Results for 'Planck momentum'
Noncommutative Momentum and Torsional Regularization.Nikodem Popławski - 2020 - Foundations of Physics 50 (9):900-923.details
We show that in the presence of the torsion tensor \, the quantum commutation relation for the four-momentum, traced over spinor indices, is given by \. In the Einstein–Cartan theory of gravity, in which torsion is coupled to spin of fermions, this relation in a coordinate frame reduces to a commutation relation of noncommutative momentum space, \, where U is a constant on the order of the squared inverse of the Planck mass. We propose that this relation (...) replaces the integration in the momentum space in Feynman diagrams with the summation over the discrete momentum eigenvalues. We derive a prescription for this summation that agrees with convergent integrals: \^s}\rightarrow 4\pi U^{s-2}\sum _{l=1}^\infty \int _0^{\pi /2} d\phi \frac{\sin ^4\phi \,n^{s-3}}{[\sin \phi +U\varDelta n]^s}\), where \}\) and \ does not depend on p. We show that this prescription regularizes ultraviolet-divergent integrals in loop diagrams. We extend this prescription to tensor integrals. We derive a finite, gauge-invariant vacuum polarization tensor and a finite running coupling. Including loops from all charged fermions, we find a finite value for the bare electric charge of an electron: \. This torsional regularization may therefore provide a realistic, physical mechanism for eliminating infinities in quantum field theory and making renormalization finite. (shrink)
Electromagnetic Angular Momentum of an Orbiting Charge.W. J. Trompetter - 2021 - Foundations of Physics 51 (5):1-22.details
The electric field of an orbiting charge or electron observed in the rotating frame takes on a circular trajectory with a maximum radius of \. The resultant extended electromagnetic structure is used to derive the spin–orbit energy of the orbiting electron. A surprising result of the derived expression is that the orbital velocity has a specific value ) in close agreement ) with the experimentally determined value for the fine structure constant ). Furthermore, the derived spin–orbit expression does not include (...) a g-factor ) which means that the Larmor and Thomas precessions are equal and opposite, resulting in zero net precession in the lab frame. These results suggest that the quantised fine structure constant and by extension Planck's constant, are a natural extension of classical electromagnetism and conservation of energy in a rotating frame. (shrink)
Can Quantum Gravity Be Exposed in the Laboratory?Jacob D. Bekenstein - 2014 - Foundations of Physics 44 (5):452-462.details
I propose an experiment that may be performed, with present low temperature and cryogenic technology, to reveal Wheeler's quantum foam. It involves coupling an optical photon's momentum to the center of mass motion of a macroscopic transparent block with parameters such that the latter is displaced in space by approximately a Planck length. I argue that such displacement is sensitive to quantum foam and will react back on the photon's probability of transiting the block. This might allow determination (...) of the precise scale at which quantum fluctuations of space–time become large, and so differentiate between the brane-world and the traditional scenarios of spacetime. (shrink)
Quantum Gravity in Philosophy of Physical Science
Splitting the Source Term for the Einstein Equation to Classical and Quantum Parts.T. S. Biró & P. Ván - 2015 - Foundations of Physics 45 (11):1465-1482.details
We consider the special and general relativistic extensions of the action principle behind the Schrödinger equation distinguishing classical and quantum contributions. Postulating a particular quantum correction to the source term in the classical Einstein equation we identify the conformal content of the above action and obtain classical gravitation for massive particles, but with a cosmological term representing off-mass-shell contribution to the energy–momentum tensor. In this scenario the—on the Planck scale surprisingly small—cosmological constant stems from quantum bound states having (...) a Bohr radius a as being \. (shrink)
Philosophy of Physics, Miscellaneous in Philosophy of Physical Science
Quantum Theories in Philosophy of Physical Science
Helm and Boltzmann: Energetics at the Lübeck Naturforscherversammlung.Robert Deltete - 1999 - Synthese 119 (1-2):45-68.details
