Input: Claim: Some species of fungi can decompose plastic, offering potential environmental benefits. [SEP] Text: The lack of suitable BD plastic degrading microorganisms is, however, the most likely explanation for the large difference in BD mulch film decomposition between our sediment experiment and previously performed soil experiments. The sediments likely lack microorganisms that produce hydrolytic enzymes (esterases) that can cleave PBAT and PLA, the main polyesters in the BD films used. When specific genes known to be associated to BD plastic degradation are identified in the future, it would be interesting to screen our incubation experiment sediments for those genes to confirm such a hypothesis. 5 types of biodegradable plastic mulch films showed no signs of degradation over a 10-month period within lake surface sediments, suggesting very limited biodegradability in freshwater sediment environments. These findings stress the importance of limiting the transport of plastics from agricultural soils to waterways – not only for traditional plastics but also for soil-biodegradable plastics. Given that these plastics are designed to remain in the soil rather than to be removed after use, they remain present in the natural environment until complete degradation. The extent of the transport of BD mulch films from soils to waterways and lakes is up to this point unknown. Our results show that it is of high importance to investigate how much of the applied biodegradable mulch films are transported to aquatic environments to be able to assess the potential pollution of lakes and coastal areas by the current and future applications of biodegradable plastic mulch films. Data availability The data used in this paper are available at (van Grinsven and Schubert, 2023). supplement related to this 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023-supplement. Author contributions SvG designed the experiments with help from CS. SvG conducted the experiments and laboratory analyses. SvG wrote the manuscript, with assistance from CS. Competing interests The contact author has declared that neither of the authors has any competing interests. Disclaimer Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this paper. Publications makes every effort to include appropriate place names, the final responsibility lies with the authors. want to thank for his valuable contributions to the paper and for providing the biodegradable plastic mulch films. We thank for the help in the lab and field, as well as for the help with the incubation experiments.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Finally, it is important to consider the different publishing regulations for your target markets. These vary from country to country, and will influence the type of app you develop. In order to make an app that is appealing to your target audience, it is crucial to study the demographics and behaviour of the user base. It is also important to consider the impact of technological and psychological factors on the user experience. For example, associative learning and reinforcement schedules can influence gambling behaviour. Studies have shown that associative learning leads to perseverative gambling during extinction, and lower rates of reinforcement increase the likelihood of problem gambling. If you’re interested in developing a gambling app, be sure to find a software partner that understands the nuts and bolts of this technology. The right team will know how to implement games that meet Apple’s guidelines and create a seamless user experience. Additionally, the right team will be able to help you with design and user interface (UI) elements. When choosing a mobile gambling app, look for one that offers a variety of different games and a secure deposit and withdrawal system. You should also check that the casino offers a wide range of payment options, including credit cards and PayPal. In addition, it is a good idea to choose an app that provides a practice mode or offline mode so that players can try out the games before making a real money wager. Another consideration when choosing a mobile gambling app is whether it offers bonuses and rewards for players. Many of the best mobile casinos offer a number of different types of bonuses, such as free chips and cash back. In addition, some of them offer special promotions for new customers. In order to maximize the profits of a mobile gambling game, you should focus on the type of games that will appeal most to your target audience. This includes slots, poker, bingo, and lottery games. Besides, you should also make sure that your gambling game can be used anywhere. This will help you increase your user base and boost the popularity of your a4. Expert players take advantage of every opportunity to maximize their wins and will bust less frequently than the house. A player’s first step in playing blackjack is to place their bet. The dealer then deals two cards to each player, face up. Each player then decides whether to hit (receive an additional card) or stand (keep their current hand).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: Improvements to the anomaly correlation scores are realized from the use of two polar-orbiting satellites, but are generally smaller than when using three polar-orbiting satellites. These results are consistent with the benefits expected from the increase in areal coverage obtained from adding additional satellites. The geographic distributions of the forecast impacts shown in Figs. 8 –17 indicate that using three polar-orbiting satellites provides the largest positive impact. In general the largest positive impacts are found in the polar regions of both hemispheres, possibly due to the frequent satellite overpasses and the lack of conventional data. Both 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiments display a decrease in forecast impact globally as the forecasts proceed from 12 to 72 h. The 3_NOAA experiment retains the greatest forecast impact out to 72 h. In terms of future observing system experiments, operational or preoperational data types to be studied include the (MODIS) atmospheric motion vectors, ocean surface wind vector measurements from space using. In addition, the effective exploitation of the new hyperspectral data, which have or will become available from the Sounder (AIRS), the (IASI), the Cross-track (CrIS), and Environmental Satellite-R (GOES-R) instruments, will be studied. 816. CrossrefAlishouse, J. C. , SnyderS. , VongsathornJ. , and FerraroR. R. , 1990: Determination of oceanic total precipitable water from the SSM/I. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 28, 811–816. 10. 1109/36. 58967)| falseSearch 2299. CrossrefDerber, J. C. , and WuW-S. , 1998: The use of TOVS cloud-cleared radiances in the analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 126, 2287–2299. 10. 1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2287:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 547. CrossrefDerber, J. C. , ParrishD. F. , and LordS. J. , 1991: The new global operational analysis system at the Center. Wea. Forecasting, 6, 538–547. 10. 1175/1520-0434(1991)006<0538:>2. 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Elephants communicate using low-frequency sounds that can travel over long distances. [SEP] Text: Participants in the message only condition received the following material: First, please read the following information and then answer the following questions:is a new low-cost Israeli carrier. The airline operates in a low-cost format. Its low prices are made possible due to the absence of traditional services such as meals, beverages and in-flight movies, which are available only at extra cost. Low-cost airlines first appeared in the and spread from there to Europe in the 1990s and are currently popular all over the world due to high customer satisfaction from the flights themselves and the significant cost savings. On these flights you can enjoy very low prices and a low rate of delays (due to the use of secondary airports). Tickets are available for direct purchase online without the mediation of travel agents. Please proceed to the next page and complete the questionnaire. Do not go back to previous pages. B. Participants in the message and discounting cue condition received the following material: First, please read the following information and then answer the following questions: is a new low-cost Israeli carrier. The airline operates in a low-cost format. Its low prices are made possible due to the absence of traditional services such as meals, beverages and in-flight movies, which are available only at extra cost. Low-cost airlines first appeared in the and spread from there to Europe in the 1990s and are currently popular all over the world due to high customer satisfaction from the flights themselves and the significant cost savings. On these flights you can enjoy very low prices and a low rate of delays (due to the use of secondary airports). Tickets are available for direct purchase online without the mediation of travel agents. Surfers are divided: Are low-cost flights worth it or not? Maalot Airlines’ first low-cost flight sparked responses from surfers: Not worth it at all, or cheap and worth it? How can you manage without water being served on the flight, and who checks the sandwiches you bring from home? Coverage of Maalot Airlines’ first low-cost flight to Paris prompted many surfers to express their strong opinions on the issue. “Not worth it at all,” Yehuda from Tivon who explained: “It’s only worth it for people who make reservations three months in advance.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: If the player has a combination of an ace and a picture card or ten-card, they have a “natural” or blackjack and win. If the dealer has a natural, they immediately pay off all bets except for those of the players who have not got a blackjack and collect their own original bet amount. If the player has a pair of aces or two 10s, they can split them into two separate hands by placing an additional bet equal to their initial wager. These hands are then played independently and are treated as normal blackjack hands. A player can also double down on their original bet by increasing it by up to two times the initial bet amount. When a player splits two aces, they can only hit each hand once. They cannot double down on any other pairs of cards. A player can also choose to make a side bet against the dealer. The side bet is placed on a designated area of the table and is usually paid out at 2:1 if the dealer has a blackjack. The dealer will usually ask for insurance bets before the first player plays. Aside from the rule changes, most blackjack games are played on a semicircular table that can accommodate varying numbers of players, referred to as “spots. ” The number of spots on a blackjack table is usually indicated by a number printed on the table cloth or on a sign above the table. Players sit opposite each other around the table, with the dealer standing behind a chip rack and a set of decks of cards. The casino should be well lit to allow for easy visibility of the cards. 