Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Student demographic information is included in Table 1. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Student demographic information. Engagement: begin this unit by building on two concepts we have already covered in the course: 1) identifying autosomal inheritance patterns and 2) analyzing pedigrees. Specifically, students analyze a human pedigree on the inheritance of deafness (shaded individuals) to review these concepts (Figure 1A). Human deafness is a good example for introducing students to multi-gene traits because mutations in at least 57 genes cause deafness that is not associated with any other symptoms ( I ask the class to tell me about the inheritance pattern for the pedigree in Figure 1A. Students are quick to volunteer that this pedigree is more consistent with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. I then ask students to tell me about the inheritance pattern in the Figure 1B pedigree. Students again say that the pedigree is more consistent with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Human pedigrees used to introduce the concept of complementation. One family where several members are deaf is shown in (A), a second family where several members are deaf is shown in (B). I tell students that a deaf person from the family in Figure 1A has a child with a deaf person from the family in Figure 1B, and that child can hear. This result is surprising because if we were considering a simple Mendelian inheritance pattern, two people who are deaf because of autosomal recessive mutations would have a 100% chance of having a deaf child. I then ask the class: “how can you explain the child from the mating between the two pedigrees? ” Students often suggest that the sperm or egg that created the child had a spontaneous mutation that made a mutant allele normal (a possibility, but not very likely) or that the child has the genetic mutations but for some environmental reason, s/he is not deaf (another possibility, so I respond by saying let us assume all individuals with the mutation are deaf). Sometimes a student will suggest that the parents have mutations in two different genes. I now introduce students to the terms “complementation” and “non-complementation” using the slides in Figure 2. I state that an example of complementation occurs when two deaf parents produce hearing children.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 1h (black dots) and τd (blue dots) varies. Abbreviation: LLE = lower limit of entrainment;SCN = suprachiasmatic nucleus; ULE = upper limit of entrainment. First, Figure 3a shows that a second rhythm (sr) with period Tsr emerges outside the entrainment range. Above the upper bound (ULE=25. 28h), Tsr is smaller than T and decreases with increasing T. Below the lower bound (LLE=23. 26h), Tsr is larger than T and increases with decreasing T. These results are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations in rats (Campuzano et al. , 1998; Usui et al. , 2000). For instance, Usui et al. (2000) studied recurring drinking behavior in rats exposed to LD cycles with period T and report the emergence of a second recurring peak in drinking activity with period Tsr=25h at T=ULE=28. 5h (see Figure 3 by Usui et al. , 2000), and Tsr=23. 5h at T=LLE=23h (see Figure 4 by Usui et al. , 2000). The authors also report that Tsr increases with decreasing T below LLE and decreases with increasing T above ULE, all in agreement with the numerical results of Figure 3a. Another study reports a similar trend in motor activity in rats under shortening LD cycles (Campuzano et al. , 1998), as shown in Figure 3a (see black crosses). In this figure, we compared our results on the period of the second (dissociated) rhythm with the experimental data from Campuzano et al. (1998). Despite the clear separation between calculated and experimental curves, the trend is generally the same, and the relative difference between the numerical result and experiment is only 4%. Figure 4. Period τ of independent activity components in the core as a function of parameter B under constant light conditions (from numerical simulations of equations (4)-(7) with the parameters in Table 1). The period τLL of the free-running component is indicated by circles, and the period TLL(sr) of a second (dissociated) component is indicated by navy stars. corresponds to the nocturnal mouse (see Table 1 for parameters) and positive B to a fictitious diurnal counterpart.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: 63The volcanic–tectonic frame of Indonesia results in a huge geothermal potential, estimated at 23,357 MW, the largest in the world, which is located between the eastern end of the Belt and the western side of the Circum-Pacific ring. It is composed of 5849 MW of so-called speculative resources, 3376 MW of hypothetical resources, 9251 MW of possible reserves, 1763 MW of probable reserves and 3117 MW of proven reserves. This potential is distributed into 356 locations identified on seven islands (and Kalimantan) by geological and geochemical surveys, as well as geophysical surveys conducted at 45 of those locations. All the prospects are hydrothermal, and most of them are expected to have high-temperature geothermal systems. Sumatra has the largest geothermal potential, with 9. 5 GW, or 40. 5% of the total. The second largest potential is located in Java (7. 9 GW), followed by Sulawesi (3. 0 GW). The rest come from Bali-(1. 6 GW), and Maluku (1. 1 GW) and a very small amount comes from Papua (75 MW) and Kalimantan (175 MW) (Darma et al. 2023; Susmanto et al. 2023). The geothermal roadmap considers expanding the current geothermal capacity by 1234 MW for 2030 in (55 MW), (134 MW), Ulubelu (10 MW), (145 MW), (150 MW), Pangalengan (65 MW), Patuha (165 MW), Salak (70 MW), Kamojang (30 MW), Dieng (295 MW), Lahendong-Tompaso (35 MW), Ulumbu (40 MW), Mataloko (20 MW), and Sokoria (25 MW) (Darma et al. 2023). More immediate projects include new power plants planned by Energi in Dieng (10 MW), as well as other power plants to be installed by PGE in Lumut Balai, Energi in Jaboi (5 MW and 10 MW) and Medco in (31 MW) (Susmanto et al. 2023). Regarding incentives, the Indonesian government has made sure the geothermal electricity tariff is economically viable for developers and affordable to the public.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: These results suggest that the parents have mutations in genes. I represent the two genes using the letters A and B (Figure 2A). contrast complementation with non-complementation (Figure 2B). Here, two deaf parents produce all deaf children. This result suggests that parents have recessive mutations in the SAME gene, represented by the letter B. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. A slide introducing students to the terms complementation and non-complementation in the context of the human deafness example. Inquiry: in to Blind CavefishTo apply the concept of complementation, students study eye development in the Mexican blind cavefish. These blind cavefish populations, which evolved independently from sighted surface fish at different times, are found in caves throughout northeastern Mexico (reviewed in [1],[2]). The explanation for the evolution of blindness remains in dispute [3]. When students want to know more about hypotheses for why cavefish lost their sight, I encourage them to read more in several review 3. Clicker question to determine whether students can apply what they learned about complementation to an example of blind cavefish. (A) The text of the question with the correct answer in bold. (B) Student responses both before and after peer discussion (n = 103 students). Clarification: Constructing a Complementation TableNext, I introduce students to the complementation table. Complementation tables track the outcomes of mating fish from different strains, and they are useful in determining whether the mutations are in the same gene or different genes (Figure 4). On the outside of the table you put a unique identifier for each fish strain collected from the different caves (for example strain #1, strain #2, etc. ) and inside the table you write either a + or a −. A + means that complementation occurred (the genes are different), and a − indicates that complementation did not occur (the genes are the same). To confirm that students are following, I ask them the clicker question in Figure 4. Even before peer discussion, 94% of the class answered that mating two strains with the result that all the offspring are blind indicates that the mutations must be in the same gene. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Clicker question to introduce the notation used in a complementation table. Interpreting Results: a Trait?

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The second rhythm appears at Bc≃−0. 24 in the nocturnal case and Bc≃3. 23 in the diurnal case. Second, as shown in Figure 3b, the entrainment range is characterized by a single frequency component of intensity IF(υ)=IF(d) in the core and shell. This component corresponds to an entrained rhythm with period T between LLE=23. 26h (lower bound) and ULE=25. 28h (upper bound), as shown in Figure 3a. Third, analysis of the intensity of core and shell components reveals distinct contributions to the second rhythm above ULE and below LLE, as shown in Figure 3b. Below LLE, core and shell contributions to the second rhythm at period Tsr increase, while contributions to the rhythm at period T decrease. However, when the LD period TF is lengthened above ULE, the core’s contribution is almost exclusively to the component at the LD period (near constant IF(υ) and vanishingly small Isr(υ)), in qualitative agreement with experimental observations made by Schwartz et al. (2009). This difference is related to the coexistence of dynamically and topologically distinct states in the core and shell at T>ULE (these states were discussed in Yoon et al. (2021)). The core is on average locked to the LD cue, while the shell is drifting at the second rhythm. Below LLE, both the core and shell drift at the second rhythm. In this particular case (set of model parameters), the emergence of distinct states in the SCN is a consequence of distinct types of bifurcations in equations (4)-(7) at LLE and ULE. The bifurcation at LLE is characterized by the emergence of a second rhythm with period Tsr∼∼T, as shown in Figure 3a. The bifurcation at ULE, however, is characterized by a large drop in Tsr relative to T=ULE. These characteristic features of distinct bifurcations are also consistent with the experimental data discussed in the previous paragraph. For example, the data reported by Usui et al. (2000) show that LLE−Tsr=0. 5h, whereas Tsr−ULE=3. 5h for rats. For comparison, our model predicts LLE−Tsr=0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Most of the power units in operation are of the single-flash, condensing type, with 27 units and 748. 7 MW of combined capacity, and the rest are binary ORC units with 10 units and 200. 0 MW of combined capacity, and a few power units of back-pressure type using screw expander technology of ~ 11 MW each. All of them are integrated into the electric grid, except for two, one of binary ORC type and another of back-pressure type, whose electricity is consumed by the Company, Inc. , to cover the electric demand of its famed flower greenhouses and their employees, in a distributed generation for self-supply (data taken from Omenda et al. 2023). Electricity generation of geothermal origin in Kenya in 2022 was 5590 GWh (Low-2023), almost 6. 7% more than that generated in 2019. It is worth mentioning that the geothermal generation for Kenya reported in WGC2020+1 was expected to be 9930 GWh in 2020, with an installed capacity expected to be 1193 MW (Huttrer 2020). Both were overestimated even for 2022, with the actual figures for 2019 now reported in Table 2. On the other hand, geothermal generation in 2022 represented 45. 