Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: 2012; Liang et al. 2016; Xu et al. 2006). A puppet attack is a novel DoS attack that can result in preventing communication in an AMI network, as described by Yi et al. (2016). The intruder can designate any regular node as a puppet node and transmit attack packets to it. When the puppet node gets these attack packets, this node can be controlled by the attacker and can overflow the network communication capacity and node’s energy with additional packets. Instead of initiating an assault from a single source, another derivative attack from DoS in the power system is distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks launched concurrently from many dispersed systems (Raja et al. 2022). Time synchronization attacks (TSA)TSA is possible CAs on SG that target timing information. Some applications in SG require synchronous measurements, and the majority of measurement devices, such as PMU, may use GPS as a time source and Protocol (NTP) as a means of time distribution (Singh et al. 2015). In the case of GPS, the device synchronizes itself to the time reference received from a group of GPS satellites, while in NTP, the equipment clock operates as a slave device and adjusts its time to a reference received from a master clock device, which is equipped with an accurate clock. The most common protocol for NTP is the Protocol (PTP). Both systems have been demonstrated to be susceptible to TSAs through GPS jamming, spoofing, and software compromise (Jiang et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2013). Switching attacks (SA)A switching attack (SA) is a type of CA where the attacker discovers a switching sequence for the circuit breaker that induces instability in the phase angle (also known as the rotor angle) and frequency of the generator, compelling it to disconnect (Liberati et al. 2021). Coordinated SAs were proposed in Liu et al. (2011a, 2011b) where the transmission system is represented as a single-machine infinite bus system. This model includes a generator and a load linked to the bus through a breaker. In practical scenarios, a substation SA refers to the deliberate disconnection of various power equipment components, such as transformers, transmission lines, and buses, which are linked to substations via compromised local networks.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Hopefully, with more research like Nate’s, scientists will find ways for farmers to have high enough crop yields to feed the global population, while minimising the environmental impact. BoyerInstitute of of research: Sciences, project: Investigating nitrogenase expression in diazotrophs with the aim of improving crop yields in an environmentally friendly way Funder: US Department of Agriculture (USDA) This work is supported by Agricultural and Initiative grant no. 2021-67034-35148 from the of Food and Agriculture. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agencies. About biochemistry Biochemists study chemical processes and structures in animals, plants and microorganisms (such as bacteria and viruses). As well as working in medical, dental and veterinary areas, biochemical scientists can work in food science, pharmacology and agriculture. They might study anything from how an organism gets energy from food to how insecticides affect plants, to how diseases are passed down through genetics. “Biochemical research provides the opportunity to solve complex puzzles in a collaborative setting on a daily basis,” says Nate. What research opportunities will be open to the next generation of biochemists? “The amazing thing about research is that it’s a self-perpetuating system,” says Nate. “Our scientific understanding builds on the work of those who came before us, and the answer to any well-thought research question should allow scientists to ask more interesting questions. So, there are countless opportunities for the next generation of biochemists! ” What does a typical day look like for Nate? “One thing that I really enjoy about research is how variable a ‘typical’ day can be,” says Nate. “I may be in the lab performing experiments, on the computer analysing data or performing computational experiments, presenting my findings, or reading to stay up to date with rapidly evolving cutting-edge techniques. Some experiments require highly specific, expensive equipment, so I often travel to other labs to collaborate with scientists from different backgrounds, which I’ve always enjoyed. ” Pathway from school to biochemistry • If you are interested in becoming a biochemist, take classes in biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics at high school and post-16.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: 2008;12: 163–169. pmid:18329323 View 5. Moore A, Malinowski P. Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Conscious Cogn. 2009;18: 176–186. pmid:19181542 View 6. . Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Behav Neurosci. 2007;7: 109–119. pmid:17672382 View 7. . The effects of mindfulness on executive processes and autobiographical memory specificity. Ther. 2009;47: 403–409. pmid:19232573 View 8. Wimmer L, Bellingrath S, von Stockhausen L. Cognitive effects of mindfulness training: Results of a pilot study based on a theory driven approach. Front Psychol. 2016;7. pmid:27462287 View 9. . , Bishop SR. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and attentional control. Psychother. 2007;14: 449–463. View 10. . Attention in Novices: ERPs and Moderation by Neuroticism. Neurosci. 2018;12. pmid:30127731 View 11. Wenk-Sormaz H. Meditation can reduce habitual responding. Health Med. 2005;11: 42–58. View 12. Baranski MFS. Effects of Meditation on the of Inhibition, Shifting, and Updating. J Cogn Enhanc. 2021;5: 311–329. View 13. . The impact of a brief mindfulness meditation intervention on cognitive control and error-related performance monitoring. Neurosci. 2013;7. pmid:23847491 View 14. Polak EL. Impact of of on Attention. Dissertation. 2009. 15. . Does mindfulness training improve cognitive abilities? A systematic review of neuropsychological findings. Rev. 2011;31: 449–464. pmid:21183265 View 16. Gallant SN. Mindfulness meditation practice and executive functioning: Breaking down the benefit. Conscious Cogn. 2016;40: 116–130. pmid:26784917 View 17. . Cognitive effects of MBSR/MBCT: A systematic review of neuropsychological outcomes. Conscious Cogn. 2016;45: 109–123. pmid:27580462 View 18. Pickering C, Kiely J.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: This type of attack, by disconnecting the compromised substations, has the potential to introduce grid congestion, giving rise to various forms of instability stemming from subsequent events (Yamashita et al. 2020a). In response to the recommendations provided by the Corporation (NERC) regarding the implementation of anomaly detection features in IP-based substations, the research (Yamashita et al. 2020a) focuses specifically on IP-based substations and indicates that SA through intrusion into an IP-based substations network can be possibly executed through a local computer that has complete access to all breakers and controlled switchgear in the substation, or through a digital relay that has partial switching control of the circuit breakers in the substation. Moreover, Yamashita et al. (2020b) discusses how switching attacks that involve the opening of circuit breakers at substations can be potentially carried out through direct IP-based IEDs widely used in the SG. Furthermore, switching attacks have the potential to trigger cascading tripping events, resulting in the occurrence of blackouts (Yamashita et al. 2020a). Malicious command injection and malware attacksPopping the HMI is one of the disruptive CAs aimed against the SG that may be used to introduce malicious commands. In this instance, an attacker exploits vulnerabilities in the device’s software or operating system and installs a remote shell, which enables the adversary to connect remotely to the server from the adversary’s computer. The objective of this attack is to gain unauthorized access and control over the compromised system. By mapping harmful commands, Lin et al. (2018) examines the effects of control-related attacks on the dynamic reactions of a power system. CAs targeting SG systems include further malware attacks, such as logic bomb and Trojan horse. A logic bomb is an attack that is designed to execute a specific action when certain conditions are met and can result in system failure, auto-deletion of hard drives, data modification, etc. Dusane and Pavithra (2020). Trojan horse typically hides malicious malware as a nice software that the user is ready to execute (Namanya et al. 2018). Botnet (Liu et al. 2009), is a network of hacked remote control computers used to transmit malware, spam, and steal communications. Typically, botnets are installed covertly on the target computer, allowing an unauthorized person to remotely manipulate the target system for malicious purposes.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: • “There are many great educational resources on YouTube that can help you get a basic understanding of biochemistry,” says Nate. “I watched a lot of videos throughout my education. As you get started, it can feel like learning a new language, and sometimes it can feel overwhelming. If you keep striving to understand the concepts, fluency will come with time. ” Have a look at Khan Academy’s explanation of the nitrogen cycle. • Study for a bachelor’s degree in biochemistry or a related field such as biology, molecular biology or biomedical engineering. However, Nate recommends choosing the classes that inspire you. “Personally, I’ve found that my degree in philosophy, focused on advanced logic and philosophy of science, has been indispensable to designing effective experimental strategies,” says Nate. “Research takes all kinds, so my best advice would be to follow your passion and keep an eye open for where your expertise fits in. ” • Try to gain laboratory experience whenever you can, such as through a summer placement at a university or an internship at a pharmaceutical company. To work in research, you will need to complete a master’s degree and a PhD after your bachelor’s degree. • “Taking any computer science classes will position you well to make use of machine learning and other computational tools that are revolutionising the field of biochemistry,” says Nate. • If you are a high schooler in the US and come from a community, have a look at University’s ‘College Leaders’ (EXCEL) programme, which allows students to conduct their own mini biochemical project. Explore careers in biochemistry • has some great information on the field of biochemistry, as well as information on the differences between working in academia, industry, government or for a non-profit organisation. • The US Bureau of has a useful page on what being a biochemist involves, as well as a list of similar occupations. • According to Payscale. com, the average annual salary for a biochemist in the US is around $70,000. Who or what inspired you to become a scientist? I’ve always wanted to be a scientist. was 5 years old, my parents got my older brother a chemistry set for Christmas, and, even though I was well below the age recommendation, I was far more excited about this gift than he was.