Stabilization of neutral-type indirect control systems to absolute stability state
Andriy Shatyrko1,
Ronald RP van Nooijen2,
Alla Kolechkina2 &
Denys Khusainov1
This paper provides sufficient conditions for absolute stability of an indirect control Lur'e problem of neutral type. The conditions are derived using a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and are given in terms of a system of matrix algebraic inequalities. From these matrix inequalities a sufficient condition for linear state feedback stabilizability follows.
The problem of absolute stability is often encountered in engineering practice. One specific form of this problem is the indirect control Lur'e problem, where the system to be controlled is linear, but the control action is the output of a nonlinear scalar system that itself receives output feedback. The special case where the output of the controller is a nonlinear function of one variable whose graph lies between two lines in the first and third quadrants of the coordinate plane is usually studied. Initially only systems of ordinary differential equations were considered; see for example [1–6]. A historical overview of the absolute stability problem can be found in [7] or in the introduction of [8].
In practical control processes time delays are common and they often cause instabilities, as a result, the absolute stability problem of nonlinear control systems with delay has attracted a lot of interest [5, 6, 9–11]. Nonlinear systems of neutral type with indirect control are considered in [10–15]. Sufficient conditions for absolute stability for such systems are derived in [13, 14] by the direct Lyapunov method using Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals, these conditions are given in Theorem 1 of this paper. The functionals are constructed by taking the sum of a quadratic form of the current coordinates, integrals over the delay of quadratic forms of the state and its derivative, and the integral of the nonlinear components of the considered system [5, 6, 9–11]. All results from [11, 13, 14] can be put into a unified form in terms of matrix algebraic inequalities. A very different approach is given in [16, 17] or [18, 19], where integral operators are used.
In this paper we also consider what to do if absolute stability of the system under investigation cannot be established using the result given in Theorem 1. There are two obvious options: either change the method of investigation or change the Lyapunov function or functional. But there is a third option: we can try to add a linear state feedback to stabilize the closed loop system for the previously chosen Lyapunov function or functional. There are some interesting papers devoted to the investigation of stability and stabilization tasks [20–22].
The present article is a direct extension of [22]. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 the absolute stability problem of neutral type indirect nonlinear control system is formulated, some notation is defined, and a result from [13, 14] is stated. Section 3 introduces the concepts of stability and stabilization with respect to a given functional for the case of a linear control system with delay. In Section 4 the scalar case of a neutral system with nonlinear indirect control is treated. The indirect control system of neutral type in the general matrix form is considered in Section 5. Finally, some conclusion are drawn in Section 6.
Problem formulation and preliminaries
In this paper \(\mathbb{R}_{0}^{+}= [0,\infty )\), \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) is the n-dimensional vector space over the real numbers; \(\mathbb {R}^{m\times n}\) will be used for the set of all \(m\times n\) matrices, \(\mathrm {I}_{n\times n}\) is the \(n\times n\) identity matrix; \(0_{m\times n}\) is an \(m\times n\) matrix filled with zeros; a superscript T marks the transpose of a vector or a matrix; and \(\vec{\mathrm{e}}_{k,n}\) is the unit vector along the kth coordinate direction in an n-dimensional space. Subscripts n and \(n\times n\), which indicate the dimension of the space or the matrix, will be dropped whenever they are clear from the context. The Euclidean norm of a vector \(a\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\) will be written as \(\vert a\vert \), so
$$\vert a\vert = \Biggl(\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_{i}^{2} \Biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} $$
and for a square matrix \(A\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}\), \(\vert A\vert \) will be the operator norm induced by the Euclidean vector norm. Recall that
$$\vert A\vert = \bigl(\lambda_{\max} \bigl(A^{T}A \bigr) \bigr)^{\frac{1}{2}}, $$
where \(\lambda_{\max}\) is the largest eigenvalue of \(A^{\mathrm{T}}A\). We will write \(\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau}\) for the Banach space \(\mathcal {C} ( [-\tau,0 ],\mathbb{R}^{n} )\) of continuous functions from \([-\tau,0 ]\) to \(\mathbb {R}^{n}\) with norm
$$\Vert x\Vert _{\infty}=\sup_{s\in [-\tau,0 ]} \bigl\{ \bigl\vert x (s )\bigr\vert \bigr\} $$
and use \(\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau}^{1}=\mathcal{C}^{1} ( [-\tau ,0 ],\mathbb{R}^{n} )\) for the Banach space \(\mathcal{C}^{1} ( [-\tau,0 ],\mathbb{R}^{n} )\) of continuous functions from \([-\tau,0 ]\) to \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) with a continuous derivative with norm
$$\Vert x\Vert _{\infty,1}=\sup_{s\in [-\tau ,0 ]} \bigl\{ \bigl\vert x (s )\bigr\vert ,\bigl\vert \dot {x} (s )\bigr\vert \bigr\} . $$
We will also need the time shift operator, which operates on time dependent functions and is given by
$$\mathcal{T}_{t}x=s\mapsto x (s+t ). $$
For a function f with domain X, the function g with domain \(Y\subset X\) that coincides with f on Y will be denoted by \(f\vert _{Y} \). As is usual in the literature on differential equations with delay, we will use the abbreviated notation \(x_{t}\) for the time shifted function x, restricted to the domain \([-\tau,0 ]\), so
$$x_{t}=\mathcal{T}_{t}x\vert _{ [-\tau,0 ]}. $$
In this paper we will consider a Lur'e system of neutral type with indirect control,
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{d}{dt} \bigl[x (t )-Dx (t-\tau ) \bigr]=A_{1}x (t )+A_{2}x (t-\tau )+bf \bigl(\sigma (t ) \bigr),\quad t\ge t_{0}, \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{d}{dt}\sigma (t )=c^{\mathrm{T}}x (t )-\rho f \bigl(\sigma (t ) \bigr), \quad t\ge t_{0}, \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& x_{t_{0}}=\phi \end{aligned}$$
with \(\phi\in\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau}\), \(A_{1},A_{2},D\in\mathbb {R}^{n\times n}\), \(b,c\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\), \(\rho,\tau\in\mathbb{R}\), \(f\in\mathcal {C} (\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R} )\) such that \(\rho>0\), \(\tau>0\), \(\vert D\vert <1\), and
$$ k_{1}\sigma^{2}\le\sigma f (\sigma )\le k_{2} \sigma ^{2}, $$
where \(k_{1},k_{2}\in\mathbb{R}\) and \(k_{2}>k_{1}>0\). This is a special case of the more general autonomous neutral functional-differential equation
$$ \frac{d}{dt} \bigl[x (t )-Dx (t-\tau ) \bigr]=F (x_{t} ), $$
where \(D\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}\) and \(F\in\mathcal{C} (\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau},\mathbb{R}^{n} )\) with initial condition
$$ x_{t_{0}}=\phi, $$
where \(\phi\in\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau}^{1}\). If we need to refer to a specific solution of (5) with (6) then we will use the notation \(x_{ \langle t_{0},\phi \rangle}\).
