Global solutions and uniform boundedness of attractive/repulsive LV competition systems
Yuanyuan Zhang1
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2018, Article number: 52 (2018) Cite this article
In this paper, we study global solutions to the following strongly coupled systems:
$$\textstyle\begin{cases} u_{t}=\nabla\cdot(D_{1} \nabla u -\chi u \nabla v)+(a_{1}-b_{1}u-c_{1}v)u,\quad x \in\Omega,t>0, \\ 0=D_{2}\Delta v+(a_{2}-b_{2}u-c_{2}v)v,\quad x \in\Omega,t>0, \end{cases} $$
over \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}\), \(N\geq2\), subject to homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions and nonnegative initial data. Here \(D_{i}\), \(a_{i}\), \(b_{i}\) and \(c_{i}\), \(i=1,2\), are positive constant. It is proved that this system admits global and bounded classical solutions for all \(\chi>0\). We also prove the global well-posedness for its repulsive counterpart
$$\textstyle\begin{cases} u_{t}=\nabla\cdot(D_{1} \nabla u +\chi u \nabla v)+(a_{1}-b_{1}u-c_{1}v)u,\quad x \in\Omega,t>0, \\ 0=D_{2}\Delta v+(a_{2}-b_{2}u-c_{2}v)v,\quad x \in\Omega,t>0, \end{cases} $$
provided that \(b_{1}>\frac{a_{2}b_{2} \chi(N-2)}{c_{2}D_{2} N}\). Our results extend (Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 35:1239–1284, 2015) to higher dimensions and to its repulsive case.
This paper studies the existence and uniform boundedness of global solutions to the following parabolic–elliptic quasilinear system over a bounded domain Ω in dimension \(N\geq2\):
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u_{t}=\nabla\cdot(D_{1} \nabla u -\chi u \nabla v)+(a_{1}-b_{1}u-c_{1}v)u,\quad x \in\Omega,t>0, \\ 0=D_{2}\Delta v+(a_{2}-b_{2}u-c_{2}v)v,\quad x \in\Omega,t>0, \\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial\mathbf{n}}=\frac{\partial v}{\partial \mathbf{n}}=0,\quad x\in\partial\Omega,t>0,\\ u(x,0)=u_{0}(x)\geq0, \quad x\in\Omega, \end{cases} $$
where u and v are functions of space x and time t. \(D_{i}\), \(a_{i}\), \(b_{i}\) and \(c_{i}\), \(i=1,2\), are positive constants. n is the unit outer normal to the boundary ∂Ω. (1.1) is the parabolic–elliptic system of advective competition system studied in [1]. Here \(u(x,t)\) and \(v(x,t)\) represent the population density of the two competing species at space–time location \((x,t)\). In particular when \(\chi>0\), (1.1) describes the spatial–temporal dynamics of u and v such that the former invades the latter to seek competition subject to Lotka–Volterra kinetics.
It is proved in [1] that, when \(N=1\), (1.1) and its fully parabolic counter-part admit global classical solutions which are uniformly bounded, and when \(N\geq2\), (1.1) admit global and uniformly bounded classical solutions provided that \(\chi<0\) and \(b_{1}\) is sufficiently large. In this current work, we extend the results in [1] on the global existence and uniform boundedness of classical solutions to (1.1) and our first main result states as follows.
Theorem 1.1
Let \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}, N\geq2\) be a bounded domain and \(\chi>0\) be an arbitrary positive constant. Assumes that \(a_{i}\), \(b_{i}\), \(c_{i}\) and \(D_{i}\), \(i=1,2\), are positive constants. Then, for any nonnegative \(u_{0}\in C^{0}(\bar{\Omega})\), there exists one couple \((u,v)\) of nonnegative functions which solve (1.1) classically in \(\Omega\times(0,\infty)\). Moreover, the solutions are uniformly bounded in the following sense: \(0< v(x,t)<\frac{a_{2}}{c_{2}}, \forall (x,t)\in\Omega\times(0,\infty)\) and \(\Vert u(\cdot,t)\Vert _{L^{\infty}}\leq C, \forall t\in(0,\infty)\), for some positive constant C.
