Input: Claim: Insect viruses can be utilized in biocontrol strategies against agricultural pests. [SEP] Text: usGuidelines to authorRole of ethicsRole of Authors4. 84Frequency :Quarterly (March, June, September & December):10. 18805/ag. v38i02. 7945Cite 144. doi: 10. 18805/ag. v38i02. 7945. control agents have become increasingly important component in integrated pest management programme. Entomopathogenic nematodes are effective biological control agents for many important insect pests of vegetable crops. Therefore entomopathogenic nematodes are gaining attention in the field of biocontrol research worldwide. With the development and improvement of isolation and identification technique many novel species and strains have been utilized for management of several insect pests. This review aims to explore the potentiality of entomopathogenic nematode species against economically important insect pest of vegetables in India as well as in other countries. controlBioefficacyEntomopathogenic nematodeMass cultureVegetable insect pest327. Anonymous,( 2014). Annual Report- 2013-14. of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221305. Atwa, A. and Shalaby, H. H. (2014). Bioefficacy of two entomopathogenic nematodes against Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Lepidoptera) and Temnorhynchus baal Reiche (Coleoptera) larvae. J Biopest 7: 104-109. Batalla, C. L. , Morton, A. and Garcia del, P. F. ( 2010). . Efficacy of nematodes against the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. 55:523-530Belair, G. and Boivin, G. (1985). Susceptibility of the carrot weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Steinernema feltiae, S. bibionis and Heteorhabditis heliothidis. J Nematol 17:363-366Belair, G. , Fournier, Y. and Dauphinais, N. ( 2003). Efficacy of steinernematid nematodes against three insect pests of crucifers in Quebec. J Nematol 35: 259-265. Boivin, G. and Belair, G. ( 1989).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the results should be interpreted with caution. This study is not beyond limitations. Reporting bias, because data on maternal healthcare utilization were based on self-reported. This might have affected the reliability of the estimates. Also, a risk of recall bias might have been introduced as a result of the long recall period, however, this has been minimized by using data from the women with most recent live births. Furthermore, some of the findings can be a basis for further studies. For instance, according to Multivariate logistic regression models with an interaction term between wealth index and education there is no association between CSD and wealth and education. However, descriptive statistics indicate the rate of CSD is higher among the rich and richest quintile and among women with the secondary and higher-level education attainment. Therefore, in this study we discussed the interaction effect of wealth index and education by using adjusted predicted probabilities which showed clearer interpretation than multivariate analysis. ConclusionsThe current analysis provides strong evidence that there is an interaction effect between education attainment and wealth status in socioeconomic inequalities of maternal health services utilization. The study provides an empirical basis for policies, strategies, and interventions focusing on both empowering women’s education and efforts to improve their wealth status. Therefore, any approach which will address both women’s education and wealth status might be the first step to reducing socioeconomic inequalities in maternal health services utilization in Tanzania. 1. Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the -Agency Group. Lancet. 2015;6736: 1–13. pmid:26584737 View 2. Organizatio (WHO). Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2017: estimates by and the Population Division. Geneva. 2019. Available: 3. Batist J. An intersectional analysis of maternal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: a human rights issue. J Glob Health. 2019;9. pmid:31217956 View 4. Girum T, Wasie A. Correlates of maternal mortality in developing countries: an ecological study in 82 countries. Neonatol Perinatol. 2017;3: 19. pmid:29142757 View 5. Dahab R, Sakellariou D. Barriers to Care in Countries in Africa: A Systematic Review. . 2020;17: 4292.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: Genetic analysis of GI formation has been extensively reviewed in detail elsewhere (Van den Brink, 2007). Conservation of signaling between mesenchymal and epithelial cell populations during organogenesis of bladder and GI suggests that the organ regeneration platform appropriate for bladder regeneration may also function in an independent positional context to catalyze regeneration of the GI, including but not limited to small intestine and esophagus. The intestinal epithelium is the most highly regenerative tissue within adult mammals and may therefore be expected to be most amenable towards tissue engineering or regenerative medicine methodologies. Perhaps the best described strategy for regeneration of intestine and other components of the gastrointestinal tract involves the use of in vivo derived organoid units, formed from incompletely disassembled clusters of epithelial and mesenchymal cells generated through partial digestion of intestinal epithelium and therefore likely incorporating resident intestinal stem cells. In one such study, autologous organoids were derived from the intestine of 6 week old mini-pigs and used to seed PLLA scaffold tubes that were subsequently matured within the peritoneal cavity of the original donor. Seven weeks post-implantation, this tissue-engineered small intestine recapitulated the gross overall laminar organization of native small intestine (SI) (Sala, et al. , 2009). Significantly, acellular scaffolds did not result in the regeneration of tissue engineered gastrointestinal structures. These data notwithstanding, anastamosis of these tissue engineered small intestines to host SI within a large animal model remains to be demonstrated. Additionally, up to 10cm of host SI was harvested to derive donor organoids that are not readily expandable in vitro. Whether organoid units capable of seeding a scaffold structure may be isolated from diseased human intestine, and how much diseased donor material may be needed, remain factors yet to be elucidated. The requirement to leverage the peritoneal cavity as a bioreactor for tissue engineering may also impede widespread application of this approach. The bladder-derived organ regeneration platform of bio-polymeric scaffold seeded with smooth muscle cells may be applicable for regeneration of SI. To this end, stomach derived smooth muscle cells were used to seed a collagen-based scaffold prior to implantation within surgically isolated ileal loops of dogs for eight weeks, prior to re-anastamosis to the native intestine. Acellular collagen scaffold was used as a control.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insect viruses can be utilized in biocontrol strategies against agricultural pests. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of Steinernema masoodi (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) against soil– dwelling life stages of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in laboratory and microplot study. 2:4-8. . and Shakeela, V. ( 2000). Virulence of native entomopathogenic nematodes against black cutworms, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) and A. segetum (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). Nematol 30:103-105Jansson, R. K. and Lecrone, S. H. (1997). Effect of sweet potato cultivar on efficacy and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes for control of Cylas formicarius. Nematropica 27: 41-52. Jansson, R. K. and Lecrone, S. H. , Gaugler, R. and Smart, G. C. Jr. (1990). Potential of entomopathogenic nematodes as biological control agents of sweet potato weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J 83: 1818-1826. Jansson, R. K. , Lecrone, S. H. and Gaugler, R. ( 1993). Field efficacy and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) for control of sweet potato weevil (Coleoptera: Apionidae). J 86:1055-1063. Josephrajkumar, A. and Sivakumar, C. V. ( 1997). Biological control potential of native entomopathogenic nematodes against Spodoptera litura (Fab. ). 5: 164-167. Kashkouli, M. , Khajehali, J. and Poorjavad, N. ( 2014). Impact of entopathogenic nematodes on Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) life stages in the laboratory and under semi-field conditions. J Biopests 7:77-84. KayaH. K. and Gaugler, R. ( 1993). Entomopathogenic nematodes. Entomol 38: 181-206.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: pmid:32560132 View 6. ça GV, et al. How changes in coverage affect equity in maternal and child health interventions in 35 Countdown to 2015 countries: an analysis of national surveys. Lancet. 2012;380: 1149–1156. pmid:22999433 View 7. Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children () [Tanzania Mainland], Ministry of Health (MoH) [Zanzibar], of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Statistician (OCGS), and ICF. 2016. and Malaria(TDHS-MIS) 2015–16. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: and ICF; 2016. Accessed 10 May 2023. 8. . Socioeconomic inequality in maternal healthcare: An analysis of regional variation in Bangladesh. Health Place. 2018;52: 205–214. pmid:29960144 View 9. Langa N, Bhatta T. The rural-urban divide in Tanzania: Residential context and socioeconomic inequalities in maternal health care utilization. Amo-Adjei J, editor. PLoS One. 2020;15: e0241746. pmid:33166310 View 10. Ali B, Chauhan S. Inequalities in the utilisation of maternal health Care in Rural India: Evidences from & IV. BMC Public Health. 2020;20: 369. pmid:32197599 View 11. . Wealth, education and urban–rural inequality and maternal healthcare service usage in Malawi. BMJ Glob Heal. 2016;1: e000085. pmid:28588940 View 12. Maternal healthcare services use in Mwanza Region, Tanzania: a cross-sectional baseline survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19: 474. pmid:31805887 View 13. of Statistics (NBS) and Office of Statistician (OCGS) Zanzibar. 2012. es Salaam. 2013. Available: Accessed 10 May 2023. 14. Rutstein SO, Johnson K. . . 6. 2004. Available: 15. Wenban-smith H. Rural-Urban Linkages: Study. 2014. View 16. -Koru JA, Stevenson R, et al.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: By 12 weeks post-surgery, macroscopic analysis of the cell seeded scaffold implantation site demonstrated regeneration of neo-mucosa resembling native mucosa. However, in animals containing an acellular scaffold, the implant site remained ulcerated up to 12 weeks post-implantation. Additional histological data showed significantly enhanced vascularization, epithelialization and organization of the circular muscle layer at the cell seeded scaffold defect site relative to acellular control (Nakase, et al. , 2006). Increasing the number of smooth muscle cells seeded onto the scaffold increased the area of regenerated SI tissue, although no concomitant increase in the thickness of the smooth muscle layer was observed (Nakase, et al. , 2007). Nevertheless, these data suggest that a simple regenerative platform composed of biodegradable scaffold nucleated with smooth muscle cells may be adequate to facilitate SI regeneration. Although this approach must be reproduced using a directly anastamosed tubular scaffold and alternate sources of smooth muscle cells, if successful, this methodology represents the most straightforward, clinically relevant and commercially viable strategy for regeneration of the SI. This organ regeneration platform technology may also be leveraged for regeneration of the esophagus. In one such example, patch defects were created in the abdominal esophagus of 27 female rats, subsequently implanted with gastric acellular matrix (GAM). Of the 24 survivors, none showed evidence of regeneration of the lamina muscularis mucosa even 18 months post-implantation (Urita, et al. , 2007). In contrast, a study of a canine model of esophageal resection and replacement demonstrated that PGA tubes seeded with a mixture of keratinocytes and fibroblasts triggered regeneration of smooth muscle laminar organization similar to native esophagus within 3 weeks post-implantation, whereas acellular PGA tubes formed esophageal strictures were associated with near complete obstruction within two to three weeks (Nakase, et al. , 2008). In another dog study, cervical esophageal defects were patched with either small intestinal submucosa (SIS) alone, or SIS seeded with autologous oral mucosal epithelial cells.