and one purchaser negotiating these contracts, it is in the interest of both parties to reach agreeable terms. -19 vaccine be widely recommended for the U. S. population and made available through the typical supply and distribution channels and covered by both public and private payers (Pathway 1), the government will still purchase vaccines directly from manufacturers for the VFC and 317 programs for use in under- and un-insured populations. In addition, the emergency supplemental funding bill, H. R. 6074, requires that any new vaccines and therapeutics developed with government funds “be purchased in accordance with Regulation guidance on fair and reasonable pricing,” which is longstanding. The bill also specifies that the HHS Secretary may use existing authorities to ensure that vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics developed with supplemental funds be affordable in the commercial market. The interpretation of “fair and reasonable” is debatable given the high risk of failure associated with vaccine development, the complexity of clinical trials, the capital investments required for large-scale manufacturing operations, and the uncertain demand as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to unfold. Notably, no vaccine available on the US market has a list price of more than $230 per dose. In addition, many MCMs lack a viable position in the commercial market and the government is the sole purchaser, which strengthens its position vis-à-vis the establishment of price. the private sector or the government, or both, shoulder the larger proportion of costs to purchase and deploy a COVID-19 vaccine likely will depend on the epidemiology of the virus, the severity of the outbreak, and the timing of vaccine availability. If the outbreak subsides before a vaccine is available, a full-scale public health response is less likely. Based on past experience, and without significant changes to expedite development, a COVID-19 vaccine may be available in 12-18 months, although it could take much longer. Once a vaccine is ready for deployment, the ACIP will evaluate epidemiological, clinical, and economic evidence, along with other available data, to determine the most appropriate recommendation for use. As an example, a newly FDA-approved vaccine was recommended for the first time by the ACIP in February of 2020 for those at occupational risk for Ebola.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: Tomato plant at germination stage At the time of the seedling or germination stage, the plant supplied nutrients naturally available in the RO water. The seedling can start its growth with lightening, CO2, oxygen, and minimal nutrients. Tomato plant at vegetative stage N-P-K ratios represent the percentage of each nutrient in the solution. For example, the N-P-K ratio 7-9-5 is the best ratio at the vegetative stage that contains 7% of nitrogen, 9% of phosphorous, and 5% of potassium. The remaining solution is filled with varying amounts of micronutrients. During the vegetative stage, plants consume higher amounts of nitrogen in the fertilizer for a rapid growth rate. Nutrient consumption with more nitrogen products makes plants healthier, with leaves seen dark shined greenish. At this stage, plants take around 1,400 to 2,000 ppm of nutrients required for growth. In our system, the minimum threshold of 1,400 ppm and a maximum of 2,000 ppm are taken for nutrient estimation. Tomato plant at reproductive stage (flower/fruit stage) Plants’ reproduction stage starts with flowers that carry out reproductive functions to produce fruits. During this stage, plants consume higher amounts of phosphorous (P) for flower/fruit production and reduce taking nitrogen as it is already collected in vegetative stage at higher levels. Phosphorous is also needed for healthy root structure development. In this stage, potassium is a crucial nutrient for reproduction. In this stage, a 5-15-14 NPK ratio may be a wise choice for plant growth. Plants require around 2,000 to 4,500 ppm of nutrients for optimum growth throughout the blooming or fruiting periods. In our system, the minimum threshold of 2,000 ppm and a maximum threshold of 2,500 ppm has taken. Similarly, for the fruiting stage, the minimum threshold of 2,200 ppm and ultimate point of 3,500 ppm has been accepted for nutrient estimation. Achieving 97. 5% accuracy in recognizing the vegetative stage, 97. 5% in the blooming stage, and 99. 4% in the fruiting stage in hydroponic plants using nutrient solutions has significant implications for precision agriculture. This level of precision enables focused and efficient fertilizer delivery throughout the plant’s growth cycle, optimizing resource efficiency and minimizing waste.