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Glacial–interglacial cycles in the south-central and southeastern Pyrenees since ~180 ka (NE Spain–Andorra–S France)
Valenti Turu, Jose Luís Peña-Monné, Pedro P. Cunha, Guy Jalut, Jan-Pieter Buylaert, Andrew S. Murray, David Bridgland, Mads Faurschou-Knudsen, Marc Oliva, Rosa M. Carrasco, Xavier Ros, Laia Turu-Font, Josep Ventura Roca
Journal: Quaternary Research , First View
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 January 2023, pp. 1-28
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This study uses luminescence and 14C accelerator mass spectrometry procedures to date relevant glaciofluvial and glacial deposits from the south-central and southeastern Pyrenees (Andorra–France–Spain). We distinguish two types of end-moraine complexes: (1) those in which at least a far-flung moraine exists beyond a frequently nested end-moraine complex (the most common) and (2) those in which a close-nested end moraine encompasses at least two glacial cycles. Both types formed within six distinctive glacial intervals: (1) A penultimate glacial cycle during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 and older glaciofluvial terraces occurred beyond the range of the luminescence dating method. (2) An early glacial advance in MIS 5d (~97 −15/+19 ka) was followed by glacial retreat during MIS 5c (< 91 ± 9 ka). (3) The last maximum ice extent (LMIE) was in early MIS 4 (~74 ± 4.5 ka). (4) Unexpectedly, glaciers thinned during the second half of MIS 3 (~39 −6/+11 ka). (5) During the MIS 3–2 transition, glaciers subsequently fluctuated behind the LMIE limits. (6) The global last glacial maximum (LGM) started as early as ~26.6 ± 0.365 ka b2k, and the corresponding end moraines were built behind the LMIE limits or merged with it, forming close-nested moraines.
Patient and parent-reported outcomes in paediatric ventricular assist device support: a multi-center ACTION learning network feasibility and pilot experience
Melissa K. Cousino, Lindsay J. May, Lauren Smyth, Melissa McQueen, Katherine Thompson, Tiffany Hunter, Courtney Ventresco, Katrina Fields, Jenna Murray, Desiree S. Machado, Muhammad Shezad, Farhan Zafar, David N. Rosenthal, Angela Lorts, Elizabeth D. Blume
Journal: Cardiology in the Young , First View
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 January 2023, pp. 1-9
Patient- and proxy-reported outcomes (PROs) are an important indicator of healthcare quality and can be used to inform treatment. Despite the widescale use of PROs in adult cardiology, they are underutilised in paediatric cardiac care. This study describes a six-center feasibility and pilot experience implementing PROs in the paediatric and young adult ventricular assist device population.
The Advanced Cardiac Therapies Improving Outcomes Network (ACTION) is a collaborative learning network comprised of 55 centres focused on improving clinical outcomes and the patient/family experience for children with heart failure and those supported by ventricular assist devices. The development of ACTION's PRO programme via engagement with patient and parent stakeholders is described. Pilot feasibility, patient/parent and clinician feedback, and initial PRO findings of patients and families receiving paediatric ventricular assist support across six centres are detailed.
Thirty of the thirty-five eligible patients (85.7%) were enrolled in the PRO programme during the pilot study period. Clinicians and participating patients/parents reported positive experiences with the PRO pilot programme. The most common symptoms reported by patients/parents in the first month post-implant period included limitations in activities, dressing change distress, and post-operative pain. Poor sleep, dressing change distress, sadness, and fatigue were the most common symptoms endorsed >30 days post-implant. Parental sadness and worry were notable throughout the entirety of the post-implant experience.
This multi-center ACTION learning network-based PRO programme demonstrated initial success in this six-center pilot study experience and yields important next steps for larger-scale PRO collection, research, and clinical intervention.
Taking Lambs to the Slaughter: Marketing Channels, Journey Structures and Possible Consequences for Welfare
K C Murray, D H Davies, S L Cullinane, J C Eddison, J A Kirk
Journal: Animal Welfare / Volume 9 / Issue 2 / May 2000
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 January 2023, pp. 111-122
Consumers now demand evidence of welfare assurance at all stages of animal production, marketing, transport and slaughter. In response, retailers have increasingly adopted preferred supply chain relationships which preclude sourcing animals via livestock auction markets. One of the criteria dictating this action is a perceived improvement in animal welfare resulting from direct transport from farm to abattoir.