A pair \((x,\sigma )\in C ( [t_{0}-\tau,\infty ),\mathbb{R}^{n} )\times C ( [t_{0},\infty ),\mathbb{R} )\) is a solution of (1), (2), (3) on \([t_{0},\infty )\) if x satisfies ( 3 ) and the pair satisfies the system (1) and (2).
Evidently, as discussed in [23], p.169, there are obviously two families of metrics or measures for stability in this case, one based on x alone and another based on x and its derivative. A general theory of stability in two metrics or measures was first given by [24] and extended by [25]; see also [26, 27]. We use the definition of measure given in [26].
A function \(h\in\mathcal{C} (\mathbb{R}_{0}^{+}\times X,\mathbb {R}_{0}^{+} )\), where X is a Banach space, is called a measure in X if
$$\inf_{ (t,x )\in\mathbb{R}\times X}h (t,x )=0 $$
and the set of all measures in X is denoted by \(\Gamma (X )\).
Note the large difference in meaning conveyed by the subtle difference in terminology between a 'measure in X' and a 'measure on X'.
For given \(h_{0}\in\Gamma (\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau}^{1} )\) and \(h\in\Gamma (\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau}^{1} )\) the solution \(x_{ \langle t_{0},\phi \rangle}\) of (5) with (6) is \((h_{0},h )\) stable if
$$\forall\epsilon>0 \exists\delta>0 \forall\psi\in\mathcal {C}_{n,\tau} : h_{0} (t_{0},\phi-\psi )\le\delta \Rightarrow h (t,x_{ \langle t_{0},\phi \rangle t}-x_{ \langle t_{0},\psi \rangle t} )\le\epsilon. $$
For given \(h_{0}\in\Gamma (\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau}^{1} )\) and \(h\in\Gamma (\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau}^{1} )\) the solution \(x_{ \langle t_{0},\phi \rangle}\) of (5) with (6) is \((h_{0},h )\) asymptotically stable if it is \((h_{0},h )\) stable and
$$\begin{aligned}& \exists\delta>0 \forall\epsilon>0 \exists T>t_{0} \forall t\ge T \forall\psi\in\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau} : \\& h_{0} (t_{0},\phi-\psi )\le\delta\Rightarrow h (t,x_{ \langle t_{0},\phi \rangle t}-x_{ \langle t_{0},\psi \rangle t} )\le\epsilon \end{aligned}$$
or equivalently if it is \((h_{0},h )\) stable and
$$\exists\delta>0 \forall\psi\in\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau} : h_{0} (t_{0},\phi-\psi )\le\delta\Rightarrow\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}h (t,x_{ \langle t_{0},\phi \rangle t}-x_{ \langle t_{0},\psi \rangle t} )\rightarrow0. $$
For given \(h_{0}\in\Gamma (\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau}^{1} )\) and \(h\in\Gamma (\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau}^{1} )\) the solution \(x_{ \langle t_{0},\phi \rangle}\) of (5) with (6) is \((h_{0},h )\) exponentially stable (after for instance [27, 28]) if
$$\begin{aligned}& \exists\rho>0 \exists K>0 \exists\lambda>0 \forall t\ge T \forall\psi\in \mathcal{C}_{n,\tau} : \\& h_{0} (t_{0},\phi-\psi )\le\rho\Rightarrow h (t,x_{ \langle t_{0},\phi \rangle t}-x_{ \langle t_{0},\psi \rangle t} )\le Kh_{0} (t_{0}, \phi-\psi )e^{-\lambda (t-t_{0} )}. \end{aligned}$$
For given \(h_{0}\in\Gamma (\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau}^{1} )\) and \(h\in\Gamma (\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau}^{1} )\) the solution \(x_{ \langle t_{0},\phi \rangle}\) of (5) with (6) is \((h_{0},h )\) globally asymptotically stable if
$$\forall\epsilon>0 \forall\psi\in\mathcal{C}_{n,\tau} \exists T>t_{0} \forall t\ge T : h (t,x_{ \langle t_{0},\phi \rangle t}-x_{ \langle t_{0},\psi \rangle t} )\le \epsilon. $$
We call the zero solution \(x:t\mapsto0_{n\times1}\), \(\sigma:t\mapsto0\) of (1), (2) stable if it is \((h_{0},h )\) stable for \(h_{0} (t,\phi )=\Vert \phi \Vert _{\infty}\) and \(h (t, \langle x_{t},\sigma_{t} \rangle )=\sqrt{\vert x_{t} (0 )\vert ^{2}+\vert \sigma _{t} (0 )\vert ^{2}}\).
We call the zero solution \(x:t\mapsto0_{n\times1}\), \(\sigma:t\mapsto0\) of (1), (2) asymptotically stable if it is \((h_{0},h )\) asymptotically stable for \(h_{0} (t,\phi )=\Vert \phi \Vert _{\infty}\) and \(h (t, \langle x_{t},\sigma_{t} \rangle )=\sqrt{\vert x_{t} (0 )\vert ^{2}+\vert \sigma _{t} (0 )\vert ^{2}}\).
We call the zero solution \(x:t\mapsto0_{n\times1}\), \(\sigma:t\mapsto0\) of (1), (2) globally asymptotically stable if it is \((h_{0},h )\) globally asymptotically stable for \(h_{0} (t,\phi )=\Vert \phi \Vert _{\infty}\) and \(h (t, \langle x_{t},\sigma_{t} \rangle )=\sqrt{\vert x_{t} (0 )\vert ^{2}+\vert \sigma _{t} (0 )\vert ^{2}}\).
