Is there a nice way to "unravel" a great dodecahedron?
The great dodecahedron is a non-convex regular polyhedron bounded by 12 pentagonal faces, crossing each other, arranged in a star-shaped manner around each of its 12 vertices (see the Wikipedia page for a picture.) From a topological point of view, the abstract surface that you get if you glue the faces along the corresponding sides is a compact orientable surface; hence it is homeomorphic to a sphere with some number of handles. It is easy to check that it has genus 4. (You can also see it as a 3-sheeted Riemann surface with 12 branch-points.)
Thus it is possible to draw, on the surface of a 4-holed torus, a graph consisting of 12 vertices and 30 edges that subdivides the surface into 12 pentagonal regions, with 5 such regions meeting at each vertex. To put it more concisely: there exists a sort of 4-holed polyhedron which is regular in at least a topological (or, if you prefer, combinatorial) sense and whose Schläfli symbol would be {5 5}.
I was actually able to draw such a picture, but all I see is a tangle of lines twisting and wrapping around in all directions. My picture has no obvious symmetry. Is it possible to embed this object in ordinary 3-space without self-intersections, but with, let's say, at least an axis of 5-fold rotation? (Unfortunately, I suspect the answer is "no".) Or is it possible to at least make sure that there is a group of easily described transformations that coincides, at least partially, with the abstract symmetry group of the configuration (which has order 120)?
graph-theory combinatorial-geometry
Ilia SmilgaIlia Smilga
$\begingroup$ What does a fundamental domain look like in say en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uniform_tiling_55-t0.png ? $\endgroup$ – j.c. Aug 30 '13 at 12:47
$\begingroup$ Here is a possibility. The "flower" formed by any tile together with five of its neighbors yields half a fundamental domain. Now let X be any edge of this "flower" such that one of the ends of X is a vertex of the central tile. Then the image of the flower under central symmetry with respect to the middle of X yields the other half of the fundamental domain. $\endgroup$ – Ilia Smilga Aug 30 '13 at 17:16
No, it is not possible to embed the genus 4 surface in $\mathbb R^3$ with 5-fold axial symmetry. The $2\pi/5$ rotation of the great dodecahedron has four fixed points. Two of these fixed points are at the center of a pentagonal face, and the other two are at a vertex where five pentagons meet. The combinatorial rotation angle at the center-of-face fixed points is, of course, $2\pi/5$. But the combinatorial rotation angle at the vertex fixed points is $-4\pi/5$. But there do not exist order-5 diffeomorphisms of $\mathbb R^3$ (or $S^3$) whose fixed points have two different rotation angles. (cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_conjecture )
I think it is, however, possible to embed the genus 4 surface in the lens space $L(5,2)$ with 5-fold symmetry.
[Added later] Here's how to embed the surface in $L(5,2)$ with 5-fold symmetry. (I apologize for the lack of pictures.) $L(5,2)$ is the union of two solid tori. Let $X$ and $X'$ be two meridian disks of the first solid torus, and let $Y$ and $Y'$ be two meridian disks of the second solid torus. The boundaries of $X,X',Y,Y'$ divide the torus $T^2$ into 20 parallelograms. Color these parallelograms black and white in an alternating, checkerboard fashion. Now consider $$X \cup X' \cup Y \cup Y' \cup \mbox{the 10 black parallelograms} .$$ This is a (piecewise linear) surface of genus 4 (which of course can be smoothed if one so desires). The surface has an obvious 5-fold symmetry, and this symmetry has four fixed points (the centers of $X,X',Y,Y'$) with rotation angles as described above.
All that remains is to divide this surface into 12 pentagons. The first two pentagons are easy: they are $X$ and $X'$. Now for the remaining ten pentagons. $Y$ and $X'$ intersect in five points on the boundary of $Y$. Draw lines from these five points to the center of $Y$. This divides $Y$ into five pieces $Y_0, Y_1, Y_2, Y_3, Y_4$. Similarly divide $Y'$ into five pieces $Y'_0,\ldots,Y'_4$ using intersections with $X$. Each of the ten (black) parallelograms intersects each of $X,X',Y,Y'$ on one side of the parallelogram. Cut each parallelogram into two triangles so that one triangle contains the $X$ and $Y$ sides of the parallelogram and the other triangle contains the $X'$ and $Y'$ sides of the parallelogram. Each $Y_i$ is adjacent to two of these triangles; add those two triangles to $Y_i$. Similarly add two triangles to each $Y'_i$. We have now divided the surface into 12 pieces, and one can check that combinatorially each piece is a pentagon, and furthermore that the combinatorics match the great dodecahedron.
Kevin WalkerKevin Walker
There is a drawing of it, relatively free from tangles, at http://www.weddslist.com/rmdb/map.php?a=R4.6. I don't know if this is anything like what you are looking for.
Joseph O'Rourke
maproommaproom
$\begingroup$ (I took the liberty of adding the image at the link provided.) $\endgroup$ – Joseph O'Rourke Aug 30 '13 at 19:35
I don't see this specific example in it, but for work on embedding high-genus regular maps such as this one onto (non-self-intersecting) surfaces in 3d in a way that shows off some of their symmetries, see Jarke J. van Wijk, Symmetric Tiling of Closed Surfaces: Visualization of Regular Maps. ACM Transactions on Graphics vol. 28, no. 3, Article 49, 12 pages, August 2009. Proceedings ACM SIGGRAPH'09. http://www.win.tue.nl/~vanwijk/regularmaps_siggraph09.pdf
David EppsteinDavid Eppstein
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