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: While it is easy to empathize with and give aid to close, similar others, such as family and friends, it can be difficult to extend prosociality toward strangers who are perceived as “psychologically distant” from and/or dissimilar to oneself (e. g. , Kurzban et al. , 2015). In intergroup contexts, empathy and prosocial behavior are often shown preferentially toward one’s social in-group over social out-group members (called parochial empathy; Bruneau et al. , 2015; Cikara et al. , 2011). Parochial empathy can have deleterious consequences for collective well-being, including taking pleasure in out-group members’ pain (Cikara et al. , 2014) and even intergroup conflict (Cikara et al. , 2014). The consequences of parochial empathy point to the need to overcome it as a barrier to prosociality when it is most difficult—in intergroup contexts marked by conflict and animosity. Meditation refers to a family of practices that entail self-regulation of mental capacities such as attention, emotion, and memory (e. g. , Tang et al. , 2015). Social psychological and contemplative theory has long posited that these forms of regulation via meditation (or other psychological interventions) are critical for empathy and kindness to grow (Davidson & Harrington, 2002; Decety & Jackson, 2004). On the surface, compassion meditation seems most obviously linked to empathy and prosocial behavior, as it includes explicit instruction to cultivate compassion toward others (Lippelt et al. , 2014), and indeed, it appears to do so. For example, a form of compassion meditation called loving-kindness meditation has been shown to enhance helping behavior (Leiberg et al. , 2011; Weng et al. , 2013). Loving-kindness meditation has also been shown to reduce implicit biases in social cognition, and this reduction was due in part to positive other-regarding emotions (Kang et al. , 2014; Stell & Farsides, 2016). Previous research has also demonstrated that mindfulness meditation can promote prosocial responses in various interpersonal contexts, despite the lack of explicit compassion-based instructions (e. g. , Berry et al. , 2018; Hafenbrack et al. , 2020; Iwamoto et al. , 2020; Tan et al. , 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: Attack classification based on target pointsOne critical aspect of protecting the SG is identifying potential points of access for cyber attackers. In this context, attack classification based on target points is an essential tool for assessing the vulnerability of the SG. Various components of the SG can be targeted by cyber attackers, such as measuring devices, systems, communication technologies in WAN, the power markets, the service providers, and the customer as shown in Fig. 4. Each of these components has unique vulnerabilities that can be exploited by attackers, which can lead to severe consequences for the power system. This section provides an overview of the potential CAs that could be launched against each component. Fig. 4Attack points in the smart gridFull size imageCustomerTo build a network, the equipment in the customer domain used widely wireless technology for information exchange between entities. As demonstrated in Lounis and Zulkernine (2020) wireless networks are vulnerable to DoS, MiTM, and spoofing attacks. An attacker may be able to intercept wireless communications if unauthorized eavesdropping occurs on the communication channels or compromise vulnerable meters and arbitrarily alter their readings. Through intercepting, an adversary can obtain information, such as a consumer’s power consumption, and deduce the consumer’s daily routine, and personal information and pose grave risks to the privacy of customers. This domain also consists of a smart charging management system (SCMS) that optimizes the charging of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and offers various grid services. The 37. 118 and IEC 61850-90-5 are widely recognized as two of the most popular PMU communication frameworks. The vulnerabilities associated with the IEEE C37. 118. 2 communication protocol can lead to various types of CAs, including Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks (Farooq et al. 2018). Additionally, PMUs are highly vulnerable to TSAs, where an attacker compromises the time reference of a group of PMUs, enabling them to manipulate the phase angle of the recorded phasors. This manipulation can have severe consequences on the operation and control of the grid (Zhang et al. 2013; Shereen et al. 2022). Furthermore, the propagation of tampered substations within a WAN has the potential to impact all synchronized substations, resulting in inaccurate metering, disruptions to state estimation, and significant socio-economic or operational impacts (Wang et al. 2017).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: So, my parents spent a lot of time supervising me while I mixed the colourful chemicals, and ever since then, I’ve wanted to be a researcher. Coming from a small, rural town, I didn’t really have any examples of scientists growing up, but I was fortunate to have the support of family, friends and mentors who have all encouraged me to find what I want to do and pursue it. It wasn’t until the summer after my second year at the University of Missouri that I had the opportunity to participate in research. Assuredly, I am in this position today because of the mentorship of Baker and Braun, who both believed in me and provided me with the opportunity to chase my curiosity. What experiences have shaped your career path? My biggest eureka moment, so far, was probably looking at the model of the NifL protein structure I created. To build the model, I had to bring together knowledge from 30 years of scientific literature and integrate this with newer bioinformatic techniques. It was like putting together a 5,000-piece jigsaw puzzle! The whole process took several months, but when everything fell into place, it revealed a picture that showed us so much more than we thought we knew at the time. What has been the worst advice you have been given? “Drop philosophy – you’ll never use it. ” “Give the problem time – it’ll figure itself out. ” What attributes have made you successful as a scientist? Curiosity and persistence. I’ve always been curious about biology and what makes organisms functional and adaptable, and it’s this curiosity that pulled me in initially. Research can be slow and difficult though, and success requires persistence and hard work. What are your proudest career achievements so far? My proudest achievement is independently securing funding for my graduate research by applying for and being awarded the US Department of - Doctoral fellowship. Nate’s top tips 1. Believe in yourself and don’t be afraid to fail. graduated high school, I honestly didn’t think I was capable of understanding chemistry, and the fear of failure associated with this delayed me from pursuing a position in research. You’re capable of more than you think you are. 2. Follow your passion. Success requires hard work, but if you follow your passion, the work will be fun along the way.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: That mindfulness predicted prosocial behavior but not parochial empathy when controlling for all covariates suggests that empathy may not be a reliable mechanism in intergroup prosociality (but see Berry et al. , 2018). Future research should examine social cognitive mechanisms mutable to mindfulness including social categorization (Pinazo & Breso, 2017), attribution (Tincher et al. , 2016), and implicit attitude bias (Lueke & Gibson, 2015). In designing conflict resolution interventions, researchers should be cognizant of the behaviors and emotions they intend their trainees to emit; in doing so, researchers may wish to design interventions to highlight active ingredients like mindfulness meditation that changes intergroup prosocial behavior, and compassion meditation that reduces parochial empathy. Most importantly, further research is needed to show whether longer-term mindfulness-based and compassion-based interventions impact parochial empathy and prosocial behavior. There is one additional finding in this study that diverged from previous research. Contrary to research upon which this study’s procedure was constructed (Bruneau et al. , 2017), the present results showed that parochial empathy predicted out-group altruism but was not a predictor of support for out-group immigration after accounting for the well-established role of trait empathic concern in prosocial outcomes. One explanation for this result is that participants in this study showed very little parochial empathy, making it less likely that parochial empathy could affect prosocial behavioral outcomes. Eight items measured in-group empathy and 8 items measured out-group empathy (Bruneau et al. , 2017). In past research, parochial empathy has been calculated as in-group empathy score minus out-group empathy score. Greater parochial empathy would be indicated by higher positive values (maximum difference score = eight). Average scores for parochial empathy in the total sample were very close to zero, indicating that participants in this study reported a similar amount of empathy for in-group and out-group members. Another explanation for these results is that the parochial empathy measure in this study measured experience or emotional sharing (i. e. , sharing emotions that are congruent with the target’s emotions) for in-group and out-group members. Past research has shown that mindfulness enhances state empathic concern and that state empathic concern was a significant mediator between mindfulness and prosocial behavior toward ostracized strangers (Berry et al.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: Automated generation control (AGC)AGC depends on the SCADA telemetry system to provide tie-line and frequency measurements. A CA on AGC could result in significant consequences for system frequency, stability, and economic operation. The primary controller of AGC is vulnerable to the Aurora attack (Zeller 2011), wherein an attacker could quickly open and close the circuit breakers of a generator, causing it to become desynchronized and eventually damaged if the timing of such actions falls within a critical time window. The main resources targeted by the DoS attack are the communication channels (linking RTU/PMU and the control center, and connecting the control center and governor). DoS attacks can delay the transfer of measurement data to the control center, impact the updating of the control command from the control center, and delay the control signals given to the actuator, so degrading the performance of the power system (Li et al. 2019). Another attack capable of corrupting the LFC system’s functionality, the main component of AGC can be launched by distorting data (e. g. , FDIA) (Abbaspour et al. 2019) or by injecting delays (e. g. TDA Sargolzaei et al. 2013, 2014) into the telemetered measurement states or control signals. Further, the local control loops of the AVR and governor control are independent of the SCADA telemetry infrastructure as they rely on local sensing of the terminal voltage and rotor speed. However, these control loops are still susceptible to malware that may infiltrate the substation via other entry points, like USB keys. Solutions and countermeasures for cybersecurity in SG categorized based on NIST frameworkToday, cybersecurity threats have become more frequent and sophisticated, necessitating the implementation of effective risk management strategies by organizations. Utilizing a standardized framework for managing cybersecurity risks is a crucial method for achieving this objective. is a well-recognized and valuable tool that organizations from a variety of industries have adopted to enhance their cybersecurity risk management (Standards 2021). It provides a comprehensive set of best practices and guidelines for successfully addressing cybersecurity risks. The three primary components of this framework are Core, Implementation Tiers, and Profiles. As shown in Fig. 5, the Core consists of five concurrent and continuous functions (Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, and Recover). It provides a strategic perspective on the cybersecurity risk management approach of an organization.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: of for to & Inclusion Statement/Code of News and this journal Search all journals of for to & Inclusion Statement/Code of News and this journal Search all journals HortDate: 01 Jun 2021 Online ISSN: 2327-9834 Advertisement 1. Spinach plant growth responses to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5. Individual charts are (a) fresh shoot mass, (b) fresh root mass, (c) dry shoot mass, (d) dry root mass, and (e) leaf count per plant after 3 weeks. Means of 10 sample plants of two trials are shown. All responses were significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) and expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –1. 