3% of the total electricity generated in the country, which was 12,310 GWh (OWD 2023), as illustrated in Fig. 2. This makes Kenya the country with the highest share of geothermal energy to supply the national electric demand. For 2023 the performance of geothermal power plants can be better in Kenya, because during the first quarter the (KPLC) announced that the geothermal generation was 1506 GWh, which is an increase of 47% compared to the 1st quarter of 2022 when 1025 GWh were produced in the country (TGE 2023a). The KPLC had to increase the dispatch of geothermal plants, due to the drop in power generation from hydropower sources, attributed to water level problems because of prolonged drought. Hydropower output was reduced from 807. 7 GWh to 424. 1 GWh for the first quarter from 2022 to 2023. This is a good and practical example of the reliability of geothermal power plants as baseload sources. The main features of the power units are presented in Table 13.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Geneticists can use complementation tables to determine the minimum number of genes influencing a trait. This number can be obtained by combining the mutations that do not complement and making sure all strains are accounted for. In the example in Figure 4, there are a minimum of two genes controlling eye development in these fish. Strains #1 and #2 have a mutation in one gene and strain #3 has a mutation in a second gene. Next, I expand the table in Figure 4 to five different strains and have students determine how many genes produce sight (Figure 5A). Here, strains #1 and #2 have a mutation in one gene, strains #3 and #5 have a mutation in another gene, and strain #4 complements the other strains. The results suggest that at least three genes are working to produce sight. Before peer discussion only 60% of the students answer this question correctly, but this number increases to 84% after peer discussion (Figure 5B). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 5. Clicker question to determine whether students can interpret the results of several complementation tests. (A) The text of the question with the correct answer in bold. (B) Student responses both before and after peer discussion (n = 103 students). Exploring: the Limits of Complementation Testing? use another clicker question to have students consider a new blind fish strain, strain #6. Strain #6 is mated to a sighted surface fish and all the offspring fish are blind (Figure 6). The question asks: can the strain #6 fish be used for complementation testing? The answer is no, because the strain #6 fish has a dominant version of a gene involved in eyesight. Anytime a fish from strain #6 is mated to any blind fish, the offspring will be blind. Therefore, geneticists cannot accurately score complementation versus non-complementation using a fish that has a dominant mutation. Before talking with peers, only 54% of the students say the strain #6 fish cannot be used for complementation testing, but after peer discussion, this number increases to 77%. As with the previous questions, discussion with peers improves student performance. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 6. Clicker question about the limits of complementation testing.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2h and Tsr−ULE=1. 7h for the model parameters in Table 1. To identify the type of bifurcation, we also carried out the stability analysis of fixed points of equations (4)-(7). This analysis revealed that the dissociation at ULE=25. 28h is caused by the super Hopf bifurcation, while the saddle-node bifurcation occurs at LLE=23. 26h. The results presented in this section are in good qualitative agreement with experimental observations of dissociation in the SCN. In the core-shell model of equations (4)-(7), the emergence of a dissociated rhythm takes place when entrainment is disrupted. The dynamical features and bifurcation mechanisms of disrupted states in the core and shell describe key aspects of dissociation, namely, the inverse dependence of the dissociated period on the LD period. Notably, the upper and lower bounds of the entrainment range are very close to the mean free-running period of the core τυ=25. 1h and shell τd=23. 3h for the model parameters in Table 1:τd∼∼LLE<T<ULE∼∼τυ. (14)To determine the dependence of the entrainment range on the endogenous core and shell rhythms, we performed additional numerical calculations of equations (4)-(7) and analyzed the dependence of the entrainment range on the difference between the free-running periods, τυ−τd, at fixed τυ and increasing τd. The results of these numerical calculations are presented in Figure 3c and show that decreasing the difference τυ−τd increases the entrainment range. Simultaneously, equation (13) shows that the difference between peaks in the core and shell, tυ(p)−td(p) (anticipation), decreases with increasing τd (i. e. , decreasing ωd). Therefore, one can have a broad entrainment range but weak anticipation, and vice versa. DD ConditionsThis section studies the behavior of the core and shell under DD conditions and how core-shell intercouplings Kυd and Kdυ are related to τDD across the whole SCN.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Table 13 Number, type, capacity, and generation of geothermal power units in Kenya in 2022 (generation) and 2023 (installed capacity)Full size tableThe main geothermal power parameters for Kenya in 2022 are as follows:- Geothermal fields in operation:3- Production wells:212 (estimated from 299 total wells)- Capacity (MW)972. 5- Generation (GWh)5590- Capacity factor (%)65. 6%- Average production per well (MWh):3. 0Although there are three geothermal fields in operation in the country by beginning of 2024, 34 of the 40 power plants are in the Olkaria field, where 99% of the whole geothermal–electric generation of Kenya is produced. The other unit is a pilot binary ORC installed in the Eburro field and generated ~ 15 GWh in 2022. The new units in the Menengai geothermal field were commissioned at the end of 2023, and are operated by the independent producer (IPP) Ltd. (SMGPL). There are other units under development in Menegai, such as a couple of single flash units of 35 MW each, the first of which is under construction by Co. , and planned to be commissioned in 2025, with the second planned for 2027. These new projects have been granted to another private company Globelec. There are also more units planned in Olkaria to be installed between 2025 and 2027, with a combined capacity of ~ 451 MW (Omenda et al. 2023). In addition, drilling activities were resumed in a fourth geothermal field, Akiira, also within the Rift Valley, after long negotiations between the company and local communities concerned about probable environmental impacts, that in the past had blocked access (2021). If all happens as planned, Kenya would reach 1180 MW by WGC2026, which will still be below the 1193 MW expectation for 2020. The government of Kenya has laid a blueprint for the rapid development of geothermal resources, targeting installed generation of 5,000 MW by the year 2030. The additional capacity of ~ 4,000 MW will come from expansions of Olkaria and Eburru geothermal fields by the governmental company KenGen (Generation Company) and IPPs, and additional installations at Menengai by Company (GDC, which is fully owned by the government).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 7. Easy complementation homework question. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 8. Medium complementation homework question. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 9. Difficult complementation homework question. The correct answer is marked in bold font. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 10. Exam question on complementation. The correct answer is marked in bold font. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 11. GCA question on complementation. The correct answer is marked in bold font. ConclusionThe activity described here helps students learn how one trait, such as deafness or blindness, can be affected by mutations in more than one gene and how geneticists can determine the minimum number of genes involved. Students also learn why strains with dominant mutations cannot be used for complementation testing. The clicker question results consistently indicate that students learn about complementation by talking over questions with their peers and there is evidence that this learning serves them well on exams and a genetics concept assessment (see Box 4). IRB to evaluate student clicker, exam, and pretest and posttest responses (exempt status, Protocol No. 39014) was granted by the Board, University of Washington. Supporting InformationS1. 1. Niven J. E (2008) Evolution: convergent eye losses in fishy circumstances. 18: R27–R29. View 2. (2004) Cavefish. 14: R943. View 3. (2010) Genes, modules and the evolution of cave fish. Heredity 105: 413–422. View 4. Meyers P. Z (2007) How the cavefish lost its eyes. . COM. Available: 5. (2008) Restoring sight in blind cavefish. 18: R23–R24. View 6. (2008) Blind cavefish can produce sighted offspring. News. Available: Accessed 9 January 2012. 7. Board on (2011) A framework of K-12 science education: practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas. Washington (D. C. ): Press. 8. (1997) Peer instruction: a user's manual. (NJ): Prentice Hall.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Since τDD, τυ, and τd can be measured experimentally under DD conditions, the aim is to identify any experimentally testable relationships that reveal information about the value and sign of intercouplings Kυd and Kdυ. The free-running frequency ωDD=2π/τDD of the synchronized SCN under DD conditions can be obtained self-consistently from the stationary state of equations (4)-(7), by setting F=0 and replacing ωF→ωDD, from which it follows thatωDD=a(a+b)ω¯υ+b(a+b)ω¯d,(15)wherea=ρυ2Kυd(1+ρd2),(16)b=ρd2Kdυ(1+ρυ2). (17)The synchronized SCN is characterized by core and shell synchronization indices ρυ and ρd. To find τDD, we solve numerically equations (4)-(7) at DD conditions with parameters in Table 1. Then we apply the Fourier analysis to the time dependence of real parts, Re[zυ(d)(t)]=ρυ(d)cos(ψυ(d)), of the order parameters (equation (3)) of the core and shell. It gives the frequency of steady oscillations at DD conditions. Motivated by the experimental observation in Taylor et al. (2017), we assume that τυ>τd (see Table 1). In the case for positive intercouplings Kυd and Kdυ, the core-shell model of equations (4)-(7) predicts that ω¯υ<ωDD<ω¯d. Equivalently, the period τDD=2π/ωDD must be in the rangeτd<τDD<τυ. (18)Using the parameters in Table 1, equation (15) tells us that τDD=24. 8h, in good agreement with experimental observations in rats by Campuzano et al. (1998), who reported τDD=24. 5h. Under DD conditions, the analytical result of equation (18) predicts that τDD is bounded between τυ and τd. This is valid for positive inter- and intracouplings.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Another old flash plants still in operation, are a low-pressure turbine of 30 MW manufactured by Mitsubishi and commissioned in 1982 in Cerro Prieto, and a 50-MW power plant fabricated by and commissioned in in 1988. More recent flash plants are 5, 20, 25 and 50 MW in gross capacity, manufactured by the French and Japanese companies Alstom, Mitsubishi, and Fuji Electric, operating in all the fields. All backpressure units are of 5 MW, fabricated by Mitsubishi, Toshiba and Aco-Genova-Ansaldo-Makrotek in different years; many of them are currently only as backup for the larger units, the oldest of which is a unit operating in since 1982 (data taken from Gutiérrez-Negrín et al. 2023). While the installed capacity is almost the same as that 3 years ago, electric generation presented a decrease of 16% in the period, descending from 5375 to 4511. 