Ming Ren1,
Shiwei Yun1 &
Zhenping Li1
Boundary Value Problems volume 2020, Article number: 1 (2020) Cite this article
In this paper, we apply a reliable combination of maximum modulus method with respect to the Schrödinger operator and Phragmén–Lindelöf method to investigate nonlinear conservation laws for the Schrödinger boundary value problems of second order. As an application, we prove the global existence to the solution for the Cauchy problem of the semilinear Schrödinger equation. The results reveal that this method is effective and simple.
In this article, we consider the following Schrödinger boundary value problems of second order (see [1–4, 12, 24, 29, 33, 38]):
$$ \begin{gathered} if_{s}+\Delta f=- \vert f \vert ^{p}f,\quad (t,s)\in \mathcal{R}^{n}\times [0,L), \\ f(0,t)=f_{0}(t), \end{gathered} $$
where \(i=\sqrt{-1}\),
$$ \Delta =\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial {t_{i}^{2}}} $$
is the Laplace operator in \(\mathcal{R}^{n}\),
$$ f(t,s) :\mathcal{R}^{n}\times [0,L)\to \mathbb{C} $$
denotes the complex valued function, L is the maximum existence time, n is the space dimension and p satisfies the embedding condition
$$ \frac{4}{n}< p< \textstyle\begin{cases} +\infty , & n=1, 2, \\ \frac{4}{n-2}, & n>2. \end{cases} $$
There has been a lot of interest in this Schrödinger equation, because of the significance in physics. Liu [24] investigated the stationary Schrödinger equation
$$ if_{t}+\frac{1}{2}\Delta f+ \frac{1}{2}\gamma \Delta ^{2}f+ \vert f \vert ^{2p}f=0, $$
where \(\gamma \in \mathcal{R}\), \(p\geq 1\), and the space dimension is no more than three. Problem (1.2) describes a stable soliton which is a wave pulse or wave beam, specially, there are solitons in magnetic materials for \(p=1\) in 3D space. Hu and Qiao [34] presented a numerical study on the axially symmetric fourth-order Schrödinger equation
$$ i\frac{\partial f}{\partial \xi }+\frac{1}{2}S\Delta _{\bot }f +\lambda \Delta ^{2}_{\bot }f+\mu \vert f \vert ^{2}f=0, $$
where \(S>0\), \(\mu >0\),
$$ \Delta _{\bot }=\partial ^{2}/\partial \rho ^{2}+(1/\rho )\partial / \partial \rho $$
and ξ, ρ are properly normalized cylindrical variables.
For \(\lambda <0\), Eq. (1.3) plays a crucial role in the self-focusing, here the fourth derivative term in (1.3) may give rise to an oscillatory approach to the asymptotically homogeneous wave beam. Huang and Rui [22] analyzed the self-focusing and singularity formation in the mixed-dispersion nonlinear Schrödinger equation
$$ if_{t}+\Delta f+\epsilon \Delta ^{2}f+ \vert f \vert ^{2p}f=0, \quad (t,s)\in \mathcal{R}^{n}\times [0,L), $$
where \(\epsilon =\pm 1\), \(p\geq 1\), which occurs in propagation models for fiber arrays. The authors showed that the generic propagation dynamics for \(\epsilon <0\) is focusing–defocusing oscillations. Qiao and Hou [33] considered the Schrödinger equation in dimensionless variables
$$ if_{t}+D\Delta f+P\Delta ^{2}f+B \vert f \vert ^{2}f+K \vert f \vert ^{4}f=0, $$
where \(D, P, B, K\in \mathcal{R}\) and \(BK<0\). This equation was used for describing the dynamics of slowly varying wave packet envelope amplitude.
Given its mathematical interest, a lot of attention is paid to the existence and nonexistence of global solutions to the second-order boundary value problems related to the Schrödinger equation. Zhao [51] studied the equation
$$ if_{t}+\Delta ^{2}f+\beta \Delta f+\lambda \vert f \vert ^{p-1}f=0,\quad (t,s) \in \mathcal{R}^{n}\times [0,L), $$
where \(\lambda , \beta \in \mathcal{R}\), \(p\in (1,2^{\#}-1]\), and \(2^{\#}=\frac{2n}{n-4}\) is the energy critical exponent for the embedding from \(H^{2}\) into Lebesgue's spaces.