82 x2 + 21. 6 × –56. 6; (b) y = –1. 15 x2 + 12. 4 x – 30. 7; (c) y = –0. 0919 x2 + 1. 18 x – 3. 15; (d) y = –0. 0553 x2 + 0. 587 x – 1. 41; (e) y = –1. 10 x2 + 11. 7 x – 23. 2. values are shown in each chart. View in gallery Fig. 2. Responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5 (Expt. 1). Responses significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) were expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –19. 3 x2 + 193 x – 424; (b) y = –5. 35 x2 + 56. 1 x – 132; (c) y = –19. 2 x2 + 198 x – 431; (d) NS; (e) y = 3. 28 x – 9. 11; (f) y = –0. 272 x2 + 3. 02 x – 6. 67; (g) NS; (h) y = 0. 926 x – 2. 109; (i) y = 18. 5 x – 9. 34; (j) y = 22. 1 x – 48. 1; (k) NS; (l) y = –94.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: S M L You need 7. 0 or later in order to read PDF files on this site. Reader is not installed on your computer, click the button below and go to the download site. Feature 2023. Awareness in Mindfulness Meditation—Investigation of the Psychological, Physiological, and of meditation, which is used to cultivate a state of awareness of the experience of the present moment as it is (called mindful awareness), has been shown to contribute to enhancing well-being. There are two types of mindfulness meditation: focused attention meditation and open monitoring meditation. To understand mindful awareness, our group focused on the psychological, physiological, and neural mechanisms of open monitoring meditation thought to be involved in mindful awareness. Keywords: mindfulness, mindful awareness, open monitoring meditation 1. The importance of awareness of the present moment experience as it is Mindfulness is the state of receptive attention to and awareness of ongoing events and experiences as they are. “Receptive attention” means, as opposed to intentionally focusing attention on a specific object, the spontaneous broadening of attention by letting go of such an intention. “Awareness” means the bringing to consciousness of previously unaware experiences. “Experiences” means the sensations, feelings, and thoughts that arise one after another in one’s body and mind. “As they are” means an attitude of not reacting, judging, or inhibiting the experiences within awareness after broadening of attention. We call this kind of awareness mindful awareness in this 2. Focused attention and open monitoring meditations There are two types of mindfulness meditation: focused attention meditation (FAM) and open monitoring meditation (OMM) (Fig. 1). FAM is a method of intentionally focusing attention on a specific object [3]. For example, we focus our attention on breathing, which occurs naturally. However, when distracting stimuli arise, such as stronger sensations or emotions, our attention is captured by them. When we become aware of this, we try to shift attention back to the specific object. This shifting attention allows it to be diverted away from the distracting stimulus. Repeatedly doing this can improve the ability to focus attention on a target object. However, focusing attention on a specific object does not enable us to become aware of experiences that occur one after another in the range other than the narrow range of attention. Fig. 1. Two types of meditation methods comprising mindfulness meditation.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: By utilizing the organizations are able to identify and understand their cybersecurity risks, secure their assets and data, detect attacks, respond to and recover from incidents, and continually enhance their cybersecurity posture. Fig. 5The five functions of the NIST cybersecurity frameworkFull size imageNumerous research efforts have been devoted to addressing cybersecurity in the SG. This section aims to provide a comprehensive overview of solutions and countermeasures proposed in different studies that can be implemented to enhance SG’s cybersecurity. To this end, we classify these solutions according to the five functions. Specifically, we investigate the use of BC-based techniques as a means of protecting the SG in the Protect function, while in the Detection function, we focus on the use of AI mechanisms. The most important categories of solution techniques covered in our study are listed in table 4. Additionally, it presents some of the mentioned solutions based on their potential application locations within the SG. Table 4 Methods and countermeasures to defend against CA in SG classified based on NIST frameworkFull size tableThe identify functionfunction is the initial stage in the five-step framework that concentrates on comprehending an organization’s cybersecurity risk situation. This function involves gaining a clear understanding of the business context of the organization, the critical systems, and devices, as well as identifying the potential cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities associated with them. As part of a risk assessment, vulnerabilities can be identified and documented. Management subcategory within this function is responsible for identifying and managing the devices, systems, data, personnel, and facilities that support the organization in achieving its business objectives. This is done by prioritizing the assets based on their relative significance and the organization’s risk strategy. Assessment is responsible for evaluating identified risks. The methodology is iterative and dynamic, allowing it to be modified as new threats emerge, new vulnerabilities are identified, and the impact of cyber assaults on the SG changes. This phase involves analyzing the physical, economic, and social effects of a successful CA. In the 802. 15. 4 networks based on the spatial correlation property of the received signal strength (RSS). Similarly, the authors of Wang and Wyglinski (2016) propose a received signal strength indicator (RSSI)-based detection mechanism for MiTM attacks. The authors of Delcourt and (2020) propose a of Arrival TDOA-localization technique that is resistant to TSA.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 3 x2 + 1013 x – 2481; (m) y = –277 x + 1692. values (ns = nonsignificant at P < 0. 05) are shown in each chart. View in gallery Fig. 3. Spinach plant growth as affected by high electrical conductivity (EC) when grown at low or standard pH of nutrient solution (Expt. 2). Means and ses (n = 8). Pairwise comparisons by t test with the control treatment (standard pH and standard EC) are shown (ns = nonsignificantly different at P = 0. 05; *, ** = significantly different at P < 0. 01 or 0. 05, respectively). P values of additional pairwise comparisons between standard and high EC at low pH (LP/SE vs. LP/HE) are shown. raw image Fig. 1. Spinach plant growth responses to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5. Individual charts are (a) fresh shoot mass, (b) fresh root mass, (c) dry shoot mass, (d) dry root mass, and (e) leaf count per plant after 3 weeks. Means of 10 sample plants of two trials are shown. All responses were significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) and expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –1. 82 x2 + 21. 6 × –56. 6; (b) y = –1. 15 x2 + 12. 4 x – 30. 7; (c) y = –0. 0919 x2 + 1. 18 x – 3. 15; (d) y = –0. 0553 x2 + 0. 587 x – 1. 41; (e) y = –1. 10 x2 + 11. 7 x – 23. 2. values are shown in each chart. View raw image Fig. 2. Responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5 (Expt. 1). Responses significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) were expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –19. 3 x2 + 193 x – 424; (b) y = –5. 35 x2 + 56.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: OMM, however, is a method for maintaining awareness of the ongoing flow of experiences as they naturally occur one after another, without selectively focusing on specific objects [3]. With this method, since there is no specific object, the range of attention is broadened, and every breath, sensation, and emotion that arises one after the other becomes an object of awareness. However, when distracting stimuli, such as stronger sensations or emotions, arise, our attention is captured by them. When we become aware of this, we try to be aware of the stimulus as it is, rather than moving our attention away from it. The distracting stimulus is then returned to the object of awareness, and the range of attention that was captured by the stimulus is naturally broadened. By repeating this process, it becomes possible to maintain awareness of various sensations, feelings, and thoughts as they are, without differentiation between selected and deselected objects. Our group has been working to elucidate the psychological, physiological, and neural mechanisms of OMM to clarify the mechanism of mindful awareness. I describe three of these studies in the following sections. 3. Study 1: Investigation of the psychological mechanism of OMM When we concentrate on a task, we subconsciously inhibit distracting stimuli that are irrelevant to the task, such as visual stimuli. Such inhibition is fatiguing. It is believed that mindfulness meditation reduces such inhibition. However, previous studies have not confirmed that FAM and OMM as well as mindfulness meditation reduce inhibition to distracting stimuli at the behavioral level. Therefore, we designed a cognitive task to assess the degree of inhibition against distracting stimuli and examined the effects of FAM and OMM on inhibition [4]. The experiment was conducted by dividing 72 meditation-naïve participants into three groups: and relaxation. A 30-minute intervention was first given using voice instruction [5], followed by a questionnaire to measure the state of relaxation, then two tasks were performed (Fig. 2). 1, 24 face images that included 3 facial expressions of 8 people were presented repeatedly in turn, and the participants were asked to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the orientation of the letter presented in the center of the face images. In this task, the face images were distractors. 2, participants were asked to rate their attractiveness toward the eight neutral face images presented in Task 1 and another eight neutral face images that were not presented.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: These localization-based approaches to detect attacks in SGs can quickly identify the location of an anomaly, allowing operators to isolate and mitigate its effects. However, these techniques have limited network coverage and may not be able to detect attacks outside of the monitored areas. Then, Numerous CA detection algorithms are based on the technique of watermarking in order to detect malicious actions during RA (Romagnoli et al. 2019). It involves embedding a unique signature within the data to verify the authenticity and detect any tampering that may have occurred. et al. (2018) an online watermarking algorithm is proposed to detect RA on AGC systems. The watermark is embedded in the control signal and extracted at the generator side to detect RA. Porter et al. (2020) proposes a dynamic watermarking technique that embeds the watermark signal in the system’s input signal. The watermark varies over time and is extracted at the system’s output to detect RA. These papers demonstrate the potential of watermarking techniques in detecting RA and MiTM in SGs. However, the effectiveness of these techniques may depend on the specific application and system being monitored. Watermarking can be computationally intensive and may increase system overhead, so it is important to carefully design and optimize the watermarking scheme to balance the trade-off between security and system performance. Moreover, Kallitsis et al. (2016) introduces an adaptive statistical approach to detect malicious intrusion attacks, that can compromise vulnerable meters and manipulate their readings. The method utilizes cumulative sum and exponentially weighted moving average algorithms, to detect sudden changes in sensor readings. Nezhad et al. (2016) proposes a method for detecting DDoS attacks. The method extracts features from the network traffic and builds a time series. Average (ARIMA) model is used to predict the number of packets, and the chaotic behavior of the prediction error time series is examined using the Exponent (MLE) to classify normal and attack traffics. ARIMA model employs statistical analysis and time-series data to analyze the information and forecast future values, while the MLE is a measure used to quantify the rate of divergence or convergence of nearby trajectories in the system (Franchi and Ricci 2014). Another approach based on prediction technique is proposed in Manandhar et al.