The energetics controversy is understood variously as energy vs. atoms, thermodynamics vs. statistical mechanics, phenomenalism vs. realism, equations vs. pictures, and especially Ostwald vs. Boltzmann. It is generally thought that at Lübeck in 1895 Boltzmann and Planck demolished energetics, but while its momentum was slowed, energetics in one or more of the above senses still retained supporters as late as the great physics conference at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904. Indeed, after Ostwald himself abandoned it in (...) 1908, Ernst Mach began for the first time to defend it. The main emphasis in this paper, however, is on Georg Helm (1851–1923) who had been invited to Lübeck to be the main speaker on energetics. He had adopted his position earlier than Ostwald and his views avoided many of the errors and oversights in Ostwald's approach. Indeed, Helm could be called the strongest defender of energetics, even if Ostwald was Boltzmann's main target. Helm was largely Machist in philosophy at that time and did not reify energy. (shrink)
Philosophy of Chemistry in Philosophy of Physical Science
Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics in Philosophy of Physical Science
Quantum Model of Classical Mechanics: Maximum Entropy Packets. [REVIEW]P. Hájíček - 2009 - Foundations of Physics 39 (9):1072-1096.details
In a previous paper, a statistical method of constructing quantum models of classical properties has been described. The present paper concludes the description by turning to classical mechanics. The quantum states that maximize entropy for given averages and variances of coordinates and momenta are called ME packets. They generalize the Gaussian wave packets. A non-trivial extension of the partition-function method of probability calculus to quantum mechanics is given. Non-commutativity of quantum variables limits its usefulness. Still, the general form of the (...) state operators of ME packets is obtained with its help. The diagonal representation of the operators is found. A general way of calculating averages that can replace the partition function method is described. Classical mechanics is reinterpreted as a statistical theory. Classical trajectories are replaced by classical ME packets. Quantum states approximate classical ones if the product of the coordinate and momentum variances is much larger than Planck constant. Thus, ME packets with large variances follow their classical counterparts better than Gaussian wave packets. (shrink)
Classical Mechanics in Philosophy of Physical Science
Mathematical Structure of Quantum Mechanics in Philosophy of Physical Science
Probability in the Physical Sciences, Misc in Philosophy of Probability
A Classical Explanation of Quantization.Gerhard Grössing, Johannes Mesa Pascasio & Herbert Schwabl - 2011 - Foundations of Physics 41 (9):1437-1453.details
In the context of our recently developed emergent quantum mechanics, and, in particular, based on an assumed sub-quantum thermodynamics, the necessity of energy quantization as originally postulated by Max Planck is explained by means of purely classical physics. Moreover, under the same premises, also the energy spectrum of the quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator is derived. Essentially, Planck's constant h is shown to be indicative of a particle's "zitterbewegung" and thus of a fundamental angular momentum. The latter is (...) identified with quantum mechanical spin, a residue of which is thus present even in the non-relativistic Schrödinger theory. (shrink)
Quantum Mechanics, Misc in Philosophy of Physical Science
Weyl, Dirac and Maxwell Quantum Cellular Automata: Analitical Solutions and Phenomenological Predictions of the Quantum Cellular Automata Theory of Free Fields.Alessandro Bisio, Giacomo Mauro D'Ariano, Paolo Perinotti & Alessandro Tosini - 2015 - Foundations of Physics 45 (10):1203-1221.details
Recent advances on quantum foundations achieved the derivation of free quantum field theory from general principles, without referring to mechanical notions and relativistic invariance. From the aforementioned principles a quantum cellular automata theory follows, whose relativistic limit of small wave-vector provides the free dynamics of quantum field theory. The QCA theory can be regarded as an extended quantum field theory that describes in a unified way all scales ranging from an hypothetical discrete Planck scale up to the usual Fermi (...) scale. The present paper reviews the automaton theory for the Weyl field, and the composite automata for Dirac and Maxwell fields. We then give a simple analysis of the dynamics in the momentum space in terms of a dispersive differential equation for narrowband wave-packets. We then review the phenomenology of the free-field automaton and consider possible visible effects arising from the discreteness of the framework. We conclude introducing the consequences of the automaton dispersion relation, leading to a deformed Lorentz covariance and to possible effects on the thermodynamics of ideal gases. (shrink)
Information and Gravitation.W. J. Cocke & B. Roy Frieden - 1997 - Foundations of Physics 27 (10):1397-1412.details