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Insect viruses can be utilized in biocontrol strategies against agricultural pests. [SEP] Text: 7:314-318Poinar, G. O. , Karunakar, G. and David, H. (1992). Heterorhabditis indicus n. sp. (Rhabditida:Nematoda) from India: separation of Heterorhabditis spp. by infective juveniles. Fundam. Appl. Nematol. 15: 467 -472. Prabhuraj, A. , Viraktamath, C. A. , Kumar, A. R. V. ( 2000). Field evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes against brinjal root weevil Myllocerus discolors Boh. 6:149-151. Prabhuraj, A. , Viraktamath, C. A. , Kumar, A. R. V. (2003). Pathogenicity of two entomopathogenic nematodes against Holotrichia serrata (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In: Biological control of lepidopteran pests. Proceedings of the Symposium of of Lepidopteran Pests. (eds) 17-18,2002, Bangalore, India,209. Rai, A. B. , Halder, J. and Kodandaram, M. H. (2014). Emerging insect pest problems in vegetable crops and their management in India- An appraisal. 20:113-122Rashid, P. (2010). Biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Curr. Nematol 21:17-21. Ratansinghe, G. and Hague, N. G. M. (1998). The invasion, development and reproduction of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Nematropica 28: 1-6. Salmanov, A. (1988). Results of attempted infection of the Colorado beetle with the nematode Neoaplectana carpocapsae in laboratory and field conditions.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 36. 6 million to 141 million [11]. Average life expectancy at birth in Africa is projected to increase from about 45 years at present, to 63 years by 2050, resulting in an increase in the population of the aged in the region. With respect to Ghana, the national population according to the Population and [12] stands at 24. 7 million with dependent population (persons under 15 and over 65 years) constituting 43. 1%. The aged population, which by definition include persons 60 years and above [13] is 6. 5% of the population. The dependency ratio is expected to increase significantly given population policy objectives of reducing child mortality and increasing life expectancy [13]. It has also been established that life expectancy has seen upward growth from the time of independence, from 42 years in 1960 to 58 years in 2000, and it is expected to increase to 65 years by 2020 and 70 years by 2050. To improve access to health care by the citizenry, Ghana introduced a (NHIS) to replace an existing pay-as-you access (cash and carry) payment system by an act of parliament in 2003 [14]. This policy has affected virtually all aspects of health system such as improved access, workload, health infrastructure and care for vulnerable groups including children, aged and pregnant women [15,16]. Although research on ageing and adult health has been conducted, or is ongoing in several African countries including Ghana, these studies have typically been small and piecemeal [17,18]. This analysis is based on SAGE Wave 1, a multi-country longitudinal study by the Organization to provide nationally representative data (including the health state, health care utilization and health system responsiveness) on older adults in six low-to-middle income countries including Ghana. This paper seeks to explain the relationships between socioeconomic, socio-demographic factors, functioning assessment and chronic conditions that influence health and healthcare utilization among the older population in Ghana. There is generally paucity of literature on the aged in areas of health and healthcare utilization in developing countries [19] which feeds directly into the low level of concrete evidenced-based policies to advance the cause of the aged in these settings. The paper therefore intends to contribute to providing nationally representative analysis of the health care utilization patterns among the older population of Ghana to augment national health and social policy.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: After four weeks, dogs implanted with cell seeded SIS showed almost complete re-epithelialization and minimal evidence of inflammation and, by eight weeks post-surgery, regeneration of the underlying smooth muscle layer. Acellular SIS grafted animals presented only partial re-epithelialization and a more extensive inflammatory response by four weeks, and no muscular regeneration by eight weeks. Attempts to introduce an acellular SIS tubular construct into the cervical esophagus of piglets were also unsuccessful, demonstrating scarification and a minimal regenerative response (Doede, et al. , 2009). Progress has also been made in efforts to tissue engineer the stomach. Stomach derived organoid units, (analogous to the SI organoids used to tissue engineer the SI) upon seeding of a biopolymeric scaffold, triggered reconstitution of the gastric and muscularis mucosa in stomach tissue engineered within the peritoneal cavities of swine (Sala, et al. , 2009). In another study, circular defects were created in the stomach of seven dogs and a composite biodegradable scaffold (“New-sheet”), soaked with either autologous peripheral blood or bone marrow aspirate, was sutured over the defect. By 16 weeks post implantation, the defect site had formed regenerated stomach with evidence of re-epithelialization, formation of villi, vascularization and fibrosis within the sub-mucosal layer. However, minimal regeneration of the smooth muscle layer was observed, as shown by expression of smooth muscle α-actin, though not calponin, a marker of mature smooth muscle cells (Araki, et al. , 2009). Though strictly not a tubular organ, the anal sphincter is a component of the gastrointestinal tract and is critical in regulating patency of the large intestine. Recent efforts to engineer the anal sphincter leverage the same general platform used to catalyze bladder regeneration. To this end, smooth muscle cells isolated from human internal anal sphincter were seeded onto fibrin gels poured around a central mold. Cell mediated contraction of the gel around the mold resulted in the formation of a 3D cylindrical tube of sphincteric smooth muscle tissue.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is crucial for understanding meanings of words. [SEP] Text: A response to any given word was considered to be “correct” if at least one property was correctly recalled. The numbers of paragraphs for which a “correct” response was given ranged (across participants) from 3 to 26 of the 36 paragraphs (mean = 17. 23, SD = 7. 27). A set of 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted on the participant and item means, with the factor of Relatedness (related or unrelated) measured within subjects/items and Version measured between subjects/items. The proportion of correct responses was significantly higher for related than for unrelated paragraphs [Table 3; F 1(1, 20) = 172. 4, p <. 001; F 2(1, 34) = 152. 8 p <. 001]. Because of the large proportion of unrelated trials on which no information was correctly recalled (74 %), it was not possible to assess whether (for those items that were correctly recalled) more information was recalled for related than for unrelated paragraphs. Table 3 Cued-recall results: Performance for the related and unrelated words (calculated across participants)Full size table To assess whether memory performance was related to participants’ ratings of novelty, plausibility, and clarity, and to assess whether the effect of Relatedness was still significant when these variables were taken into account, an was conducted using the item means, with the factors of both Relatedness and Version measured between items and the factors of Novelty, Plausibility, and Clarity included as covariates. Because each word–paragraph combination had an individual rating on each of these measures, it was necessary to use a between-items approach to the analysis. As with the main analysis, we found a significant effect of Relatedness on the proportions of correct responses [F(1, 65) = 23. 1, p <. 001]. The covariates of Novelty, Plausibility, and Clarity were nonsignificant (p >. 2)Intrusion errors (i. e. , recall of incorrect information) were relatively rare (n = 90, 11. 4 % of the total responses). We found significantly more errors for unrelated words (n = 60, 63. 7%) than for related words (n = 30) on a binomial test (p =. 015). These errors consisted of three types.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: The pooled Wave 1 national total for individual respondents included 4770 respondents aged 50+ and 803 aged 18–49. Study procedureA standardized survey instrument, set of methods, interviewer training and translation protocols are used in all SAGE countries. International standards were used to harmonize education levels and occupations. Details on subject selection and instruments used for the SAGE Wave 1 survey across the six countries have been provided by Kowal et al. [17] and that in Ghana specifically by Biritwum et al. [18]. Statistical methodsMeasures of variablesResponse variables include two measures of health status and a measure of healthcare utilization. Self-rated health status indicates how Ghanaians rated their health state by using five-point scale ranging from “very good” to “very bad” coded as categorical variable that ranges from 1 equals “very good” to 5 equals “very bad”. Objective health state is measured on the basis of the Ghanaians response to a question (Q2002) regarding the presence of functional limitations (mild to extreme = 1) denoted as present and (none = 0) denoted as absent respectively. Healthcare utilization is measured using self-reports of hospitalization (outpatient) during a one year reference period preceding the survey. Socio-demographic and socio-economic measuresPredisposing measures were age (age 18–49 (young adults), 50–59 (adults) and 60 yrs and above (older adults)), gender and marital status (currently married, never married, cohabitating, separated/divorced and widowed), ethnicity, and religion. These sociodemographic variables were chosen because of their influence on chronic diseases, health status and health care utilization respectively. Enabling measures were assessed in terms of education, job employment, social class, insurance status, area of residence and income. Education was recorded as college/university completed, high school completed, secondary school completed, primary school completed, less than primary school completed and no formal education. Job employment was categorized into four groups: public, private, self-employed and informal employment. Public sector includes employees of state, or municipal governments and their agencies, parastatal enterprises, and semi-autonomous institutions such as social security institutions that are owned by the government or institutions like religious schools if the staff are paid by the government.