[1]177-10001-10305 | 2025 RELEASE UNDER THE PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY ASSASSINATION RECORDS ACT OF 1992 |
[2]. JFK Assassination System Date: 8/26/201
[3]Identification Form
[5]Agency Information
[7]AGENCY: LBJ
[8]RECORD NUMBER: — 177-10001-10305
[10]RECORD SERIES: VP SECURITY FILE, CUBA, MISC. PAPERS, 5/61 & 11-12/62, BOX 9
[12]AGENCY FILE NUMBER :
[14]Document Information
[16]ORIGINATOR: = CIA
[17]FROM: CIA
[18]TO:
[20]TITLE :
[22]DATE: 03/27/1963
[23]PAGES: 44
[25]SUBJECTS :
[26]: NEED SUBJECT ASSIGNED
[28]DOCUMENT TYPE: REPORT
[29]CLASSIFICATION : — Unclassified
[30]RESTRICTIONS: 1B
[31]CURRENT STATUS: —Redact
[32]‘DATE OF LASTREVIEW: 06/04/1998
[34]OPENING CRITERIA :
[36]COMMENTS : DOC, #2
[38]v9.1 . 31
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[360]4 .
[362]HY 50955 Docld:32283208 Page 2
[364]THIS MATERIAL CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECT-
[365]ING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE OF THE UNITED STATES
[366]WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE ESPIONAGE LAWS,
[367]TITLE 18, USC, SECTIONS 793 AND 794, THE TRANSMIS-
[368]SION OR REVELATION OF WHICH IN ANY MANNER TO
[369]AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW.
[371]HW 50955 Docld: 32283208 Page 3
[373]SECRET
[375]27 March .1963
[377]CUBAN TRAINING OF
[378]LATIN AMERICAN SUBVERSIVES
[381]DISCUSSION
[383]Recruitment of Trainees
[385]Travel.
[387]Numbers of Trainees .
[388]Training.
[389]Subsequent Employment an
[391]Countermeasures .,
[393]F,
[395]ATTACHMENTS
[397]HW 50955 Docld:32283208 Page 4 =
[399]Argentina
[400]Bolivia .
[401]Brazil. .
[402]Chile ..
[403]Colombia.
[405]Costa Rica.
[407]Dominican Repu
[409]Ecuador .
[411]El Salvador
[413]Guatemala
[414]Haiti ..
[415]Honduras.
[416]Mexico. .
[417]Nicaragua
[418]Panama, .
[419]Paraguay.
[420]Peru, » «6
[421]Uruguay .
[422]Venezuela
[423]Others. .
[427]li
[429]c
[435]a
[437]SECRET
[441]Purpose and Propaganda,
[447]Ce er er ee
[453]e @ © 8.
[463]e e e .
[464]YO caiatbh.
[467]tee SECRET
[468]. OCI No. 0515/63
[470]27 March 1963
[472]CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
[474]MEMORANDUM: Cuban Training of Latin American Sub-
[475]versives
[477]SUMMARY
[479]1. .We estimate that at least 1,500 to 2,000
[480]Latin Americans have received guerrilla training or
[481]political indoctrination in Cuba.
[483]2. We have recorded the travel of 5,059 Latin
[484]Americans to Cuba in 1962, and reporting to date in-
[485]dicates that at least another 417 went during the
[486]first two months of 1963,
[488]3. Field replies to a survey estimate that there
[489]were about 11,000 arrests in Latin America during the
[490]past 15 months for terrorism, sabotage, guerrilla ac-
[491]tivity, or other subversive activity. Only a small
[492]percentage of those arrested, however, were brought to
[493]trial; almost all were released after varying periods
[494]of detention.
[496]4, Current efforts to improve and exploit re-
[497]porting on travel to Cuba had not made themselves
[498]felt during the reporting period. The security serv-
[499]ices of Latin American countries accordingly were un-
[500]able, with isolated individual exceptions, to estab-
[501]lish Cuban direction, instigation or training of ar-
[503]‘rested subversives.
[505]5. Incidence of guerrilla, terrorist, and sab-
[506]otage activity at present is highest in Venezuela,
[507]Peru, and--in the form of largely non-political ban-
[508]ditry~--Cofombia. There is sporadic guerrilla activity
[509]in and around Nicaragua and Guatemala, and a guerrilla
[510]potential in Ecuador and Brazil.
[512]SECRET
[514]HW 50955 Docld:32783208 Page 5
[517]SECRET
[519]DISCUSSION
[520]A. Recruitment of Trainees
[522]1. Candidates for subversive training in Cuba
[523]are selected by the leftist organizations sponsoring
[524]such activity in their homeland. These organizations
[525]are not always Communist, particularly in countries
[526]where the regular Communist leadership is less mil-
[527]itant than other extremist groups. One training
[528]group of Argentines included Peronists, Trotskyites,
[529]and Vanguard Socialists. A Peruvian group has sent
[530]to Cuba for extended guerrilla training youths who
[531]are not members of any organizations but have ex-
[532]pressed leftist ideas.
