---
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:58749
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5
widget:
- source_sentence: abdul karim bin bakar
  sentences:
  - chong yang king
  - karim bin bakar
  - johan bin hamid
- source_sentence: ali bin hussin
  sentences:
  - pei ling sim
  - rosmawati binti ahmad
  - ali hussin
- source_sentence: thomas yong chee siu
  sentences:
  - xuan lian koay
  - thomas chee siu yong
  - thomas siu chee yong
- source_sentence: nik suraya binti nik hassan
  sentences:
  - noraini binti mansor
  - soh peng gin
  - nik suraya binti nik hassan
- source_sentence: nadia soh meng jun
  sentences:
  - brandon yi chia siu
  - nadia jun soh meng
  - meng soh jun
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
---

# SentenceTransformer based on BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 256-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5) <!-- at revision d4aa6901d3a41ba39fb536a557fa166f842b0e09 -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 256 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Dense({'in_features': 1024, 'out_features': 256, 'bias': True, 'activation_function': 'torch.nn.modules.linear.Identity'})
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("foochun/bge-large-finetuned")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'nadia soh meng jun',
    'nadia jun soh meng',
    'meng soh jun',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 256]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```

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## Training Details

### Training Dataset

#### Unnamed Dataset

* Size: 58,749 training samples
* Columns: <code>query</code>, <code>pos</code>, and <code>neg</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | query                                                                            | pos                                                                              | neg                                                                              |
  |:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                           | string                                                                           | string                                                                           |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 7.46 tokens</li><li>max: 14 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 7.12 tokens</li><li>max: 14 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 7.29 tokens</li><li>max: 16 tokens</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | query                                      | pos                                   | neg                                              |
  |:-------------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------|
  | <code>brandon loh wei ping</code>          | <code>wei ping loh</code>             | <code>ping wei loh brandon</code>                |
  | <code>rahimah binti dollah</code>          | <code>rahimah binti dollah</code>     | <code>mariana binti saad</code>                  |
  | <code>siti syuhada binti mohd nazri</code> | <code>syuhada binti mohd nazri</code> | <code>siti syuhada binti abd rahman nazri</code> |
* Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Evaluation Dataset

#### Unnamed Dataset

* Size: 8,392 evaluation samples
* Columns: <code>query</code>, <code>pos</code>, and <code>neg</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | query                                                                            | pos                                                                              | neg                                                                              |
  |:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                           | string                                                                           | string                                                                           |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 7.49 tokens</li><li>max: 16 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 7.18 tokens</li><li>max: 16 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 7.33 tokens</li><li>max: 16 tokens</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | query                                        | pos                                    | neg                                    |
  |:---------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------|
  | <code>lam lyn li</code>                      | <code>li lam lyn</code>                | <code>lmam lyn li</code>               |
  | <code>sharifah aini binti syed jaafar</code> | <code>sharifah aini syed jaafar</code> | <code>mohd khairul bin abdullah</code> |
  | <code>foo mooi ying</code>                   | <code>mooi ying foo</code>             | <code>foo mooi yng</code>              |
* Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 64
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 64
- `learning_rate`: 1e-05
- `lr_scheduler_type`: cosine
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.05
- `fp16`: True
- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 64
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 64
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 1e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 3.0
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: cosine
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.05
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: True
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `tp_size`: 0
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: None
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `include_for_metrics`: []
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `use_liger_kernel`: False
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
- `prompts`: None
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional

</details>

### Training Logs
| Epoch      | Step     | Training Loss | Validation Loss |
|:----------:|:--------:|:-------------:|:---------------:|
| 0.5447     | 500      | 0.1492        | 0.0115          |
| 1.0893     | 1000     | 0.0145        | 0.0060          |
| 1.6340     | 1500     | 0.0085        | 0.0055          |
| 2.1786     | 2000     | 0.0074        | 0.0046          |
| **2.7233** | **2500** | **0.0059**    | **0.0045**      |

* The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.

### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.11.9
- Sentence Transformers: 4.1.0
- Transformers: 4.51.3
- PyTorch: 2.6.0+cu124
- Accelerate: 1.6.0
- Datasets: 2.19.1
- Tokenizers: 0.21.1

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

#### MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
```bibtex
@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```

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