A survey of complete journey structures of 18 393 slaughterweight lambs from farm to abattoir was conducted between April and July 1997. Journeys were characterized in terms of distances travelled, duration and the number of discrete components within a whole journey which comprised: transport; trans-shipping (when animals were transferred from one vehicle to another); multiple pickups from a number of farms; and holding at either assembly points, lairages or auction markets. The results identified that journeys in the livestock distribution system are diverse and range in complexity, irrespective of marketing channel. Journey complexity was found to be positively related to distance travelled.
The study demonstrates that discussions concerning welfare of livestock in transit should consider the journey structure and not just the marketing channel per se. Furthermore, it also shows that changes taking place in the infrastructure of the marketing and meat processing sectors may result in a reduction in animal welfare.
Ten new insights in climate science 2022
Maria A. Martin, Emmanuel A. Boakye, Emily Boyd, Wendy Broadgate, Mercedes Bustamante, Josep G. Canadell, Edward R. Carr, Eric K. Chu, Helen Cleugh, Szilvia Csevár, Marwa Daoudy, Ariane de Bremond, Meghnath Dhimal, Kristie L. Ebi, Clea Edwards, Sabine Fuss, Martin P. Girardin, Bruce Glavovic, Sophie Hebden, Marina Hirota, Huang-Hsiung Hsu, Saleemul Huq, Karin Ingold, Ola M. Johannessen, Yasuko Kameyama, Nilushi Kumarasinghe, Gaby S. Langendijk, Tabea Lissner, Shuaib Lwasa, Catherine Machalaba, Aaron Maltais, Manu V. Mathai, Cheikh Mbow, Karen E. McNamara, Aditi Mukherji, Virginia Murray, Jaroslav Mysiak, Chukwumerije Okereke, Daniel Ospina, Friederike Otto, Anjal Prakash, Juan M. Pulhin, Emmanuel Raju, Aaron Redman, Kanta K. Rigaud, Johan Rockström, Joyashree Roy, E. Lisa F. Schipper, Peter Schlosser, Karsten A. Schulz, Kim Schumacher, Luana Schwarz, Murray Scown, Barbora Šedová, Tasneem A. Siddiqui, Chandni Singh, Giles B. Sioen, Detlef Stammer, Norman J. Steinert, Sunhee Suk, Rowan Sutton, Lisa Thalheimer, Maarten van Aalst, Kees van der Geest, Zhirong Jerry Zhao
Journal: Global Sustainability / Volume 5 / 2022
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 November 2022, e20
Non-technical summary
We summarize what we assess as the past year's most important findings within climate change research: limits to adaptation, vulnerability hotspots, new threats coming from the climate–health nexus, climate (im)mobility and security, sustainable practices for land use and finance, losses and damages, inclusive societal climate decisions and ways to overcome structural barriers to accelerate mitigation and limit global warming to below 2°C.
We synthesize 10 topics within climate research where there have been significant advances or emerging scientific consensus since January 2021. The selection of these insights was based on input from an international open call with broad disciplinary scope. Findings concern: (1) new aspects of soft and hard limits to adaptation; (2) the emergence of regional vulnerability hotspots from climate impacts and human vulnerability; (3) new threats on the climate–health horizon – some involving plants and animals; (4) climate (im)mobility and the need for anticipatory action; (5) security and climate; (6) sustainable land management as a prerequisite to land-based solutions; (7) sustainable finance practices in the private sector and the need for political guidance; (8) the urgent planetary imperative for addressing losses and damages; (9) inclusive societal choices for climate-resilient development and (10) how to overcome barriers to accelerate mitigation and limit global warming to below 2°C.
Social media summary
Science has evidence on barriers to mitigation and how to overcome them to avoid limits to adaptation across multiple fields.
Prospective associations of emotion reactivity and risk behaviors with suicide attempts in US Army soldiers
James A. Naifeh, Robert J. Ursano, Murray B. Stein, Holly B. Herberman Mash, Pablo A. Aliaga, Carol S. Fullerton, Hieu M. Dinh, Tzu-Cheg Kao, Nancy A. Sampson, Ronald C. Kessler
Journal: Psychological Medicine , First View
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 November 2022, pp. 1-8
Emotion reactivity and risk behaviors (ERRB) are transdiagnostic dimensions associated with suicide attempt (SA). ERRB patterns may identify individuals at increased risk of future SAs.
A representative sample of US Army soldiers entering basic combat training (n = 21 772) was surveyed and followed via administrative records for their first 48 months of service. Latent profile analysis of baseline survey items assessing ERRB dimensions, including emotion reactivity, impulsivity, and risk-taking behaviors, identified distinct response patterns (classes). SAs were identified using administrative medical records. A discrete-time survival framework was used to examine associations of ERRB classes with subsequent SA during the first 48 months of service, adjusting for time in service, socio-demographic and service-related variables, and mental health diagnosis (MH-Dx). We examined whether associations of ERRB classes with SA differed by year of service and for soldiers with and without a MH-Dx.