[534]2. In countries where there is Cuban diplo-
[535]matic representation, candidates are screened by
[536]the embassy's G-2 officer. We have no information
[537]on how approval is granted in countries which have
[538]no diplomatic relations with Cuba.
[540]B, Travel
[542]1. There is a concerted effort to conceal or
[543]obscure the amount of travel to Cuba, the identities
[544]of the travelers, and the length of their stay. Docu-
[545]ments are falsified and such devices as detachable
[546]visas, circuitous travel, and some surreptitious bor-
[548]der crossing are used.
[550]2. Since the October crisis, the only Western
[551]Hemisphere access to Cuba by scheduled airline has
[552]been through Mexico. Throughout the reporting period
[553]Mexican authorities have been photographing passports
[554]of travelers arriving from or leaving for Cuba, and
[555]relaying the information to interested OAS members.
[556]In some cases the travelers themselves have been pho-
[557]tographed,
[559]3. Cuban embassies, however, have been issuing
[560]visas on separate sheets of paper to avoid any re-
[561]cord of Cuban travel in the passport. In addition,
[562]since some passports are fraudulent, the Mexican re-
[563]port of Cuban travel may neither reach the correct
[564]country nor permit identification. At this agency's
[565]suggestion, Mexican travel control authorities late
[566]in February began stamping passports to show arrival
[567]from or departure for Cuba. While this effectively
[568]counters the device of the detachable visa in the
[572]SECRET
[574]HY 50955 Docld:32283206 Page 6
[577]SECRET
[579]case of legitimate passports, most Latin American
[580]countries have inadequate personnel and adminis-
[581]trative machinery to scrutinize the passports of
[582]returning travelers.
[584]4, Travel control in Mexico City logged
[585]4,912 legal travelers to Cuba in 1962, and 969
[586]in the first two months of 1963. (These figures
[587]do not cover access by other routes prior to the
[588]quarantine in 1962, and include Cubans as well as
[589]all other nationalities, Accordingly they do not
[590]correlate with totals for legal and illegal travel
[591]to Cuba derived from available reporting in the in-
[592]dividual Latin American countries. It should also
[593]be noted that a “legal" traveler in Mexican reporting
[594]may be listed as an illegal traveler by his homeland,
[595]either because he- had no authorization to visit Cuba,
[596]or because of fraudulent documentation.)
[598]5. Anniversary celebrations, goodwill tours,
[599]and international conferences afford pretexts for
[600]travel to Cuba ostensibly unconnected with subver-
[601]sive training. Identities of trainees are usually
[602]protected by pseudonyms, at least during actual
[603]training, and the guerrilla candidate may return to
[604]his Havana hotel every few days to maintain a fic-
[605]tion of sightseeing. There have also been reports
[606]that trainees have for cover purposes attributed ex-
[607]tended stays in Cuba to detention by Cuban police.
[609]6. Prior to the October crisis, there was
[610]some direct travel to Cuba from Central American
[611]countries, and. occasional Cubana charter flights,
[612]but the main jump-off points were Mexico City,
[613]Curacao, and Trinidad, A Canadian non-scheduled
[614]airline has operated a few flights between Canada
[615]and Havana, carrying both personnel and cargo. Cu-
[616]ban freighters call fairly regularly at Mexican
[617]ports, and some Latin American trainees could reach
[618]Cuba aboard Cuban ships picking up rice in British
[619]Guiana. There is small ship traffic, of unknown
[620]put limited extent, between Cuba and neighboring
[621]islands,
[623]7. Soviet and Czech airlines continue trans-
[624]atlantic service to Cuba, and Iberian airlines on
[625]11 February announced resumption of a schedule of
[627]two flights a month to Havana via the Azores. Aero-
[628]flot has occasionally sought and received permission
[632]SECRET
[634]HW 50955 Docld: 32283208 Page fT
[637]SECRET
[639]to land at Recife, Brazil, en route to Havana, and
[640]may have picked up some passengers
[642]8. Controlled sources who have undergone guer-
[643]rilla training, and a comparison of inbound and out-
[644]bound travelers identified by travel controls make
[645]it clear that at least in the case of guerrilla
[646]trainees one leg of the travel is often by way of
[647]bloc countries and Western Europe. We know of Latin
[649]. Americans given Cuban training who appear on no
[650]travel controls, suggesting that travel in both di-_
[651]rections was either by way of the bloc or completely
[652]surreptitious.
[654]9. <A center providing funds and forged pass-
[655]ports for travel to Cuba is known to exist in Monte-
[656]video, Uruguay. The Cubans.are known to provide
[657]forged passports for some of the returning trainees.