5 GWh in 2021. The reason seems to be that two power units were out of operation in 2021: unit 1 of III, with 110 MWe of nameplate capacity, and unit 17 of Los Azufres, with 53. 4 MWe of nameplate capacity (50 MW net) (Gutiérrez Negrín et al. 2023). Net geothermal electric generation represented barely 1. 3% of the total electric generation in the country in 2021, which was 323,527 GWh, but it is important to highlight the share of geothermal generation in a couple of isolated electric grids in Mexico. One of them is the electric grid (SIBC: de Baja California), where the power plants deliver their generation. The electricity produced in this system in 2021 was 11,869. 1 GWh, out of which 2363. 4 GWh was delivered by the geothermal units of Cerro Prieto, representing 19. 9% of the total generation. Therefore, a fifth of the electricity used in this isolated system, which includes large urban centers such as Tijuana and Mexicali, was produced by geothermal energy—excluding self-supply, co-generation and some imports from California, USA.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractRecent research suggests that genetic interactions involving more than two loci may influence a number of complex traits. How these ‘higher-order’ interactions arise at the genetic and molecular levels remains an open question. To provide insights into this problem, we dissected a colony morphology phenotype that segregates in a yeast cross and results from synthetic higher-order interactions. Using backcrossing and selective sequencing of progeny, we found five loci that collectively produce the trait. We fine-mapped these loci to 22 genes in total and identified a single gene at each locus that caused loss of the phenotype when deleted. Complementation tests or allele replacements provided support for functional variation in these genes, and revealed that pre-existing genetic variants and a spontaneous mutation interact to cause the trait. The causal genes have diverse functions in endocytosis (END3), oxidative stress response (TRR1), RAS-cAMP signalling (IRA2), and transcriptional regulation of multicellular growth (FLO8 and MSS11), and for the most part have not previously been shown to exhibit functional relationships. Further efforts uncovered two additional loci that together can complement the non-causal allele of END3, suggesting that multiple genotypes in the cross can specify the same phenotype. Our work sheds light on the complex genetic and molecular architecture of higher-order interactions, and raises questions about the broader contribution of such interactions to heritable trait variation. Although it is well known that interactions among genetic variants contribute to many complex traits, the forms of these interactions have not been fully characterized. Most work on this problem to date has focused on relatively simple cases involving two or three loci. However, higher-order interactions involving larger numbers of loci can also occur, and may have significant effects on the relationship between genotype and phenotype. In this paper, we dissect a colony morphology trait that segregates in a cross of two yeast strains and is caused by genetic interactions among five or more loci. Our work demonstrates that higher-order interactions can have major phenotypic effects, and provides novel insights into the genetic and molecular basis of these interactions. Citation: (2014) or Contribute to a in Yeast. PLoS Genet 10(5): e1004324. Justin C.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: However, in the case of negative couplings, τDD is no longer bound between τυ and τd. In the particular case when Kdυ<0 (and Kυd≥0), equation (15) becomesωDD=ω¯υ−|b|(ω¯d−ω¯υ)(a−|b|)(19)from which it follows that τDD>τυ for ω¯υ<ω¯d (τυ>τd), under the additional assumption that |Kdυ|<Kυd as suggested by experimental observations (Varadarajan et al. , 2018) for wild-type (WT) mice. Equation (19) also shows that strong asymmetry in intercoupling strength can cause the rhythm in the shell to become increasingly similar to the core, since τDD∼∼τυ when |Kdυ|≪Kυd. Conversely, if Kdυ is instead positive and Kυd negative, it can be shown that the rhythm in the core becomes increasingly similar to the shell for |Kdυ|≪Kυd. This follows from re-writing equation (19) for Kυd<0 (and Kdυ≥0) based on the same experimental observations (τυ>τd and Kdυ<|Kυd|), for which τDD<τd. The results of equations (18) and (19) show that experimental measurements of τDD, τυ, and τd can indicate whether Kdυ is positive or negative. The relative strength of intercouplings Kυd and Kdυ can also be estimated when the intracouplings Kυυ and Kdd are large by comparison. Under these conditions, ρυ≈ρd≈1, so that equation (15) takes the formωDD=Kυd(Kυd+Kdυ)ω¯υ+Kdυ(Kυd+Kdυ)ω¯d.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: The other isolated electric grid is Mulegé (SIM: Mulegé), in the middle of the peninsula, which is a small electric network independent of the national grid, with an electric demand of 150 GWh in 2021; power units in the geothermal field of Vírgenes, with only 10 MW of installed capacity, generated 36. 8 GWh, i. e. , 24. 5% of the electrical demand. Both seem to be good examples where geothermal energy plays a determinant role in supplying the electrical demand (Gutiérrez-Negrín et al. 2023). The main features of the power units are presented in Table 14. Table 14 Number, type, capacity, and generation of geothermal power units in Mexico in 2021Full size tableThe main geothermal power parameters for Mexico in 2021 are as follows:- Geothermal fields in operation:5- Production wells:225 (243 total wells)- Capacity (MW)1001. 9- Generation (GWh)4511. 5- Capacity factor (%)51. 4%- Average production per well (MWh):2. 3All the fields are of hydrothermal type, two phase, liquid-dominated and high enthalpy, except for two ( fields), which are vapor-dominated. In Mexico, geothermal power development has been carried out by the federal government, through the federal utility Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE). Thus, four of the five geothermal fields currently in operation, including the power plants, are own and handled by the CFE. Only one field, called Domo de San Pedro, is owned by a private company. However, there is a geothermal energy law, according to which 24 exploration permits have been issued as of December 2021. Approximately 11 of those permits were granted to private companies, in one of which is a geothermal power project of 25 MW that is under development (Gutiérrez-Negrín et al. 2023). Mexico’s potential for conventional geothermal resources of hydrothermal type and temperature ≥ 150 °C, is estimated at ~ 2500 MW, and the EGS potential, following the protocol endorsed by the IGA (Beardsmore et al. 2010), is approximately 2300 GW, enough to install ~ 47 GW (Gutiérrez-Negrín et al. 2023). New Zealandis the most developed geothermal country located on the Australian plate (Fig.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Fay, School of Medicine, of AmericaReceived: November 15, 2013; Accepted: March 6, 2014; Published: May 1, 2014Copyright: © 2014 Taylor, Ehrenreich. This is an open-access 12. 5% and 21. 2% among recombinant haploid progeny obtained by backcrossing a rough segregant to BY and 3S, respectively (Tables S1 and S2; Methods). The higher frequency of rough segregants in backcrosses is expected if alleles from both parents contribute to the trait, as fewer causative alleles should segregate in the backcrosses than in the original cross. Further supporting the argument that our observations of rough morphology were due to chromosomal loci instead of transient factors, we found no evidence for chromosome-scale aneuploidies or phenotypic switching in the backcrossed segregant (Figure S1; Methods). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Colony morphologies of parents and cross progeny on rich medium containing ethanol. 3S (A) and BY (B) each form smooth colonies. When these two strains are crossed, most offspring also form smooth colonies, but a small fraction form rough colonies. An example smooth segregant is shown in C and an example rough segregant is shown in D. identify loci that contribute to rough morphology, we generated thousands of random spores from the aforementioned backcrosses and used low-coverage whole genome sequencing to selectively genotype individuals that showed the phenotype (Methods). We obtained 92 and 88 rough segregants from the BY and 3S backcrosses, respectively. Using these data, we detected five genomic loci that were strongly enriched among these individuals but not among control segregants (Figure S2): three on Chromosomes IV, V, and XV inherited from 3S (Figure 2A), and two on Chromosomes XIII and XIV inherited from BY (Figure 2B). All of these loci, except the one on Chromosome XIV, were fixed among individuals with rough morphology. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Genetic dissection of the five-way interaction. Genome-wide allele frequency plots are shown for mapping populations from backcrosses to BY (A) and 3S (B).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: (20)This equation can be rearranged to yield the relative intercoupling strengthKυdKdυ=τDD/τd−11−τDD/τυ,(21)which can therefore be determined from experimental values of τDD, τυ, and τd. A lower bound on the total intercoupling |Kυd+Kdυ| can be established with reference to the phase difference ψd−ψυ under DD conditions. From equation (9) under LD conditions, the replacement ωF→ωDD yieldssin(ψd−ψυ)=2ρd(ω¯d−ωDD)ρυKυd(1+ρd2)=2ρυρd(ω¯d−ω¯υ)(a+b). (22)First, this shows that ψd leads ψυ under DD conditions, as experimental observations indicate that τυ>τd (ω¯υ<ω¯d) and Kdυ<Kυd (Taylor et al. , 2017; Varadarajan et al. , 2018), assuming positive intercoupling. In this case, peak activity in the shell precedes peak activity in the core, similar to LD conditions (see equation (12)). However, if either Kυd or Kdυ becomes negative, their relative strength can cause the core to lead the shell under DD conditions, that is, if Kυd≫Kdυ or Kdυ≫Kυd. For the same to take place under LD conditions, Kυd must simply be negative. Second, when the intracouplings are sufficiently larger than the intercouplings, ρυ≈ρd≈1, so that a∼∼2Kυd and b∼∼2Kdυ; equation (22) then becomessin(ψd−ψυ)≈ω¯d−ω¯υKυd+Kdυ.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Table 15 Number, type, capacity, and generation of geothermal power units in in 2021Full size tableThe main geothermal power parameters for in 2021 are as follows:- Geothermal fields in operation:8- Production wells:220 (estimated)- Capacity (MW)1054. 8- Generation (GWh)7820. 1- Capacity factor (%)84. 6%- Average production per well (MWh):4. 1NicaraguaData about current installed capacity and generation were gathered from Gutiérrez-Negrín (2022), Energy Inc. (Polaris 2023), and a very informative video prepared by ENEL (de Electricidad) and published on February 2023 (ENEL 2023). This country is located on the western border of the Caribbean plate, just where the Cocos plate is subducting along the trench (Fig. 4), and is also a country with a long tradition of harnessing geothermal energy for power generation, considering that the first power plant was installed 40 years ago (1983) in the geothermal field of Momotombo. It was a single-flash condensing unit of 35 MW in capacity that is still operating. The installed capacity reported in WGC2020+1 was 155 MW, with a generation of 492 GWh. Now, the capacity has grown to 165. 2 MW (Table 2), with the commissioning of the newest unit in the San Jacinto-Tizate geothermal field, which is a binary ORC unit of 10. 4 MW net in capacity, that started to operate in December 2022, according to a news release by Energy Inc. , the parenting company of the operator of the field (Nicaragua) (Polaris 2023). There are two geothermal fields in operation in the country, Momotombo and San Jacinto-Tizate. The first one has 78 MW of installed capacity composed of two single-flash units of 35 MW each, and two binary ORC units of 4 MW each; the running capacity is approximately 24. 