An information-theoretic approach is shown to derive both the classical weak-field equations and the quantum phenomenon of metric fluctuation within the Planck length. A key result is that the weak-field metric $\bar h_{\mu \nu } $ is proportional to a probability amplitude φuv, on quantum fluctuations in four-position. Also derived is the correct form for the Planck quantum length, and the prediction that the cosmological constant is zero. The overall approach utilizes the concept of the Fisher information I (...) acquired in a measurement of the weak-field metric. An associated physical information K is defined as K=I−J, where J is the information that is intrinsic to the physics (stress-energy tensor Tμv) of the measurement scenario. A posited conservation of information change δI=ΔJ implies a variational principle δK=0. The solution is the weak-field equations in the metric $\bar h_{\mu \nu } $ and associated equations in the probability amplitudes φuv. The gauge condition φ v uv =0 (Lorentz condition) and conservation of energy and momentum Tv μv=0 are used. A well-known "bootstrapping" argument allows the weak-field assumption to be lifted, resulting in the usual Einstein field equations. A special solution of these is well known to be the geodesic equations of motion of a particle. Thus, the information approach derives the classical field equations and equations of motion, as well as the quantum nature of the probability amplitudes φuv. (shrink)
Electromagnetism in Philosophy of Physical Science
Quantum Information in Philosophy of Physical Science
A Hilbert Space for the Classical Electromagnetic Field.Bernard Jancewicz - 1993 - Foundations of Physics 23 (11):1405-1421.details
The synthetic Maxwell equation, uniting all Maxwell equations within the framework of a Clifford algebra, can be treated as a first-order wave equation. A Hilbert space of its solutions describing classical free electromagnetic fields is introduced. This Hilbert space can be called "classical," which means that the Planck constant is absent. The scalar square of an element of this space is the total energy of the field. The time independence of the scalar product is demonstrated. The time and space (...) translation generators are found; they are shown to not coincide with the energy and momentum operators. (shrink)
Standpoint Cosmology.G. F. Chew - 1995 - Foundations of Physics 25 (9):1283-1333.details
An unorthodox cosmology is based on a notion of "standpoint," distinguishing past from future, realized through Hilbert-space representation of the complex conformai group for 3+1spacetime and associated coherent states. Physical symmetry attaches to eight-parameter complex Poincaré displacements, interpretable as growth of standpoint age, boost of matter energy-momentum in standpoint rest frame and displacement of matter location in a compact U⊗O/O spacetime attached to standpoint. An "initial" condition is characterized by a huge dimensionless parameter α that breaks dilation invariance. Four (...) major length scales are recognized, called "Planck," "particle," "lab," and "Hubble," with separations controlled by α; all physical concepts, including spacetime, depend on wideness of scale separation. (shrink)
Physics in Natural Sciences
The Magnetic Fields and Rotation Generators of Free Space Electromagnetism.M. W. Evans - 1994 - Foundations of Physics 24 (11):1519-1542.details
The relation is developed between rotation generators of the Lorentz group and the magnetic fields of free-space electromagnetism. Using these classical relations, it is shown that in the quantum field theory there exists a longitudinal photomagneton, a quantized magnetic flux density operator which is directly proportional to the photon spin angular momentum. Commutation relations are given in the quantum field between the longitudinal photomagneton and the usual transverse magnetic components of quantized electromagnetism. The longitudinal component is phase free, but (...) the transverse components are phase dependent. All three components can magnetize material in general, but only the transverse components contribute to Planck's law. The photon therefore has three, not two, relativistically invariant degrees of polarization, an axial, longitudinal, polarization, and the usual right and left circular transverse polarizations. Since the longitudinal polarization is axial, it is a phase- free magnetic field. (shrink)
Introducing the Pentaquark.John Cramer - unknowndetails
Particle physicists, over the last 50 years, have discovered several hundred strongly interacting "elementary" particles. The list of such particles begins with the proton and the p meson and goes up from there. We now understand that all of these particles are actually composites, formed from various combinations of quarks. Such particles are normally classified in two types. Mesons (the name implies medium weight) are particles with masses that go up from 140 MeV/c 2 and have an intrinsic angular (...) class='Hi'>momentum or "spin" that is an integer in units of ħ (Planck's constant over p). Baryons (the name implies heavy weight) are particles with masses that go up from 938 MeV/c 2 and have half-integer spin. This column is about the discovery of the pentaquark, a brand new form of matter that represents a new particle species, neither meson nor baryon, but a combination of both. (shrink)