Of 21 772 respondents (86.2% male, 61.8% White non-Hispanic), 253 made a SA. Four ERRB classes were identified: 'Indirect Harming' (8.9% of soldiers), 'Impulsive' (19.3%), 'Risk-Taking' (16.3%), and 'Low ERRB' (55.6%). Compared to Low ERRB, Impulsive [OR 1.8 (95% CI 1.3–2.4)] and Risk-Taking [OR 1.6 (95% CI 1.1–2.2)] had higher odds of SA after adjusting for covariates. The ERRB class and MH-Dx interaction was non-significant. Within each class, SA risk varied across service time.
SA risk within the four identified ERRB classes varied across service time. Impulsive and Risk-Taking soldiers had increased risk of future SA. MH-Dx did not modify these associations, which may therefore help identify risk in those not yet receiving mental healthcare.
Genetic and psychosocial stressors have independent effects on the level of subclinical psychosis: findings from the multinational EU-GEI study
Editor's Highlights
B. Pignon, H. Peyre, A. Ayrolles, J. B. Kirkbride, S. Jamain, A. Ferchiou, J. R. Richard, G. Baudin, S. Tosato, H. Jongsma, L. de Haan, I. Tarricone, M. Bernardo, E. Velthorst, M. Braca, C. Arango, M. Arrojo, J. Bobes, C. M. Del-Ben, M. Di Forti, C. Gayer-Anderson, P. B. Jones, C. La Cascia, A. Lasalvia, P. R. Menezes, D. Quattrone, J. Sanjuán, J. P. Selten, A. Tortelli, P. M. Llorca, J. van Os, B. P. F. Rutten, R. M. Murray, C. Morgan, M. Leboyer, A. Szöke, F. Schürhoff
Journal: Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences / Volume 31 / 2022
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 September 2022, e68
Gene x environment (G×E) interactions, i.e. genetic modulation of the sensitivity to environmental factors and/or environmental control of the gene expression, have not been reliably established regarding aetiology of psychotic disorders. Moreover, recent studies have shown associations between the polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia (PRS-SZ) and some risk factors of psychotic disorders, challenging the traditional gene v. environment dichotomy. In the present article, we studied the role of GxE interaction between psychosocial stressors (childhood trauma, stressful life-events, self-reported discrimination experiences and low social capital) and the PRS-SZ on subclinical psychosis in a population-based sample.
Data were drawn from the EUropean network of national schizophrenia networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study, in which subjects without psychotic disorders were included in six countries. The sample was restricted to European descendant subjects (n = 706). Subclinical dimensions of psychosis (positive, negative, and depressive) were measured by the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) scale. Associations between the PRS-SZ and the psychosocial stressors were tested. For each dimension, the interactions between genes and environment were assessed using linear models and comparing explained variances of 'Genetic' models (solely fitted with PRS-SZ), 'Environmental' models (solely fitted with each environmental stressor), 'Independent' models (with PRS-SZ and each environmental factor), and 'Interaction' models (Independent models plus an interaction term between the PRS-SZ and each environmental factor). Likelihood ration tests (LRT) compared the fit of the different models.
There were no genes-environment associations. PRS-SZ was associated with positive dimensions (β = 0.092, R2 = 7.50%), and most psychosocial stressors were associated with all three subclinical psychotic dimensions (except social capital and positive dimension). Concerning the positive dimension, Independent models fitted better than Environmental and Genetic models. No significant GxE interaction was observed for any dimension.
This study in subjects without psychotic disorders suggests that (i) the aetiological continuum hypothesis could concern particularly the positive dimension of subclinical psychosis, (ii) genetic and environmental factors have independent effects on the level of this positive dimension, (iii) and that interactions between genetic and individual environmental factors could not be identified in this sample.
Associations of negative affective biases and depressive symptoms in a community-based sample
Laura de Nooij, Mark J. Adams, Emma L. Hawkins, Liana Romaniuk, Marcus R. Munafò, Ian S. Penton-Voak, Rebecca Elliott, Amy R. Bland, Gordon D. Waiter, Anca-Larisa Sandu, Tina Habota, J. Douglas Steele, Alison D. Murray, Archie Campbell, David J. Porteous, Generation Scotland, Andrew M. McIntosh, Heather C. Whalley
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 September 2022, pp. 1-10
Major depressive disorder (MDD) was previously associated with negative affective biases. Evidence from larger population-based studies, however, is lacking, including whether biases normalise with remission. We investigated associations between affective bias measures and depressive symptom severity across a large community-based sample, followed by examining differences between remitted individuals and controls.
