Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: This research revealed the important roles of D2Rs in Drosophila larval olfactory learning and enriched our understanding regarding the mechanisms underlying the learning process. Materials and MethodsFly stocksAll fly strains used in this study are listed in Table 1 and Table S1. Flies were maintained on standard medium, which consists of cornmeal, yeast, dextrose, sucrose and agar in water. Flies were kept in a 12/12-hour light/dark cycle at 25°C. Canton-S genotype (WT) and yw1118 were used as wild-type. Strains carrying more than one transgene were constructed by standard genetic crosses with the w1118; CyO/Sco; TM2/TM6 multiple balancer chromosome strain. Strain UAS-Syb::spGFP1-10, LexAop-CD4::GFP11, LexAop-rCD2::RFPCyO; MB247-LexA::Up16/TM6B was made by chromosome swapping between UAS-Syb::spGFP1-10, LexAop-CD4::GFP11/CyO (II, second chromosome) and LexAop-rCD2::RFP (II). The D2R gene is located on the X chromosome, with 6 different alternative splicing products. The GFP-tagged D2R strain is inserted with a GFP gene in the second intron, generating D2R molecules tagged with GFP87,88. The D2R-miR strain produces microRNA recognizing the sequence across the third and fourth exons, which is not affected by the GFP insertion (Figure S4F). -GFP reconstitution across synaptic partners (GRASP) was used to investigate whether neurons formed synapses89 (Figure S2d). Half of split GFP tethered to the presynaptic synaptobrevin (UAS-syb::spGFP1-10) was expressed in one type of neuron using UAS/Gal4 binary system, and the complementary split GFP linked to a membrane protein (LexAop-CD4::spGFP11) was expressed in another category of neuron with LexA/LexAop.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The BODA method enabled the quantification of the magnitude of the gap between “the advantaged” and “the disadvantaged” groups is attributable to differentials in the specific quantifiable characteristics. The second component of the decomposition analysis is the “unexplained” part (also referred to as the structural component) which shows the magnitude of the gap caused by the differentials in the regression coefficients and the unmeasured characteristics between these two groups of children being compared. The methods used in the current study have been used in previous and related studies [13, 29,30,31]. ResultsSample characteristicsWe analysed data of 532,680 under-five children nested within 55,823 neighbourhoods from 51 LMIC who participated in the DHS between 2010 and 2018. The regions of the world, countries, year of data collection, numbers of neighbourhoods, number of under-five children, percentage of the uneducated mothers and the weighted prevalence of SAM among children of uneducated and educated mothers are listed in Table 1. The proportions of children whose mothers had no formal education ranged from 0. 1% in Armenia and to 86. 1% in Niger and a median of 20. 1% in Haiti. Table 1 Description of Demographic and data by countries and SAM prevalence among under-five children in LMIC, 2010–2018Full size tablePrevalence of SAM by countries and maternal educationWe found differences in the prevalence of SAM among children of educated and uneducated mothers in the 51 LMIC studied (Table 1 and Fig. 1). The overall SAM prevalence was 4. 7% with a median prevalence of 1. 8% ranging from 0. 1% in Guatemala to 9. 9% in Timor-Leste as shown in Table 1. The prevalence of SAM among children of uneducated mothers ranged from 0. 0% in Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Armenia and Guatemala to 12. 7% in Timor-Leste, while the prevalence ranged from 0. 1% in Peru and Guatemala to 9. 4% in Timor-Leste among children of the educated mothers. We used the test of homogeneity of odds ratio to test the statistical significance of the association between the explanatory variables with literacy level as an effect modifier. We found significant pro-illiterate inequalities in fourteen countries: Cameroon (p < 0. 001), Chad (p < 0. 001), Comoro (p = 0.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Гвоздичное масло применяется в стоматологии при пародонтозе, пульпитах и кариесе. Лопинавир может снизить скорость экскреции гвоздичного масла, что может привести к повышению его уровня в сыворотке крови.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: If synapses between these neurons exist, the split GFPs would form a complete one and be recognized by a mouse antibody (Figure S2a-c). ImmunohistochemistryAll staining processes were performed in 1. 5 ml Eppendorf tubes. Late third-instar (96-100h after egg laying) larval brains were dissected in dissection solution (300 mOsmol/L). Brains were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (. No. 15713) for 1 hour on ice. After three washes (0. 1% bovine serum albumin in 10m9647), brains were incubated in the blocking and permeabilization solution (0. 2% Triton X-100 in 10mM PBS with 5% normal goat serum; Triton-X 100, Sigma, T8532; NGS, Sigma-Aldrich, G9023) for 2 hours at room temperature. Incubation with primary antibodies was done overnight at 4°C. After three washes, brains were incubated in the secondary antibodies for two hours. Both the primary and secondary antibodies were diluted in the blocking and permeabilization solution. GFP antibody (Rabbit, Scientific, Cat. No. A6455, 1:1000), TH antibody (Mouse, Immunostar, Cat. No. 22941, 1:1000), goat anti-rabbit with green fluorescence (Invitrogen, 488 conjugate, Cat. No. A-11035, 1:1000), and goat anti-mouse IgG with far-red fluorescence (633 conjugate, Cat. No. 21052, 1:500) secondary antibodies were used. After three washes, brains were transferred and mounted in the Fluoro-Gel with (Sciences, Cat. No. 17985-10) on a piece of micro cover glasses (Sciences, Cat. No. 72200-41). Finally, the samples were covered with another piece of micro cover glasses. A seven-day staining protocol was used for staining of GFP-tagged D2R or GRASP, in which brains were fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde in Schneider’s insect medium (Sciences, Cat. NO. S0146) overnight at 4°C.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 047), (p < 0. 001), Ethiopia (p < 0. 001), India (p < 0. 001), Kenya (p < 0. 001), Mozambique (p = 0. 012), Namibia (p = 0. 001), Nigeria (p < 0. 001), Pakistan (p < 0. 001), Senegal (p = 0. 003), Togo (p = 0. 013), and (p < 0. 001) but no country has pro-educated inequalities as shown in Table 1. Fig. 1Risk difference between children from uneducated and educated mothers in the prevalence of SAM by countriesFull size imagePrevalence of SAM by children characteristics and maternal education2, we present the descriptive statistics of the characteristics of children across the 51 LMIC. About 51% of the children were males while only 20% were infants. About 53% of the children are from mothers were aged 25–34 years old while about 31% had no formal education. Nearly one-third of the mothers were unemployed at the time of data collection. The overall prevalence of SAM in the group of children whose mothers had no education was 5. 8% compared with 4. 2% among those whose mothers were educated. Haenszel test of homogeneity of odds ratio showed that all the characteristics considered were independently significant. For instance child’s age (p < 0. 001), child’s sex (p < 0. 001), maternal age (p = 0. 001), household wealth quintile (p = 0. 001), mother’s access to media (p = 0. 001), birth weight (p < 0. 001) and neighbourhood socioeconomic status disadvantage (p < 0. 001) had significant differences in SAM prevalence viz-a-viz mothers’ literacy (Table 2). Infants, male children and mothers at extreme age intervals; 15 to 24 and 34 to 49 had overall higher SAM prevalence. For wealth index, births of women from lowest wealth quintile had the highest rate of SAM within the “uneducated” group compared with those from richest wealth quintile (6. 8% vs 3. 4%) but the margins were closer within the “educated” group.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Однако следует учитывать взаимное влияние ЛП против COVID-19 с ЛП растительного происхождения и продуктами питания. Влияние лекарственных растений на фармакокинетику ЛП изучено недостаточно и представляется важным и перспективным аспектом деятельности по фармаконадзору.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: In the second day, the brains were rinsed and washed twice with PAT3 solution (0. 5% Triton X-100 in 10mM PBS with 0. 5% BSA), each for 1 hour. Then brains were incubated in the blocking and permeabilization solution (3% NGS in PAT3) for 2 hours at room temperature. Incubation of primary antibodies was done overnight at 4°C. On the third day, brains were rinsed and washed twice with PBT solution, then incubated in the secondary antibodies for five days. Both the primary and secondary antibodies were diluted in the PBTN solution. In the staining of GFP-tagged D2R, GFP antibody (Rabbit, ThermoFisher Scientific, Cat. No. A6455, 1: 1000), TH antibody (Mouse, Immunostar, Cat. No. 22941, 1:1000), and mCherry antibody (Rat, ThermoFisher Scientific, Cat. No. M11217, 1:1000) were used. For staining of antibody (Mouse, ThermoFisher Scientific, Cat. No. G6539, 1:100) was used. Goat anti-rabbit with green fluorescence (Invitrogen, 488 conjugate, Cat. No. A-11035, 1:1000), goat anti-mouse with green fluorescence (488 conjugate, Cat. No. A11029, 1:1000), goat anti-mouse with far-red fluorescence (633 conjugate, Cat. No. A21052, 1:500), and goat anti-rat with red fluorescence (546 conjugate, Cat. No. A-11081, 1:1000) secondary antibodies were used. In the seventh day, brains were rinsed and washed twice with PBT solution, and then transferred and mounted in the Fluoro-Gel with on a piece of micro cover glasses. Finally, the samples were covered with another piece of micro cover glasses. Confocal imagingAll images were obtained with a 510 (LSM510, Carl Zeiss, Inc. , USA). Under 40× and 100× objective magnifications, images were collapsed from confocal stacks of 1. 0 μm optical slices. Under 25× objective magnifications, images were collapsed from confocal stacks of 2. 0 μm optical slices.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Relationship between prevalence of SAM and magnitude of the educational inequalityFigure 3 shows the level of relationship between the prevalence of SAM and the magnitude of the inequality across the 51 countries in this study. The 51 countries were categorized into 4: (1) High severe acute malnutrition and high pro-illiterate inequality countries such as Timor-Leste and Nigeria; (2) High severe acute malnutrition and high pro-literate inequality was not found in any country; (3) Low severe acute malnutrition and high pro-illiterate inequality in countries such as Namibia and Kenya; and (4) Low severe acute malnutrition and high pro-literate inequality was not found in any country. In Fig. 3, colours cyan, orange and red were used to depict statistically significant pro-illiterate inequality, no significant inequality and statistically significant pro-literate inequality respectively. Fig. 3Scatter plot of rate of SAM and risk difference between children born to uneducated and educated mothers in LMICFull size imageDecomposition of educational inequality in the prevalence of SAMFigure 4 shows a detail decomposition of the inequality due to compositional effects of the factors associated with SAM among the under-five children. There were variations in the important factors associated with the educational inequalities across the 51 countries. The “explained” (compositional component) and the “unexplained” (structural component) portions of the educational inequalities are depicted by red and blue colours respectively; the lighter the red colour the lower the percentage contribution of the “explained” portion and the lighter the blue colour, the lower the percentage contribution of the “unexplained” portion. Fig. 4Contributions of differences in the distribution of the determinants of SAM to the total gap between children from uneducated and educated mothers by countriesFull size imageOn the average, neighbourhood socioeconomic status disadvantage and, location of residence were the most significant factors in most of the countries studied. In Senegal, the highest contributions to the educational inequality in the prevalence of SAM was by neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage, followed by the location of residence, wealth index and access to media. Wealth index and media access narrowed the inequality in the development of SAM between children from educated and uneducated mothers. In Togo, location of residence was the highest contributor to the educational inequality followed by neighbourhood socioeconomic status disadvantage and then access to media.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Выявлены интересные взаимодействия: зверобой продырявленный и ЛП на его основе способны вызвать индукцию CYP3A и снижение терапевтического эффекта при совместном применении с ЛП: лопинавиром, ремдесивиром, умифеновиром, нирматрелвиром; кардиотоксический эффект интерферона может быть снижен за счёт применения лекарственного растительного сырья, содержащего сердечные гликозиды; сочетание приёма феруловой кислоты с пэгинтерфероном альфа-2а повышает риск и тяжес