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: Commercially sourced PGA braided tubes were observed to have physical properties reminiscent of SI, and were therefore applied in the context of tubular cell seeded constructs for evaluation of regenerative outcomes within rodent SI. As with the patch, complete regeneration of intestinal epithelia and partial regeneration of bundles of smooth muscle cells was observed at 3 months post-implantation. Implanted animals were capable of eating normally, gained weight and passed fecal material in a manner comparable to healthy controls. A detailed analysis of regenerative outcomes in rodents implanted with SMC seeded tubular constructed has been previously presented (Basu et al. , 2011b). As with all other tubular organs, presence of a cellular component on the regenerative construct is essential to a successful regenerative outcome. This data notwithstanding, observed difficulties in regeneration of SI musculature from simple constructs derived from biomaterials used in bladder regeneration suggest that there are elements unique to SI currently missing from the current generation of construct prototypes. One such potential factor is the role of the enteric nervous system in facilitating regenerative outcomes within the GI tract. Advertisement 6. SummaryTengion’s foundational PlatformTM composed of adipose-sourced smooth muscle cells complexed with a synthetic, biodegradable scaffold, is broadly applicable to regeneration of multiple tubular organs. Constructs function by manipulating fundamental signaling pathways between mesenchymal and epithelial cell populations to trigger regenerative outcomes mimicking organogenesis during development and regeneration in organisms such as urodeles, including induction of a neo-blastema. Tubular organ regeneration is influenced by adequate vascularization and cellular constituents present at the local site. Mucosal regeneration is influenced by blood supply with organ specific events controlling biological events. This ability to apply the same fundamental signaling elements that mediate the regenerative process through application of the same combination of cells and biomaterials towards regeneration of multiple tubular neo-organs will greatly facilitate development of a manufacturing platform with commonalities throughout bio-processing. 1. AdzickN. Sand LorenzH. P1994Cells, matrix, growth factors and the surgeon. The biology of scarless fetal wound repair. 2201018Adzick, N. S. and Lorenz, H. P. (1994). Cells, matrix, growth factors and the surgeon. The biology of scarless fetal wound repair. 220, 10-182. AsnaghiM.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is crucial for understanding meanings of words. [SEP] Text: To ensure that the participants read the paragraphs during the unsupervised training sessions that took place outside of the lab, six short memory tests were developed that contained 12 simple questions apiece about the meanings contained in the booklets (two questions per paragraph read during the week). Some of the questions were open ended (e. g. , “Why were stubs usually killed in the past? ”), and other questions required participants to fill in a blank (e. g. , “_____ is now considered one of the most desirable massages available. ”). An additional 72 words were selected for use in the lexical decision experiment. These words, which did not appear in the training booklets or in the vocabulary test, were well matched to the training words for frequency, orthographic neighbourhood, syllable count, and number of senses, as well as for lexical decision performance in the Project (Balota et al. 2007; see Table 1 and the 1. In the lexical decision test, a fixation point appeared in the centre of the monitor for 500 ms, followed by a single word. The participants indicated via keyboard responses whether each word was a real English word (1 for real word, 2 for nonword). After each response, the word was replaced by a new fixation point. The 36 trained words, 72 untrained words, and 108 pseudohomophones were divided into four blocks pseudorandomly, such that each block contained the same number from each condition. Participants saw the four blocks in a randomized order, with the additional constraint that each possible order was seen by no more than one participant. Within each block, the order of the items was randomized for each participant. A practice session consisting of 28 filler items (half words and half nonwords) was completed before the experimental blocks. ResultsRatings taskParticipants made ratings of novelty, plausibility, clarity, coherence, interest, and logicality for each paragraph (see Table 4). Table 4 Experiment 2: Results of the rating task for related (R) and unrelated (U) items (calculated across participants)Full size table Memory questionsThe participants answered 12 questions on each of the 6 days of training. Overall, participants achieved 58 % correct (range across participants = 39 %–85 %).

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Stata SE (version 12. 1) was used for analysis. Ethical considerations‘SAGE has been approved by the Organization’s Board. Additionally, the study in Ghana was approved by the Ethical and Committee of the University of School, Korle-Bu, Accra. Informed consent has been obtained from all study participants’. ResultsTable 1 shows the differences exhibited in enabling and predisposing factors among aged male and female Ghanaians. Females show significantly higher levels of illiteracy, urban dwelling and self-employment than men. Women had low level of education and higher rates of single parenthood, compared with aged men. Table 1 Weighted means and percentages of selected demographic, socioeconomic and health variables by gender Full size tableThe weighted means and percentages for the sampled health related indicators also shown (Table 1) demonstrate that aged women experience worse health than men, indicated by functioning assessment, self-rated health, chronic conditions and functional limitations. Overall, women had higher rates of healthcare utilization, indicated by the significantly higher rates of hospitalization and outpatient encounters. Tables 2, 3 and 4 respectively show results from the regression output, conducted on the pooled sample. In these, different measures of health and healthcare were regressed, (predisposing factors, experiences of medical conditions and enabling factors as input variables were controlled for in a cumulative order in the respective model specifications). Table 2 Coefficients from the ordered logit regression on self-assessed health Full size tableTable 3 Coefficients from the logit regression on probability of functional limitation Full size tableTable 4 Coefficients from the logit regression on probability of hospitalization Full size tableAfter controlling for chronic illness, the effect of diabetes, angina and visual impairment, had statistically significant influence on self-rated health (model 2). Interestingly, when functioning assessment was controlled for, difficulties in movement due to illness and memory problems remained highly influential on self-assessed health as demonstrated in model 3. In model 4, after controlling for the enabling factors, urban settings, income quintile 5 (highest income group) and subjective well-being had less impact on the self-assessed health(Table 2), i. e. indicating that financially sound Ghanaians have better health state and are able to care for themselves. 3, upon the inclusion of education and social class to the model, functional limitation was greatly influenced by social class as an independent factor.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: W2013Tissue engineering of esophagus and small intestine in rodent injury models. Biol 100131124Basu, J. ,. , Ludlow, J. W. (2013) Tissue engineering of esophagus and small intestine in rodent injury models. Biol 1001, 311-2412. BasuJand BertramT2014Regenerative medicine of the gastrointestinal tract. 428290Basu, J. , and Bertram, T (2014). Regenerative medicine of the gastrointestinal tract. 42, 82-9013. BasuJGenheimerC. WRiveraE. . Tet al2011Functional evaluation of primary renal cell/biomaterial Neo-prototypes for renal tissue engineering. Cell Transplant. 20:1771-1790, 2011. Functional evaluation of primary renal cell/biomaterial Neo-prototypes for renal tissue engineering. Cell Transplant. 20:1771-1790 14. Becker et al2008TGFbeta1 and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions promote smooth muscle gene expression in bone-marrow stromal cells: possible application in therapies for urological defects. 31, 951Becker et al. , 2008. TGFbeta1 and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions promote smooth muscle gene expression in bone-marrow stromal cells: possible application in therapies for urological defects. 31, 95115. Campbell et al1999Novel vascular graft grown within recipient’s own peritoneal cavity. 8511738Campbell et al. , 1999. Novel vascular graft grown within recipient’s own peritoneal cavity. 85: 1173-816. Campbell et al2008The peritoneal cavity as a bioreactor for tissue engineering visceral organs: bladder, uterus and vas deferens. J 25060Campbell et al. , 2008. The peritoneal cavity as a bioreactor for tissue engineering visceral organs: bladder, uterus and vas deferens. J 2: 50-6017. Cilento et al1994Phenotypic and cytogenetic characterization of human bladder urothelia expanded in vitro. J Urol 152665670Cilento et al. , 1994. Phenotypic and cytogenetic characterization of human bladder urothelia expanded in vitro. J Urol 152: 665-67018.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is crucial for understanding meanings of words. [SEP] Text: Lexical decisionOne of the 15 participants was removed due to highly variable performance across different blocks and to a high proportion of very slow responses (SD = 342 ms, 28 % of responses greater than 1,000 ms). The remaining participants made between 0. 9 % and 15. 7 % errors, with response times that ranged between 475 and 878 ms. One of the trained words (“snow”) was inadvertently omitted from the experiment. Also, one of the untrained words (“sled”) was removed because its error rate was greater than 50 %. Only correct response times were included in the analyses. Individual responses that were greater than three standard deviations above the mean for that participant or shorter than 250 ms were excluded (1. 7 % of the responses to experimental items). Analyses were conducted on response times and error rates using means that were calculated across both participants and items (Fig. 1). Fig. 1Lexical decision results (Exps. 2 and 3): a Mean response times and b mean percentage errors for the subjects analyses. Error bars show standard errors adjusted to remove between-subjects varianceFull size image The first set of ANOVAs compared the response times and error rates for the trained words (combined across levels of Relatedness) with the untrained words. Condition (trained vs. untrained) was included as a within-subjects/-items variable for the subjects and items analyses, respectively. Version was included as a between-subjects variable for the subjects analysis and as a within-items variable for the items analysis. Participants responded significantly more slowly to the untrained words than to the trained words [F 1(1, 12) = 10. 3, p <. 01; F 2(1, 104) = 10. 7, p <. 001]. The participants also made marginally more errors to the untrained words than to the trained words [F 1(1, 12) = 3. 6, p =. 08; F 2(1, 104) = 3. 1, p =. 08]. The second set of analyses excluded the untrained words and compared the two types of trained words. Relatedness (related vs. unrelated) was included as a within-subjects/-items factor, and Version was included as a between-subjects/-items factor. There was no effect of Relatedness on response times [F 1(1, 12) = 0.