On the other hand, we have the boundary value problem with respect to the Schrödinger operator corresponding to (1.5) given by (see [6, 9, 10, 15, 17, 26, 40, 41, 44])
$$\begin{aligned}& f \geq 0, \qquad 0\leq \omega \leq 1,\qquad u(1-\omega ) = 0 \quad \text{in }P, \\& \chi (t_{1}) (f_{t_{2}} +\omega )_{t_{2}}-\omega _{s} = 0\quad \text{in } P, \\& u =\phi\quad \text{on } \varSigma _{2} , \\& \omega (\cdot ,0)=\omega _{0}\quad \text{in } \gimel , \\& \chi (t_{1}) (f_{t_{2}} +\omega )\cdot \nu =0 \quad \text{on } \varSigma _{1}, \\& \chi (t_{1}) (f_{t_{2}} +\omega )\cdot \nu \leq 0 \quad \text{on } \varSigma _{4}. \end{aligned}$$
Regarding the existence of a solution of the problem related to the Schrödinger operator (1.1) we refer to [33] and [24], respectively, for the evolutionary dam problem with homogeneous coefficients and for a class of free boundary problem with respect to the Schrödinger operator in heterogeneous domain. The regularity of the solution of the problem [24] with respect to the Schrödinger operator was discussed in [34] (see also [13, 20, 21, 31, 36]), where it was proved that \(\omega \in C^{0}([0,L]; L^{p}(\gimel ))\) for all \(p\in [1,+\infty )\) in the class of free boundary problems with respect to the Schrödinger operator of types
$$ \begin{gathered} if_{t}-\Delta ^{2}f=- \vert f \vert ^{2p}u,\quad (t,s)\in \times \mathcal{R}^{n}\times [0,L), \\ f(t,0)=f_{0}(t), \end{gathered} $$
and that \(f\in C^{0}([0,M]; L^{p}(\gimel ))\) for all \(p\in [1,2]\) in the second-order class. More results as regards Schrödinger-type equations, wavelet analysis, distribution theory and calculus of variations were studied in previous work [16, 18, 19, 27, 32, 50]. The semilinear elliptic equation on \(\mathcal{R}^{n}\) was considered in [7]. The existence of infinitely many solutions to it under a variety of additional conditions was proved. Bound state solutions of sublinear Schrödinger equations with lack of compactness were studied in [8]. The existence of ground state solutions for nonlinear fractional Schrödinger equation was obtained in [11] by applying the minimization method with a constraint over a Pohožaev manifold. A diffusion model of Kirchhoff-type driven by a nonlocal integro-differential operator was considered in [48]. The existence of multiple solutions for the non-homogeneous fractional p-Laplacian equations of Schrödinger–Kirchhoff type was also considered in [45]. Boundary value problems driven by a combination of differential operators of different nature (such as \((p,2)\)-equations) were studied in [30]. In 2019, Xue and Tang [49] established the existence of bound state solutions for a class of quasilinear Schrödinger equations whose nonlinear term is asymptotically linear in \(\mathcal{R}^{n}\). After changing the variables, the quasilinear equation becomes a semilinear equation, whose respective associated functional is well defined in \(H_{1}(\mathcal{R}^{n})\). The proofs are based on the Pohozaev manifold and a linking theorem.
As an application of the Phragmén–Lindelöf method related to a second-order boundary value problem with respect to the Schrödinger equation, in this paper we consider the conservation laws for a second-order boundary value problems related to the Schrödinger equation. As an application, we prove the global existence to the solution for the Cauchy problem of the semilinear Schrödinger equation. The results reveal that this method is effective and simple.
Lemmas
In this section, we obtain some lemmas which will be needed in the sequel.