Definition 10
We call the zero solution \(x:t\mapsto0_{n\times1}\), \(\sigma:t\mapsto0\) of (1), (2) globally asymptotically stable in metric \(\mathcal{C}^{1}\) if it is \((h_{0},h )\) globally asymptotically stable for \(h_{0} (t,\phi )=\Vert \phi \Vert _{\infty}\) and
$$h \bigl(t, \langle x_{t},\sigma_{t} \rangle \bigr)=\max \bigl(\sqrt{\bigl\vert x_{t} (0 )\bigr\vert ^{2}+\bigl\vert \sigma _{t} (0 )\bigr\vert ^{2}},\sqrt{\bigl\vert \dot{x}_{t} (0 )\bigr\vert ^{2}+\bigl\vert \dot{ \sigma}_{t} (0 )\bigr\vert ^{2}} \bigr). $$
The system (1), (2) is called absolutely stable if the zero solution of the system (1), (2) is globally asymptotically stable for an arbitrary function \(f (\sigma )\) that satisfies (4).
To investigate the system (1), (2) we use a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional of the form
$$\begin{aligned} V [x,\sigma,t ] = & x^{T} (t )Hx (t ) \\ &{} +\int_{s=t-\tau}^{t}e^{-\zeta (t-s )} \bigl\{ x^{T} (s )G_{1}x (s )+\dot{x}^{T} (s )G_{2}\dot{x} (s ) \bigr\} \,ds \\ &{} +\beta\int_{w=0}^{\sigma (t )}f (w )\,dw, \end{aligned}$$
where \(H,G_{1},G_{2}\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}\) and \(\beta,\gamma\in \mathbb{R}\), \(\beta>0\), \(\zeta>0\).
We define the matrix
$$ S [A_{1},A_{2},b,c,\rho,\tau,H,G_{1},G_{2}, \beta,\zeta ]= \begin{bmatrix} S_{11} & S_{12} & S_{13} & S_{14}\\ S_{12}^{\mathrm{T}} & S_{22} & S_{23} & S_{24}\\ S_{34}^{\mathrm{T}} & S_{34}^{\mathrm{T}} & S_{33} & S_{34}\\ S_{14}^{\mathrm{T}} & S_{24}^{\mathrm{T}} & S_{34}^{\mathrm{T}} & S_{44} \end{bmatrix}, $$
$$ \begin{aligned} &S_{11}=-A_{1}^{T}H-HA_{1}-G_{1}-A_{1}^{T}G_{2}A_{1}, \qquad S_{12}=-HA_{2}-A_{1}^{T}G_{2}A_{2}, \\ &S_{13}=-HD-A_{1}^{T}G_{2}D, \qquad S_{14}=-Hb-A_{1}^{T}G_{2}b- \frac {1}{2}\beta c, \\ &S_{22}=e^{-\zeta\tau}G_{1}-A_{2}^{T}G_{2}A_{2}, \qquad S_{23}=A_{2}G_{2}D, \qquad S_{24}=-A_{2}^{T}G_{2}b, \\ &S_{33}=e^{-\zeta\tau}G_{2}-D^{T}G_{2}D, \qquad S_{34}=-D^{T}G_{2}b,\qquad S_{44}=\beta \rho-b^{T}G_{2}b. \end{aligned} $$
In [13, 14] a general theorem was proved, that provided sufficient conditions for absolute stability and estimates of the exponential decay for the solutions of the system (1), (2), when the elements of the matrices \(A_{1}\) and \(A_{2}\) were only known to lie in given intervals. When \(A_{1}\) and \(A_{2}\) are known exactly the following theorem follows immediately.
Let \(\vert D\vert <1\), \(\rho,\tau>0\) and suppose that there exist positive definite matrices \(G_{1}\), \(G_{2}\), H, and constants \(\zeta>0\), \(\beta>0\) such that the matrix \(S [A_{1},A_{2},b,c,\rho,\tau,H,G_{1},G_{2},\beta,\zeta ]\) is positive definite. In that case the system (1), (2) is absolutely stable in metric with respect to the metric defined earlier for \(\mathcal{C}^{1}\).
Corollary 1
Let \(\vert D\vert <1\), \(\rho,\tau>0\) and suppose that there exist positive definite matrices \(G_{1}\), \(G_{2}\), H, and constants \(0<\lambda<1\), \(\beta>0\) such that the matrix \(\tilde{S} [A_{1},A_{2},b,c,\rho,\tau ,H,G_{1},G_{2},\beta,\lambda ]\) given by \(S_{ij}\) for \((i,j)\notin\{ (2,2), (3,3) \}\) and \(\tilde{S}_{22} = \lambda G_{1}-A_{2}^{T}G_{2}A_{2}\), \(\tilde{S}_{33} = \lambda G_{2}-D^{T}G_{2}D\) is positive definite. In that case the system (1), (2) is absolutely stable in metric in metric \(\mathcal{C}^{1}\) for all finite delays τ.
For each τ this follows from Theorem 1 by taking \(\zeta= \tau^{-1} \log\lambda\). □
In this corollary there are no conditions on the delay other than \(\tau>0\).
In analogy with the definition of exponential stability in terms of two measures we can use the existence of a Lyapunov-Krasovkii functional with specific properties to define a new type of stability. The definition is based on the inequality
$$ \frac{d}{dt}V [x,t ]\le-\gamma V [x,t ]. $$
A system is stable with respect to the functional V with exponent \(\gamma>0\) if inequality (10) holds for the total derivative of the functional \(V [x,t ]\) along any solution of \(x:t\mapsto x (t )\) of the system.
For some systems it can be profitable to examine the possibility of stabilizing the system by allowing a specific type of linear state feedback.
A system is stabilizable with respect to functional V and state feedback of a given type if the adding state feedback of that type results in a system that is stable with respect to the functional V with exponent \(\gamma>0\).
To illustrate the use of these definitions in the next two sections we will apply these definitions first in the case of a linear system with delay and then in the case of a scalar nonlinear neutral system with indirect control.
A Lyapunov-Krasovkii functional approach to a linear problem with delay
Before considering the general problem of stabilization of nonlinear control systems, an example of a linear control system with delay is used to introduce the concept of stability and stabilization with respect to a given functional and to demonstrate the methodology. Let us consider the control system
$$ \dot{x} (t )=A_{1}x (t )+A_{2}x (t-\tau )+bu (t ) $$
with \(A_{1},A_{2}\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}\), \(b,c\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\), and \(u (t )\) is a scalar function and \(\tau>0\) is constant. To investigate the system (7) we use a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional of the form
$$ V \bigl[x (t ) \bigr]=x^{T} (t )Hx (t )+\int_{s=-\tau}^{0}e^{\gamma s}x^{T} (t+s )Gx (t+s )\,ds, $$
where \(H,G\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}\) and \(\gamma\in\mathbb {R}\), \(\zeta>0\). We will consider controls of the form
$$ u (t )=c^{T}x (t )+d^{T}x (t-\tau ), $$
where \(c,d\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\). First, let us consider stability with respect to the functional (12).
