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Prevalence of suicide attempts in individuals with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of observational studies
Li Lu, Min Dong, Ling Zhang, Xiao-Min Zhu, Gabor S. Ungvari, Chee H. Ng, Gang Wang, Yu-Tao Xiang
Journal: Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences , First View
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 June 2019, pp. 1-10
Suicide attempt is an important indicator of suicide and potential future mortality. However, the prevalence of suicide attempts has been inconsistent across studies. This meta-analysis aimed to examine the prevalence of suicide attempts in individuals with schizophrenia and associated correlates.
Relevant publications in Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of science and Cochrane were systematically searched. Data on the prevalence of suicide attempts in individuals with schizophrenia were pooled using a random-effects model.
Thirty-five studies with 16 747 individuals with schizophrenia were included. The pooled lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts was 26.8% (95% CI 22.1–31.9%; I2 = 97.0%), while the 1-year prevalence, 1-month prevalence and the prevalence of suicide attempts from illness onset were 3.0% (95% CI 2.3–3.7%; I2 = 95.6%), 2.7% (95% CI 2.1–3.4%; I2 = 78.5%) and 45.9% (95% CI 42.1–49.9%; I2 = 0), respectively. Earlier age of onset (Q = 4.38, p = 0.04), high-income countries (Q = 53.29, p < 0.001), North America and Europe and Central Asia (Q = 32.83, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of suicide attempts.
Suicide attempts are common in individuals with schizophrenia, especially those with an early age of onset and living in high-income countries and regions. Regular screening and effective preventive measures should be implemented as part of the clinical care.
Study of CoxPt1−x nanoalloy formation mechanism via single-source precursors
E. Yu. Filatov, A. V. Zadesenets, S. V. Komogortsev, P. E. Plyusnin, A. A. Chepurov, S. V. Korenev
Journal: Powder Diffraction , First View
This paper is devoted to the study of formation mechanism of metal solid solutions during the thermolysis of single-source precursors in Co–Pt systems with a wide range of superstructural ordering. It is shown that the thermal decomposition of [Pt(NH3)4][Co(C2O4)2(H2O)2]·2H2O salt in helium is critically different from that under hydrogen atmospheres. Thermal degradation under the helium atmosphere is followed by a gradual reduction of platinum and cobalt, and at each thermolysis temperature only one phase is present. At 380 °C an equiatomic Co0.50Pt0.50 solid solution is formed (a = 3.749 (4) Å, Fm−3m space group, V/Z = 13.17 Å3, crystallite size: 5–7 nm). When the precursor is decomposed under a hydrogen atmosphere, the process proceeds mainly through the simultaneous reduction of the platinum and cobalt atoms, and at each temperature section two metal phases are present. The formation of the close to equiatomic Co0.50Pt0.50 solid solution (a = 3.782 (4) Å, Fm−3m space group, V/Z = 13.52 Å3, crystallite size: 7–9 nm) occurs at 450 °C. The calculations of crystallite sizes are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy data.