5 MW. The other field has 87. 4 MW composed of two condensing, single flash units of 38. 5 MW gross each (36 MW net), and the new binary ORC power unit, of 10. 4 MW net. Geothermal electric generation in 2022 was 780 GWh, which means an important increase of 58. 5% compared with 2018–2019 (Table 2).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Enriched loci are outlined in orange (causal allele from 3S parent), blue (causal allele from BY parent), or grey (allele is a selectable marker engineered into BY). Genes within the Chromosome IV (C), V (D), XV (E), XIII (F), and XIV (G) loci are shown. Grey boxes delimit regions of the loci that were subsequently excluded from consideration based on fine-mapping experiments. All non-essential genes within these windows were deleted in a multi-locus introgression strain that showed rough morphology. Genes that caused loss of the phenotype when deleted are colored red. attempted to determine causal genes underlying each of the five loci. Our initial resolution of the loci was between 4 and 14 genes (Figure 2C–G; Table S3; Methods). To decrease the number of candidate genes, we performed targeted genotyping on 19 additional backcross segregants, as well as 8 multi-locus introgression strains that had been subjected to 6 rounds of backcrossing with selection for the rough phenotype (Figure S3; Methods). This additional stage of genetic mapping refined the loci to between 2 and 9 genes per locus, and 22 genes in total (Figure 2C–G; Table S4, S5, S6). We deleted each of the 20 remaining non-essential candidate genes from one of the multi-locus introgression strains (Methods). Across these deletions, a single gene at each locus showed an effect on the phenotype: TRR1 (Chromosome IV), FLO8 (Chromosome V), MSS11 (Chromosome XIII), END3 (Chromosome XIV), and IRA2 (Chromosome XV) (Figure 2C–G). Because the two remaining candidate genes—AVO1 and TOP2—were essential, we examined them using an alternative strategy that suggested they do not contribute to the observed colony morphology variation (Text S1). We used complementation tests to determine whether the five identified genes possess functional variation (Methods). Each haploid deletion strain was mated to three rough and three smooth haploid backcross progeny (Methods). These matings were designed to produce diploids that were homozygous for the required alleles at four of the causal loci and hemizygous for the fifth causal locus.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: (23)Thus, the total intercoupling must be larger than or equal to the difference between the mean natural frequencies of the shell and core, in absolute value:|Kυd+Kdυ|≥|ω¯d−ω¯υ|,(24)since |sin(ψd−ψυ)|≤1. The results of this section show that the sign, relative strength, and the minimum total intercoupling can be determined from the free-running periods of the core (τυ), shell (τd), and the SCN as a whole (τDD), which can be measured experimentally under DD conditions. Moreover, the results show that, if all other parameters remain the same, changes in the relative strength and sign of the intercouplings can cause the core to lead the shell even when τυ>τd, and cause the synchronized rhythm of the core to approximate the endogenous (free-running) rhythm of the shell or vice versa. Below the minimum total intercoupling |Kυd+Kdυ|=|ω¯d−ω¯υ|, the SCN is no longer able to synchronize. LL ConditionsThis section studies the SCN under constant light or LL conditions for diurnal and nocturnal animals. Within our approach, LL conditions can be seen as the limit when LD cycles become so slow that they are effectively constant from the point of view of individual oscillators in the core. In turn, this motivates the replacement of the periodic forcing term in equation (2) with a constant B:Fsin(ωFt+ϕ−θi(υ))→B. (25)In our reduced Kuramoto model, parameter B is phenomenological. It can be positive or negative. We assume that the magnitude |B| characterizes light intensity and chooses the sign of B to satisfy Aschoff’s first rule. From this, it follows that B is negative for nocturnal animals and positive for diurnal animals, as will be proven below. This choice of parameter B allows us to describe the basic properties of the SCN under LL conditions, in nocturnal and diurnal animals.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Power plants in the Jacinto-Tizate field generated 452. 15 GWh, with no contribution from the newest unit, at a capacity factor of 66. 9%, providing ~ 12% of the national electric supply in Nicaragua (Polaris 2023). Generation in the power plants of Momotombo was 212. 9 GWh, or 31% of the installed capacity. Even with the low performance of the Momotombo plants, the geothermal electric generation in Nicaragua contributed 16. 8% of the total, and 29. 7% of the clean energy generation in 2021 (see Fig. 2). The main features of the power units are presented in Table 16. Table 16 Number, type, capacity, and generation of geothermal power units in Nicaragua in 2022Full size tableThe main geothermal power parameters for Nicaragua in 2021 are as follows:- Geothermal fields in operation:2- Production wells:20- Capacity (MW)165. 4- Generation (GWh)780. 0- Capacity factor (%)53. 8%- Average production per well (MWh):4. 5Nicaragua is traversed by a volcanic chain parallel to the Pacific coast and to the trench, composed of several active volcanoes. This explains the high geothermal power potential of Nicaragua, which has been estimated to be between 1200 and 1750 MW, the highest in the subregion, including geothermal areas such as El Hoyo-Monte Galán, Managua-Chiltepe and Casita-San Cristóbal (Gutiérrez-Negrín, 2022). Papua–New GuineaThis insular country occupies the eastern portion of the second largest island in the world, island, located immediately north of Australia, which shares with Indonesia. Together with other islands such as Salomon, Fiji, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu, it is part of Melanesia. From a tectonic viewpoint, the island is located at the Australian plate, on its northern border where the Pacific plate is being subducted (Fig. 4). In addition to half of the main island, Papua-(PNG) comprises several islands such as New Britain, New Ireland, and Bougainville, as well as small groups of islands (for instance Lihir) located ~ 700 km northeast of the main island and ~ 900 km from the capital, Port Moresby.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: For END3, FLO8, MSS11, and TRR1, the experiments provided support that the parental alleles differ in their effects. All matings of deletion strains to smooth backcross progeny produced smooth hemizygotes. Further, either two (in the cases of FLO8 and MSS11) or three (in the cases of TRR1 and END3) of the matings of deletion strains to rough backcross progeny produced rough hemizygotes (Figure 3A). However, for IRA2, the two possible hemizygotes showed no phenotypic difference, with both exhibiting smooth morphology (Figure 3A). IRA2 has been reported to show haploinsufficiency in growth rate experiments [20], and this haploinsufficiency may also explain some of our reciprocal hemizygosity results for this gene. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Evidence for functional variation at identified genes. In A, we show representative results from genetic engineering experiments in a multi-locus introgression strain. Haploid deletion strains are shown in the top row, while the second and third rows contain diploid hemizygotes. For each gene and allele, we constructed multiple hemizygotes, with representative phenotypes shown in the figure. The terms ‘causal’ and ‘non-causal’ refer to which allele was detected in our initial genetic mapping experiment. In B, we used genetic engineering in a smooth backcross segregant with the genotype END3BY FLO83S IRA2BY MSS11BY TRR13S to confirm the involvement of IRA2 in rough colony morphology. The segregant subjected to transformations is shown on the left, followed by representative knock-ins of IRA2BY, IRA23S, and IRA23S-Δ2933. The allele replacements have a kanMX tail, which was used to select for integration into the chromosome. provide stronger support for IRA2's role in the trait, we performed allele replacements of IRA2 in a smooth backcross segregant that carried the non-causal allele of IRA2, as well as the causal alleles of END3, FLO8, MSS11, and TRR1 (Methods).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: As one can see in equation (2), introducing parameter B renormalizes the endogenous free-running frequencies of core oscillatorsωi(υ)⇒ωi(υ)+B,(26)from which it follows that the renormalized mean frequency of the core isω¯υ*=ω¯υ+B,(27)and, equivalently, the renormalized mean period of oscillations isτυ*=2πω¯υ*=τυ1+Bτυ2π,(28)where τυ is the endogenous mean free-running period of isolated core oscillators. This shows that under LL conditions, the positive parameter B>0 (diurnal animals) forces core oscillators to run faster than under DD conditions (ω¯υ*>ω¯υ). Conversely, if parameter B is negative, −2ω¯υ<B<0, (nocturnal animals), then the constant light cue forces core oscillators to run slower than under DD conditions (ω¯υ*<ω¯υ). The free-running period of isolated shell oscillators, on the other hand, remains unaffected (τd*=τd), since it is not directly exposed to the light cue. It would be interesting to check experimentally this effect of LL conditions on isolated clock cells in the core. To determine τLL in our core-shell model, we must account for the intercoupling between the core and shell. The dynamics of the core-shell system under LL conditions are described by the same equations (4)-(7) as DD conditions (F=0), by renormalizing the mean period as in equation (28). This means that we can use the equations derived for DD conditions by making the simple replacements τυ→τυ* and τDD→τLL. From equation (20) in particular, it then follows that the frequency ωLL of the steady circadian rhythm isωLL=a(a+b)ω¯υ*+b(a+b)ω¯d=a(a+b)(ω¯υ+B)+b(a+b)ω¯d.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Dry steam plants generated 16% of the electricity of geothermal origin in the world with an average capacity factor of 61. 4% (Fig. 10), and the average generation of a plant of 48. 4 MW was also the highest of all types, with 260. 4 GWh. Backpressure power plants have the lowest investment cost of all types since they discharge to the atmosphere and do not require condensers and cooling towers. They are also the fastest plants to be installed, are usually placed at a short distance from the production well, can tolerate more NCG content, and can be moved to other locations in a relatively short time and at low costs. However, they are the most inefficient plants, generating the lowest electric output using the same amount of steam, due to the lack of a condenser (and cooling tower). Backpressure plants are an excellent choice in greenfield geothermal projects to accelerate the start of income and simultaneously to test the behavior of the reservoir under actual conditions of exploitation. That is why there are only 23 plants of this type operating in the world (3% of the total, Fig. 9), with an average capacity of 5. 6 MW, which generated 128 GWh (0. 1% of the total) at the lowest capacity factor (~ 11%) Table 25, Figs. 9 and 10). Combined plants are grouped into Other type, which are usually the combination of one large flash plant and one or two smaller binary plants using the residual steam or brine, but in this case the category also includes a couple of tiny binary plants of Kalina cycle of 0. 5 and 0. 2 MW in capacity operating in Germany and Japan, respectively. There are 55 combined power plants in operation, whose installed capacity is less than 4% of the total, but they have the highest capacity factor (75%) (Table 25, Figs. 9 and 10). The number of production wells operating in the 198 geothermal fields in the world is estimated to be 3700, 22. 