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Upon inclusion of chronic conditions and functioning assessment into the model, hypertension, arthritis, stroke and visual impairment contributed massively to the functional limitation. Those in the Urban settings who earn income and influential in society have greater chance of receiving healthcare (probably because financially sound Ghanaians might have improved financial access to care). who were married reported worse health status and functional limitation (Table 3) than their non-married counterparts, whereas Akans report higher hospitalization (Table 4) than other tribes. However, marital status does not significantly impact outpatient hospitalization. Again, being an Akan does not significantly impact health status and functional limitation. Aged respondents who earn income and in high social class reported lower functional health and higher rates of hospitalization. Higher prevalence of functioning assessment and chronic conditions significantly increases the likelihood of hospitalization among aged Ghanaians (Tables 3 and 4) and also increases both subjective and functional health (Table 2). In total, enabling factors are among the greatest indicators of health and healthcare utilization among aged Ghanaians. Higher enabling factors have substantial and significant effects on outpatient care. Income and social class have strong beneficial impacts on functional limitation and outpatient care. However, urban dwelling and education were neither associated with health nor healthcare utilization. DiscussionThis study seeks to provide nationally representative baseline information on the aged population by examining disparities in health and healthcare utilization among aged Ghanaians. The analysis demonstrates huge differences in indicators of health state and healthcare utilization among aged Ghanaians. The findings indicate income and social class have strong beneficial impacts on functional limitation and outpatient care. However, urban dwelling and education were neither associated with health nor healthcare utilization. This confirms Thoa et al. [3] who argued based on the use of longitudinal analysis on a study of rural Vietnam that healthcare utilization changes in direct relationship to changes in economic conditions of households. Again a similar study by Roy and Chaudri [8] conducted in India argued that there is statistically significant differential in socio-economic and cultural experiences of older men and women. Our findings also showed the differences exhibited in enabling and predisposing factors among aged male and female Ghanaians. Females show significantly higher levels of illiteracy, urban dwelling and self-employment than men. This was agreed by Roy and Chaudri [8] who confirmed that older women have lower levels of literacy, property ownership, economic independence and social integration than men. The situation of the older woman is also worsened by a high likelihood of widowhood and dependent living arrangements.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: Introduction In the middle of the chaos when the surgeon says the only way to guarantee your survival is by transplanting an organ is a ray of hope that shines through the entire body. In reality, circumstances are regulated, but psychological uncertainty exist both before and after surgery. The same was true for Rehmaan, who was diagnosed with a heart transplant last year. Rehmaan was psychiatrically recovered; he was mentally impaired, however, and now struggles for his sense of identity. Organ transplants will certainly add years to a person’s drowning lives, but the same mental stresses must also be faced in these years, either before or after treatments. This emotional instability is always difficult to deal with and can lead to breakdowns of individuals. Besides these the culture backgrounds of the person too affect them mentally, if the recipients hails from an uneducated family or are uneducated themselves, receives various setbacks about how to deal with the idea of having another person’s organ in to their own body. The traditional and cultural beliefs challenges both recipient (person receiving the organ) and donor (person donating the organ) along with their families. In our view, the cultural context in organ donation treatments plays an significant role in awareness and belief in various cultures. Cultural backgrounds encompasses a major role in complete wellbeing of a recipient. Although, not denying to the higher risk of complications during surgeries, sometimes it becomes very difficult to make the recipient’s family agree on the treatment, especially if the family is not well qualified or due to lack of knowledge to understand the complex issues. The pre- treatments challenges the patient mentally and held them confuse about getting fitted an organ from another person in to their own bodies. Several queries make way to their mind example sensing a body’s own organ loss, sensing death, wwdietary changes, physical complications, pharmacological side effects, anxiety and depression, sexual problems, family or cultural norms [1]. The improvements in organ transplants and the post treatment changes ( physical, emotional and social effects) leading to psychological alterations in the organ recipient shares a directly proportional relationship. A great psychological void created by the transplant is the loss of the integrity of recipient’s body image. There is a long and complicated way to regain one’s full identity, and an entire body image needs to be regained. The complete acceptance of the donor organ by the recipient’s body is crucial even after the surgery.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is crucial for understanding meanings of words. [SEP] Text: The participants were pseudorandomly assigned to the two versions and two presentation orders for the booklets. StimuliThe target words, paragraphs, and assignment of items to versions and presentation orders (within the training booklets) were the same as in Experiments 1 and 2. The printed booklets containing the paragraphs were identical to those used in Experiment 2. Four worksheets were also devised for use during the training phase of the experiment. Each worksheet was designed to take approximately 30–45 min to complete. The order of the target words was randomized separately for each worksheet. 1 and 3, the participants were instructed to initially fill in as much as possible without the booklet, and then to refer to the booklet to complete any answers that they did not know. 2 and 4, they were instructed to use the booklet throughout the task. Worksheet 1 This two-page booklet contained a numbered list of the 36 target words, in a column on the left side, and a separate list of descriptions of the meanings of these words (e. g. , “Country that exports goods at low cost”), in a column on the right side. The participants’ task was to link each description with the appropriate word by writing down the appropriate number next to each description. Worksheet 2 The participants here generated a new example sentence for each target word that was compatible with its new definition. Worksheet 3 The third worksheet comprised a series of quiz questions about the paragraph (two questions per word; e. g. , “Where is a pouch normally found? ”). Worksheet 4 The final worksheet was a creative writing task. Participants were given a list of the 36 target words and were instructed to “tell a story” that included each of these words, at least once, using their new meanings. They could write as many sentences as they liked and could write in any style and on any subject. Procedure1, the participants came into the lab and read through the whole booklet of word meanings and completed Worksheet 1. The participants were then given the booklet of paragraphs to take home, together with Worksheets 2–4. They were instructed to complete one of these worksheets, in the correct order, on each of the next three consecutive days (Days 2–4) at home and in a quiet environment.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: Previous studies have established that older women are universally more exposed to socioeconomic vulnerabilities which affect health and economic outcomes (United Nations, [10]). This finding conforms to our current analysis which demonstrates that aged women experience worse health than men, indicated by functioning assessment, self-rated health, chronic conditions and functional limitations. Women have higher rates of healthcare utilization, as shown by significantly higher rates of hospitalization and outpatient encounters. A lack of information relevant and specific to older persons’ physical, cognitive, social and economic well-being may contribute to their marginalization in policy arena (Kinsella & Phillips, [19]). The evidence provided by this analysis that enabling factors are among the greatest indicators of health and healthcare utilization among aged Ghanaians should contribute to national development policy. In addition, the analysis demonstrated higher rates of healthcare utilization among the older population with poorer subjective health. This suggests that aged Ghanaians with the worse health utilize more the limited health services available. In contrast to these, a study by Roy and Chaudri in 2008 [8] observed among aged Indians that are poorer subjective health impacts less on hospitalization. We have established in this study that controlling for socioeconomic status contributes substantially to utilization; possibly because financially sound Ghanaians might have increased financial access to healthcare. The older population in the higher socioeconomic group probably may be more aware and also may have increased health risks due to lack of exercise, being more sedentary, increased intake of high fat-laden diets and hence more need for outpatient care. Structured national health awareness programmes for the older population is imperative, Roy and Chaudri [8] provide counter explanation to the above that, the financially empowered and better-off older adults possibly have better health and need less inpatient care. Higher enabling factors has substantial and significant effects on healthcare utilization and in congruence with Roy and Chaudri [8], the effect of financial empowerment enhances health and well-being among both older men and women. In this analysis, older persons in the second and third income quintiles have challenges in overcoming functional limitation probably due to low savings and reduced access to health care. Previous literature indicates that low-income and aged societies with no social fund to care for their growing older population, financial empowerment of older adults could be one way to improve their health outcomes, lower healthcare utilization and control long-term costs (Jerliu et al. [4]).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: But if the psychological changes continues to create anxiety and other issues that might lead to major consequences [2]. These situations accounts more significant role from family and relatives, and if in case the family turns incapable of handling and understanding the post treatments effects the person can run in to further depression or anxiety issues [3]. Whereas in case of well-educated family backgrounds, family understands the situation well and keep a pace with pre and post-treatment changes in the recipient nature. These cultural differences arrives due to socio-economic barriers in the society and effects the organ transplantation directly as well as indirectly. Transplants and cultural believes Transplantation cultural beliefs are complex. Some cultures owe ancient rituals and beliefs of great importance. They claim that the spirit from the donor is transmitted to the recipient and special ceremonies are performed for this process. For instance, Asians have a comparatively greater negative attitude towards organ donations than other American residents. In some cultures, organ transplantation meant a completely new person and death of the person before treatment while, in some cultures organ transplantations considered as a boon to the survival of mankind and is practiced undoubtedly [4]. As far as some cultures are known to believe in the fact that the donor could no longer rest in peace after donating a certain organ from the body. Another major cultural obstruction is the ‘definition of dead’ in some societies. According to medical terminologies if a person’s brain is not working the person is declared dead (brain-death) and could be a potential donor. . Some cultural beliefs says, the person is declared dead only if all organ functioning (brain and heart both) comes to the end [5]. In Japan, Shinto, a national religious belief in preserving a dead body fully and any destruction of the body is a crime [6]. These cultural differences of opinions among groups had led to the non-rapid increase in organ transplantation surgeries and they still remain questionable. Low literacy is in direct correlation with having orthodox mindset majorly. In the view of the highlighted facts mentioned above, cultural beliefs are not only preventing organ transplant surgeries to proceed but also creating panic in the minds of society. They are definitely the breakers in the way of advancements in medical fields. There could be numerous ways to overcome the situation that is awakening the society against taboos about organ transplants.