LO89: A multi-disciplinary quality improvement project to improve adherence to best practice guidelines for emergency department patients with transient ischemic attack
A. Verma, A. Kapoor, J. Kim, N. Kujbid, K. Si, R. Swartz, E. Etchells, S. Symons, A. Yu
Journal: Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine / Volume 21 / Issue S1 / May 2019
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 May 2019, p. S40
Print publication: May 2019
Background: Canadian Stroke Guidelines recommend that Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) patients at highest risk of stroke recurrence should undergo immediate vascular imaging. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the head and neck is recommended over carotid doppler because it allows for enhanced visualization of the intracranial and posterior circulation vasculature. Imaging while patients are in the emergency department (ED) is optimal for high-risk patients because the risk of stroke recurrence is highest in the first 48 hours. Aim Statement: At our hospital, a designated stroke centre, less than 5% of TIA patients meet national recommendations by undergoing CTA in the ED. We sought to increase the rate of CTA in high risk ED TIA patients from less than 5% to at least 80% in 10 months. Measures & Design: We used a multi-faceted approach to improve our adherence to guidelines including: 1) education for staff ED physicians; 2) agreements between ED and radiology to facilitate rapid access to CTA; 3) agreements between ED and neurology for consultations regarding patients with abnormal CTA; and 4) the creation of an electronic decision support tool to guide ED physicians as to which patients require CTA. We measured the rate of CTA in high risk patients biweekly using retrospective chart review of patients referred to the TIA clinic from the ED on a biweekly basis. As a balancing measure, we also measured the rate of CTA in non-high risk patients. Evaluation/Results: Data collection is ongoing. An interim run chart at 19 weeks shows a complete shift above the median after implementation, with CTA rates between 70 and 100%. At the time of submission, we had no downward trends below 80%, showing sustained improvement. The CTA rate in non-high risk patients did also increase. Disucssion/Impact: After 19 weeks of our intervention, 112 (78.9%) of high risk TIA patients had a CTA, compared to 10 (9.8%) in the 19 weeks prior to our intervention. On average, 10-15% of high risk patients will have an identifiable lesion on CTA, leading to immediate change in management (at minimum, an inpatient consultation with neurology). Our multi-faceted approach could be replicated in any ED with the engagement and availability of the same multi-disciplinary team (ED, radiology, and neurology), access to CTA, and electronic orders.
Sodium and chloride requirements of yellow-feathered chickens between 22 and 42 days of age
S. Q. Jiang, M. M. Azzam, H. Yu, Q. L. Fan, L. Li, Z. Y. Gou, X. J. Lin, M. Liu, Z. Y. Jiang
Journal: animal , First View
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 April 2019, pp. 1-7
Sodium and chloride are the key factors maintaining normal osmotic pressure (OSM) and volume of the extracellular fluid, and influencing the acid–base balance of body fluids. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Na+ and Cl− level on growth performance, excreta moisture, blood biochemical parameters, intestinal Na+–glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) messenger RNA (mRNA), and Na+–H+ exchanger 2 (NHE2) mRNA, and to estimate the optimal dietary sodium and chlorine level for yellow-feathered chickens from 22 to 42days. A total of 900 22-day-old Lingnan yellow-feathered male chickens were randomly allotted to five treatments, each of which included six replicates of 30 chickens per floor pen. The basal control diet was based on corn and soybean meal (without added NaCl and NaHCO3). Treatments 2 to 5 consisted of the basal diet supplemented with equal weights of Na+ and Cl−, constituting 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% of the diets. Supplemental dietary Na+ and Cl− improved the growth performance (P<0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) showed a quadratic broken-line regression to increasing dietary Na+ and Cl− (R2=0.979, P<0.001), and reached a plateau at 0.1%. Supplemental Na+ and Cl− increased (P<0.05) serum Na+ and OSM in serum and showed a quadratic broken-line regression (R2=0.997, P=0.004) at 0.11%. However, supplemental Na+ and Cl− decreased (P<0.05) serum levels of K+, glucose (GLU) and triglyceride. Higher levels of Na+and Cl− decreased duodenal NHE2 transcripts (P<0.05), but had no effect on ileal SGLT1 transcripts. The activity of Na+ /K+-ATPase in the duodenum decreased (P<0.05) with higher levels of dietary Na+ and Cl−. In conclusion, the optimal dietary Na+ and Cl− requirements for yellow-feathered chickens in the grower phase, from 22 to 42 days of age, to optimize ADG, serum Na+, OSM, K+ and GLU were 0.10%, 0.11%, 0.11%,0.17% and 0.16%, respectively, by regression analysis.