Consider (11) for \(b=0\) and with given \(A_{1}\), \(A_{2}\). Let there be positive definite matrices G and H and a constant \(\gamma>0\) such that the matrix
$$\begin{aligned}& M [A_{1},A_{2},G,H,\gamma,\tau ] \\& \quad= \begin{bmatrix} - (A_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}H+HA_{1}+G+\gamma H ) & -HA_{2}\\ -A_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}H & e^{-\gamma\tau}G \end{bmatrix} \end{aligned}$$
is positive definite. In that case the system (11) is stable with respect to functional (12) with matrices G, H, and exponent γ.
Let \(x (t )\) be a solution of (11). We introduce the vector
$$y (t )= \begin{bmatrix} x (t )\\ x (t-\tau ) \end{bmatrix}. $$
We can now write
$$ x (t )= [ \mathrm{I} \quad 0 ]y (t ) ,\qquad x (t-\tau )= [ 0 \quad \mathrm{I} ]y (t ) , \qquad\dot{x} (t )= [ A_{1} \quad A_{2} ]y (t ). $$
To show that the system (11) is stable with respect to functional (12) we need to show that (10) holds. For this we need to take the derivative of \(V [x (t ) ]\):
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dt}V \bigl[x (t ) \bigr] = & \dot{x}^{\mathrm{T}} (t )Hx (t )+x^{\mathrm{T}} (t )H\dot {x} (t ) \\ &{}+ \frac{d}{dt} \biggl(\int_{\xi=t-\tau}^{t}e^{-\gamma (t-\xi )}x^{\mathrm{T}} (\xi )Gx (\xi )\,d\xi \biggr). \end{aligned}$$
The terms containing H in (16) can be rewritten in terms of \(y (t )\) by using (15)
$$ \dot{x}^{\mathrm{T}} (t )Hx (t )+x^{\mathrm{T}} (t )H\dot{x} (t ) = y^{\mathrm{T}} (t ) \begin{bmatrix} (A_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}H+HA_{1} ) & HA_{2}\\ A_{2}^{T}H & 0 \end{bmatrix} y (t ). $$
To rewrite the terms in (16) containing the integral we will use
$$V \bigl[x (t ) \bigr]-x^{\mathrm{T}} (t )Hx (t )=\int_{s=t-\tau}^{t}e^{\gamma (s-t )}x^{\mathrm{T}} (s )Gx (s )\,ds $$
$$\frac{d}{dt}\int_{s=t-\tau}^{t}e^{\gamma (s-t )}g (s )\,ds=-\gamma\int_{s=t-\tau}^{t}e^{\gamma (s-t )}g (s )\,ds+g (t )-e^{-\gamma\tau}g (t-\tau ). $$
If we insert \(g (t )=x^{\mathrm{T}} (s )Gx (s )\) then this results in
$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{d}{dt} \bigl(V \bigl[x (t ) \bigr]-x^{\mathrm{T}} (t )Hx (t ) \bigr) \\ &\quad= (-\gamma ) \bigl(V \bigl[x (t ) \bigr]-x^{\mathrm{T}} (t )Hx (t ) +x^{\mathrm{T}} (t )Gx (t )+ e^{-\gamma\tau} \bigl(-x^{\mathrm{T}} (t-\tau )Gx (t-\tau ) \bigr), \end{aligned}$$
which with the aid of (15) can be put into matrix form
$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{d}{dt} \bigl(V \bigl[x (t ) \bigr]-x^{\mathrm{T}} (t )Hx (t ) \bigr) \\ &\quad= (-\gamma ) \bigl(V \bigl[x (t ) \bigr]-x^{\mathrm{T}} (t )Hx (t ) \bigr)+ y^{T} (t ) \begin{bmatrix} G & 0\\ 0 & -e^{-\gamma\tau}G \end{bmatrix} y (t ). \end{aligned}$$
If we combine these results, then we get
$$\frac{d}{dt}V \bigl[x (t ) \bigr]=-y^{T} (t )My (t )-\gamma V \bigl[x (t ) \bigr] $$
and by positive definiteness of M we have (10). □
If in Theorem 2 we take
$$A_{1}= \begin{bmatrix} -1 & \frac{2}{5}\\ \frac{1}{5} & -1 \end{bmatrix};\qquad A_{2}= \frac{1}{1{,}000} \begin{bmatrix} -10 & 1\\ 3 & -10 \end{bmatrix}; \qquad \tau= 1, $$
then the conditions of the theorem are satisfied when we take
$$G= \begin{bmatrix} 18 & -3\\ -3 & 18 \end{bmatrix},\qquad H= \begin{bmatrix} 100 & -40\\ -40 & 100 \end{bmatrix},\qquad \gamma=1. $$
Let there be positive definite matrices H and G, vectors c and d, and a constant \(\gamma>0\) such that the matrix
$$M \bigl[A_{1}+bc^{T},A_{2}+bd^{T},G,H \bigr] $$
is also positive definite. In that case the system (11) is stabilizable with respect to functional (12) with state feedback of type (13), matrices G, H, and exponent γ.
This follows immediately from Theorem 2. □
If the pair \((A,b )\) is controllable and
$$R= \bigl[ b \quad A_{1}b \qquad A_{1}^{2}b \quad \cdots\quad A_{1}^{n-2}b \quad A_{1}^{n-1}b \bigr] $$
and \(\det (\lambda I-A_{1} )=\lambda^{n}+p_{1}\lambda ^{n-1}+\cdots+p_{n}\) and we define
$$\begin{aligned}& \tilde{A}_{1}= \begin{bmatrix} \begin{array}{c} 0_{ (n-1 )\times1}\\ \mathrm{I}_{ (n-1 )\times (n-1 )} \end{array} \bigg| & -p \end{bmatrix}=R^{-1}A_{1}R, \\& \tilde{A}_{2}=R^{-1}A_{1}R,\qquad \tilde{H}=R^{T}HR,\qquad \tilde{G}=R^{T}GR, \\& \tilde{b}=R^{-1}b=\vec{\mathrm{e}}_{n}, \qquad\tilde{c}=R^{T}c,\qquad \tilde{d}=R^{T}d, \end{aligned}$$
and the matrix
$$\tilde{M}= \begin{bmatrix} - (\tilde{A}_{1}+\frac{1}{2}\gamma I )^{T}\tilde {H}-\tilde{H} (\tilde{A}_{1}+\frac{1}{2}\gamma I )-G & -\tilde{H}A_{2}\\ -A_{2}^{T}H & e^{-\gamma\tau}G \end{bmatrix} $$
is positive definite, then the system (11) is stabilizable with respect to functional (12) with state feedback of type (13), matrices G, H, and exponent γ.