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: It is worth mentioning as well that Tracy’s bicycle is equipped with a smart handlebar that also delivers health data. A in Tracy’s Life (Updated)Some days ago, the continuous health monitoring system reported to Tracy that she should consult a physician—the sequence and length of atrial fibrillation periods had slightly increased, a well-known harbinger of stroke. However, because of time conflicts, the physician’s appointment was still outstanding when Tracy collapsed during her evening walk in the park with Mego. Instantaneously, Tracy’s smartwatch detected the AHE and asked Tracy to release the alert return. While the countdown had not yet ended, Mego’s collar reported Mego’s extraordinary excitement to Tracy’s smartwatch, which immediately generated the ISAN and sent an emergency alert. Using the ISAN, the rescue team requested access to the smartwatch so as to check previous and ongoing measurements and, therefore, be well prepared when arriving at Tracy’s location. This made it possible to perform the right intervention at the earliest point in time. Tracy recovered soon without staying in the hospital overnight. Analyzing the ODH InterventionMultimedia 83. [CrossRef] [Medline]Angelidou M. Smart city policies: a spatial approach. Cities 2014 Jul;41(Supplement 1):S3-11 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. Smart city and the applications. In: Proceedings of the 2011 on Electronics, Communications and Control. 2011 Presented at: ICECC '11; September 9-11, 2011; Ningbo, China p. 1028-1031. [CrossRef]. Appraising healthcare delivery provision: a framework to model business processes. 2017;235:511-515. [Medline]. Early detection of Parkinson disease using deep neural networks on gait dynamics. In: Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Neural Networks. 2020 Presented at: IJCNN '20; July 19-24, 2020; Glasgow, UK p. 1-8 URL: [CrossRef]. Communication behavior changes between patients with diabetes and healthcare providers over 9 years: retrospective cohort study. J Res 2020 Aug 11;22(8):e17186 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] IoT for smart cities: machine learning approaches in smart healthcare—a review.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: With this recommendation, many payers will be required to cover Ebola vaccination at first dollar for enrollees in these risk groups. However, Ebola vaccines may also be stockpiled by the government to facilitate a rapid response to this potential public health threat. An ACIP recommendation for a COVID-19 vaccine could take a variety of forms to reflect public health need. It could be a population-based recommendation targeting a specific age group or risk group, or one that defers entirely to shared clinical decision-making between patients and providers. Such a recommendation would activate the conventional system of vaccine coverage and finance with payers and the vaccine safety net playing a more prominent role. The sufficiency of the latter will depend on the will of the Administration and Congress to invest in our national immunization programs. Further, if the US government is the primary purchaser of COVID-19 vaccines, an ACIP recommendation will help guide federal vaccine procurement and inform the distribution strategy as it did during the H1N1 pandemic. Per its charter, the ACIP may develop guidance for use of unlicensed vaccines “if circumstances warrant. ” Affordable vaccines are critical to a public health response to an emerging infectious disease event like the COVID-19 pandemic, and to approximately 18 vaccine-preventable diseases in the US today. There are established policies and programs in place, however complex and imperfect to ensure broad access to a COVID-19 vaccine: the conventional vaccine coverage and financing programs (Pathway 1), and the public health preparedness and response programs (Pathway 2). Ongoing debate over drug prices should include an understanding of these pathways and longstanding contracting mechanisms that the government routinely uses to procure products from biopharmaceutical companies. Advertisement 2020. DOI: 10. 1377/hblog20200327. 868172 Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus. Caption 1220 19th Street, NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 T 202 408 6801 F 301 654 2845[email protected] & & -19 & & and conditions is pleased to offer for low-income countries. gratefully acknowledges the support of many funders. is an official journal of AcademyHealth. Project HOPE is a global health and humanitarian organization that places power in the hands of local health care workers to save lives across the globe. Project HOPE has published since 1981.