The beetle (Coleoptera) fauna of the Insect Limestone (late Eocene), Isle of Wight, southern England
Alexander G. KIREJTSHUK, Alexander G. PONOMARENKO, Andrey S. KUROCHKIN, Anatoly V. ALEXEEV, Vadim G. GRATSHEV, Alexey Yu. SOLODOVNIKOV, Frank-Thorsten KRELL, Carmen SORIANO
Journal: Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , First View
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 April 2019, pp. 1-88
A review of the faunistic composition of the coleopterous taphocenoses from Bembridge Marls is given. Only two families (Cupedidae and Carabidae) have been recorded from this site before. A total of 31 families have been revealed and determined in the course of the recent study, and 42 species have been described: Agabus latissimus Ponomarenko, sp. nov. and Ilybius gratshevi Ponomarenko, sp. nov. from Dytiscidae; Neothanes europaeus Ponomarenko, sp. nov. from Carabidae; Spercheus punctatus Ponomarenko, sp. nov., Spercheus wightensis Ponomarenko, sp. nov. from Spercheidae, Hydrochara woodwardi Ponomarenko & Soriano, sp. nov. and Berosus barclayi Ponomarenko & Soriano, sp. nov. from Hydrophilidae; Ochthebius rossi Kirejtshuk, sp. nov., Eolimnebius fossilis Kirejtshuk, sp. nov., Hydraenites gracilimmus Kirejtshuk, sp. nov., Metacoxites ventritalis Kirejtshuk, sp. nov., Davidraenites gratshevi Kirejtshuk, sp. nov., D. interruptus Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. and D. spurcus Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Hydraenidae; Aphodius vectis Krell, sp. nov. and Pentodon dorcus Krell, sp. nov. from Scarabaeidae; Scirtes calcariferens Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov., Scirtes khnzoryani Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov., Scirtes metepisternalis Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov., Scirtes wightensis Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov., Contacyphon insularis Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov., Contacyphon involutus Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov. and Contacyphon kozlovi Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov. from Scirtidae; Eucinetes nikolaevae Kirejtshuk & Ponomarenko, sp. nov. from Eucinetidae; Macropunctum rossi Alexeev, sp. nov. from Elateridae; Byrrhites bembridgensis Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Byrrhidae; Paralichas striatopunctatus Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Ptilodactylidae; Trixagus barclayi Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Throscidae; Themus (?Telephorops) polyaki Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Cantharidae; Attalus flexus Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Malachiidae; Epuraea (Epuraea) kozlovi Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, sp. nov., Phenolia (Lasiodites) vanescens Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, sp. nov., Prometopia europaea Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, sp. nov., Cyllodes argutus Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, sp. nov. and Coxollodes palaeogenicus Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, sp. nov. from Nitidulidae; Telmatophilus britannicus Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, sp. nov. from Cryptophagidae; Corticariites kozlovi Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Latridiidae; Orthoperites antiquus Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, sp. nov. from Corylophidae; Octotemnites sepultus Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Ciidae; Cyclodinus efficax Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Anthicidae; and Plateumaris robustus Kurochkin & Kirejtshuk, sp. nov., Plateumaris rubiconis Kurochkin & Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. and Plateumaris wightensis Kurochkin & Kirejtshuk, sp. nov. from Chrysomelidae. Byrrhites Kirejtshuk, gen. nov., Corticariites Kirejtshuk, gen. nov., Davidraenites Kirejtshuk, gen. nov., Eolimnebius Kirejtshuk, gen. nov., Hydraenites Kirejtshuk, gen. nov., Metacoxites Kirejtshuk, gen. nov., Octotemnites Kirejtshuk, gen. nov. and Orthoperites Kirejtshuk & Kurochkin, gen. nov. are proposed as taxa, partly as formal ones with generic rank and include species described herein. For Plateumaris rubiconis sp. nov., a new subgenus Necrodexis Kurochkin & Kirejtshuk, subgen. nov. is proposed. A brief review of the published fossil records for the groups considered in the paper is made. The probable ecological circumstances of the lives of the groups and species considered are discussed in the paper, and comparison with other Palaeogene sites and some conclusions on probable climatic circumstances have been elaborated. The taxonomic interpretation of three fossil species from the Caenozoic is reconsidered. It is shown that the genus Miocyphon Wickham, 1914 can be scarcely regarded as a close relative of representatives of either Dascillidae or Scirtidae. 'Phenolia' incapax Scudder, 1890 and Lithomacratria Wickham, 1914 are regarded here without family attribution, the first as a member of Cucujiformia (i.e., out of Nitidulidae) and the latter as a member of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea (i.e., out of both Anthicidae and Pyrochroidae).