[658]One group of Argentines returning through Prague and
[659]Western Europe was furnished with both Cuban and
[660]Ecuadorean passports, to be surrendered in Monte-
[661]video prior to re~entering Argentina,
[663]C. Numbers of Trainees
[665]1. Our estimate that 1,500 to 2,000 Latin Amer-
[666]icans have received subversive training in Cuba is
[667]derived from a combination of travel information, de-
[668]briefing of controlled sources who have taken training,
[669]penetrations of sponsoring organizations, and in a
[670]few cases from the records of cooperating Latin Amer~
[671]ican security services,
[673]2. Monitoring of travel into Cuba gives some
[674]indication of how many have stayed long enough to
[675]receive training, but does not permit differentiation
[676]between military training and political indoctrination.
[677]We cannot establish a hard total or be certain about
[678]length of visit because of travel via the bloc. Forged
[679]documentation obscures an accurate nationality break-
[680]down of the travelers.
[682]3. The hardest figures on guerrilla trainees by
[683]nationality are obtained from established and reliable
[684]sources who have access to such information through
[685]sponsoring organizations and in a number of cases have
[686]themselves taken such training in Cuba. We do not,
[687]however, have enough such sources to provide independ-
[688]ently a comprehensive total of Latin America, Only a
[689]few of the local Latin American security services have
[690]adequate assets for contributing such information.
[692]a: oo
[693]SECRE
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[698]SECRET
[700]D, Training
[702]1. The scope of training varies with the time
[703]available, One agent who participated in a four-
[704]week course in mid-1961 received basic training
[705]covering cross-country movement of guerrillas, use
[706]and maintenance of weapons, and basic guerrilla
[707]tactics. Another clandestine source who spent
[708]nearly six months in Cuba in 1962 devoted more than
[709]10 weeks of training to weaponry, communications,
[710]the fortification of defense positions, combat tactics, |
[711]general strategy, map~reading, security, and sabotage.
[712]Both men reported considerable time devoted to polit-
[713]ical indoctrination and physical conditioning.
[715]2. One controlled agent reported that his en~
[716]tire group was. required.to fill out an extensive ques-
[717]tionnaire aimed at developing targets in the homeland
[718]for sabotage, subversion of military and police, il-
[719]legal entry and movement, operation of dummy business
[720]concerns to cover clandestine operations, and possible
[721]zones for air-drops.
[723]3, Extensive use is made of Che Guevara's book
[724]on guerrilla warfare, The trainees also use a hand-
[725]book .by Alberto Bayo, former colonel in the Spanish
[726]Republican air force who trained the original guer-
[727]rilla group with which Castro invaded the Sierra
[728]Maestra. Thousands of copies of these books, in Span-
[729]ish or in Portuguese, have been printed or mimeographed
[730]and are circulating in Latin America. Some have been
[731]specifically revised for individual countries.
[733]4, We also have reports of related courses of
[734]instruction, lasting as much as six to eight months,
[735]in such fields as espionage, psychological warfare,
[736]political action, agent communications, and military
[737]medicine, Some of the trainees are women.
[739]5. Most of the instructors of the guerrilla
[740]warfare courses are Cuban. There are some reports
[741]of Spanish instructors. Del Bayo himself is too
[742]old to participate actively, but apparently has an
[743]"emeritus" connection, General Enrique Lister has
[744]been reported to be associated with guerrilla training.
[745]There have been a number of reports, without hard con-
[746]firmation, that Soviet and satellite instructors han-
[747]dle some of the more sophisticated training in such
[748]matters as sabotage and espionage.
[752]SECRET
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[757]HY 50955
[759]SECRET
[761]6. Reports of trainees indicate that weapons
[762]training is confined to weapons they will be able
[763]to obtain, maintain, and replenish in their own
[764]countries. We have reliable and corroborative re-
[765]ports that trainees and sponsoring leaders alike
[766]have been told Cuba does not intend to supply ap-
[767]preciable quantities of weapons because a guer~
[768]rilla must be self-sustaining. It should be noted
[769]that while Cuba does supply some funds, guerrilla
[770]handbooks also suggest that bank robberies make
[771]guerrillas self-sufficient in this respect. Leftist
[772]militants have in fact resorted to robberies in
[773]Peru, Venezuela, and Argentina
[775]E. Subsequent Employment and Countermeasures
[777]1. Clandestine reporting has established a
[778]number of incidents of sabotage, terrorism, guer-
[779]rilla activity and other subversive action in which
[780]individuals known to have received training in Cuba
[781]have participated, The clearest cases involved the
[782]establishment of local guerrilla training camps by
[783]Ecuadoreans and Brazilians returning from training
[784]in Cuba. In each case, however, our evidence of.