For the second-order boundary value problem (1.1) of the Schrödinger equation for \(0<\mathbf{E}(f_{0})<d\), we have
$$ \mathfrak{I}(f)= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl( \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2} - \frac{np}{2(p+2)} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt $$
$$ \mathfrak{J}''(s)=8 \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl( \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2} - \frac{np}{2(p+2)} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt. $$
Obviously, \(\mathfrak{J}''(s)\) has a very similar structure with the Nehari functional \(\mathfrak{I}(f)\), hence \(\mathfrak{I}(f)<0\) can easily yield \(\mathfrak{J}''(s)<0\) to prove the blowup of the solution.
But for the second-order boundary value problem (1.1) of the fourth-order semilinear Schrödinger equation, we do not have such luck. We shall derive in the main part of this paper that the corresponding \(\mathcal{J}''(s)\) for the fourth-order semilinear Schrödinger equation is (see [37])
$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{J}''(s) = &8 \biggl(4 \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert \nabla (\Delta f) \bigr\vert ^{2}\,dt+4 \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}\,dt+ \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt \biggr) \\ &{}+4 \biggl(-\frac{np}{p+2} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt+(2n+4) \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}f\Delta \bar{f}\,dt \\ &{} +4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p}fx\cdot \nabla ( \Delta \bar{f})\,dt \biggr) \end{aligned}$$
by comparing it with
$$ \mathcal{I}(f)= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl( \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2} -\frac{np}{2(p+2)} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt. $$
We define the energy functional
$$ \mathfrak{E}(f)= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}- \frac{1}{p+2} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt, $$
the auxiliary functionals
$$ \mathfrak{P}(f)= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \vert f \vert ^{2} + \frac{1}{2} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}-\frac{1}{p+2} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt $$
$$ \mathfrak{I}(f)= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl( \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}- \frac{np}{2(p+2)} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt. $$
For the above two functionals, \(\mathfrak{P}(f)\) is composed of both mass and energy, and \(\mathfrak{I}(f)\) can be considered as Nehari functional. Further we define the Hilbert space
$$ \mathfrak{H}=\biggl\{ f\in H^{1}\bigl(\mathcal{R}^{n} \bigr): \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} \vert f \vert ^{2}\,dt< \infty \biggr\} , $$
the Nehari manifold
$$ \mathfrak{M}=\bigl\{ f\in H^{1}\bigl(\mathcal{R}^{n} \bigr)\setminus \{0\}: \mathfrak{I}(f)=0\bigr\} , $$
the invariant manifolds
$$ \mathfrak{G}=\bigl\{ f\in \mathfrak{H}: \mathfrak{P}(f)< \mathfrak{d}, \mathfrak{I}(f)>0\bigr\} \cup \{0\} $$
$$ \mathfrak{B}=\bigl\{ f\in \mathfrak{H}: \mathfrak{P}(f)< \mathfrak{d}, \mathfrak{I}(f)< 0\bigr\} , $$
where \(\mathfrak{d}=\inf_{f\in \mathfrak{M}}\mathfrak{P}(f) \).
Lemma 2.1
For set\(\mathfrak{G}\), we can obtain\(\mathfrak{P}(f)>0\)by\(\mathfrak{I}(f)>0\). So the set\(\mathfrak{G}\)is equivalent to
$$ \mathfrak{G}'= \bigl\{ f\in \mathfrak{ H}|0< \mathfrak{P}(f)< \mathfrak{d},\mathfrak{I}(f)>0 \bigr\} \cup \{ 0 \} . $$
For set\(\mathfrak{B}\), if\(\mathfrak{P}(f)\leq 0\), we can get\(\mathfrak{E}(f)<0\), which is a sufficient condition for finite time blowup; cf. [52]. Therefore, it is only necessary here to consider the case of\(\mathfrak{E}(f)>0\), i.e., we only need
$$ \mathfrak{B}'= \bigl\{ f\in \mathfrak{ H}|0< \mathfrak{P}(f)< \mathfrak{d},\mathfrak{I}(f)< 0 \bigr\} . $$
The above remark is also applicable to sets \(\mathcal{G}\) and \(\mathcal{B}\) in Sect. 3.