Strawberry, black medic (Medicago lupulina), and Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianum) growth under light-limiting conditions
Shaun M. Sharpe, Jialin Yu, Nathan S. Boyd
Journal: Weed Technology / Volume 33 / Issue 3 / June 2019
Broadleaf infestations interfere with Florida strawberry production. Broadleaf POST herbicide options applied atop the crop are limited to synthetic auxins and not suitable for conventional multi-cropping and organic systems. Reducing light access and interception during weed emergence may reduce interference. Light-limited growth of two problematic broadleaves, black medic and Carolina geranium, and the most commonly grown strawberry cultivar ('Florida Radiance'), were examined in the greenhouse. The experimental design was completely randomized, and the trial was repeated. Black medic was susceptible to reductions in incoming solar radiation, wherein reducing the daily maximum available light from 331 to 94 µmol m−2 s−1 reduced leaf number and area by 93% and 89%, respectively. Carolina geranium growth was less susceptible to reduced-light treatments, with leaf area and number each reduced by 66% when light was reduced from 331 to 94 µmol m−2 s−1. Belowground, Carolina geranium biomass was similarly reduced between the 331 and 94 µmol m−2 s−1 treatments. Strawberry was relatively tolerant to shading at 155 µmol m−2 s−1, but further reductions did increase mortality. Shade-induced weed suppression is a promising alternative strategy for conventional and organic Florida strawberry production. Targeted application during periods of weed emergence may play a role within integrated pest management strategies. This approach is most feasible for black medic management but may be useful for Carolina geranium in concert with other strategies.
Outcomes from an inpatient beta-lactam allergy guideline across a large US health system
Kimberly G. Blumenthal, Yu Li, Joyce T. Hsu, Anna R. Wolfson, David N. Berkowitz, Victoria A. Carballo, Jesse M. Schwartz, Kathleen A. Marquis, Ramy Elshaboury, Ronak G. Gandhi, Barbara B. Lambl, Monique M. Freeley, Alana Gruszecki, Paige G. Wickner, Erica S. Shenoy
Journal: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 40 / Issue 5 / May 2019
To assess the safety of, and subsequent allergy documentation associated with, an antimicrobial stewardship intervention consisting of test-dose challenge procedures prompted by an electronic guideline for hospitalized patients with reported β-lactam allergies.
Large healthcare system consisting of 2 academic and 3 community acute-care hospitals between April 2016 and December 2017.
We evaluated β-lactam antibiotic test-dose outcomes, including adverse drug reactions (ADRs), hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs), and electronic health record (EHR) allergy record updates. HSR predictors were examined using a multivariable logistic regression model. Modification of the EHR allergy record after test doses considered relevant allergy entries added, deleted, and/or specified.
We identified 1,046 test-doses: 809 (77%) to cephalosporins, 148 (14%) to penicillins, and 89 (9%) to carbapenems. Overall, 78 patients (7.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.9%–9.2%) had signs or symptoms of an ADR, and 40 (3.8%; 95% CI, 2.8%–5.2%) had confirmed HSRs. Most HSRs occurred at the second (ie, full-dose) step (68%) and required no treatment beyond drug discontinuation (58%); 3 HSR patients were treated with intramuscular epinephrine. Reported cephalosporin allergy history was associated with an increased odds of HSR (odds ratio [OR], 2.96; 95% CI, 1.34–6.58). Allergies were updated for 474 patients (45%), with records specified (82%), deleted (16%), and added (8%).