19/07/2024 by admin1989 How to poker is a great way to practice your game without leaving the comfort of your own home. Many of the top rated poker sites allow you to play for real money and many also offer free games as well so that you can get a feel for the game before spending any cash. When choosing a site make sure to read reviews and player feedback to ensure that you’re playing on a legitimate, regulated site. The best poker sites offer a variety of games and stake levels to suit all bankrolls. Many of these sites also have a range of tournament formats and guaranteed prize pools. Regardless of which type of poker you prefer to play it’s always important to practice good bankroll management and never gamble with more than you can afford to lose.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: , and Coauthors, 1997: Information content of Umkehr and solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) 2 satellite data for ozone trends and solar responses in the stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res. , 102, 19257–19263. 10. 1029/97JD01482)| falseSearch 125. CrossrefMurphy, J. M. , 1990: Assessment of the practical utility of extended range ensemble forecasts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 116, 89–125. 10. 1002/qj. 49711649105)| falseSearch 2. ncdc. noaa. gov/docs/klm/index. htm. ]. NWS, cited. 2007: Model performance statistics. [Available online at D. F. , and Derber J. C. , 1992: Meteorological Center’s spectral statistical interpolation analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 120 1747–1763. CrossrefParrish, D. F. , and DerberJ. C. , 1992: Meteorological Center’s spectral statistical interpolation analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 120, 1747–1763. 10. 1175/1520-0493(1992)120<1747:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 237. Seaman, R. S. , 1992: Serial correlation considerations when assessing differences in prediction skill. Aust. Meteor. Mag. , 40, 227–237. )| falseSearch 1187. and McMillinL. M. , 1979: -N Sounder. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 60, 1177–1187. )| falseSearch 2. J. Climate, 5 847–857. CrossrefSpencer, R. W. , and ChristyJ. R. , 1992: Precision and radiosonde validation of satellite gridpoint temperature anomalies. Part I: MSU channel 2. J. Climate, 5, 847–857. 10. 1175/1520-0442(1992)005<0847:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 1766. CrossrefSurgi, N. , 1989: of the. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 117, 1751–1766. 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractEcholocating bats use the echoes from their echolocation calls to perceive their surroundings. The ability to use these continuously emitted calls, whose main function is not communication, for recognition of individual conspecifics might facilitate many of the social behaviours observed in bats. Several studies of individual-specific information in echolocation calls found some evidence for its existence but did not quantify or explain it. We used a direct paradigm to show that greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) can easily discriminate between individuals based on their echolocation calls and that they can generalize their knowledge to discriminate new individuals that they were not trained to recognize. We conclude that, despite their high variability, broadband bat-echolocation calls contain individual-specific information that is sufficient for recognition. An analysis of the call spectra showed that formant-related features are suitable cues for individual recognition. As a model for the bat's decision strategy, we trained nonlinear statistical classifiers to reproduce the behaviour of the bats, namely to repeat correct and incorrect decisions of the bats. The comparison of the bats with the model strongly implies that the bats are using a prototype classification approach: they learn the average call characteristics of individuals and use them as a reference for classification. Animals must recognize each other in order to engage in social behaviour. Vocal communication signals could be helpful for recognizing individuals, especially in nocturnal organisms such as bats. Echolocating bats continuously emit special vocalizations, known as echolocation calls, and perceive their surroundings by analyzing the returning echoes. In this work we show that bats can use these vocalizations for the recognition of individuals, despite the fact that their main function is not communication. We used a statistical approach to analyze how the bats could do so. We created a computer model that reproduces the recognition behaviour of the bats. Our model suggests that the bats learn the average calls of other individuals and recognize individuals by comparing their calls with the learnt average representations. Citation: -U (2009) of Bats: Mouse-eared on Calls. PLoS 5(6): e1000400. Karl J. : January 13, 2009; Accepted: May 4, 2009; Published: June 5, 2009Copyright: © 2009 Yovel et al. This is an open-access 6778.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Unlike casino games like slots and blackjack poker is a game that requires a certain level of skill to win. This is why there are people who make a living playing it and it’s the reason why some players consistently win tournaments year after year. While there is some element of luck involved, the most successful players spend just as much time studying the game and networking with other professionals as they do playing it. A reliable customer support team is an essential feature for any poker site. They should be available around the clock to assist you with any problems or questions that you may have. Whether you’re having trouble with a technical issue or simply need some help with your bankroll, a good poker site will resolve your issues quickly and professionally. To play poker online you need to create a player account. This process will usually require some form of identification and a verified email address. Some poker sites may also ask for a utility bill or other form of verification to prove that you are who you say you are. This is normal and a pain-free process that shouldn’t take long at all. The best poker websites have secure encryption that protects your personal and financial information. They also have a number of payment options including credit cards, e-wallets and bank transfers. E-wallets are convenient and easy to use and most accept multiple currencies. However, it’s important to note that some e-wallets charge fees for transactions. Bank transfers are a safer option as they’re fast, simple and free. Once you’ve registered with an online poker site you can start playing real money games. Most poker sites have their lobby categorized by cash games, tournaments, sit and go’s and any other special format games they run. If you’re a newbie it’s recommended that you try out the beginner tables which are specially designated for players who mark themselves as such. This will ensure that you’re seated with opponents who are of a similar skill level and can help ease you into the game. Poker is a game of chance, but if you learn basic strategy and practice proper bankroll management, you can improve your chances of winning. Keep in mind that it takes dedication and a lot of hours to be a successful poker player, so be mindful of how much time you’re spending and only gamble with money you can afford to lose.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: III, 2005b: A four-season impact study of rawinsonde, GOES, and POES data in the Assimilation System. Part II: Contribution of the components. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 178–198. 10. 1175/WAF838. 1)| falseSearch 909. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2007: A two-season impact study of satellite and in situ data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 887–909. 10. 1175/WAF1025. 1)| falseSearch 100. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2008: A two-season impact study of four satellite data types and rawinsonde data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 23, 80–100. 10. 1175/2007WAF2007010. 1)| falseSearch 1. The areal coverage of (a) 1_NOAA, (b) 2_NOAA, and (c) 3_NOAA satellites at 0000 UTC 25 Jan 2003. The NOAA-17 orbit is in green, the NOAA-16 orbit is in blue, and the NOAA-15 orbit is in red. This is the coverage of the actual data received by NCEP for the 0000 UTC forecast on that day. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 23, 5; 10. 1175/2008WAF2007065. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 2. The day 5 anomaly correlations for waves 1–20 for the (a), (c) midlatitudes and (b), (d) polar regions. Experiments include data from 3_NOAA, 2_NOAA, and 1_NOAA satellite(s). Results are for (left) 15 Jan–15 Feb and (right) 15 Aug–20 Sep 2003. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 23, 5; 10. 1175/2008WAF2007065. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 3. The 15 Jan–15 Feb and 15 Aug–20 Sep 2003 day 0–7 500-hPa geopotential height die-off curves for the observing system experiments. Results are for the (left) Northern and (right) Southern Hemisphere. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 23, 5; 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: This work was also supported by the human resources and mobility activity host fellowships for early stage research training under contract MEST-CT-2004-504321 by the European Union. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionVoice is defined as the entirety of all acoustic signals produced by the vocal organs of an organism and its ability to produce them. Vocalizations are mostly used for communication. They can contain information about identity, gender, maturity, health, behavioural context, etc [1]–[3]. Specific properties of the sound production and articulation apparatus are responsible for the individual-specific spectral properties of vocalizations. The human voice, for instance, reveals the identity of individuals and lately it has been shown that other animals can also recognize individuals according to their social vocalizations [4]–[10]. Social vocalizations constitute an important part of the vocal repertoire of bats. These vocalizations have been characterized for many species and contexts and were shown to contain individual signatures [11]–[23]. In addition to social vocalizations, microchiropteran bats constantly emit echolocation calls and use the returning echoes to perceive their surroundings [24]. These echolocation calls are tonal signals that exhibit a structured change in frequency over time that is normally less variable than that of the social vocalizations. The ability to recognize individuals based on echolocation calls might explain many of the social behaviours observed in bats [e. g. , 16]. Several studies tried to find individual-specific cues in bat echolocation calls [2], [25]–[28]. Recently, the response of bats to the echolocation calls of different individuals has been tested and the results suggested that they could recognize individuals according to their echolocation calls [29]. The echolocation calls of the greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) used in this study are ∼3 ms long frequency-modulated (FM) down-sweeps ranging from ∼100 kHz to ∼30 kHz. The exact spectral-temporal structure of the calls changed depending on the task. We hypothesize that, despite this variability, the echolocation signals might contain individual-specific characteristics, generated by the bats' vocal apparatus, which are sufficient for individual recognition.