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Under 10× objective magnifications, images were collapsed from confocal stacks of 12. 5 μm optical slices. ImageJ software was used to remove other signals outside of the mushroom bodies, as the background noise in GRASP is strong. Larval olfactory learning assaysA single odor learning paradigm was slightly modified from previous publication17,18. In brief, 25 to 50 third-instar larvae (92–96 h after egg laying) were trained on a 2. 5% agar plate (100mm petri dish) covered with 2 mL of 1 M sucrose solution (SUC, Sigma, Cat. No. S1888) or 0. 1% quinine hemisulfate solution (QUI, Sigma, Cat. No. 22640). Distilled water (DW) was used as a control. An odorant pentyl acetate (PA, 10μL, Sigma-Aldrich, CAT. No. 109584) was placed on a small piece of filter inside the lid. After 30 minutes, larvae were rinsed and transferred to the middle line of a new 2. 5% agar plate. A small piece of filter paper with 2. 5μL pentyl acetate was placed on one side of the plate, while distilled water on the other side. After 5 min, the numbers of larvae in the two semicircular areas were counted and the response index (R. I. ) was calculated with the following equation (Figure 2g): Naïve Olfactory TestLarvae were transferred into the midline of test plates. 2. 5μL of odorant were added on one side and distilled water on the other side. The number of larvae in two semicircular areas were counted and the R. I. was calculated after 5 min. Naïve Gustatory TestA petri dish with a median separator was used. Both sides were filled with 1% agar, with 2 mL of distilled water on the control side, and with 1 M sucrose (SUC) solution, or 0. 1% quinine hemisulfate (QUI) solution on the test side. Twenty larvae were put on each side near the midline and allowed to move for 5 min. Gustatory R. I. was calculated using the larvae numbers on two sides90. Larval locomotion assayIndividual larvae were placed on the surface of a plate of 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Marital status, child age and sex, birth weight and employment status of the mothers did not show any significant contribution to educational inequality in the development of SAM in any of the countries. DiscussionThe goal of this study was to use the DHS data to decompose educational inequalities in the development of SAM across the 51 low- and middle-income countries. This study was carried out to improve the knowledge of the compositional and structural factors that are associated with educational inequalities in the development of SAM in the countries. The study is premised on the fact that SAM has continued to be a major public health challenge. The prevalence of SAM among children of illiterate and literate mothers varied significantly. We found significant educational-related differences that are better explained by structural and compositional factors which were nested both at the neighbourhood-level and the country-level. We also found wide inter-country differences viz-a-viz literacy level in the prevalence of SAM. The inter-country variations could be ascribed to the prevalent differences in individual country’s socioeconomic distribution, policies, strategies and existing level of intervention on child nutrition. Our findings are corroborated by some previous research which found similar differentials in the prevalence of SAM. In particular, the analysis in this study shows the unequal distribution in the prevalence of SAM between the children of the educated and uneducated mothers. This suggests the presence of educational inequalities in the development of SAM among the children. In 13 of the 51 countries, pro-illiterate inequality SAM was significantly prevalent but pro-literate inequality, although higher in 16 countries, was insignificant in any of the countries. Among the countries which had significant pro-illiterate inequalities, risk difference used as the measure of inequality in our study showed that 8 to 48 per 1000 of children whose mothers were not educated will develop SAM compared with children from educated mothers. Overall, there was significant pro-illiterate inequality among the total pooled sample of children in this study with 7 more children of every 1000 children of uneducated mothers developing SAM compared with children born to educated mothers. Educational attainment of caregivers is an important factor in whether a child develops SAM or not. Our finding aligns with previous studies which reported that children of uneducated mothers were associated with a poor range of nutritional outcomes such as stunting, wasting and malnutrition [7, 12, 17, 32,33,34,35].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Обнаружено, что база данных Drugbank не содержит сведений о межлекарственных взаимодействиях лекарственных растений с молнупиравиром. Список литературы 1. . COVID-19: an update on the epidemiological, clinical, preventive and therapeutic evidence and guidelines of integrative Chinese–Western medicine for the management of 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Chin Med. 2020;48:737–63. doi: 10. 1142/S0192415X20500378 2. Vellingiri B, Rajagopalan K. COVID-19: a promising cure for the global panic. Science of Environment. 2020;725:138277. 3. . Plants Metabolites: Possibility of Against the COVID-19 Pandemic. (Lausanne). 2020;7:444. doi: 10. 3389/fmed. 2020. 00444 4. Yang Y. Use of herbal drugs to treat COVID-19 should be with caution. The Lancet. 2020;395 (10238):1689–90. 5. é. Remdesivir, Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir remain active against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other variants of concern. 2022;(198):105252. 6. . Antiviral therapy for COVID-19: Derivation of optimal strategy based on past antiviral and favipiravir experiences. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2022;235:108121. 7. . Efficacy of favipiravir in adults with mild COVID-19: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled clinical trial. and Infection. 8. .

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 5% agar mixed with 1mL India ink. They were allowed to acclimate for 1 min, and then a video was recorded for 30 seconds using a Moticam3 digital camera (Motic) and Plus 2. 0 software. The video was analyzed by the MTrack2 plug-in (from in ImageJ. The path was recorded; scores were quantified as the length traveled per minute as previously described91. As the locomotion speed of DAN-c1 homozygous was slow, DAN-c1 × WT was used as the control group. Learning assays with thermogeneticsIn learning assays with thermogenetics, 25 to 50 third-instar larvae (92–96 h after egg laying) were trained on a 2. 5% agar plate (100mm petri dish) covered with 2 mL of 1 M SUC or 0. 1% QUI. DW was used as a control. An odorant PA was placed on a small piece of filter inside the lid. Training plates were put in a water bath either under 22°C or 34°C. After 30 minutes, larvae were rinsed and transferred to the testing plate. After 5 min, the response index (R. I. ) was calculated. Learning assays with optogeneticsIn learning assays with optogenetics, egg laying plates with 1mM ATR (all-trans retinal, Sigma, Cat. No. R2500) were used. All-trans retinal (ATR) is a necessary light-isomerizable chromophore for ChR2, which is not synthesized by Drosophila. 92,93 Around 50 third-instar larvae were trained in a 35mm petri dish with 2 mL of either 1 M SUC or 0. 1% QH solutions. DW was used as a control. During training, an odorant was placed on a small piece of filter inside the lid. To activate channelrhodopsin2, a LED (07040 PB000-D, wavelength 470 nm) with a power supply (power supply Model GPS-1830D) was used. The intensity of the blue light was 25 mW, measured by a laser power meter (Sanwa, LP1). After being trained for 30 minutes, larvae were rinsed and transferred to the middle line of a 2. 5% agar plate in 100 mm test plate.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: This finding has several implications; first, there is a need for LMIC to develop child nutrition public health policies, interventions and programmes that particularly inform and train uneducated mothers on the need to provide their children with adequate nutrition. Also, there is a need to increase the knowledge of mothers and households in general so that they can have a higher capacity to afford good nutrition for their children. Besides, governments may wish to subsidize children foods as a means of relieving a huge household burden of getting food for their wards. Nonetheless, such public health interventions should be all-encompassing. It should include health education and promotion, adequate communication, seminars, political will and the community and religious leaders’ participation. This is consistent with a report that prevention and long term solutions to the burden of SAM will involve “dismantling unequal power structures, improving equitable access to health services and nutritious foods, promoting breastfeeding and optimal infant and young child feeding practices, improving water and sanitation, and planning for cyclic food shortages and emergencies” [4]. It is very evident from our analysis that compositional effects of the additional explanatory variables explored contributed to the majority of the inequalities in SAM between the children of the educated and the uneducated mothers in Chad, Timor-Leste and Mozambique. While in Togo, and Kenya, structural effects of the identified characteristics contributed mostly to the educational-inequalities in the development of SAM. The decomposition analysis has shown that compositional factors including the neighbourhood SES, location of residence, wealth index and access to media were the greatest contributors to educational-related inequalities across the countries. Obviously, to attain a meaningful reduction in educational inequalities in SAM, there is a need to look outside the box and properly understand the connection among the structure, composition and context in which the children live. A wholesome approach should be used to address the challenges of educational inequalities in child health in general and in SAM in particular. This finding from our study underscores the advantage of enhancing both the compositional and structural characteristics if educational-related inequalities in SAM are to be reduced. Earlier reports on child malnutrition have clearly indicated the nuances of individual, community and country-level factors associated with child nutrition [2, 4, 8, 10]. We find interesting results in our attempt to map the relationships between the prevalence of SAM and educational inequality.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every plant has medicinal properties that are safe for human use. # questionable [SEP] Text: Аспекты безопасного применения лекарственных препаратов на основе лекарственного растительного сырья при COVID-19. Реальная клиническая практика: данные и доказательства. 