This antimicrobial stewardship intervention using β-lactam test-dose procedures was safe. Overall, 3.8% of patients with β-lactam allergy histories had an HSR; cephalosporin allergy histories conferred a 3-fold increased risk. Encouraging EHR documentation might improve this safe, effective, and practical acute-care antibiotic stewardship tool.
The prevalence of agranulocytosis and related death in clozapine-treated patients: a comprehensive meta-analysis of observational studies
Xiao-Hong Li, Xiao-Mei Zhong, Li Lu, Wei Zheng, Shi-bin Wang, Wen-wang Rao, Shuai Wang, Chee H. Ng, Gabor S. Ungvari, Gang Wang, Yu-Tao Xiang
Journal: Psychological Medicine , First View
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 March 2019, pp. 1-12
Clozapine treatment increases the risk of agranulocytosis, but findings on the epidemiology of agranulocytosis have been inconsistent. This meta-analysis examined the prevalence of agranulocytosis and related death in clozapine-treated patients.
A literature search in the international (PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE) and Chinese (WanFang, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Sinomed) databases was conducted. Prevalence estimates of agranulocytosis and related death in clozapine-treated patients were synthesized with the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis program using the random-effects model.
Thirty-six studies with 260 948 clozapine-treated patients published between 1984 and 2018 were included in the meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of agranulocytosis and death caused by agranulocytosis were 0.4% (95% CI 0.3–0.6%) and 0.05% (95% CI 0.03–0.09%), respectively. The prevalence of agranulocytosis was moderated by sample size, study quality, year of publication, and that of data collection.
The prevalence of clozapine-associated agranulocytosis is low. Agranulocytosis-related death appears rare.
The Pain Catastrophizing Scale—short form: psychometric properties and threshold for identifying high-risk individuals
Sheung-Tak Cheng, Phoon Ping Chen, Yu Fat Chow, Joanne W. Y. Chung, Alexander C. B. Law, Jenny S. W. Lee, Edward M. F. Leung, Cindy W. C. Tam
Journal: International Psychogeriatrics , First View
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 February 2019, pp. 1-10
The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) measures three aspects of catastrophic cognitions about pain—rumination, magnification, and helplessness. To facilitate assessment and clinical application, we aimed to (a) develop a short version on the basis of its factorial structure and the items' correlations with key pain-related outcomes, and (b) identify the threshold on the short form indicative of risk for depression.
Cross-sectional survey.
Social centers for older people.
664 Chinese older adults with chronic pain.
Besides the PCS, pain intensity, pain disability, and depressive symptoms were assessed.
For the full scale, confirmatory factor analysis showed that the hypothesized 3-factor model fit the data moderately well. On the basis of the factor loadings, two items were selected from each of the three dimensions. An additional item significantly associated with pain disability and depressive symptoms, over and above these six items, was identified through regression analyses. A short-PCS composed of seven items was formed, which correlated at r=0.97 with the full scale. Subsequently, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted against clinically significant depressive symptoms, defined as a score of ≥12 on a 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. This analysis showed a score of ≥7 to be the optimal cutoff for the short-PCS, with sensitivity = 81.6% and specificity = 78.3% when predicting clinically significant depressive symptoms.
The short-PCS may be used in lieu of the full scale and as a brief screen to identify individuals with serious catastrophizing.
Quantum electrodynamics experiments with colliding petawatt laser pulses
HPL_EP HEDP and High Power Laser 2018
I. C. E. Turcu, B. Shen, D. Neely, G. Sarri, K. A. Tanaka, P. McKenna, S. P. D. Mangles, T.-P. Yu, W. Luo, X.-L. Zhu, Y. Yin
Journal: High Power Laser Science and Engineering / Volume 7 / 2019
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 February 2019, e10
A new generation of high power laser facilities will provide laser pulses with extremely high powers of 10 petawatt (PW) and even 100 PW, capable of reaching intensities of $10^{23}~\text{W}/\text{cm}^{2}$ in the laser focus. These ultra-high intensities are nevertheless lower than the Schwinger intensity $I_{S}=2.3\times 10^{29}~\text{W}/\text{cm}^{2}$ at which the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED) predicts that a large part of the energy of the laser photons will be transformed to hard Gamma-ray photons and even to matter, via electron–positron pair production. To enable the investigation of this physics at the intensities achievable with the next generation of high power laser facilities, an approach involving the interaction of two colliding PW laser pulses is being adopted. Theoretical simulations predict strong QED effects with colliding laser pulses of ${\geqslant}10~\text{PW}$ focused to intensities ${\geqslant}10^{22}~\text{W}/\text{cm}^{2}$ .