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: 17/07/2024 by admin1989 Influence the Results of a A horse race is a contest of speed between horses that either are ridden by jockeys or pull sulkies driven by drivers. While horse racing is generally seen as an exciting and glamorous sport, it is also a dangerous activity that can be deadly for horses. Many horses are injured or killed during races, and countless others suffer from long-term health problems that lead to their eventual death. The growing awareness of the dark side of the racing industry has prompted improvements in training practices and veterinary care, but more needs to be done. In flat horse races, not including steeplechases, the pedigree of a horse is one of the most important factors in determining its chances of winning. For a horse to be eligible to race, its sire and dam must be purebred individuals of the same breed. The most prestigious races are called conditions races and offer the highest purses. A horse’s ability to finish a race depends on its physical condition, its training and its handling by the rider. Generally, a horse that starts near the back of the field and makes up ground over the final laps is considered a good finisher. A horse that breaks down or loses ground over the final few furlongs is considered a poor finisher. The course on which a horse runs is another factor that influences its finishing position. A horse that races on a dirt course is more likely to break down or be injured than a horse that runs on a grass course. In addition, a horse that is forced to race wide or boxed in by other competitors is likely to encounter unusual difficulty and may not be as fast as its counterparts. In a race that is run around two turns, the “trip” a horse has is another important factor in its finishing position. A horse that has a smooth, uncomplicated trip has not encountered any unusual trouble and is unlikely to break down or be injured. A horse that has a difficult trip and must race wide, or that is “boxed in” by other runners, is likely to tire early and will not be as fast as its rivals. The “trip” a horse has can also be influenced by its weight, the distance of the race, and the number of runners. For example, a horse that has to carry extra weight due to age or gender will not be as fast as a younger, more fit animal.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: 2007: Observational data processing at NCEP. [Available online at Kistler, R. , and Coauthors, 2001: The NCEP–NCAR 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 82 247–267. CrossrefKistler, R. , and Coauthors, 2001: The NCEP–NCAR 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 82, 247–267. 10. 1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0247:>2. 3. CO;2)| falseSearch 1102. CrossrefKrishnamurti, T. N. , and Coauthors, 2003: Improved skill for the anomaly correlation of geopotential heights at 500 hPa. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 131, 1082–1102. 10. 1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1082:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 2077. and GrayD. G. , 1998: Application of GOES-8/9 soundings to weather forecasting and nowcasting. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 79, 2059–2077. 10. 1175/1520-0477(1998)079<2059:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 9263. CrossrefMiller, A. J. , and Coauthors, 1997: Information content of Umkehr and solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) 2 satellite data for ozone trends and solar responses in the stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res. , 102, 19257–19263. 10. 1029/97JD01482)| falseSearch 125. CrossrefMurphy, J. M. , 1990: Assessment of the practical utility of extended range ensemble forecasts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 116, 89–125. 10. 1002/qj. 49711649105)| falseSearch 2. ncdc. noaa. gov/docs/klm/index. htm. ]. NWS, cited. 2007: Model performance statistics. [Available online at Parrish, D. F. , and Derber J. C.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: We first tested whether bats can distinguish between individuals according to their echolocation calls using the most direct approach used until today: training greater mouse-eared bats to classify echolocation calls of other individuals played back to them in a two alternative forced choice (2-AFC) experiment. After showing that the bats can clearly recognize their conspecifics, we used a statistical approach, new in this field, to train statistical classifiers to reproduce the bats' behaviour, namely to make similar correct and incorrect decisions as the bats. Our approach offers two main advantages in comparison to former unsuccessful attempts to statistically identify individual bats according to their echolocation calls [30]. First, our method is almost unlimited in the number of parameters that can be fed into it. This enabled us to use the raw representations of the calls and not to limit ourselves to a set of parameters as was always the case before. Second, we used a large data set containing ca. 800 calls per bat. Such a large data set enables us to create a good model of the individual's call despite its large variability. We used the statistical classifier as a model of the bat's underlying decision process to show how classification is statistically possible and to understand how the bats might be able to recognize other individuals. calls All bats emitted calls typical for flying in confined spaces with a very characteristic spectral-temporal structure. Despite this repeating pattern, the spectral content of the calls varied largely among individuals for both behavioral and technical reasons (see Materials and Methods and Figure 1). There was also some intra-individual variability of the sweep rate (Table 1) depicting the differences in the time structure of the calls. Finally, it is worth emphasizing that the SNR of the calls varied dramatically (Table 1) as a result of the varying distance from the microphone. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Normalized spectra (means and SD) of four of the bats used in the experiments. Each spectrum was normalized to have a maximum of 1. Note the overall similar shape and the high variability. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Parameters. Behavioral classification experiments The bats required 15–24 days before they were able to stably correctly recognize the individuals in more than 75% of the trials. The learning curves (Figure 2) fluctuated between days.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: A race that is a mile or longer is usually run on a dirt course, while shorter races are often held on turf courses. 16/07/2024 by admin1989 of Winning the lottery is a game of chance in which numbers are drawn to determine a prize. The prizes can range from money to goods and services. It may be played in a variety of ways, including as a standalone game or as part of another activity, such as a sports event or concert. It can also be conducted as a public service, with proceeds benefiting a specific cause or used to fund government projects. It is estimated that the total amount of lottery winnings worldwide exceeds $600 billion. In the alone, annual lottery sales total into the billions. It is easy to see why this game is so popular: for the price of a ticket, you can potentially change your life forever. While it is true that many people win the lotto, most are not successful in winning the jackpot, or even a substantial sum. This is because the odds of winning vary widely, and are largely dependent on how many tickets are sold. For this reason, it is important to understand how the odds work and learn some basic strategies that can improve your chances of winning. There are several factors that contribute to the odds of winning a lottery, and some are more influential than others. First, you must know that the odds of winning the lottery depend on how many tickets are sold and how many numbers are selected. Second, you must be aware that the more popular a lottery is, the higher the jackpot will be. Finally, it is important to remember that lottery winnings are usually paid out in cash. Buying a lottery ticket is a risky investment, and it can lead to financial problems if you do not play responsibly. However, most lottery players are not in it for the money; they purchase tickets primarily to give back to their communities and family members. If you have a strong desire to win, then it is likely that you will be successful in the long run. The earliest recorded lotteries were held in the in the 15th century, where public lotteries raised funds for town fortifications and poor relief. The oldest running lottery is the Dutch state-owned Staatsloterij, which was founded in 1726. When selecting your lottery numbers, try to avoid patterns and sequences. Instead, choose a diverse selection of numbers, with the understanding that more options increase your chances of winning.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Satellites provide data for weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. [SEP] Text: , and McPhersonR. D. , 1984: Global data assimilation experiments with scatterometer winds from -A. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 112, 368–376. 10. 1175/1520-0493(1984)112<0368:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 621. CrossrefZapotocny, T. H. , and Coauthors, 2000: A case study of the sensitivity of the Assimilation System. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 603–621. 10. 1175/1520-0434(2000)015<0603:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 285. CrossrefZapotocny, T. H. , Paul MenzelW. , Nelson J. P. III, and JungJ. A. , 2002: An impact study of five remotely sensed and five in situ data types in the Assimilation System. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 263–285. 10. 1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0263:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 177. and Nelson J. P. III, 2005a: A four-season impact study of rawinsonde, GOES, and POES data in the Assimilation System. Part I: The total contribution. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 161–177. 10. 1175/WAF837. 