If we apply the change of basis \(y (t )=R^{-1}x (t )\), then this corollary follows immediately from the previous corollary. □
A scalar Lur'e system of neutral type with indirect control
Let us consider an indirect control system of neutral type described by a two scalar equations
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{d}{dt} \bigl[x (t )-dx (t-\tau ) \bigr]=a_{1}x (t )+a_{2}x (t-\tau )+bf \bigl(\sigma (t ) \bigr), \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{d}{dt}\sigma (t )=cx (t )-\rho f \bigl(\sigma (t ) \bigr), \end{aligned}$$
where \(t\ge t_{0}\ge0\), x is the state function, σ is the control defined on \([t_{0},\infty )\), \(a_{1}\), \(a_{2}\), b, c, \(-1< d<1\), \(\rho>0\), \(\tau>0\) are constants, and f is a continuous function on ℝ that satisfies the sector condition (4).
For this case the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (12) can be written as
$$\begin{aligned} V \bigl[x (t ),\sigma (t ),t \bigr] ={}&h\cdot \bigl(x (t ) \bigr)^{2} \\ &{} +\int_{s=t-\tau}^{t}e^{-\zeta (t-s )} \bigl\{ g_{1} \bigl(x (t ) \bigr)^{2}+g_{2} \bigl(\dot{x} (s ) \bigr)^{2} \bigr\} \,ds \\ &{} +\int_{w=0}^{\sigma (t )}f (w )\,dw, \end{aligned}$$
where \(h>0\), \(g_{1}>0\), \(g_{2}>0\), \(\zeta>0\) are constants, \((x,\sigma )\) is a solution of (18), (19), and \(t\ge t_{0}\ge0\). We define
$$\begin{aligned}& s_{11}=-2a_{1}h-g_{1}-a_{1}^{2}g_{2}, \qquad s_{12}=-a_{2}h-a_{1}a_{2}g_{2}, \qquad s_{13}=-hd-a_{1}\,dg_{2}, \\& s_{14}=-hb-a_{1}g_{2}, \qquad s_{22}=e^{-\zeta\tau}g_{1}-a_{2}^{2}g_{2}, \qquad s_{23}=-a_{2}g_{2}d, \qquad s_{24}=-a_{2}g_{2}b, \\& s_{33}= \bigl(e^{-\zeta\tau}-d^{2} \bigr)g_{2}, \qquad s_{34}=-dg_{2}b,\qquad s_{44}=\beta \rho-b^{2}g_{2}, \end{aligned}$$
and the symmetric matrix
$$S [a_{1},a_{2},b,c,\rho,h,g_{1},g_{2}, \beta,\zeta ]= \begin{bmatrix} s_{11} & s_{12} & s_{13} & s_{14}\\ s_{12} & s_{22} & s_{23} & s_{24}\\ s_{13} & s_{23} & s_{33} & s_{34}\\ s_{14} & s_{24} & s_{34} & s_{44} \end{bmatrix}, $$
where \(s_{ij}=s_{ji}\). Our first result is a theorem on the absolute stability for the system (18), (19).
If there exist constants \(h>0\), \(g_{1}>0\), \(g_{2}>0\), \(\beta>0\), \(\zeta>0\) such that the matrix \(S [a_{1},a_{2},b,c,\rho,h,g_{1},g_{2},\beta,\zeta ]\) is positive definite, then the system (18), (19) is absolutely stable.
The proof of this theorem follows directly from Theorem 1. □
$$a_{1}=-1, \qquad a_{2}=\frac{1}{2}, \qquad d=- \frac{1}{10}, \qquad b=\frac {1}{10}, \qquad c=\frac{1}{10}, \qquad\rho=1, \qquad\tau=1, $$
then the conditions of the theorem are satisfied for
$$g_{1}=\frac{3}{5},\qquad g_{2}=\frac{1}{2}, \qquad h=\frac{9}{10}, \qquad\beta =\frac{1}{2}, \qquad\zeta= \frac{4}{5}. $$
From Sylvester's criterion [29], Theorem 7.2.5, it follows that a necessary and sufficient condition for positive definiteness of the matrix S is that all of the leading principal minors are positive, that is,
$$\begin{aligned}& s_{11}>0, \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& s_{11}s_{22}- (s_{12} )^{2}>0, \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& \det \begin{pmatrix} s_{11} & s_{12} & s_{13}\\ s_{12} & s_{22} & s_{23}\\ s_{13} & s_{23} & s_{33} \end{pmatrix}>0, \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& \det (S )>0. \end{aligned}$$
From inequalities (20) to (23) we can determine whether or not the matrix S is positive definite. If it is then the system (18), (19) is absolutely stable. Another approach is based on the lemma on the properties of block matrices given below.
Lemma 1
Let A be a regular \(n\times n\) matrix, B be an \(n\times q\) matrix, and C be a regular \(q\times q\) matrix. Let a Hermitian matrix S be represented as
$$S= \begin{bmatrix} A & B\\ B^{*} & C \end{bmatrix}. $$
This matrix S is positive definite if and only if the matrices A and
$$C-B^{*}A^{-1}B $$
are positive definite. Here \(B^{*}\) denotes the Hermitian adjoint.
See [30], Theorem 1.12. □
Now we can use this to formulate another set of stability conditions.