Stefanweissite, (Ca,REE)2Zr2(Nb,Ti)(Ti,Nb)2Fe2+O14, a new zirconolite-related mineral from the Eifel paleovolcanic region, Germany
Nikita V. Chukanov, Natalia V. Zubkova, Igor V. Pekov, Marina F. Vigasina, Yury S. Polekhovsky, Bernd Ternes, Willi Schüller, Sergey N. Britvin, Dmitry Yu. Pushcharovsky
Journal: Mineralogical Magazine /
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 January 2019, pp. 1-25
Longitudinal effects of maternal love withdrawal and guilt induction on Chinese American preschoolers' bullying aggressive behavior
Jing Yu, Charissa S. L. Cheah, Craig H. Hart, Chongming Yang, Joseph A. Olsen
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 January 2019, pp. 1-9
Bullying has been understudied among preschool children, especially those from Chinese American families. Previous research has also neglected the dimensional effects of psychological control on child bullying development. This study examined two psychological control dimensions, love withdrawal and guilt induction, and their effects on children's bullying aggressive behavior using a longitudinal design. Participants were first-generation Chinese American mothers (N = 133; mean age [Mage] = 37.82) and their preschool children (Mage = 4.48). Chinese immigrant mothers reported their psychologically controlling parenting and teachers rated children's bullying aggressive behaviors in the school setting. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to establish the psychometric properties and cross-wave measurement equivalence of the study constructs. Cross-lagged structural equation modeling analysis indicated that maternal love withdrawal prospectively predicted more bullying aggressive behavior, whereas guilt induction predicted less bullying aggressive behavior in children 6 months later. These results held after controlling for the initial level of children's problem behaviors and demographic variables (child age, gender, and maternal education). For child effects, child bullying aggressive behavior predicted more maternal guilt induction over time but not love withdrawal. Our findings highlight the importance of construct specificity and cultural context in understanding associations between parenting and child development.
Non-destructive detection and classification of in-shell insect-infested almonds based on multispectral imaging technology
J. Yu, S. Ren, C. Liu, B. Wei, L. Zhang, S. Younas, L. Zheng
Journal: The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 156 / Issue 9 / November 2018
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2019, pp. 1103-1110
The feasibility of non-destructive detection and classification of in-shell insect-infested almonds was examined by using multispectral imaging (MSI) technology combined with chemometrics. Differentiation of reflectance spectral data between intact and insect-infested almonds was attempted by using analytical approaches based on principal component analysis and support vector machines, classification accuracy rates as high as 99.1% in the calibration set and 97.5% in the prediction set were achieved. Meanwhile, the in-shell almonds were categorized into three classes (intact, slightly infested and severely infested) based on the degree of damage caused by insect infestation and were characterized quantitatively by the analysis of shell/kernel weight ratio. A three-class model for the identification of intact, slightly infested and severely infested almonds yielded acceptable classification performance (95.6% accuracy in the calibration set and 93.3% in the prediction set). These results revealed that MSI technology combined with chemometrics may be a promising approach for the non-destructive detection of hidden insect damage in almonds and could be used for industrial applications.