Equation (1.1) is very similar to the Keller–Segel type chemotaxis system which models the aggregated movement of cellular organisms towards the region high chemical concentration [2]. However, they have quite different kinetics in light that, in chemotaxis models, it is attraction that supports patterns, while here in (1.1) it is repulsion that supports patterns, as suggested by the analysis in [1]. It is well known that large advection rate usually supports blow-ups in chemotaxis system when there is no cellular growth [3]. On the other hand, the logistic growth tends to inhibit solutions from blowing up in finite or infinite time, however, this may not be sufficient when the diffusion is weak or chemotaxis is strong [4–6]. Theorem 1.1 shows that, for the attractive Lotka–Volterra competition system, the solutions are uniformly bounded and blow up in finite or infinite time cannot occur. It is worthwhile to mention that besides the competition model, the advection, which is referred to as the prey–taxis, has been studied in predator–prey models by various authors. See [7–14].
When the advection rate is positive, we have the following repulsive system:
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u_{t}=\nabla\cdot(D_{1} \nabla u +\chi u \nabla v)+(a_{1}-b_{1}u-c_{1}v)u,\quad x \in\Omega,t>0, \\ 0=D_{2}\Delta v+(a_{2}-b_{2}u-c_{2}v)v,\quad x \in\Omega,t>0, \\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial\mathbf{n}}=\frac{\partial v}{\partial \mathbf{n}}=0,\quad x\in\partial\Omega,t>0,\\ u(x,0)=u_{0}(x)\geq0, \quad x\in\Omega, \end{cases} $$
where all the constants are assumed to be positive as in (1.1). In [1], it is proved that when \(\frac{b_{1}D_{2}}{b_{2}\chi}\) is sufficiently large, (1.2) admits global and bounded classical solutions. In this paper we extend the result [1] to the following theorem.
Let all the conditions in Theorem 1.1 hold. Suppose further that \(b_{1}>\frac{a_{2}b_{2}\chi(N-2)}{c_{2}D_{2}N}\). Then (1.2) admits global and bounded classical solutions and the statements in Theorem 1.1 hold true for (1.2).
We would like to point out that when \(N=2\), Theorem 1.2 holds for any \(b_{1}>0\), and then this fact, together with Theorem 1.1, implies that both (1.1) and (1.2) admit global and uniformly bounded classical solutions regardless of the sign and size of the advection rate χ. We note that fully parabolic system of (1.2) was studied by [15] recently, and global existence and boundedness were established provided that the sensitivity function decays super linearly with respect to v. A bifurcation analysis is performed to establish nontrivial patterns.
Our proof of the global existence of (1.1) and (1.2) starts with the local existence and its extensibility criterion due to the classical theory of Amann [16] (Theorem 3.5). Indeed, it is obvious that (1.1) and (1.2) are strictly parabolic systems, therefore both admit locally classical solutions in \(\Omega \times T_{\max}\), where \(T_{\max}\in(0,\infty]\) is the so called maximal existence time. Moreover, \(T_{\max}=\infty\) if \(\Vert u(\cdot ,t)\Vert_{L^{\infty}}< C\) for each \(t\in(0,T_{\max})\), or \(T_{\max }<\infty\) and \(\lim_{t\rightarrow T^{-}_{\max}} \Vert u(\cdot ,t)\Vert_{L^{\infty}}=\infty\). We first collect some important properties of local solutions \((u,v)\) to (1.1) or (1.2) in \(\Omega\times(0,T_{\max})\).
Lemma 2.1
Suppose that \(u_{0}\geq0,\not\equiv0\) in Ω̄. Let \((u,v)\) be a classical nonnegative solution of (1.1)/(1.2) in \(\Omega\times(0,T_{\max})\). Then there exists a positive constant \(C_{1}\) dependent on \(\Vert u_{0} \Vert_{L^{1}}\) such that
$$ \int_{\Omega}u(x,t)\,dx\leq C_{1},\quad \forall t \in(0,T_{\max}) $$
$$ 0\leq v(x,t)\leq\frac{a_{2}}{c_{2}}, \quad\forall(x,t)\in\Omega\times (0,T_{\max}). $$
First of all, we see that (2.2) is immediate from standard maximum principles for elliptic equations. To verify (2.1), we integrate the u-equation in (1.1) over Ω to get
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dt} \int_{\Omega}u=a_{1} \int_{\Omega}u-b_{1} \int_{\Omega }u^{2}-c_{1} \int_{\Omega}uv \leq a_{1} \int_{\Omega}u-b_{1} \int_{\Omega}u^{2}. \end{aligned}$$
Since \((a_{1}+1) \int_{\Omega}u\leq b_{1}\int_{\Omega}u^{2}+\frac {(a_{1}+1)^{2}}{4b_{1}} \vert \Omega \vert \) by Young's inequality, we find that
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dt} \int_{\Omega}u+ \int_{\Omega}u\leq\frac {(a_{1}+1)^{2}}{4b_{1}} \vert \Omega \vert , \end{aligned}$$
then we conclude from Grönwall's lemma that
$$\begin{aligned} \int_{\Omega}u\leq\max{ \biggl\{ \int_{\Omega}u_{0}, \frac{4b_{1}}{ (a_{1}+1)^{2} \vert \Omega \vert } \biggr\} }, \end{aligned}$$
from which (2.1) follows. Here we have not used the sign of χ; hence the arguments carry over for (1.2). □
Proof of Theorem 1.1
In order to prove Theorem 1.1, we shall see that it suffices to show the uniform boundedness of \(\Vert u(\cdot,t)\Vert_{L^{\infty}}\) for \(t\in(0,\infty)\). To this end, we first prove the boundedness of \(\Vert u(\cdot,t)\Vert_{L^{p}}\) for each finite p, then we can send p to ∞ by the Moser–Alikakos iteration [17].