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 1 x – 132; (c) y = –19. 2 x2 + 198 x – 431; (d) NS; (e) y = 3. 28 x – 9. 11; (f) y = –0. 272 x2 + 3. 02 x – 6. 67; (g) NS; (h) y = 0. 926 x – 2. 109; (i) y = 18. 5 x – 9. 34; (j) y = 22. 1 x – 48. 1; (k) NS; (l) y = –94. 3 x2 + 1013 x – 2481; (m) y = –277 x + 1692. values (ns = nonsignificant at P < 0. 05) are shown in each chart. View raw image Fig. 2. Responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5 (Expt. 1). Responses significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) were expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –19. 3 x2 + 193 x – 424; (b) y = –5. 35 x2 + 56. 1 x – 132; (c) y = –19. 2 x2 + 198 x – 431; (d) NS; (e) y = 3. 28 x – 9. 11; (f) y = –0. 272 x2 + 3. 02 x – 6. 67; (g) NS; (h) y = 0. 926 x – 2. 109; (i) y = 18. 5 x – 9. 34; (j) y = 22. 1 x – 48. 1; (k) NS; (l) y = –94. 3 x2 + 1013 x – 2481; (m) y = –277 x + 1692. values (ns = nonsignificant at P < 0. 05) are shown in each chart. View raw image Fig. 3. Spinach plant growth as affected by high electrical conductivity (EC) when grown at low or standard pH of nutrient solution (Expt. 2). Means and ses (n = 8).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: This indicates a higher state of relaxation. These results also suggest that by focusing attention on a specific object, the participants were less likely to be distracted by other sensations, emotions, and thoughts, thus were able to relax. During OMM, interestingly, sympathetic nerve activity increased while cortisol levels decreased (Fig. 5). This indicates that the stress level was lower despite the higher arousal level. These results suggest that OMM is not simply a state of relaxation but may be a state in which the participants were aware of various sensations, emotions, and thoughts but were less able to react to or inhibit them. Fig. 5. The effect of FAM and OMM on the autonomic nervous activity and salivary cortisol levels. 5. Study 3: Investigation of the neural mechanism of OMM What type of activity occurs in the brain during mindful awareness of various sensations, emotions, and thoughts? Previous studies have not clearly shown the difference in brain activity during FAM and OMM. Therefore, we designed an experiment for extracting brain activity during meditation and identified brain activity during FAM and OMM [8]. This study was conducted while I was a member of the of Education, Kyoto University. The experiment included 17 meditation practitioners. Conventional studies comparing brain activity during FAM and OMM have mainly used a block design, for example, 6 minutes of FAM, 6 minutes of rest, and 6 minutes of OMM, during which brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, as a meditation practitioner, I realized that it is difficult to achieve an optimal meditative state in a 6-minute meditation session. Therefore, we measured brain activity during 6 minutes using fMRI immediately after 1 hour of meditation in a soundproof room. had felt that the meditative state continued for a while after the 1-hour meditation, we divided the days of FAM and OMM conditions into two separate days. Functional connectivity analysis, which examines the correlation between activities of brain regions, was used for the analysis. Mindfulness meditation is known to involve a wide range of brain regions because it involves various cognitive functions such as attention control, emotion regulation, awareness of bodily sensations, and change in perspective on the self. The striatum, which is located below the cerebral cortex, forms multiple different circuits with each brain region of the cortex and involved in various functions such as movement, attention, emotion, motivation, learning, and memory.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: (2014) by developing a detection algorithm that uses the Kalman filter (KF) to estimate the expected behavior of the system and analyze deviations using the chi-square test or Euclidean detector to detect faults and attacks. One advantage of these techniques is their ability to predict future behavior and state, which can be useful for systems, however, they may require a significant amount of data and computational resources to be effective, and poor data quality can lead to inaccurate forecasts and false alarms. Despite the previously mentioned techniques, AI-based techniques have emerged as a prominent research area in this field due to their potential to provide real-time detection and adaptability to evolving threats. In this context, the next paragraph focuses on AI-based countermeasures. Artificial intelligence based cybersecurity techniques The SG’s AI security-based techniques are becoming increasingly apparent. SG systems’ reliability and stability can be enhanced by employing AI techniques. Wang et al. (2017) create a machine learning (ML) classifier for TS attack detection. It suggests that artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a feasible option for implementing this detector. Methods of ML are also utilized in the malware detection method in Gubbi et al. (2022). The authors in Elsaeidy et al. (2020), Sriranjani et al. (2023) created models based on Network (CNN) and Machine (SVM) for RA detection in SGs. In the context of FDIA in a SG, numerous ML techniques have been implemented (Chen et al. 2017). Bitirgen and Filik (2023) proposes an approach for optimizing CNN, Long Short-(CNN-LSTM) with P2024. (2021) Communication technologies for smart grid: a comprehensive survey. Sensors 21(23):80873. (2022) Zigbee vs. Z-wave: understanding 10 key differences. Cloud computing applications for smart grid: a survey. 26(5):1477–14946. (2021) Cyber attack detection scheme for a load frequency control system based on dual-source data of compromised variables. 11(4):15848. øndel (2021) Improving smart grid security through 5g enabled IoT and edge computing. Concurr Comput: 33(18):646617. 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Together, our results will help to develop a new and low-cost nutrient management methodology to produce leafy greens hydroponically. Keywords: acid; CEA; controlled environment; electrical conductivity; EC; deep water culture; DWC; pH Increased demand for prewashed, prepackaged baby leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) over the past decade has led to 51% increase in U. S. spinach production from 2012 to 2017 [Correll et al. , 2011; U. S. Department of Service (), 2014, 2019]. Although spinach production and demand has increased, the distribution of spinach production in the has changed little, as 93% of fresh market spinach comes from four states, California, Arizona, New Jersey, and Texas (2019), where spinach is grown in conventional open field production systems. In recent years, the growing number of greenhouse and indoor hydroponic operations has increased the availability of clean, locally grown leafy greens. Most leafy green hydroponics operations employ liquid-based cultivation systems such as nutrient film technique and deep water culture (DWC), which allow for efficient water and nutrient use and high productivity. However, although many operations have been successful in growing lettuce (Lactuca sativa), arugula (Eruca sativa), kale (Brassica oleracea), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), and other leafy greens, most hydroponic operations, anecdotally, avoid growing spinach due to its susceptibility to Pythium spp. infection (Mattson, 2018). Previous research introduced several mitigation strategies of Pythium and other oomycete disease control for spinach (e. g. , Albright et al. , 2007) and other hydroponically grown crops (e. g. , Stanghellini, 1996). Recently, we showed that lowering pH of nutrient solution was a potential control measure for oomycete disease introduction using two cultivars of sweet basil (Gillespie, 2019; Gillespie et al. , 2020). In these studies, we found that basil plants could uniquely tolerate pH as low as 4. 0, whereas the same low pH was shown to lower the incidence of root rot disease caused by Pythium aphanidermatum. In fact, numerous studies have shown the negative effect of low pH (pH <5.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: By examining changes in functional connectivity between the striatum and each brain region, we identified brain activities specific to FAM and OMM and estimated the functions of meditation from these activities. The results indicated that the functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and visual cortex increased during FAM while it decreased during OMM. This functional connectivity is thought to be related to intentional attention control directed at a specific object. The results support the conventional understanding that FAM enhances intentional attention control, while OMM reduces it. Functional connectivity between the ventral striatum and retrosplenial cortex was also reduced during OMM (Fig. 6(a)). Notably, the longer the lifetime of meditation practice, the greater the decrease in functional connectivity (Fig. 6(b)). This functional connectivity is thought to be related to the degree to which one is captured by memories. This suggests that when the participants were aware of sensations, feelings, and thoughts during OMM, there may have been a decrease in brain activity that connected these experiences to past memories. Fig. 6. (a) The retrosplenial cortex showing reduced functional connectivity with the ventral striatum during OMM. (b) The correlation between total meditation-practice hours and altered functional connectivity from the resting state to the OMM state between the right retrosplenial cortex and left ventral striatum. 6. light of the three aforementioned studies, let me summarize the concept of mindful awareness. Mindfulness is the state of receptive attention to and awareness of ongoing events and experiences as they are. We call this type of awareness mindful awareness. OMM is considered more effective than FAM in cultivating mindful awareness. We have found that OMM reduces inhibition to distracting stimuli. This is consistent with the understanding that mindful awareness does not distinguish experiences as the target object and other distracting stimuli but rather receives everything as an object of awareness. In addition, the physiological parameters of mindful awareness of these experiences revealed that the participants were not merely relaxed but in a state of low stress despite their high arousal levels. We were also able to identify the possibility that such a low stress state may be related to not associating their experiences in the present moment with their past memories. 7. Future perspectives On the basis of these findings, we are currently developing biomarkers to quantify mindful awareness. We believe that the establishment of such a technology will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of mindfulness-meditation interventions while reducing adverse events.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: 2023]Cabus JEU, Bütün İ, Lagerström R (2022) Security considerations for remote terminal units. In: 2022 IEEE zooming innovation in consumer technologies conference (ZINC), pp 47–52. (2020) Load altering attack-tolerant defense strategy for load frequency control system. 