Participants from Generation Scotland (N = 1109) completed the: (i) Bristol Emotion Recognition Task (BERT), (ii) Face Affective Go/No-go (FAGN), and (iii) Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT). Individuals were classified as MDD-current (n = 43), MDD-remitted (n = 282), or controls (n = 784). Analyses included using affective bias summary measures (primary analyses), followed by detailed emotion/condition analyses of BERT and FAGN (secondary analyses).
For summary measures, the only significant finding was an association between greater symptoms and lower risk adjustment for CGT across the sample (individuals with greater symptoms were less likely to bet more, despite increasingly favourable conditions). This was no longer significant when controlling for non-affective cognition. No differences were found for remitted-MDD v. controls. Detailed analysis of BERT and FAGN indicated subtle negative biases across multiple measures of affective cognition with increasing symptom severity, that were independent of non-effective cognition [e.g. greater tendency to rate faces as angry (BERT), and lower accuracy for happy/neutral conditions (FAGN)]. Results for remitted-MDD were inconsistent.
This suggests the presence of subtle negative affective biases at the level of emotion/condition in association with depressive symptoms across the sample, over and above those accounted for by non-affective cognition, with no evidence for affective biases in remitted individuals.
The management of depression: the evidence speaks for itself
Gin S. Malhi, Erica Bell, Darryl Bassett, Philip Boyce, Richard Bryant, Malcolm Hopwood, Bill Lyndon, Roger Mulder, Richard Porter, Ajeet B. Singh, Greg Murray
Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry , FirstView
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 September 2022, pp. 1-3
Comparing the recommendations of two recently published national clinical practice guidelines for depression, this editorial highlights the concordance of advice concerning the selection and sequencing of therapies. Lifestyle and psychological interventions feature prominently and there is broad agreement regarding medication choice and optimisation strategies. The guidelines are therefore a useful resource.
Vascular risk factors affect different brain regions in people with Alzheimer's disease
S. Tripathi, A. Murray, C. Wischik, B. Schelter
Journal: European Psychiatry / Volume 65 / Issue S1 / June 2022
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 September 2022, pp. S334-S335
Vascular risk factors including hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia promote diverse pathological mechanisms in the brain leading to cerebral hypoperfusion and ultimately cognitive decline in people. Medial temporal, medial frontal and anterior cingulate atrophy has been closely associated with diabetes and medial temporal lobe atrophy is associated with hypertension in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD).
To assess if hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia have differential effects on different brain locations using brain imaging in people with AD.
The current study is based on [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) data of 970 participants from two large Phase III multi-centre clinical trials of a novel tau aggregation inhibitor drug Leuco-Methylthioninium (LMTX)meeting research criteria for mild to moderate AD. Vascular risk factor data including hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia were collected and quantification of FDG PET hypo-metabolism was done by calculating Standardized Uptake Value Ratio(SUVR).
Hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia were found to have differential effects on brain locations in people with AD. When people with hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia were compared to those without, mean SUVR was increased significantly in both left and right parietal and occipital lobes and decreased in left and right anterior cingulate gyri in hypertensives. SUVR was significantly higher in both left and right temporal lobes in diabetics andlower in both left and right anterior cingulate gyri in people with dyslipidaemia.
Vascular risk factors including hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia have differential effects on different brain regions, measured using SUVR analysis of FDG-PET.
The FDG-PET data was taken from participants of two large phase III clinical trials sponsored by TauRx Therapeutics (Singapore). TauRx Therapeutics has contributed towards my studentship during my PhD but the data related to drug used in the clinical tria
Chapter 4 - Thalamocortical Circuitry Matters
from Section 2: - Anatomy
By S. Murray Sherman
Edited by Michael M. Halassa, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Book: The Thalamus
Print publication: 01 September 2022, pp 71-90
Once thought to be a simple relay, the thalamus is now seen as a more dynamic player in overall cortical functioning. Several relatively recent observations created led to this new understanding: (1) Glutamatergic inputs can be classified as drivers (e.g., main conveyors of information) or modulators. Most inputs in the thalamus and cortex are modulators, and identifying the driver subset has provided insights into thalamocortical circuit functioning. (2) Much of the modulator input to the thalamus relates to control of the response mode of relay cells–tonic or burst. Which mode operates at any time affects the significance of the message conveyed to the cortex. (3) We now appreciate that most of thalamus, called higher order (e.g., pulvinar and medial dorsal nucleus), serves as a central relay in a transthalamic corticocortical information route organized in parallel with direct connections. First-order nuclei (e.g., lateral geniculate and ventral posterior nuclei) instead relay peripheral information to the cortex. Thus, the thalamus not only provides a behaviorally relevant, dynamic control over the nature of the information relayed, but it also plays a key role in basic corticocortical communication. These findings are reviewed, along with speculations regarding the functional significance of transthalamic pathways.