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is crucial for understanding meanings of words. [SEP] Text: 05], or Worksheet 4 [F 1(1, 34) = 0. 499, p >. 05; F 2(1, 14) = 0. 517, p >. 05]. Lexical decision taskOne participant was removed due to highly variable response times and an unusually high proportion of very slow responses (SD = 344, 19 % of responses greater than 1,000 ms). The remaining 15 participants made between 1. 7 % and 15. 4 % errors, with mean response times that ranged between 535 and 863 ms. One of the trained words (“snow”) was inadvertently omitted from the experiment, and two of the untrained words (“whack” and “gulp”) were removed because of error rates greater than 50 %. Only correct response times were included in the analyses. Individual responses that were greater than three standard deviations above the mean for the participant or shorter than 250 ms were excluded from the analysis (1. 5 % of the responses to the experimental items). The same analyses were conducted as in Experiment 2 (see Fig. 1). Responses to the trained words were both faster [F 1(1, 13) = 36. 9, p <. 001; F 2(1, 103) = 19. 2, p <. 001] and more accurate [F 1(1, 13) = 20. 0, p <. 001; F 2(1, 103) = 10. 2, p = <. 005] as compared with those for the untrained words. Within the set of trained items, response times were significantly faster for the related than for the unrelated words [F 1(1, 13) = 4. 9, p <. 05; F 2(1, 33) = 7. 5, p <. 01]. Participants were more accurate for the related words, although this difference was not significant [F 1(1, 13) = 1. 6, p >. 2; F 2(1, 33) = 1. 4, p >. 2]. These analyses were repeated using the subset of responses to those words for which an individual participant had responded correctly in the cued-recall task—that is, including only responses to words for which we had evidence that the participant had retained information about its new meaning. Footnote 3 These analyses showed the same significance patterns as the main analysis.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: improving access to health care through removal of financial and other cost barriers through the national health insurance scheme (NHIS) is essential. The current operation of the NHIS which provides access to older persons above 60 years in the formal sector needs to be expanded to cover the entire older population- for those in both formal and informal employments (NHIS Annual report 2012 [14]). The major limitation of the study is that, cross-sectional data from SAGE Wave 1 will largely not permit cause and effect examination. Enabling factors and medical conditions discussed in this analysis can affect poor health and at the same time could lower economic status and worsen medical conditions. The ongoing longitudinal study with SAGE wave 2 planned for 2013–2014 and wave 3 subsequently could serve as a remedy to this. In many survey data, subjective health is recorded using self-reports by point scale which might be influenced by the differences in way of reporting by respondents. This study attempted to resolve this by applying more health indicators and also by controlling for the distribution differences of functioning assessment and chronic illnesses. ConclusionIn conclusion, the current study provides enough grounds for further research on the interplay between socioeconomic and medical conditions on one hand and the health of the aged on the other. A structured and targeted national health awareness programme (taking cognizance of gender and socioeconomic differences in health care utilization) for the older population should be seen as essential development policy by the national government. Expansion of the national health insurance scheme to cover the entire older population- for those in both formal and informal employments- is likely to garner increased access and improved health states for the older population. 2004. Organization. Gender, health and ageing. Geneva: World Health; 2003. 19. doi:10. 1186/1475-9276-12-19. 22. www. biomedcentral. com/1471-2318/13/22. 1180. 182. 610. 62. PMid:18313185. 2003. Taking action: achieving gender equality and empowering women, 2005. New York: United Nations; 2005. 36. 2002. Planning Commission. Medium term Framework: Growth and (2010–2013), vol. 1. Accra, Ghana: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning; 2010. 5. 2003. 11. doi:10. 1093/ije/dys210 Study on global AGEing and adult health in Ghana: Methodology and household characteristics in Wave 1.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: Developing a sense of saving mankind if they are offered a chance will not only save many lives but will definitely make people proud of their contribution to the world. Another step that could include the role of medical practitioners and staff [7]. They could make the families of both potential donors and recipients understand by acknowledging them with the various facts of undergoing the surgery. Family members of the recipients could be made understood about all the dimensions of organ transplantation, before and after effects, so that the families with a lack of knowledge could understand the situation well and can make better decisions. To overcome the psychological changes during pre and post-treatment special therapies should be provided by practitioners to do away with the situations of anxiety, pressures, confusion and to make the body of the recipient completely accept the donor’s organ [8]. Although the awareness campaigns are being carried out but still the transplantation demands is much more in comparison to the number of potential donors. There are a lot of scopes in the field of organ transplantations but the speed is much less and cud only be overcome by creating broad windows in minds of narrow-minded people who give more importance to cultural beliefs then the survival of mankind. Literacy versus organ transplants Methodology: Literacy rate of various states in India is collected and was correlated with the decrease in number of organ transplants. The following observations based on state wise data in India is shown in chart below. This data can be conveniently linked to the wise state of literacy in India versus no. of decrease in organ donors. As higher literacy rates showed fewer declines in the number of organ donors compared with lower literacy rates in the states with a more decline in the number of organ donors. There is an orthodox attitude behind organ transplants in states with lower literacy rates. This cultural blockage is a very destructive strategy for the next era where organ transplants would be a surviving strategy for many Figure 1. Figure 1: No. of decreased organ donors v/s Literacy rate. Conclusion Organ transplantation is a safe process that provides thousands of people with new hope and new lives. The development and advancements of organ transplants is significantly influenced by the dynamic interplay between the cultural and psychological dimensions of organ transplantation therapies. However, there are many people like Rehmaan who might struggle with emotional and mental setbacks after undergoing transplant, which could be overcome through therapies but their extended life is all that matters in the end.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is crucial for understanding meanings of words. [SEP] Text: Participants responded significantly faster to the trained words (M = 568. 2, SE = 3. 0)Footnote 4 than to the untrained words (M = 602. 2, SE = 3. 0) [F 1(1, 13 = 36. 9, p <. 001; F 2(1, 103) = 19. 0, p <. 001]. They were also significantly more accurate for the trained words (M = 4. 6 %, SE = 0. 9) than for the untrained words (M = 12. 1, SE = 0. 9) [F 1(1, 13) = 17. 1, p <. 001; F 2(1, 103) = 8. 4, p <. 005]. Responses were significantly faster for the related words (M = 555. 3, SE = 6. 1) than for the unrelated words (M = 585. 9, SE = 6. 1) [F 1(1, 13) = 5. 8, p <. 05; F 2(1, 33) = 8. 8, p <. 01] but were nonsignificantly more accurate for the related words (M = 3. 3, SE = 0. 9) than for the unrelated words (M = 5. 9, SE = 0. 9) [F 1(1, 13) = 1. 8, p =. 2; F 2(1, 33) = 1. 4, p >. 2]. Cued-recall testResponses were coded and analyzed in the same way as in Experiment 1. Overall, performance was better than in the previous experiments (see Table 3), but the proportion of correct responses remained higher for the related than for the unrelated items [F 1(1, 14) = 16. 3, p <. 001; F 2(1, 34) = 31. 6, p <. 001]. However, there was no significant main effect of Relatedness on the numbers of properties that were recalled for these correct responses [F 1(1, 14) < 1; F 2(1, 34) < 1]. A plot of the distributions of these individual responses (Fig. 2) shows similar distributions for the related and unrelated meanings.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: ##plugins. themes. bootstrap3. accessible_menu. label## ##plugins. themes. bootstrap3. accessible_menu. main_navigation## ##plugins. themes. bootstrap3. accessible_menu. main_content## ##plugins. themes. bootstrap3. accessible_menu. sidebar## : 2736-4534 (Online) About the Team 3. 10. 24018/ejedu. 2024. 5. 2. 790 Abstract viewed = 1206 times Table of Contents ##plugins. themes. bootstrap3. 12. The research was conducted with a sample of 738 teachers from over 50 schools. The study’s results indicate that the socioeconomic status of teachers is correlated with the quality of teaching and education in general. Through teachers’ attitudes, the study enabled the understanding of a consistent correlation regardless of variables such as marital status, rural-urban residence, number of employed family members, qualifications, work experience, and professional development. The findings recommend that the socioeconomic status of teachers should be taken into account when formulating strategies and policies for enhancing the quality of education and teaching in pre-university education in Kosovo. Keywords: Professional development quality socioeconomic status teaching education system in Kosovo has faced challenges to its quality over the past two decades. During the 1990s, due to the conflict situation (violent measures from Serb authorities in Kosovo), Kosovar teachers and students conducted the teaching process outside regular school institutions, in private homes, religious facilities, or temporarily adapted spaces. In those difficult conditions, the teaching process was also organized with very low teacher salaries. Those salaries resembled more social assistance than monthly payments. In the early 1990s, the monthly salary for a teacher was 15 German marks, with a gradual increase, which reached 150 German marks (Deutsche Mark) in 2000. This payment was the same for all pre-university teachers. After the end of the war in 1999, the consolidation of the education system in Kosovo began; old schools were reconstructed, and many new schools were built. Students and teachers returned to regular school institutions. Teachers’ monthly payments shifted from the voluntary system of collecting funds from the citizens to the regular state budget. Starting from the year 2000, teachers’ salaries began to gradually increase year by year up to the present day.