On Entropy Production in the Madelung Fluid and the Role of Bohm's Potential in Classical Diffusion.Eyal Heifetz, Roumen Tsekov, Eliahu Cohen & Zohar Nussinov - 2016 - Foundations of Physics 46 (7):815-824.details
The Madelung equations map the non-relativistic time-dependent Schrödinger equation into hydrodynamic equations of a virtual fluid. While the von Neumann entropy remains constant, we demonstrate that an increase of the Shannon entropy, associated with this Madelung fluid, is proportional to the expectation value of its velocity divergence. Hence, the Shannon entropy may grow due to an expansion of the Madelung fluid. These effects result from the interference between solutions of the Schrödinger equation. Growth of the Shannon entropy due to expansion (...) is common in diffusive processes. However, in the latter the process is irreversible while the processes in the Madelung fluid are always reversible. The relations between interference, compressibility and variation of the Shannon entropy are then examined in several simple examples. Furthermore, we demonstrate that for classical diffusive processes, the "force" accelerating diffusion has the form of the positive gradient of the quantum Bohm potential. Expressing then the diffusion coefficient in terms of the Planck constant reveals the lower bound given by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in terms of the product between the gas mean free path and the Brownian momentum. (shrink)
Quantum Mechanics, Miscellaneous in Philosophy of Physical Science
Further Insights into Thermal Relativity Theory and Black Hole Thermodynamics.Carlos Castro Perelman - 2021 - Foundations of Physics 51 (5):1-14.details
We continue to explore the consequences of Thermal Relativity Theory to the physics of black holes. The thermal analog of Lorentz transformations in the tangent space of the thermodynamic manifold are studied in connection to the Hawking evaporation of Schwarzschild black holes and one finds that there is no bound to the thermal analog of proper accelerations despite the maximal bound on the thermal analog of velocity given by the Planck temperature. The proper entropic infinitesimal interval corresponding to the (...) Kerr–Newman black hole involves a \ non-Hessian metric with diagonal and off-diagonal terms of the form \^2 = g_{ ab } d Z^a dZ^b\), where \ are the mass, charge and angular momentum, respectively. Since the computation of the scalar curvature associated to this metric is very elaborate, to simplify matters, we focused on the singularities of the metric and found that they correspond to the extremal Kerr–Newman black hole case \ with vanishing temperature. Black holes in asymptotically Anti de Sitter spacetimes are more subtle to study since the mass turns out to be related to the enthalpy rather that the internal energy. We finalize with some remarks about the thermal-relativistic analog of proper force, the need to extend our analysis of Gibbs-Boltzmann entropy to the case of Reny and Tsallis entropies, and to complexify spacetime. (shrink)
The Measurement Problem Resolved and Local Realism Preserved Via a Collapse-Free Photon Detection Model.Barry C. Gilbert & Sue Sulcs - 1996 - Foundations of Physics 26 (11):1401-1439.details
A new realislic local model of light propagation and detection is described. The authors propose a novel stochastic model of low-intensity photon detection in which background noise is added to a part of the photon prior to absorption. In this model, in agreement with Planck, there is no quantization of the propagating field. The model has some similarities to theories advanced by E. Santos and T. Marshall in the last decade, but also has substantial deviations from these. A mechanism, (...) conserving energy and momentum, is proposed by which a sudden collapse of the wave-packet is avoided. The experimental Bell inequality violation of Aspect. Grangier and Roger [Phys. Rev. Lett.47, 460 (1981)]is discussed. The authors have carried out a computer simulation of a radio frequency (RF) analogue of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen thought experiment to illustrate how the manipulation of certain factors, especially signal to noise ratio, detector threshold and characteristics of the noise, enables the same Bell inequality to be either satisfied or violated by a realistic local model. Building on arguments by Santos. [Phys. Rev. A46. 3646 (1992)],the appropriateness of this Bell lest is discussed. Neither the authors' stochastic-optical model, nor their RF analogue, involves an enhancement assumption of the type defined by Clauser and Horne [Phys. Rev. D10, 526 (1974)]. (shrink)