GASKAP-HI Pilot Survey Science III: An unbiased view of cold gas in the Small Magellanic Cloud
James Dempsey, N. M. McClure-Griffiths, Claire Murray, John M. Dickey, Nickolas M. Pingel, Katherine Jameson, Helga Dénes, Jacco Th. van Loon, D. Leahy, Min-Young Lee, S. Stanimirović, Shari Breen, Frances Buckland-Willis, Steven J. Gibson, Hiroshi Imai, Callum Lynn, C. D. Tremblay
Journal: Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 39 / 2022
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2022, e034
We present the first unbiased survey of neutral hydrogen absorption in the Small Magellanic Cloud. The survey utilises pilot neutral hydrogen observations with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder telescope as part of the Galactic Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder neutral hydrogen project whose dataset has been processed with the Galactic Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder-HI absorption pipeline, also described here. This dataset provides absorption spectra towards 229 continuum sources, a 275% increase in the number of continuum sources previously published in the Small Magellanic Cloud region, as well as an improvement in the quality of absorption spectra over previous surveys of the Small Magellanic Cloud. Our unbiased view, combined with the closely matched beam size between emission and absorption, reveals a lower cold gas faction (11%) than the 2019 ATCA survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud and is more representative of the Small Magellanic Cloud as a whole. We also find that the optical depth varies greatly between the Small Magellanic Cloud's bar and wing regions. In the bar we find that the optical depth is generally low (correction factor to the optically thin column density assumption of $\mathcal{R}_{\mathrm{HI}} \sim 1.04$ ) but increases linearly with column density. In the wing however, there is a wide scatter in optical depth despite a tighter range of column densities.
Mental Health Services Utilization by the Population That Suffered Water Supply Interruption Following Mariana Dam Failure (Brazil)
Marcelo F. Dell'Aringa, Gabriel E. Correa-Oliveira, Francesco Della Corte, Luca Ragazzoni, Elaine S. Miranda, Ives Hubloue, Virginia Murray, Francesco Barone-Adesi
Journal: Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , First View
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 June 2022, pp. 1-6
Disasters may have major impacts to mental health and to the utilization of mental health services (MHS). Moreover, these effects may be worsened by the preclusion of access to basic services following the event. The aim of this study is to evaluate the utilization of public MHS by the population that suffered water supply interruption following the Mariana Dam Failure in Brazil, 2015.
We conducted an Interrupted Time Series analyzing secondary health data from the municipalities that faced water supply interruption, comparing it to data from the other municipalities of Minas Gerais state.
We found a higher immediate (RR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.25–2.53) and gradual (RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03–1.06) change in the rate of mental health visits (MHV) in the affected population following the event, whereas there was an immediate fall (RR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.29–0.59) followed by a higher gradual increase (RR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.02–1.06) in the rate of hospital admissions (HA) in the affected population.
The results suggest that there was an increase in the utilization of public MHS by the population that suffered water supply interruption following the disaster.
Laxatives are Associated with Poorer Polysomnography-derived Sleep Quality
Yakdehikandage S. Costa, Brian J. Murray, Mark I. Boulos
Journal: Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , First View
To characterize 1) the relationship between laxative use and objective sleep metrics, and 2) the relationship between laxative use and self-reported insomnia symptoms in a convenience sample of middle-aged/elderly patients who completed in-laboratory polysomnography.
We cross-sectionally analyzed first-night diagnostic in-laboratory polysomnography data for 2946 patients over the age of 40 (mean age 60.5 years; 48.3% male). Laxative use and medical comorbidities were obtained through self-reported questionnaires. Patient insomnia symptoms were based on self-report. Associations between laxative use and objective sleep continuity were analyzed using multivariable linear regression models. Associations between laxative use and insomnia were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models.