2% of which are in the US, 14. 1% in Indonesia, and 11. 5% in the Philippines (Fig. 11), three countries that concentrate almost half (47. 7%) of the total—as expected, since they have 50. 6% of the installed capacity in the world (Table 24). In fact, ten countries, all with ≥ 200 production wells in operation, have 92.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: While transformations with the IRA23S allele had no phenotypic effect, we found that transformations with the IRA2 allele from the rough segregant that had been backcrossed resulted in a change from smooth to rough morphology (Figure 3B). Sequencing of IRA2 from 3S and the rough segregant revealed a single difference between the two alleles: a frameshift mutation that truncates the protein by 117 amino acids (hereafter referred to as IRA23S-Δ2933; Text S2). IRA2 is known to be hypermutable and spontaneous mutations in this gene have been shown to influence a variety of multicellular growth phenotypes [19], [21]. However, our results demonstrate that the effects of spontaneous mutations in IRA2 can depend on an individual's genotype at a number of additional genes. We also checked for IRA23S-Δ2933 in the four other rough individuals that we found in our original BY×3S mapping population. Three of these rough segregants possessed the frameshift mutation, suggesting that IRA23S-Δ2933 probably arose during the outgrowth of the BY/3S diploid prior to its sporulation. Previous work by other groups identified functional polymorphisms in END3 and FLO8 that also segregate in our cross [22], [23]. BY has a premature stop mutation in FLO8 that prevents it from undergoing many forms of multicellular growth [22]. As for END3, a missense polymorphism in this gene contributes to variability in high temperature growth in a cross of the clinical isolate YJM789 and S288c, the progenitor of BY [23]. Of relevance to our study, this variant in END3 has effects that are strongly dependent on genetic background [24]. With respect to TRR1, the [25] and our own sequencing data indicate that the BY and 3S alleles of this gene differ by a single nucleotide, which is a synonymous SNP in the 52nd codon of the gene: BY has an ATC codon and 3S has an ATT codon. Although both of these codons are recognized by the same isoleucine tRNA, the ATT codon is preferred by a nearly two-to-one ratio throughout the yeast genome, suggesting that the SNP might have an effect on translational efficiency. Only lab-derived S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: (29)Based on experimental observations of different animal species, Aschoff’s first rule predicts that τLL<τDD in diurnal animals and τLL>τDD in nocturnal animals, where τDD and τLL are the free-running circadian periods under DD and LL conditions, respectively (Aschoff, 1965, 1979; Pittendrigh and Daan, 1976a; Carpenter and Grossberg, 1984). Within our model, by comparison with equation (20), it follows that ωLL−ωDD=aBω¯υ/(a+b), which satisfies Aschoff’s first rule when a/(a+b)>0 (refer to the discussion on the sign and strength of the intercouplings in the section on DD conditions). Assuming that B is positive for diurnal animals yields τLL<τDD (ωLL>ωDD). Conversely, negative B yields τLL>τDD (ωLL<ωDD) in nocturnal animals. Moreover, Aschoff’s first rule also states that the effects of LL conditions are intensity-dependent (Aschoff, 1965; Pittendrigh and Daan, 1976a; Carpenter and Grossberg, 1984). The free-running period of circadian activity rhythms usually decreases with increasing light intensity: the brighter the constant light, the faster the animal’s clock runs. In nocturnal animals, the converse is usually observed: the free-running period of the rhythm increases with increasing light intensity. Within the model of equation (25) and equations (4)-(7), the parameter |B| characterizes the intensity of the optic cue. For diurnal animals (B>0), increasing |B| decreases τLL (increases ωLL), whereas for nocturnal animals (B<0), increasing |B| increases τLL (decreases ωLL), in agreement with Aschoff’s first rule. Next, this section explores the possibility of dissociation under increasing light intensity. To this end, the spectral analysis of the section on dissociation under LD conditions was repeated after numerically solving the model of equation (25) and equations (4)-(7), using the parameters in Table 1. These parameters were determined in reference to experimental observations of mice, which are nocturnal (B<0).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: 12(Taken and slightly modified from IEA (2023))IEA projections for 2023–2027 of geothermal installed capacity (in GW) in the main case (light blue) and accelerated case (dark blue) scenarios (left), and geothermal generation (in TWh) in the main scenario (right)Full size imageBased on the data shown in Table 1, the projection for 2027 could be even lower: applying the same growth rate that occurred in the last 3 years, the global geothermal installed capacity in 2027 would be 18. 16 GW and electric generation would be 114. 4 GWh (see Fig. 12). However, there are conditions for things to be different in the following years. For instance, in June 2023 the IEA convened its on and released its signed by 45 countries. The IEA stated that to keep the goal of limiting global warming to 1. 5 °C, a full range of clean energy technologies it will be necessary, and that its Roadmap to Emissions shows that two of those technologies are critically important: energy efficiency and renewable sources. Moving the world onto a path toward net zero emissions by 2050, means doubling the annual rate of global energy efficiency progress, and tripling the total amount of renewable power capacity worldwide by the end of this decade. The current global energy efficiency today is 2. 2%, and it will need to be 4% in 2030, while the current (2022) renewable capacity of 3610 GW must grow to more than 10,000 GW (see Fig. 13). Fig. 13(Taken from IEA (2023)Projections of the IEA about what is to be done to keep reachable the goal of limiting global warming at 1. 5 °CFull size imageIn that context, it is worth highlight that geothermal electric generation is currently the only renewable baseload source, being able to generate 24–7 around the year, regardless of any daily or seasonal variation. Therefore, 100 MW of a new geothermal power plant, operating at a conservative capacity factor of 90%, can generate the same electricity of an onshore wind power installation of 280 MW at an annual capacity factor of 32%, or of a PV solar farm of 320 MW at an annual capacity factor of 28%. Therefore, if all the current renewable capacity were geothermal, renewable generation would have tripled in 2022, and the world would be on its path toward net zero emissions by 2050.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae strains carry the ATC allele that confers smooth morphology, while all other sequenced S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus strains harbor the ATT allele that is likely involved in rough morphology. Work to determine the functional variant(s) in MSS11, which possesses a number of coding and noncoding polymorphisms that could have effects, is ongoing (Table S7). The causal genes encode proteins with diverse cellular functions: End3 plays a role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis [26], [27], Flo8 and Mss11 are transcription factors that regulate cell-cell adhesion and multicellular phenotypes in S. cerevisiae [28], [29], Ira2 is a negative regulator of the RAS-cAMP pathway [30], and Trr1 is an enzyme involved in oxidative stress response [31], [32]. Flo8 and Mss11 physically interact [33], and IRA2 and MSS11 show a genetic interaction when both are knocked out [34]. To our knowledge, none of the other pairs of identified genes have been reported to interact at the biochemical, genetic, physical, or regulatory levels. To assess whether Flo8 and Mss11 might directly regulate the expression of the other genes, we examined existing data from calling card analyses, a technique that identifies genomic sites bound by transcription factors [16]. These results indicated that Flo8 and Mss11 are unlikely to bind the promoters of END3, IRA2, and TRR1, although admittedly the study involved a different strain than our cross parents. After identifying causal genes at the five loci, we analyzed the effects of these genes in more detail by genotyping them in a panel of phenotyped segregants from dissected backcross tetrads (Methods). Every individual with rough morphology possessed the 3S allele of FLO8 and TRR1, the BY allele of MSS11, and IRA23S-Δ2933 (Figures 4A–B and S4A–B; Tables S8 and S9). Although most individuals with rough morphology carried END3BY, a small fraction of individuals with END33S also showed the trait (Figures 4B and S4C; Table S9), indicating that alleles at additional loci complement END33S.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The case B>0 in Figure 4 describes a “fictitious diurnal mouse”. We use the notion “fictitious diurnal mouse” to outline that parameter B is positive for diurnal animals, although the remaining model parameters (Table 1) used throughout this 0. 24, for which τLL=25. 2h, whereas in the diurnal case, |Bc|≃3. 23, for which τLL=21. 7h. These results are in qualitative agreement with the experimental observation of rhythm dissociation at constant dim illumination of approximately 4. 5 lux in rats for which τLL=25. 15h following 3 months of exposure (Albers et al. , 1981). Unfortunately, due to a lack of detailed experimental data, we are unable to present a detailed numerical comparison as a function of illumination. However, we expect that the dependence of dissociated rhythm period, TLL(sr), on light intensity |B| for diurnal and nocturnal animals can be checked experimentally. In addition, Figure 4 shows that with increasing the light intensity, |B|, the period of the dissociated rhythm decreases a little in the nocturnal case but slightly increases in the diurnal case. Unlike the free-running period τLL, the dissociated rhythm TLL(sr) does not obey Aschoff’s first rule. Finally, the model of equation (25) and equations (4)-(7) predicts that the light intensity, |B|, can also alter the core-shell phase difference under LL conditions compared with DD conditions. Under LL conditions, the phase difference ψd−ψυ can be determined fromsin(ψd−ψυ)=2ρd(ω¯d−ωLL)ρυKυd(1+ρd2)=2ρυρυ(ω¯d−ω¯υ−B)(a+b),(30)which follows from the replacement ωυ→ωυ* in equation (22). For diurnal animals (B>0), increasing the light intensity decreases the core-shell phase difference in animals where τd<τυ and both intercouplings are positive. In nocturnal animals, increasing the light intensity increases the core-shell phase difference.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Temperatures of about 36°C to 42°C at the top and base of the Buntsandstein aquifer, respectively, were calculated in the southern part of the Alzette valley where the Buntsandstein reaches a maximum depth of about 850 m (top) and 1,100 m (base) below surface. Just to the south of the city of Luxembourg, in the northern part of the upper Alzette valley, where the top and base are located in about 600 and 850 m depth, respectively, inferred temperatures amount to about 27°C to 33°C. As a result, the warmest part of the Buntsandstein aquifer coincides with the region where it lies below the Liassic cover, more specifically the part of the SE-beneath the upper Alzette valley. The warm zone extends further to the south below the Dogger limestone plateau in the southernmost part of Luxembourg and the northernmost part of Lorraine (Figure 11). In consideration of the local elevation of the upper Alzette valley, the water table of the Buntsandstein aquifer is probably located 40 to 50 m below terrain level. The key information to the selected reservoirs is presented in Table 3. Geothermal heat for district heating is of particular interest in the highly populated southwestern part of Luxembourg and the capital of Luxembourg (Figure 11), making up 60% of the total population in 2014 (canton of Esch: 161,000; canton of Luxembourg: 167,000; 2014). However, since the temperatures are <60°C in the Buntsandstein aquifer, heat pumps have to be used to allow space and district heating (Bujakowski and Barbacki 2004; Líndal 1973). In the warmest and most permeable zones in the southeastern part of the TLE, minimum k f values of 5 × 10–5 m s–1 are attained for successful exploitation of hydrothermal reservoirs according to Stober et al. (2009). In Mondorf, hydraulic conductivities measured (Leichtle 1980) are 10 to 50 times lower, but the corresponding average transmissibility with an about 240-m-thick Buntsandstein amounts to 24 Dm. According to et al. (2012), transmissibilities >30 Dm are an excellent property of natural aquifers for geothermal energy use.