Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: It is also necessary to distinguish between 3D printed anatomical models produced by a manufacturer for sale in the US, compared to those produced in-house by a hospital or other healthcare provider that are not marketed and sold. FDA regulation currently extends only to products produced for marketing and sale in the US and therefore, whilst it is best practice for hospitals producing 3D printed anatomical models to follow the FDA guidance requiring 3D printed anatomical models to be produced using cleared software, it is not presently a requirement. This nuanced guidance from the FDA is likely to undergo significant change over the coming years as the role of medical device manufacturer is clarified in the context of the growing trend and return towards point-of-care manufacturing [44]. Thought leaders in the 3D printing for medical application space strongly advocate for the use of approved software coupled with validated 3D printers in the interests of maintaining “very high standards” and minimizing risk to patient safety [45]. 3D Printed product validationInaccuracies in model design & fabricationReproducible dimensional accuracy is crucial for quality control of 3D printed anatomical models, particularly since they may be used to inform diagnosis and surgical decision-making that may impact patient safety and quality of care. Since these models are not considered medical devices, no harmonized quality control standards currently exist. Research teams and 3D printing facilities around the world have therefore developed and reported a variety of quality management methods, focusing on establishing reproducible dimensional accuracy of 3D printed parts. Dimensional accuracy is defined as the agreement between the measured and designed dimension of the 3D-printed part [46], and has vital clinical relevance for the quantitative use of these 3D models for characterising pathologies, such as tumours, aneurysms or other pathologies where dimensional fidelity strongly determines treatment pathway and prognosis. Therefore, each stage of the 3D printed anatomical model generation workflow (Fig. 1) requires careful analysis to determine the presence of controlled or uncontrolled sources of inaccuracy and therefore motivation for regulatory oversight. Firstly, the image quality generated from CT and MRI scanning modalities is largely well-characterised, however the impact of imaging quality and parameters such as the choice of reconstruction kernel or slice reconstruction interval (SRI) have been shown to impact the mean absolute error between original models and 3D printed models [47].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Ecology 2004; 85:1512–1518. 101. Kappers IF, Aharoni A, van : Genetic engineering of terpenoid metabolism attracts bodyguards to Arabidopsis. Science 2005; 309:2070–2072. 102. Zaki FN, El-: Increasing rates of parasitism of the larval parasitoid Bracon brevicornis (Hym. , Braconidae) by using kairomones, pheromones and a supplementary food. J 1998; 122:565–567. 103. : Field margin vegetation enhances biological control and crop damage suppression from multiple pests in organic tomato fields. Appl 2014; 150:45–65. 104. Shelton AM, Badenes-Perez FR: Concepts and applications of trap cropping in pest management. Entomol 2006; 51:285–308. 105. Carrié : Selection of floral resources to optimise conservation of agriculturally-functional insect groups. J 2012; 16:635–640. 106. : Foliar application of entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling Spodoptera littoralis and Agrotis ipsilon on corn (Zea mays) plants. in 2014; 3:51–61. 107. : Comparative study of quality traits of entomopathogenic nematodes before and after passing through certain insect hosts. Cont 2015; 25:237–243. 108. Alomar O, Albajes R: Habitat management for conservation of the native predator Macrolophus caliginosus. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 2003; 26:7–11. 109. Cônsoli (Eds. ): Egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphasis on Trichogramma. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4020-9109-4110. : egg parasitoids as a mean of controlling the invasive south American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta. 2012;7(10):e48068. 111. -Desneux E, Ramirez-Romero R, Desneux N: Potential for combined use of parasitoids and generalist predators for biological control of the key invasive tomato pest Tuta absoluta. J 2013; 86: 533–541. 112.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: From ancient Chinese literature, such as (《天工开物》 Exploitation of the Works of Nature), (《本草纲目》 Compendium of Materia Medica), (《多能鄙事》 Capable of Sorts of Vulgar Things), (《物理小识》 of Physics), and (《齐民要术》 for the People's Welfare), it can be found out that the delicate and rich color system of red is mostly stained by safflower and sappan wood. Application of these two types of for coloration, which were introduced to China through the Silk Road, was far more than the localized madder. For instance, in (《云麓漫钞》 in the Tang and Song Dynasties), the record of red color is as follows: “Previously it was believed that red refers to the secondary color composed of crimson and white, namely the color of red combined with blue nowadays. ” The earliest record of madder was written in Jing (《山海经》 of Mountains and Rivers). Application of madder for coloration had a long history in the whole history of Chinese clothing color. During the whole period of Pre-Qin as well as Qin and Han Dynasties, madder was extensively planted for dyeing. As written in Yi (《汉官仪》 and Regulations in the Han Dynasty), “we planted herbs in the dyeing garden for the coloration of emperor's clothes, which is known as madder. ” The warm red color dyed from madder belongs to the crimson color combined with yellow. For the coloration of strong crimson, it needs repeatedly impregnation, leading to the color change that stained for the first time, the color is light red, while for the fourth time, the color transforms to vermilion. Safflower was originally produced in a type of traditional dyestuff with a long history.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Next, the digital process steps have the potential to introduce inaccuracy in the model design and interpretation of anatomical structures, particularly when performed by non-experts [48, 49]. Figure 3 demonstrates the source of estimation and inaccuracy between the original CT scan data of a femur versus the segmentation selection, ‘part’ and exported STL file. Whilst little difference is perceivable in the macroscopic views of the 3D models, at high magnification, the interpretation of the segmented pixel selection into a part and STL file yields a potential source of inaccuracy between the patient anatomy and produced model (Fig. 3). Several CAD tools are commonly used to prepare the part for final production, including the use of ‘wrap’ tools to close small holes in the 3D model, or mesh reduction to reduce and improve the quality of triangles comprising the STL model. These tools, in combination with the vast range of adaptation and manipulation tools available in CAD software such as 3-matic (Materialise) may impact the quality and accuracy of the 3D model compared to the patient anatomy and original scan data. This is consistent with previous reports demonstrating that different segmentation and part generation algorithms produce models with statistically significant variation in physical dimensions [50, 51]. This also further reinforces the accepted standard of practice for point-of-care 3D printing facilities to use software platforms cleared by the FDA in combination with validated 3D printers, since critical inaccuracies could step from several aspects of the workflow when using non-cleared and validated products, particularly when performed by non-radiologists, such as 3D printing technicians that do not have formal medical training. Fig. 3Comparison of 3D model morphology of a femur at high magnification. CT scan data (greyscale) was segmented (red) in Mimics (Materialise), converted to a ‘part (green) and exported to an STL file (blue) after ‘wrapping’ and floating body removalFull size imageFinally, dimensional accuracy of the final 3D printed models may be evaluated using a range of technologies, including callipers, photographic measurements, surface scanning, photogrammetry, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), or CT scans, summarised in Fig. 4 [42].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: El-: Assessment of two Trichogramma species for the control of Tuta absoluta in tomato greenhouses. Entomol 2014; 22:801–809. 113. Abbas MST: Studies on Trichogramma buesi as a biocontrol agent against Pieris rapae in Egypt. Entomophaga 1989; 34:447–451. 114. Agamy E: Field evaluation of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens West against the olive moth Prays oleae (Bern. ) in Egypt. J 2010; 83:53–58. 115. Ibrahim RAA: Biological control of grape berry moths Eupoecilia ambiguella and Lobesia botrana Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma. PhD Thesis of Uni of Giessen, Germany, 2004; 103 138. 117. : Performance of four Trichogramma species as biocontrol agents of Heliothis virescens under various temperature regimes. J 2011; 84:313–320. 118. : 2015 Trichogramma evanescens release in correlation with certain pesticides against the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana infestation in early and late cotton cultivation. J 2015; 5:290–296. 119. Abbas MST: Trichogramma evanescens, a biocontrol agent against the sugar-cane borer, Chilo agamemnon in Egypt. 1997; 25:29. 120. Tohamy TH: Better conditions for releases of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens for controlling the lesser sugarcane borer, Chilo agamemnon in Sugarcance fields in Minia region. 2008; 18:17–26. 121. : Study on parasitism of Chilo suppressalis, in different habitats. 1999; 21:145–149. 122. : Performance of Trichogramma species as biocontrol agents of Chilo suppressalis, under various temperature and humidity regimes. J 2012; 85:497–504. 123.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: It was recorded in Zhi (《博物志》 Natural History) that (张骞) obtained the seeds of safflower from the and at present we plant safflower in (nowadays the region of Hebei Province). Safflower contains yellow pigment and red pigment and was widely planted due to being introduced to via the Silk Road. As first, the color stained by safflower was helvolus. Laterm yellow pigment was eliminated with the gradual adoption of killing-flower method (the method to extract red pigment) to obtain the pink color with fluorescent effect, thereby which can be used for coloration of red (红), scarlet red (大红), carmine (莲红), pink (桃红), pale rose color (银红), bright red (水红) m and real red (真红). also dried safflower in the sun or made it into flower paste [Figure 7]. This technique was not limited by the flowering phase. It could preserve the red pigment and be used to make blusher, which is the indispensable beauty applications for makeup and adornment of ancient Chinese women [Figures 8 and 9]. Figure 7: Production of safflower pasteFigure 8: Safflower for Drying in the SunFigure 9: Silk tassel dyed from safflowerSappan wood was originally produced in India, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Malaysia. In local area, sappan wood belongs to the red dyestuff of great importance [Figure 10]. The earliest record about sappan wood was written in Zhuang (《南方草木状》 Description of Vegetation in South China) in the Jin Dynasty, saying that sappan wood was similar to sophora flower with black seeds, which was produced in (nowadays, the central area of Vietnam). Southerner applied it for coloration of dark red. If it was soaked in water from (located in Guangdong Province), the color would be deeper. Coloration process by sappan wood is simple with strong color.