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Regenerative medicine eliminates the need for organ transplants. [SEP] Text: The extended lives of people like Rehman and many successful surgeries are proof that medial advancements are trying their best to save mankind even though some cultural beliefs holding them back. They are possible to resolve if we educate our youth with reverence and compassion, engage our cultural and religious leaders, promote family conversations and demonstrate the goodness of organ donation. It is therefore concluded that cultural beliefs significantly affect the number as well as the success of organ transplantation surgeries.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is crucial for understanding meanings of words. [SEP] Text: 001 335. doi:10. 1016/0010-0285(76)90010-4 246. doi:10. 1016/j. jml. 2004. 05. 005 794. doi:10. 1037/0278-7393. 21. 3. 785 5. Scale. San Antonio, TX. : Harcourt Assessment. Rodd, J. M. (2001). Semantic representation and lexical competition: Evidence from ambiguity (Unpublished Ph. D. thesis). University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U. K. Rodd, J. M. (2004). The effect of semantic ambiguity on reading aloud: A twist in the tale. & Review, 11, 440–445. doi:10. 3758/BF03196592 266. doi:10. 1006/jmla. 2001. 2810 104. doi:10. 1207/s15516709cog2801_4 2011. Schneider, W. , Eschman, A. , & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime user’s guide. Pittsburgh, PA. : Tools, Inc. 1. Electronic supplementary materialBelow is the link to the electronic supplementary material. ESM 1(PDF 123 kb)3. Trained wordsant–path, bandage–fee, bone–silk, bruise–heap, cake–join, carpet–spy, carton–snake, crude–rust, foam–slot, fog–widow, grin–hive, growl–winch, pearl–crew, pouch–feast, sip–dawn, slim–farm, stain–cage, stub–soup.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: 3% from families with 2–4 members, 4. 6% from families with more than nine members, and 1. 2% are teachers living alone. Most teachers’ families (97. 1%) reside in their own houses, while 2. 9% live in rented houses or apartments, generally reflecting the overall situation in Kosovo regarding ownership of houses. Among the family members, excluding the teachers themselves, the distribution of employment is as follows: 40. 4% have two employed family members, 24. 9% have three employed family members, 14. 8% have four employed family members, and 19. 9% of teachers are the only ones employed in the family. Attitudes of order to understand teachers’ attitudes regarding the impact of their socioeconomic status on the quality of education and teaching, the questionnaire included the questions provided in Table I. in percentage Does your monthly salary adequately fulfill Very much Not at all Not sure your family’s needs for a normal life? 3. 8 71. 7 21. 7 2. 6 0. 14 Do you have enough time at home to prepare at all Not sure for lessons? 73 24. 2 1. 9 0. 7 0 Does your marital social status influence your No influence Helps me Hinders me Not sure engagement in school and the quality of teaching? 47. 2 43. 7 1. 4 7. 8 Does caring for children and the family hinder Very much Not at all Not sure I don’t care your preparation for teaching? 5. 5 33. 1 23. 1 32. 7 2. 6 3. 0 Have you participated in any form of Not sure professional development activities? 88. 0 9. 2 2. 7 How satisfied have you been with the quality of Very much Not at all Did not participate Not sure those professional development activities? 31. 1 54. 8 3. 9 0. 95 7. 1 2. 0 How do you assess the current quality of Very good Somewhat good Not very good Poor education in Kosovo? 2. 7 59. 8 31. 0 6. 4 Table I. Teachers’ the Impact of Status on the Quality of attitudes of the teachers (Table I) allow us to understand the correlation between some SES variables (monthly salary, free time, professional development, marital status) and the quality of education. The findings, based on the attitudes of teachers, show a high correlation between SES variables-and quality in education.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2003. In the United States, more than 1. 1 million patients seek emergency department evaluation for acute head injury each year. The highest rates occur in children under 5 and adults 85 and older. Head injury can be subclassified into mild, moderate, and severe depending on the Scale (GCS). Eighty percent of head-injured patients sustain minor head trauma with a GCS of 14 to 15, 10 percent have moderate head injury with a GCS of 9 to 13, and 10 percent have severe head trauma with a GCS of 8 or less. Of all those evaluated for head trauma, nearly 20 percent are hospitalized and approximately 200,000 die or suffer permanent disability because of their injuries. Approximately 50,000 patients with severe head injury die prior to ever reaching the emergency department. 1 In light of these statistics, it is imperative that emergency physicians know how to deal with all types of head-injured patients. Since the advent of head CT in the 1970s, head trauma patients have been getting scans. Controversy continues, however, over which head trauma patients require CT in the emergency department. The debate is driven by the importance of immediately identifying any patient with a potentially fatal injury vs. the need to control the ever-rising cost of emergency medical care. It is clear that all individuals who sustain major and moderate head trauma need further evaluation with head CT, but experts debate the need for head CT in the minor head trauma patient. Over the past decade, numerous studies have looked at the utility of head CT in the patient with a minor head injury. Mohanty et al performed a retrospective analysis of 348 adult patients 18 years and older. The criteria for inclusion were GCS of 14 or 15, no decline in neurological status during the first 20 minutes after arrival, absence of any focal, sensory, or motor neurological deficit, absence of the obvious clinical signs of basal skull fracture (e. g. , blood in the ears, Battle's sign, and rhinorrhea), and a history of loss of consciousness (LOC). Of the 348 patients studied, there were 12 patients who had abnormal CT scans; however, none developed a new neurological or anatomic extension of the initial CT findings.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Semantic memory is crucial for understanding meanings of words. [SEP] Text: Untrained wordsbald, barber, bee, beef, bet, blur, bold, braid, brat, breeze, brink, brown, bulk, cash, cave, cheer, chin, cork, craft, crouch, dart, deaf, exam, fake, frost, fur, fuss, gap, gate, gift, goose, grain, groom, gulp, gut, hash, haste, hood, hum, joke, Lad, lake, lion, lunch, malt, mild, parish, raid, ready, rich, ritual, rude, shack, shield, shoe, shut, skirt, slave, sled, soap, stool, surge, symptom, tall, theme, thrill, toilet, torch, trump, turf, whack, wool. Nonwordsbarr, beaf, berch, berd, blak, bloo, bom, carst, cawl, chare, cloun, cloze, coffey, craine, crie, dert, dide, doar, draip, drunck, durt, earlie, exakt, fale, fatt, ficks, flor, foks, frunt, fynd, gawl, gerl, gitar, goast, gole, graf, grean, groope, gunn, gurth, hanned, hed, hoap, horce, hugg, hye, jirk, jore, jym, kab, kap, kar, keap, kee, klean, kog, kold, krib, leest, legg, lemun, liv, lyne, maik, muffen, muther, naim, neer, nees, nite, noad, noat, nome, nurve, oan, outcide, pance, peny, peppur, poaks, polese, powk, reech, rong, rume, sadd, scid, scin, sheat, skalp, skore, smaul, sord, sto, swerl, tair, tite, tode, toun, towl, traid, trane, trea, treet, trye, wede, werld, wround.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: the Decline of in Percentages (%) IV, we present the attitudes of the teachers regarding the question, “What factors do you think contribute to the improvement of the quality of education? . ” Employing teachers according to meritocracy in education (89. 6%), professional development of teachers (82. 9%), and planning and preparing teachers for teaching (82. 3%) received the most clicks as the most important factor for improving quality in education. V and VI, we have presented the level of correlation between teachers’ SES and their professional development with the quality of education. VII, we have the attitudes of teachers (with village-city residence) regarding the cross tabulated question: In general, what factors do you think influence the improvement of the quality of education? [Teachers’ socio-economic conditions]. Through the Chi-Square test and symmetrical measures, we have presented the correlation between the three variables (SES + residence of teachers − with the quality in education). The findings show a consistent correlation between teachers’ SES and the improvement of the quality of education. As for the correlation between the place of residence of the teachers (village-city) and the increase in the quality of education, the results indicate a very small or insignificant impact. Very much To some extend A little Not at all Quality of studies (at the faculty) 75. 6 21. 3 2. 7 0. 2 Curricular content during studies (subjects) 66. 5 30. 3 1. 6 0. 2 Merit-based employment of teachers in education 89. 6 8. 2 1. 6 0. 4 Qualification/education level of teachers-Bachelor’s, Master’s, PhD 77. 0 21. 0 1. 7 0. 1 Professional development of teachers 82. 9 15. 4 1. 2 0. 4 Good understanding of the new Curriculum 72. 3 24. 6 2. 7 0. 2 Fair payment for the work performed (in teaching) 53. 6 35. 2 8. 9 2. 2 Work supervision and accountability 63. 2 29. 9 6. 1 0. 7 Socioeconomic conditions 52. 2 39. 3 6. 5 2. 0 Lesson planning and preparation 82. 3 15. 3 1. 9 0. 4 Table IV. the Improvement of in Percentages (%) Valid percent Cumulative percent Very 612 82. 9 82. 9 82.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: 2 LOC or et al prospectively studied 1,382 patients of all ages who presented to an urban university trauma center with a GCS of 15 after LOC or amnesia to the event. Of these patients, 84 (6. 1%) had abnormal CT findings. The patients with abnormal CT findings were significantly more likely to have signs of head trauma (laceration, contusion, swelling) or nausea or vomiting. Slightly more than half of all the patients in this study (789 or 57%) underwent CT of the head solely based on LOC/amnesia. None of these patients had any of the symptoms studied or physical evidence of a depressed skull fracture. Of these 789 patients, only 24 (3%) had abnormal CT results, and no patient required medical or surgical interventions. 3 Haydel et al conducted a two-phase study. In the first phase, they evaluated 520 patients as a derivation set to determine which clinical features predicted a brain injury as detected on CT scan. Minor head injury was defined as loss of consciousness in patients with normal findings on a brief neurologic examination (normal cranial nerves and normal strength and sensation in the arms and legs) and a score of 15 on the Scale, as determined by a physician on the patient's arrival at the emergency department. Patients were considered to have lost consciousness if a witness or the patient reported loss of consciousness or if the patient could not remember the traumatic event. Patients with isolated deficits in short-term memory and an otherwise normal score on the Scale were considered to have a normal score on the scale. All patients included in the study underwent CT scanning. The patients who declined CT, had concurrent injuries that precluded the use of CT, or reported no loss of consciousness or amnesia for the traumatic event were excluded from the study. Of the 520 patients in the first phase, 36 (6. 9%) had positive scans. All patients with positive CT scans had one or more of seven findings: Headache (defined as any head pain, diffuse or local). Vomiting. Over age 60. Drug or alcohol intoxication. Deficits in short-term memory. Physical evidence of trauma above the clavicles (any external evidence of injury, including contusions, abrasions, lacerations, deformities, and signs of facial or skull fracture) Seizure.