For the second-order boundary value problem (1.1) of the second-order semilinear Schrödinger equation, we summarize some results established in [23, 35, 46, 47] as follows.
Assume that\(f_{0}\in \mathfrak{H}\)andpsatisfies the embedding condition [43]
There exist\(L>0\)and a unique local solution\(f(t,s)\)of problem (1.1) in\(C([0,L_{\mathrm{max}}];\mathfrak{H})\). Moreover if
$$ L_{\mathrm{max}}=\sup \bigl\{ L>0: u=f(t,s) \textit{ exists on } [0,L]\bigr\} < \infty $$
$$ \lim_{t\to L_{\mathrm{max}}} \Vert f \Vert _{\mathfrak{H}}=\infty\quad (\textit{blowup}), $$
otherwise\(L_{\mathrm{max}}=\infty \) (global existence).
For the solution in (i),
$$\begin{aligned}& \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert f(s) \bigr\vert ^{2} = \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f_{0} \vert ^{2}\,dt \quad (\textit{mass conservation}), \\& \mathfrak{\mathcal{E}}\bigl(f(s)\bigr)= \mathfrak{E}(f_{0})\quad (\textit{energy conservation}), \\& \mathfrak{P}\bigl(f(s)\bigr)\equiv \mathfrak{P}(f_{0}). \end{aligned}$$
\(\mathfrak{d}>0\), cf. [25, 42].
If\(f_{0}\in \mathfrak{G}\), then the solution of problem (1.1) is global.
If\(f_{0}\in \mathfrak{B}\), then the solution of problem (1.1) blows up in finite time.
In fact, although [28] proved the blowup solution by a variance of the argument in [39], there is no explicit computation of \(\mathfrak{J}''(s)\). Now we give the specific computation of \(\mathfrak{J}''(s)\) for the second-order boundary value problem (1.1).
Assume that\(f_{0}\in \mathfrak{B}\), \(f(t,s)\in ([0,L);\mathfrak{H})\)is the solution of (1.1). Let\(\mathfrak{J}(s)= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}|t|^{2}|f|^{2}\,dt\). Then
$$ \mathfrak{J}''(s)=8 \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl( \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}- \frac{np}{2(p+2)} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt. $$
To prove the existence of the solution of (1.1), let f be a solution of (1.1) for the value λ of the parameter. Then, owing to (1.4), to the dominance of the principal eigenvalue of the operator \(-\Delta ^{2}\) in the domain \(\mathcal{R}^{n}\times [0,L)\) under Dirichlet boundary conditions, to the facts that \(\bar{f}_{t}\) is strongly positive in \(\mathcal{R}^{n}\) and to the monotonicity of the principal eigenvalue with respect to the potential on the boundary conditions, we obtain
$$ \mathfrak{J}'(s)= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} (u \bar{f}_{t}+ \bar{f}f_{t} )\,dt, $$
which yields
$$ \mathfrak{J}'(s) = \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} (\overline{ \bar{f}f_{t}}+\bar{f}f_{t} )\,dt =2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f}f_{t} \,dt. $$
Multiplying both sides of (2.1) by i, we have
$$ f_{t}=i \bigl(\Delta f+ \vert f \vert ^{p}f \bigr). $$
Substituting the above equation into (2.2) we have
$$\begin{aligned} \mathfrak{J}'(s) =& 2 \operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} (f_{t}\Delta \bar{f}+f\Delta \bar{f}_{t} )\,dt \\ =& 2 \operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2}f_{t} \Delta \bar{f}+\Delta \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2}f\bigr) \bar{f}_{t} \bigr)\,dt \\ =& 2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \Biggl( \vert t \vert ^{2}f_{t} \Delta \bar{f}+\bar{f}_{t} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial t_{i}^{2}}\bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2}f\bigr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ =& 2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \Biggl( \vert t \vert ^{2}f _{t}\Delta \bar{f}+\bar{f}_{t}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}} \biggl( \vert t \vert ^{2}\frac{\partial f}{\partial t_{i}}+2t_{i}u \biggr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ =& 2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \Biggl( \vert t \vert ^{2}f _{t}\Delta \bar{f} +\bar{f}_{t} \Biggl(2nf+4\sum _{i=1}^{n}t_{i}\cdot \frac{ \partial f}{\partial t_{i}} + \vert t \vert ^{2}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\frac{\partial ^{2} u}{ \partial t_{i}^{2}} \Biggr) \Biggr)\,dt \\ =& 2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2}f_{t} \Delta \bar{f}+\bar{f}_{t} \bigl(2nf+4x\cdot \nabla f+ \vert t \vert ^{2}\Delta