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Many studies evaluating accuracy focus on a single pathology or region of anatomy [9, 42, 47], and it has been highlighted that further research is needed to evaluate the accuracy of anatomic models across a more generalised range of anatomical regions [46]. Fig. 4Summary of accuracy measurement techniques for validating the fabrication of 3D printed anatomical models. Linear measurements of anatomical features may be taken from a 3D scan of the 3D printed model or the physical model itself (blue) [42, 46, 52, 53], whilst optical or laser surface scanning allows 2D surface comparisons between anatomical features in the original scan data, STL file and physical model (green) [9, 42, 54, 55]. Finally, a ‘residual volume’ metric is proposed for 3D quantification of model accuracy (pink) [56]Full size imageValidation & quality control methodsWhilst formalised quality control systems for 3D printing anatomical models in hospital have not yet been mandated by the FDA, several methodologies have been proposed in the academic literature, ranging from versatile guidance for routine manufacturing workflows, through to systematic academic studies reporting vital fundamental validation where the true anatomical accuracy has been directly measured from cadaveric samples [42, 52]. Since the true patient anatomy is rarely accessible during routine clinical cases, the DICOM scan data is widely accepted as the ground truth, to which the STL file and 3D printed part are compared (Fig. 1). Comparison of the DICOM file to STL file provides validation information on the accuracy of the segmentation and CAD processes, validating the software tools used to generate the digital 3D model. This validation is included in the validation and verification testing performed by FDA-cleared software platforms listed in Table 1 and validates the suitability of these platforms to accurately translate the 3D scan data into 3D models. At this stage, radiologist oversight is recommended to ensure the quality of the digital model [57]. Next, the STL file is 3D printed to generate the physical model, the accuracy of which compared to the STL file is intrinsic to the 3D printer itself, the material, the paired slicing software, printing mechanism, upkeep and maintenance, and may not be specific to the design being printed. This should be independently and routinely validated using standardized models using manufacturer-specific guidance [58].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Loni A, Rossi E, van Achterberg K: First report of Agathis fuscipennis in Europe as parasitoid of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta. 2011; 64:115–117. 124. : Adaptation of indigenous larval parasitoids to Tuta absoluta in Italy. J 2012; 105:1311–1319. 125. Zappalà : Recruitment of native parasitoids by theexotic pest Tuta absoluta in southern Italy. 2012; 65:51–61. 126. à L, Desneux, N: Indigenous natural enemies attacking Tuta absoluta in France. Cont 2013; 23:117–121. 127. Biondi A, Desneux N, Amiens-Desneux E, Siscaro G, Zappalà L: Biology and developmental strategies of the Palaearctic parasitoid Bracon nigricans on the Neotropical moth Tuta absoluta. J 2013; 106:1638–1647. 128. Abd-Rabou S, Abou-Setta: Paqrasitism of Siphoninus phillyreae by aphelined parasitoids at different locations in Egypt. JHYM Res 1998; 71:57–61. 129. van : Biological control of whiteflies. In: Albajes R, Gullino ML, van Lenteren JC, (Eds. ), in Greenhouse Crops. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1999; 216. 130. Abd-Rabou S: Biological control of two species of whiteflies by Eretmocerus siphonini in Egypt. 2002; 37:257–260. 131. Simmons AM, Abd-Rabou S: Parasitism of Bemisia tabaci after multiple releases of Encarsia sophia in three vegetable crops. J Entomol 2005; 22:73–77. 132. Hoelmer KA: Whitefly parasitoids: Can they control field populations of Bemisia? In: Gerling D, Mayer RT (Eds. ), Bemisia Taxonomy, Biology, Damage, Control and Management. Intercept, Andover, Hants, UK, 1995; 476. 133.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: It can be used for tintage of wood red (木红), alum red (丹矾红), little red (小红), and black red (乌红), referring to as the significant dyestuff for official uniforms [Figure 11]. The widespread application of sappan wood in the got benefit from the commodity trade of the Road. Fleet of (郑和, the famous navigator and diplomat in the Ming Dynasty) transported large amounts of sappan-wood from to the Central Plains, which not only met the needs of red color for the royal court but also continued and developed the red culture, making it exists not only in the imperial court but also in the lives of common people. Eventually, it became the color symbol on behalf of Chinese nation. Figure 10: Sappan wood the most important red dyestuff in the Ming DynastyFigure 11: Red colors dyed from sappan woodAs stated above, due to the terrestrial and maritime silk trade, brand new type of red dyestuff had been introduced, cultivated, applied, and integrated into Chinese red culture, becoming an indispensable part eventually. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. Keywords:Materia medica trade; red dyestuff; Copyright: © 2018 and CultureView full 2018. Full-+ View in to Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Name: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). Message: Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in and Culture. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Some error has occurred while processing your request. Please try after some time. Back to Miss an new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox the on the website eus at: Support: Submit a TEL: 800-638-3030 (within the USA) 301-223-2300 (outside of the USA) of © 2024 Health, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Full process validation is therefore critical, ensuring that the final printed product is within an acceptable tolerance from the original DICOM data (Fig. 1). Since the DICOM file (sliced 2D images), STL file (3D digital model) and final printed part (3D physical model) exist in different spatial as well as physical or digital domains, several metrics for comparison have been utilized: 1D linear measurements, 2D surface measurements, and 3D volumetric measurements (Fig. 4). Measurements on the final 3D printed part may be performed directly, in the case of linear measurements using callipers, or via re-visualization of the part using 3D surface scanning, such as optical, photogrammetry or laser scanning, or CT scanning, offering a continuum of spatial information at a variety of resolutions depending on the specific equipment used [59]. Industry leaders have widely supported the use of callipers to perform linear measurements directly on 3D printed outputs compared to digital linear measurements performed on the DICOM and STL files for routine quality control [46, 60]. These measurements are routinely performed on macroscopic dimensions of large components or wall thicknesses of hollow or tubular structures. These measurements may be compared to the STL file or original DICOM dataset, as shown in Fig. 1, with a tolerance of < 1 mm deviation between physical model and original data widely considered to be acceptable in the literature for diagnostic models [9, 46, 61]. However, such measurements on specific anatomical features of personalized models cannot be readily compared between cases. Therefore, the inclusion of standardized ‘landing blocks’ of a specific dimension added into the 3D model has been proposed by Ravi et al. (2022) to enable reproducible and comparable measurements between models of varying geometry and clinical application [46]. The tolerance threshold is much higher for devices such as anatomic guides that have to fit on the target bony anatomy compared to anatomic models used for diagnostic purposes. Other more comprehensive techniques such as surface and volume measurements based on scans of the physical part play a vital role in process establishment, enabling comparison from digital scan data of the printed product compared to segmentation and STL data. These techniques are comprehensive and enable accuracy characterisation of the accuracy of all features of the part, notably thin internal features that may be inaccessible for physical measurement.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: : Reproductive biology and search behavior of Amitus bennetti (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae), a parasitoid of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). 1999; 28:282–289. 134. Gabarra R, Zapata R, Castañe C, Riudavets J, Arno J: Releases of Eretmocerus mundus and Macrolophus caliginosus for controlling Bemisia tabaci on spring and autumn greenhouse tomato crops. IOBC/WPRS Bull 2006; 29:71–76. 135. Saleh AAA: Efficacy of the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae to control Brevicoryne brassicae, Aphis craccivora and Aphis nerii in Egypt. 2014; 92:21–31. 136. Abd-: Notes on the parasitoids of the soft brown scale, Coccushes peridum in Egypt, 1999; 33:179–184. 137. Abd-Rabou S: Parasitoids attacking soft scales (Homoptera: Coccidea) in Egypt. 2001; 79:859–880. 138. Abd-Rabou S: A survey of parasitoids associated with the hemispherical scale, Saissetia coffeae in North-west Coastal area of Egypt. Univ 2001:1–5. 139. Abd-Rabou S: Whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) and their parasitoids in Qena governorate. 2002; 80:1563–1577. 140. : Survey of mealybug parasitoids and their associated hyber-parasitoids on certain ornamental host plants at Giza region. 1999; 77:97–110. 141. : Classical biological control of the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), in southern California. 2006; 37:155–166. 142. Gabarra R, Alomar, Castañe C, Goula M, Albajes R: Movement of greenhouse whitefly and its predators between in- and outside of Mediterranean greenhouses. Environ 2004; 102:341–348.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: Kulturní studia & SCOPE | časopisuAbout the JournalRecenzované článkyPeer-reviewed papersStudentská sekceStudent sectionZaslat příspěvekSubmitting paperČasopis ke staženíDownload the A cross-cultural perspective on ornamental serpentine patterns along the : Affiliation: Institute for Asian Studies, al-National University, Al-71, Almaty, Kazakhstan Email: germankim01@yahoo. comLanguage: English Issue: 2/2024 (23) Pages: 23-41 (19 pages) Keywords: Silk Road, Kazakh baskur, Ornamentation, Nomadic culture, Cross-cultural studies, Symbolism in patterns, Traditional weavingAbstractThis 1856. Jones meticulously documented his observations of decorative arts during his extensive travels across Europe, the Middle East, and his native London. [2]The study of ornamentation along the is of considerable significance for several compelling reasons. Ornaments found along this ancient trade route were far more than mere decoration; they embodied profound meaning and symbolism, reflecting the worldview and cultural values of their time. Research in this field offers invaluable insights into the lives, beliefs, and artistic practices of the ancient civilizations that flourished along the Silk Road. Ornaments frequently functioned as markers of identity, social status, and cultural affiliation. By examining the types and distribution of these ornaments, scholars can glean important information about the social structures, hierarchies, and intergroup relations within the societies that inhabited this region. Furthermore, research into ornamentation plays a pivotal role in safeguarding cultural heritage, fostering intercultural exchange, and serving as a wellspring of inspiration for contemporary art and design. Historical and cultural analyses of these ornaments provide a richly layered perspective on the interconnectedness of civilizations, the