Measurement Problem in Philosophy of Physical Science
Uncertainty Principle on 3-Dimensional Manifolds of Constant Curvature.Thomas Schürmann - 2018 - Foundations of Physics 48 (6):716-725.details
We consider the Heisenberg uncertainty principle of position and momentum in 3-dimensional spaces of constant curvature K. The uncertainty of position is defined coordinate independent by the geodesic radius of spherical domains in which the particle is localized after a von Neumann–Lüders projection. By applying mathematical standard results from spectral analysis on manifolds, we obtain the largest lower bound of the momentum deviation in terms of the geodesic radius and K. For hyperbolic spaces, we also obtain a global (...) lower bound \, which is non-zero and independent of the uncertainty in position. Finally, the lower bound for the Schwarzschild radius of a static black hole is derived and given by \, where \ is the Planck length. (shrink)
Quaternion Algebra on 4D Superfluid Quantum Space-Time: Gravitomagnetism.Valeriy I. Sbitnev - 2019 - Foundations of Physics 49 (2):107-143.details
Gravitomagnetic equations result from applying quaternionic differential operators to the energy–momentum tensor. These equations are similar to the Maxwell's EM equations. Both sets of the equations are isomorphic after changing orientation of either the gravitomagnetic orbital force or the magnetic induction. The gravitomagnetic equations turn out to be parent equations generating the following set of equations: the vorticity equation giving solutions of vortices with nonzero vortex cores and with infinite lifetime; the Hamilton–Jacobi equation loaded by the quantum potential. This (...) equation in pair with the continuity equation leads to getting the Schrödinger equation describing a state of the superfluid quantum medium ; gravitomagnetic wave equations loaded by forces acting on the outer space. These waves obey to the Planck's law of radiation. (shrink)
Vorträge Und Erinnerungen. [Von] Max Planck. [Reprografischer Nachdruck der 5. Aufl., Stuttgart 1949.].Max Planck - 1973 - Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.details
Scientific Autobiography, and Other Papers with a Memorial Address on Max Planck by Max von Laue. Translated From German by Frank Gaynor.Max Planck - 1950 - Williams & Norgate.details
Scientific Autobiography, and Other Papers with a Memorial Address on Max Planck.Max Planck & Max Theodor Felix von Laue - 1949 - Philosophical Library.details
Causation, Misc in Metaphysics
History of Physics in Philosophy of Physical Science
Philosophy of Physics, General Works in Philosophy of Physical Science
Scientific Autobiography, and Other Papers.Max Planck - 1949 - Williams & Norgate.details
In this fascinating autobiography from the foremost genius of twentieth-century physics, Max Planck tells the story of his life, his aims, and his thinking. Published posthumously, the papers in this volume were written for the general reader and make accessible his scientific theories as well as his philosophical ideals, including his thoughts on ethics and morals. Max Planck was a German physicist and philosopher known for his quantum theory, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in (...) 1918. Planck was born in Kiel, Germany, in 1858 to an academic family, and he valued education from a young age. He attended the Universities of Munich and Berlin to study physics under the great scientific leaders Kirchhoff and Helmholtz. His early work mainly focused on the study of thermodynamics, and in 1900 he published a paper on his quantum theory that would change the face of modern physics. Planck worked as a professor at Berlin University his entire life, and he also served as the president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Promotion of Science. During World War II, Planck experienced great hardships while he remained in Germany but openly opposed the Nazi regime. One of his two sons was executed during this time for an unsuccessful attempt on Hitler's life, and Planck's home in Berlin was eventually bombed. He continued to write on physics and philosophy until his death in 1947. (shrink)
General Philosophy of Science, Misc in General Philosophy of Science
Planck-Scale Physics: Facts and Beliefs. [REVIEW]Diego Meschini - 2007 - Foundations of Science 12 (4):277-294.details
The relevance of the Planck scale to a theory of quantum gravity has become a worryingly little examined assumption that goes unchallenged in the majority of research in this area. However, in all scientific honesty, the significance of Planck's natural units in a future physical theory of spacetime is only a plausible, yet by no means certain, assumption. The purpose of this article is to clearly separate fact from belief in this connection.