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Segregation analysis of causal genes and identification of loci that complement END33S. Spores from dissected tetrads were phenotyped and then genotyped at END3, FLO8, IRA2, MSS11, and TRR1. Results from the BY and 3S backcrosses are in A and B, respectively. In C, we show genotyping results for candidate loci on and XV in a population of END33S segregants from a second-generation backcross. Lastly, in D, we show the different genotypes in the BY×3S cross that specify rough morphology. In A–D, blue and orange denote BY and 3S alleles, respectively, while grey in D indicates that either allele can occur. All rough individuals incorporated into this figure possessed IRA23S-Δ2933. The mutant allele is denoted in D by the label ‘mut’. Rough and smooth morphology are specified in A–C by black and light grey, respectively. more deeply investigated the genetic basis of rough morphology among individuals with END33S. First, we used a gene knockout strategy to check whether END33S is necessary for these individuals to exhibit rough morphology (Methods). end33SΔ strains were smooth (Figure S5), suggesting that the alternate genetic architecture for rough morphology requires END33S. Second, we tried to identify loci that complement END33S. Four rough END33S progeny were present in our sequenced mapping population from the 3S backcross. Among these segregants, we detected 11 previously unidentified genomic regions where individuals shared the same genotype (Figure S6; Table S10; Methods). We were able to reduce this set to four candidate loci on and XV by genotyping additional backcross progeny (Table S11; Methods). To determine which of the four loci have causal roles in rough morphology, we mated a relevant backcross segregant to 3S and analyzed a panel of 51 second-generation backcross progeny (Table S12; Methods). The BY alleles at the Chromosome VII and XV loci were fixed among the 39 individuals with rough morphology, while the other two loci showed no evidence of playing a role in the trait (Figure 4C; Table S12).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In both cases, sufficiently large light intensity, |B|, will invert the core-shell phase relationship, causing the core to lead the shell. Under these conditions, the shell cannot provide a reference phase for anticipation in peripheral clocks. DiscussionIn this work, we studied how the core-shell organization controls the behavior of the SCN, the entrainment of the core and shell to the environmental cue, the mechanism of disruption of the synchronized state, and the impact of different light conditions on dynamics of the SCN. For this purpose, we used a core-shell model of the SCN based on reduced dynamical equations for the forced Kuramoto model. Our approach is based on the observation that clock cells in the SCN are self-sustained, nearly sinusoidal oscillators with a stable limit cycle. The first benefit of our model is that it only has 9 biologically meaningful parameters, instead of thousands of parameters for an equally large number of neurons. Second, the proposed dynamical equations for core and shell rhythms describe known SCN activity under 3 lighting conditions (LD, DD, and LL), including the anticipation and the dissociation of the circadian rhythms in the dependence on the period of external optic cue and light intensity. Third, the model can be calibrated for diurnal and nocturnal mammals. In this 24. 8h, obtained for the model parameters calibrated for mice, agrees with Campuzano et al. (1998), who reported τDD=24. 5h for rats. From a biological point of view, the ability to retain circadian activity in constant darkness ensures minimum disruption of circadian activity. However, this ability is also dependent on the relative strength of core-shell communication, parametrized by intercouplings Kυd and Kdυ. As discussed in the section on DD conditions, a large asymmetry in the strength of the intercouplings, which parametrize core-shell communication, is expected to shift the free-running period under constant darkness closer to the endogenous rhythm of the core (Kυd≫Kdυ) or the shell (Kdυ≫Kυd). The period of an external cue (LD cycles) as the control parameter can be easily adjusted in laboratory conditions as in many experimental investigations. Here, we demonstrated appearance of dissociation when the period of the LD cycle is larger (or smaller) than a critical value.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Maximum potential for geothermal power in Germany based on engineered geothermal systems access Published: 03 August 2015 Maximum potential for geothermal power in Germany based on engineered geothermal systems Charitra Jain1,2, Christian Vogt1,3 & Christoph Clauser1 35. 3 MW e. When operated at full capacity, these systems collectively may supply 4155 TWh of electric energy in 1 year which would be roughly seven times the electric energy produced in Germany in the year 2011. Thus, our study suggests that major scientific, engineering, and financial efforts are justified for developing the drilling and stimulation technologies required for creating the permeabilities required for successful EGS. Then, EGS will have great potential for contributing towards national power production in a future powered by sustainable, decentralized energy systems. BackgroundGeothermal energy is renewable, environmentally friendly, and ubiquitous. Yet, only a tiny fraction of it is harnessed commercially for space heating or for electricity by conversion at some expense (Clauser 2006). The grade of all geothermal resources depends on the temperature difference between produced and re-injected water, the fluid flow rate and hence, reservoir rock permeability and porosity, and the amount of fluid saturation (Tester et al. 2006). For exploiting high-grade resources, it is desirable to access deeper parts of the Earth’s crust as rock temperature increases with depth. At the same time, decreasing rock permeability and exponentially increasing drilling costs with depth (Heidinger 2010) can render a geothermal installation uneconomical. In the presence of natural steam or hot water reservoirs, electricity can be produced by forcing high-pressure steam or organic vapor to drive the turbines. In their absence and when the reservoirs lack sufficient permeability for effective heat transfer, engineered geothermal systems (EGS) may be employed for electricity production by engineering the reservoir (Clauser 2006). They cogenerate heat and power and can be used for large-scale applications like district heating or base-load power supply with capacity factors above 90 % (Bertani 2009). But the process of heat extraction from the subsurface using EGS needs optimization. In this paper, we study the long-term response of operated EGS reservoirs based on numerical stimulation (Clauser 2003) of an optimized heat extraction process. We systematically vary parameters such as flow rate and well separation in the subsurface and study various EGS configurations and their sustainability.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Given only individuals that carried BY alleles at both the Chromosome VII and XV loci exhibited rough morphology, it is likely that these loci genetically interact to complement END33S. Our findings indicate that the segregant used for backcrossing carried more than one set of interacting alleles that can specify rough morphology (Figure 4D). Identifying the causal genes and genetic variants underlying the Chromosome VII and XV loci can thus shed light on how these different genotypes produce the same trait. However, our ongoing efforts to clone the causal factors at these loci are limited by the crude resolution of the present data (each locus is presently resolved to >60 kilobases; Table S10). We note that initial gene deletion experiments focused on 18 candidates (Table S13), including LAS17 and YAP1802, whose cognate proteins functionally interact with End3 [35], [36], have been unsuccessful. Moving forward, we plan to determine the genes that underlie the Chromosome VII and XV loci, and characterize their relationship with END3. In summary, we have demonstrated that sets of five or more genetic variants can synthetically interact to produce major phenotypic effects. Alleles involved in these higher-order interactions may either be polymorphisms that segregate in natural populations or spontaneous mutations. Our results also illustrate that rather than functioning in a single biochemical pathway, protein complex, or regulatory circuit, the genes involved in higher-order interactions can play roles in a number of cellular processes. This finding implies that characterizing higher-order interactions using data from screens and annotations focused solely on reference genomes may be a challenge, and highlights how genetic variation can serve as a tool for detecting previously unidentified functional relationships among genes. Further, we have shown that multiple sets of alleles can interact to produce the same phenotypic effect. Additional work is necessary to determine how this latter finding is mediated at the molecular and systems levels. Overall, our study suggests that characterizing the larger-scale contribution of higher-order interactions to phenotypic variation is a necessary step in improving our basic understanding of the genotype-phenotype map. of yeast colony morphology All phenotyping experiments were performed on agar plates containing yeast extract and peptone (YP) with 2% ethanol as the carbon source (YPE). Prior to phenotyping, strains were grown up in liquid YP with 2% dextrose (YPD).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: There are also other important parameters, such as couplings between oscillators and mean free-running periods in the core and shell. Changes of these parameters also may result in the dissociation of circadian rhythms. The impact of abnormal changes of these parameters on the SCN dynamics is an important problem in experimental research. External factors, such as temperature or continuous intake of chemical substances, for example, melatonin or antidepressants, may change these parameters. In particular, the couplings among neurons are mediated by neurotransmitters, such as VIP and GABA, which can be influenced by drugs. The appearance of dissociated rhythms is a common phenomenon in the SCN of mammals. We believe that our results may also be translated to humans being diurnal animals. However, these interesting problems need a detailed literature search and further investigations that go out of the scope of the present 4. The period TLL(sr) of the dissociated rhythm is predicted to increase with light intensity in diurnal animals, but to decrease in nocturnal animals. In addition, the critical light intensity for dissociation was found to be an order of magnitude smaller in the nocturnal case, in agreement with the experimental observation of rhythm dissociation in rats under LL conditions (Albers et al. , 1981). In conclusion, the simplified model presented in this work captures important functional aspects of the SCN and its core-shell organization. Using this model, we extend existing work on dissociation by studying the period and strength of the dissociated rhythm. Numerical results were found to be in good qualitative agreement with experimental observations, in particular regarding the inverse relationship between the period of the LD cycle and the period of the dissociated rhythm. Within the model, the state of the core and shell is characterized by a synchronization index and phase, and determined by parameters which can either be measured experimentally or be inferred from experiments, as discussed in the section on the choice of parameter values. Among these parameters, the core-shell intercouplings and mean free-running periods constrain the core-shell phase difference, which determines the shell’s ability to anticipate the core under different symmetric lighting conditions and intensities. In the particular case of constant lighting conditions, the dependence on light intensity can be modeled explicitly through the introduction of a phenomenological constant, as shown in the corresponding section.