2022;2(1):28-35. For citation: Taube A. A. Aspects of the safe use of medicinal products based on medicinal plant materials in COVID-19. Real-& Evidence. 2022;2(1):28-35. (In Russ. ) Просмотров: 1039 Контент доступен под лицензией Attribution 4. 0 License.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: A small piece of filter paper with pentyl acetate was placed on one side of the plate, while distilled water on the other side. Then the number of larvae in the two semicircular areas were counted and the R. I. was calculated after 5 min. Quantification of D2R knockdownQuantification of the fluorescent intensity of D2R knockdown was performed as follows. TH signals were used to define dopaminergic neurons, and the mean fluorescent intensity of GFP in each neuron was calculated with subtraction of the background. The mean intensity of DM1 was divided by that of pPAM, and the value in the knockdown group was subsequently normalized with the control group. Statistical AnalysisInformation for statistical analysis is provided in figure legends. Author contributionsQi. C. : Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft, Visualization, Qian. C. : Writing – Review & Editing, Steijvers. E. : Writing – Review & Editing Colvin. R. : Writing – Review & Editing Lee. D. : Conceptualization, Writing – Review & Editing, Supervision, Funding acquisitionAcknowledgementsThis work was partially supported by an NIH grant (AG065925) and an Grant from of Science & Technology (Institute), Seoul, Korea. CQ was a recipient of the SEA and GSR awards from Ohio University. We thank Dr. J Hirsh (University of Virginia), Dr. M. Wu (University), Dr. M. Zlatic and Dr. C. Eschbach (), Dr. M. Gallio (Northwestern University), Dr. A. Kopin (Tufts-Medical Center), Dr. S. Tanda (Ohio University), Dr. B. Condron (University of Virginia), Dr. T. Kitamoto (University of Iowa) for their kind gift strains. Declaration of InterestThe authors declare no competing interests. Supplemental informationFigure S1. GFP expression patterns in the larval CNS by GAL4 driver strains used in this study. (a-n) Representative pictures show the patterns of distinct GAL4 driver strains crossed with a UAS-GFP strain. (o) A representative picture shows the pattern of MB247-LexA driver (MB247-LexA::VP16) crossed with a LexAop-RFP strain (LexAop-rCD2::RFP).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Countries such as Namibia and Kenya had low prevalence of SAM and high pro-illiterate inequalities while countries such as Timor-Leste and Nigeria had a high prevalence of SAM and high pro-illiterate inequality. These variations can be explained by access to media, household wealth status, country-level policies and programmes for child nutrition, famine, war, internal displacement, political and economic instability. It is quite understandable that we did not find significant pro-literate inequality in any of the countries studied. An educated mother should engage in good nutritional practices for her wards. Our findings on the effect of neighbourhood SES on the likelihood that children of an educated mother have SAM are in consonance with existing findings [36, 37]. These studies showed that the odds of better health outcomes are higher among residents in high socioeconomic areas than persons who reside in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas [36, 37]. It is therefore important that the countries with high SAM and high pro-illiterate inequalities in SAM rework their child nutrition policies by taking a cue from countries with a low SAM and low pro-literate inequalities. For instance, researchers and health programmers in such countries may wish to explore the differentials in child health and nutrition in Nigeria and Kenya. Why is SAM higher in Nigeria than in Kenya even though both countries have pro-illiteracy inequalities? Study limitations and strengthsWe have used household wealth status as a proxy for household income as the DHS survey did not collect any information on household income. Hence, our findings may not be generalizable in countries where direct measurement of household income is available. While multilevel analysis has proved to be an efficient method for assessing disparities and to monitor health care indicators, Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis is not an alternative measure of causality. It, however, gives robust evidence of inequalities after controlling for the exposure variables. There may be a need for further studies to examine the influence and association of structural and compositional factors with educational-inequalities in the prevalence of SAM. Nonetheless, our study has major strengths. As shown in Fig. 4, we quantified the magnitude of the explained and unexplained factors associated with our outcome measure. The study covered 51 LMIC using the DHS data is reputed for accuracy and comparability across countries. ConclusionsWe identified that SAM is prevalent in most LMIC with wide educational variations. The occurrence of SAM was explained by the individual, household and community-level factor.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Animals have the same lifespan in captivity as in the wild. # questionable [SEP] Text: $0. 00 -for: Search $0. 00 -in Captivity you ever wondered if the song of the wild can truly extend the life of a coyote? Well, prepare to be intrigued as we uncover the mysteries surrounding the lifespan of coyotes in the wild versus in captivity. While you may assume that captive coyotes would have longer lives, the reality is not so straightforward. Join us as we explore the complex factors that come into play, from the harsh realities of the wilderness to the unique challenges faced by those in captivity. Get ready to unravel the secrets behind the lifespan of these fascinating creatures, and discover how their survival is shaped by the environments they inhabit. Table of Contents hide Lifespan and of Genetics on Role of in Impact on Influence of on Impact of Habitat on of to Behaviors and Longevity in of to this Lifespan and FactorsThe average lifespan of wild coyotes ranges from 3 to 5 years, with some individuals in urban or suburban areas living up to 10 years or more. Coyotes in captivity generally live for 10 to 14 years on average. Factors affecting coyote lifespan in the wild include competition with other predators, hunting and trapping, disease, and accidents like being hit by cars. Genetics have a less significant impact on coyote lifespan compared to other species. Availability of food can impact coyote lifespan, as a lack of food can lead to malnutrition, illness, and a shorter lifespan. The quality of habitat, including sufficient cover, water sources, and prey, can influence coyote survival and lifespan. Threats from human activity, such as hunting, trapping, poisoning, and road mortality, can significantly reduce coyote lifespan. Mitigating negative impacts of human activity and ensuring healthy ecosystems can promote the survival of coyotes. Coyotes are monogamous animals, typically mating for life and breeding annually until the end of their life. Coyotes establish and defend their territory, especially during mating season and raising their young, which can contribute to their survival and longevity. Coyotes are incredibly adaptable animals, found in almost every type of habitat in North America, and their adaptability contributes to their long lifespan. Coyotes use a range of vocal sounds and body language to communicate with each other, expressing different emotions and messages. Coyotes live in family groups, with a dominant breeding pair and their offspring, which can contribute to their survival and lifespan.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Blue channel represents neuropils marked by nc82 antibody. Driver strains in (a-j) were used in Figure 1d-m. Driver strains in (k-m) are strains used in supplementary Figure S3. 201Y-Gal4 (N) is the driver strain used in Figure 6. Scale bar: 200 µm. Figure S2. Controls for GRASP experiments. (a-c) signals were not observed in control groups. The first column shows the mouse anti-GFP staining (green) for GRASP signals, the second column shows MB lobes by RFP (red), and the third column shows the rabbit anti-GFP staining (blue) which only recognizes the spGFP1-10. (a) (mouse antibody, green) and spGFP1-10 (rabbit antibody, blue) can be recognized in the lower peduncle (LP) compartment (white arrows), in a larval brain expressing spGFP1-10 under TH-Gal4 and spGFP11 under MB247-LexA. Some strong spGFP1-10 signals outside of MB are also colocalized with GRASP signals (yellow arrowheads). (b) GRASP signals are hardly observed in a larval brain only expressing spGFP1-10 under TH-Gal4 (no MB247-LexA in this brain), while anti-spGFP1-10 signals are still strong (magenta arrows). (c) nor spGFP1-10 can be recognized in a larval brain only expressing spGFP11 under MB247-LexA (cyan arrowheads). Scale bars: 20 µm. (d) A Schematic diagram shows the mechanism of GRASP. Modified from Macpherson et. al. 89. Figure S3. D2R-GAL4 strains support the expression pattern of D2R. (a-b) Control staining for D2R-tagged GFP in Figure 3. The green channel represents GFP signals whereas magenta represents neuropils marked by nc82 antibody. GFP staining in WT (a). Secondary antibody only staining for the D2R-tagged GFP strain (b).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The overall significance of our exposure variable in explaining the difference in SAM prevalence is a pointer that education of the whole population, especially the girl child who is a potential mother, is very important to child health. The advantages of education in human endeavour cannot be overemphasized. The low- and middle-income countries must improve their tactics in child nutrition with the goal of eradication of severe acute malnutrition which would eventually reduce child morbidity, opportunistic infections and mortality. To address the educational inequalities in SAM, an urgent child nutrition intervention is a must in the low- and middle- income countries, especially in those identified as having pro-illiterate inequalities as better education among all women will close the gaps and reduce the burden of SAM generally. We recommend further studies of other determinate causes of inequalities in severe acute malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries. Availability of data and materials The data supporting this 358. Available from: Stunting, Wasting and Underweight in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Jun 21];14:863. Available from: Severe acute malnutrition [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland; 2019. Available from: Severe acute malnutrition [Internet]. Nutrition. 2015 [cited 2019 Jun 29]. p. 1. Available from: Improving estimates of the burden of severe acute malnutrition and predictions of caseload for programs treating severe acute malnutrition: experiences from Nigeria. Arch. Public Heal. [Internet]. BioMed Central; 2017 [cited 2019 Jun 29];75:66. Available from: Determinants of the Stunting of Old in Indonesia: A of the 2013 Health Survey. Nutrients. 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 21];11:1106. Available from: Determinants of stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia: a multilevel mixed-effects analysis of 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data. BMC Pediatr. 2019 [cited 2019 Jun 21];19:176. Available from: of the Prevalence and Causes of Malnutrition in Iran: a Review 101. Available from: P, Myatt M. Does treatment of short or stunted children aged 6–59 months for severe acute malnutrition using ready to use therapeutic food make them overweight? Data from Malawi. Arch. [Internet].