Planck's Principle.David L. Hull, Peter D. Tessner & Arthur M. Diamond - 1978 - Science 202 (4369):717-723.details
Darwinism in Philosophy of Biology
Max Planck and the Beginnings of the Quantum Theory.Martin J. Klein - 1961 - Archive for History of Exact Sciences 1 (5):459--479.details
History of Quantum Mechanics in Philosophy of Physical Science
Planck's Half-Quanta: A History of the Concept of Zero-Point Energy. [REVIEW]Jagdish Mehra & Helmut Rechenberg - 1999 - Foundations of Physics 29 (1):91-132.details
Max Planck introduced the concept of zero-point energy in spring 1911. In the early struggles to establish the concept of the energy-quantum, it provided a helpful heuristic principle, to guide as well as supplement the efforts of some leading physicists in understanding the laws that applied in the atomic domain. The history and growth of this concept, and its application in the general development of quantum theory during the past many decades are studied under three principal headings: (1) The (...) Birth of the Concept of zero-Point Energy; (2) Does Zero-Point Energy Really Exist? and (3) The Ground State of Quantum Systems. (shrink)
Behavioral Momentum and the Law of Effect.John A. Nevin & Randolph C. Grace - 2000 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (1):73-90.details
In the metaphor of behavioral momentum, the rate of a free operant in the presence of a discriminative stimulus is analogous to the velocity of a moving body, and resistance to change measures an aspect of behavior that is analogous to its inertial mass. An extension of the metaphor suggests that preference measures an analog to the gravitational mass of that body. The independent functions relating resistance to change and preference to the conditions of reinforcement may be construed as (...) convergent measures of a single construct, analogous to physical mass, that represents the effects of a history of exposure to the signaled conditions of reinforcement and that unifies the traditionally separate notions of the strength of learning and the value of incentives. Research guided by the momentum metaphor encompasses the effects of reinforcement on response rate, resistance to change, and preference and has implications for clinical interventions, drug addiction, and self-control. In addition, its principles can be seen as a modern, quantitative version of Thorndike's (1911) Law of Effect, providing a new perspective on some of the challenges to his postulation of strengthening by reinforcement. Key Words: behavioral momentum; clinical interventions; drug addiction; preference; reinforcement; resistance to change; response strength; self-control. (shrink)
Emotions, Misc in Philosophy of Mind
Where is Science Going?Max Planck, James Murphy & Albert Einstein - 1932 - W.W. Norton.details
Fokker–Planck Theory of Nonequilibrium Systems Governed by Hierarchical Dynamics.Sumiyoshi Abe - 2014 - Foundations of Physics 44 (2):175-182.details
Dynamics of complex systems is often hierarchically organized on different time scales. To understand the physics of such hierarchy, here Brownian motion of a particle moving through a fluctuating medium with slowly varying temperature is studied as an analytically tractable example, and a kinetic theory is formulated for describing the states of the particle. What is peculiar here is that the (inverse) temperature is treated as a dynamical variable. Dynamical hierarchy is introduced in conformity with the adiabatic scheme. Then, a (...) new analytical method is developed to show how the Fokker–Planck equation admits as a stationary solution the Maxwellian distribution modulated by the temperature fluctuations, the distribution of which turns out to be determined by the drift term. A careful comment is also made on so-called superstatistics. (shrink)
Vorträge Und Erinnerungen.Max Planck - 1969 - Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.details
Mass‐Energy‐Momentum: Only There Because of Spacetime.Dennis Lehmkuhl - 2011 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 62 (3):453-488.details
I describe how relativistic field theory generalizes the paradigm property of material systems, the possession of mass, to the requirement that they have a mass–energy–momentum density tensor T µ associated with them. I argue that T µ does not represent an intrinsic property of matter. For it will become evident that the definition of T µ depends on the metric field g µ in a variety of ways. Accordingly, since g µ represents the geometry of spacetime itself, the properties (...) of mass, stress, energy, and momentum should not be seen as intrinsic properties of matter, but as relational properties that material systems have only in virtue of their relation to spacetime structure. (shrink)
Space and Time in Philosophy of Physical Science
Where Is Science Going?Max Planck, James Murphy & Niels Bohr - 1936 - Philosophy 11 (43):366-367.details
Can Planck's Constant Be Measured with Classical Mechanics?Hasok Chang - 1997 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 11 (3):223 – 243.details