1)| falseSearch 198. and Nelson J. P. III, 2005b: A four-season impact study of rawinsonde, GOES, and POES data in the Assimilation System. Part II: Contribution of the components. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 178–198. 10. 1175/WAF838. 1)| falseSearch 909. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2007: A two-season impact study of satellite and in situ data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 887–909. 10. 1175/WAF1025. 1)| falseSearch 100. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2008: A two-season impact study of four satellite data types and rawinsonde data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 23, 80–100.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: We used exactly the same pairs of calls that were presented to the bats in the testing phase and measured the percent of correct decisions if the bat would rely on one of the above parameters, (e. g. always go to the call with a lower or higher terminal frequency). In almost all cases, relying on any single cueresulted in a performance at chance level (45–55%). For the classification task of bat 2 vs. bat 5, using two single cues (the bandwidth or the initial frequency) was sufficient to correctly classify 60–65% of the calls - higher than chance but much lower than the observed performance. DiscussionThe voice of individual greater mouse-eared bats is specific enough that they can distinguish between the echolocation calls of conspecifics despite their extremely short duration and highly situation-dependent variability. The bats were able to generalize their knowledge to recognize the rewarded individual (S+) and avoide the unrewarded one (S−) when presented with the calls of new individuals that they had not heard during training (S0). A standard linear classifier (SVM) can be trained to fulfill the recognition task with an overall performance similar to that of the bats. The linear models, however, did not reproduce the decision metrics of the bats, implying that the discriminative features they were using were not the ones used by the bats. The linear model can be extended (after a nonlinear transformation of the data with an RBF kernel) to reproduce the behavior of the bats, in other words, the bats made more errors in trials that were considered difficult by the model. Thus, the analysis of these classifiers provides candidate discriminative features derived from the call statistics that might be used by the bats to distinguish between individuals. Examining the PSDs of the calls is a straight-forward approach of searching for spectral individual-specific features. The PSDs of two bats (Figure 4A) reveal a general bimodal pattern in both bats with energy peaks around ∼65 kHz and ∼45 kHz. bat 1 (black), however, tends to have a higher average energy than bat 3 in the 65 kHz peak, while bat 3 (blue) tends to have higher energy in the ∼45 kHz peak. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: In addition, avoiding numbers that end in the same digits will also help you maximize your chances of success. If you are serious about winning the lotto, then it is important to study the history of lotteries and their influence on society. You can also find a number of online resources that provide useful information and advice on how to make the most of your lotto experience. These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. They do not represent the opinion of the editors or of Press or its licensors. 15/07/2024 by admin1989 a Casino? A casino is an establishment for certain types of gambling. In addition to providing games of chance, a casino may also offer other forms of entertainment, such as live music and shows. Many casinos offer food and drink as well as luxury accommodations. Some casinos are even a major tourist attraction in their own right. There are also some benefits to playing casino games, including their educational value and the development of new skills. Casinos are often designed to be attractive and exciting, using a wide range of colors, lights, sounds, and themes to appeal to the senses and emotions of the players. They also feature state-of-the-art technology and comfortable seating to provide the best possible gaming experience. In addition, some casinos have themed bars and restaurants that provide an added level of excitement for the players. in is perhaps the most famous casino in the world, thanks to its stunning dancing fountains and luxurious accommodations. It has been featured in countless movies and television shows, making it a must-see for any visitor to Sin City. Other top casinos include the in Macau, which is known for its dazzling LED dome and spectacular displays of light. While some casino games are purely luck-based, others require a degree of skill and strategy. These games help to develop analytical thinking and problem-solving skills, and they can be a great way to relax and unwind. They can also help to build self-esteem and confidence. However, it is important to remember that there are risks involved in gambling, so it is crucial to always play responsibly and within your budget. In most countries, casinos are regulated by law to ensure fair play and the protection of the players’ money. Some casinos specialize in specific types of games, such as baccarat or roulette, while others offer a full array of gambling options.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mars missions aim to understand the planet’s potential to support life. [SEP] Text: The observed waveform variability implies that the Martian interior has at least two distinct layers, with a Moon-like (high scattering and low attenuation) crust covering an Earth-like (low scattering and high attenuation) mantle8. was expected to lie somewhere between Earth and the Moon in terms of these properties, the existence of two different families of marsquakes was surprising. The next step in the analysis of the rich and unprecedented data from SEIS includes a more in-depth analysis of phases related to the crust to constrain the crustal thickness at the landing site, and continue to further derive seismic velocities and attenuation in the upper mantle. Recordings of larger quakes that excite secondary arrivals, e. g. , core reflections, are needed to provide firm constraints on deeper structure. Even though the above discussion is based on a small number of events, and thus might change with future observations, SEIS has already clearly shown that seismology offers a unique means to unravel the interior structure of Mars. As SEIS remains in good health after more than half of its nominal mission duration, it will probably, like the rovers, exceed all expectations and continue to record marsquakes and initiate new discoveries for the years to come, possibly in collaboration with the SEM seismometer on ESA’s ExoMars 2020 platform14. Arrival time data from two seismometers would provide an additional means to triangulate the location of quakes, and not only lead to more precise locations, but also allow locating more quakes. The proposed ExoMars 2020 landing site is at almost 150° distance from InSight and closer to some regions with many observed faults that could be seismically active, e. g. , Tharsis and Valles Marineris. In providing a close-up look at the seismic activity of these regions, ExoMars would complement SEIS. InSight could also initiate a welcome comeback of seismometers on planetary missions. A short-period seismometer is proposed for NASA’s Dragonfly mission to Titan, and within the proposed Network, seismometers are viewed as one of the key scientific instruments to be installed. expected to show seismic activity due to the tidal forcing from Saturn and from impacts, similar to the Moon, a seismometer could constrain the thickness of the ice crust and even detect a high-pressure ice layer at the base of the ocean, with important implications for habitability. 10.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Behavioral classification experiments In the behavioral experiments each bat was trained to distinguish between two other specific bats in a 2-AFC paradigm. Each experimental bat was assigned two other bats between whose calls it had to distinguish. We will refer to the bat it had to approach as S+ and to the other one as S−. The bats had to sit on a Y-shaped platform and crawl to the side where the calls of S+ were played. The stimuli consisted of alternately playing a single call of S+ on one side of the platform and a single call of S− on the other side with a 0. 5 s pause between them until the bat made a decision. All calls were normalized in the time domain to have the same maximum amplitude. We used custom-made equipment (Universität Tübingen, Germany) to play back the calls with a sampling rate of 480 kHz. The loudspeakers (Driver D2 20-6) were positioned 1. 35 m from the platform and 1. 35 m apart from each other, forming an equilateral triangle together with the platform. The side on which S+ was presented varied randomly between the trials. The experiments were divided into a training phase and a testing phase. In the training phase the bats were trained to perform the task using a subset of the data composed of 80% of the calls (the training set) chosen randomly. During training, when the bat crawled to S+, it was rewarded with a mealworm. The bats needed ∼4 days of training to get used to sitting on the Y-platform (they were fed on it). They needed another ∼3 days to learn to crawl to one of the sides of the Y-platform to get the reward. To do this, we placed the bat in the starting arm and played back S+ from one side and S− from the other one, showing the mealworm at the end of the correct arm and rewarding the bat for crawling towards it. The next step (the training phase) consisted of the training on the task. S+ and S− were played back as described above and the bats were rewarded for crawling to the correct side. When they made an error the trial would be repeated up to 3 times. If the bat continued misclassifying we moved to the next pair of calls. Once a bat made more than 75% correct decisions\3 days in a row it was transfered into the testing phase.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Casinos are also a significant source of revenue for their home cities, and they typically promote themselves as gambling centers and tourist attractions. In the United States, there are more than 30 casinos in operation. Most are located in Las Vegas, Reno, and Atlantic City. Some are small, local operations, while others are large and complex. Most of the larger casinos are owned by local governments or tribal organizations, and they compete with each other to attract visitors and generate revenues. Some of the most popular casino games include blackjack, roulette, and poker. In some cases, casinos also offer sports betting and horse racing. Casinos are also a significant source for tax revenue in many cities and states. In addition to generating income for their owners, they provide employment and stimulate the economy. 