dynamics of trade and commerce, the evolution of artistic expression, and the diffusion of ideas and beliefs across vast geographical expanses. [3]Studies of traditional patterns along the reveal a region rich in cultural complexity, offering a unique confluence of multiple academic disciplines. The examination of these patterns yields valuable insights into the cultural, economic, and social dynamics that shaped this historic trade route, drawing on the fields of archaeology, art history, ethnography, and cultural studies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: However, their role in routine quality control may be limited due to cost and time inefficiency compared to physical measurements with callipers [56]. Conclusion & future directions3D Printed anatomical models driving hospital-based manufacturingAs technology and the technological competency of healthcare providers for producing 3D printed anatomical models continue to advance, it is likely that FDA guidance will evolve to reflect these changes. The FDA may consider several dynamic factors when updating its guidance in the coming years, including the development of new applications, validation techniques, feedback from key stakeholders, such as surgeons, 3D printing experts and patient groups, as well as changes in the international regulatory landscape. This is particularly pertinent given the proximity of the technologies underpinning 3D printed anatomical model manufacturing to those capable of producing other personalised medical devices and equipment that fall under medical device manufacturing regulation. The growing demand for personalised medical devices such as surgical implants has strongly driven the requirement for point-of-care manufacturing, both to minimize lead times for manufacturing personalized devices, as well as cybersecurity concerns to reduce data-sharing with third parties outside of the healthcare providers’ systems in the process of designing and manufacturing personalized devices. These new challenges intrinsic to the technological capability offered by 3D printing for producing personalized devices are stimulating a growing conversation within regulatory bodies to reconsider how healthcare providers can also act as medical device manufacturers. Availability of 3D printersBeyond regulatory considerations, the availability of 3D printers that have been validated for use in conjunction with cleared 3D modelling software remains limited, as demonstrated in Tables 1 and 2. Only a small subset of the available types of 3D printing techniques are represented in the list of validated printers, as well as an even smaller cohort of the thousands of brands and models of 3D printers on the market capable of producing 3D printed anatomical models are validated and marketed for use in producing anatomical models. Strategic partnerships between software providers and 3D printer manufacturers have motivated the validation of specific printers with software platforms [16, 17, 62], however in the absence of validation testing methods used by these providers and manufacturers in the public domain, the list of available printers may remain limited. The prevalence of expensive (> $100,000 USD) printing equipment, with disproportionately few low cost options with respect to the range available on the market is a limiting factor for the acceleration of 3D printing facility establishment in hospitals, despite low-cost models having similar clinical relevance than those produced on high-cost equipment [63,64,65].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: 143. El-Laithy AY: Laboratory studies on growth parameters of three predatory mites associated with eriophyid mites in olive nurseries. Z 1998; 105:78–83. 144. El-: Biocontrol studies on corn borers in Egypt. 2. Parasitism on Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera) in maize field. Uni 1987; 38:551–557. 145. Kfir R: 1990 Parasites of the spotted stalk borer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in South Africa. Entomophaga 1990; 35:403–410. 146. -Wakeil NE: Parasitism rates by Trichogramma evanescens on Ostrinia nubilalis and Chilo agamemnon eggs in maize and sorghum fields at lower Egypt. Univ 1999; 50:99–116. 147. : Biological control of the red palm weevil with entomopathogenic nematodes. Tree 2009; 1:56–65. 148. : Towards sustainable control of Lepidopterous pests in olive cultivation. 2005; 58:117–128. 149. -said S, Abd el-aziz G, Khamiss N: Field efficiency of indigenous egg parasitoids to control Prays oleae and Palpita unionalis in an olive plantation in Egypt. 2007; 43:171–187. 150. El-Wakeil NE: Impacts of cotton traits on the parasitization of Heliocoverpa armigera eggs by Trichogramma species. 2011; 63:83–93. 151. El-Wakeil NE, Abd-Alla A: Cotton pests and the actual strategies for their management control. Publishers, Inc. 400 Suite 1600 Hauppauge NY 11788-3619, USA, 2012; 59. ISBN 978-1-61942-746-4. [Published in book entitled: Cotton: Cultivation, varieties, protection and uses. ]152. Abbes K, Biondi A, Zappalà L, Chermiti B: Fortuitous parasitoids of the invasive tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta in Tunisia. Phytoparasitica 2014; 42:85–92. 153.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: This multidisciplinary approach is crucial for a thorough understanding of the origins, significance, and evolution of these patterns. Cities along the Silk Road, such as Dunhuang, Chang’an (near present-day Xi’an in China), Constantinople (Byzantium), Damascus (Syria), Samarkand (Uzbekistan), Taraz and Otrar (Kazakhstan), and Merv (Turkmenistan), among others, have uncovered significant artefacts that highlight the diversity and complexity of ornamental traditions. Steppe, a vast expanse of flat, treeless grassland stretching across Eurasia, holds great historical importance as both a homeland and a transit route for many nomadic cultures, including the Kazakhs. The traditional dwelling of the Kazakh nomads, the yurt—also known as a ger in Mongolia—is a circular structure supported by a wooden frame covered with felt or fabric. This frame consists of a collapsible lattice wall, roof poles, and a crown (shanyrak) that supports the roof and provides ventilation. [4]The yurt is a traditional, portable dwelling used by the nomads of Central Asia, with origins tracing back to the Age. It served as a home for various ethnic groups, each of whom referred to it by different names: in Kazakh, it is called „kiіz uy,“ literally translating to „felt mat house“; in Kyrgyz, „boz uy“ („grey house,“ named for the colour of the felt); in Turkmen, „gara öý“ („black house,“ owing to the dark hue of the felt); in Khakass, „aғas ib“ („wooden house,“ referring to the use of logs); in Bashkir, „tirmә“ (felt dwelling); in Karakalpak, „kara-uy“ („black house“); and in Mongolian and Buryat, „gar“ (meaning simply „house“). In Uzbek, the term „uy“ is also used to denote a yurt, which translates as „house.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Reimbursement & economicsFinally, a parallel challenge to accelerating the adoption of 3D printed anatomical models, in addition to regulatory and technological considerations, is the economical proposal. This has recently been the topic of an excellent editorial by Rybicki (University of Cincinnati) who examines the intersection of regulation and reimbursement in the current landscape of hospital-based manufacturing [57]. 2019, the Association (AMA) defined four new Terminology (CPT®) codes relating to 3D printed anatomical models and surgical tools. CPT® codes are a “uniform language for coding medical services and procedures to streamline reporting” [66], and the inclusion of specific codes relating to 3D printed models and guides presents and exciting step forward towards routine adoption and use of 3D printed models in healthcare settings. Specifically relating to 3D printed anatomical models, “codes 0559 T and 0560 T represent reimbursement for the production of individually prepared 3D printed models that can be made from one or more components and unique colors and materials” and can be used to bill for the production of these products during patient care [66]. However, the codes are currently ‘temporary’ Category III codes and therefore health insurers are not obliged to reimburse for these codes, nor is a specific value assigned to the code for reimbursement. It is therefore at the discretion of individual health insurers whether they choose to reimburse for 3D printed anatomical models and if so, for how much. A survey of the over 300 US health insurers’ [67] reimbursement schedules suggests that only 15 health insurers currently choose to reimburse for these specific CPT® codes, to an average value of $91. 78 US per model (n = 15) [68,69,70]. reimburses the highest amount of the surveyed insurers, to a maximum of $372. 78 US [71]. Coupled with their nationally leading network of on-site 3D printing facilities [72], including as a compliant medical device manufacturer [73], this poses an insightful estimate into the feasible cost of routinely produced 3D printed anatomical models based on the ability for the VHA to produce and bill for these models in-house. However, the comprehensive costs associated with producing anatomic models maybe substantially higher as demonstrated in a recent study where the average cost of producing anatomic models across 11 clinical indications at the point-of-care was $2180 and $2467 when outsourced to industry [74].

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/67111 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechControl of Pest and Edited by Vonnie D. C. the of Pest and Edited by Vonnie D. C. purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. genus Chrysops known as deer flies is under studied in Africa. Most of the knowledge on this genus date back to works performed in the years fifties to sixties. Interest was again raised on this genus in the years nineties when loiasis, a filarial disease transmitted by Chrysops species, stood as an obstacle to onchorcerciasis elimination programme. The literature on the topic is not only old but also very limited and scarce, probably because Chrysops species are mistakenly considered as of little economic importance and also because few species are anthropophilic while the majority is mainly zoophilic. Although a number of Chrysops species are transmitters of many pathogens to livestock, what is currently known on the genus Chrysops is mostly derived from studies on Chrysops silacea and Chrysops dimidiata, the main vectors of Loa loa to humans.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: “ Etymological comparisons reveal two key features common to the names of yurts: the primary building material (felt or wood) and its colour (white, grey, or black). Almost universally, the word for yurt across these languages incorporates the term for „house“ or „dwelling. “The yurt’s architectural design, using natural materials such as wood and wool, provided the lightness essential for a nomadic lifestyle, ease of assembly and disassembly, and insulation that offered warmth in winter and coolness in summer. The internal space of the yurt was functionally divided, with each section assigned a specific purpose, reflecting not only the daily life of the nomads but also their worldview, deeply imbued with ancient symbols, sociocultural values, and philosophical meaning. Figure 1. Examples of Sogdian traders and porcelain utensils from the period, Han Dynasty. From right to left: Ancient motifs of two opposing animals on silk brocade and polychrome material, early 8th century. Also Uighur. Motif of two oppositely standing birds on carpets of remote mountain Tajik villages of the Pamir, 18th-19th century. Round rosette, Kosh (Eyebrows) and plant painting from the Fergana Valley, 17th-18th century. Plant ornament in Shokhi Zinda, plant ornament in wood carving, plant ornament painting from Samarkand, 16th-17th century. A fragment of Bukhara ceramic mosaic, details of carved tombstones from Bukhara mausoleums, 17th-18th century. Persian ornaments, Sasanian and Safavid culture. Plate with Chinese pattern, reliefs with animals, carpets of vegetal character, 16th century. Complex tribal gyols of the Turkmen tribes Ersala and Teke. 14th-15th centuries. Ossetian and Alanian ornaments. Solar ornaments of and clan circles. No later than the 15th-16th centuries. Examples of arabesques and vegetal ornaments. Geometric, cosmogonic symbols. 