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: 1 There is a need to study about the inferential ability in reading of children as it would predict their comprehension abilities. This area has received very little attention in Indian context. In a study done by Dalvi and Varsha N. S,2 inferential ability of second and third standard students were compared using tasks where participants had to select a target word as answer to a question corresponding to a reading passage. A steady increase in the performance of third standard participants was observed. Children with (CWHI) will naturally face difficulty with development of phonological awareness and in turn, have deficits in reading skills. Since the spoken language and reading development in typically developing children is directly proportional,3 Children with (CWCI) ought to benefit in their linguistic development post implantation as compared to the non-implanted congenitally deaf population, as cochlear implants are known to provide better and more synchronised access to spoken language skills in implanted children. A review 5. CWCI were compared with their matched peers on scores of two tests, Test, 9th Edition (SAT9), and the of (PSSA) over the course of 4 years, from 2002 to 2006. No significant difference between the implant group and the matched comparison group was seen on any of the scores. Observed trends favour the non-implanted group and implanted group equally. There has been ample research to suggest that children with hearing impairment who undergo cochlear implantation at a young age are able to function close to, if not at par with their typically developing peers in varied domains of life, including academics. However, majority of these studies have been conducted in western countries. CWCI in the Indian sub-continent who are admitted into schools where a non-native language like English is used as opposed to the native languages used at home form a niche sample to analyse for language developmental skills. Hence, there is a need to compare the phonetic and non-phonetic reading abilities and reading comprehension in English between CWCI children with normal hearing (CWNH). The aim of this study was to understand the benefits of early cochlear implantation with reference to the reading comprehension and reading skills of children. The objectives to achieve this aim were to compare the reading comprehension skills, phonetic reading skills and non-phonetic reading skills of CWNH across standards5-7 as well as CWCI across standards.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: 9 To some extend 114 15. 4 15. 4 98. 4 A little 9 1. 2 1. 2 99. 6 Not at all 3 0. 4 0. 4 100. 0 Total 738 100. 0 100. 0 Table V. of on Raising the Quality of percent Cumulative percent Very 385 52. 2 52. 2 52. 2 To some extend 290 39. 3 39. 3 91. 5 A little 48 6. 5 6. 5 98. 0 Not at all 15 2. 0 2. 0 100. 0 Total 738 100. 0 100. 0 Table VI. of on Raising the Quality of Residence: City village In general, which factors do you consider Very 200 185 385 to influence the improvement of To some extend 151 139 290 education quality? [little 27 21 48 conditions of teachers] Not at all 6 9 15 Total 384 354 738 Chi-square tests Value df Asymptotic significance (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 1. 213 3 0. 750 Likelihood ratio 1. 217 3 0. 749 Linear-by-linear association 0. 017 1 0. 895 N of valid cases 738 Symmetric measures standard errora Approximate significance Interval by interval Pearson’s R 0. 005 0. 037 0. 132 0. 895c Ordinal by ordinal −0. 001 0. 037 −0. 035 0. 972c N of valid cases 738 Table VII. Attitudes of Teachers by Place of Residence (Village-City) Regarding the Impact of SES on Statistical calculations confirmed a strong correlation between the socioeconomic status (SES) of teachers and the quality of teaching in pre-university education in Kosovo (see Table VI). The study highlighted a significant correlation between the teachers’ socioeconomic status and the quality of education and instructional engagement. This correlation is particularly robust when considering the continuous professional development of teachers and its impact on education and teaching quality. The study also revealed correlations between teachers’ professional development, age, gender, and settlement type (rural vs. urban), although these correlations were not as significant as others. The calculated chi-square values were larger than the tabular values for the respective degrees of freedom (based on the number of columns and rows in tables) and for a significance level of 99% in most cases.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Of these criteria, three clinical findings (deficits in short-term memory, drug or alcohol intoxication, and physical evidence of trauma above the clavicles) were significantly associated with a positive CT scan. If patients without the combination of these three findings had not undergone CT scanning, the number of scans would have been reduced by 31 percent, although abnormalities would have been missed in two additional patients for an overall sensitivity of 94 percent. In the second phase of the study, the seven criteria were used on 909 subsequent patients, of which 57 (6. 3%) had positive scans. All patients with a positive CT scan had at least one of the seven clinical criteria. In addition, there were 212 patients in whom none of the findings was present, and all these had negative scans. The presence of all seven findings had a sensitivity of 100 percent (95% confidence interval, 95–100%) for identifying patients with positive CT scans. The absence of all seven findings had a negative predictive value of 100%. Application of these criteria would have reduced the use of CT by 22 percent. Of the 1429 patients in phases 1 and 2 combined, 93 had positive CT scans. Cerebral contusions and subdural hematomas were the most common injuries, findings consistent with the results of other studies. Only six patients (0. 4%) underwent neurosurgery, which is consistent with the results of other studies. One limitation of this study is the lack of follow-up. It is possible that some patients with a negative CT scan had their scans misread or developed problems at a later date, including intracranial bleeding. Nonetheless, most studies have concluded that patients with minor head trauma and normal findings on both neurologic examination and CT scanning can be safely discharged from the emergency department. 4 a more conclusive answer will be elucidated in the X-Study II (Nexus II). This is a multicenter, prospective, observational study of ED patients with blunt trauma designed to derive a decision rule for CT imaging of patients with blunt head trauma. This study, conducted in 21 different emergency departments across the and Canada, will enroll more than 10 times as many patients with head trauma as any currently published study. It should be able to answer definitively questions about the validity and reliability of clinical criteria as a preliminary screen for blunt head trauma. 5 Minor head trauma is an extremely common entity seen in most emergency departments, yet the recommendations on the care of these patients vary greatly.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: 5–8 Another objective of this study was to compare the reading comprehension, phonetic and non-phonetic reading skills standard wise between CWNH and CWCI. The study included two groups of participants - Children with (CWNH) and Children with (CWCI). CWNH consisted of 63 children in the age range of 9 to 14 years, studying in 5th, 6th, and 7th standards in public schools under Maharashtra state board (SSC board). CWCI included 17 children with implants in either ear (unilateral implant) ranging from 11 to 15 years in age, studying in standards 5th, 6th or 7th in English/ semi-English regular schools in various parts of India. The average scholastic performance of each participant was ascertained through interview with parents and/ or teachers and via school records. Concomitant impairments like Learning disability, ADHD (Hyperactivity Disorder), ASD (Disorder) and ID (Intellectual Disability) component and others were ruled out during these interviews. The details of CWNH are shown in Table 1 and those of CWCI are shown in Table 2. Range (y;m) (y;m) NO. NO. 5TH 10;5-11;1 10;9 8 10;10 8 10;9 6TH 11;0-12;6 11;10 11 11;10 8 11;9 7TH 12;6-14;9 12;5 13 13;3 9 12;9 Table 1 Details of range (y;m) Mean age (y;m) NO. CA mean (y;m) mean (y;m) NO. CA mean (y;m) mean (y;m) 5TH 11;0-11;4 11;3 2 11;6 8; 6 2 11; 0 8; 6 6TH 11;0-13;11 12;2 2 12; 0 10; 0 4 12;3 9; 0 7TH 13;0-15;11 14;3 4 14;6 10; 6 3 14; 0 10;8 Table 2 Details of tools were developed, each for standard 5, 6 and 7. The tools were based on passages and words extracted from scholastic textbooks of typically developing peers. Each material began with a short reading passage for assessment of reading comprehension skills with 6 sentences for standard 5 and 7 and 7 sentences for standard 6.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Socioeconomic status can impact access to education and healthcare. [SEP] Text: The correlation coefficient between variables was confirmed through calculated coefficients (contingency, Spearman, and Pearson), often indicating high values, almost within the range of a functional correlation. Based on teachers’ perspectives and statistical data, the correlations between variables are as follows: The correlation between marital status and education quality and teaching is not very strong, but it favors motivation for teaching work. The correlation between caring for family and children and engagement in teaching work at school is not very strong, but it favors hindrance to work engagement. Participation in professional development activities showed a slight correlation with the settlement type (rural-urban). The professional development of teachers in relation to teaching quality shows a strong correlation. The quality of organizing professional development activities correlates strongly with teaching quality. The relationship between the economic status (monthly payment) and engagement in teaching work also shows a very strong correlation. The quality of professional development activities correlates strongly with teaching quality and the ability to apply acquired knowledge to teaching. Notably, the organization of professional development activities is crucial, and the majority of teachers’ opinions emphasize the necessity for high-quality organization of such activities. From comparing teachers’ responses to cross-sectional questions regarding the impact of SES on education quality, for potential factors that influenced the decline in education quality (Table I), and for factors that could contribute to improving education quality (Table II), the study’s results lead to the division of influencing factors into primary and secondary categories: – Primary: Student engagement in teaching, family and parental engagement with children, successful teacher employment in studies, professional development of teachers, lesson planning and preparation, familiarity with the curriculum, and education level/qualification. – Secondary: Use of technology in teaching, school management, supervision and accountability, monthly payment, socioeconomic conditions, and education reforms. study has focused on the influencing factors in the quality of education and teaching and has analyzed the attitudes of teachers regarding the impact of SES on their teaching work in pre-university education in Kosovo. Through their positive attitudes, teachers have conveyed that the SES of teachers has a significant influence on the quality of education and teaching. These findings correspond with the results of other studies in this field concerning the impact of SES on the quality of education (Muijset al. , 2004). The study also provides additional findings related to the correlations between demographic variables.

