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September 2017, 9(3): 317-333. doi: 10.3934/jgm.2017013
Complete spelling rules for the Monster tower over three-space
Alex Castro 1, , Wyatt Howard 2, and Corey Shanbrom 3,
Lab49, 30 St. Mary Axe, London EC3A 8EP, UK
Mathematics Department, De Anza College, 21250 Stevens Creek Blvd., Cupertino, CA 95014, USA
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Sacramento State University, 6000 J St., Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
Received February 2015 Revised August 2016 Published June 2017
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The Monster tower, also known as the Semple tower, is a sequence of manifolds with distributions of interest to both differential and algebraic geometers. Each manifold is a projective bundle over the previous. Moreover, each level is a fiber compactified jet bundle equipped with an action of finite jets of the diffeomorphism group. There is a correspondence between points in the tower and curves in the base manifold. These points admit a stratification which can be encoded by a word called the RVT code. Here, we derive the spelling rules for these words in the case of a three dimensional base. That is, we determine precisely which words are realized by points in the tower. To this end, we study the incidence relations between certain subtowers, called Baby Monsters, and present a general method for determining the level at which each Baby Monster is born. Here, we focus on the case where the base manifold is three dimensional, but all the methods presented generalize to bases of arbitrary dimension.
Keywords: Goursat multi-flags, prolongation, Semple tower, subtowers, Monster tower.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 58A30, 58A17, 58K50.
Citation: Alex Castro, Wyatt Howard, Corey Shanbrom. Complete spelling rules for the Monster tower over three-space. Journal of Geometric Mechanics, 2017, 9 (3) : 317-333. doi: 10.3934/jgm.2017013
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Figure 1. The three critical planes $V, T_1$, and $T_2$, and their intersections, the distinguished lines $L_1, L_2$, and $L_3$.
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Figure 2. Critical plane configurations that can appear in the distribution above an $R$ point (top left), a $V$ or $T_1$ point (top right), a $T_2$ point (bottom left), and an $L_j$ point (bottom right).
Figure 3. Critical plane configuration over $p_3\in RVL_1$. The left side shows the birth of $T_1(p_3)=\delta_2^1(p_3)$ as the first prolongation of the vertical plane at level 2. The right side shows the birth of $T_2(p_3)=\delta_1^2(p_3)$ as the second prolongation of the vertical plane at level 1. These two Baby Monsters meet in $\Delta^3$, and their intersection is the distinguished line $L_2(p_3)$. See Example 2.
Figure 4. Critical plane configuration over $p_4\in RVL_1T_2$. This shows the birth of $T_2(p_4)=\delta_1^3(p_4)$ as the third prolongation of the vertical plane at level 1. See Example 3.
Table 1. RVT Code Spelling Rules
Letter Can be followed by Cannot be followed by
$R$ $R, V$ $T_i, L_j$
$V$ $R, V, T_1, L_1$ $T_2, L_2, L_3$
$T_1$ $R, V, T_1, L_1$ $T_2, L_2, L_3$
$L_1$ $R, V, T_1, T_2, L_1, L_2, L_3$ $\emptyset$
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Table 2. Critical Hyperplane Configurations
Last letter in RVT code of $p\in M^k$ Critical planes appearing in $\Delta^k(p)$
$R$ $V$
$V$ or $T_1$ $V$ and $T_1$
$T_2$ $V$ and $T_2$
$L_1, L_2,$ or $L_3$ $V, T_1$, and $T_2$
Table 4. Base Cases of Inductive Proof
RVT code of $p_k\in M^k$ $T_{1}(p_k)$ $T_{2}(p_k)$
$ \lambda V T_1^{m} L_1 T_{2} \, \, \text{for} \, \, m \geq 0$ None $\delta ^{m+3}_{k-m-3}(p_{k })$
$ \lambda L_1 T_1^{m} L_1 T_{2} \, \, \text{for} \, \, m \geq 1$ None $\delta ^{m+3}_{k-m-3}(p_{k })$
$ \lambda L_1 L_1 T_{2}$ None $\delta ^{3}_{k-3}(p_{k})$
$ \lambda VT_1^{m} L_1L_{2} \, \, \text{for} \, \, m \geq 0$ $\delta ^{2}_{k-2}(p_{k})$ $\delta ^{m+3}_{k-m-3}(p_{k})$
$ \lambda L_1T_1^{m} L_1L_{2} \, \, \text{for} \, \, m \geq 1$ $\delta ^{2}_{k-2}(p_{k})$ $\delta ^{m+3}_{k-m-3}(p_{k})$
$ \lambda L_1L_1L_{2}$ $\delta ^{2}_{k-2} (p_{k})$ $\delta ^{3}_{k-3}(p_{k})$
$ \lambda VT_1^{m} L_1 L_{3} \, \, \text{for} \, \, m \geq 0$ $\delta ^{1}_{k-1}(p_{k})$ $\delta ^{m + 3}_{k-m-3}(p_{k})$
$ \lambda L_1T_1^{m} L_1 L_{3} \, \, \text{for} \, \, m \geq 1$ $\delta ^{1}_{k-1}(p_{k})$ $\delta ^{m + 3}_{k-m-3}(p_{k})$
$ \lambda L_1L_1 L_{3}$ $\delta ^{1}_{k-1}(p_{k})$ $\delta ^{3}_{k-3}(p_{k})$
Table 3. Summary of Example 2: $RVL_1$
Level $i$ Coordinates on $M^i$ $\mathbb P\Delta^{i-1} = F_i$ coordinates Critical planes in $\Delta^i$ RVT code of $p_i$
$0$ $(x, y, z)$ n/a none n/a
$1$ $(x, y, z, u_1, v_1)$
$u_1=\frac{dy}{dx}, v_1=\frac{dz}{dx}$ $[dx : dy : dz]$ $V(p_1)=\delta_1^0$ $p_1=(p_0, l_0)\in R$
$l_0 \subset \Delta^0=T_{p_0}M^0$
$2$ $(x, y, z, u_1, v_1, u_2, v_2)$
$u_2=\frac{dx}{du_1}, v_2=\frac{dv_1}{du_1}$ $[dx : du_1 : dv_1]$ $V(p_2)=\delta_2^0,$
$T_1(p_2)=\delta_1^1$ $p_2=(p_1, l_1)\in RV$
$l_1 \subset V(p_1) \subset \Delta^1$
$3$ $(x, y, z, u_1, v_1, u_2, v_3, u_3, v_3)$
$u_3=\frac{du_1}{dv_2}, v_3=\frac{du_2}{dv_2}$ $[du_1 : du_2 : dv_2]$ $V(p_3)=\delta_3^0,$
$T_1(p_3)=\delta_2^1,$
$T_2(p_3)=\delta_1^2$ $p_3=(p_2, l_2)\in RVL_1$
$l_2 = L_1(p_2) \subset \Delta^2$
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