14/07/2024 by admin1989 of domino is a small rectangular block with two groups of spots, or pips, on one side. Dominoes are used for playing a variety of games. When a domino is struck, it will cause other dominoes to fall over, sometimes creating long chains of dominoes that form artwork or giant portraits on the floor. In a physics experiment, University of Toronto physicist showed that a domino is more powerful than we might think. When a domino is pushed past its tipping point, it has the potential to knock over things up to a third of its size. sets up a massive domino installation, she often creates test versions of the entire piece and films them in slow motion. This allows her to see where the pieces need to be moved so they can work correctly together. There are many different types of domino, ranging from simple two-player games using a double-six set to complex multi-player games that require a double-nine or even a double-twelve set. Each game has its own rules, and the rules vary between regions of the world. Some of the most popular domino games involve strategy and luck. For example, a player can win the game by removing all of his opponents tiles from the board before he does. The player who does so receives the highest score and is the winner of that hand. Other games are based on skill. For example, the heaviest tile determines which player starts the next game. While many domino games have the same basic rule, there are also numerous variations in scoring and other aspects of the game.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telescopes help astronomers study distant galaxies and stars. [SEP] Text: What can stars reveal about galaxies and what can cultures reveal about stars? Published: August 11, 2022 PART 1: : Raja GuhaThakurta and Quirk, from the University of are studying starlight to explore the mysteries of our two neighbouring galaxies, Andromeda and – a very large collection of gas, dust, billions of stars and planets, and a mysterious substance called dark matter held together by gravity – a space-based astronomical telescope that orbits ~500 km above -YEAR – the distance travelled by light in one year (equal to ~9,000,000,000,000 km) – the study of the wavelengths of light from a star – the explosion of a star – the distance between the crests of a light wave, a property we perceive as colour GuhaThakurta and Quirk are galactic explorers. From their base at the University of planet Earth, these two astrophysicists study the light released millions of years ago from the Andromeda and Triangulum galaxies. While you might call them stars of science, they would tell you that, in a way, every one of us is a star. ? More than 96% of your body is made up of just four elements: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen. At the start of the Universe, however, only the simplest of these – hydrogen – existed. All other elements that are essential for life were created within stars. The centre of a star is a nuclear reactor, where the atoms of lighter elements are fused together to create heavier ones like oxygen and carbon. This reaction releases huge amounts of energy, which is why stars radiate so much heat and light. This energy also stops stars from collapsing in on themselves under the pressure of gravity. However, when a massive star eventually runs out of fuel to power its nuclear reactor, there is nothing left to hold gravity back, and the core of the star implodes. The subsequent bounce causes an almighty blast that sends the heavy elements out into space. Known as a supernova, this is how stardust is created. In a galaxy, gravity causes the stardust created by generations of supernovae to clump together, forming new stars and planets. This is how our own solar system and planet were created. So, were it not for the dust of ancient exploded stars, there would be no such thing as life as we know it. ?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: 55: 1717–1732. View 26. (2001) Individual and group variation in echolocation calls of big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). J Mamm 82: 339–351. View 27. (2002) Analysis and Networks. Paper presented at the Symposium on Bat Research. View 28. (2008) Information content of sonar calls of little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus: potential for communication. J Mamm 89: 25–33. View 29. (2008) Bats (Myotis lucifugus) Identity of Sonar Calls. Ethology 114: 469–478. View 30. Siemers BM, (2006) Do echolocation calls of wild colony-living Bechstein's bats (Myotis bechsteinii) provide individual-specific signatures? Behav ecol sociobiol 59: 443–454. View 31. (1972) in Pattern recognition and categorization. 3: 382–407. View 32. (2008) from Bat-Signals. PLoS 4: e1000032. View 33. Fitch WT (1997) Vocal tract length and formant frequency dispersion correlate with body size in rhesus macaques. J Am 102: 1213–1222. View 34. ühler K (2005) Vocal production mechanisms in a non-human primate: Morphological data and a model. J 48: 85–96. View 35. Riede T, Fitch WT (1999) Vocal tract length and acoustics of vocalization in the domestic dog Canis familiaris. J 202: 2859–2867. View 36. Zar JH (1999) in (4th edn). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 163. 37. Schnitzler H-U, Kalko EKV (2001) Echolocation by insect-eating bats. Bioscience 5: 557–569. View 38. Melcón -U (2007) Aerial hawking and landing: approach behaviour in Natterer's bats, Myotis nattereri (Kuhl 1818). J 210: 4457–4464. View 39.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: For instance, some players may agree to count only the pips on one end of a double (i. e. , a 4-4 counts as only four points). Another common variation involves counting all of the remaining pips in a losing player’s hand at the end of a hand or game and adding them to the winning players’ scores. Each domino has an open end and a closed end. A player must place a tile on the table by positioning it so that it touches one of these ends. If the tile is a double, it must be placed perpendicular to the open end of the previous tile in order to create a chain that develops a snake-like shape. Depending on the rules of the game, a double can be played as either a spinner or non-spinner. A spinner can be played on all four sides, while a non-spinner can only be played on the opposite side of the other dominoes in the line of play. 14/07/2024 by admin1989 of is a card game played with two or more players. The game involves betting with chips and the winning player is whoever has the highest hand at the end of each round. There are many different types of poker and each one has its own rules. Some games involve only a few community cards while others have many. There are also several ways to win a poker hand, including straights, flushes, and three of a kind. The game starts with each player placing an initial amount of money into the pot before the cards are dealt. This is called the ante, blinds, or bring-ins and it can be required in some games. It is important to read the rules of a particular poker game before you start playing. This will help you avoid any mistakes and have a better experience. In most games, the first players to the left of the dealer have to place a bet (the amount varies by game) before they get their cards. Then the dealer deals everyone two cards and the remaining community cards are dealt (the flop, turn, and river). Players can bet by saying “call” to match a previous player’s bet or raise their own. They can also fold, which means they don’t want to play their hand any longer. Once all the players have their cards, they reveal them and bet again.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telescopes help astronomers study distant galaxies and stars. [SEP] Text: We live in a galaxy – the – so it may seem odd that Raja and Amanda are more interested in Andromeda and Triangulum, both of which are over 2. 5 million light years away. However, it is hard to view a galaxy from inside it. Imagine you want to take a photo of your school. To get a good view, you would need to stand outside the building. Would this be practical if your school was as big as the Milky Way? The edge of our galaxy is about 1 million light years away, so we cannot send a camera outside the to look back at it. Instead, it is easier to look at our neighbours. “Andromeda and Triangulum are both spiral galaxies like the Milky Way,” explains Amanda, “so they can give us an idea of how our own galaxy formed and changed over time. ” you ever used a prism to split white light into a rainbow of colours? Astrophysicists do something similar with starlight – they pass it through a narrow slit into a spectrograph which separates the light according to its wavelength. The amount of light from long (red) to short (blue) wavelengths describes the spectrum of the star and studying this spectrum (a technique known as spectroscopy) can reveal incredible details. The speed at which a star is moving can be determined by the squashing or stretching of its light to shorter or longer wavelengths. The dominant wavelength is a guide to the star’s temperature, as hotter stars tend to glow at shorter wavelengths. And, dips in the spectrum can reveal the star’s chemical composition. Raja and Amanda have been measuring spectra of stars in Andromeda and Triangulum since 2016, using the Keck-II telescope in Hawai’i. This telescope sits at the summit of Maunakea, a dormant volcano and a sacred site to the Indigenous community, so Amanda considers herself “incredibly fortunate” to use the facility for a few nights each year. Before a night at Keck-II, Raja and Amanda use images from the Telescope to identify the stars they want to track so they can point the Keck-II telescope perfectly. The team has now measured the spectra of thousands of stars in Triangulum to create the (TREX) survey. “Our TREX survey has raised more questions about Triangulum than it has answered! ” says Raja.