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: With the potential to improve crop health and productivity, such accuracy contributes to the automation of hydroponic systems, decreasing labor requirements and enabling for data-driven decision-making. Furthermore, the environmental benefits, such as reduced nutrient runoff and a smaller ecological imprint, correspond with sustainable farming practices. This high level of precision not only ensures crop consistency, but also presents hydroponic farming as a competitive and environmentally aware strategy in modern agriculture. Equations for nutrients estimation based on the stage Estimating and calculating the ratios of nutrients to add to nutrient solutions is a primary issue in the hydroponic controlled environment. In India, the hydroponics culture is beginning. Most urban people are aware of growing hydroponics. In this urban farming, a farmer is tightly engaged with his day schedules. They cannot be time-intensive in dosing plants and making pH or EC adjustments. And if he is new to farming, he may accidentally shock his plants by over- or under-dosing. Overdosing on nutrients can result in a nutritional burn, the creation of salt content, and even plant death. Underdosing of nutrients sometimes results in plant decreases. The use of automated dosing systems is the solution to this problem. This system is used to avoid human errors and simplify nutrient management with less human intervention (dosing, checking levels, measuring pH and EC). Normally EC is measured in millisiemens. We can convert this EC to ppm using 500 NaCl or 700 KCl scales. 1MS=500ppm=EC500(or)1MS=700ppm=EC×700 For the tomato plant, the optimal EC range is from 2 to 5 mS, i. e. , 1,400 to 3,500 ppm, according to the KCl scale. We already discussed that plant absorbing nutrients involves several factors such as on plant stage, type of plant, and plant part growing. Accordingly, nutrient consumption at the vegetative stage is different from the flower stage, and similarly, nutrient uptaking at the flower stage is different from the fruit stage. At the germination stage, the plant uses a tiny percentage of nutrients as it can grow with nutrients available in fresh RO water. When it has grown in 30–40 days, leaves increase with height, around 20 to 30 cm. This stage is called the early vegetative stage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: URL: [accessed 2022-10-28] Scquizzato T, Semeraro F. No more unwitnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the future thanks to technology. Resuscitation 2022 Jan;170:79-81. [CrossRef] [Medline]șan-Vida M, et al. Medical informatics and digital health multilingual ontology (MIMO): a tool to improve international collaborations. 2022 Nov;167:104860 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Digital health multilingual ontology to index teaching resources. 2022 Aug 31;298:19-23. [CrossRef] [Medline]Denecke K, Baudoin CR. A review of artificial intelligence and robotics in transformed health ecosystems. (Lausanne) 2022 Jul 06;9:795957 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Defining AMIA's artificial intelligence principles. J 2022 Mar 15;29(4):585-591 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Goodman KW. Ethics in health informatics. Inform 2020 Aug;29(1):26-31 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Healthcare data breaches: insights and implications. Healthcare (Basel) 2020 May 13;8(2):133 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Driving elements to make cities smarter: evidences from European projects. 2019 May;142:154-167 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]Abu-Rayash A, Dincer I. Development of integrated sustainability performance indicators for better management of smart cities. Soc 2021 Apr;67:102704 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. Global E-waste management: can WEEE make a difference? A review of e-waste trends, legislation, contemporary issues and future challenges. 2021 Feb 01;120:549-563. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Biodegradable materials for sustainable health monitoring devices. 2021 Jan 18;4(1):163-194 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Marques G, Pitarma R, M. Garcia NM, Pombo N.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: 08 May 2020 Coronapod: The overlooked outbreaks that could derail the coronavirus response Outbreaks among those unable to isolate are spreading under the radar. We hear about the researchers scrambling to get a handle on the situation. Subscribe iPodcast acast and discuss the latest COVID-19 news. Your browser does not support the audio element. Download MP3 See transcript In this episode:01:02 How is coronavirus spreading in group settings? In order to successfully stop the coronavirus pandemic, researchers have to understand how the virus is spreading among groups unable to isolate. We hear about efforts to uncover levels of infection among homeless populations in the US, and the challenges associated with doing so. News: Ignoring outbreaks in homeless shelters is proving perilous16:49 One good thingOur hosts pick out things that have made them