Lobbying, learning and policy reinvention: an examination of the American States' drunk driving laws
Jinhai Yu, Edward T. Jennings, J. S. Butler
Journal: Journal of Public Policy , First View
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 October 2018, pp. 1-21
Scholars have consistently shown that learning of successful policies in other states leads to higher likelihood of policy adoption. This study extends this finding two ways. First, policy learning can also lead to more comprehensive adoption of successful policies. Second, the effect of policy learning on policy comprehensiveness is conditional on lobbying by interest groups, an alternative source of information about policy success. To test these hypotheses, we conduct a directed dyad-year analysis using a dataset on American state drunk driving regulations from 1983 to 2000. The results show that more comprehensive policy adoption by states is positively related to policy success in other states when lobbying by Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is relatively low. Moreover, lobbying by MADD increases policy comprehensiveness when policy success is relatively low. This study advances the literature by examining the conditional effects of lobbying on the relationship between policy learning and policy reinvention.
Screening of reference genes using real-time quantitative PCR for gene expression studies in Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
C. Wang, J. Yang, Q. Pan, S. Yu, R. Luo, H. Liu, H. Li, L. Cong, C. Ran
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research , First View
A stable reference gene is a key prerequisite for accurate assessment of gene expression. At present, the real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction has been widely used in the analysis of gene expression in a variety of organisms. Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a major predator of mites on many important economically crops. Until now, however, there are no reports evaluating the stability of reference genes in this species. In view of this, we used GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder software tools to evaluate the expression stability of 11 candidate reference genes in developmental stages and under various abiotic stresses. According to our results, β-ACT and Hsp40 were the top two stable reference genes in developmental stages. The Hsp60 and Hsp90 were the most stable reference genes in various acaricides stress. For alterations in temperature, Hsp40 and α-TUB were the most suitable reference genes. About UV stress, EF1α and α-TUB were the best choice, and for the different prey stress, β-ACT and α-TUB were best suited. In normal conditions, the β-ACT and α-TUB were the two of the highest stable reference genes to respond to all kinds of stresses. The current study provided a valuable foundation for the further analysis of gene expression in N. barkeri.
Impact of heat stress and nutritional interventions on poultry production
S.P. HE, M.A. AROWOLO, R.F. MEDRANO, S. LI, Q.F. YU, J.Y. CHEN, J.H. HE
Journal: World's Poultry Science Journal / Volume 74 / Issue 4 / December 2018
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 October 2018, pp. 647-664
High ambient temperatures affect animal production and welfare in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Feed intake, growth rate, mortality, egg production, hatchability and other production traits related to the economic success of the poultry industry are adversely affected by severe heat stress. In general, heat stress induces the activity of the neuroendocrine system, resulting in activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and elevated corticosterone (CORT) concentrations, which affects metabolism and immune responses. These include negative regulation of metabolic hormones, antibody production and heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. Heat stress increases mitochondrial activity, causing reactive species overproduction which disrupts the antioxidant balance, leading to oxidative stress damage of membranes, protein and DNA. Heat stress stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), which significantly reduces daily gain, feed intake and FCR in poultry. Consequently, from an animal husbandry perspective, intervention strategies to relieve heat stress conditions have been the focus of many published studies. This review describes the effect of high temperature on production, behavioural, biochemical and immune responses, including oxidative damage that occur during heat stress in poultry, in broilers and laying hens. Moreover, nutritional interventions to alleviate the negative consequence of heat stress is discussed.
Implementation of a carbapenem prescribing algorithm at a community hospital
Stacy E. Shimata, Christine M. Antczak, Phillip S. Yu, Kavita K. Trivedi
Journal: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 39 / Issue 12 / December 2018
Prevalence of suicide attempt in individuals with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of observational surveys
Min Dong, Liang-Nan Zeng, Li Lu, Xiao-Hong Li, Gabor S. Ungvari, Chee H. Ng, Ines H. I. Chow, Ling Zhang, Yuan Zhou, Yu-Tao Xiang
Journal: Psychological Medicine / Volume 49 / Issue 10 / July 2019
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 September 2018, pp. 1691-1704
Print publication: July 2019
Suicide attempt (SA), which is one of the strongest predictors of completed suicide, is common in major depressive disorder (MDD) but its prevalence across epidemiological studies has been mixed. The aim of this comprehensive meta-analysis was to examine the pooled prevalence of SA in individuals with MDD.