280:116015277. (2021) Long term benefits of advanced communication techniques in smart grids. In: 2021 9th International conference on smart grid (icSmartGrid), pp 283–288. (2016) A survey of man in the middle attacks. 18(3):2027–20512023. pdf. [Online; accessed: 22. 10. 2023]Delcourt M, J-Y (2020) TDOA source-localization technique robust to time-synchronization attacks. 16:4249–426401. 05. 2023]Dusane PS, (2020) Logic bomb: an insider attack. 9(3)Electronics HT (2023) Bluetooth low energy basics: classic bluetooth vs. bluetooth LE. [Online; accessed: 06. 09. 2023](2020) Replay attack detection in smart cities using deep learning. IEEE Access 8:137825–1378374. 0: opportunities and challenges. Rev 30:1–30Faheem M, Gungor VC (2018) Energy efficient and qos-aware routing protocol for wireless sensor network-based smart grid applications in the context of industry 4. 0. Comput 68:910–922(2019) A multi-channel distributed routing scheme for smart grid real-time critical event monitoring applications in the perspective of industry 4. 0. 32(4):236–256(2019) Software defined communication framework for smart grid to meet energy demands in smart cities. In: 2019 7th smart grids and cities congress and fair (ICSG), pp 51–55. (2018) Mptcp based mitigation of denial of service (dos) attack in pmu communication networks. In: 2018 IEEE international conference on power electronics, drives and energy systems (PEDES), pp 1–5. (2014) Statistical properties of the maximum lyapunov exponent calculated via the divergence rate method. E 90(6):0629206. (2010) On scada control system command and response injection and intrusion detection.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 0) on oomycete sporangia development and zoospore motility (Blaker and MacDonald, 1983; Ho and Hickman, 1967; Kong et al. , 2009). Although the conventional pH 5. 5 to 6. 5 (Savvas and Gruda, 2018) seems to be a range where almost all hydroponically grown crops exhibit normal growth and nutrient uptake, species-specific pH responses of leafy greens grown in liquid culture hydroponic systems is largely unexplored. Our general understanding is that nutrient disorders and thereby growth reduction occur when pH is outside the optimum range (Adams, 2002). Although commonly referenced pH nutrient availability charts indicate that micronutrients, such as Cu, Zn, Mn, and B availability is increased with decreasing pH (Peterson, 1982), we found that nutrient uptake at low pH declined for many micro and macro elements in our previous experiments for sweet basil (Gillespie et al. , 2020). When soilless substrates are used instead of liquid-based hydroponics, pH in the nutrient solution interacts with substrates (Dickson and Fisher, 2019), and micronutrient toxicity occurs rather than deficiency. Therefore, evaluation of plant’s pH response must consider the growing systems employed. Arnon and Johnson (1942) examined seven levels of pH (3. 0–9. 0) for lettuce and tomato plants grown hydroponically and showed significant reductions in shoot and root fresh weight below pH 5. 0 for both species. However, because pH affects nutrient availability and nutrient uptake across plasma membrane, it is difficult to determine whether growth inhibition and nutrient disorders observed at low pH of the nutrient solution are a result of the direct effect of excessive hydronium ion concentration or pH-dependent factors affecting nutrient availability and uptake. Nevertheless, studies suggest that the direct effect of pH seems to be detrimental only at the extreme ends of acidity and alkalinity, and growth reductions and nutrient disorders outside of the conventional pH ranges can typically be attributed to pH-dependent factors (Arnon and Johnson, 1942; Bugbee, 2004; Gillespie et al. , 2020; Islam et al. , 1980; Mengel et al. , 2001; Vlamis, 1953). Additionally, it has been reported that taking certain precautionary measures to account for pH-dependent factors, such as increasing nutrient concentrations in solution, may mitigate pH-dependent factors affecting nutrient availability and uptake.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Mindfulness meditation is linked to improved focus and academic performance. [SEP] Text: As outlined above, momentary introspective monitoring as practiced in many meditation forms is expected to result in enhanced awareness of phenomena taking place in the moment. Therefore, it is important to examine if this would be reflected in differences between groups of meditators and meditation-naïve participants regarding different measures assessing self-awareness-related constructs. Besides self-report evaluation measures, an imaginative scenario task assessing emotional awareness and a behavioral verbal report task assessing spontaneous momentary stream-of-consciousness phenomena have been used to examine potential differences between these different methods. Regarding the latter method, the challenge is to find an appropriate task, which would reflect awareness of present-moment phenomena similar to awareness as trained in most forms of introspective meditation training. In both concentrative and open monitoring meditation, the practice usually involves awareness of all momentary phenomena, albeit in many meditation practices, some phenomena receive more attention (often interoceptive sensations, such as related to breathing), while others may be only monitored to become aware of and return to the object of the primary focus. These forms of attention training, which usually occur in a stimulus-free environment, are supposed to counteract the habitual tendency to wander off into automatic thinking when resting, facilitating awareness of perceptual phenomena (Schooler et al. 2011). Therefore, the behavioral task preferably should assess awareness of (i) all kinds of phenomena, including the often important interoceptive ones (ii) taking place in the successive ongoing moments, (iii) in a spontaneous way, i. e. , not triggered or interrupted by stimuli, and (iv) in an unbiased way, i. e. , not prompted toward a certain response. Finally, it should be possible to obtain scores on the task, resulting in a quantitative variable. In previous work in different research areas, methods have been developed that may fulfill some of these criteria. The popular experience sampling or ecological momentary methodology is typically based on many repeated reports of experiences that occurred before a signal (Linz et al. 2018; Smallwood et al. 2009). Although this methodology has large benefits, it has some potentially serious limitations as well. The assessment is not a real-time assessment of ongoing experience in a stimulus-free context. Especially in the context of a stimulus-free task, in which the mind may easily wander, retrospective reports may be inaccurate (Hurlburt and Heavey 2015; et al. 2017).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: In: 2010 esummit, pp 1–9. (2023) A deep learning-based attack detection mechanism against potential cascading failure induced by load redistribution attacks. -J (2021) Hidden markov models-based anomaly correlations for the cyber-physical security of ev charging stations. 13(5):3903–391441. (2018) Privacy-preserving and efficient aggregation based on blockchain for power grid communications in smart communities. 56(7):82–88334. (2011) Smart grid technologies: communication technologies and standards. 7(4):529–53901. 05. 2023]He H, (2016) Cyber-physical attacks and defences in the smart grid: a survey. IET Cyber-Phys Syst: 1(1):13–275. (2018) An online detection framework for cyber attacks on automatic generation control. 33(6):6816–6827541. (2013) Impact of data quality on real-time locational marginal price. 29(2):627–636802. 15. 4 networks based on received signal strength. Ad hoc networks 11(8):2648–2660(2016) A survey on smart metering and smart grid communication. 57:302–318830. (2016) Simulation and impact analysis of denial-of-service attacks on power scada. In: 2016 National power systems conference (NPSC), pp 1–5. Şekercioğlu YA (2012) Security and smart metering. In: European wireless 2012; 18th European wireless conference 2012, pp 1–8. (2021) A review of cyber securities in smart grid technology. In: 2021 2nd International conference on computation, automation and knowledge management (), pp 151–156. (2014) Smart grid sensor data collection, communication, and networking: a tutorial. 14(11):1055–10874. (2010) Is stuxnet the best malware ever? A comprehensive survey on the cyber-security of smart grids: cyber-attacks, detection, countermeasure techniques, and future directions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2207. 07738Kim Y-(2011) Sstp: a scalable and secure transport protocol for smart grid data collection. In: 2011 IEEE international conference on smart grid communications (SmartGridComm), pp 161–166.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: For example, Arnon and Johnson (1942) reported that increasing calcium concentration improved tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and lettuce growth at pH 4. 0 and 5. 0. Another example by Smith et al. (2004) showed that the higher fertilizer concentrations ameliorated leaf chlorosis of geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum) plants caused by nutrient deficiencies at pH 7. 0 to 7. 5. In the present study, we investigated how pH lower than the conventional range influences spinach plant growth and whether high nutrient concentrations can mitigate growth inhibition and nutrient disorders. Because interactions among uptake of different ions are complex and increasing hydronium ion concentrations (i. e. , low pH) further complicates the relationship, we took a simple approach of increasing the strength of nutrient solution as the first step toward optimization of nutrient formula for low pH applications. Specifically, we examined two strengths of total nutrient concentrations (measured by EC) to grow spinach plants under low pH. Our hypotheses were 1) low pH would reduce nutrient uptake and affect spinach plant growth (Expt. 1) and 2) high nutrient concentrations of hydroponic solution would compensate for low uptake of specific nutrients and improve spinach growth in lower-than-conventional pH (Expt. 2). Materials and material, propagation, and water treatment. Spinach ‘Corvair’ seeds (Johnny’s Selected Seeds, Fairfield, ME) were sown in rockwool sheets (AO plugs 200 counts, 2. 5-cm height; Grodan, Roermond, The Netherlands) on 4 Nov. 2018 and 29 Dec. 2018 for Expt. 1, and 31 July 2019 and 11 Sept. 2019 for Expt. 2. Before seeding, rockwool sheets were placed in white plastic undertrays and hydrated with reverse osmosis water containing 0. 5 mg·L−1 didecyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride () and allowed to drain. After seeding, trays were placed inside a dark growth chamber set at 20 °C air temperature. For both experiments, except during germination and propagation, municipal water was used and was disinfected with ultraviolet radiation (D4 + ultraviolet System; Viqua, Guelph, ON, Canada). Water used in DWC units was also dechlorinated by the addition of 2.