18th-19th centuries. Turkish ornaments, the latest concerning the influence of the Silk Road. Islimi patterns can be clearly seen.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: Ultimately, further research, validation testing methods and regulatory oversight will accelerate the availability of validated and cleared workflows for producing personalized surgical planning models for point-of-care manufacturing, propelling 3D printed anatomical models into routine clinical use. This 10. 1186/s41205-023-00194-810. AC, Kumar B. Impact on inventory management of 3D printing of stents used in heart angioplasty. Proc. 2022;63:302–8. (2022) From the ground up: understanding the developing infrastructure and resources of 3D printing facilities in hospital-based settings. 3D Print Med. 2022; 81 8:1–11. Technologies and for 3D Models. Print Radiol. 2022;3D:11–29. (2020) Evaluation of the of 3D-and BJ Printing Technology. J Clin Med. 2020;9:817. Radiographics update: Medical 3d printing for the radiologist. Radiographics. 2020;40:E21–3. Food and (2019) 510(k) Clearance for 192040. Synopsys (2023) Simpleware for Point-of-Care (POC) 3D Printing. Accessed 9 Jan 2023. Materialise (2023) Program | Own Point-of-Care 3D Lab. Accessed 9 Jan 2023. U. S. Food and (2015) 510(k) Clearance for ScanIP, K142779. 3D Systems (2023) D2P Regulatory Information. Accessed 9 Jan 2023U. S. Food and (2019) 510(k) Clearance for D2P, K183489. Stratasys (2021) to Deliver Point-of-Modeling Solution. Accessed 9 Jan 2023. U. S. Food and (2022) 510(k) Clearance for Ricoh 3D Anatomic Models, K220205. Accessed 9 Jan 2023. Axial3D (2023) Regulatory Information. Accessed 9 Jan 2023. U. S. Food and (2022) 510(k) Clearance for Axial3D Service, K221511. Formlabs (2023) Regulatory Information. Accessed 9 Jan 2023. U. S. Food and Drug Administration.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Nowadays, Chrysops species in Africa are neglected, under studied flies in comparison to other flies of veterinary and medical importance such as ticks, tsetse flies, mosquitoes, sand flies or black flies. They are only mentioned in various studies pertaining to loiasis or sporadically in mere fauna studies. Apart from its role in the transmission of loiasis, its vectorial role in transmitting both human and livestock diseases evoked decades ago has not been fully investigated. In addition, their detailed geographical distribution is still to be elucidated, talkless of the investigation of any genetic variability within and among species that may impact their distribution and their disease transmission potential. The aims of the 2. Importance of Chrysops species are of medical and veterinary importance. They do not only transmit loiasis to human and animals but also cause harm to their hosts. The losses incurred by Chrysops transmitted diseases or bites have not been estimated but coma, encephalopathy and death are some of the outcomes of loiasis in patients treated with diethylcarbamazine or ivermectine [1, 2]. Other clinical signs observed in patients with loiasis include generalized arthralgia, headache and painful oedema [2]. All these signs lead the patients to inactivity, resulting in economic unproductiveness. From the veterinary point of view, Chrysops are harmful to livestock, as they have been reported to feed on cattle, camels and dogs [3–5]. Chrysops are large bloodsucking insects. Therefore, heavy infestations of the animal may lead to anemia. They may also act as mechanical vectors of diseases to livestock [4]. Advertisement 3. Hosts and species 3. 1. is very little detailed information on the host range of Chrysops. Chrysops species are known to feed on mammals in general. These include humans, wild animals and laboratory animals such as guinea pigs [2, 6]. Some species seem to feed preferably on some hosts referred to as “normal hosts” and accessorily on other hosts when their normal host is not available. Regarding the host p3. 2. on Chrysops species and on their exact number in Africa are scarce. Whatever their number, two of them C. silacea and C. dimidiata are the mostly recorded species. According to Fain [8], about thirty Chrysops species are known to occur in sub‐Saharan Africa.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: Kazakh patterns also share a profound connection with the designs of other cultures, extending their influence far beyond the region. The tribal culture of Kazakhstan was shaped by significant cultural exchanges with neighbouring regions, particularly the Volga and Siberian areas. These interactions left a lasting imprint on Kazakh art and ornamentation. The distinctive patterns found in Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Karakalpak designs are not confined to their own cultural sphere; they bear striking similarities to motifs discovered in the burial mounds of the and the Caucasus, suggesting a broader cultural diffusion. This interweaving of styles underscores the extensive reach of Kazakh artistry, which transcends regional boundaries and reflects a shared heritage across vast territories. This similarity is also evident among various ethnic groups, including and others. These commonalities have deep historical roots, stretching back many centuries. The explanation for this is straightforward: in ancient times, the absence of rigid borders allowed for the free movement of people, ideas, and cultural practices across this vast region and beyond. The lack of defined boundaries along the Road facilitated a natural exchange, which shaped the shared characteristics observed today. [1]. of Ornament. London: Thames & Hudson, 2001. [2]. of Ornament: A of Form and Colour in Architecture and the Decorative Arts-The complete and unabridged full-color edition. Press, 2016. [3]. Silk Roads. and Future of the World. London, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018. Road. A New History. Oxford: Press, 2012 LIU, Xinru. Road in World History. New York, Press, 2010. of Central Asia. Studies in History, 1992, 8. 1: 43-97. [4]. Kazakh yurt. Astana: Stoloca; 2005. [5]. ;. ;. ;. ; Kazakh yurt as a unique creation of nomadic civilization architecture. Innovaciencia 2022; 10 (1): 1-13. [6]. N. Puteshestviye G. N. Potanina po Mongolii, Tibetu i Kitayu. Saint Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo. A. F. Devriyena, 1912. [7]. P. et al. The production of felt products of the nomads of Eurasia as a phenomenon of world culture. Technology of the textile industry. No. 5 (389), 2020, 2007. [8]. A.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: 3D printing in medicine requires no regulatory oversight or quality checks. [SEP] Text: (2022) 510(k) Clearance for Segment 3DPrint, K211966. Group (2013) welcomes Materialise Dental, a market leader in 3D digital implantology. Accessed 11 Jan 2023. Stratasys (2023) J5 MediJet: The All-in-3D Printer. Accessed 9 Feb 2023. Validation of a three-dimensional printed pediatric middle ear model for endoscopic surgery training. Otolaryngol. 2022;7:2133–8. (2023) for PA 12 (SLS) | Laser Sintering. Accessed 9 Feb 2023. (2023) Regulatory approvals. Accessed 10 Feb 2023. Dynamism (2023) 3B+ Medical Package. Accessed 13 Feb 2023. (2021) A guideline for 3D printing terminology in biomedical research utilizing ISO/ASTM standards. 3D 2021 71 7:1–6. (2023) 3D printer catalog: Over 2,300 3D printers to choose from. Accessed 8 Feb 2023. Formlabs (2019) Formlabs and GE to End-to-for 3D Models. Accessed 10 Jan 2023. Philips (2018) Intelli10 (2021) Synapse 3(2019) 2019:. The use of cone beam computed tomography and three dimensional printing technology in the restoration of a maxillectomy patient using a dental implant retained obturator. J Soc. 2017;17:406. (2021) Accuracy evaluation of patient-specific 3D-printed aortic anatomy. - 234:151629. Food and (2022) 3D Devices at the Point of Care: | FDA. Accessed 19 Jan 2023Christensen A, Rybicki FJ (2017) Maintaining safety and efficacy for 3D printing in medicine. 3D 3:. Medical 3D Accuracy for Multi-pathological 3D Material Extrusion. J Digit Imaging. 2022;35:613–22. (2021) of 3D from Cadaveric Specimens. Jt Surg. 9:432. Establishing quality and safety in hospital-based 3d printing programs: Patient-first approach. Radiographics. 2021;41:1208–29.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Of these species, only a few are recorded to feed on human and livestock and to transmit diseases. The list of some of the species recorded in Africa, with their geographic location is presented below ( Table 1 ). There is a huge gap in the knowledge of species and also in the genetic variability that may occur within and among species. Whether sibling species or subspecies occur in Chrysops species is not known. The genetic variability may affect both the ecological spread of the species and also its vectorial transmission potential. Thus, as for other species such as mosquitoes or black flies, molecular tools need to be developed for the accurate identification and genotyping of Chrysops in Africa. Chrysops species Geographic location Reference C. silacea, Austen, 1907 of Congo, Rwanda [8–11] C. dimidiata Wulp, 1885 Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, of Congo, Rwanda [8–11] C. flavipes Meigen, 1804 Egypt [12] C. streptobalia Speiser, 1912 Ethiopia [4] C. centurionis Austen, 1911 Nigeria [8, 13] C. distinctipennis Austen, 1906 Nigeria, of Congo [8, 13] C. longicornis Macquart, 1838 Nigeria, of Congo [8, 13] C. langi, Bequaert, 1930 of Congo [8] C. laniger Loew, 1860 of Congo [8] C. distinctipennis, Austen, 1906 of Congo, Rwanda [8] C. obliquefasciata Macquart, 1838 [8] C. funebris Austen, 1907 of Congo, Rwanda [8] C. brucei Austen, 1907 of Congo, Rwanda [8] C. griseicollis Bequaert, 1930 of Congo [8] C. neavei Austen, 1911 of Congo [8] Table 1. List of some Chrysops species recorded in Africa. Advertisement 4. taxonomy of Chrysops species is well known. The genus Chrysops is one of the three genera of veterinary and medical importance of the Tabanid family. There is no controversy on the taxonomic classification of Chrysops species. Chrysops are members of the Arthropod (Arthropoda) phylum.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: Networks of trade and exchange along the Road: the silk and cotton finds from Nahal Omer, Published online by Press: 15 June 2023 [Opens in a new window]andGuy Bar-Oz [Opens in a new window] Show author details Berit Hildebrandt* Affiliation: Department for Prehistory and Early History, University of Göttingen, Shamir Affiliation: : Department of Archaeology, Ben-of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Shamir Affiliation: School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures, University of Haifa, Bar-Oz Affiliation: School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures, University of Haifa, Israel * *Author for correspondence ✉ berit. hildebrandt@uni-goettingen. de 10. 15184/aqy. 2023. 