For each \(p \in[2,\infty)\), there exists a positive constant \(C_{p}\) which depends on \(\Vert u_{0} \Vert_{L^{p}}\) and the system parameters such that
$$\begin{aligned} \int_{\Omega} u^{p}(x,t)\leq C_{p},\quad \forall t \in(0,T_{\max}). \end{aligned}$$
Testing the u-equation in (1.1) by \(u^{p-1}\) and then integrating it over Ω by parts, we obtain
$$\begin{aligned} & \frac{1}{p}\frac{d}{dt} \int_{\Omega} u^{p} \\ &\quad = \int_{\Omega} D_{1} u^{p-1}\Delta u -\chi \int_{\Omega}u^{p-1} \nabla\cdot(u \nabla v)+ \int_{\Omega} (a_{1}-b_{1}u-c_{1}v)u^{p} \\ &\quad =-(p-1)D_{1} \int_{\Omega}u^{p-2} \vert \nabla u \vert ^{2} + \frac{p-1}{p}\chi \int _{\Omega} \nabla u^{p} \cdot\nabla v + \int_{\Omega}(a_{1}-b_{1}u-c_{1}v) u^{p} \\ &\quad =-\frac{4(p-1)D_{1}}{p^{2}} \int_{\Omega} \bigl\vert \nabla u^{\frac {p}{2}} \bigr\vert ^{2}-\frac{p-1}{p}\chi \int_{\Omega} u^{p} \Delta v + \int _{\Omega}(a_{1}-b_{1}u-c_{1}v) u^{p}. \end{aligned}$$
From the v-equation in (1.1) we have
$$\begin{aligned} \Delta v=\frac{b_{2}}{D_{2}}uv- \biggl(\frac{a_{2}}{D_{2}}- \frac {c_{2}}{D_{2}}v \biggr)v. \end{aligned}$$
By substituting (3.3) into (3.2), we derive
$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{p}\frac{d}{dt} \int_{\Omega} u^{p}+\frac {4(p-1)D_{1}}{p^{2}} \int_{\Omega} \bigl\vert \nabla u^{\frac{p}{2}} \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ &\quad=- \frac{p-1}{p}\chi \int_{\Omega} u^{p} \biggl( \frac {b_{2}}{D_{2}}uv-\biggl( \frac{a_{2}}{D_{2}}-\frac{c_{2}}{D_{2}}v\biggr)v \biggr) + \int_{\Omega}(a_{1}-b_{1}u-c_{1}v) u^{p} \\ &\quad= -\frac{(p-1)b_{2}\chi}{pD_{2}} \int_{\Omega}v u^{p+1}+\frac {p-1}{p}\chi \int_{\Omega} \biggl(\frac{a_{2}}{D_{2}}-\frac{c_{2}}{D_{2}}v\biggr)v u^{p} \\ &\qquad{} + \int_{\Omega}(a_{1}-c_{1}v) u^{p}- \int_{\Omega}b_{1}u^{p+1} \\ &\quad=- \int_{\Omega} \biggl(b_{1}+\frac{(p-1)b_{2}\chi}{pD_{2}}v \biggr)u^{p+1}+ \int_{\Omega} \biggl(a_{1}-c_{1}v+ \frac{p-1}{p}\chi\biggl(\frac {a_{2}}{D_{2}}-\frac{c_{2}}{D_{2}}v\biggr)v \biggr)u^{p} \\ &\quad\leq-\tilde{b}_{1} \int_{\Omega}u^{p+1}+\tilde{a}_{1} \int_{\Omega}u^{p}, \end{aligned}$$
where \(\tilde{a}_{1}\) and \(\tilde{b}_{1}\) are both positive constants. Solving this differential inequality by Grönwall's lemma gives rise to (3.1). □
Choosing \(p=N+1\) in (3.1), we conclude from (2.2) and the elliptic regularity argument that \(\Vert v\Vert_{W^{2,{N+1}}}\leq C\) for some positive constant C independent of t, then we conclude from the embedding (for ∇v) \(W^{1,N+1}(\Omega)\hookrightarrow L^{\infty}(\Omega)\) or Morrey's inequality (e.g., p. 280 of [18])that \(\Vert\nabla v \Vert_{L^{\infty}}< C\).