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Animals have the same lifespan in captivity as in the wild. # questionable [SEP] Text: Coyotes have a shorter lifespan compared to some other canid species, such as wolves and domestic dogs. Wolves in the wild can live up to 10-14 years, while domestic dogs can live for 10-20 years or more. Factors such as size, genetics, and environmental conditions can influence the lifespan of different canid species. Domestication has led to longer lifespans for some dog breeds due to selective breeding and better healthcare. Understanding the lifespan of different canid species helps in appreciating their unique adaptations and challenges in the wild. Coyotes are considered highly active and intelligent, being the most intelligent members of the Canidae family. Their adaptability contributes to their intelligence and helps them survive in various environments. Coyotes make special sounds for communication and use them for various purposes. Understanding their sounds can provide insights into their behavior and help them communicate with other coyotes. Lifespan and CareTo understand the longevity and well-being of captive coyotes, it is important to explore their lifespan and the necessary care they require. Coyotes in captivity generally live for 10 to 14 years on average, which is significantly longer than their wild counterparts. This increased lifespan can be attributed to the controlled environment and the provision of proper care. Captive coyotes require specific care to ensure their health and well-being. Here is a table outlining the important aspects of captive coyote care:Aspect of CareImportanceAdequate DietProviding a balanced diet that meets their nutritional needs is crucial for their overall health and longevity. Veterinary CareRegular check-ups, vaccinations, and prompt treatment of any health issues are essential to maintain their well-being. Enrichment and ExerciseStimulating their natural behaviors and providing opportunities for physical activity is vital for their mental and physical health. Environmental EnrichmentCreating a stimulating environment with hiding places, toys, and opportunities for exploration can alleviate boredom and promote their well-being. Impact of Genetics on Coyote LifespanGenetics play a significant role in determining the lifespan of coyotes. While other factors such as competition with predators, disease, and accidents also impact coyote lifespan, genetic factors are important contributors. Research suggests that certain genetic variations can influence the overall health and longevity of coyotes. Studies have shown that genetic diversity within coyote populations is essential for their long-term survival.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (c-e) D2R-GAL4 strains support the expression of D2R in some DANs. The green channel represents GFP signals, red represents mCherry signals under D2R-GAL4 drivers, and blue marks DANs with TH antibodies. R72C08 labels three DM1 neurons (c). R72C04 labels one DM1 (d) and two DL2b neurons (e). (f-h) D2R-GAL4 strains support the expression of D2R in mushroom body neurons. The green channel represents GFP signals, and red represents mCherry signals under D2R-GAL4 drivers. R72D03 marks some MBNs in mushroom body (f). R72C08 labels some MBNs in axons (g), dendrites and soma (h). (i) D2R is absent in the core of mushroom body lobes, from a transection view of the lower peduncle. Scale bars: 200 µm (a and b); 20 µm (c-e, g-i), 50 µm (f). Figure S4. D2Rs in DAN-d1 and DAN-g1 are not necessary for aversive learning. (a-b) Dendrites and axons of DAN-d1 (a) and g1 (b) are labeled by DenMark (red) and sytGFP (green), correspondingly. (c-d) D2Rs are expressed in DAN-d1 (c) and DAN-g1 (d). The expression pattern of D2R is shown with tagged--g1 and d1 are marked by mCherry, and DANs are labeled by TH-antibody (blue). (e) Knockdown D2R in neither in DAN-g1 nor DAN-d1 impairs aversive learning. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S3. (f) The gene structure of D2R, the insertion site of GFP, and the D2R-microRNA targeting sequence are shown in a schematic diagram. Modified from Xie and Ho61.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: However, as this trial was conducted in adults in the USA, the extent to which these findings can be generalised to children in low-income and middle-income countries is questionable. Unfortunately, an analysis of notification data published in by and colleagues in 2022 found that COVID-19 has substantially affected childhood tuberculosis services, indicating that even if a vaccine was shown to be effective in children in low-income and middle-income countries, real-life administration to all children who need it would be difficult. Furthermore, according to Shane in their 2022 eBioMedicine personal view, research and development of new tuberculosis vaccines has been slow because of poor funding, another setback to vaccine provision that disproportionately affects low-income and middle-income settings. However, a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis published in by and colleagues in 2022 showed that the only licenced vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis currently, the BCG vaccine, protected infants and children younger than 5 years against all tuberculosis when results were stratified by age. Moreover, WHO announced in January, 2023, their plan to establish a new Accelerator Council. This council hopes to identify and overcome current issues in tuberculosis vaccine development. These commitments and developments are promising regarding increasing vaccination and reducing the burden of infectious diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. Although ongoing action and research make the future of immunisation look increasingly favourable, there is still a substantial deficit in the provision and administration of vaccines in low-income and middle-income countries. Global stakeholders should improve their collaboration with and support of researchers and clinicians in low-income and middle-income countries to establish safe and effective vaccines for children to reduce the burden of infectious diseases. Currently, African researchers are looking at ways to produce local vaccines, and the rest of the world should support this endeavour with funding and knowledge exchange. eBioMedicine welcomes all research and development in this field and encourages submissions from individuals from low-income and middle-income countries.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Animals have the same lifespan in captivity as in the wild. # questionable [SEP] Text: Higher genetic diversity can enhance their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, resist diseases, and maintain overall fitness. Conversely, reduced genetic diversity can lead to inbreeding depression, which can negatively impact the health and lifespan of coyotes. In addition to genetic diversity, specific genetic variations can also influence coyote lifespan. For instance, certain genes may affect their resistance to diseases or their ability to efficiently metabolize nutrients. These genetic variations can play a role in determining the overall health and lifespan of individual coyotes. Understanding the impact of genetics on coyote lifespan can be valuable for conservation efforts. By identifying and conserving genetic diversity within populations, we can help ensure the long-term survival and health of coyotes in the wild. Additionally, further research into specific genetic variations can provide insights into the biology and physiology of coyotes, leading to better management strategies for their conservation. Role of in Coyote LifespanFood availability plays a crucial role in the lifespan of coyotes. When faced with food scarcity, coyotes may experience malnutrition, which can lead to illness and a shorter lifespan. Additionally, the availability of prey impacts their survival as they heavily rely on hunting for sustenance. and LifespanThe availability of food plays a crucial role in determining the lifespan of coyotes, as it directly impacts their overall health and well-being. Food scarcity can lead to malnutrition, weakened immune systems, and increased susceptibility to diseases, all of which can shorten their lifespan. Coyotes are opportunistic predators and are known to have a diverse diet, including small mammals, birds, insects, fruits, and carrion. When food is scarce, coyotes may resort to scavenging or hunting smaller prey, which may not provide sufficient nutrition for their survival. In urban or suburban environments where food sources are more abundant, coyotes have been observed to live longer due to a more reliable food supply. Therefore, ensuring sufficient food availability for coyotes in their natural habitats can contribute to their longevity and overall population health. on LifespanTo understand the nutritional impact on coyote lifespan, it’s important to consider the role of food availability in their overall health and longevity. Adequate food resources play a crucial role in sustaining coyotes’ physiological functions and meeting their energy requirements. A study conducted by Smith et al. (2019) found that coyotes with access to abundant food sources had higher survival rates and longer lifespans compared to those experiencing food scarcity.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Scale bars: 50 µm (a and b), 20 µm (c and d). Figure S5. Knockdown D2R in DAN-c1 with a RNAi strain also impairs aversive learning. (a) Knockdown of D2R with D2R-miR in DAN-c1 impairs larval aversive learning when using propionic acid as the odorant. (b) Knockdown of D2R in DAN-c1 with a RNAi strain also impairs larval aversive learning when using pentyl acetate as the odorant, while knockdown of D2R in either DAN-d1 or g1 does not affect learning. (c) Knockdown of D2R with D2R-miR in DANs under TH-GAL4 impairs larval aversive learning when using pentyl acetate as the odorant. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, *p < 0. 01, **p < 0. 01, ***p < 0. 001, ****p < 0. 0001. numbers, see Table S3. Figure S6. Naïve sensory and motor functions of Drosophila larvae. (a-e) The naïve sensory and motor functions in larvae related to D2R-miR experiments. (a) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve olfactory tests toward pentyl acetate (PA). (b) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve olfactory tests toward propionic acid (ProA). (c) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward quinine (QUI). (d) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward sucrose (SUC). (e) No significant difference is found between strains and WT, except DAN-c1. So, larvae from DAN-c1 × WT are used for all behavioral assays (refer to i). (f-i) The naïve sensory and motor functions in larvae related to RNAi experiments. (f) No significant difference exists between strains and WT. (g) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward QUI. (h) No significant difference exists between strains in naïve gustatory tests toward SUC.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Review • Rev. Saúde Pública 45 (3) • June 2011 • copy How many low birthweight babies in low- and middle-income countries are preterm? Quantos dos recém-nascidos de baixo peso de países emergentes são pré-termo? Cuantos de los recién nacidos de bajo peso de países emergentes son pre-término? : To assess the prevalence of preterm birth among low birthweight babies in low and middle-income countries. : Major databases (1990. ÕES: A estimativa de números substancialmente mais altos de prematuros com baixo peso tem importantes reflexos no planejamento em saúde, uma vez que esses recém-nascidos demandam cuidados especiais. Todavia, os achados são limitados pela falta de estudos populacionais. Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso; Prematuro; Países em Desenvolvimento; Revisão : Estimar la prevalencia de recién nacidos pre-término entre los recién nacidos de bajo peso al nacer de países de renta media o baja. MÉTODOS: En consulta a bases de datos (1990. : La estimación de números sustancialmente más altos de prematuros con bajo peso tiene importantes consecuencias en la planificación de salud, ya que tales recién nacidos demandan cuidados especiales. Aún, los resultados son limitados por la falta de estudios poblacionales. Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso; Prematuro; Países en Desarrollo; Revisión REVISÃO How many low birthweight babies in low- and middle-income countries are preterm? Quantos dos recém-nascidos de baixo peso de países emergentes são pré-termo?