An interesting case of the complex interaction between theory and experiment can be found in many experiments in quantum physics employing classical reasoning. It is expected that this practice would lead to quantitative inaccuracy, unless the measurements' results were averaged. Whether or not this inaccuracy is significant depends critically on the details of the particular experimental situation. The example of Millikan's photoelectric experiment, in which he obtained a precise value of Planck's constant, provides a good case for illustrating the (...) process of estimating the inaccuracy resulting from the classical-quantum discrepancy. In the case of Millikan's experiment, it seems that a significant inaccuracy was avoided because of fortunate coincidences. In general, in the absence of a careful analysis, it is impossible to say whether the use of classical reasoning interferes with the accuracy of a quantum-physical experiment. (shrink)
The Odd Couple: Boltzmann, Planck and the Application of Statistics to Physics (1900-1913).Massimiliano Badino - 2009 - Annalen Der Physik 18 (2-3):81-101.details
A Momentum Effect in Temporal Arithmetic.Mario Bonato, Umberto D'Ovidio, Wim Fias & Marco Zorzi - 2021 - Cognition 206:104488.details
The mental representation of brief temporal durations, when assessed in standard laboratory conditions, is highly accurate. Here we show that adding or subtracting temporal durations systematically results in strong and opposite biases, namely over-estimation for addition and under-estimation for subtraction. The difference with respect to a baseline temporal reproduction task changed across durations in an operation-specific way and survived correcting for the effect due to operation sign alone, indexing a reliable signature of arithmetic processing on time representation. A second experiment (...) replicated these findings with a different set of stimuli. This novel behavioral marker conceptually mirrors in the time domain the representational momentum found with motion, whereby the estimated spatial position of a visual target is displaced in the direction of motion itself. This momentum effect in temporal arithmetic suggests a striking analogy between time processing and visuospatial processing, which might index the presence of common computational principles. (shrink)
Consciousness and Psychology in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Mathematical Cognition, Misc in Philosophy of Mathematics
Numerical Cognition in Philosophy of Mathematics
Representation in Philosophy of Mind
Temporal Experience in Philosophy of Mind
Momentum Spread: Amplitude and Current Contributions. [REVIEW]Leon Cohen - 1990 - Foundations of Physics 20 (12):1455-1473.details
We show that the spread of momentum can be broken up into two terms, one that depends only on the change in amplitude and the other which depends only on the deviations of current from the average momentum. We present a method for measuring the relative contributions of each and interpret each contribution in terms of local quantities. A generalization for arbitrary operators is given. For the case of the Hamiltonian, the local value of energy is shown to (...) yield the quantum potential as defined by Bohm. (shrink)
Kausalgesetz und Willensfreiheit.Max Planck - 1924 - Annalen der Philosophie Und Philosophischen Kritik 4 (1):1-2.details
Behavioral Momentum: Empirical, Theoretical, and Metaphorical Issues.John A. Nevin & Randolph C. Grace - 2000 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (1):117-125.details
In reply to the comments on our target article, we address a variety of issues concerning the generality of our major findings, their relation to other theoretical formulations, and the metaphor of behavioral momentum that inspired much of our work. Most of these issues can be resolved by empirical studies, and we hope that the ideas advanced here will promote the analysis of resistance to change and preference in new areas of research and application.
Mood as Representation of Momentum.Eran Eldar, Robb B. Rutledge, Raymond J. Dolan & Yael Niv - 2016 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20 (1):15-24.details
Emotions in Philosophy of Mind
Linear Momentum Conservation in Coherent Population Trapping: A Case Study for a Quantum Filtering Process. [REVIEW]Alain Aspect & Robin Kaiser - 1990 - Foundations of Physics 20 (12):1413-1428.details
We discuss the question of linear momentum conservation when an atom coupled to a laser field enters into a state which is not an eigenstate of the linear momentum. Such a situation happens in the recently demonstrated laser cooling of atoms by velocity selective coherent population trapping. We show that this process can be understood as a filtering of the atomic state by the laser field taken as a classical measuring apparatus. In a different approach, the laser field (...) can be taken as a quantized system; then the filtering process leads to an "entangled state" of the atom and the field. (shrink)
Probabilities in Quantum Mechanics in Philosophy of Physical Science
Planck's Hypothesis, Sommerfeld's Fine Structure, Dirac's Relations, Causality, and Metrological Standards.Mirosław Zabierowski - 2010 - Apeiron: Studies in Infinite Nature 17 (2):92.details
Plato's Works in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Behavioral Momentum and Multiple Stimulus Control Topographies.William J. McIlvane & William V. Dube - 2000 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (1):109-109.details
We have analyzed many discrimination learning difficulties as reflecting multiple stimulus control topographies (SCTs). Nevin & Grace's analysis offers new variables to consider in the design of stimulus-control shaping procedures and cross-setting generalization of newly established behavior. A multiple-SCT perspective also suggests that fixed-trial discrimination procedures may offer advantages for reconciling momentum theory and partial reinforcement extinction effects.