For simplicity of notations and without loss of generality, we assume that \(\Vert\nabla v \Vert_{L^{\infty}}<1\). Indeed, in the coming analysis, we can set \(\tilde{\chi}:=\chi\Vert\nabla v \Vert _{L^{\infty}}\), and by skipping the tilde we can proceed the same way as we shall do. Now, similar to (3.2), for each \(p>2\) we obtain
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{p}\frac{d}{dt} \int_{\Omega} u^{p} \leq{}&{-}\frac{4(p-1)D_{1}}{p^{2}} \int_{\Omega} \bigl\vert \nabla u^{\frac {p}{2}} \bigr\vert ^{2}+\frac{2(p-1)\chi}{p} \int_{\Omega}u^{\frac{p}{2}} \bigl\vert \nabla u^{\frac{p}{2}} \bigr\vert +a_{1} \int_{\Omega} u^{p} \\ \leq{}&{-}\frac{2D_{1}(p-1)}{p^{2}} \int_{\Omega}\vert\nabla u^{\frac{p}{2}} \vert^{2} + \biggl(\frac{(p-1)\chi^{2}}{2D_{1}}+a_{1} \biggr) \int_{\Omega}u^{p}, \end{aligned}$$
where the last inequality follows from Young's inequality. Now the rest of the arguments follow from the standard Moser–Alikakos \(L^{p}\)-iteration and we shall sketch the main parts. We recall from Gagliardo–Nirenberg–Sobolev inequality that, for any \(u\in H^{1}\) and any \(\epsilon>0\)
$$\bigl\Vert u^{\frac{p}{2}}\bigr\Vert ^{2}_{L^{2}(\Omega)}\leq\epsilon\bigl\Vert \nabla u^{\frac{p}{2}} \bigr\Vert ^{2}_{L^{2}(\Omega)}+C\bigl\Vert u^{\frac{p}{2}}\bigr\Vert ^{2}_{L^{1}(\Omega)}, $$
and where C is a positive constant dependent on Ω and ϵ. Let \(\epsilon=\frac{2D_{1}^{2}(p-1)}{p^{2}((p-1)\chi ^{2}+2a_{1}D_{1})}\), then \(\frac{D_{1}(p-1)}{p^{2}\epsilon}=\frac{(p-1)\chi ^{2}}{2D_{1}}+a_{1}\) and we have from (3.5) that for p large there exists \(C_{2}\) (independent of p) such that
$$\frac{d}{dt} \int_{\Omega}u^{p} \leq- \biggl(\frac{p(p-1)\chi^{2}}{2D_{1}}+ p a_{1} \biggr) \int_{\Omega}u^{p} +\frac{2p(p-1)C_{2}\chi^{2}(1+\frac{p\chi }{D_{1}})}{D_{1}} \biggl( \int_{\Omega}u^{\frac{p}{2} }\biggr)^{2}. $$
Solving this inequality with \(\kappa=\frac{p(p-1)\chi^{2}}{2D_{1}}+ p a_{1}\), we obtain
$$\int_{\Omega}u^{p} \leq e^{-\kappa t} \int_{\Omega}u_{0}^{p} +4C_{2} \biggl(1+\frac{p\chi}{D_{1}} \biggr) \sup_{t\in(0,T)} \biggl( \int_{\Omega}u^{\frac{p}{2}} \biggr)^{2}. $$
Let \(M(p)=\max \{\Vert u_{0} \Vert_{L^{\infty}},\sup_{t\in (0,T)}\Vert u(\cdot,t) \Vert_{L^{p}} \}\), it follows that for p large there exists \(C_{3}\) independent of p
$$M(p)\leq \biggl(C_{3}+\frac{C_{3} p\chi}{D_{1}} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p}}M(p/2). $$
Choosing \(p=2^{i}\) and then sending \(i\rightarrow\infty\), we can apply a Moser–Alikakos iteration [16] to obtain the boundedness of \(M(\infty)\), therefore \(\Vert u(\cdot,t)\Vert_{L^{\infty}}\) is uniformly bounded in \((0,T)\) for each \(T\in(0,\infty)\). Therefore we must have \(T_{\max}=\infty\) and the solution \((u,v)\) is globally bounded. Finally, one can apply standard elliptic and parabolic regularity theory to show that the solution is classical. □
We proceed to prove Theorem 1.2. First we present the following result parallel to Lemma 3.1.