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Animals have the same lifespan in captivity as in the wild. # questionable [SEP] Text: This suggests that a lack of food can lead to malnutrition, weakened immune systems, and increased susceptibility to diseases, ultimately resulting in a shorter lifespan. Nutritional deficiencies can also affect reproductive success, as females may produce fewer offspring or experience higher rates of pup mortality. Therefore, ensuring a stable and sufficient food supply is essential for promoting the health and longevity of coyotes in both wild and captive environments. Predation and Food AvailabilityAdequate availability of food resources greatly influences the lifespan of coyotes by sustaining their physiological functions and meeting their energy requirements. In the wild, coyotes primarily feed on small mammals, such as rabbits and rodents, as well as insects, fruits, and plants. The availability of these food sources can be influenced by factors such as seasonal variations, habitat changes, and competition with other predators. Limited food availability can lead to malnutrition, decreased reproductive success, and increased susceptibility to diseases, ultimately reducing the lifespan of coyotes. Conversely, in captivity, coyotes are provided with a consistent and balanced diet, ensuring their nutritional needs are met. This availability of food resources in captivity contributes to a longer average lifespan of 10 to 14 years for captive coyotes. Influence of on Coyote SurvivalThe quality of the habitat has a significant influence on the survival of coyotes. A habitat with sufficient cover, water sources, and prey can contribute to their ability to find food, avoid predators, and reproduce successfully. Studies have shown that coyotes in areas with higher habitat quality tend to have higher survival rates and longer lifespans, highlighting the importance of preserving and protecting suitable habitats for their continued survival. Impact of Habitat on SurvivalHabitat quality plays a crucial role in determining the survival of coyotes. The availability of suitable habitats, including ample cover, water sources, and prey, greatly influences their ability to thrive and survive. Coyotes require a habitat that provides them with adequate resources to meet their needs for food, shelter, and reproduction. A habitat lacking in these essential elements can lead to increased competition for limited resources, malnutrition, and higher susceptibility to disease and predation. To evoke an emotional response in the audience, consider the following table:Habitat QualityImpact on Coyote SurvivalHighIncreased survival ratesModerateSome impact on survivalLowDecreased survival ratesThis table highlights the stark contrast in coyote survival rates based on the quality of their habitat.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: (i) There is a significant difference between strains in larval locomotion speed, and there is significant difference between DAN-d1, DAN-d1 × RNAi and WT, but these differences do not affect the learning ability of larvae. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. One-way multiple comparisons test. numbers, see Table S3. Figure S7. Over-excitation of DANs during learning impairs larval aversive learning. Third instar larvae with ChR2 expression in most DANs (TH-Gal4) were used. Activation of DANs during training impairs larval aversive learning (a), while keeps appetitive learning intact (c). No learning behaviors are observed in the control distilled water (DW) groups (b). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way multiple comparisons test, ***p < 0. 001. numbers, see Table S4. Supplementary TablesTable S1. Other strains used in this study. Table S2. N numbers of learning assays with thermogenetics. Table S3. N numbers of DD2R knockdown experiments. Table S4. N numbers of learning assays with optogenetics10. 1016/j. cell. 2014. 03. 0012Neve K. A. Seamans J. K. Trantham-Davidson H. 2004Dopamine receptor signalingJ 24:165–205 J. H2013Dopamine signaling in reward-related behaviorsCircuits 7 C. Nash S. R. Robinson S. W. Jaber M. Caron M. G1998Dopamine receptors: from structure to function78:189–225 A. Dunnett S. B2007Dopamine neuron systems in the brain: an update30:194–202 M. V. Antzoulatos E. G. Miller E. K2014Prefrontal dopamine in associative learning and memoryNeuroscience 282:217–229 M2014The ventral tegmentum and dopamine: A new wave of diversityNeuroscience 282:243–247 R. Benarroch E. E2014Dopamine receptor signaling in the forebrain: recent insights and clinical implicationsNeurology 83:758–767 J. M. Gainetdinov R. R2011The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors63:182–217 M.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: : La estimación de números sustancialmente más altos de prematuros con bajo peso tiene importantes consecuencias en la planificación de salud, ya que tales recién nacidos demandan cuidados especiales. Aún, los resultados son limitados por la falta de estudios poblacionales. Descriptores: Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso. Prematuro. Países en Desarrollo. Revisión. babies account for 27% of nearly 4 million neonatal deaths worldwide every year. 31 Those preterm babies weighing less than 2500 g are more likely to die. Infant mortality rate among preterm low birthweight (LBW) babies is five times higher than that of preterm babies weighing 2500 g or more,48 and that of term LBW babies. 68 The latter group comprises mostly babies with intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR). 30 Because of this much higher mortality, it is important to estimate how many LBW babies are preterm as they require special health care. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where most infant deaths occur, nearly half of all births take place at home without skilled care,57 and newborn babies are neither weighted nor have their gestational age assessed. Nations Children's Fund () and the Organization (WHO) have produced country-level LBW estimates using data from health statistics and surveys. 56 In relation to gestational age distribution, regional estimates of the overall proportion of preterm births were recently published. 8 The prevalence and number of LBW babies born who have either IUGR or are preterm in developing countries have been recently estimated by scientists of different institutions as part of the Maternal and Study Group. 10 They have estimated that more than two-thirds of LBW babies born in the developing world have IUGR, and the remaining one third is preterm. These estimates used a predictive equation derived from hospital studies carried out between 1964 and 1990. 9,13,59,62 There are reasons for questioning whether the equation derived from pre-1990 studies is still valid in the light of global changes in LBW and preterm prevalence.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Animals have the same lifespan in captivity as in the wild. # questionable [SEP] Text: It serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving and protecting natural habitats to ensure the long-term survival of coyotes and other wildlife. Role of Resources AvailabilityHow does the availability of resources in their habitat impact the survival of coyotes? The availability of resources in their habitat plays a crucial role in determining the survival of coyotes. A sufficient supply of food, water sources, and suitable cover are essential for their well-being and long-term survival. A lack of resources can lead to malnutrition, illness, and increased vulnerability to predation. Studies have shown that coyotes are highly adaptable and can adjust their diet based on the availability of prey species. However, habitat degradation and loss can limit their access to resources, resulting in decreased survival rates. Human activities such as urbanization, deforestation, and agriculture can negatively impact the availability of resources for coyotes, highlighting the importance of conservation efforts to ensure their survival. to Coyote LifespanHuman activities pose significant threats to the lifespan of coyotes in the wild. These threats include hunting, trapping, poisoning, and road mortality. Hunting and trapping activities can directly reduce coyote populations, leading to a decline in their overall lifespan. Poisoning, whether intentional or unintentional, can also have severe consequences for coyotes. Ingesting toxic substances can lead to illness and death. Additionally, road mortality is a significant concern for coyotes, as they often venture onto roadways in search of food or territory. Collisions with vehicles can result in fatal injuries. Studies have shown that human activity can have a substantial impact on coyote populations. For example, a study conducted in California found that human-caused mortality accounted for 49% of coyote deaths. These mortality rates can significantly affect coyote populations, as coyotes have a low reproductive rate and a relatively short lifespan compared to other canid species. To mitigate these threats and promote the survival of coyotes, it’s crucial to implement measures that reduce human-caused mortality. This includes promoting responsible hunting practices, implementing wildlife corridors or fencing to prevent road mortality, and raising awareness about the potential dangers of poisoning for both coyotes and other wildlife species. Behaviors and Longevity in CoyotesCoyote behaviors play a significant role in determining their longevity in the wild and captivity. In the wild, coyotes have an average lifespan of 3-5 years, although some individuals in urban or suburban environments can live up to 10 years or more.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: O. et al. 2019Dopamine: Functions, Signaling, and Association with Neurological DiseasesNeurobiol 39:31–59 S2010Dopamine reveals neural circuit mechanisms of fly memory33:457–464 J. Krause W. C. Davis R. L2008Olfactory memory traces in DrosophilaRes 169:293–304 H. J. Tong C. Tsuda H2010100 years of Drosophila research and its impact on vertebrate neuroscience: a history lesson for the futureNeurosci 11:514–522 S. Seto E. S2014Dopamine dynamics and signaling in Drosophila: an overview of genes, drugs and behavioral paradigms63:107–119 M2003Mushroom body memoir: from maps to modelsNeurosci 4:266–275 R. L. 2004Olfactory learningNeuron :31–48 K. Furukubo-Tokunaga K2005Induction of cAMP response element-binding protein-dependent medium-term memory by appetitive gustatory reinforcement in Drosophila larvaeJ Neurosci 25:7905–7913 K. Furukubo-Tokunaga K2009Distinctive neuronal networks and biochemical pathways for appetitive and aversive memory in Drosophila larvaeJ Neurosci 29:852–862 A. et al. 2016of and Memory in 12 W. G. Harris W. A. Benzer S1974Conditioned behavior in Drosophila melanogaster71:708–712 B. L. Bonini N. Dawson D. R. Quinn W. G1983Reward learning in normal and mutant 80:1482–1486 G. Davis R. L2001Molecular biology and anatomy of Drosophila olfactory associative learningBioessays 23:571–581 W. G. Dudai Y1976Memory phases in DrosophilaNature 262:576–577 S. Armstrong J. D. Kitamoto T. Kaiser K. Quinn W. G2000The amnesiac gene product is expressed in two neurons in the Drosophila brain that are critical for memoryCell 103:805–813 Y. Jan Y. N. Byers D. Quinn W. G.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: 25,29,51,65 Thus, countries with high prevalence of risk factors (such as low maternal body mass index and malaria) with a resulting high prevalence of term LBW are also more likely to present high rates of preterm LBW births. In addition, a number of studies7,23,28,45,50 show that preterm births are more frequent among poor populations. For these reasons, the current findings are more biologically and epidemiologically plausible than those from earlier studies based on data collected pre-1990, which showed little variation of preterm rates across a wide range of LBW prevalences. When we applied our curvilinear regression model to the national LBW estimates provided by 57 we estimated that 10. 