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: AbstractObjectivesThough findings have been mixed, some primary or elementary school-based mindfulness and cognitive behavioural interventions have been shown to improve aspects of emotion regulation. Age is suggested as a potential mediator but previous reviews have not addressed this comprehensively, making evaluation of impact unclear. The current review brought together the evidence surrounding the impact of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) or cognitive behavioural interventions (CBIs) on emotion regulation in children aged between 7 and 12 years. MethodDatabases (Index, and of Science) were searched for published and unpublished randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of primary school-based MBIs (n = 18) or CBIs (n = 12) on measures of emotional awareness, modulation and expression. ResultsAnalysis of the MBIs in this review indicated a significant improvement in emotional awareness, an increase in positive emotions and a reduction in depression. Sub-analyses found an effect of age, duration and universal delivery for MBIs. Analysis of the CBIs indicated significant improvement in child negative expressive behaviours as reported by parents. Risk of bias was low across domains of incomplete outcome data and selective outcome reporting but was unclear in other domains. ConclusionsEvidence from the MBI studies suggested that universal interventions with a shorter duration had more significant effects, particularly for 10–12-year-old participants. Future research should investigate programme design features and the suitability of content and skill-focus for different age groups, employing qualitative techniques for analysis. This could lead to reconsideration of typical intervention formats for primary school children. Pre-registration#CRD42019139283. Similar content being viewed by others Mindfulness-Regulation in Children? A 15. 2% of children aged 7–10 years old were identified as having a probable mental disorder in England (NHS digital, 2022) and it is likely that less than two-thirds will have accessed professional help (Radez et al. , 2021). School-based support for mental health could help address this significant gap. One-to-one services, collective discussions of emotions and well-being in a classroom setting have been shown to create a more inclusive, non-stigmatising environment which may make it easier for children with more serious mental health problems to seek help (Weare & Nind, 2011).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: Ö, (2020) Graph-based model of smart grid architectures. In: 2020 International conference on smart energy systems and technologies (SEST), pp 1–6. (2020) MITM intrusion analysis for advanced metering infrastructure communication in a smart grid environment. In: Trends in computational intelligence, security and Internet of Things: third international conference, 2020, Tripura, India, December 29–30, 2020, Proceedings 3, 267. (2019) Smart grid metering networks: a survey on security, privacy and open research issues. 21(3):2886–29276. (2023) New report reveals NikoWiper malware that targeted Ukraine energy sector. [Online; accessed: 01. 05. 2023](2022) Fiber optics and broadband over power lines in smart grid: a communications system architecture for overhead high-voltage, medium-voltage and low-voltage power grids. 95:185–2056. (2022) Cybersecurity of smart inverters in the smart grid: a survey. (2018) Distributed blockchain-based data protection framework for modern power systems against cyber attacks. 10(3):3162–3173364. (2019) An improved two-stage optimization for network and load recovery during power system restoration. 249:265–2757. (2013) Modern IED in today’s smart grids. In: 2013 on Power (ICCEP), pp 288–292. (2011) False data injection attacks against state estimation in electric power grids. 14(1):1–3354. -(2011) A class of cyber-physical switching attacks for power system disruption. In: Proceedings of the seventh annual workshop on cyber security and information intelligence research, pp 1–1(2023) The web and communication. [Online; accessed: 06. 09. 2023]Lounis K, (2020) Attacks and defenses in short-range wireless technologies for IoT. IEEE Access 8:88892–889322304. 11738(2018) Umap: uniform manifold approximation and projection for dimension reduction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802. 03426(2010) Energy theft in the advanced metering infrastructure. In: infrastructures security: 4th international workshop, 2009, Bonn, Germany, September 30–October 2, 2009. 4, pp 176–187.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: 5 mg·L−1 of sodium thiosulfate. This was done to avoid chlorine phytotoxicity from municipal source water that has been observed in our past experiments. Our water quality analyses typically show low levels of Ca (<30 mg·L−1), Cl (<30 mg·L−1), NO3-N (<3 mg·L−1), Mg (<8 mg·L−1), S (<20 mg·L−1), K (<5 mg·L−1), P (<0. 5 mg·L−1), Zn (<0. 5 mg·L−1), Na (<20 mg·L−1) and Al (<0. 2 mg·L−1). Alkalinity is typically <42. 0 CaCO3 mg·L−1 and approximate EC is 0. 2 to 0. 3 dS·m−1. After radical emergence was observed, seeded trays were moved to the conditions of 25/15 °C day/night air temperatures and 12 h/d photoperiod inside a growth chamber (GR96, Conviron, Winnipeg, MB, Canada). Light source in chamber were white fluorescent lamps (Master TL5 54W/840; Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Seedlings were subirrigated with water as needed until transplanting. The pH of water provided to seedlings before transplant was ≈6. 4. When cotyledons were fully expanded, uniform plants with rockwool substrate (15 to 20 mL) were transplanted into DWC units (11 Nov. 2018 and 12 Jan. 2019 for Expt. 1; 9 Aug. 2019 and 25 Sept. 2019 for Expt. 2). In both experiments, T-type thermocouples were placed at the middle of each side of the chamber for monitoring air temperature at plant canopy level (gauge 36; Omega Inc. , Stamford, CT) and nutrient solution temperature (gauge 24; Omega Inc. ). Relative humidity was measured with a temperature/humidity probe (HMP60 Humidity and Temperature Probe; Vaisala Corporation, Helsinki, Finland) housed inside an aspirated shield located in the middle of the growth chamber at plant canopy level. Sensors were connected to a datalogger (CR10X dataloggers; Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT) and sensor readings were scanned every 10 s to record averages each 15 min.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: School-based interventions can also be a welcome resource for schools, easing the requirement of specialist knowledge and lesson planning (Davies & Matley, 2020; Weare, 2015). Metacognitive approaches, getting children to think about their thinking (Flavell, 1979), offer a way to generate curiosity of cognitive processes that can bring about greater understanding of evaluation and self-reflection (Larkin, 2010). Metacognitive insight and strategies can be taught to primary age pupils (Perry et al. , 2019) and can be integrated into the curriculum, as evidenced with interventions such as the growth mindset (Blackwell et al. , 2007; Dweck, 2006). Two of the most prevalent school-based metacognitive approaches are cognitive behaviour interventions (CBIs) and mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). Creating an objective awareness and understanding of cognitions is a fundamental characteristic of both types of intervention (Crane et al. , 2017; Fenn & Byrne, 2013). A key difference between CBIs and MBIs is the theoretical basis of change. CBIs work from the principle of reappraisal: that if an individual gains control of dysfunctional cognitions, they (the individual) can change them to reduce emotional distress and maladaptive behaviours (Daunic et al. , 2012). In MBIs, rather than giving values to thoughts (e. g. functional or dysfunctional), the aim is to facilitate non-judgemental awareness (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). As such, there is no attempt to change thoughts (e. g. from negative to positive), but rather to learn to observe without judgement, changing the relationship rather than the context (Roeser et al. , 2022; Teasdale, 1999). Although comparisons of these interventions have been conducted in previous reviews (e. g. Caldwell et al. , 2019; Dray et al. , 2017; Mackenzie & Williams, 2018), the precedence has been to compare CBIs with a range of other interventions. However, the similarity in the application of CBIs and MBIs justifies a more direct comparison. Both can be integrated relatively easily into the school curriculum and delivered in a universal classroom setting. Teachers often need minimal training because the interventions are either delivered by external practitioners, or teachers are given relevant resources/manuals (see reviews, e. g.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: (2018) A blockchain-based smart grid: towards sustainable local energy markets. Comput Sci-33:207–2145. (2009) Secure control against replay attacks. In: 2009 47th Annual allerton conference on communication, control, and computing (Allerton), pp 911–918. (2020) A comprehensive review of the cyber-attacks and cyber-security on load frequency control of power systems. Energies 13(15):386023. () (2015) Electric sector failure scenarios and impact analyses. [Online; accessed: 24. 10. 2023](2023) Smart grid cyber-physical situational awareness of complex operational technology attacks: a review. ACM 55(10):1–366. (2018) The world of malware: an overview. In: 2018 IEEE 6th international conference on future Internet of Things and cloud (FiCloud), pp 420–427. (2016) A novel dos and ddos attacks detection algorithm using arima time series model and chaotic system in computer networks. 20(4):700–70315. (2018) Blockchain based decentralized management of demand response programs in smart energy grids. Sensors 18(1):16201. 05. 2023]-(2023) A resilience-based recovery scheme for smart grid restoration following cyberattacks to substations. 145:108610819. (2019) A model inversion based watermark for replay attack detection with output tracking. In: 2019 American control conference (ACC), pp 384–390. (2013) Role-based access control model supporting regional division in smart grid system. In: 2013 Fifth international conference on computational intelligence, communication systems and networks, pp 197–201. (2019) Smart grid cyber attacks detection using supervised learning and heuristic feature selection. In: 2019 IEEE 7th international conference on smart energy grid engineering (SEGE), pp 108–112. (2019) Social engineering attacks: a survey. 11(4):891069. (2013) Time-delay switch attack on load frequency control in smart grid. Technol 5:55–64 5. (2021) Cybersecurity analysis of load frequency control in power systems: a survey. Designs 5(3):526. (2011) Cyber-physical system security for the electric power grid. Proc IEEE 100(1):210–2246. (2023) Machine learning based intrusion detection scheme to detect replay attacks in smart grid.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Vents of the growth chamber were kept open for sufficient outdoor makeup air to provide ambient CO2 conditions inside the room. Expt. 1: Effects of nutrient solution pH on spinach plant growth and nutrient uptake. There were four DWC units each with 0. 78 m long, 0. 51 m wide, and 0. 37 m tall black plastic container (27-Tote; Centrex Plastics, Findlay, OH) and a polystyrene foam raft (72″; ) cut to match the size of container. Each DWC unit contained 24 plants in 90 L of nutrient solution made using dechlorinated and ultraviolet radiated water as described previously. The large volume to plant ratio (3. 75 L per plant) was to act as a buffer in attempts to minimize pH fluctuations. Nutrient solution was continuously aerated by one air stone connected to a small aquarium air pump. One-half strength University of Arizona leafy crop nutrient solution recipe (Jensen, unpublished) was used as the basal formula in this experiment. This formula contains (mg·L−1) 90 NO3–N, 25 P, 99 K, 100 Ca, 20 Mg, 1. 0 Fe (DPTA-chelated), 0. 3 Mn, 0. 2 Zn, 0. 03 Cu, 0. 2 B, and 0. 03 Mo. Before transplant, nutrient solution pH was adjusted to setpoints 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, and 5. 5 using sulfuric acid. After that, pH was monitored at minimum once per day and manually adjusted thereafter as needed by the addition of sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide to maintain pH within a range of ± 0. 