Let \((u,v)\) be a solution of (1.2) in \(\Omega\times(0,T_{\max })\). Let \(p^{*}>1\) be given by
$$p^{*}= \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{\frac{a_{2}b_{2} \chi}{c_{2}D_{2}}}{\frac{a_{2}b_{2} \chi}{c_{2}D_{2}}-b_{1}}& \textit{if }b_{1}< \frac{a_{2}b_{2}\chi}{c_{2}D_{2}},\\ \infty& \textit{if }b_{1}\geq\frac{a_{2}b_{2}\chi}{c_{2}D_{2}}. \end{cases} $$
Then, for each \(p\in(1,p^{*})\), there exists a positive constant \(C_{p}\) dependent on \(\Vert u_{0} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}\) such that
Similar to (3.2) we test the u-equation in (1.2) by \(u^{p-1}\) and then integrate it over Ω by parts to have
$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{p}\frac{d}{dt} \int_{\Omega} u^{p}+\frac {4(p-1)D_{1}}{p^{2}} \int_{\Omega} \bigl\vert \nabla u^{\frac{p}{2}} \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ &\quad \leq- \int_{\Omega} \biggl(b_{1}-\frac{(p-1)b_{2}\chi}{pD_{2}}v \biggr)u^{p+1}+ \int_{\Omega} \biggl(a_{1}+\frac{(p-1)c_{2}\chi}{pD_{2}}v^{2} \biggr)u^{p} \\ &\quad \leq- \biggl(b_{1}-\frac{(p-1)a_{2} b_{2}\chi}{pc_{2} D_{2}} \biggr) \int _{\Omega} u^{p+1}+ \biggl(a_{1}+ \frac{(p-1) a_{2}^{2} \chi}{pc_{2} D_{2}} \biggr) \int_{\Omega} u^{p}. \end{aligned}$$
It is obvious that \(\mu:=b_{1}-\frac{(p-1) a_{2} b_{2}\chi}{p c_{2} D_{2}}\) is positive thanks to the condition on p. We can use Young's inequality and Hölder's inequality to find that for some positive constant \(C_{4}\)
$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{p}\frac{d}{dt} \int_{\Omega} u^{p}+\frac {4(p-1)D_{1}}{p^{2}} \int_{\Omega} \bigl\vert \nabla u^{\frac{p}{2}} \bigr\vert ^{2} \\ &\quad \leq-\frac{\mu}{2} \int_{\Omega} u^{p+1}+C_{4} \leq- \frac{\mu}{2 \vert \Omega \vert ^{\frac{1}{p}}} \biggl( \int_{\Omega} u^{p} \biggr)^{\frac{p+1}{p}}+C_{4}, \end{aligned}$$
from which (4.1) follows thanks to the Grönwall lemma. □
Let \((u,v)\) be a nonnegative local solution of (1.2) in \(\Omega \times(0,T_{\max})\). Suppose that the following condition holds:
$$\begin{aligned} b_{1}> \frac{a_{2}b_{2}\chi(N-2)}{c_{2}D_{2}N}. \end{aligned}$$
Then, for each \(p \in[1, \infty)\), there exists a positive constant \(C_{p}\) dependent on \(\Vert u_{0} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}\) such that
Thanks to (4.4) there always exists \(p_{0}\in(\frac{N}{2},p^{*})\) such that \(b_{1}>\frac{(p_{0}-1) a_{2} b_{2}\chi}{p_{0} c_{2} D_{2}}\), which, in the light of Lemma 4.1, implies that
$$\begin{aligned} \int_{\Omega} u^{p_{0}}(x,t)\leq C_{p_{0}}, \quad\forall t \in(0,\infty). \end{aligned}$$
Now each for \(p>p_{0}\), similar to (3.5) we obtain
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{p}\frac{d}{dt} \int_{\Omega} u^{p}+\frac{4(p-1)D_{1}}{p^{2}} \int _{\Omega} \bigl\vert \nabla u^{\frac{p}{2}} \bigr\vert ^{2} \leq C_{5} \biggl( \int_{\Omega} u^{p+1}+1 \biggr) \end{aligned}$$