62 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Press on behalf of The trade and exchange of goods, people and technologies in antiquity along the have been the subject of numerous studies in recent decades (e. g. Hansen2017; Hildebrandt and Gillis2017). We seek to contribute to this global history through a study of the textile finds from a small village and way station in the in southern Israel. The village, Nahal Omer, located at the western edge of the ancient land routes, consists of 17 dwelling structures and a mosque, and can be dated to the period (sixth to ninth centuries AD) (Ben-Michael et al. Reference Ben-Michael, Israel and Nahlieli2017). The site is situated at the intersection of the ancient route from Petra to Gaza and the Red Sea, and the Judean Mountains, Jerusalem and northern Israel (Figure 1). The site's importance derives from its excellently preserved organic materials, the majority of which were found in rubbish middens near the settlement houses (Figure 2). Pilot excavations in 1991, and more recently in 2020 and 2022, yielded an exceptionally diverse assemblage of organic remains, including numerous textiles, and human faeces and hair, revealing these middens as ‘social archives’ (Bar-Oz et al. Reference Bar-Oz2022).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: From the ground up: understanding the developing infrastructure and resources of 3D printing facilities in hospital-based settings Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 11 July 2022 From the ground up: understanding the developing infrastructure and resources of 3D printing facilities in hospital-based settings Kristy M. Shine1,2,3, Lauren Schlegel1,2, Michelle Ho1,4, Kaitlyn Boyd1,5 & …Robert Pugliese1,6 Show authors 3D Printing in Medicine 2020. Data storage and analysisSurvey response data was stored anonymously and securely using a REDCap database [14, 15]. For free text answers that were returned as non-discrete or a range (e. g. 25+, 10–15), the numeric value stated and range maximum were used for reporting purposes, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using RStudio software [16]. Given nonparametric data, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient tests were used in data analysis. Data analysis was conducted in conjunction with a statistician. All portions of the project were approved by the Board. ResultsGeneral survey responseTwenty-five survey responses were received over the data collection period. Of the responses, 4 were received from international facilities outside of and were excluded, leaving 21 survey respondents in the data set. Although respondents were not required to complete all questions in the survey, all but one respondent completed greater than 95% of the questions posed. For most survey questions, 18–21 responses were received. Annual 3D printing budget was the exception, with only 9 responses. Geographic distribution of 3D printing facilitiesOf the 21 respondents in the data set, 19 reported their 3D printing facility’s location as in the United States, 1 in Canada and 1 in Mexico. Of US respondents, 8 were located in the Northeast, 7 in the Midwest, 4 in the South, and 0 in the West. Pennsylvania was the most frequent state identified with 5 3D printing facilities. Hospital-based environmentsThe majority of respondents (71%) reported their 3D printing facility was housed within a large healthcare system, notably at institutions with greater than 10,000 employees (Fig. 1A).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Arthropods consist of invertebrates species whose major characteristic are the division of the body into clusters of segments notably the head, thorax and abdomen; the presence of a hard chitinous exoskeleton and jointed limbs. Each set of segments is known as tagma, with each tagma (head, thorax and abdomen) having specialized functions. Segmentation has almost disappeared in some species (mites) but still remains in the embryo. They belong to the insect (Insecta) class with three pairs of legs in adults, a single pair of antennae and a broad tagmatisation (division into tagma) of the body into three distinct sections: the head, thorax and abdomen. They are part of the dipterous (Diptera) order or true flies. True flies are characterized by a thorax bearing a single pair of functional wings. Other winged insects have two pairs of wings but in dipteran flies, the second pair of wings, the hind pair, is reduced to small knob‐like sensory organs called halters which help the insect to maintain a balanced flight. The larvae are different in behaviour and structure to the adults so that the fly can parasitize the tissues of the host either as larvae or as adults but not in both states. Some are also mechanical or biological vectors of diseases. Chrysops are brachyceran flies (suborder Brachycera) whose short antennae are usually composed of different sized segments. These antennae project in front of the fly. face is bulbous and there is no arista on the antennae. Chrysops belong to the Tabanidae family. This family gathers the large robust flies known as horse flies (Tabannus), deer flies (Chrysops) and clegs (Haematopoda). These are flies with antennae made up of three sections, the third one being enlarged and composed of four to eight segments; they have two‐jointed palps with the second segment enlarged and feet with three pads. The genus Chrysops is made up of flies having wings with a simple pattern of a dark band across the width. Their antennae are long with five segments and the proboscis is shorter than the head. Advertisement 5. Geographic distribution and ecological zones Studies on the geographic distribution of Chrysops species have so far aroused little interest.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: They reflect the trans-regional interconnectedness and complex transportation networks between diverse economic agents and different cultures during the transition from the to the periods. Figure 1. a) Main trade routes during the first millennium AD (blue: Incense Roads, green: Maritime Roads, red: Silk Roads) (after Gibson (Reference Gibson2011): CC BY-SA 4. 0, via Wikimedia Commons); b) and c) location of and nearby contemporaneous sites (red circles: rubbish middens; after Bing maps aerial view (b); after J. Ben-Michael et al. 2017 (c)); d) aerial view of the site and surrounding landscape (photograph: B. Hildebrandt). Figure 2. Examples of textiles (a) and rope (b) in situ on the surface of rubbish middens (photographs: N. Shamir). is exceptional for textile researchers in being amongst the first archaeological sites at the western end of the to have yielded a great number of cotton textiles, along with linen, wool and goat-hair fabrics, and even some pieces of silk (Baginski & Baginski and Shamir1995). To date, approximately 400 textile fragments of various sizes and shapes have been catalogued, and the new excavation in 2022 has yielded over 1000 more (Figures 3 & 4). Figure 3. Textile fragments from (all after cleaning and preservation, other than (c)): a) wool; b) linen; c) cotton, scarf; d) cotton, with ikat design; e) cotton, with supplementary weft; f) silk (photographs: D. Gazit (a & c), O. Negnevitsky (b, d, e & f); courtesy of the Authority). Figure 4. Microscopic view of selected textiles from Nahal Omer: a) wool; b) cotton; c) cotton; d) cotton (photographs: N. Shamir). These fragments are being analysed from April 2022 to 2025 in the course of our project, which operates in the framework of a research collaboration programme between and Israel (Niedersächsisches Vorab). Most of the textile fragments were cut or torn and show traces of multiple uses prior to being discarded. The majority had probably belonged to garments.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: 81% (17/21) reported being located in a university-affiliated teaching hospital or multisite hospital system, only 4 labs reported no university affiliation, and only one of the groups responding self-identified as community-based (Fig. 1B). No respondents selected their practice setting as a specialty care tertiary, urban acute care, rural acute care, government/military, or rehabilitation hospital, nor selected ‘other’. In terms of distribution within a hospital or healthcare system, 9/21 vs. 12/21 of the survey respondents reported having a multiple site versus single laboratory location, respectively, indicating a split among respondents. Fig. 1Characterization of hospital-based 3D printing laboratory environments by A size of healthcare institution (i. e. total number of employees), and B type of institutionFull size imageEstablishment and administrationThe earliest reported 3D printing facility in our survey was established in 2004, with 57% of respondents reporting their individual facility opening in the 5 year period prior to the study collection period and 80% in the previous decade (Fig. 2). Eighteen respondents identified their 3D printing facility being administered through a single department, one reported co-departmental administration (without identifying a primary affiliation), and one reported no affiliation (Fig. 3). Among those with an identified primary administrative department, radiology was the most commonly cited (67%). Of those administered outside of radiology, a variety of departments were reported. Fig. 2Respondent hospital-based 3D printing laboratory founding yearsFull size imageFig. 3Characterization of 3D printing laboratory department of administrationFull size imageCollaboration and fundingRespondent 3D printing facilities reported collaboration with a large number of other departments, on average collaborating with 10. 2 ± 7. 5 other departments (mean ± SD) (Table 1). Administration exclusively through radiology versus another department identified had a significant effect on the number of reported collaborators, 13. 3 ± 2. 3 versus 5. 9 ± 1. 3 (mean ± SEM) respectively (p = 0. 017, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Whereas having multiple 3D printing locations within a hospital or health system did not correlate with increased number of collaborators (p = 0. 30, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test). Table 1 Characterization of 3D printing laboratory collaborating departments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The only detailed study showing the confinement area of the fly at country level dates back to many decades ago [8]. Zouré et al. [14] provided a comprehensive distribution of loiasis ( Figure 1 ) in Africa, which nearly corresponds to the distribution of Chrysops vectors [2, 8] because the transmission of loiasis is correlated to the distribution of its vectors. According to these authors, two main zones of highly endemic loiasis can be distinguished: a western zone that comprises part of the Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Republic and Chad, of Congo (DRC) and Angola; the second hyper‐endemic zone is mainly made up of the North‐Eastern part of the DRC. Areas of low endemicity include most parts of DRC, north Cameroon and large sections of Angola, Nigeria, Chad and Sudan. Because some Chrysops are essentially zoophilic, the geographic distribution likely expands beyond the previously described area. For instance, Chrysops species have been described in Egypt [12] and in Rwanda [8], countries not mentioned in the previously described area of distribution. Figure 1. Geographic distribution of loiasis, a Chrysops‐transmitted disease (reproduced from Zouré et al. [14]). Within a given area, Chrysops are found in some particular ecological zones. In general, most species dwell in forested areas. C. silacea was found to be predominant in the cleared forest, particularly in the villages and in their immediate vicinity, whereas C. dimidiata prefers natural vegetation, particularly in the forest [15]. Whether the natural or artificial vegetation, presence of the canopy seems to be the most important criteria for Chrysops to settle, as this offers a resting place from where the host is spotted [2]. The artificial vegetation found as suitable ecological area include cacao farms, crop fields, mixed crop fields and inhabited areas [9, 16], regenerated forest [17] and commercial plantations such as rubber tree plantations [2]. Some but few species also live in savanna areas, as is the case for Chrysops flavipes collected in the Sinai in Egypt [12]. Advertisement 6. of the genus Chrysops are relatively large biting flies with size varying from 5 to 30 mm in length. The head is large, presents bulky eyes with brightly coloured marks and a prominent proboscis ( Figure 2 ).