3 million of the 20. 3 million LBW born each year in LMICs are preterm, compared to the 6. 6 million in the previous estimate. Thus, based on our estimates, 3. 7 million babies would shift from the term to the preterm LBW category. 10 Nevertheless, given the small number of community-based studies available for world regions where home birth delivery is the rule, any predictions of preterm LBW based on LBW must be interpreted with great caution. Also, the confidence intervals presented in Figure 2 points to the need of careful interpretation of estimates. Our study has limitations. The data was obtained mostly from hospital-based studies, as few community-based studies with information on birthweight and gestational age were available. However, this was also a limitation of earlier studies9,13,59,62 that produced the model for the currently used estimates. 10 Asia, the world region with the lowest overall hospital coverage of deliveries (36%),57 the five community-based studies included in the present review showed considerably higher prevalences of LBW (41. 6%) than those reported in the seven facility-based studies (25. 9%). In Sub-Saharan Africa, the two community-based studies showed higher prevalences of term LBW (11. 3%) than those in the remaining 13 hospital-based studies (6. 5%). One must bear mind these important variabilities when applying the results of our equation to obtain national or regional estimates of preterm LBW. The datasets ranged in size from a few hundred to over two million births. We were unable to find studies for every country, but included more than one study from the same country when available.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Animals have the same lifespan in captivity as in the wild. # questionable [SEP] Text: In captivity, coyotes generally live for 10 to 14 years on average. Coyotes’ monogamous nature, establishing and defending territories, and adaptability contribute to their survival and longevity. Mating for life and breeding annually until the end of their life ensures the continuation of their species. Coyotes’ ability to adapt to various habitats across also contributes to their long lifespan. They use vocal sounds and body language to communicate with each other, expressing different emotions and messages. Living in family groups, with a dominant breeding pair and their offspring, further contributes to their survival and lifespan. Compared to other canid species, such as wolves and domestic dogs, coyotes have a relatively shorter lifespan. Understanding the behaviors and longevity of coyotes helps us appreciate their unique adaptations and challenges in the wild. Comparison of to SpeciesIn comparing the lifespan of coyotes to other canid species, it’s evident that coyotes have a relatively shorter lifespan. While coyotes in the wild have an average lifespan of 3-5 years, some coyotes in urban or suburban environments can live up to 10 years or more. On the other hand, wolves in the wild can live up to 10-14 years, while domestic dogs can live for 10-20 years or more. The difference in lifespan among these canid species can be attributed to various factors such as size, genetics, and environmental conditions. Domestication has also played a significant role in increasing the lifespan of some dog breeds through selective breeding and improved healthcare. It’s important to understand the lifespan of different canid species to appreciate their unique adaptations and challenges in the wild. Further research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms that contribute to the varying lifespans of these canids. Erzsebet Frey(Eli Frey) is an ecologist and online entrepreneur with a Master of Science in Ecology from the University of Belgrade. Originally from Serbia, she has lived in since 2017. Eli has worked internationally in countries like Oman, Brazil, Germany, and Sri Lanka. In 2018, she expanded into SEO and blogging, completing courses from UC Davis and Edinburgh. Eli has founded multiple websites focused on biology, ecology, environmental science, sustainable and simple living, and outdoor activities. She enjoys creating nature and simple living videos on YouTube and participates in speleology, diving, and hiking. simplyecologist. com/about/Share thisnavigation← Previous Post→ Shopping CartTouch!

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Benzer S1976dunce, a mutant of Drosophila deficient in learning73:1684–1688 R. L. Dauwalder B1991dunce locus: learning and memory genes in the fly7:224–229 J. R. Skoulakis E. M. Han K. A. Kalderon D. Davis R. L1998Tripartite mushroom body architecture revealed by antigenic markers5:38–5128Saumweber T. et al. 2018Functional architecture of reward learning in mushroom body extrinsic neurons of larval Drosophila9 R. F2001Drosophila as a focus in olfactory research: mapping of olfactory sensilla by fine structure, odor specificity, odorant receptor expression, and central connectivityTech 55:284–296 A. et al. 2005Glomerular maps without cellular redundancy at successive levels of the Drosophila larval olfactory circuit15:982–992 A. M. Wang J. W. Axel R2002Spatial representation of the glomerular map in the Drosophila protocerebrumCell 109:229–241 T. Lee A. Luo L1999Development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies: sequential generation of three distinct types of neurons from a neuroblastDevelopment 126:4065–4076 Z. Davis R. L2009Eight different types of dopaminergic neurons innervate the Drosophila mushroom body neuropil: anatomical and physiological heterogeneityCircuits 3 J. Pandey R. Wasser M. Udolph G2011Orthodenticle is necessary for survival of a cluster of clonally related dopaminergic neurons in the Drosophila larval and adult brain6 C. et al. 2006Light-induced activation of distinct modulatory neurons triggers appetitive or aversive learning in Drosophila larvae16:1741–1747 K. S. Demchyshyn L. L. McConkey F. Forte M. A. Niznik H. B1995A primordial dopamine D1-like adenylyl cyclase-linked receptor from Drosophila melanogaster displaying poor affinity for benzazepinesFEBS Lett 362:131–138 K. A. Millar N. S. Grotewiel M. S. Davis R.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Among the 12 study sites, for example, five were from India, four from Bangladesh, two from Pakistan and one from Nepal. In the 15 Sub-studies, there were four from Tanzania and three from Zimbabwe. However, differences in sample sizes and clustering by country were accounted for in the analyses. When the weighted mean regional LBW arising from our analyses was compared with regional estimates, the differences were within 10% except for Middle East/where estimate of 14. 9% is considerably higher than the 6. 7% mean value seen in the studies included in this review. This difference is largely due to the fact that there were no studies from Sudan and Yemen where the estimated LBW prevalence is over 30%. 57 A second limitation of this study refers to inconsistent methods for assessing gestational age. Most studies relied on the date of the last menstrual period, alone or combined with physical methods and ultrasound, while in eight sites physical examination was the only method of assessment. It is known that the use of LMP alone overestimates both preterm and post-term rates,26 but these same limitations also apply to the previous estimates. 10,13 Four of the 15 Sub-studies were primarily related to malaria, a known cause of both LBW and preterm births. 51 This is consistent with the present estimates where the mean prevalence of both preterm LBW and term LBW was 8. 6% compared to 5. 8% and 6. 6%, respectively, in the other 11 African studies. However, in a region where 80% of births are in malaria-endemic areas,57,66 it does not make sense to exclude these studies from regional estimates. Low-income countries are unlikely to be able to assess the overall prevalence of LBW preterm infants in the near future, as most births will continue to be at home or in short-staffed health facilities. Our updated equation has considerable advantages over the existing ones that assume a linear relationship. Our model based on post-1990 studies estimates that preterm babies account for at least half of all low birthweight babies in LMICs. This finding that preterm infants account for a higher proportion of those with LBW than currently believed has implications for planning health interventions for this infant population, including skilled providers, incubators, and medicines. thank all colleagues who kindly provided additional information about their studies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: This asynchrony between PAN mineralization from CPM and sweet corn N need was also observed when a full N rate of CPM was used for sweet corn production in the field (Johnson, 2009). The authors observed high PAN concentrations in the soil before sweet corn five-leaf stage in 2 out of 3 years of the study. A combination of N mineralization before crop need and heavy precipitation leaching events could cause PAN loss and subsequently N deficiency for the crop. At the end of the study, PAN from the CPM was equivalent to the ammonium nitrate treatment, suggesting it was mostly available in the first growing season (Table1). Composted poultry manure N availability during the first year has been reported to range from 14% to 60% of total N applied (Muñoz et al. , 2008). However, mineralization was likely greater on the loamy sand soils of Wisconsin. Soil texture can affect manure or compost mineralization, with as much as 99% N availability from manure on coarse textured soils in comparison with 62% on silt loam soil in an incubation study (Griffin et al. , 2002). Environmental differences in temperature and soil moisture also may alter the availability among years (Gaskell and Smith, 2007). A secondary complication with using CPM for organic production is the high P content of manure. Applying CPM at a rate that would apply sufficient N to a sweet corn crop would overapply P. Soils with excessively high P concentration can contribute to eutrophication of surface water through surface water runoff (Correll, 1998). This suggests that the sole utilization of CPM for organic production is not an environmentally sustainable tactic and P content should be kept in mind when designing organic fertility management systems. The PAN concentration of the soil amended with 5-5-5 was similar from 28 to 112 d with only ≈65% of the total organic N applied mineralized from 5-5-5 by the end of the study (Table 1). This suggests that 5-5-5 would not completely mineralize during a growing season. This fertilizer also has nearly equivalent amounts of P and N, so it does not resolve the problem of P overapplication encountered with CPM. Furthermore, the actual N content of this amendment was 25% greater than the reported N content.