f \bigr) \bigr)\,dt \\ =& 2 \operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert t \vert ^{2}f_{t} \Delta \bar{f}+\overline{ \vert t \vert ^{2}f_{t} \Delta \bar{f}}+\bar{f}_{t} (2nf+4x \cdot \nabla f ) \bigr)\,dt \\ =& 4\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} (Nu+2x\cdot \nabla f )\bar{f}_{t} \,dt \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} \mathfrak{J}''(s) = &2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}i \vert t \vert ^{2} \bar{f} \bigl( \Delta f+ \vert f \vert ^{p}f \bigr)\,dt \\ = &-2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2}\bar{f} \bigl( \Delta f+ \vert f \vert ^{p}f \bigr)\,dt \\ = &-2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2} \bigl(\bar{f} \Delta f+ \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \bigr)\,dt \\ = &-2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2}\bar{f}\Delta fdt \\ = &2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert t \vert ^{2}f\Delta \bar{f}\,dt. \end{aligned}$$
It follows from (2.1) that
$$ \bar{f}_{t}=-i\bigl(\Delta \bar{f}+ \vert f \vert ^{p}\bar{f}\bigr). $$
Substituting the above equation into (2.3), we can get
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \mathfrak{J}''(s) &=-4\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}i (nf+2x \cdot \nabla f ) \bigl(\Delta \bar{f}+ \vert f \vert ^{p}\bar{f} \bigr)\,dt \\ &=-4\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} (nf+2x\cdot \nabla f) \bigl(\Delta \bar{f}+ \vert f \vert ^{p}\bar{f} \bigr)\,dt \\ &=-4 \biggl( \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} (nf+2x\cdot \nabla f ) \Delta \bar{f}\,dt+ \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} (nf+2x \cdot \nabla f ) \vert f \vert ^{p}\bar{f}\,dt \biggr) \\ &=-4(\mathfrak{I}_{1}+ \mathfrak{I}_{2}), \end{aligned} $$
$$ \mathfrak{I}_{1}:=\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} (nf+2x \cdot \nabla f )\Delta \bar{f}\,dt $$
$$ \mathfrak{I}_{2}:=\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} (nf+2x \cdot \nabla f ) \vert f \vert ^{p}\bar{f}\,dt. $$
For \(\mathfrak{I}_{1}\) and \(\mathfrak{I}_{2}\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} \mathfrak{I}_{1} &=n \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt + \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}x\cdot \bigl( \vert f \vert ^{p} ( \bar{f} \nabla f+u\nabla \bar{f} ) \bigr)\,dt \\ &=n \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt + \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}x\cdot \bigl( \vert f \vert ^{p} \nabla (u\bar{f} ) \bigr)\,dt \\ &=n \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt+ \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}x\cdot \bigl(\bigl( \vert f \vert ^{2}\bigr)^{p/2}\nabla \vert f \vert ^{2} \bigr)\,dt \\ &=n \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt+ \frac{2}{p+2}\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}x\cdot \nabla \bigl( \vert f \vert ^{2}\bigr)^{\frac{p+2}{2}}\,dt \\ &=n \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt- \frac{2n}{p+2}\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt \\ &=\frac{np}{p+2}\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt \end{aligned}$$
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \mathfrak{I}_{2} = {}&N\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}f\Delta \bar{f}\,dt+2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}(t\cdot \nabla f) \Delta \bar{f}\,dt \\ ={}&{-}n \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt-2 \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}\nabla (t\cdot \nabla f) \nabla \bar{f}\,dt \\ ={}&{-}n \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt -2 \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{i}} \Biggl(\sum_{j=1}^{n}t_{j} \frac{\partial f}{\partial t_{j}} \Biggr) \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}}\,dt \\ ={}&{-}n \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt-2 \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n}\frac{\partial }{ \partial t_{i}} \biggl(t_{j}\frac{\partial f}{\partial t_{j}} \biggr) \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}}\,dt \\ ={}&{-}n \int _{\mathcal{R} ^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt-2 \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial f}{\partial t_{i}} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{ \partial t_{i}}\,dt \\ &{}-2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} t_{j} \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial t_{i} \partial t_{j}} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}}\,dt \\ ={}&{-}n \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt-2 \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ &{}-\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n}t_{j} \biggl( \frac{\partial ^{2} u}{\partial t_{i}\partial t_{j}} \frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} +\frac{\partial ^{2} \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}\partial t_{j}} \frac{\partial f}{\partial t _{i}} \biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&{-}n \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt-2 \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt - \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n}t_{j} \frac{\partial }{\partial t_{j}} \biggl(\frac{\partial f}{\partial t_{i}}\frac{\partial \bar{f}}{\partial t_{i}} \biggr)\,dt \\ ={}&{-}n \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt-2 \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt - \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}x\cdot \nabla \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ ={}&{-}n \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt -2 \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt+n \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt \\ ={}&{-}2 \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt. \end{aligned} $$
Substituting the above equation and (2.6) into (2.5), finally we derive
$$\begin{aligned} \mathfrak{J}''(s) &=-4 \biggl(-2 \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}\,dt+ \frac{np}{p+2}\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt \biggr) \\ &=8 \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl( \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}- \frac{np}{2(p+2)} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt. \end{aligned}$$
Then the proof is complete. □
Main result
In this section, we shall state and prove our main result.
(Conservation laws)
Let\(f_{0}\in \mathcal{H}^{2}\)and\(f\in ([0,L);\mathcal{H}^{2})\)be the unique solution of problem (1.1). Then
$$\begin{aligned}& \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl\vert f(s) \bigr\vert ^{2}= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f_{0} \vert ^{2}\,dt \quad (\textit{mass conservation}), \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& \mathcal{E}\bigl(f(s)\bigr)=\mathcal{E}(f_{0})\quad (\textit{energy conservation}), \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& \mathcal{P}\bigl(f(s)\bigr)\equiv \mathcal{P}(f_{0}). \end{aligned}$$
It follows that
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \frac{d}{dt} \biggl( \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{2}\,dt \biggr) &= \frac{d}{dt} \biggl( \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}u\bar{f}\,dt \biggr) \\ &= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} (u\bar{f}_{t}+f_{t} \bar{f} )\,dt \\ &= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} (\overline{f_{t}\bar{f}}+f_{t} \bar{f} )\,dt \\ &=2\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}\bar{f}f_{t} \,dt \end{aligned} $$
from the definitions of the energy functional \(\mathcal{E}(f(s))\) and \(\mathcal{P}(f(s))\), which yields
$$ \bar{f}f_{t}=i\bigl(\bar{f}\Delta f-\bar{f}\Delta ^{2}f+ \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\bigr). $$
It follows from (3.4) and (3.5) that
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dt} \biggl( \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{2}\,dt \biggr) &=2 \operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}i \bigl(\bar{f}\Delta f- \bar{f}\Delta ^{2} u+ \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \bigr)\,dt \\ &=-2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl(\bar{f}\Delta f- \bar{f}\Delta ^{2} u+ \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \bigr)\,dt \\ &=2\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}- \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \bigr)\,dt =0. \end{aligned}$$
So (3.1) holds.