smile in the last week, including a virtual tour of the world, dark humour, and experimental cocktails. Up Close20:04 Fears rise at US drug-abuse research instituteis director of the on (NIDA). She tells us about her concerns for people living with substance-use disorders during the pandemic, and the damaging effect of lockdowns on NIDA’s research. News: The psychiatrist at the centre of the opioid crisisNever miss an episode: Subscribe to the on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify or your favourite podcast app. Head here for the RSS feed. doi: Thompson, Noah Baker, and discuss the latest COVID-19 news. Benjamin ThompsonWelcome to Coronapod. Noah BakerIn this show, we’re going to bring you Nature’s take on the latest COVID-19 developments. Benjamin ThompsonAnd we’ll be speaking to experts around the world about research during the pandemic. Amy MaxmenI really don’t know how this plays out. We also don’t know a ton about this virus, so there’s so many open questions. I just have a really hard time making predictions because I don’t know how the outbreak is going to change. Benjamin ThompsonWelcome to episode eight of Coronapod. I’m Benjamin Thompson, once more in the basement, and I’m joined, as always, by. Noah and Amy, how are you both doing today? Amy MaxmenI’m doing good.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: 4. The application of the growth stage identification algorithm in hydroponic farming The application of the Identification algorithm in hydroponic farming situations has produced significant improvements in a variety of real-world applications. The precise detection of growth stages by the algorithm led to optimal nutrient administration in a tomato-growing commercial greenhouse, minimizing nutrient waste and increasing yield. By automating the procedures of monitoring and fertilizer correction based on accurate growth stage recognition, the algorithm improved labor productivity in vertical farming systems and streamlined operations. Additionally, the algorithm’s use in sustainable urban agriculture practices shown how it may reduce environmental impact by optimizing nutrient solutions, satisfying consumer demand for environmentally friendly food. Scholarly establishments applying the algorithm saw enhanced crop quality as a result of precise nutrient distribution, while arid-region hydroponic farms took use of its potential for resource-efficient farming. Furthermore, the algorithm’s applicability to automated home hydroponics showed that even city people could use it to produce plants successfully and optimally. All of these case studies highlight how adaptable and powerful the Identification algorithm is for raising production, sustainability, and efficiency in a range of hydroponic farming scenarios. Experiment results System setup The proposed system has been implemented to estimate the extra nutrients required to feed the plants in the right amounts. Files S2 and S3 show the system implementation in real-time for visualizing plant growth from vegetative to fruit. The above experiment used deep water culture to grow the plants in a fixed water tank mixed with the initial amount of nutrients. The tomato plants are taken for demo and monitored from the seedling stage to the fruiting stage for nearly 115 days. The plants were in the observation to analyze that nutrient consumption changes as they change their growth stage. We used an Arduino board designed with a pH sensor, TDs sensors, and a temperature sensor connected to the outside world using ESP-32 Wi-Fi for automating the nutrient supply. board is coded using the software Arduino IDE for the above implementation. Its user-friendly open-source software contains a text editor for writing and uploading data to the board. In this software, most of the components are written and validated using JavaScript. The board stores all the data logs processed and communicates with a private IOTCloudData server connected with an integrated ESP-32 Wi-Fi module. Plant growth identification In this system, we automated nutrient supply according to the plant stage.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Internet of things architectures, technologies, applications, challenges, and future directions for enhanced living environments and healthcare systems: a review. Electronics 2019 Sep 24;8(10):1081 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the quality of life of type 1 diabetes patients using insulin pumps and of those receiving multiple daily insulin injections. 2022 Aug 01;20(1):120 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Rethinking technological acceptance in the age of emotional AI: surveying gen Z (Zoomer) attitudes toward non-conscious data collection. 2022 Aug;70:102011 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. An IoT-based vehicle accident detection and classification system using sensor fusion. 