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: L1996DAMB, a novel dopamine receptor expressed specifically in Drosophila mushroom bodiesNeuron 16:1127–1135 M. G. et al. 2002A Drosophila dopamine 2-like receptor: Molecular characterization and identification of multiple alternatively spliced variants99:14554–14559 D. P. et al. 2005Rapid, nongenomic responses to ecdysteroids and catecholamines mediated by a novel Drosophila G-protein-coupled receptorJ Neurosci 25:6145–6155 Y. C. Lee H. G. Seong C. S. Han K. A2003Expression of a D1 dopamine receptor dDA1/DmDOP1 in the central nervous system of Drosophila melanogasterPatterns 3:237–245 M. Pauls D. Han K. A. Stocker R. F. Thum A. S2009The role of dopamine in Drosophila larval classical olfactory conditioningPLoS One 4 Y. C. Lee H. G. Han K. A2007D1 dopamine receptor dDA1 is required in the mushroom body neurons for aversive and appetitive learning in DrosophilaJ Neurosci 27:7640–7647 S. Schwarzel M2016of a Type 2 Supports Anesthesia-Resistant MemoryJ Neurosci 36:7936–7945 M. et al. 2019Suppression of GABAergic neurons through D2-like receptor secures efficient conditioning in Drosophila aversive olfactory learning116:5118–5125 I. Kurshan P. T. McBride E. Jackson F. R. Kopin A. S2007Locomotor activity is regulated by D2-like receptors in Drosophila: an anatomic and functional analysis67:378–393 K. et al. 2017The complete connectome of a learning and memory centre in an insect brainNature 548:175–182 N. K. Tanimoto H. Ito K2008Neuronal assemblies of the Drosophila mushroom bodyJ 508:711–755 T. Kraft K. F. Technau G. M. Urbach R2012Origin of Drosophila mushroom body neuroblasts and generation of divergent embryonic lineagesDevelopment 139:2510–2522 M. et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: To examine the possibility of diagnosing the double burden of malnutrition using estimated deviation values in low- and lower-middle-income countries. modified version of the Tool was used. Data on 194 countries were analyzed, including data from the International Children’s Fund, Organization and World Bank. After conducting a Box–Cox transformation, deviation values were calculated. The degree to which the values deviated relative to a deviation cutoff value of 50 was assessed. Focusing on countries with low- and middle-income economic levels, we examined the utility of this tool to show characteristic nutritional problems in each country. deviation values had normal, distorted, bimodal, or trimodal distributions. In the lower-middle-income countries, almost all countries had values ranging from 40 to 60 for education and water environments (urban and rural), and the differences were minimal. However, different causes of noncommunicable disease-related deaths were considered, and the primary cause appeared to be related to lifestyle factors, particularly alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking. In comparison, the deviation values related to death among low-income countries also appeared to be related to differences in education and sanitation in urban and rural areas. study results can help to determine the status of nutritional inequalities and plan country-specific strategies to reduce the double burden of malnutrition. Citation: (2018) Diagnosing the double burden of malnutrition using estimated deviation values in low- and lower-middle-income countries. 13(12): e0208525. Bishwajit Ghose, University of : July 31, 2018; Accepted: November 19, 2018; Published: December 6, 2018Copyright: © 2018 Ishikawa et al. This is an open access 7. 0 mmol/L, 126 mg/dl, medication for raised blood glucose or a history of diabetes diagnosis), and mortality rates per 100,000 for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, cancers, and other NCDs. These variables were age-standardized unless otherwise stated. Calculating deviation values and data analysis Taking into consideration that most variables were not normally distributed and many had a bimodal distribution even after a log transformation, a Box–Cox transformation was used for all variables [16]. Following the Box–Cox transformation, all variables were normally distributed. The deviation values were then calculated by using the following equation: deviation value = (number − average value) ÷ (standard deviation × 10) + 50.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: Thus, if a grower applied 5-5-5 based on actual macronutrient content, less of the amendment would be applied and correspondingly lower amounts of PAN would be available to the crop. The PAN concentration mineralized from 11-0-0 was less than all of the other amendments in the first 7 d (Table 1). Significant mineralization occurred between 7 and 14 d of incubation and total PAN from 11-0-0 was comparable to the ammonium nitrate treatment by the 14-d sampling. Hadas and Kautsky (1994) reported that only 65% of the organic N in feather meal mineralized in an 8-week, 30 °C incubation study using a clay soil. This difference highlights the impact of soil texture on mineralization. Perhaps problematically, the N in 11-0-0 fully mineralized before crop need. However, 11-0-0 can be sidedressed during the growing season to better match N mineralization with crop need. The rate of PAN availability would closely match crop need if 11-0-0 was sidedressed just before the five-leaf stage (600–700 GDD). In a related field study, this amendment was sidedressed at the five-leaf sweet corn stage (Johnson, 2009). The authors reported similar soil PAN concentration in the treatment that used 11-0-0 exclusively as a nitrogen source and the PAN of the soil in the control (no added N). The sweet corn likely used the N as soon as it was mineralized from the 11-0-0. The results of this laboratory incubation study and related field study suggest that 11-0-0 is a good option for N management in organic sweet corn. However, this amendment is costly, so using it in combination with GrM may optimize N while reducing cost to the grower. Similar to the 5-5-5, the actual N content of 11-0-0 was different from reported. Rather than containing more than reported, the N content was 0. 08% less. Thus, if actual nutrient content of 11-0-0 had been used to determine application rate, we may have seen higher PAN over the course of the incubation study. Under realistic circumstances, this could have resulted in a grower applying less N than expected. This highlights variability in batches of packaged amendments that could result in potential N deficiency.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: 2002Embryonic and larval development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies: concentric layer subdivisions and the role of fasciclin IIDevelopment 129:409–419 A. et al. 2016in Larval Drosophila26:661–669 F. et al. 2003Targeted gene expression in Drosophila dopaminergic cells using regulatory sequences from tyrosine hydroxylaseJ Neurobiol 54:618–627 G. U. Cervantes-Sandoval I. Davis R. L2010Olfactory learning in DrosophilaPhysiology (Bethesda 25:338–346 S2013Reinforcement signalling in Drosophila; dopamine does it all after allNeurobiol 23:324–329 Y. Rubin G. M2016Dopaminergic neurons write and update memories with cell-type-specific rulesElife 5 M. et al. 2003Dopamine and octopamine differentiate between aversive and appetitive olfactory memories in DrosophilaJ Neurosci 23:10495–10502 Y. et al. 2012Three dopamine pathways induce aversive odor memories with different stabilityPLoS Genet 8 P. Worden K. Aso Y. Rubin G. M. Keene A. C2015A dopamine-modulated neural circuit regulating aversive taste memory in Drosophila25:1535–1541 C. et al. 2012A subset of dopamine neurons signals reward for odour memory in DrosophilaNature 488:512–516 C. J. et al. 2012Layered reward signalling through octopamine and dopamine in DrosophilaNature 492:433–437 N. et al. 2015Distinct dopamine neurons mediate reward signals for short- and long-term memories112:578–583 T. et al. 2018A for in Drosophila23:652–665 Y. et al. 2010Specific dopaminergic neurons for the formation of labile aversive memory20:1445–1451 C. Lee D2014Pre- and of Dopamine D2 Receptor DD2R in Associative LearningBiology (Basel 3:831–845 K. Hwang R. Y. Tracey W. D. 2012Optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits and behavior in Drosophila larvae7:1470–1478 E. S.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: The countries presented are Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Malawi, and Tanzania. Five example countries of the low-income countries were chosen because these countries showed the data of all indicators, had the most significant results, and were also the most diverse. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Country diagnosis by the deviation graph for Bangladesh. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 7. Country diagnosis by the deviation graph for Burkina Faso. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 8. Country diagnosis by the deviation graph for Cambodia. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 9. Country diagnosis by the deviation graph for Malawi. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 10. Country diagnosis by the deviation graph for Tanzania. Bangladesh, the deviation values were high at 62 for GNI per capita, 69 for life expectancy at birth, and were high for education and WASH indicators. On the other hand, the deviation value for low birthweight was low at 37 relatives to the deviation value of 63 for the maternal mortality rate. The deviation values for physical activity in women (29) and smoking prevalence in men (41) were low, which is not desirable. The deviation values of raised blood glucose and chronic respiratory diseases were low in men and women. Faso, the deviation values for total adult literacy rate and diarrhea-related deaths due to inadequate WASH in children <5 years old were low at 39 and 40, respectively. Additionally, the deviations values for raised blood pressure in women and diabetes in women were low. In Cambodia, the deviation values for the population using at least basic drinking-water, sanitation services were high. Similarly, the deviation value for life expectancy at birth was high at 71 also. In Cambodia, the major issues were alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking. In Malawi, the deviation values for stunting and being overweight at <5 years old were low at 40 and 36, respectively. The deviation values for cardiovascular disease and cancer rates in women were also low at 43 and 44. In Tanzania, the deviation values for alcohol consumption, obesity rate, and diabetes in men and women were low.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: Plant available N from the ammonium nitrate in combination with the pea and rye GrM reached a maximum by the 7-d sampling, while the PAN from the ammonium nitrate with alfalfa GrM was not maximized until the final sampling (Table 1). Because the PAN from alfalfa alone reached a maximum at day 14, this suggests that a combination with the ammonium nitrate potentially reduced the alfalfa mineralization rate. The total amount of PAN mineralized from the ammonium nitrate and the alfalfa at the end of the incubation study was in excess of a sweet corn crop total season N need. This reaffirms that the rate of ammonium nitrate could be correspondingly reduced to compensate for a significant alfalfa N credit of 80 lb/acre on this particular soil texture. The PAN of pea and ammonium nitrate at the end of the study was slightly higher than the total needed for a sweet corn crop but seemingly not enough to justify an N credit for the pea GrM crop (Table 1). Interestingly, when the rye was in combination with the ammonium nitrate, there was substantially less total PAN concentration at each of the dates in comparison with the rye in combination with the other amendments (Table 1), and moreover the rye and ammonium nitrate separately (Table 1). This was most likely attributable to the generally high carbon (C) to N ratio (C:N) of rye residue (although we did not determine the C and N of the rye residue in this study). The microbial community will draw any soil available N in the proportion to make use of available carbon, decreasing PAN in the soil. The C:N ratio of rye can range anywhere from 11:1 to 55:1 depending on the rye growth stage (Clark et al. , 1997). A C:N ratio of greater than 25:1 will immobilize PAN in the soil (Allison, 1966). Carbon and N analysis of a GrM before incorporation would help to determine probability of immobilization. Interestingly, there was no evidence of PAN immobilization from a rye cover crop in field studies that used ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer for sweet corn production (Cline and Silvernail, 2002; Johnson, 2009). Both studies attained optimal sweet corn yield, which would not have been possible if the N was immobilized and not available for crop use.