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: What can fibre analysis and technical characteristics such as spinning directions, weaving techniques, patterns, and embellishments such as embroidery, reveal about the locations of textile production, and the original shapes and different uses of the fabrics? What can this information tell us about Nahal Omer's local textile production in comparison to contemporaneous sites (Shamir2001, Reference Shamir2022) and the import of textiles? 3. What do these textiles reveal about the identity of the people at Nahal Omer? Since many of the textiles show signs of wear, we assume that the silk fragments derive from fabrics that were worn or used, either by the settlement's inhabitants, or by the traders who rested at this way station before continuing on their journey through the desert. 4. Which insights into the trading and consumption patterns of the as-yet unstudied organic materials in the exchanges between East and West do the organic finds from enable? What can they tell us about the origins of the transporters and trade assemblages? Since textiles take up little space, we assume, based on ancient texts, that they were often part of cargo loads that included other goods, such as spices and aromatics (e. g. frankincense and myrrh). Combining textual and iconographic sources with bioarchaeological and technical analyses of ancient textiles, this project will interweave the different expertise and skills of researchers from the humanities and sciences, in order: (a) to trace continuities and changes in the silk and cotton trade along the peripheral arteries of the Silk Road, as well as to determine the production and consumption of silk and cotton textiles in the period; (b) to shed light on the cultural identity of the ‘silk people’ of Nahal Omer. Our findings will be compared with textual information regarding different cultural groups in the Eastern Mediterranean; and (c) to investigate the flow of organic commodities during these periods, when the connections between the and the flourished, particularly in the period. various organic finds and especially the diversity and abundance of textiles from Nahal Omer, compared with other contemporaneous sites in the region, attest to the wide and inter-regional cultural and geographic trade networks between East and West.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: Note: Several respondents listed additional departments in the “other” category, which are included hereFull size tableOf the total respondents, only 9/21 facilities chose to disclose their annual operating budget. Two facilities reported no specific budget, while the remaining 7 3D printing groups reported budgets ranging from $5000 to $3,000,000. Of those with a nonzero budget, the average was $545,000 ± 1,089,797 (mean ± standard deviation) and the median budget was $100,000, reflecting high variation in the responses. Conversely, all 21 respondents reported on types of funding, including those who reported no specific budget. Overall, 12/21 facilities reported utilizing more than one type of funding annually, with an average of 1. 9 ± 1. 1 (mean ± SD) and median of 2 funding sources (Fig. 4). Departmental funds, grants (research or foundation), and fee-for-service models (internal or external) were used by 14, 12, and 11 of the reporting facilities, respectively, indicating no dominant funding paradigm. Donations were reported by only 2 laboratories and one facility reported ‘other’, citing medical billing as a funding source. Labs reported research versus foundation grants with equal frequency whereas internal fee-for-service payments were slightly more frequent than external contracts. Fig. 4Characterization of 3D printing laboratory funding by sourceFull size imagePersonnel3D printing facilities reported a variable number of employees. Approximately 198 individuals were identified as working in 3D printing facilities across the 21 respondents. The distribution of full vs. part-time employees is shown in Fig. 5. Notably, there were 4 labs that employed more than 50% of the total reported employees. There was no correlation between annual operating budget and its number of employees (Fig. 6A). Fig. 5Characterization of 3D printing laboratory staff including full and part-time employeesFull size imageFig. 6Characterization of 3D printing laboratory A employees vs. annual budget, B annual models vs. budget, C annual models vs. employees, and D publications vs. annual budgetFull size imageTraining of employees was most commonly performed through in-house programs (n = 19) rather than outsourced virtual or in-person programs.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The short, stout, anteriorly projecting antennae have no arista and consist of three markedly different segment. The three segments are expanded and the third is marked by five annulations that make the genus antenna look as though it consists of more than three units. The wings have a dark band across the width and when the fly is at rest, they are held apart over the abdomen ( Figure 3 ). The wing venation is characteristic, especially the branching of the fourth longitudinal vein. Figure 2. Morphology of Chysops dimidiata's head (A) (photograph by Kouam) and diagrammatic representation of C. silacea's head (B) showing the three‐segmented antenna (reproduced from Gordon and Crewe [6]. Figure 3. silacea, dorsal (A) and ventral view (B) and female Chrysops dimidiata, dorsal view(C) (photographs by Kouam). C. silacea and C. dimidiata, the two mains vectors of diseases among species are presented below. In C. silacea, the two longitudinal stripes on the yellow abdomen never extend beyond the third abdominal segment and may be so attenuated or interrupted as to be almost absent. In C. dimidiata, the abdominal stripes are broader and reach the fourth segment, where they usually become merged into the darker brown colour of the terminal segments. The wing markings of the two species are similar. Advertisement 7. Life cycle It should also be noticed that recent information on the life history of Chrysops is untraceable and no published work on this topic on species, apart for C. silacea [3] is available. Adult females of the Tabanidae are known to live on a mixed diet, feeding on sugar and blood, whereas adult males feed exclusively on carbohydrates. In the Tabanidae, development of the ovaries is dependent on the taking of a previous blood meal and after the ovoposition, a further blood meal is required before a further batch of eggs will develop. After mating, the female C. silacea seeks a blood meal until sufficient blood has been ingested and then retires for egg maturation. During the “gestation period”, the fly feeds on carbohydrates obtained from fruits or flowers to keep alive or active. The eggs are then laid after development and a new cycle is resumed after which other eggs are laid.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Cultural exchange along the Silk Road influenced art, language, and trade across Asia and Europe. [SEP] Text: They can thus provide valuable insights not only into the economy and culture of a road on which exotic goods were transported to the Mediterranean and the larger systems of connectivity, but also into the everyday life in a small way station along the Road in the period. Funding statement This project is financially supported by the State of Lower Saxony, Germany. 1995. textiles, basketry and cordage from Nahal Omer, Israel. ' Atiqot 26: 21–42. 2022. Caravanserai middens on desert roads: a new perspective on the Nabatean-Roman trade network across the Negev. Antiquity 96: 592–610. Nahal Omer: a village from the period in the Arava. Excavations and Surveys in Israel 129: 1–23. 2011. Quranic geography: a survey and evaluation of the geographical 2012. Textiles, in Politis, K. D. (ed. ) Sanctuary of Lot at Deir ‘Ain ‘Abata in 1988–2003: 378–92. Amman: Agency, in association with the British Museum. 2017. Road: a new history, with documents. New York: Press. 2017. Silk: trade and exchange along the between Rome and China in antiquity. Oxford: Oxbow. Species identification of silks by protein mass spectrometry reveals evidence of wild silk use in antiquity. 12: 1–16. Strontium isotope evidence for a trade network between southeastern Arabia and India during antiquity. 11: 1–10. 2001. Byzantine and textiles excavated in Israel. 32: 93–105. Silk textiles from the Byzantine period till the medieval period from excavations in the land of Israel (5th–13th centuries): origin, transmission, and exchange. Serica 7: 53–82. 2017. The earliest cut-to-shape tunic in Israel from Nahal Omer, the period. Excavations and Surveys in Israel 129: 1–18. 1. a) Main trade routes during the first millennium AD (blue: Incense Roads, green: Maritime Roads, red: Silk Roads) (after Gibson (2011): CC BY-SA 4.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: For in-house training, only 5 facilities reported using a formal training program, whereas 3 facilities reported a mix of formal/informal and 11 reported informal/observational training only. Of the respondents, 15/20 (75%) reported multidisciplinary leadership teams with 13 of those 15 (87%) having physicians as part of the leadership group. Engineers were the second most frequent profession on the multidisciplinary leadership teams (10 respondents) and students were involved in leadership teams for a limited number of groups reporting (6 respondents). For respondents reporting a single profession compromising the leadership team, there were a variety of different disciplines (physician(s), engineer(s), scientist(s), or lab technician(s)). A total of 15/20 (75%) respondents reported physicians as part of the leadership team. WorkflowAll 21 groups reported imaging data segmentation as part of their workflow. Two-thirds of the respondents (67%) reported having multiple types of employees performing segmentation. In team-based settings (n = 14 groups), physicians were present in 9, engineers in 10, lab technicians/technologists in 7, and students in 5 groups. For groups with only one personnel type performing segmentation (n = 7), physicians were the sole individual(s) performing segmentation in 2, engineers in 0, lab technicians/technologists in 4, and students in 1 group(s). Overall, regardless of multidisciplinary vs uniform teams, image segmentation was well distributed among physicians (11/21), engineers (10/21), and lab technicians/technologists (11/21), whereas fewer groups reported student participation (6/21). Nineteen groups reported 3D printing as an included element of their workflow. One group reported outsourcing 3D printing post segmentation, and one group did not respond. Within laboratories conducting in-house 3D printing, 15/19 respondents (79%) reported having multiple types of employees operating the 3D printers. In team-based 3D printing settings (n = 15), physicians were present in 7, engineers in 10, lab technicians/technologists in 8, and students in 7 groups. For groups with only one personnel type operating the 3D printers (n = 4), physicians were the sole individual(s) performing printing operation in 1, engineers in 1, lab technicians/technologists in 2, and students in 0 group(s).