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Many trauma centers elect to scan all patients with LOC or amnesia after head trauma. This can be a very time-consuming and costly practice. The above studies have shown that not all patients with minor head trauma require head CT because very few will have intracranial pathology, and fewer still will require neurosurgical or medical intervention. Most practitioners would like to be sure to detect all intracranial injuries, even if only for diagnostic purposes. It is possible to reduce the number of CT scans by one-quarter by limiting them to patients with minor head injury with LOC or amnesia and the seven clinical findings in the Haydel study (see chart). In all other patients, it seems safe to forego head CT in patients with minor head trauma, even if they have had a loss of consciousness or amnesia. According to one estimate, even a 10 percent reduction in the number of CT scans in patients with minor head injury would save more than $20 million per year. 6 For the moment, while it is not axiomatic that every minor head injury needs a CT scan, a more definitive maxim may be forthcoming in. TableAxioms in is written specifically for emergency medicine residents to dispel myths and misconceptions about different clinical entities. The column is written each month by a resident from the at MCP of Medicine in Philadelphia. 1. Marx JA, et al. Rosen's Concepts and Clinical Practice. Fifth Edition, Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2002, pp 298–299. 2. . Are CT scans for head injury patients always necessary? J Trauma 1991;31:801. 3. . Minor head trauma: Is computed tomography always necessary? Med 1996;27:290. 4. . Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. N Med 2000;343:100. 5. Developing a clinical decision instrument to rule out intracranial injuries in patients with minor head trauma: Methodology of the investigation. Med 2002;40:505. 6. . Practical selection criteria for noncontrast cranial computed tomography in patients with head trauma. Med 1993;22:148. © 2003 & Wilkins, Inc. View full 2003. Full-+ View in to Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Name: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). Message: Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in News.

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: The passage was followed by 3 questions of which 2 were close ended and 1 was open ended in nature. Following this was a long reading passage of 20, 12 and 11 sentences, for 5th, 6th and 7th standard respectively. Simple sentences with an average length of 3-4 words for grade 5th while for 6th and 7th grade, longer sentences of compound and complex nature were also used. Long passage comprehension required recipients to answer 5 questions, 3 of which were multiple choice questions and 2 were open ended. The next task was assessment of phonetic reading skills and the last task was for assessing non-phonetic reading skills. A word list of 10 words for phonetic and 10 for non-phonetic task was built, separately for each class, in accordance with words used significantly in those classes. The material was validated based on performances of the typically developing children of each category mentioned (5th, 6th and 7th standard). A rehabilitation audiologist and a speech language pathologist also took part in the validation of the material. The final material consisted of 4 tasks in total, 2 passages (one short and one long) for reading comprehension assessment and 2 word lists (one phonetic and one non-phonetic) for reading assessment. began by taking the consent of the guardian via a consent form which mentioned the aim of the study, tasks required to be performed by child, assurance of confidentiality, providing task details and approximate duration of assessment. Following consent, a thorough case history was obtained from each participant of both groups which involved collection of all the relevant data and information required from the caregiver, including, general details, medical history, schooling details of the child, and ruling out any learning or concomitant disability. Additional information about hearing loss and pre implant and post implant details were obtained for CWCI participants. On fulfilling the inclusion criteria for testing, an online schedule was fixed wherein the child attended a video call session with the clinician under the supervision of a guardian. The guardian was provided with the assessment material beforehand and was instructed to keep the child seated in a quiet room with minimal distractions for the entire duration of the test. The caregiver was asked to send the child’s responses of the test via messaging platform (WhatsApp). The child was seated comfortably in front of the camera with a pen and paper. The entire testing was done in a single seating.

Output: pass


Input: Claim: Group dynamics can influence individual behavior and decision-making. [SEP] Text: Sequential evidence accumulation in decision making: The individual desired level of confidence can explain the extent of information acquisition Published online by Press: 01 January 2023 andDamian Läge Show author details Daniel Hausmann* Affiliation: (Cognition), University of Läge Affiliation: Psychology, University of Zurich * * Address: Daniel Hausmann, der Universität Zürich, (Kognition), Binzmühlestrasse 14 Box 22, CH-8050 Zürich. E-mail: d. hausmann@psychologie. uzh. ch. 0. 24 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] and decisions under uncertainty are frequently linked to a prior sequential search for relevant information. In such cases, the subject has to decide when to stop the search for information. Evidence accumulation models from social and cognitive psychology assume an active and sequential information search until enough evidence has been accumulated to pass a decision threshold. In line with such theories, we conceptualize the evidence threshold as the “desired level of confidence” (DLC) of a person. This model is tested against a fixed stopping rule (one-reason decision making) and against the class of multi-attribute information integrating models. A series of experiments using an information board for horse race betting demonstrates an advantage of the proposed model by measuring the individual DLC of each subject and confirming its correctness in two separate stages. In addition to a better understanding of the stopping rule (within the narrow framework of simple heuristics), the results indicate that individual aspiration levels might be a relevant factor when modelling decision making by task analysis of statistical environments. Keywords evidence accumulationsequential information searchinformation acquisitionthreshold modelsstopping rulelevel of confidenceprobabilistic cuevalidityone-reason decision making 10. 1017/S1930297500002436 [Opens in a new window] The authors license this 3. 0 License. © [2008] This is an 3. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 Introduction “Some use it sometimes. ” This is the short statement by which Newell (2005) concluded the empirical research on the well-known Take-the-Best heuristic (TTB).

Output: corroborate


Input: Claim: Every injury can be healed instantly with regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: DPSCs and SHEDs exhibit a faster rate of proliferation and a higher number of population doublings in vitro, compared with BMSCs. Furthermore, the rate SHEDs is 1. 5 times faster than that of DPSCs (Miura et al. , 2003). Like BMSCs, they are multipotent cells that can differentiate in vitro into a variety of cell types including odontoblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, endothelial cells, myocytes, and functionally active neurons (Gronthos et al. , 2000, Gronthos et al. , 2002a, Batouli et al. , 2003, Miura et al. , 2003, Nosrat et al. , 2004, Kerkis et al. , 2006, d'Aquino et al. , 2007, Arthur et al. , 2008, Arminan et al. , 2009, Wang et al. , 2010). Furthermore, when transplanted into the transected spinal cord (SC), they specifically differentiate toward mature oligodendrocyte lineages (Sakai et al. , 2012: see below). A cDNA microarray analysis showed that SHEDs express many genes encoding extracellular and cell-surface proteins at levels at least two-fold higher than are expressed in BMSCs (Sakai et al. , 2012). It has been shown that the array of trophic factors produced by engrafted DPSCs and SHEDs provide significant therapeutic benefits for the treatment of preclinical animal disease models, including myocardial infarction, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ischemic brain injury, SCI, and colitis (Gandia et al. , 2008, Nakashima et al. , 2009, Yamaza et al. , 2010, de Almeida et al. , 2011, Leong et al. , 2012, Ma et al. , 2012, Sakai et al. , 2012, Taghipour et al. , 2012, Zhao et al. , 2012, Inoue et al. , 2013, Yamagata et al. , 2013).

Output: contrast


Input: Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: The test began with the short passage reading comprehension task followed by the long passage reading comprehension task and child was instructed to solve the same. The responses for both these tasks were timed separately and lasted from when the participant started reading the passage until they finished solving the last question. Following this, the clinician proceeded to the reading skills task. Guardian was asked to provide audio recordings of the child as they read each of the word in the word list out loud to their best capacity. These recordings were made separately for both word lists and sent to the clinician for analysis. Caregivers were instructed strictly not to help the child in any way. Only minimal reinforcement on completion of a task was permitted. Clinician avoided taking too many samples of the same test as it may adapt the child and lead to unresponsiveness or fabrication of intended data. On completion of the word list, the testing schedule was concluded. all 4 tasks were completed and all data was received, scoring was carried out. For both, the short and long passage, a score of 1 was given for each correct answer and 0 was given for each incorrect answer. In case of open ended questions, a score of ½ was given if some points of the expected answer were present in the recipient’s response. Similarly, for both the word lists, a score of 1 was assigned for each word produced correctly and 0 was given for words which had even one misarticulation/ error in their production. results were analysed for each of the 4 sections of assessment tasks, namely, short passage comprehension, long passage comprehension, phonetic reading skills and non-phonetic reading skills. Children with (CWNH) For the typically developing group statistical analysis began with analysing each of the 4 categories for normal distribution. The Shapiro-Wilk test of normality revealed that for phonetic reading skills and short passage reading comprehension scores, all three standards, i. e. standard 5, 6 and 7 did not demonstrate normal distribution. While the normality test revealed normal distribution for non-phonetic reading scores for 5th, 6th and 7th grade, for long passage reading comprehension, scores were normally distributed for 6th standard whereas normal distribution was absent for 5th and 7th standard (Table 3). words Non-phonetic words Short passage Long passage w value p value w value p value w value p value w value p value 5TH 0. 789 0. 002 0. 89 0.

Output: pass