An alternative proof of the $\sin(2x)$ identity
Written by Colin+	in big in finland, there's more than one way to do it, triangles, trigonometry.
Uncle Colin recently explained how he would prove the identity $\sin(2x) \equiv 2 \sin(x)\cos(x)$. Naturally, that isn't the only proof.
@traumath pointed me at an especially elegant one involving the unit circle. Suppose we have an isosceles triangle set up like this:
The vertical 'base' of the triangle is $2\sin(\alpha)$ units; the perpendicular 'height' is $\cos(\alpha)$, both easily established from right-angle trigonometry or (you know) the definitions of sine (roughly speaking, how far up the angle takes you on the unit circle) and cosine (how far across). Its area is $\sin(\alpha)\cos(\alpha)$.
Now suppose we rotate the triangle by an angle of $\alpha$ around the origin like so:
The horizontal base of this triangle is one unit, and the perpendicular height is $\sin(2\alpha)$, making the area of the triangle $\frac 12 \sin(2\alpha)$.
We've only rotated it, so its area hasn't changed -- which means $\sin(\alpha)\cos(\alpha) \equiv \frac 12 \sin(2\alpha)$. Double everything and boom! There's your identity.
* Edited 2016-08-25 to link to the previous post.
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4 comments on "An alternative proof of the $\sin(2x)$ identity"
Jacob Rus
Fun fact: 2 * sin(angle/2), a.k.a. the "chord", was the original trigonometric measure studied, not the sine. Hipparchus made the first ever trigonometric table listing the chord of angles in 7.5° increments. Later, Indian mathematicians made finer tables. The word "sine" comes from the Indian word for half a chord (they called the chord "bowstring"), and in general people drew pictures showing the chord vertically, like your first diagram.
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(geometry) and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyā,_koti-jyā_and_utkrama-jyā
If there was a comment of the day award, this would be a shoo-in :o) Thanks!
Robert GT
I spent a while looking for a similarly nice proof of cos(2x)=cos^2(x)-sin^2(x).
Turns out there's a nice one. Starting from the second (rotated) orientation. It uses lengths rather than areas.
1. Drop a perpendicular to define cos(2x)
2. Draw the bisector to the midpoint of the chord; call the point of intersection P.
3. Drop a perpendicular from P. Because of similar triangles, the length along the x-axis from the origin is cos^2(x).
4. Again by similar triangles, the distance from P to the first perpendicular we dropped is sin^2(x).
Thus, cos(2x)=cos^2(x)-sin^2(x).
Thanks, Robert!