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Natural selection can shape specific cognitive abilities and the extent to which a given species relies on various cues when learning associations between stimuli and rewards. Because the flower bat Glossophaga soricina feeds primarily on nectar, and the locations of nectar-producing flowers remain constant, G. soricina might be predisposed to learn to associate food with locations. Indeed, G. soricina has been observed to rely far more heavily on spatial cues than on shape cues when relocating food, and to learn poorly when shape alone provides a reliable cue to the presence of food. Methodology/Here we determined whether G. soricina would learn to use scent cues as indicators of the presence of food when such cues were also available. Nectar-producing plants fed upon by G. soricina often produce distinct, intense odors. We therefore expected G. soricina to relocate food sources using scent cues, particularly the flower-produced compound, dimethyl disulfide, which is attractive even to G. soricina with no previous experience of it. We also compared the learning of associations between cues and food sources by G. soricina with that of a related fruit-eating bat, Carollia perspicillata. We found that (1) G. soricina did not learn to associate scent cues, including dimethyl disulfide, with feeding sites when the previously rewarded spatial cues were also available, and (2) both the fruit-eating C. perspicillata and the flower-feeding G. soricina were significantly more reliant on spatial cues than associated sensory cues for relocating food. Conclusions/findings, taken together with past results, provide evidence of a powerful, experience-independent predilection of both species to rely on spatial cues when attempting to relocate food. Citation: (2010) (Glossophaga soricina) and (Carollia perspicillata) Rely on over Shapes and Relocating Food. 5(5): e10808. Raphaël Arlettaz, University of Bern, SwitzerlandReceived: January 13, 2010; Accepted: May 4, 2010; Published: May 25, 2010Copyright: © 2010 Carter et al. This is an open-access 1. statement All experimental procedures in this paper were approved by the Biodome and McMaster University's Committee and were carried out in accord with the guidelines of the for Animal Care.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The player with the best hand wins the pot, which is all the money bet so far. The best hands are made up of a pair of matching cards of the same rank and two unmatched cards. A three of a kind is a combination of three cards of the same rank and two unmatched ones. A straight is five consecutive cards of the same suit. A flush is five cards of the same rank but from different suits. Poker is not only a game of chance, but it can be a good way to learn about probability and statistics. It is also a great game to practice decision-making skills because it forces you to weigh risks and rewards. This can be a useful skill in many other areas of life, from business to personal relationships. The best way to become a great poker player is to practice and watch other players play. Observe the way they play and try to figure out their strategy. You can also try to analyze their mistakes and see what they are doing wrong. Then you can try to apply this knowledge to your own game and improve your own performance. Another thing to remember is that poker is a game of instincts. It is important to develop quick instincts by practicing and watching other players. Observing experienced players and imagining how you’d react in their position is an excellent way to build your instincts. It is also a good idea to do several shuffles before the game begins to make sure the cards are well mixed. 12/07/2024 by admin1989 How to lottery is a game of chance that gives players the opportunity to win life-changing jackpots. It is a convenient way to participate in lotteries from around the world, and it can be played from any internet-connected device. However, it is important to understand how the game works before you start playing. Read on to find out more about the rules, prizes, and risks of online lottery. The first step to play online lottery is to register with an approved site. Once you have an account, you can make a deposit using your preferred method. Most sites accept a variety of payment options, from credit cards to eWallets. Some also offer enticing welcome bonuses for new players. Make sure to check out the terms and conditions before you start playing, as these can affect your eligibility for bonuses. You can also sign up for a subscription service, which will automatically purchase tickets for you on a regular basis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telescopes help astronomers study distant galaxies and stars. [SEP] Text: Among the new mysteries is a group of stars in the middle of the galaxy that appear to be ‘misbehaving’. While most stars in Triangulum follow a beautiful, orderly pattern like a flock of birds, this unruly bunch are flying around in random directions like a swarm of bees. The strangest thing is that some of the disorderly stars are relatively young, so they have not yet had time to be disturbed. What has set these ‘young and restless’ stars into frenzied motion is unclear. Raja and Amanda are continuing to analyse the spectra of the stars to observe if their chemical composition can shed light on the galaxy’s history. Another odd thing about Triangulum is that its stars are arranged in an ‘S’ shape, unlike most galaxies of its size which tend to be arranged as a disc, like a dinner plate. Amanda and Raja are not sure exactly why this is, but suspect Triangulum may have been involved in a galactic collision. ? When two galaxies get close to each other, the stars in one galaxy will be pulled by the gravity of the other. This causes the galaxies to spiral around each other, in a ‘dance’ lasting billions of years. Eventually, they merge into a single galaxy, with a new shape and structure caused by the complex forces of gravity. Amazingly, nothing actually crashes into anything else when galaxies collide, because the vast majority of a galaxy is empty space. “It’s like having two cathedral-sized bubbles, each with a fly in them,” explains Amanda. “If you throw these bubbles at each other, the chances of the two flies hitting each other is almost zero. ” Raja was part of the team that created the first ever digital photo mosaic of the Andromeda galaxy, constructed by stitching together 57 images taken by a ground-based telescope. Subsequent spectroscopy based on wider area images led to the surprising discovery that Andromeda is five times bigger than previously thought. The team determined this by analysing spectra of bright points in wide area images to deduce if each point was an Andromeda star, a star in the foreground, or a distant galaxy in the background. Since then, astronomers have generated much more detailed pictures of Andromeda by combining high-resolution images taken by the Telescope. These new images held an even bigger surprise – Andromeda is heading straight for us.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: We placed these liquids in test tubes with their openings covered with fine nylon mesh (Figure 2B). In a pilot experiment, we found that naïve bats from our captive colony, like those tested by von Helversen and others [16], showed a strong preference for test tubes scented with dimethyl disulfide at the concentration that we used in the experiment. Procedure. The procedure was identical to that used in Experiment 1. Experiment 3 Subjects. Thirty adult C. perspicillata, maintained in the Biodôme de Montréal under the same conditions as the G. soricina that participated in Experiments 1 and 2, participated in Experiment 3. Apparatus. The experimental situation was the same as that used in Experiment 1 except new feeder locations were chosen. Procedure. The procedure was the same as that used in Experiment 1. Data Analysis. We used Wilcoxon signed rank tests to determine whether the mean percentage of choices towards the two previously rewarded cues were significantly different between Experiments 1 and 3. To maintain an overall alpha of 0. 05, we used an alpha of 0. 008 for each of the three comparisons of choice distribution that we carried out [24]. 1 Training tests. Most subjects rapidly reached the criterion of six correct responses in succession (20/30), while five of the remaining subjects required only a single retest to reach criterion, and all had done so by the fourth retest. Cue tests. Subjects relied heavily on spatial cues when attempting to relocate food. When choosing between location and shape, or location and scent, 19 of 20 bats chose the feeder in the previously rewarded location first. Subjects in these two cue-test conditions returned to that location on approximately 70% of their subsequent choices (Figures 3 and 4), significantly more frequently than they returned to shape (Wilcoxon sign-rank test: n = 10, z = 21. 5, p<0. 008) or scent (n = 10, z = 22. 5, p<0. 004). Further, during scent versus shape cue tests, when we had removed the feeder from the previously rewarded position and offered subjects a choice between the previously rewarded scent and shape, they often oriented towards the spot on the cage wall where the rewarded feeder had been located during training.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: You can select how many tickets you want to buy each time, for which game, and for how long. You can also choose to receive notifications when your winning numbers are drawn. This is an ideal option for people who don’t have time to constantly monitor the results of their favorite lottery games. The online lottery market is growing rapidly, with intense internet penetration boosting the popularity of these games. In addition, online games are becoming more user-friendly and secure, and players can easily access their accounts from anywhere. This makes the market more competitive, and key players are focusing on optimizing their products to meet the demand for online lottery games. To find a legitimate online lottery site, look for a valid license. This is a clear indicator that the site adheres to strict regulations and follows the law. It should also have a customer support department that is available to answer any questions you might have. Licensed lottery sites are also more likely to provide fair results than unlicensed ones. In addition, they will be regulated by a government agency. This means that they must follow specific rules to avoid being scammed by unscrupulous operators. If you have any doubts about a lottery site’s legitimacy, look for a license number on its website or ask the company for it. Lottery games are available on almost every website, but the best ones will be those that allow you to play multiple types of lottery games and compare odds and jackpots in real-time. They will also have a mobile version of their website that is optimized for all major devices. The US has a limited history with online lottery, but as the laws become more clarified and the technology becomes more advanced, more states will be likely to join the ranks. The only thing stopping them right now is the uncertainty surrounding the 1961 and whether it will apply to sports betting or not. Hopefully, this will be settled soon. 11/07/2024 by admin1989 Besar di Gacor Terbaru! Dalam dunia perjudian online, slot menjadi salah satu permainan yang paling populer dan menarik bagi para pemain. Slot online menawarkan kesempatan untuk mendapatkan kemenangan besar dengan sedikit usaha.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Telescopes help astronomers study distant galaxies and stars. [SEP] Text: Previously, we knew it was getting closer but had no idea it was on a collision course. The team Raja belongs to showed this must be the case by comparing two images, taken seven years apart, of stars in Andromeda against the background of distant galaxies. Raja likens this to “watching an insect creep slowly across your wall, using patterned wallpaper as a reference. ” The results showed very little movement left or right, up or down. The only conclusion is that Andromeda is moving in a direct line towards the Milky Way. However, the collision is not due for another 4. 