from (4.2) where \(C_{5}\) is a positive constant independent of p. To further estimate (4.7), we use Gagliardo–Nirenberg interpolation inequality and Young's inequality to estimate that
$$\begin{aligned} \int_{\Omega} u^{p+1}&=\bigl\Vert u^{\frac{p}{2}} \bigr\Vert _{L^{\frac {2(p+1)}{p}}(\Omega)}^{\frac{2(p+1)}{p}} \\ &\leq C_{6} \bigl\Vert \nabla u^{\frac{p}{2}} \bigr\Vert _{L^{2}(\Omega)}^{\frac {2(p+1)}{p} h} \cdot\bigl\Vert u^{\frac{p}{2}} \bigr\Vert _{L^{\frac {2p_{0}}{p}}(\Omega)}^{\frac{2(p+1)}{p} (1-h)}+C_{6} \bigl\Vert u^{\frac {p}{2}} \bigr\Vert _{L^{\frac{2p_{0}}{p}}(\Omega)}^{2} \\ &\leq C_{7} \bigl\Vert \nabla u^{\frac{p}{2}} \bigr\Vert _{L^{2}(\Omega)}^{\frac {2(p+1)}{p} h}+C_{7}, \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} h=\frac{\frac{p}{2(p+1)}-\frac{p}{2p_{0}}}{\frac{1}{2}-\frac {1}{N}-\frac{p}{2p_{0}}}\in(0,1) \end{aligned}$$
and we have applied the fact that \(\Vert u(\cdot,t)\Vert_{L^{p_{0}}}\) is bounded thanks to (4.6). Moreover, because of \(p>p_{0}>\frac {N}{2}\), we note that
$$\frac{2(p+1)}{p}h=\frac{1-\frac{p+1}{2p_{0}}}{\frac{1}{2}-\frac {1}{N}-\frac{p}{2p_{0}}}< 2 $$
and this implies that
$$\int_{\Omega}u^{p+1}\leq\epsilon\bigl\Vert \nabla u^{\frac{p}{2}} \bigr\Vert _{L^{2}(\Omega)}^{2}+C_{\epsilon}. $$
Finally, we conclude from (4.7)–(4.9) that
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{p}\frac{d}{dt} \int_{\Omega} u^{p}+\frac{2(p-1)D_{1}}{p^{2}} \int _{\Omega} \bigl\vert \nabla u^{\frac{p}{2}} \bigr\vert ^{2} \leq-C_{8} \biggl( \int_{\Omega} u^{p} \biggr)^{\frac{p+1}{p}}+C_{9}. \end{aligned}$$
This gives rise to (4.5) and the proof of Lemma 4.2 completes. □
By choosing \(p>N+1\) fixed in (4.5), we have \(\Vert\nabla v(\cdot ,t)\Vert_{L^{\infty}}< C\) for all \(t\in(0,\infty)\). Then by the same arguments as in (3.5) we can show the uniform boundedness of \(\Vert u(\cdot,t)\Vert_{L^{\infty}}\) for all \(t\in(0,\infty)\). Therefore \(T_{\max}=\infty\) and the local solution \((u,v)\) is global. Moreover, one can apply the standard regularity theory to show that both u and v are classical in \(\bar{\Omega}\times(0,\infty)\). □
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We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their time and patience in handling, carefully reading and meticulously scrutinizing our manuscript, which helped improve its presentation overall. We thank the first reviewer for the suggestions towards the original proof of Theorem 1.1, which make it easier for the reader.
School of Securities and Futures, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
Yuanyuan Zhang
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Yuanyuan Zhang.
The author declares that they have no competing interests.
Zhang, Y. Global solutions and uniform boundedness of attractive/repulsive LV competition systems. Adv Differ Equ 2018, 52 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-018-1513-2
Lotka–Volterra competition system
Global solution
Uniform boundedness