2021 Jan 15;8(2):869-880 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. Blockchain-empowered decentralised trust management for the internet of vehicles security. Eng 2020 Sep;86:106722 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]. The role of privacy in the acceptance of smart technologies: applying the privacy calculus to technology acceptance. Hum-2021 Nov 25;38(13):1276-1289 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]Kumar TM, Dahiya B. Smart economy in smart cities. In: Kumar TM, editor. in Smart Cities: Research: Ottawa, St. . The Gateway, Singapore: Springer; 2016:3-76. à F, Neglia G, et al. Artificial intelligence-based early prediction techniques in agri-tech domain. In: Proceedings of the 13th on. 2021 Presented at: INCoS '21; September 1-3, 2021; Taichung, Taiwan p. 42-48. [CrossRef]. Digital health literacy: bibliometric analysis. J Res 2022 Jul 06;24(7):e35816 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Perceptions of anonymised data use and awareness of the NHS data opt-out amongst patients, carers and healthcare staff. Engagem 2021 Jun 14;7(1):40 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Nanni M, Andrienko G, Barabási Give more data, awareness and control to individual citizens, and they will help COVID-19 containment.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Noah BakerYeah, I’ve spent an awful lot of time in my little pillow fort today because I’ve been recording various bits of voice overs for films and a few other things, so it’s been quite a comforting if not warm day for me. Benjamin ThompsonYes, the duvet fort does tend to raise the temperature. I’m actually in shorts right now, just to paint some pictures with words. All three of us are able to isolate, and I think we have been doing so for the duration we’ve been recording this show, but it’s not necessarily the case for everyone and all populations and, Amy, something you’ve been looking at this week is groups who maybe can’t help but congregate and the efforts that people are putting in place to try to protect them from COVID-19. Amy MaxmenRight, so, we live in a way where we’re quite privileged to be able to isolate and do our podcasts from home, and I think a real lack of attention has been put on people who can’t isolate, who either have to go to essential jobs that are quite dense or they live in shared places – these are like nursing homes or homeless shelters. So, we know for a fact that the biggest outbreaks in the US has been in these sorts of places. They’ve been in nursing homes. They’ve been in meatpacking plants. They’ve been in jails. Anywhere where people don’t have the agency to just say, ‘I’m going to go and keep to myself or just be in a bubble with my family. ’Noah BakerThat’s a really dangerous situation for those people, but one of the things that you’ve been looking at is how that could also fit into the wider public health situation for everyone because it’s not just a horrible situation for those people to be in. There may be broader impacts of this. Amy MaxmenYeah, exactly, I think the truth is these are very vulnerable places, so it’s terrible for the people who are there or who work in these places, and it also means in as much as we are one society or one country or one world, we can’t get rid of the outbreak by letting these things happen. I think a strong example is Singapore.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Hydroponics allows for soil-free farming in city environments. [SEP] Text: Designing and implementing the arduino-based nutrition feeding automation system of a prototype scaled nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponics using total dissolved solids (TDS) sensor. . 2021. AB mix hydroponics nutrient solution concentration control using microcontroller based on-off control method. FAO. 2022a. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. FAO. 2022b. Food and agriculture projections to 2050 | Global perspectives studies | Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. . 2018. Design of PID controller for greenhouse temperature based on Kalman. Gul Z, Bora S. 2023. Exploiting pre-trained convolutional neural networks for the detection of nutrient deficiencies in hydroponic basil. Sensors 23(12):5407. 2022. Can soilless farming feed urban East Africa? An assessment of the benefits and challenges of hydroponics in Uganda and Tanzania. 6(1):100413 Haider J, Rai AB. 2021. Emergence of new insect pests on vegetables during the last decade: a case study. 9(1):20-26. 2019. Hydroponic system with automated hydrolysis using renewable energy self-sustainable. of Conferences 256:2012 Kaewwiset T, Yooyativong T. 2017. Estimation of electrical conductivity and pH in hydroponic nutrient mixing system using linear regression algorithm. . 