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: In a scenario where these 13,450 plants exist and are running all year-round at full capacity, they can supply 4155 TWh of electric energy in 1 year. This would be sevenfold the electric energy produced in Germany in the year 2011. Fox et al. (2013) have classified the EGS reservoirs as renewable and capable of producing energy sustainably. Based on their calculations, reservoirs can be recycled post-production as a significant amount of their original thermal energy will recover over time scales which are two-to-four times the production time. Covering a resource base for 500 years (a rather conservative estimate) and an operation time of 31 years, these 13,450 EGS plants can deliver 258 TWh of electric energy. To summarize, EGS has the potential to deliver 42 % of German power production (612 TWh in year 2011) at any given time. Table 5 compares the potential of three optimized EGS layouts. Comparison with other renewablesThe number of possible EGS installations in Germany may sound unrealistic at first, but it is not unreasonable when compared to the existing number of wind turbines and solar PV systems in the country. According to DEWI (DEWI 2012), Germany had 22,297 wind turbines by the end of the year 2011 with an installed capacity of 29. 07 GW e. Considering a power density of 5–8 MW e per km 2 (Sesto and Casale 1998), this corresponds to anywhere between 3635 and 5815 km 2 of land use. Solar power accounted for 12 % of total electric energy delivered by renewables with its 1,090,000 PV installations by the end of the year 2011 (BDEW 2011; BSW 2012). For generating electricity by biomass (solid/liquid fuels, bio/sewage/landfill gas, and biogenic fraction of waste), 20,000 km 2 of agricultural land was used in the same year (BMU 2009). The share of different renewables towards electricity production is compared in Table 6. Table 6 Contribution of renewables towards electricity production (BDEW 2011; BSW 2012; DEWI 2012 Full size table The share of renewable energies towards electricity generation will continue to rise as Germany aims to produce 80 % of its electricity using renewables by the year 2050 (BDEW 2011). As mentioned before, a large number of deep geothermal projects are already under development.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: [41], we employed Models (HMMs) to determine the haplotypes of the segregants based on the sequencing data. We computed the fraction of reads at each SNP that came from BY and used the vector of these fractions in HMMs that were implemented chromosome-by-chromosome in the HMM() package of the R statistical programming environment. Any segregants producing data that showed evidence of contamination, diploidy, or aneuploidy were excluded from genetic mapping and downstream analyses. Four and eight such individuals were left out of the BY and 3S mapping populations, respectively. Genetic mapping Genotypes inferred from the HMM were used in genetic mapping analyses. At each position in the genome, we determined the fraction of individuals that carried the allele from the parent not used in the backcross. We scanned the genome for alleles from the non-backcross parent that were detected in a large fraction of segregants. We report loci where these alleles were at 95% frequency or higher. To determine intervals in which causal genes were located, we identified the smallest region that was bounded by recombination breakpoints among individuals from a backcross that shared the same allele at a peak. Generation and genotyping of dissected tetrads Backcross diploids were sporulated and digested in β-glucuronidase to permit tetrad dissection. Standard microdissection techniques were used to isolate tetrads and separate individual spores. Fine-mapping using multi-locus introgression strains and dissected backcross segregants Haploid multi-locus introgression strains were constructed using six rounds of recurrent backcrossing with phenotypic selection, starting from the same segregant used in our backcross mapping experiment. Eight of these strains were generated, with four made by recurrently backcrossing to 3S and four made by recurrently backcrossing to BY. We also used a subset of individuals from the tetrad dissections that showed rough morphology. To conduct the fine-mapping, we typed these individuals at a number of markers in each interval using PCR and restriction digestion, or Sanger sequencing. Genetic engineering experiments All genes within causal loci were deleted using the CORE cassette, in the same manner described by Storici et al. [42].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This simple modification to the model reproduces Aschoff’s first rule for diurnal and nocturnal animals and reveals rhythm dissociation under increasing light intensity. Moreover, the introduction of the constant opens up the possibility to explore other open problems and experimental conditions in the study of circadian rhythms. Potential applications include asymmetric LD cycles, which are used to mimic seasonal variations in day length (Meijer et al. , 2010; Myung et al. , 2015, and the problem of antiphase rhythm splitting under constant light (Pittendrigh, 1960; Pittendrigh and Daan, 1976b; Ohta et al. , 2005). From a theoretical point of view, another interesting problem is to extend the proposed model with other features of the SCN’s network organization, namely, degree distribution (Gu et al. , 2021), the existence of local groups of neurons that form intermediate structures in the SCN (Yoshikawa et al. , 2021). The results presented in this work strongly suggest that the Kuramoto model captures essential features of synchronization and entrainment in the SCN. Moreover, the reduced model is easily extendible to an arbitrary number of groups, with dynamics described by explicit equations for the group phase and synchronization index. Viewed together, the reduced Kuramoto model presents itself as a useful tool for exploring open problems in the study of circadian rhythms, one that can account for evolving views of the circadian system’s organization, including inter-hemispheric interaction and peripheral clocks (e. g. , in liver, muscle, pancreas, heart, adipose tissue). We believe that our model may be translated to the other animals, both nocturnal and diurnal animals, including humans. 2016. Conflict of Interest StatementThe author(s) have no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this 191. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science94. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1432. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science249. CrossrefPubMed176. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1082. PubMed3128. CrossrefPubMed42. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science313. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science800. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science801. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1275. Crossref280. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science126.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: Wind energy is expected to grow both onshore and offshore, especially with the proposed installation of the 25 GW e offshore wind farm in the by the year 2030 (Morkel et al. 2007). According to BSW forecasts, the share of solar PV in German gross power production will rise from 4 % in 2012 to 10 % in 2020 (BSW 2012). Land area under biomass is also projected to climb to 25,000–40,000 km 2 by the year 2020 (BMU 2009), thus doubling its share towards energy supply. Irrespective of the current installed capacity of only 8 MW e geothermal energy offers an attractive option for producing green energy. EGS plants are independent of seasonal variations and are capable of delivering base-load electricity unlike wind and solar power. Compared to biomass which has to compete with food crops for using the land area, EGS plants have a limited surface footprint and they provide much higher power density. ConclusionsHeat extraction from EGS reservoirs is a challenging task owing to limited subsurface knowledge and inaccessibility to rock volume (Pettitt et al. 2011). As the projects extend beyond prior experience, numerical modeling assists in studying the long-term response of EGS reservoirs towards stimulation. We are aware that currently realized flow rates in existing EGS sites (Baria et al. 1999; Breesee 2015) are insufficient to allow for a significant contribution from geothermal energy towards Germany’s energy supply. We also acknowledge that systems such as those which we modeled currently cannot be engineered in the basement rock yet. However, given that the required technological improvements (Bertani 2009; Tester et al. 2006) will become available in time, technically feasible flow rates may be expected to increase in the future. Hence, our results are based on the assumption that flow rates of up to 150 L s −1 will become possible by progress in future drilling and stimulation technology. Induced seismicity inevitably accompanies hydraulic fracturing during the installation and operation of EGS. However, the probability of events of a given magnitude can be estimated (for example, see Shapiro et al. (2007)) and research is ongoing to minimize associated magnitudes by controlling the mode and magnitude of injection flow rates and pressure (Tester et al. 2006; Zang et al. 2013). Moreover, other stimulation methods such as thermal, chemical, or combined approaches are also under development.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: Homology tails matching the 60 bases immediately up- and downstream of each gene were attached to the CORE cassette through PCR and introduced into cells using the method [43]. Selection for G418 resistance was used to screen for integration of the CORE cassette; correct integration was then checked using PCR. All deletions were performed in a haploid multi-locus introgression strain. To perform complementation tests, deletion strains were mated to multiple dissected segregants that carried either the causal or non-causal allele of the deleted gene, as well as the causal alleles at the four other involved genes. The same phenotyping methods described above were employed for these strains. To generate allele replacement strains for IRA2, a smooth segregant with the non-causal allele of IRA2 and the causal alleles at the other four loci was transformed using a modified form of adaptamer mediated allele replacement [44]. Transformations were conducted with two partially overlapping PCR products—a full-length amplicon of IRA2 that was tailed at the 3′ end with the 5′ portion of the kanMX cassette and a copy of the kanMX cassette that was tailed on the 3′ end with part of the intergenic region downstream of IRA2. Knock-ins were identified using selection on G418 and verified by Sanger sequencing. Identification of loci that complement the 3S allele of END3 Sequenced strains from the backcross to 3S were partitioned based on their genotype at END3. We then screened these individuals for sites where they all carried BY alleles. A group of additional rough segregants with END33S that had been obtained during tetrad dissections were genotyped by PCR amplification and restriction digestion of markers across each of the new loci. One of these additional backcross segregants was mated to 3S, and a panel of rough progeny from this second-generation backcross were typed at the remaining candidate loci. Supporting InformationFigure S1. Sequencing coverage for each chromosome of the backcrossed rough segregant. The segregant used in backcrossing was sequenced to ∼4. 