5 billion years. By then, our Sun will have increased in brightness and made it too hot for liquid water on Earth, so it is unlikely anybody will be alive to see it happen. of Astronomy and AstrophysicsUniversity of of the movement of stars in the Andromeda and Triangulum galaxies (NSF), NASA/-the 10. 33424/285 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 high-resolution digital image of Andromeda © The spiral arms of Triangulum are clearly visible in this image of the galaxy © Observatory, which includes the Keck-II telescope, sits at the summit of Maunakea, Hawai’i Amanda at the Keck Observatory, where she and Raja collect spectra of stars in Triangulum and with one of the spectrographs at Keck-II that splits the light received from each star into its constituent wavelengths Amanda talks about her astronomy work to a class of school students over of the 2019 SIP students SIP students enjoy an evening on the beach at Raja with SIP students A painting Amanda did after snorkelling with a turtle A portrait of Raja’s daughter and niece made up entirely of written words and phrases My main interest when I was growing up was art. I loved painting and still do. My mother was a wonderful artist, as were my older sister and grandmother, so I was surrounded by strong artistic influences. I was also interested in sports and enjoyed both watching and playing lots of different sports. I liked all kinds of science when I was at school – biology, chemistry, physics. on Earth, an ecology documentary series narrated by David Attenborough, encouraged me to become a scientist, and trips to the planetarium inspired my love for the stars and motivated me to study astronomy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Again, as in Experiment 1, in the scent versus shape cue test, subjects in Experiment 2 seemed to remain interested in location, choosing the location closest to that where they had experienced reward during training on more than 60 percent of trials, and attending little to either scent or shape (Figure 5). Experiment 3 soricina, during cue tests of scent versus location and shape versus location, the first choices of Carollia perspicillata were highly biased towards location with nine of 10 subjects tested in each condition choosing the previously rewarded location first. The choices of C. perspicillata in Experiment 3 did not differ significantly from the choices of G. soricina in Experiment 1 during location versus shape cue tests (n = 10, location: z = 0. 72, p = 0. 47; shape: z = 0. 55, p = 0. 58), location versus scent cue tests (n = 10, location: z = 0. 49, p = 0. 62; scent: z = 0. 46, p = 0. 65), or shape versus scent cue tests (n = 10, shape: z = 0, p = 1; scent: z = 1. 29, p = 0. 2). DiscussionGlossophaga soricina relied heavily on spatial cues when attempting to relocate foods and essentially ignored the associations between a rewarding feeding site and a shape or scent cue in Experiment 1. Our results in Experiment 2 clearly show that relatively low salience of the scent cues used as stimuli in Experiment 1 was not responsible for the lack of reliance of subjects on scent cues when relocating food. Taken together, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicate that G. soricina is strongly predisposed to rely on cues of location and to ignore both scent and shape cues when attempting to relocate a source of food in situations such as those that we and others [14], [15] have examined. Possibly, sensory cues such as scents are used primarily at scales larger or smaller than could be studied in our experimental setting. For example, G. soricina may use spatial memory to reach known flower locations, then use shape and scent to find flower openings. Similarly, female Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis, Molossidae) seem to use a step-wise strategy when relocating their own pups amongst what can be millions of others.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Moon affects tides on Earth due to gravitational pull. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Get published My account Search all SpringerOpen 38. 08 ± 0. 19 mm/yr, corresponding to an acceleration of the Moon’s orbital mean longitude of −25. 82 ± 0. 13 "/cent2, as determined by the analysis of 43 yr of Ranging (LLR) data. The LLR result is consistent with analyses made with different data spans, different analysis techniques, analysis of optical observations, and independent knowledge of tides. Plate motions change ocean shapes, and geological evidence and model calculations indicate lower rates of tidal evolution for extended past intervals. Earth rotation has long-term slowing due to tidal dissipation, but it also experiences variations for times up to about 105 yr due to changes in the moment of inertia. An analysis of LLR data also tests for any rate of change in either the speed of light c or apparent mean distance. The result is (−2. 8 ± 3. 4)×10–12yr for either scale rate or –(dc/dt)/c, or equivalently −1. 0 ± 1. 3 mm/yr for apparent distance rate. The lunar range does not reveal any change in the speed of light. BackgroundThe gravitational attraction of the Moon at the Earth causes a tidal distortion of the oceans and solid Earth. The tidal bulges are not quite aligned with the direction to the Moon. The orientation of the bulges leads the direction to the Moon, because a delayed response is carried forward by Earth rotation. There results a forward acceleration on the Moon and a deceleration of the Earth’s spin; energy and angular momentum are transferred from the Earth to the lunar orbit. The Moon’s mean distance increases and its orbit period increases. Analysis of accurate laser measurements of the range between observatories on the Earth and retroreflectors on the Moon determines these orbit changes with 1/2% accuracy. The “Calculation of lunar orbit anomaly” paper by Riofrio [1] claims that the present 38. 1 mm/yr Ranging (LLR) value for the tidal recession of the Moon is 9–10 mm/yr too large because a decreasing speed of light causes an apparent increase in distance. To support this idea, evidence from geology, Earth rotation, and ocean model calculations are cited. We discuss the tide-related geological and geophysical evidence. We outline the LLR sensitivity to both lunar tidal recession rate and increasing orbit period (0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Spatial memory appears to be used first to locate the general area where a pup was left and olfactory and vocal cues are then used to identify an individual pup in the relevant area [21]–[23]. In all three shape versus scent tests, bats attended to nearest locations as much or more than rewarded sensory cues (Figure 5). It is thus likely that bats were still choosing feeders based on proximity to original location rather than scent or shape. Since both species relied primarily on spatial cues to relocate food, our results were unable to find any difference in use of sensory cues between the flower-feeding G. soricina and fruit-eating C. perspicillata. Further tests with additional species might determine the extent to which niche-specific strategies for associating particular cues with food rewards exist in bats. For example, Siemers [25] reported evidence that the insectivorous bat Myotis nattereri (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) can easily learn to ignore location and associate shapes with food. Theories of associative learning generally share the assumption that stimuli compete for control of behavior [e. g. 26]. Overshadowing [27] is one example of such competition. If two or more stimuli are simultaneously paired with a rewarding event, as occurred in the present experiments, it is often found that response to any one of them will be less than if that stimulus had been the only one paired with reward. Additional evidence of competition between stimuli for control of behavior can be found in studies of blocking [e. g. 28,29] in which the effects of overshadowing are enhanced by training with one stimulus before it is used as an element in a compound stimulus paired with reward. Such effects have been demonstrated in a wide range of both situations and species- fish [30], birds [31], as well as mammals [28], [29], and there is every reason to expect to see them in bats. The results of the present series of experiment, in which we presented bats with compound stimuli and spatial cues appeared to overshadow both scent and shape cues, are understandable in terms of this fundamental learning mechanism. Because we did not train bats on scent cues alone, and could not therefore compare the control of behavior of scent alone with that of scent as part of a compound stimulus, the evidence of overshadowing of scent by location is not conclusive in our results.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Moon affects tides on Earth due to gravitational pull. [SEP] Text: 352 ms/yr), and compare the recent values with older determinations. Analysis of LLR data also tests whether the speed of light is constant. Results and discussionLunar tidal acceleration and recession rateThe transfer of energy and angular momentum from the rotation of the Earth to the orbit of the Moon causes the length of day, the lunar distance, and the lunar orbit period to increase. By deducing this mechanism, tidal recession was predicted theoretically by in the late 19th century prior to its detection [2, 3]. By convention, the tidal increase in the lunar orbit period is presented as a tidal decrease in mean motion that is equal to a negative tidal acceleration in orbital longitude. Tidal acceleration was detected and presented by [4] and Clemence [5] in the last century from the analysis of optical observations of the Moon, Sun, and planets. According to Kepler’s third law, a negative acceleration in orbital mean longitude (mean longitude = mean anomaly + argument of perigee + node, and its derivative is mean motion) corresponds to a linear increase in semimajor axis. Tidal acceleration is frequently denoted by dn/dt and semimajor axis rate by da/dt. The third-law connection 2a dn/dt + 3n da/dt = 0 gives a first approximation. Some selected values follow: 1) Morrison and Ward [6] found a lunar tidal acceleration in longitude of −26 ± 2 seconds of arc/century2 (“/cent2) from the analysis of optical observations. Analysis of timings of transits of Mercury across the Sun from 1677–1973 allowed the changing angular rotation of the Earth to be determined separately from the lunar orbital tidal acceleration. Before accurate clocks became available in the middle of the last century, Earth rotation was a “clock” for celestial observations. The deceleration and other variations in Earth rotation needed to be determined with respect to a uniform physical time scale in order to determine the lunar tidal acceleration with respect to that time scale. The orbit of Mercury provided the uniform time scale. 