2021. Architecture design of monitoring and controlling of IoT based aquaponics system powered by solar energy. Science 191:493-498 Lee S, Lee J. 2015. Beneficial bacteria and fungi in hydroponic systems: types and characteristics of hydroponic food production methods. 195:206-215. 2020. Utilizing a privacy-preserving IoT edge and fog architecture in automated household aquaponics. . 2021. A fog computing architecture with multi-layer for computing-intensive IoT applications. 11(24):11585 Nemali K. 2022. History of controlled environment horticulture: greenhouses. HortScience 57(2):239-246. 2021. Nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic nutrition controlling system using linear regression method. and Engineering 1108(1):12033. 2018. A novel approach for automating & analyzing hydroponic farms using internet of things.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Intervention into 1, 2017 DOI:10. 33797/CCJ. 03. 04 Anthology 2018: Human-Centred Design, Science, and No. 03 Those charged with developing what has variously been called ‘smart cities’, ‘future cities’ and ‘conscious cities’ have different agendas and perspectives. What is clear, however, is that emergent urban life is enabled by the principle of connectivity, widespread use of sensors, adaption to conditions, feedback and increased monitoring of citizenry. Conscious cities include urban sensing, but more specifically what account for as ‘the city’s awareness of the motives, personalities and moods of its inhabitants’7. This includes conscious streets, buildings and cities that are sensitive ‘to the mood and context of their users’. What might all of this mean? Might it be 2. 0, the next round of Guy Debord’s psycho-geography that in the 1950s urged adherents to study ‘the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organized or not, on the emotions and behavior of individuals’1. This comes from a good place because Debord sought to awaken the masses ‘to the conditions that are imposed on them in all domains of life, and to the practical means of changing them’. Debord is not entirely clear on the politics of psycho-geography, but he seems to be simultaneously following Marxist and utilitarian suggestions of making more people happy, rather than just fulfilling the interests of a privileged few. Psycho-geography, then, has scope to be a critical method. Who is the city? There is a problem however with Palti and Bar’s phrasing. This might be semantic, but it is important that it is clarified. To speak of a city’s awareness is to speak of agency and consciousness; indeed by speaking in singular terms there is perhaps materialism, paternalism, or a gender-neutral ‘ism’ at play. Regardless, unless civic and political life is going really badly, and we live in a totalitarian mono-interest all-seeing state, a city is an assemblage of interacting and contradicting interests.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: They did so beautifully in their response. They really stomped it out. But then they realised they had an explosion of cases among migratory workers who were in extremely crowded dormitories with something like 12 beds per room. When you overlook these places, it’s bad for everyone. Benjamin ThompsonIn particular, you’ve been looking at researchers and medics working with homeless populations in the US. What sort of numbers are we maybe talking in terms of disease burden in this population? Amy MaxmenSo, not a ton is known about what’s going on in homeless populations because there’s been a huge lack of testing. I started getting interested in this because I’ve been reporting on testing and a number of the groups I’ve been talking with – the University of Washington, the University of California, Berkeley, the University of California, San Francisco, – a lot of them have this enormous testing capacity that a lot of hospitals don’t really want, but they’ve been now working with communities to see how else their tests can be used. And what they’re finding, I think the overall look is just it’s there and there’s a lot of cases. So often, the testing criteria right now in many places is that only people with symptoms are tested, so a homeless shelter might screen everybody’s temperature and then if somebody has a fever, then they get a COVID test. Well, what these groups are finding is that the number of people who are asymptomatic – and let me go back to that in a second – is really high, more than half of the people. In one shelter in Boston, 147 people tested positive. Only one of them had a fever, and a low number – I think something like 8% of them – had a cough, which means just screening by taking people’s temperatures and assuming you’re going to catch it like that is going to be way too slow. By the time that happens, it’s out of hand before you’ve even noticed it.