For \(S=S [a_{1},a_{2},b,c,\rho ,h,g_{1},g_{2},\beta,\zeta ]\) let
$$\begin{aligned}& W_{11}= [ \mathrm{I}_{2\times2} \quad 0_{2\times2} ] S \begin{bmatrix} \mathrm{I}_{2\times2}\\ 0_{2\times2} \end{bmatrix}, \\& W_{22}= [ 0_{2\times2}\quad \mathrm{I}_{2\times2} ] S \begin{bmatrix} 0_{2\times2}\\ \mathrm{I}_{2\times2} \end{bmatrix}, \\& W_{12}= [ \mathrm{I}_{2\times2} \quad 0_{2\times2} ] S \begin{bmatrix} 0_{2\times2}\\ \mathrm{I}_{2\times2} \end{bmatrix}, \end{aligned}$$
and suppose there exist constants \(h>0\), \(g_{1}>0\), \(g_{2}>0\), \(\beta>0\), \(\zeta>0\) such that the inequalities (20), (21) hold and the matrix
$$\begin{aligned} W_{22}-W_{12}^{T}W_{11}^{-1}W_{12} \end{aligned}$$
is positive definite. In that case the system (18), (19) is absolutely stable.
According to Lemma 1, S is positive definite if and only if \(W_{11}\) and \(W_{22}-W_{12}^{T}W_{11}^{-1}W_{12}\) are positive definite. This completes the proof. □
The crucial assumption in Theorem 4 is the assumption of positive definiteness of the matrix \(S [a_{1},a_{2},b,c,\rho,h,g_{1},g_{2},\beta,\zeta ]\). If we cannot find suitable constants \(c>0\), \(h>0\), \(g_{1}>0\), \(g_{2}>0\), \(\beta>0\), \(\zeta>0\) to ensure positive definiteness, then we cannot apply Theorem 4. If that is the case, then we can consider modification of the control function in (18), (19) by adding a linear combination of the state at t and at \(t-\tau\)
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{d}{dt} \bigl[x (t )-dx (t-\tau ) \bigr]=a_{1}x (t )+a_{2}x (t-\tau )+bf \bigl(\sigma (t ) \bigr)+u (t ), \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{d}{dt}\sigma (t )=cx (t )-\rho f \bigl(\sigma (t ) \bigr)+v (t ), \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& u (t )=c_{1}x (t )+c_{2}x (t-\tau ), \\& v (t )=c_{3}x (t ), \end{aligned}$$
and \(c_{1}\), \(c_{2}\), and \(c_{3}\) are suitable constants. Inserting the definitions of u and v in system (25), (26) results in
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{d}{dt} \bigl[x (t )-dx (t-\tau ) \bigr]= (a_{1}+c_{1} )x (t )+ (a_{2}+c_{2} )x (t-\tau )+bf \bigl(\sigma (t ) \bigr), \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{d}{dt}\sigma (t )= (c+c_{3} )x (t )-\rho f \bigl(\sigma (t ) \bigr). \end{aligned}$$
In this case the matrix of the total derivative takes of the functional along the solution will be of the form
$$S [a_{1}+c_{1},a_{2}+c_{2},b,c+c_{3}, \rho,h,g_{1},g_{2},\beta ,\zeta ]. $$
To stabilize the system we need to find \(c_{1}\), \(c_{2}\), and \(c_{3}\) such that
$$S [a_{1}+c_{1},a_{2}+c_{2},b,c+c_{3}, \rho,h,g_{1},g_{2},\beta ,\zeta ] $$
is positive definite. We can now either use the Sylvester criterion [31] and look for \(c_{1}\), \(c_{2}\), and \(c_{3}\) such that the leading principal minors of \(S_{3}\) are positive or use Lemma 1 by defining
$$\begin{aligned}& W_{11}= [ \mathrm{I}_{2\times2} \quad 0_{2\times2} ]S_{3} \begin{bmatrix} \mathrm{I}_{2\times2}\\ 0_{2\times2} \end{bmatrix}, \\& W_{22}= [ 0_{2\times2} \quad \mathrm{I}_{2\times2} ]S_{3} \begin{bmatrix} 0_{2\times2}\\ \mathrm{I}_{2\times2} \end{bmatrix}, \\& W_{12}= [ \mathrm{I}_{2\times2} \quad 0_{2\times2} ]S_{3} \begin{bmatrix} 0_{2\times2}\\ \mathrm{I}_{2\times2} \end{bmatrix}, \end{aligned}$$
$$S_{3}=S [a_{1}+c_{1},a_{2}+c_{2},b,c+c_{3}, \rho ,h,g_{1},g_{2},\beta,\zeta ] $$
and look for \(c_{1}\), \(c_{2}\), and \(c_{3}\) such that the matrices \(S_{11}\) and \(S_{22}-S_{12}^{T}S_{11}^{-1}S_{12}\) are positive definite.
Let us return to our original system (1), (2). According to Theorem 1 for absolute stability of the system (1), (2) we need the matrix
$$S [A_{1},A_{2},b,c,\rho,\tau,H,G_{1},G_{2}, \beta,\zeta ] $$
to be positive definite. From the Sylvester criterion [31] it follows that we can verify that the matrix is positive definite by calculating its leading principal minors, that is, by verifying the positivity of \(3n+1\) determinants. Using the results of Lemma 1 we will give another set of absolute stability conditions. To do so we give names to specific blocks in matrix (8) as follows:
$$\begin{aligned}& W_{11}= [ \mathrm{I}_{2n\times2n} \quad 0_{ (n+1 )\times (n+1 )} ]S_{3} \begin{bmatrix} \mathrm{I}_{2n\times2n}\\ 0_{ (n+1 )\times (n+1 )} \end{bmatrix}, \\& W_{12}= [ \mathrm{I}_{2n\times2n} \quad 0_{ (n+1 )\times (n+1 )} ]S_{3} \begin{bmatrix} 0_{2n\times2n}\\ \mathrm{I}_{ (n+1 )\times (n+1 )} \end{bmatrix}, \\& W_{22}= [ 0_{2n\times2n} \quad \mathrm{I}_{ (n+1 )\times (n+1 )} ]S_{3} \begin{bmatrix} 0_{2n\times2n}\\ \mathrm{I}_{ (n+1 )\times (n+1 )} \end{bmatrix}, \end{aligned}$$
$$S_{3}=S [A_{1},A_{2},b,c,\rho, \tau,H,G_{1},G_{2},\beta,\zeta ] . $$
The sufficient conditions of absolute stability of neutral-type indirect control system (1), (2) are the existence of the positive definite matrices \(W_{11}\) and \(W_{22}- (W_{12} )^{T} (W_{11} )^{-1}W_{12}\).