A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Cochrane Library from their commencement date until 27 December 2017. Original studies containing data on prevalence of SA in individuals with MDD were analyzed.
In all, 65 studies with a total of 27 340 individuals with MDD were included. Using the random effects model, the pooled lifetime prevalence of SA was 31% [95% confidence interval (CI) 27–34%], 1-year prevalence was 8% (95% CI 3–14%) and 1-month prevalence was 24% (95% CI 15–34%). Subgroup analyses revealed that the lifetime prevalence of SA was significantly associated with the patient setting, study region and income level, while the 1-month prevalence of SA was associated with only the patient setting.
This meta-analysis confirmed that SA was common in individuals with MDD across the world. Careful screening and appropriate interventions should be implemented for SA in the MDD population.
Dust particles of finite dimensions in complex plasmas: thermodynamics and dust-acoustic wave dispersion
A. E. Davletov, L. T. Yerimbetova, Yu. V. Arkhipov, Ye. S. Mukhametkarimov, A. Kissan, I. M. Tkachenko
Journal: Journal of Plasma Physics / Volume 84 / Issue 4 / August 2018
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 August 2018, 905840410
Grounded on the premise that dust particles are charged hard balls, the analysis in Davletov et al. (Contrib. Plasma Phys., vol. 56, 2016, 308) provides an original pseudopotential model of intergrain interaction in complex (dusty) plasmas. This accurate model is engaged herein to consistently treat the finite-size effects from the process of dust particle charging to determination of the thermodynamic quantities and the dust-acoustic wave dispersion in the strongly coupled regime. The orbital motion limited approximation is adopted to evaluate an electric charge of dust grains immersed in a neutralizing background of the buffer plasma. To account for finite dimensions of dust particles, the radial distribution function is calculated within the reference hypernetted-chain (RHNC) approximation to demonstrate a well-pronounced short-range order formation at rather large values of the coupling parameter and the packing fraction. The evaluated excess pressure of the dust component is compared to the available theoretical approaches and the simulation data and is then used to predict the dust-acoustic wave (DAW) dispersion in the strongly coupled regime under the assumption that the dust particles charge varies in the course of propagation. In contrast to many previous investigations, it is demonstrated for the first time ever that for DAWs the charge variation of dust particles should necessarily be taken into account while evaluating the dust isothermal compressibility.
Particle-in-cell simulations of laser–plasma interactions at solid densities and relativistic intensities: the role of atomic processes
D. Wu, X. T. He, W. Yu, S. Fritzsche
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 August 2018, e50
Direct numerical simulation of intense laser–solid interactions is still of great challenges, because of the many coupled atomic and plasma processes, such as ionization dynamics, collision among charged particles and collective electromagnetic fields, to name just a few. Here, we develop a new particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation code, which enables us to calculate laser–solid interactions in a more realistic way. This code is able to cover almost 'all' the coupled physical processes. As an application of the new code, the generation and transport of energetic electrons in front of and within the solid target when irradiated by intense laser beams are studied. For the considered case, in which laser intensity is $10^{20}~\text{W}\cdot \text{cm}^{-2}$ and pre-plasma scale length in front of the solid is $10~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$ , several quantitative conclusions are drawn: (i) the collisional damping (although it is very weak) can significantly affect the energetic electrons generation in front of the target, (ii) the Bremsstrahlung radiation will be enhanced by 2–3 times when the solid is dramatically heated and ionized, (iii) the 'cut-off' electron energy is lowered by an amount of 25% when both collision damping and Bremsstrahlung radiations are included, and (iv) the resistive electromagnetic fields due to Ohmic heating play nonignorable roles and must be taken into account in such interactions.