25 of target pH. ECs and dissolved oxygen (DO) of each DWC unit were measured at least three times a week. Handheld meters (pH/; 407510 DO meter, Extech, Nashua, NH) were used for pH, EC, and DO measurements. EC and pH meters were calibrated weekly. Nutrient solutions were sent to a commercial analytical laboratory () for micro- and macronutrients at the end of experiment. This experiment was replicated over time (Trials 1 and 2). Twenty days (Trial 1) or 19 d (Trial 2) after transplanting, plants were harvested for quantifying plant growth and assessing visible symptoms of nutrient disorders.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: , 2017), others have reported that child age significantly influences mental health outcomes related to emotion regulation (Caldwell et al. , 2019; Carsley et al. , 2017; Dray et al. , 2017; Porter et al. , 2022). Dray et al. (2017) reported small but significant effects of CBIs on anxiety, depression and general psychological distress for children aged 5–18 years. A sub-group analysis for age indicated that anxiety and psychological distress were improved for children 5–10 years old but in adolescents aged 11–18 years improvement was seen for non-anxiety internalising problems only, such as self-regulation, coping, empathy and problem-solving. Similarly, Caldwell et al. (2019) found a small but significant beneficial impact of CBIs on anxiety for primary school children (4–11 years) but not for adolescents supporting the growing evidence for the use of CBIs in younger age groups. These findings suggest that CBIs have a positive impact on anxiety in younger children and should be implemented prior to adolescence. More MBI-focused reviews also suggest a greater impact for younger children than for adolescents. Porter et al. (2022) reported a significantly greater effect of MBIs on mental health symptoms for 3–10-year-olds in comparison with adolescents. Carsley et al. (2017) found improvements in measures of emotional health and well-being for late adolescents (15–18 years) and middle childhood (6–10 years) but no effects for early adolescents (11–14 years). This indicates that there may be an interaction between the type of outcome that is investigated and the age of participants. Finally, Dunning et al. (2019) found that MBIs had larger effect sizes for improvements in negative behaviours associated with younger ages when compared to adolescents. Collectively, this evidence suggests that metacognitive interventions may be most effective for primary schoolchildren. However, all the reviews mentioned identified different age ranges to represent younger children and none fully aligns with a specified educational stage such as upper primary/elementary school. In terms of differential effects on aspects of emotion regulation, mindfulness programmes, although often showing a more general approach to outcomes, are considered to have a moderate effect on the increase of emotional awareness as evaluated using measures of attention and awareness (Dunning et al. , 2019; Klingbeil et al. , 2017; Zoogman et al. , 2014).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Banks are completely immune to cyber attacks due to advanced cybersecurity. [SEP] Text: In: 2023 IEEE International students’ conference on electrical, electronics and computer science (), pp 1–5. (2021) Technology: NIST Framework and Roadmap for Interoperability Standards. [Online; accessed: 01. 03. 2023]Ustun TS (2019) Cybersecurity vulnerabilities of smart inverters and their impacts on power system operation. In: 2019 International conference on power electronics, control and automation (), pp 1–4. (2013) Secure communication mechanism for ubiquitous smart grid infrastructure. J Supercomput 64:435–4552251. (2019) Cyber-attack recovery strategy for smart grid based on deep reinforcement learning. 11(3):2476–24869. (2021) Man-in-the-middle attacks and defence in a power system cyber-physical testbed. IET Cyber-Phys Syst: 6(3):164–1778. (2011) Integrity data attacks in power market operations. 2(4):659–6661402. (2011) A secure and reliable in-network collaborative communication scheme for advanced metering infrastructure in smart grid. In: 2011 IEEE Wireless communications and networking conference, pp 909–914. (2021) Deep learning for online ac false data injection attack detection in smart grids: an approach using LSTM-autoencoder. J Appl 193:1031782195. (2011) Modeling load redistribution attacks in power systems. 2(2):382–3905. (2011) Common questions and answers addressing the aurora vulnerability. In: DistribuTECH conference(2013) Time synchronization attack in smart grid: impact and analysis. 4(1):87–98738. (2021) Balancing and frequency control. (NERC) (2012) Scalable distributed communication architectures to support advanced metering infrastructure in smart grid. 23(9):1632–16424. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Fresh/dry shoot and root mass and number of leaves per plant were recorded for 10 randomly sampled plants per pH treatment. Roots were separated from rockwool and carefully dried with paper towels consistently throughout, before fresh weight measurement. Following fresh weight measurements, plant material was dried in a drying oven at 55 °C for a minimum of 1 week. Once dry mass was measured, leaf tissue samples of all 10 plants were combined into one sample and sent to the same commercial analytical laboratory to determine nutrient concentrations of leaf tissue. All data of Trials 1 and 2 were compiled and analyzed as one data set. Location of pH treatments were randomized each replication so that no treatments were located in the same place inside the growth chamber. Plant growth data (fresh/dry mass and leaf number) and leaf nutrient concentration data were evaluated using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear or quadratic regression analysis was applied when -test was significant (P < 0. 15). All statistical analyses were performed using JMP software (Ver. 14; ). Expt. 2: Effects of increased nutrient concentrations on spinach growth and nutrient uptake under low pH. Expt. 2 employed four treatments consisting of pH (4. 5 or 5. 5) and EC (1. 4 or 3. 4 dS·m−1) of the nutrient solution using smaller DWC units (36. 2 cm tall and 31. 8 cm diameter; 5-gallon ) each with a polystyrene foam raft (Kingspan Insulation, 1. 9 cm × 1. 2 m × 2. 4 m R-4 ) cut to match the size of bucket. Three holes of the size of rockwool cubes (diameter: 2. 5 cm) were cut into each raft (three plants per raft). Each DWC unit (16 units in total) contained 15 L of nutrient solution made using dechlorinated and ultraviolet-treated water. Following Expt. 1, the same nutrient solution recipe was used as the basal formula in this experiment. Additionally, three times higher strength of nutrient solution was examined by adjusting dilution rate of the stock solutions. The resulting EC after mixing with ultraviolet-treated dechlorinated water was either 1. 4 or 3. 4 dS·m−1. Before transplant, nutrient solution pH was adjusted to setpoints 4. 5 or 5. 5 using sulfuric acid.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: , 2019); in eight studies, the programme was teacher led (Amundsen et al. , 2020; de Carvalho et al. , 2017; Jalón et al. , 2022; Meyer & Eklund, 2020; Parker et al. , 2014; Santos & Langill, 2018; Schonert-Reichl et al. , 2015; Vickery & Dorjee, 2016); three studies had a combination of teacher and external delivery (Alampay et al. , 2020; Keller et al. , 2017; Suárez-García et al. , 2020); and one study provided an audio recording of the exercises (Folch et al. , 2021). Seven of the mindfulness programmes were manualised (Alampay et al. , 2020; Amundsen et al. , 2020; de Carvalho et al. , 2017; Parker et al. , 2014; Santos & Langill, 2018; Schonert-Reichl et al. , 2015; van de Weijer-Bergsma et al. , 2014); three of the studies included separate mindfulness meditations (de Carvalho et al. , 2017; Schonert-Reichl et al. , 2015; Suárez-García et al. , 2020); and seven studies used mindful meditation as the main intervention element (Folch et al. , 2021; Jalón et al. , 2022; Keller et al. , 2017; Meyer & Eklund, 2020; Müller et al. , 2021; Poli et al. , 2022; Wright et al. , 2019). The programmes ranged from 2 weeks to 4 months. Delivery schedules tended to provide more sessions than CBIs but these were shorter in duration, for example, 36 sessions of between 5- and 15-min duration (Santos & Langill, 2018). The lowest total intervention dosage was approximately 1. 5 hr (Müller et al. , 2021) and the highest was approximately 15 hr (de Carvalho et al. , 2017; Wright et al. , 2019). The CBIs were targeted for specific emotion regulation issues. Eight studies were mood disorder focused (Bernstein et al. , 2005; Kato & Shimizu, 2017; Miller et al. , 2010; Miller et al. , 2011, Loevaas et al. , 2019; Rose et al. 2009; Stallard et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biometric data alone is enough to fully protect all bank accounts. [SEP] Text: The probabilistic approach is grounded on the estimation of probabilities of match and on thresholds for the similarity scores; the rule-based approach tries to explicitly model the knowledge of domain experts; the approach, on the contrary, relies only on data and can be cost-sensitive, supervised, unsupervised, or semi-supervised. In the following a multiple-criteria feature vector and a supervised classifier are proposed in the classification phase of the RL process, outperforming classic crude threshold-based methods and producing remarkable results. The paper is organized as follows: in ‘Background’ the phases of a traditional RL process and the related literature on are sketched; in ‘Materials and Methods’ the proposed method is presented in detail; in ‘Experiments’ the used data and the experiments are fully described; finally, in ‘Conclusions’, main conclusions are drawn. the currently established phases of a RL process will be outlined, then the recent literature on applied to RL will be summarized. Phases of RL The RL of two sources generally involves five independent phases, each exploiting different techniques, criteria, and algorithms Christen (2012): Data pre-processing: the two sources are cleaned and normalized to ensure that all the data have the same format and are as much as possible error free; Indexing: to save time, the record pairs that are evidently different are filtered out from the comparisons through clustering, sorting or blocking. is exponential in nature, as each record from the first source should be compared with all the records from the other sources, hence indexing is critical for performance; Comparison: only the record pairs within the same block (or cluster) are actually compared one by one, using multiple similarity criteria that are conveyed into a similarity vector; Classification: the similarity vector obtained from each pair of records within the same block (or cluster) is classified into one of three groups: (M) –matches, that is pairs that do refer to the same entity of the real world; (NM) –non-matches, that is pairs that do not refer to the same entity of the real world; (PM) –potential-matches or ambiguous pairs, that is pairs that can’t be classified with sufficient precision or reliability; Evaluation: the classified pairs are reviewed for final labeling.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: At least once a day, pH was monitored and manually adjusted thereafter as needed by adding sulfuric acid to maintain pH within a range of ± 0. 25 of target pH. At least three times a week, EC and DO of each DWC unit were measured using the same handheld meters as described before. Nutrient solutions were sent to the same commercial analytical laboratory () for micro- and macronutrients at the end of experiment. Twenty days after transplanting, all plants were harvested for quantifying plant growth and nutrient concentrations in the same procedures as in Expt. 1. This experiment was conducted twice (Trial 1 and 2) each with the four treatments replicated in four blocks inside the growth chamber. Because there were no interactions by trial, plant growth and nutrient data were pooled (n = 8) and subjected to ANOVA followed by t test paired with the control (standard EC and pH) and between standard and high EC at low pH. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP software (SAS Institute). Results and conditions. Average day and night growth chamber air temperatures, nutrient solution temperatures, vapor pressure deficient (VPD), and photosynthetic photon flux density are reported in Table 1. All setpoints were maintained within an acceptable range throughout the experiments. Measured nutrient concentrations in solution at the end of the experiments are reported in Table 2. All macro- and micronutrients were at comparable levels between pH treatments in Expt. 1. In Expt. 2, all macronutrient concentrations except S remained 2. 6 to 3. 4 times higher in high EC treatments (marked as HE). concentration was only 1. 9 times greater in high EC treatments likely because of the difference in the amount of sulfuric acid used for pH adjustment. Micronutrient concentrations except Cl and Zn were 2. 6 to 4 times higher in high EC treatments than low EC treatments. Cl and Zn concentrations were only 1. 5 to 2. 3 times greater in high EC treatments. Average pH, EC, and DO of experimental nutrient solutions are reported in Table 3 and were in the target ranges of the experiments. Table 1. Aerial environmental parameters recorded in Expts. 1 and 2 (each with two trials). Table 2. Elemental concentrations of nutrient solutions (all values in mg·L−1) at the end of Expts. 1 and 2. Mean ± sd (n = 4). Table 3.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: , 2015; Yeo et al. , 2015). Two CBIs targeted anger and disruptive behaviour management (Daunic et al. , 2006; Liber et al. , 2013). One study focused on social and emotional competence (Pophillat et al. , 2016) and one on promoting resilience (Yamamoto et al. , 2017). The MBIs had more general outcomes. Five studies focused on social and emotional competence (de Carvalho et al. , 2017; Harpin et al. , 2016; Santos & Langill, 2018; Schonert-Reichl et al. , 2015; Suárez-García et al. , 2020). Four studies targeted general well-being and emotion regulation (Amundsen et al. , 2020; Charest, 2015; Folch et al. , 2021; Vickery & Dorjee, 2016). Three explored the impact and feasibility of the intervention (Alampay et al. , 2020; Keller et al. , 2017; Parker et al. , 2014). Two studies targeted internalising difficulties (Poli et al. , 2022; Wright et al. , 2019) and two explored elements of academic achievement (Meyer & Eklund, 2020; Müller et al. , 2021). One study focused on stress (van de Weijer-Bergsma et al. , 2014) and one study promoted pro-environmental attitudes (Jalón et al. , 2022). Meta-analysis of CBIsAnalysis of awareness outcome data could not be carried out for CBIs as only one study reported awareness measures (Daunic et al. , 2006). Modulation outcomes included separate analyses of anxiety measures and depression measures. Analysis of self-reported anxiety outcomes favoured the control condition, but this was not statistically significant (0. 02, 95% CI [− 0. 08, 0. 11], p = 0. 76, I2 = 0%) (see Fig. 2). Analysis of self-reported depression was not statistically significant (− 0. 04, 95% CI [− 0. 17, 0. 09], p = 0. 55, I2 = 0%) post CBI (see Fig. 3) with no indication of statistical heterogeneity. Fig. 2Forest plot showing meta-analysis of self-report anxiety measures in CBI studies.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Biometric data alone is enough to fully protect all bank accounts. [SEP] Text: Experiments on 7 Datasets from different domains showed promising results. Materials and block representation of the proposed method is depicted in Fig. 1: it involves the comparing and classifying phases of RL (see ‘Phases of RL’): it takes as input pairs of records and classifies them into “match” (M) or “non-match” (NM) through an ANN. Figure 1: Block diagram of the proposed method. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 258/fig-1 The features of each candidate record pair are extracted by comparing each corresponding attribute with multiple similarity functions, resulting in a similarity vector (see below for more details). It is this similarity vector that is used for the subsequent classification of the candidate pair. In order to have comparable tests, all preceding phases use the same methods and parameters. Data sources Real data from separate municipal and banking databases have been gathered, chosen in the same geographical area to increase the probability of match (see Table 1). For both municipal and banking databases, each person is identified through the fiscal code (alias social security number, alias insurance number). Being a natural key and a reliable field, this common identifier was leveraged to create, through joins, a gold standard for training and evaluation purposes: if in a pair, both records had the same value for the fiscal code, they are considered a true-match. Table 1: Used databases flanked by their size. Database name type Alias # record ANAG_UNO Municipal registry A 42,698 ANAG_DUE Municipal registry B 45,100 ANAG_TRE Municipal registry C 42,559 ANAG_registry D 57,434 BCC_UNO Bank details X 1,052,737 BCC_DUE Bank details Y 101,651 BCC_TRE Bank details Z 93,179 DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 258/table-1 The fiscal code is derivable from first name, last name, date and place of birth plus some special codes. Surprisingly, clerical reviews showed that in rare cases even the fiscal code presents some errors, i. e. , does not correspond to the value derivable from the other fields of the record. This can lead to rare cases in which a pair of records is correctly classified as a match by the classifier but results indeed a false positive for the evaluation metric.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Root-zone environmental parameters recorded in Expts. 1 and 2 (each with two replications). Mean ± sd of daily measurements. Effects of pH of nutrient solutions on spinach growth and nutrient uptake (Expt. 1). All spinach growth parameters measured in this experiment (shoot and root fresh/dry mass, and leaf count per plant) declined as lowering pH (Fig. 1). Fresh shoot mass (i. e. , yield) of spinach was 0. 88 g (12%) and 3. 8 g (52%) per plant (averages of two trials) at pH 4. 0 and 4. 5, respectively, compared with those at the standard pH 5. 5 (7. 3 g per plant). Similarly, fresh root mass, dry shoot mass, and dry root mass (all per plant) were 0. 26 g (11%), 0. 12 g (21%), and 0. 047 g (33%) at pH 4. 0, and 1. 6 g (65%), 0. 31 g (53%), and 0. 11 g (79%) at pH 4. 5 of those at the standard pH 5. 5 (2. 4, 0. 58, and 0. 14 g), respectively. The reduction of leaf count by lowering pH was significant (P < 0. 0001) but moderate magnitude (<25% reduction) than the biomass accumulation (≈70% to 90% reduction). Plant leaf development is strongly affected by temperature (e. g. , Walters and Currey, 2019), whereas plant biomass accumulation is determined by photosynthesis and leaf expansion, both of which are affected by plant nutrient status directly. Adversely effects of inadequate pH are well known in hydroponics nutrient management as pH affects availability of many essential nutrients for plant growth (Adams, 2002). For example, Arnon and Johnson (1942) showed that lettuce and tomato plants did not grow at pH 3. 0 and exhibited reduced shoot and root fresh weight at pH 4. 0 compared with pH 5. 0 or 6. 0. Size Fig. 1. Spinach plant growth responses to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5. Individual charts are (a) fresh shoot mass, (b) fresh root mass, (c) dry shoot mass, (d) dry root mass, and (e) leaf count per plant after 3 weeks.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Research suggests mindfulness can enhance emotional regulation in students. [SEP] Text: Sub-analyses were conducted based on participant age, intervention duration, teacher vs external delivery and targeted vs universal participant group. The sub-group analysis of intervention duration reduced heterogeneity among the remaining studies and showed a small, significant, positive effect of MBIs on emotional awareness for studies that ran for 12 weeks or less (0. 17, 95% CI [0. 03, 0. 32,] p = 0. 02, I2 = 0%) (Fig. 6). The studies that were removed in this sub-group analysis were de Carvalho et al. , (2017; 15 weeks’ duration) and Jalón et al. , 2022; 4 months’ duration) (Table 2). Fig. 6Forest plot of self-report emotion awareness measures in MBI studies, showing sub-group analysis of intervention duration of 12 weeks or less, removing de Carvalho (2017) and Jalón (2022). Measures include Child and Measure (CAMM), for Children (MAAS-C) and Questionnaire (EAQ)Full size imageEffects on modulation outcomes were clustered as positive modulation measures (in which higher scores suggest better modulation), anxiety and negative modulation measures (in which higher scores suggest worse modulation), and measures of depression. An initial analysis of positive modulation outcomes identified substantial, significant heterogeneity (I2 = 68%, p = 0. 01; see Supplementary Materials: S4). Sub-group analyses were conducted based on participant age, intervention duration, teacher vs external delivery and targeted vs universal participant group. The sub-group analysis of age reduced heterogeneity among the remaining studies and showed a moderate, significant, positive effect of MBIs on positive modulation outcomes for participants with an average age of 10 years and above (0. 48, 95% CI [0. 22, 0. 7], p < 0. 001, I2 = 0%) (Fig. 7). The studies that were removed in this analysis were de Carvalho et al. , (2017; M = 8. 5 years) and Vickery and Dorjee (2016; M = 7. 8–8 years) (Table 2). Analysis of anxiety and negative modulation indicated that there was no significant effect of MBIs on these outcome measures (− 0. 02, 95% CI [− 0. 16, 0. 12], p = 0. 80, I2 = 0%) (see Fig. 8).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: All online banking systems are equally secure. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe simple answer to both questions in the title of this paper: No. We concentrate on three key aspects of the banking system's difficulties during the 2001–02 crisis. Two are related to bank behavior (increasing dollarization of the balance sheet and expanding exposure to the government), and the other is related to the degree by which banks were hurt by depositor p2001. We find that there was substantial cross-bank variation, that is, not all banks behaved equally nor were hurt equally by the macroeconomic shocks they faced during the run-up to the crisis. Furthermore, using panel data estimation, we find that depositors were able to distinguish high-risk from low-risk banks, and that individual bank's exposure to currency and government default risk depended on fundamentals and other bank-specific characteristics. Finally, our results have implications for the existence of market discipline in periods of stress, and for banking regulation, which may have led banks to underestimate some of the risks they incurred. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 6. 7 percent. Argentina is less open than most countries. During 1990–95, total trade represented 16 percent of GDP, whereas it was 37 percent in Mexico and 46 percent in Chile. Moreover, as pointed out by the Office of the IMF (2004), the differences in Argentina's degree of openness in relation to other hard peg economies are even more pronounced; for a sample of eight hard peg economies throughout the world, total trade averaged 96 percent of GDP. Analysts as well as the government agreed that the exchange rate was overvalued, although there was no consensus on the degree of overvaluation. As the study by the Office (2004) reports, by spring of 2000 overvaluation was estimated at 7 percent by Goldman Sachs, 13 percent by JP Morgan, and 17 percent by Deutsche Bank. Ex post, Perry and Servén (2002) estimated the Argentine peso to be overvalued by 55 percent by 2001. In particular, de la Torre, Levy-Yeyati, and Schmukler (2003); della Paolera and Taylor (2003); and Levy-Yeyati, Martínez Pería, and Schmukler (2004).

Output: contrast