After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, total recording time, and relevant comorbidities, laxative users had a 7.1% lower sleep efficiency (p < 0.001), 25.5-minute higher wake after sleep onset (p < 0.001), and a 29.4-minute lower total sleep time (p < 0.001) than patients not using laxatives. Laxative users were found to be at greater odds of reporting insomnia symptoms (OR = 1.7, p = 0.024) than patients not using laxatives.
Laxative use is associated with impairments in objective sleep continuity. Patients using laxatives were also at greater odds of reporting insomnia symptoms.
Multi-modal assessment of reward functioning in adolescent anhedonia
Laura Murray, Elana S. Israel, Emma G. Balkind, Brianna Pastro, Nathaniel Lovell-Smith, Scott E. Lukas, Erika E. Forbes, Diego A. Pizzagalli, Christian A. Webb
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 June 2022, pp. 1-10
Anhedonia is a core symptom of depression that predicts worse treatment outcomes. Dysfunction in neural reward circuits is thought to contribute to anhedonia. However, whether laboratory-based assessments of anhedonia and reward-related neural function translate to adolescents' subjective affective experiences in real-world contexts remains unclear.
We recruited a sample of adolescents (n = 82; ages 12–18; mean = 15.83) who varied in anhedonia and measured the relationships among clinician-rated and self-reported anhedonia, behaviorally assessed reward learning ability, neural response to monetary reward and loss (as assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging), and repeated ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) in daily life.
Anhedonia was associated with lower mean PA and higher mean NA across the 5-day EMA period. Anhedonia was not related to impaired behavioral reward learning, but low PA was associated with reduced nucleus accumbens response during reward anticipation and reduced medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) response during reward outcome. Greater mean NA was associated with increased mPFC response to loss outcome.
Traditional laboratory-based measures of anhedonia were associated with lower subjective PA and higher subjective NA in youths' daily lives. Lower subjective PA and higher subjective NA were associated with decreased reward-related striatal functioning. Higher NA was also related to increased mPFC activity to loss. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that laboratory-based measures of anhedonia translate to real-world contexts and that subjective ratings of PA and NA may be associated with neural response to reward and loss.
Epidemiology and genomics of a slow outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphyloccus aureus (MRSA) in a neonatal intensive care unit: Successful chronic decolonization of MRSA-positive healthcare personnel
Kathleen A. Quan, Mohamad R. A. Sater, Cherry Uy, Robin Clifton-Koeppel, Linda L. Dickey, William Wilson, Pat Patton, Wayne Chang, Pamela Samuelson, Georgia K. Lagoudas, Teri Allen, Lenny Merchant, Rick Gannotta, Cassiana E. Bittencourt, J. C. Soto, Kaye D. Evans, Paul C. Blainey, John Murray, Dawn Shelton, Helen S. Lee, Matthew Zahn, Julia Wolfe, Keith Madey, Jennifer Yim, Shruti K. Gohil, Yonatan H. Grad, Susan S. Huang
Journal: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , First View
To describe the genomic analysis and epidemiologic response related to a slow and prolonged methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) outbreak.
Prospective observational study.
Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
We conducted an epidemiologic investigation of a NICU MRSA outbreak involving serial baby and staff screening to identify opportunities for decolonization. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on MRSA isolates.
A NICU with excellent hand hygiene compliance and longstanding minimal healthcare-associated infections experienced an MRSA outbreak involving 15 babies and 6 healthcare personnel (HCP). In total, 12 cases occurred slowly over a 1-year period (mean, 30.7 days apart) followed by 3 additional cases 7 months later. Multiple progressive infection prevention interventions were implemented, including contact precautions and cohorting of MRSA-positive babies, hand hygiene observers, enhanced environmental cleaning, screening of babies and staff, and decolonization of carriers. Only decolonization of HCP found to be persistent carriers of MRSA was successful in stopping transmission and ending the outbreak. Genomic analyses identified bidirectional transmission between babies and HCP during the outbreak.
In comparison to fast outbreaks, outbreaks that are "slow and sustained" may be more common to units with strong existing infection prevention practices such that a series of breaches have to align to result in a case. We identified a slow outbreak that persisted among staff and babies and was only stopped by identifying and decolonizing persistent MRSA carriage among staff. A repeated decolonization regimen was successful in allowing previously persistent carriers to safely continue work duties.