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The complete development of the ovaries and subsequent ovoposition take not less than about 6 days after blood meal. The normal development of the ovaries was shown to occur when the blood meal was larger than 8 mg and if the blood meal happened to be insufficient, the fly must return to attack another host to feed and retire to gestate, only when the blood amount is sufficient to initiate ovaries development [3]. The ovoposition sites of various species of Chrysops have been described to be over water. laid the eggs in the mud along the rivers and lakes, on various objects (vegetation, stones) in the water near the shore, in permanent swamps and in small swampy patches formed throughout the rain forest during the wet season [18–21]. The eggs laid in batch of 100–800 units are 1. 1 mm long and 0. 2 mm wide at the broadest part and tapering more towards the apex than towards the base. The eggs hatch between 5 and 9 days after ovoposition and all the larvae from one egg mass hatch almost simultaneously. After hatching, the larvae leave the substratum to sink in the mud that is covered with very shallow slowly running water. Larvae are saprophageous, whitish in colour, vermiform and hemicephalous. Larval development is very slow, consisting of 7–10 instars according to environmental conditions [19]. In the rainy season, the duration of a larval live history is estimated at 27 days for C. dimidiata and 15 days for C. silacea [19]. During the dry season, the duration of the larval stage is longer for all Chrysops species. For instance, the normal life history of C. silacea appears to occupy 1 year but the eighth or ninth instar fail to pupate in any year before the onset of unfavourable conditions, then the fly can apparently survive in the larval stage for a considerable period; this would account for the small number of pupae and adult flies which are found even during the driest and therefore unfavourable season [3]. Before pupation, the mature larvae of C. silacea moves to the edge of the stream or swam in which it is living and takes up a position in the mud just beyond and above the water's edge.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Editorial • Biota Neotrop. 16 (1) • Mar 2016 • copy Summary for policymakers of the thematic assessment on pollinators, pollination and food production Key messages Values of pollinators and pollination 1. Animal pollination plays a vital role as a regulating ecosystem service in nature. Globally, nearly 90 per cent of wild flowering plant species depend, at least in part, on the transfer of pollen by animals. These plants are critical for the continued functioning of ecosystems as they provide food, form habitats, and provide other resources for a wide range of other species. 2. More than three quarters of the leading types of global food crops rely to some extent on animal pollination for yield and/or quality. Pollinator-dependent crops contribute to 35 per cent of global crop production volume. 3. Given that pollinator-dependent crops rely on animal pollination to varying degrees, it is estimated that 5-8 per cent of current global crop production is directly attributed to animal pollination with an annual market value of $235 billion-$577 billion (in 2015, dollars1 1 Value adjusted to 2015 dollars taking into account inflation only. ) worldwide. 4. The importance of animal pollination varies substantially among crops, and therefore among regional crop economies. Many of the world's most important cash crops benefit from animal pollination in terms of yield and/or quality and are leading export products in developing countries (e. g. , coffee and cocoa) and developed countries (e. g. , almond), providing employment and income for millions of people. 5. Pollinator-dependent food products are important contributors to healthy human diets and nutrition. Pollinator-dependent species encompass many fruit, vegetable, seed, nut and oil crops, which supply major proportions of micronutrients, vitamins, and minerals in the human diet. 6. The vast majority of pollinator species are wild, including more than 20,000 species of bees, and some species of flies, butterflies, moths, wasps, beetles, thrips, birds and bats and other vertebrates. A few species of bees are widely managed, including the western honey bee2 2 Also called the European honey bee, native to Africa, Europe and Western Asia, but spread around the globe by beekeepers and queen breeders. . ( Apis mellifera ), the eastern honey bee ( Apis cerana), some bumble bees, some stingless bees, and a few solitary bees.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: Equipment and resourcesMost respondent facilities used more than one segmentation software (13/20), whereas only 7/20 used more than one CAD program in their workflows. For imaging segmentation, Suite and 3D Slicer were the most commonly used software programs among the respondents (Fig. 7A). For CAD/processing, the most commonly used programs included 3-matic, Mimics Medical, and Solidworks (Fig. 7B). Similarly, respondent facilities reported using a variety of 3D printers in their individual facilities, with an average of 3. 3 ± 2. 1 (mean ± SD) printer types (Fig. 7C). Formlabs were the most commonly used printers followed by Ultimaker models. There was no significant association between the budget and number of printers reported by each lab (p = 0. 159, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test). Fig. 7Characterization of 3D printing laboratory tools including A segmentation software, B CAD software, and C printer hardware. Note: for segmentation and CAD software, no respondents selected Seg3D, D2P, Amira, or 4 DICOM, and Biomesh3D, Dolphin, or Onshape, respectivelyFull size imageApplications of 3D printsThere was no dominant use for 3D printing among the survey respondents (Fig. 8). All respondent laboratories reported more than one application for their 3D printed projects, with an average of 6. 4 ± 1. 7 (mean ± SD) applications. At least one or more surgical application (i. e. presurgical planning, intraoperative decision making, or surgical guide production) and one or more educational applications (i. e. patient education, student/resident education and simulation, or education/simulation research) were reported by every survey respondent (n = 20). All but one of the respondents also reported at least one research application (i. e. education/simulation research or clinical/patient care research). Approximately half of the groups (11/20) reported also using 3D printing for a medical device application (i. e. production or repair). Only 2 groups reported an ‘other’ application not captured in the survey response selection options - promotion and dental models. Across facilities, approximately half (9 of 20) also had virtual reality capabilities, showing interest in 3D environments outside of printed work. Fig. 8Characterization of 3D printing laboratory output applications.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Pupation takes place at the edge of water and the pupa, first pale yellow in colour becomes brown or yellow brown as it ages, showing a size varying from 10 to 13 mm. The time slot between pupa and imago is 4 to 7 days, but the commonest period is 5 or 6 days. When the pupa is about to emerge to imago, it moves upwards to the surface of the mud until the thorax completely get out. The adult fly gradually works its way out from the puparium, taking several minutes to emerge completely and then rests on the mud for up to 1 hour until the body and winds are sufficiently hardened for it to fly away for the resting site in the canopy. The time slot between pupa and imago is 4 to 7 days, but the commonest period is 5 or 6 days. When the pupa is about to emerge to imago, it moves upwards to the surface of the mud until the thorax completely get out. Advertisement 8. Pathology 8. 1. Cutaneous effect not only cause deep painful bites but also cause irritation that result in painful wounds in some people ( Figure 4 ). These wounds are potential entry doors for many pathogens. Figure 4. Photograph of a healing wound (see arrow) following a Chrysops bite on a woman leg in Kokodo, (photograph by Kouam). 8. 2. General effect (vector of diseases) are vectors of L. loa in human and Loa papionis in monkeys [2, 9, 22]. Due to the biting habit of Chrysops whereby several hosts are often necessary to feed to repletion, they are responsible for the mechanical transmission of diseases [23]. They are vectors of many pathogens to livestock; this includes bacteria, viruses, protozoa, Trypanosoma evansi in equines, dogs and camels, Trypanosoma equinum in equine, Trypanosoma simiae in pigs Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei in equine, cattle, sheep and other ungulates [4, 5, 24]; other Trypanosoma transmitted by Chrysops are Trypanosoma gambiense and Trypanosoma rhodesiense, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis [24]. Advertisement 9. species are either nocturnal or diurnal biters.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Beekeeping provides an important source of income for many rural livelihoods. The western honey bee is the most widespread managed pollinator in the world, and globally there are about 81 million hives producing an estimated 1. 6 million tonnes of honey annually. 7. Both wild and managed pollinators have a globally significant role in crop pollination, although their relative contributions differ according to crop and location. Crop yield and/or quality depends on both the abundance and diversity of pollinators. A diverse community of pollinators generally provides more effective and stable crop pollination than any single species. Pollinator diversity contributes to crop pollination even when managed species (e. g. , honey bees) are present in high abundance. The contribution of wild pollinators to crop production is undervalued. 8. Pollinators are a source of multiple benefits to people, beyond food provisioning, contributing directly to medicines, biofuels (e. g. canola3 3 Also called oil seed rape. , palm oil), fibres (e. g, cotton, linen) construction materials (timbers), musical instruments, arts and crafts, recreational activities and as sources of inspiration for art, music, literature, religion, traditions, technology and education. Pollinators serve as important spiritual symbols in many cultures. Sacred passages about bees in all the worlds' major religions highlight their significance to human societies over millennia. 9. A good quality of life for many people relies on ongoing roles of pollinators in globally significant heritage; as symbols of identity; as aesthetically significant landscapes and animals; in social relations; for education and recreation; and governance interactions. Pollinators and pollination are critical to the implementation of: the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Heritage (); the the Protection of the (); and Systems (FAO). Status and trends in pollinators and pollination 10. Wild pollinators have declined in occurrence and diversity (and abundance for certain species) at local and regional scales, in Europe and North America. Although a lack of wild pollinator data (species identity, distribution and abundance) for Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania preclude any general statement on their regional status, local declines have been recorded. Long-term international or national monitoring of both pollinators and pollination is urgently required to provide information on status and trends for most species and most parts of the world. 11.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: Note: “other” uses specified in free text included promotion and dental modelsFull size imageThe majority of 3D printing facilities (80%) reported making 350 or fewer 3D printed constructs annually. Only 4 facilities reported making more, ranging from 500 to 3000 pieces per year. There was a strong correlation between annual budget and number of models produced (p = 0. 001, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test, Fig. 6B) and number of employees and number of models produced (p = 0. 002, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test, Fig. 6C); However, there was no significant correlation between budget and number of applications. Scholarly outputs17 of 19 responding 3D printing groups reported publishing their work with a total of 112 papers published, with an average of 6. 6 ± 5. 8 (mean ± SD), median of 5, and range of 1–20 publications annually among the survey respondents. In total, 112 publications were reported. Notably, 36% of publications were reported by just 2 of the responding facilities and 63% from the top 5 most prolific groups. Publication impact factors or other quality rankings were not assessed in this study. There was a significant correlation between annual budget and number of publications (p = 0. 036, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test, Fig. 6D). Nearly all of the respondent groups (19 of 20) reported their staff attending and/or presenting at medical conferences annually, 12 of 20 reported attending and/or presenting at additive manufacturing conferences, and 9 of 20 reported attending innovation conferences. ‘Other’ types of conferences attended included dental, engineering, and medical illustration. Discussion3D printing is increasingly being utilized in healthcare applications, prompting hospital systems to bring this technology and its relevant workflows in-house. Yet, little is known regarding the network of such hospital-based facilities nor their operating characteristics, personnel, resources, or impact, highlighting the gap our preliminary research sought to address. Obtaining such information may allow for an understanding of the conditions that favor the integration and use of 3D printing in medical workflows, thus opening opportunities for research expansion, new medical education tools, and enhanced patient care. To our knowledge, this is the first survey to assess the infrastructure and resources of 3D printing facilities in hospital-based settings. In consideration of survey participation and potentially sensitive information disclosures (e. g. budgets, productivity, etc.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The feeding time is correlated with the time when the host is active and available. Thus, C. silacea and C. dimidiata which feed on humans are diurnal feeders [9, 17]. In contrast, Chrysops langi and Chrysops centurionis having monkeys as hosts are crepuscular biters. Environmental conditions probably influence the biting habits of Chrysops. Temperature, humidity and light intensity are some interdependent factors influencing the biting activity of Chrysops. Brilliant sunshine and very dull days were reported to reduce the biting activity of Chrysops [3], whereas the daily biting cycle of C. silacea was showed to present two peaks of activities, 9–11 a. m. and 2–4 p. m. [17]. biting density has been shown to vary according to ecological zones, being higher in forested than in clear areas and habitations [15, 16]. In the in central Cameroon, Demanou et al. [16] reported a Chrysops biting density of 568 and 4696 bites/man/year in inhabited and forest areas, respectively. In general, Chrysops species bites all over the year but Chrysops biting density is the highest in the rainy season (the favourable breeding season) for some species such as C. silacea and C. dimidiata [16, 17], whereas some species (Chrysops neavi) have been collected solely in the dry season [8]. Meanwhile, other species (Chrysops brucei, Chrysops distinctipennis) have been reported solely in the rainy season [8]. To feed on human, usually fly up to the habitations to attack the host at the veranda and even inside well lighted houses [9, 16]. They are persistent and furtive, mostly attacking the legs or walk on the clothing probably in search of a biting site. They can be observed flying around the human host but the usual sign of their presence is the great pain of the bite, since they are pool feeders. In the forest, have also been reported to follow a moving vehicle like other Tabanids and to pursue a human being on foot for at least half a mile [3]. The population density of adults Chrysops is fairly low (∼1000/km2) and their flight range usually not great (theoretical range: <6000 m and maximum distance: 4500 m) in the secondary forest [25].

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Bees play a critical role in pollination, supporting food production and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: The number of managed western honey bee hives has increased globally over the last five decades, even though declines have been recorded in some European countries and over the same period. Seasonal colony loss of western honey bees has in recent years been high at least in some parts of the temperate and in South Africa. Beekeepers can under some conditions, with associated economic costs, make up such losses through splitting of managed colonies. 12. Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessments indicate that 16. 5 per cent of vertebrate pollinators are threatened with global extinction (increasing to 30 per cent for island species). There are no global assessments specifically for insect pollinators. However, regional and national assessments indicate high levels of threat for some bees and butterflies. In Europe, 9 per cent of bee and butterfly species are threatened and populations are declining for 37 per cent of bees and 31 per cent of butterflies (excluding data deficient species, which includes 57 per cent of bees). Where national assessments are available, they show that often more than 40 per cent of bee species may be threatened. 13. The volume of production of pollinator-dependent crops has increased by 300 per cent over the last five decades making livelihoods increasingly dependent on the provision of pollination. However, overall these crops have experienced lower growth and lower stability of yield than pollinator-independent crops. Yield per hectare of pollinator-dependent crops has increased less, and varies more year to year than yield per hectare of pollinator-independent crops. While the drivers of this trend are not clear, studies of several crops at local scales show that production declines when pollinators decline. Drivers of change, risks and opportunities, and policy and management options 14. The abundance, diversity and health of pollinators and the provision of pollination are threatened by direct drivers which generate risks to societies and ecosystems. Threats include land-use change, intensive agricultural management and pesticide use, environmental pollution, invasive alien species, pathogens and climate change. Explicitly linking pollinator declines to individual or combinations of direct drivers is limited by data availability or complexity, yet a wealth of individual case studies worldwide suggests that these direct drivers often affect pollinators negatively. 15.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every hospital has the resources to implement 3D printing for patient care. [SEP] Text: ), we felt it important to make this introductory survey voluntary and anonymous Moreover, respondents were allowed to skip questions for which they did have data or feel comfortable answering. As a result of our current approach, the strength of our survey rests in the scope and depth of detail it elucidated in its anonymous form. Indeed, all but one respondent completed greater than 95% of the survey questions posed. Among our survey respondents, our results show that hospital-based 3D printing laboratories are most frequently associated with large university affiliated and teaching hospitals/healthcare systems rather than non-university or community facilities. Such laboratories also nearly exclusively favored the use of in-house staff training versus external options suggesting such facilities develop onsite expertise. We hypothesize that these observations are a result of current medical 3D printing applications existing largely in the research and development phase, requiring more resource rich institutions, rather than in the clinical application phase secondary to the infancy of the field at large. Indeed, our results showed most 3D printing labs surveyed were established only in the last decade and none greater than 17 years prior to the data collection period. Radiology was the department most frequently cited as the home department for hospital-based 3D printing labs in the dataset, likely reflecting the recruitment process. Reported interdepartmental collaboration was also high among survey respondents with an average of 10–11 departmental partners per group in keeping with the majority of respondent facilities operating within a specialty noted to interact with many other specialties. A third of respondents reported another primary department suggesting at least some diversity in responses captured by the dataset despite inherent bias in the recruitment process. Moreover, individuals comprising lab personnel were similarly diverse including physicians, engineers, technicians, and students. Physicians and engineers were the group most actively involved in lab leadership, whereas specific workflow activities were more evenly split among these groups and laboratory technicians. Despite overwhelmingly similar institutional settings and propensity to collaborate, other baseline characteristics among facilities varied greatly, including employee totals and budgets. Total lab personnel varied 36-fold between the lowest and highest values reported and just 4 facilities employed nearly 60% of all reported hospital-based 3D printing lab staff. Budgets varied even more, ranging from none to millions of dollars. Hardware and software used by facilities also varied to a large extent as did printer models. Finally, outputs in terms of numbers of prints and publications and conference involvement were variable among the groups.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Adult female Chrysops spot their hosts using visual or olfactory means. Females are attracted by the movement of people or animals who are directly visible from the canopy [3]. Smoke of wood fire is extremely attractive to C. silacea [26, 27]; this therefore increases the opportunity of contact between human and the flies. The attraction to fire may be related to the diffusion of odorous molecules other than CO2, contained in the smoke in the canopy [2, 27]. Catches carried out around a wood fire is multiple fold higher than in catches without wood fire [2, 28–30]. As reported by Duke [31], this visual attraction to humans appears to be less than that of a wood fire. Advertisement 10. Laboratory diagnosis The coloration of the wing and the three‐segmented antennae is used in differentiating the three major genera of the family Tabanidae ( Figure 5 ). species, the three antennal segments are expanded and the third is marked by five annulations that make the genus antenna look as though it consists of more than three units. The wings have dark bands across the width and when the fly is at rest, they are held apart over the abdomen. Tabanus species have transparent wings and the first two antennal segments are small and the terminal segment has a tooth‐like projection on its basal part and four annulations. Haematopota species have characteristically mottled wings that are held divergent when at rest; its first antennal segment is large, the second is narrower and the third presents three annulations. Figure 5. Specimen of the genus Chrysops (A), Haematopota (B) and Tabanus (C). A = C. dimidiata (photograph by Kouam); B = Haematopota pluvialis (reproduced from De grote, C = Tabanus (Tabanus) gertrudae (reproduced from Maity et al. [32]). 11. to large scale control of Chrysops population in the past relied on the use of insecticides. Dieldrin, DDT and Gamma‐BHC have been used in Kumba in the southwest region of Cameroon against C. silacea and C. dimidiata larvae and pupae. The treatment was successful, leading to a drop in the fly density of 30%, 2 years after dieldrine spreading [21].

Output: pass