39× coverage. We determined the average coverage of nucleotides on each chromosome (grey bars) and across the genome (dotted line). None of the chromosomes exhibited a significant excess or deficit of coverage, suggesting that the strain did not carry any large aneuploidies.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science983. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science43. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science688. CrossrefPubMed4482. CrossrefPubMed8391. CrossrefPubMed8878. CrossrefPubMed2215. CrossrefPubMed544. CrossrefPubMed2419. CrossrefPubMed9506. CrossrefPubMed469. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science277. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science32. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science7056. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science860. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4811. CrossrefPubMed118. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2151. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science493. CrossrefPubMed971. CrossrefPubMed375. Crossref119. CrossrefPubMed2162. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science14. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3929. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3202. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science88. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science269. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science7113. CrossrefPubMed2540. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science184. 331. CrossrefWeb of Science355. CrossrefWeb of Science331. CrossrefWeb of Science166. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science9578. CrossrefPubMed232. 7545. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science47. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science6607. CrossrefPubMed1156. 18. 2018. 56. CrossrefPubMed577. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1412. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4313. CrossrefPubMed21. 2021.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Geothermal energy is reliable and operates independently of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: In other words, EGS has the potential to deliver 4155 TWh of electric energy in 1 year which would be sevenfold the German power production for the year 2011. Note that the geothermal potential is not derived from theoretical principles concerning the heat content of the rock, but by simulating the actual extracted heat from an engineered geothermal system, yielding a more realistic estimation of the potential. Considering the rampant utilization of natural resources by humans and the increasing climate change, bold steps need to be taken on a unprecedented scale to avoid an imminent environmental disaster. A nationwide effort is required for restructuring the German energy market while ensuring its cost-effectiveness. Geothermal energy along with all other renewables need to be developed further by making them more efficient while assessing and mitigating their environmental impacts. Expansion of transmission grids is inevitable to connect the proposed wind farms in the to southern industrialized centers by adopting new transmission technologies like high-voltage direct current (HVDC) (BMU 2011). Social acceptance will be of paramount importance and thus awareness needs to be created among the general public about energy-saving measures and the environmental benefits of switching to low-carbon alternative energies. EGS plants provide non-intermittent power, have a minor surface footprint, and cause low-to-zero carbon emissions. To conclude, renewables like geothermal energy including its engineered geothermal systems will play a vital role in building a greener tomorrow. Endnote 1 Production in Landau is stalled until the pending claims regarding the triggering of induced seismicity have been settled. AbbreviationsEGS: engineered geothermal systems; HDR: hot dry rock ORC: organic rankine cycle EEG: Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz HVDC: high-voltage direct current 1996. Geothermics 28(4–5): 655–669. 2011. Bundesverband der Energie-und Wasserwirtschaft (BDEW), Berlin. 4. 2015. hot dry rock project. Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia. 1983. Geothermics 28(4–5): 591–601. 572. 2003. Numerical simulation of reactive flow in hot aquifers: and processing. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin. 604. . Springer Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin. 20. 04. 2015). 2008.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every genetic trait can be modified without affecting other genes. [SEP] Text: END3 was deleted from a segregant that possessed the END33S allele and the alleles that cause rough morphology at TRR1, FLO8, MSS11, AVO1, and the additional loci on chromosomes VII and XV. Figure S6. Allele frequencies among rough individuals with END33S. Allele frequencies of individuals from the initial 3S mapping population that showed rough morphology but lacked the BY allele of END3 are plotted. Additional 3S backcross segregants were obtained, and analyzed as individuals using phenotyping and genotyping at the new loci. The SGA markers used to select MATa haploid segregants are labelled with a grey arrow, while the chromosome XIII locus containing MSS11 is labelled with a green arrow. The 11 novel loci are shown with black and red arrows, with the difference being black loci were sites that remained as candidates after typing of additional segregants that possessed rough morphology and the alternate causal genotype. Table S1. Phenotypes and genotypes of tetrad spores from the backcross to BY. Individuals from 14 dissected tetrads were phenotyped and genotyped at segregating markers within causal loci. Phenotypes are recorded as smooth (s), rough (r) or bumpy subphenotype (b). Genotypes at segregating markers within each locus are denoted as 1 (3S) or 0 (BY). Under the column “Spore #”, the number in the name represents the tetrad, while the letters signify different spores. Table S2. Phenotypes and genotypes of tetrad spores from the backcross to 3S. Individuals from 13 dissected tetrads were phenotyped and genotyped at segregating markers within causal loci. Phenotypes are recorded as smooth (s) or rough (r). Genotypes at segregating markers within each locus are denoted as 1 (BY) or 0 (3S). Under the column “Spore #”, the number in the name represents the tetrad, while the letters signify different spores. 5 individuals possessed BY alleles at MSS11 and END3, yet showed smooth morphology. Further genotyping revealed that bolded individuals lacked the IRA23S-Δ2933 allele. Table S3. Initial bounds of detected loci for the five-way interaction.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: situ hybridization and colocalization Mice were anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine and transcardially perfused with PBS, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS. The brains were removed, post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde overnight, and cryoprotected with 20% sucrose in 0. 1 M phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7. 4) for 48 hr. The brains were subsequently frozen in isopentane and 16–20 micrometer coronal sections were cut using a cryostat. Antisense riboprobes containing the 3’ UTR of mouse PKR2 (GenBank accession number AF487279; residues 1147–2211) were generated by T7 RNA polymerase (sense probes were generated with SP6 RNA polymerase). Riboprobes was labeled with digoxigenin-UTP (DIG-UTP) (Roche) and diluted l to 50 in hybridization solution (50% formaldehyde, 10% dextran sulfate, 0. 02% Ficoll, 0. 02% polyvinylpyrolidone, 0. 02% BSA, 500 µg/ml tRNA, 0. 3M NaCl, 10mM Tris, pH 8. 0, 1mM EDTA). For the hybridization, sections were sequentially hydrated in 1x PBS (phosphate buffered saline), 0. 6% H2O2 in 1x PBS for 30 minutes, 1. 2% H2O2 in 1x PBS for 1 hr, and 0. 6% H2O2 in 1x PBS for 30 minutes. Tissue sections were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes, followed by three 1x PBS washes. Sections were pretreated with proteinase K (10 µg/ml) and pre-hybridized with the hybridization solution without probe for 1 hr at room temperature. Hybridized with the riboprobe, the sections were incubated at 60°C for 18 hours, followed by RNAase (20 µg/ml) digestion, decreasing salinity washes and a 60 minute high stringency (68°C) wash. Sections were then washed with 1x PBS and 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Wind turbines are a significant threat to migratory bird populations. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractInformation on when birds and bats die from collisions with wind turbines can help refine efforts to minimize fatalities via curtailment of energy productions and can offer insight into the risk factors associated with collision fatalities. Using data pooled from 114 post-construction monitoring studies conducted at wind facilities across the United States, we described seasonal patterns of fatalities among birds and bats. Bat fatalities peaked in the fall. Silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), a long-distance migrant, and Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) both showed maximum fatality counts later in the year–October and November, respectively–than any other bat species. The other common species in our sample–hoary bat (Aeorestes cinereus), Eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), and big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus)–showed broadly overlapping peaks of fatality counts in August. Fatalities of silver-haired bat showed a smaller spring peak in some ecoregions; no other bat species exhibited this pattern. Seasonal patterns of bird fatalities varied among guilds. Woodland birds, many of which were long-distance migrants, showed two peaks in fatalities corresponding to spring and fall migration. Grassland birds and soaring birds, most of which were resident or short-distance migrants, did not exhibit strong seasonal peaks in fatalities. Species in these guilds tend to inhabit regions with extensive wind-energy development year-round, which may explain the more consistent numbers of fatalities that we observed. Our results highlight the value of pooling data to develop science-based solutions to reduce conflicts between wind-energy development and wildlife but also emphasize the need for more extensive data and standardization of post-construction monitoring to support more robust inferences regarding wind-wildlife interactions and collision risk. Citation: -Gillman S, Allison TD (2023) Seasonal patterns of bird and bat collision fatalities at wind turbines. 18(5): e0284778. : November 9, 2022; Accepted: April 7, 2023; Published: May 10, 2023Copyright: © 2023 Lloyd et al. This is an open access 2021. In addition, we did not include carcasses found outside of a scheduled search because these discoveries did not have any associated measure of effort.

Output: corroborate