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Community gardens contribute to food security in urban areas. [SEP] Text: Community gardens in urban areas: a critical reflection on the extent to which they strenghten social cohesion and provide alternative food E. J. & output: Thesis › internal (1) aims of this thesis are twofold; firstly, it aims to increase the understanding of the extent to which community gardens enhance social cohesion for those involved; secondly, it aims to gain insight into the importance community gardeners attach to food growing per se, and the extent to which participants perceive community gardens as an alternative to the industrial food system. I define community gardens as a plot of land in an urban area, cultivated either communally or individually by people from the direct neighbourhood or the wider city, or in which urbanites are involved in other ways than gardening, and to which there is a collective element. Over the last years, community gardens have sprung up in several Dutch cities. Although there are various reasons for an increasing interest in community gardens, there are two that I focus on in this thesis in particular. The first is the assumption made that community gardens stimulate social cohesion in inner-city neighbourhoods, to be seen in the light of the ‘participatory society’. The second is community gardens’ contribution to the availability of locally produced food, in the context of an increased interest in Networks (AFNs). government aims to transform the Dutch welfare state into a participatory society in which citizens take more responsibility for their social and physical environment. This way the government not only hopes to limit public spending, but also wishes to increase social bonding and the self-organisational capacity of society. Community gardens fit the rhetoric around the participatory society, as they are examples of organised residents taking responsibility for their living environment. Moreover, the literature suggests that gardens are physical interventions that may decrease isolation by acting as meeting places. However, both the extent to which community gardens enhance social cohesion and under what conditions they may do so are unclear, especially as gardens come in various designs, shapes and sizes. The popularity of community gardens also seems to be related to an overall increasing societal interest in food, and can be discussed in relation to Networks. AFNs are food systems that are different in some way from the mainstream, and are seen as a reaction to consumer concerns about the conventional food system. They are often considered to be dictated by political motivations and injected with a ‘deeper morality’.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Smart cities operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: However, on the broader message about sensitivity to mood and emotional life, this has merit: technologies that feel, or what elsewhere I have discussed in terms of ‘empathic media’ are certainly on the rise5. Also, who could argue with cities that are designed in such as way as to make citizens feel better, especially given the Debord context? The rub is in how this is achieved and what the results are. Psycho-geography today includes sentiment analysis, facial coding, biometrics (heart, skin, respiration, blood flow, etc. ) and cellular understanding of the brain both in-house and ‘in-the-wild’. Seen positively, conscious cities involve use of communications technology to understand social feeling and increase citizen engagement, and to identify and react to complaints. In principle, reaction to civic feeling means things get done: maybe even the broken bin sensor on Dean St. This leads us to psycho-geographically enabled algocracy, which means that feelings, moods and emotions inform policy and municipal decision-making on how to spend resources. Things get interesting here because what companies such as Siemens offer is not only scope to model incoming data, but also capacity to predict the impact of decisions. By means of ‘command and control’ tablet dashboards, what Siemens offer are algorithmic answers to ‘what-if’ scenarios on the basis of citizen feedback. Indeed, in an academic interview with a representative of Siemens for a forthcoming book6, I asked: “Who would you trust more to make a citizen-centric decision: a roomful of politicians or an AI machine that has learned through machine learning what a citizen and city needs? ” He says: ‘In all honesty, the machine’. If the logic feels familiar, that’s because it is: it goes back to cybernetics, the science of feedback and self-regulating systems. The case above entails active feedback through social media and city apps. Conversely, passive technologies such as feeling-into online sentiment, gauging spending trends, profiling personal and emotional data through cameras, and charting citizen movement may be used to generate insight about citizen experience.

Output: contrast