Then we prove the energy conservation as follows:
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \frac{d}{dt}\bigl( \mathcal{E}\bigl(f(s)\bigr)\bigr) &=\frac{d}{dt} \biggl( \int _{\mathcal{R} ^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2} +\frac{1}{2} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}- \frac{1}{p+2} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt \biggr) \\ &=\frac{d}{dt} \biggl( \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{2}\nabla f\cdot \nabla \bar{f} + \frac{1}{2}\Delta f\Delta \bar{f}-\frac{1}{p+2}(u \bar{f})^{ \frac{p+2}{2}} \biggr)\,dt \biggr) \\ &= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl( \frac{1}{2} (\nabla f_{t}\cdot \nabla \bar{f} +\nabla f\cdot \nabla \bar{f}_{t} ) +\frac{1}{2} (\Delta f_{t}\Delta \bar{f}+\Delta f\Delta \bar{f}_{t} ) \\ &\quad {}-\frac{1}{2}(u\bar{f})^{p/2} (f_{t}\bar{f}+u \bar{f}_{t} ) \biggr)\,dt, \end{aligned} $$
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] \frac{d}{dt}\bigl( \mathcal{E}\bigl(f(s)\bigr)\bigr) &=\frac{d}{dt} \biggl( \int _{\mathcal{R} ^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2} +\frac{1}{2} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}- \frac{1}{p+2} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt \biggr) \\ &=\frac{d}{dt} \biggl( \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{2}\nabla f\cdot \nabla \bar{f} + \frac{1}{2}\Delta f\Delta \bar{f}-\frac{1}{p+2}(u \bar{f})^{ \frac{p+2}{2}} \biggr)\,dt \biggr) \\ &= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl( \frac{1}{2} (\nabla f_{t}\cdot \nabla \bar{f} +\nabla f\cdot \nabla \bar{f}_{t} ) +\frac{1}{2} (\Delta f_{t}\Delta \bar{f}+\Delta f\Delta \bar{f}_{t} ) \\ &\quad {}-\frac{1}{2}(u\bar{f})^{p/2} (f_{t}\bar{f}+u \bar{f}_{t} ) \biggr)\,dt \\ &= \int _{\mathcal{R} ^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} (\nabla f_{t}\cdot \nabla \bar{f} +\overline{ \nabla \bar{f}\cdot \nabla f_{t}} ) +\frac{1}{2} (\Delta f _{t}\Delta \bar{u} +\overline{\Delta \bar{u}\Delta f_{t}} ) \\ &\quad {} -\frac{1}{2}(u\bar{f})^{p/2} (f_{t}\bar{f}+ \overline{u\bar{f} _{t}} ) \biggr)\,dt \\ &=\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl((\nabla f_{t}\cdot \nabla \bar{f}) +(\Delta f_{t}\Delta \bar{f})-(u \bar{f})^{p/2}(f_{t} \bar{f}) \bigr)\,dt \\ &=-\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl(f_{t}\Delta \bar{f}-f_{t}\Delta ^{2} \bar{f}+ \vert f \vert ^{p}\bar{f}f_{t} \bigr)\,dt \\ &=-\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}f_{t} \bigl(\Delta \bar{f} -\Delta ^{2}\bar{f}+ \vert f \vert ^{p} \bar{f} \bigr)\,dt. \end{aligned} $$
$$ i \vert f_{t} \vert ^{2}=-\bar{f}_{t} \bigl(\Delta f-\Delta ^{2} u+ \vert f \vert ^{p}f \bigr) . $$
Then substituting the above equation into (3.6) gives
$$ \frac{d}{dt}\bigl( \mathcal{E}\bigl(f(s)\bigr)\bigr)=\operatorname{Re} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}i \vert f _{t} \vert ^{2}\,dt =-\operatorname{Im} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f_{t} \vert ^{2}\,dt= {0}, $$
thus (3.2) holds.
Finally, we obtain (3.3) from (3.1) and (3.2). □
An application
As a crucial application, we prove the global existence to the solution for the Cauchy problem of the semilinear Schrödinger equation.