Philosophy of Psychology in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Angular-Momentum Theory and Projective Geometry.B. R. Judd - 1983 - Foundations of Physics 13 (1):51-59.details
The Desarguesian nature of angular-momentum theory is illustrated by drawing correspondences between relations satisfied by then-j symbols and various collinearity properties of the appropriate diagrams. No examples of Pappus' theorem have been found. A relation is suggested between the operations of angular-momentum theory and Hilbert's constructions for the addition and multiplication of points on a line.
Max Planck and the 'Constants of Nature'.Nadia Robotti & Massimiliano Badino - 2001 - Annals of Science 58 (2):137-162.details
When at the end of the 1900s Planck introduced the constant h into the black-body radiation law together with constant k, he provided no explanation of either its meaning or why it had that particular value. He simply introduced it. In reality the history of the constant was far from straightforward. Planck was confident enough to introduce it like this because he had been working on the question for over a year. In this paper we reconstruct the process (...) that began with the first two constants (c' and C. (shrink)
Max–Planck–Institut Für Biologische Kybernetik.Josef Pfeuffer - unknowndetails
In this project, a spiral fast imaging sequence was implemented on a Bruker Avance MR system. Acquisition and processing schemes were developed to measure the experimental k-space trajectories. Since errors in k-space are reflected as errors in the corresponding image, we used different strategies to measure and calculate corrections for deviation of the experimental k-space trajectory from the theoretical one. Even if the k-space trajectories deviate from the theoretical ones, an experimentally measured trajectory can be incorporated in the spiral reconstruction (...) and a reduction of image artifacts can be obtained. (shrink)
Technological Momentum and the Ethics of Metropolitan Growth.Robert Kirkman - 2004 - Ethics, Place and Environment 7 (3):125 – 139.details
One goal of environmental ethics is to recommend changes to patterns of human life so as to bring inhabited landscapes into line with a vision of the good. However, the complex intertwining of nature and culture in inhabited landscapes makes this project much more difficult, complicating ethical judgment and limiting the efficacy of ethical action. Technological momentum, a model introduced by historian Thomas P. Hughes to describe the development of complex technological systems, can shed some light on these difficulties. (...) The process of metropolitan growth in the United States will serve to illustrate the consequences of technological momentum for environmental ethics and policy. (shrink)
Environmental Ethics in Applied Ethics
Planck, Ostwald, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.Robert J. Deltete - 2012 - Hopos: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 2 (1):121-146.details
Max Planck and the'Constants of Nature'.Nadia Robotti Massimiliano Badino & N. Robotti - 2001 - Annals of Science 58 (2):137-162.details
Planck's Concept of Causality.Ralph W. Erickson - 1938 - Journal of Philosophy 35 (8):208-211.details
Behavioral Momentum in Pavlovian Conditioning and the Learning/Performance Distinction.Hernán I. Savastano & Ralph R. Miller - 2004 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27 (5):694-695.details
Behavioral momentum theory has evolved within the realm of operant conditioning. The thought-provoking momentum metaphor equates the strength of an operant response with its resistance to change and preference (i.e., choice) for that response over other available responses. Whereas baseline response rate (velocity in the metaphor) is assumed to be largely influenced by the response-reinforcer contingency, resistance to change and preference are assumed to reflect an intervening variable called behavioral mass, which is determined primarily by the stimulus-reinforcer relationship. (...) This invites the question of how well the momentum metaphor applies to the stimulus-reinforcer relationships of traditional Pavlovian paradigms. Presumably, a correspondence exists between behavioral mass and the notion of associative strength in the associative learning literature. Although response rate has little meaning in the trialwise structure of classical (i.e., Pavlovian) conditioning, response probability or magnitude might be regarded metaphorically as velocity. Momentum theory suggests that resistance to change (e.g., extinction) is a better indicator of associative strength than is response probability or magnitude. Therefore, variables that strengthen Pavlovian learning should influence resistance to extinction of conditioned responding in a similar manner. Moreover, it is important to assess momentum theory outside of strictly operant paradigms, particularly because in clinical settings many common disorders (e.g., phobias) and their therapies (e.g., cue exposure) are thought to be classically conditioned. (shrink)
Conscious and Unconscious Learning in Philosophy of Cognitive Science