241 Utilizing real-world evidence to increase efficiency of randomized controlled trials with application to repurposed therapeutics for COVID-19
JCTS 2022 Abstract Collection
Lillian M F Haine, Thomas A Murray, Joseph S Koopmeiners
Journal: Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 6 / Issue s1 / April 2022
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 April 2022, p. 39
OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We aim to extend a novel statistical method called the Semi-Supervised Mixture Multisource Exchangeability Model (SS-MIX-MEM) and to implement the SS-MIX-MEM approach to supplement ALPS-COVID data with N3C data to achieve analyses with greater precision and actionable conclusions. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We will apply the SS-MIX-MEM to supplement the Angiotensin receptor blocker-based Lung Protective Strategy for COVID-19 (ALPS-COVID) RCTs with the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) database. ALPS-COVID includes both an inpatient and outpatient trial, which investigate losartan as a treatment for COVID-19. The outpatient trial sought to randomize 580 individuals but only enrolled 117, whereas the inpatient trial met its enrollment target and randomized 205 individuals. The N3C database has 3,237,344 COVID-19 cases alongside demographics, lab values, and more. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In simulation studies, the proposed SS-MIX-MEM approach effectively leveraged a subgroup of supplemental real world data for RCT analyses, improving trial efficiency by increasing precision of treatment effect estimates, decreasing necessary sample size, and introducing minimal bias. In an influenza trial real world data application, the SS-MIX-MEM approach was able to effectively provide insight into treatment effect heterogeneity found in an RCT analogous to incorporating around 80 individuals into a subgroup analysis. We anticipate that leveraging external real world data in a re-analysis of the ALPS-COVID RCTs could provide new insights into losartan, a readily available, potentially beneficial therapeutic for COVID-19. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The high blood pressure drug, losartan, is readily available, has an established safety profile, and might be effective as a treatment for COVID-19. Given that we have very few effective treatment options and are still in the midst of a global pandemic, patients with COVID-19 would greatly benefit from a repurposed, readily available treatment.
A mixed-methods evaluation on the efficacy and perceptions of needleless connector disinfectants
Scott C. Roberts, Curtis A. Hendrix II, Lauren M. Edwards, Richard S. Feinn, Richard A. Martinello, Thomas S. Murray
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 April 2022, pp. 1-4
Optimizing needleless connector hub disinfection practice is a key strategy in central-line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) prevention. In this mixed-methods evaluation, 3 products with varying scrub times were tested for experimental disinfection followed by a qualitative nursing assessment of each.
Needleless connectors were inoculated with varying concentrations of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus followed by disinfection with a 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) wipe (a 15-second scrub time and a 15-second dry time), a 70% IPA cap (a 10-second scrub time and a 5-second dry time), or a 3.15% chlorhexidine gluconate with 70% IPA (CHG/IPA) wipe (a 5-second scrub time and a 5-second dry time). Cultures of needleless connectors were obtained after disinfection to quantify bacterial reduction. This was followed by surveying a convenience sample of nursing staff with intensive care unit assignments at an academic tertiary hospital on use of each product.
All products reduced overall bacterial burden when compared to sterile water controls, however the IPA and CHG/IPA wipes were superior to the IPA caps when product efficacy was compared. Nursing staff noted improved compliance with CHG/IPA wipes compared with the IPA wipes and the IPA caps, with many preferring the lesser scrub and dry times required for disinfection.
Achieving adequate bacterial disinfection of needleless connectors while maximizing healthcare staff compliance with scrub and dry times may be best achieved with a combination CHG/IPA wipe.
Deep ancestry of collapsing networks of nomadic hunter–gatherers in Borneo
J. Stephen Lansing, Guy S. Jacobs, Sean S. Downey, Peter K. Norquest, Murray P. Cox, Steven L. Kuhn, John H. Miller, Safarina G. Malik, Herawati Sudoyo, Pradiptajati Kusuma
Journal: Evolutionary Human Sciences / Volume 4 / 2022
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 February 2022, e9
Theories of early cooperation in human society often draw from a small sample of ethnographic studies of surviving populations of hunter–gatherers, most of which are now sedentary. Borneo hunter–gatherers (Punan, Penan) have seldom figured in comparative research because of a decades-old controversy about whether they are the descendants of farmers who adopted a hunting and gathering way of life. In 2018 we began an ethnographic study of a group of still-nomadic hunter–gatherers who call themselves Punan Batu (Cave Punan). Our genetic analysis clearly indicates that they are very unlikely to be the descendants of neighbouring agriculturalists. They also preserve a song language that is unrelated to other languages of Borneo. Dispersed travelling groups of Punan Batu with fluid membership use message sticks to stay in contact, co-operate and share resources as they journey between rock shelters and forest camps. Message sticks were once widespread among nomadic Punan in Borneo, but have largely disappeared in sedentary Punan villages. Thus the small community of Punan Batu offers a rare glimpse of a hunting and gathering way of life that was once widespread in the forests of Borneo, where prosocial behaviour extended beyond the face-to-face community, facilitating successful collective adaptation to the diverse resources of Borneo's forests.