According to Lemma 1 the condition imposed on the matrices \(W_{11}\) and \(W_{22}- (W_{12} )^{T} (W_{11} )^{-1}W_{12}\) implies that \(S_{3}\) is positive definite. Theorem 1 now implies that the system is stable. □
Therefore, the absolute stability investigation problem is reduced to the task of checking of positive definiteness for two matrices, one of which is 2n-dimensional and the other is \(n+1\)-dimensional. Note that we can use Lemma 1 to reduce the proof of positive definiteness of the 2n-dimensional case to positive definiteness of two n-dimensional matrices.
When the matrices have special properties, Theorem 5 can be quite useful. For example suppose we have
$$A_{1}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}} \begin{bmatrix} 3 & -1 & 0\\ -1 & 3 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & \sqrt{10} \end{bmatrix} ,\qquad A_{2}=\frac{1}{4} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} ,\qquad D= \frac{1}{2} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}. $$
Now \(A_{1}\) is negative definite and
$$A_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}D=0,\qquad D^{\mathrm{T}}b=0,\qquad A_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}b=0, $$
or in other words b is in the intersection of the null spaces of \(D^{\mathrm{T}}\) and \(A_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}\) and the image of D is in the null space \(A_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}\).
If we could take \(H=-hA_{1}\), \(G_{1}=g_{1}I\), and \(G_{2}=g_{2}I\), then our matrix S would be of the form
$$ \begin{bmatrix} (2h-g_{2} )A_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1}-g_{1}I & (h-g_{2} )A_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{2} & (h-g_{2} )A_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}D & (h-g_{2} )A_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}b-\frac{1}{2}\beta c\\ (h-g_{2} )A_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1} & g_{1}e^{-\zeta\tau }I-g_{2}A_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{2} & 0 & 0\\ (h-g_{2} )D^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1} & 0 & g_{2} (e^{-\zeta\tau }I-D^{\mathrm{T}}D ) & 0\\ (h-g_{2} )b^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1}-\frac{1}{2}\beta c^{\mathrm{T}} & 0 & 0 & \beta\rho-g_{2}b^{\mathrm{T}}b \end{bmatrix}. $$
It is interesting to examine under what conditions we could actually do this and still prove positive definiteness of the matrix. To apply Theorem 5 to this matrix we need the following matrices to be positive definite:
$$W_{11}= \begin{bmatrix} (2h-g_{2} )A_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1}-g_{1}I & (h-g_{2} )A_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{2}\\ (h-g_{2} )A_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1} & g_{1}e^{-\zeta\tau }I-g_{2}A_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{2} \end{bmatrix} $$
$$W_{22}-W_{12}^{\mathrm{T}}W_{11}^{-1}W_{12}, $$
$$W_{22}= \begin{bmatrix} g_{2} (e^{-\zeta\tau}I-D^{\mathrm{T}}D ) & 0\\ 0 & \beta\rho-g_{2}b^{\mathrm{T}}b \end{bmatrix} $$
$$W_{12}= \begin{bmatrix} (h-g_{2} )A_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}D & (h-g_{2} )A_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}b-\frac{1}{2}\beta c\\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}. $$
Note that we can apply Lemma 1 to \(W_{11}\), so the proof of positive definiteness of \(W_{11}\) reduces to the proofs that
$$(2h-g_{2} )A_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1}-g_{1}I $$
$$g_{1}e^{-\zeta\tau}I-g_{2}A_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{2}- (h-g_{2} )^{2}A_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1}S_{11}^{-1}A_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{2} $$
are positive definite.
A tempting further simplification would be \(h=g_{2}\), which would simplify \(W_{11}\) and \(W_{12}\) to
$$W_{11}= \begin{bmatrix} hA_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1}-g_{1}I & 0\\ 0 & g_{1}e^{-\zeta\tau}I-g_{2}A_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{2} \end{bmatrix} $$
$$W_{12}= \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -\frac{1}{2}\beta c\\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}, $$
while for \(W_{22}-W_{12}^{\mathrm{T}}W_{11}^{-1}W_{12}\) we would get
$$ \begin{bmatrix} g_{2} (e^{-\zeta\tau}I-D^{\mathrm{T}}D ) & 0\\ 0 & \beta\rho-g_{2}b^{\mathrm{T}}b \end{bmatrix}-\frac{1}{4}\beta^{2} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0\\ 0 & c^{\mathrm{T}} (hA_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1}-g_{1}I )^{-1}c \end{bmatrix} $$
to get a positive definite S. Under these assumptions we would need the following matrices to be positive definite:
$$\begin{aligned}& S_{11}=hA_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1}-g_{1}I, \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& S_{22}=g_{1}e^{-\zeta\tau}I-g_{2}A_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{2}, \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& S_{33}=g_{2} \bigl(e^{-\zeta\tau}I-D^{\mathrm{T}}D \bigr), \end{aligned}$$
and we would need \(r (\rho,b,c,\beta,g_{1},h )\) defined by
$$ r (\rho,b,c,\beta,g_{1},h )=\beta\rho-g_{2}b^{\mathrm{T}}b- \frac{1}{4}\beta^{2}c^{\mathrm{T}} \bigl(hA_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1}-g_{1}I \bigr)^{-1}c $$
to be positive.