2) Dickey et al. [7] determined a lunar tidal acceleration in longitude of −25. 88 ± 0. 5 “/cent2 and a semimajor axis rate of +38. 2 ± 0. 7 mm/yr from analysis of 24 yr of Ranging (LLR) data.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Still, the present findings are consistent with the notion that an overshadowing of scent and shape cues by spatial cues is a phylogenetically conserved trait in phyllostomid bats. The divergence of the phyllostomid bats into a wide variety of ecological niches suggests that they may provide an excellent model system for studies of the evolution of specializations in cognition [32]–[35]. It would be of interest to determine whether: (1) as Stich and Winter [15] suggest in phyllostomid bats, overshadowing of scent and shape cues by spatial cues might be less pronounced in insectivorous than in frugivorous or nectarivorous species of phyllostomids, and (2) prior training with scent or shape cues as signals for the presence of food would reduce reliance on spatial cues in nectar-feeding and fruit-eating phyllostomid bats when they attempt to relocate food. Page and Ryan [32] indirectly demonstrate that this is likely the case for the animal-eating phyllostomid, Trachops cirrhosus, when localizing frogs using their mating calls. In making predictions about the outcome of such experiments, it is important to keep in mind that foraging in rain forest understory, as do many phyllostomid bats, might provide strong general selection for attention to location rather than primary sensory cues while navigating through the environment. We found that both nectar-feeding and fruit-eating bats, born (or living at least 18 years) in captivity, exhibit strong reliance on spatial cues when foraging a relatively few times in a simple, small-scale setting. Taken together with Winter and Stich's demonstration of a similar reliance on spatial cues by nectar-feeding bats feeding many thousands of times in a more complex environment [13], these findings provide compelling evidence of a powerful, experience-independent predilection of the phyllostomid bats studied to date to rely on spatial cues when attempting to relocate food. 1. (2003) Use of position and feature cues in discrimination learning by whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus inornatus). J 117: 440–448. View 2. -(2004) Encoding of geometric and featural spatial information by goldfish (Carassius auratus). J 118: 206–216. View 3.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Moon affects tides on Earth due to gravitational pull. [SEP] Text: The lunar orbit and orientation were generated by numerical integration. 3) Chapront et al. [8] found a tidal acceleration of −25. 858 “/cent2 from analysis of LLR data. They used series representations for lunar orbit and orientation. 4) Williams et al. [9, 10] obtained a tidal acceleration of −25. 85 “/cent2 and a semimajor axis rate of +38. 14 mm/yr for the DE421 lunar ephemeris, which was derived from analysis of 38 yr of LLR data. DE421 was integrated numerically. 5) Williams et al. [11] determine a tidal acceleration of −25. 82 ± 0. 13 “/cent2 and a semimajor axis rate of +38. 08 ± 0. 19 mm/yr for the recent DE430 lunar ephemeris, which is derived from analysis of 43 yr of LLR data (18,548 ranges from March 1970 to December 2012). The agreement between the Morrison and Ward [6] result and the LLR analyses [7–11] demonstrates that optical observations, mainly occultation timings, and laser ranges detect the same tidal acceleration. The tidal acceleration value derived by Chapront et al. [8] shows that an independent approach and software yields compatible LLR results. The JPL results [7],[9–11] demonstrate that with increasing data span and improving uncertainty the tidal acceleration determination is stable. Ordered by decreasing contribution, the M2, O1, and N2 tides determine most of the tidal acceleration. But for eccentricity rate the order is N2, Moon tides, Q1, and M2, with the second and last being negative. The tide model for DE421 adjusted one time-delay dissipation parameter for semidiurnal tides, one for diurnal tides, and one for Moon tides. These parameters fit the tidal acceleration well, but were less successful with the eccentricity rate [10]. The model for tidal perturbations from tides on the Earth was improved prior to DE430 [11] to allow for time-delay shifts across the diurnal and semidiurnal bands. The DE430 tidal eccentricity rate is 1. 4×10–11/yr, with 1. 8×10–11/yr coming from tides on the Earth and −0. 4×10–11/yr from solid-body tides on the Moon.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the methods based on polarization and interferometry have never been tested on actual experimental data acquired from space. Different animal species, such as dolphins and bats, rely on echolocation for foraging and navigation11. Their bio-sonars characteristics and processing scheme share many similarities with the strategies being adopted in radar sounders design and operations. As an example, some bat species transmit linear frequency-modulated signals12 and adapt the time between each signal transmission according to the target distance13. When hunting preys, bats usually fly in complex environments such as canopies of forests. This suggests that their sonar system should be capable of dealing with unwanted echoes coming from the surroundings14,15,16. Moreover, big brown bats need to face a given prey with their mouth. This implies that their targets will always be oriented toward nadir direction. It is therefore clear that a radar sounder and a big brown bat share a similar acquisition geometry (Fig. 3) even if in very different scenarios. Bates et al. 14 made a major step forward in unveiling the processing scheme of big brown bats (Eptesicus Fuscus) that is associated with their remarkable clutter mitigation performance. The main concept behind the clutter reduction technique is to exploit frequency diversity. Big brown bats modulate two different harmonics over the same linear frequency-modulated signal. The pattern beam-width (i. e. , spatial distribution of the transmitted energy) is frequency dependent and narrower for the higher harmonic with respect to the fundamental one. Moreover, the signal attenuation due to atmospheric effects is frequency dependent too. By performing the ratio of the echo power between the two harmonics, big brown bats can predict the echo direction of arrival and range. Fig. 3Bats and radar sounder similarity in acquisition geometry. Similarity between a bats and b radar sounders acquisition geometry. In the bat case, side clutter echoes are coming from foliage, while in the radar sounder case are coming from surface features. For both cases, the target of interested is always located in nadir directionFull size image Here we successfully adapt and implement the big brown bats clutter mitigation mechanism to radar geophysical exploration of planetary bodies. We propose a clutter detection model inspired by the bats processing strategy and tailored to the specific case of radar subsurface sounding. This results in a model that provides simple physical conditions for which clutter ambiguities can be resolved.

Output: contrast


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Output: pass


Input: Claim: The Moon affects tides on Earth due to gravitational pull. [SEP] Text: This is an improvement over DE421 (0. 9×10–11/yr), but when an analytical eccentricity rate solution parameter is added to post-DE430 LLR analyses, then an additional rate is found and the total eccentricity rate becomes (1. 9 ± 0. 2)×10–11/yr. The extra eccentricity rate, in addition to the rate from our tidal model, implies that further dissipation-related modeling improvements are possible. There is further evidence supporting the modern determinations of lunar tidal acceleration and recession. Tides on the Earth have been studied with satellites. Altimetry measures ocean tide heights, and tidal attraction is determined from perturbations on satellite orbits. These studies separate the tides into different periodic components. For example, the largest semidiurnal tide is the M2 tide with a period of 12. 42 hr, and the largest diurnal tide is the O1 tide with a 25. 82-hr period. There are also slow zonal tides with periods of one month and one-half month. Tides raised by the Sun are about half the size of tides raised by the Moon. Lunar tidal acceleration is mainly caused by the gravity from Moon-raised tides on the Earth acting back on the Moon. Lunar tidal acceleration, computed from the satellite-determined tidal components presented by Lyard et al. [12] and Ray [13], compared favorably with the tidal acceleration of the LLR-derived DE421 lunar orbit [9, 10]. Williams et al. [10] found a difference of less than 1% between the two values. The DE430 tidal acceleration [11] also agrees within 1%. The lunar tidal anomaly paper [1] focuses its discussion on the semimajor axis rate da/dt, rather than the acceleration in orbital mean longitude. The LLR data analyses are more sensitive to the acceleration in mean anomaly, a near proxy for the acceleration in mean longitudea, than to the recession rate because the lunar orbit is eccentric [14]. Because there is a monthly variation of the radius of the lunar orbit, any perturbation of mean anomaly will cause a perturbation in that radius. For example, the tidal acceleration causes a −2. 4 m/yr2 t2 perturbation in the product of semimajor axis a and mean longitude perturbation, and an approximate +0. 038 m/yr t – 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Bats are blind and rely solely on echolocation to navigate their environment. [SEP] Text: This quantity depends on factors such as the shape and material of the target. A t is the target area, a large target reflects more energy back to the bat. Finally, α b(f n ) is the atmospheric attenuation constant, which greatly affects the amount of echo power received by the bat and sensibly increases with frequency18. The relevant parameters of the above equation are sketched in Fig. 4a. Fig. 4Bats and radar sounder acquisition geometry scheme. a Visualization of bats acquisition geometry assuming multi-harmonic signal transmission. The bats exploits a combination of atmospheric attenuation and antenna pattern diversity to distinguish clutter echoes coming from foliage. b Acquisition geometry for radar sounders assuming multi-harmonic transmission. The echo strength reduction in the subsurface depends on the transmitted frequencyFull size image The bats multi-harmonic scheme is reflected by modeling in the radar equation the transmission being performed at two different harmonics namely f 1 and f 2. Both harmonics modulate the same chirp signal (i. e. , linear frequency modulated) with equal bandwidth and pulse width. This is consistent with the bats transmission scheme presented in Bates et al. 14.

Output: contrast