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Olfactory receptors may operate through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Zhang F. Bamberg E. Nagel G. Deisseroth K2005Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity8:1263–1268 P. Felsenberg J. Waddell S2018Do the right thing: neural network mechanisms of memory formation, expression and update in DrosophilaNeurobiol 49:51–58 D. Waddell S2015Olfactory learning skews mushroom body output pathways to steer behavioral choice in DrosophilaNeurobiol 35:178–184 R. L2005Olfactory memory formation in Drosophila: from molecular to systems neuroscienceNeurosci 28:275–302 Y. et al. 2014The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learningElife 3 G. S. Marin E. C. Watts R. J. Luo L2002Development of neuronal connectivity in Drosophila antennal lobes and mushroom bodiesNeurobiol 12:80–86 M. Borst A. Wagner S. Byers D1985Drosophila mushroom body mutants are deficient in olfactory learningJ Neurogenet 2:1–30 Belle J. S. Heisenberg M1994Associative odor learning in Drosophila abolished by chemical ablation of mushroom bodiesScience 263:692–695 R. L2011Traces of Drosophila memoryNeuron 70:8–19 J. et al. 2011Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory memory retrieval in Drosophila14:903–910 D. et al. 2015Activity of defined mushroom body output neurons underlies learned olfactory behavior in DrosophilaNeuron 86:417–427 T. Fischer M. Schulz R. Heisenberg M2000Localization of a short-term memory in DrosophilaScience 288:672–675 S. M. Davis R. L2009Dynamics of learning-related cAMP signaling and stimulus integration in the Drosophila olfactory pathwayNeuron 64:510–521 L. R. et al. 1992learning and memory gene rutabaga encodes a Ca2+/Calmodulin-responsive adenylyl cyclaseCell 68:479–489 T. Louis T. Jindachomthong K.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: All the above-mentioned countries had similar economic situations, but the characteristic nutritional problems were different. There did not appear to be any country with nutritional problems during both the infant and adult age periods. DiscussionThe results of deviation value analysis among low-income or lower-middle-income countries showed that the more important nutritional issues varied by country, even among those with similar economic situations. In the lower-middle-income countries, the deviation values for most countries ranged from 40 to 60 for education and water environments (including urban and rural), and the differences were not large. However, different causes of NCD-related death were considered, and the primary cause of death appeared to be related to lifestyle, especially alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking. Comparatively, the deviation values related to death among low-income countries appeared to be related to differences in preprimary, primary and secondary schools education [18] and in sanitation in urban or rural environments [19,20]. In addition, nutritional differences were observed in early childhood during the newborn period among countries. These nutritional differences during the newborn and early childhood periods could potentially affect later health [21,22]. Although high-income countries were not aimed in the present study, results from previous research can be useful in considering the possible application of deviation graph research to those countries. Among high-income countries, the deviation values for high blood pressure and cancer-related mortality have been previously reported to be lower in Japan. Those deviation values have been shared among health staff and used to prioritize projects. Deviation graph results have also been previously used to provide guidance when promoting collaboration between departments on data analysis, and therefore, the use of deviation graph research could potentially lead to increased cooperation between health centers and hospitals [9]. We found the deviation graph tool used in this study to have the following characteristics. First, we proposed using graphs of estimated deviation values, which is an approach currently used at the prefecture level in Japan. This tool for analyzing local health inequalities can be potentially applied globally as a monitoring tool for diagnosing the double burden of malnutrition at the national level. This could be accomplished by using existing information published by and the that is related to under- and overnutrition-related chronic diseases. We suggest that analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the health indexes of different countries is possible. Consequently, this analysis can help to both determine the status of nutritional inequalities and plan country-specific strategies for reducing malnutrition.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: The apparent lack of similarity between composted BSG+PD(1:1) and BSG+PD(2:1) suggests a suppression of PD’s effect in the latter due to an unfavourable BSG-PD ratio. Again, composted BSG+PD(1:1) and BSG+CD(1:1) were not similar because of the expected greater mineralisation of the former than the latter to release P (Chukwuma et al. , 2024), and perhaps other essential plant nutrients. In amaranth production with BSG, therefore, there is a need to compost a mix of BSG with compatible animal manure in the suitable mixing ratio; otherwise, the desirable changes in nutrient status and physical and biological attributes of the mix that would lead to enhanced amaranth productivity may not occur. Composted BSG (representing BSG that was not complemented before composting) applied at a higher rate of 20 t ha–1 in the present study was mostly similar to the un-amended control. In a soil with high clay content in north-central Nigeria, amaranth yield was found to be higher in compost complemented with NPK-15:15:15 fertilizer compared with non-complemented compost which, however, out-yielded the un-amended control (Abayomi & Adebayo, 2014). Differences in soil texture, compost source and environmental settings between the cited research and this study may partially explain these seemingly conflicting reports. Treatment effects on some important fertility parameters of the soil (Ebido & Ndubuaku, 2019) showed that, for the immediate and the residual effects, there were reductions in exchangeable acidity to varying degrees and slight to moderate increases in soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available P and cations exchange in amended plots relative to the control.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: D 44, 3197 (1991); DOI: https:// https:// [8] S. Aaaronson and J. Watrous, Closed timelike curves make quantum and classical computing equivalent, Proc. R. Soc. A 465, 631-647 (2009); DOI: https:// (2008). https:// arXiv:0808. 2669 [9] O. Oreshkov, F. Costa, and Č. Brukner, Quantum correlations with no causal order, Nat. Commun. 3, 1092 (2012); DOI: https:// (2011). https:// arXiv:1105. 4464 [10] O. Oreshkov and C. Giarmatzi, Causal and causally separable processes, New J. Phys. 18, 093020 (2016); DOI: https:// (2015). https:// arXiv:1506. 05449 [11] M. Araújo, C. Branciard, F. Costa, A. Feix, C. Giarmatzi, and Č. Brukner, Witnessing causal nonseparability, New J. Phys. 17, 102001 (2015); DOI: https:// (2015). https:// arXiv:1506. 03776 [12] J. Wechs, A. A. Abbott, and C. Branciard, On the definition and characterisation of multipartite causal (non)separability, New J. Phys. 21, 013027 (2019); DOI: https:// (2018). https:// arXiv:1807. 10557 [13] Ä. Baumeler and S. Wolf, Perfect signaling among three parties violating predefined causal order, Proceedings of on (ISIT) 2014, 526-530, 2014; DOI: https:// (2013). https:// arXiv:1312. 5916 [14] Ä. Baumeler, A. Feix, and S. Wolf, Maximal incompatibility of locally classical behavior and global causal order in multi-party scenarios, Phys. Rev. A 90, 042106 (2014); DOI: https:// (2014).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Malnutrition remains a major issue in many low-income countries. [SEP] Text: Applying such an approach to diagnose malnutrition worldwide can contribute to building agreements in terms of priority areas for intervention and development. However, this approach may be limited because of variations in reporting among countries [11,12]. Only few countries have reported vitamin A supplementation and diarrhea-related deaths due to inadequate WASH in children <5 years of age, which makes it difficult to calculate deviation values for these variables. Because the deviation score indicates the relative position of a country among the countries included in the analysis, missing data of some countries could affect the scores of other countries. Therefore, deviation scores among various variables in a country should be compared while considering the included countries. The Box–Cox transformation is the best approach for dealing with this data and permits long-term monitoring of trends. Second, applying the described approach and using existing data published by other organizations may facilitate the monitoring of SDGs. This method facilitates identification of data types that are not reported at the country level [23]. Third, to ensure the high quality of data reported in each country, cooperation between international organizations is important. Despite these limitations, we could have explored some of these issues with the current data. The study would be valuable to countries that may want to analyze the situations in their countries using a global monitoring tool. Prior research has observed that a standardized tool for monitoring malnutrition that can be used globally is unavailable. The present study results indicate that analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the health indexes of different countries is possible [6]. Consequently, this analysis can help to both determine the status of nutritional inequalities and plan country-specific strategies for reducing the double burden of malnutrition. Further, in discussing the SDGs, all countries highlighted the importance of confirming their positions on global issues [24]. The analyses presented here may contribute useful information to all countries participating in the global effort to reach the SDGs [25,26]. Supporting informationS1 File. 1. Organization [Internet]. Geneva: Organization; c2017 [cited 2018 November 7]. Global nutrition targets 2025: To improve maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Available from: 2. . Global burden of double malnutrition: Has anyone seen it? Plos One. 2011 Sept. 6(9):e25120. pmid:21980384 View 3. . Conference on Nutrition. Conference outcome document: Framework for action [Internet]. Rome: WHO and FAO; 2014 [cited 2018 April 4].

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Organic farming often relies on natural fertilizers like compost and manure rather than synthetic chemicals. [SEP] Text: (37),2016] 판결요지 피고인이 트럭을 도로의 중앙선 위에 왼쪽 바깥 바퀴가 걸친 상태로 운행하던 중 피해자가 승용차를 운전하여 피고인이 진행하던 차선으로 달려오다가 급히 자기 차선으로 들어가면서 피고인이 운전하던 트럭과 교행할 무렵 다시 피고인의 차선으로 들어와 그 차량의 왼쪽 앞 부분으로 트럭의 왼쪽 뒷바퀴 부분을 스치듯이 충돌하고 이어서 트럭을 바짝 다시 피고인의 차선으로 들어와 그 차량의 왼쪽 앞 부분으�

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: https:// arXiv:1403. 7333 [15] Ä. Baumeler and S. Wolf, The space of logically consistent classical processes without causal order, New J. Phys. 18, 013036 (2016); DOI: https:// (2015). https:// arXiv:1507. 01714 [16] C. Branciard, M. Araújo, A. Feix, F. Costa, and Č. Brukner, The simplest causal inequalities and their violation, New J. Phys. 18, 013008 (2016); DOI: https:// (2015). https:// arXiv:1508. 01704 [17] S. S. Bhattacharya and M. Banik, Biased Non-Causal Game, (2015). arXiv:1509. 02721 [18] A. Feix, M. Araújo, and Č. Brukner, Causally nonseparable processes admitting a causal model, New J. Phys. 18, 083040 (2016); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1604. 03391 [19] A. A. Abbott, C. Giarmatzi, F. Costa, and C. Branciard, Correlations: Polytopes and Inequalities, Phys. Rev. A 94, 032131 (2016); DOI: https:// (2016). https:// arXiv:1608. 01528 [20] N. Miklin, A. A. Abbott, C. Branciard, R. Chaves, C. Budroni, The entropic approach to causal correlations, New J. Phys. 19, 113041 (2017); DOI: https:// (2017). https:// arXiv:1706. 10270 [21] J. S. Bell, On the Rosen Paradox, Physics 1, 3, 195-200 (1964); DOI: https:// https:// [22] O. Oreshkov and N. J. Cerf, Operational quantum theory without predefined time, New J. Phys. 18, 073037 (2016); DOI: https:// (2014).

Output: pass