Antisocial behavior is associated with reduced frontoparietal activity to loss in a population-based sample of adolescents
Laura Murray, Nestor L. Lopez-Duran, Colter Mitchell, Christopher S. Monk, Luke W. Hyde
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 February 2022, pp. 1-9
Adolescent antisocial behavior (AB) is a public health concern due to the high financial and social costs of AB on victims and perpetrators. Neural systems involved in reward and loss processing are thought to contribute to AB. However, investigations into these processes are limited: few have considered anticipatory and consummatory components of reward, response to loss, nor whether associations with AB may vary by level of callous-unemotional (CU) traits.
A population-based community sample of 128 predominantly low-income youth (mean age = 15.9 years; 42% male) completed a monetary incentive delay task during fMRI. A multi-informant, multi-method latent variable approach was used to test associations between AB and neural response to reward and loss anticipation and outcome and whether CU traits moderated these associations.
AB was not associated with neural response to reward but was associated with reduced frontoparietal activity during loss outcomes. This association was moderated by CU traits such that individuals with higher levels of AB and CU traits had the largest reductions in frontoparietal activity. Co-occurring AB and CU traits were also associated with increased precuneus response during loss anticipation.
Findings indicate that AB is associated with reduced activity in brain regions involved in cognitive control, attention, and behavior modification during negative outcomes. Moreover, these reductions are most pronounced in youth with co-occurring CU traits. These findings have implications for understanding why adolescents involved in AB continue these behaviors despite severe negative consequences (e.g. incarceration).
GASKAP-HI pilot survey science I: ASKAP zoom observations of Hi emission in the Small Magellanic Cloud
N. M. Pingel, J. Dempsey, N. M. McClure-Griffiths, J. M. Dickey, K. E. Jameson, H. Arce, G. Anglada, J. Bland-Hawthorn, S. L. Breen, F. Buckland-Willis, S. E. Clark, J. R. Dawson, H. Dénes, E. M. Di Teodoro, B.-Q. For, Tyler J. Foster, J. F. Gómez, H. Imai, G. Joncas, C.-G. Kim, M.-Y. Lee, C. Lynn, D. Leahy, Y. K. Ma, A. Marchal, D. McConnell, M.-A. Miville-Deschènes, V. A. Moss, C. E. Murray, D. Nidever, J. Peek, S. Stanimirović, L. Staveley-Smith, T. Tepper-Garcia, C. D. Tremblay, L. Uscanga, J. Th. van Loon, E. Vázquez-Semadeni, J. R. Allison, C. S. Anderson, Lewis Ball, M. Bell, D. C.-J. Bock, J. Bunton, F. R. Cooray, T. Cornwell, B. S. Koribalski, N. Gupta, D. B. Hayman, L. Harvey-Smith, K. Lee-Waddell, A. Ng, C. J. Phillips, M. Voronkov, T. Westmeier, M. T. Whiting
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 February 2022, e005
We present the most sensitive and detailed view of the neutral hydrogen ( ${\rm H\small I}$ ) emission associated with the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), through the combination of data from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) and Parkes (Murriyang), as part of the Galactic Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (GASKAP) pilot survey. These GASKAP-HI pilot observations, for the first time, reveal ${\rm H\small I}$ in the SMC on similar physical scales as other important tracers of the interstellar medium, such as molecular gas and dust. The resultant image cube possesses an rms noise level of 1.1 K ( $1.6\,\mathrm{mJy\ beam}^{-1}$ ) $\mathrm{per}\ 0.98\,\mathrm{km\ s}^{-1}$ spectral channel with an angular resolution of $30^{\prime\prime}$ ( ${\sim}10\,\mathrm{pc}$ ). We discuss the calibration scheme and the custom imaging pipeline that utilises a joint deconvolution approach, efficiently distributed across a computing cluster, to accurately recover the emission extending across the entire ${\sim}25\,\mathrm{deg}^2$ field-of-view. We provide an overview of the data products and characterise several aspects including the noise properties as a function of angular resolution and the represented spatial scales by deriving the global transfer function over the full spectral range. A preliminary spatial power spectrum analysis on individual spectral channels reveals that the power law nature of the density distribution extends down to scales of 10 pc. We highlight the scientific potential of these data by comparing the properties of an outflowing high-velocity cloud with previous ASKAP+Parkes ${\rm H\small I}$ test observations.