For (31) we need \(g_{2}>0\) and \(\exp (-\zeta\tau )>\Vert D^{\mathrm{T}}D\Vert \) which can be realized by taking \(\zeta>-\log \Vert D^{\mathrm{T}}D\Vert \). This is possible because \(\Vert D\Vert <1\). For (30) is possible only if \(g_{1}e^{-\zeta\tau}>h\Vert A_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{2}\Vert \) and for (29) we need \(h\Vert A_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1}\Vert >g_{1}\). For (32) to hold we need
$$\frac{1}{4}\beta^{2}c^{\mathrm{T}} \bigl(hA_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1}-g_{1}I \bigr)^{-1}c-\beta\rho+g_{2}b^{\mathrm{T}}b< 0, $$
which is solvable if and only if
$$\rho^{2}>g_{2}\beta^{2} \bigl(c^{\mathrm{T}} \bigl(hA_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}A_{1}-g_{1}I \bigr)^{-1}c \bigr)b^{\mathrm{T}}b. $$
For our example we find
$$\begin{aligned}& W_{11}=h \begin{bmatrix} \frac{5}{4} & -\frac{3}{4} & 0\\ -\frac{3}{4} & \frac{5}{4} & 0\\ 0 & 0 & \frac{5}{4} \end{bmatrix}-g_{1}I, \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& S_{22}=g_{1}e^{-\zeta\tau}I-h \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & \frac{1}{16} & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}, \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& S_{33}=h \left(e^{-\zeta\tau}I- \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & \frac{1}{4} & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \right), \end{aligned}$$
$$ r=\beta\rho-\frac{1}{16}h-\frac{1}{4}\beta^{2} \begin{bmatrix} 1\\ 1\\ 1 \end{bmatrix}^{\mathrm{T}} \left(h \begin{bmatrix} \frac{5}{4} & -\frac{3}{4} & 0\\ -\frac{3}{4} & \frac{5}{4} & 0\\ 0 & 0 & \frac{5}{4} \end{bmatrix}-g_{1}I \right)^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} 1\\ 1\\ 1 \end{bmatrix}>0. $$
We see that for \(g_{1}=h/4\) and \(0<\zeta< (\log4 )/\tau\) the matrices
$$\begin{aligned}& h \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -\frac{3}{4} & 0\\ -\frac{3}{4} & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}, \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& h \left(\frac{1}{4}e^{-\zeta\tau}I-\frac{1}{16} \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \right), \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& h \left(e^{-\zeta\tau}I- \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & \frac{1}{4} & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \right) \end{aligned}$$
are positive definite and
$$ r=\beta\rho-\frac{1}{16}h-\frac{1}{4h}\beta^{2} \begin{bmatrix} 1\\ 1\\ 1 \end{bmatrix}^{\mathrm{T}} \left( \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -\frac{3}{4} & 0\\ -\frac{3}{4} & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \right)^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} 1\\ 1\\ 1 \end{bmatrix}>0, $$
which, after insertion of the inverse matrix,
$$ r=\beta\rho-\frac{1}{16}h-\frac{1}{4h}\beta^{2}h^{-2} \begin{bmatrix} 1\\ 1\\ 1 \end{bmatrix}^{\mathrm{T}} \begin{bmatrix} \frac{16}{7} & \frac{12}{7} & 0\\ \frac{12}{7} & \frac{16}{7} & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1\\ 1\\ 1 \end{bmatrix}>0, $$
reduces to
$$ \frac{9}{4}\beta^{2}h-\beta\rho+\frac{1}{16}h< 0. $$
This holds for
$$\frac{4\rho-\sqrt{16\rho^{2}-9h^{2}}}{18h}< \beta<\frac{4\rho +\sqrt{16\rho^{2}-9h^{2}}}{18h}, $$
which is solvable as long as \(16\rho^{2}>9h^{2}\).
If we cannot find suitable matrices \(G_{1}\), \(G_{2}\), H, and constants \(\beta>0\), \(\zeta>0\) to ensure positive definiteness, or such matrices and constants do not exist, then Theorem 5 is not applicable. In such a case we can try to construct a feedback control u, v, such that the modified system
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{d}{dt}\sigma (t )=c^{T}x (t )-\rho f \bigl(\sigma (t ) \bigr)+v (t ), \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& u (t )=C_{1}x (t )+C_{2}x (t-\tau ), \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& v (t )=C_{3}x (t ) \end{aligned}$$
will be absolutely stable, where \(C_{1}\) and \(C_{2}\) are \(n\times n\) matrices and \(C_{3}\) is a \(1\times n\) matrix.
$$S_{4}=S \bigl[A_{1}+C_{1},A_{2}+C_{2},b,c+C_{3}^{T}, \rho,\tau,H,G_{1},G_{2},\beta,\zeta \bigr]. $$
We give a generalization of the two previous options of finding of the stabilization conditions to the case of the system (1), (2).
Suppose that there are matrices \(C_{1}\), \(C_{2}\), and \(C_{3}\), such that the matrix \(S_{4}\) is positive definite. In that case the system (1), (2) is stabilizable with respect to the state feedback shown in (43), (44), and the functional (7).
The proof follows immediately from Theorem 1. □
Using the results of Lemma 1, we can replace verification of positive definiteness of matrix \(S_{4}\) by verification of positive definiteness of two matrices of lower dimensionality.
$$\begin{aligned}& \tilde{S}_{11}= [ \mathrm{I}_{2n\times2n} \quad 0_{ (n+1 )\times (n+1 )} ]S_{4} \begin{bmatrix} \mathrm{I}_{2n\times2n}\\ 0_{ (n+1 )\times (n+1 )} \end{bmatrix}, \\& \tilde{S}_{12}= [ \mathrm{I}_{2n\times2n} \quad 0_{ (n+1 )\times (n+1 )} ]S_{4} \begin{bmatrix} 0_{2n\times2n}\\ \mathrm{I}_{ (n+1 )\times (n+1 )} \end{bmatrix}, \\& \tilde{S}_{22}= [ 0_{2n\times2n} \quad \mathrm{I}_{ (n+1 )\times (n+1 )} ]S_{4} \begin{bmatrix} 0_{2n\times2n}\\ \mathrm{I}_{ (n+1 )\times (n+1 )} \end{bmatrix}. \end{aligned}$$
Suppose that there are matrices \(C_{1}\), \(C_{2}\), and \(C_{3}\), such that the matrices \(\tilde{S}_{11}\) and \(\tilde{S}_{11}- (\tilde {S}_{12} )^{T} (\tilde{S}_{11} )^{-1}\tilde{S}_{12}\) are positive definite. In that case the system (1), (2) is stabilizable with respect to the state feedback shown in (43), (44), and the functional (7).
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The authors would like to thank for their support: the first and the fourth authors were supported by the budget program 2201250 of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine 'Study and training of students, scientist and teachers on abroad' of 2012.
Department of Complex System Simulation, Faculty of Cybernetic, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska str., 64, Kiev, 01033, Ukraine
Andriy Shatyrko & Denys Khusainov
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geo Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, Delft, 2628 CN, Netherlands
Ronald RP van Nooijen & Alla Kolechkina
Andriy Shatyrko
Ronald RP van Nooijen
Alla Kolechkina
Denys Khusainov
Correspondence to Ronald RP van Nooijen.
Open Access This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.
Shatyrko, A., van Nooijen, R.R., Kolechkina, A. et al. Stabilization of neutral-type indirect control systems to absolute stability state. Adv Differ Equ 2015, 64 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-015-0405-y
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-015-0405-y
34K20
Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional
absolute stability
neutral-type time-delay argument