As shown in [5, 14], the negative initial energy (\(\mathcal{E}(f_{0})<0\)) is currently the sufficient condition for blowup of the Cauchy problem (1.1), i.e., in this case, it is impossible to divide the initial condition to obtain the sharp condition of global existence and blowup in the frame of the variational method. Therefore, we only consider the case of \(0<\mathcal{E}(f_{0})<d\) and try to build a similar result to the second-order semilinear Schrödinger equation. First we need to verify \(d>0\).
The depth of the potential well is positive, i.e., \(d>0\).
It follows from the Sobolev embedding inequalities that
$$ \begin{aligned} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert f \vert ^{2} \bigr)\,dt &\leq \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2} \bigr)\,dt \\ &=\frac{np}{2(p+2)} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \vert f \vert ^{p+2}\,dt \\ &\leq \frac{np}{2(p+2)} \biggl( \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}}c \bigl( \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert f \vert ^{2} \bigr)\,dt \biggr)^{\frac{p+2}{2}}, \end{aligned} $$
for any \(f\in M\).
$$ C= \biggl(\frac{2(p+2)}{np} \biggr)^{2/p}c^{-\frac{p+2}{p}}. $$
$$ 0< C\leq \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert f \vert ^{2} \bigr)\,dt. $$
It follows from (4.1) and the definition of \(\mathcal{P}(f)\) that
$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal{P}(f) &= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \frac{1}{2} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2} +\frac{1}{2} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}- \frac{1}{p+2} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt \\ &= \biggl(\frac{1}{2}-{\frac{1}{p+2}}\cdot \frac{2(p+2)}{np} \biggr) \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2} \bigr)\,dt \\ &\quad {}+{\frac{1}{p+2}}\cdot \frac{2(p+2)}{np} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl( \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}-\frac{np}{2(p+2)} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt \\ &=\frac{np-2}{2np} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2} \bigr)\,dt \\ &\geq \frac{np-2}{2np} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert f \vert ^{2} \bigr)\,dt \\ &\geq C>0. \end{aligned}$$
Finally, we obtain the desired result. □
Let\(f_{0}\in \mathcal{G}\). Then the solution\(f(t,s)\)of the initial value problem (1.1) be global, i.e., the maximum existence time\(L=\infty \).
It follows from Lemma 4.1 that
$$\begin{aligned} d>\mathcal{P}(f) &= \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \frac{1}{2} \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+\frac{1}{2} \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}- \frac{1}{p+2} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt \\ &= \biggl(\frac{1}{2}-{\frac{1}{p+2}}\cdot \frac{2(p+2)}{np} \biggr) \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2} \bigr)\,dt \\ &\quad {}+{\frac{1}{p+2}}\cdot \frac{2(p+2)}{np} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \biggl( \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2}-\frac{np}{2(p+2)} \vert f \vert ^{p+2} \biggr)\,dt \\ &\geq \frac{np-2}{2np} \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2} + \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2} \bigr)\,dt \end{aligned}$$
for any \(t\in [0,L)\), which yields
$$ \int _{\mathcal{R}^{n}} \bigl( \vert \nabla f \vert ^{2}+ \vert f \vert ^{2}+ \vert \Delta f \vert ^{2} \bigr)\,dt \leq \frac{2dnp}{np-2}. $$
Then according to Theorem 3.1, the existence time of a local solution of (1.1) can be extended to infinity, thus the solution of the problem (1.1) is global. □
In this paper, we applied a reliable combination of maximum modulus method with respect to the Schrödinger operator and Phragmén–Lindelöf method to investigate conservation laws for a second-order boundary value problems related to the Schrödinger equation. As an application, we prove the global existence to the solution for the Cauchy problem of the semilinear Schrödinger equation. The results reveal that this method is effective and simple.
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Department of Mathematics and Physics, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
Ming Ren
, Shiwei Yun
& Zhenping Li
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The authors completed the paper and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Ming Ren.
The authors declare that there are no competing interests.
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Ren, M., Yun, S. & Li, Z. Nonlinear conservation laws for the Schrödinger boundary value problems of second order. Bound Value Probl 2020, 1 (2020) doi:10.1186/s13661-019-01311-5
Conservation law
Schrödinger boundary value problem
Schrödinger equation