[785]the guerrilla training in Cuba comes from clandes-
[786]tine sources, there is no legal evidence of such
[787]Cuban instruction, and there has been no move to
[788]prosecute. All 48 arrested in Ecuador were re-
[789]leased after short detention. Two individuals ar-
[790]rested in connection with the Peasant League training
[791]activities in Brazil are still known to be detained.
[793]2. The records maintained by Latin American
[794]security services are inadequate and far from stand-
[795]ardized, so that it has been difficult to establish
[796]a statistical approach to arrests for all types of
[797]subversive activities. Available reporting indicates
[798]at least 11,000 such arrests since 1 January 1962,
[799]but a survey shows that most of these arrests amounted
[800]to little more than detention and some interrogation.
[801]There were relatively few trials and convictions, prob-
[802]ably not exceeding five per cent of arrests.
[804]3, Some of those arrested were released for lack
[805]of evidence, In other cases, for example in Ecuador,
[806]Brazil, and in Peru until last January, there has been
[807]little evidence of any inclination on the part of the
[808]government to prosecute. In cases where trials have
[809]taken place, the local security services have frequently
[811]-G-
[813]SECRET
[815]Docld:32283208 Page 10
[818]SECRET
[820]been unable to establish any Cuban connection, as in
[821]the case of the 139 guerrillas tried in Venezuela
[822]last fall.
[824]4, In the absence of a comprehensive statis-
[825]tical approach, information on arrests, trials,
[826]and the involvement of Cuban trainees in subversive
[827]activities is given in the individual country re-
[828]ports attached to this memorandum,
[830]F. Purpose and Propaganda
[832]1. Fidel Castro stated in July 1960: "We
[833]promise to continue making Cuba the example that
[834]can convert the Cordillera of the Andes into the
[835]Sierra.Maestra of the American continent." For the
[836]past year Cuban spokesmen have been taking the line
[837]in public that Cuba provides the example for Latin
[838]American revolution, with the implication that nothing
[839]more than guidance need be exported. In private, they
[840]have been offering training and financial and technical
[841]assistance to Latin American revolutionaries. While
[842]Cuba's economic dependence on the USSR restrains a
[843]wholehearted endorsement of the more militant Peiping
[844]attitude, Guevara and Education Minister Armando Hart
[845]insist both in public speeches and in private remarks
[846]to visiting Communists that "Socialism" can be brought
[847]about in Latin America only by force,
[849]2, Direction and support by propaganda is on
[850]a massive scale. The work of Radio Havana and of the
[851]Prensa Latina news service is backed up by bulk mail
[852]and even air freight shipments. Postal and customs
[853]authorities in Panama, for instance, are destroying
[854]a monthly average of 12 tons of Cuban propaganda which
[855]is entering or being sent through Panama. Costa Rica
[856]averaged 10 tons in 1962.
[858]3. Radio Havana's international service, started
[859]in May 1961, now leads all Latin American international
[860]services in program hours. It broadcasts a weekly total
[861]of 188 hours of propaganda in languages including Spanish,
[862]Portuguese, Haitian Creole, English, French, and Arabic.
[863]This includes 108-1/2 hours in Spanish to the Americas,
[864]7 hours in Portuguese, 7 hours in Haitian, and L7-1/2
[865]hours in English to the Western Hemisphere. It also
[866]originates black broadcasts on occasions such as the
[867]disorders in the Dominican Republic in late 1961, and
[868]makes transmitters available to Latin American exile
[869]groups.
[871]Attached annexes discuss Cuban training of Latin
[872]American subversives on a country=-by~-country basis.
[874]SECRET
[876]HY 50955 Docld: 32263206 Page 11
[879]SECRET
[881]27 March 1963
[882]ARGENTINA
[884]1. About 500 Argentines are estimated to have
[885]traveled illegally to Cuba for training in subversive
[886]activities. One training group alone, given guerrilla
[887]warfare training over a six-month period in 1962,
[888]varied in number from 34 to 50. For the past four
[889]months departures from Argentina for Cuba have averaged
[890]35-40 a month, Argentine intelligence says 80 of the
[891]500 are known to have received guerrilla training;
[892]the number is probably considerably higher.
[894]2. The-.federal district around Buenos Aires re-
[895]cords no arrests for guerrilla activity. There were
[896]155 arrests and three convictions for sabotage in 1962,
[897]and 14 arrests, but no convictions, to date in 1963.
[898]Records on terrorist activity show 468 cases, 60 arrests,
[899]and 27 convictions in 1962; 121 cases, two arrests and
[900]two convictions in 1963. Argentine police also list
[901]628 arrests in 1962 and 1963 on the broader charge of
[902]"subversive activity."
[904]3. Altogether police files show 1,285 incidents
[905]of sabotage or terrorism, of which 425 were committed
[906]by. unknown persons. Police have no evidence that any
[907]of those arrested or convicted are known to have reée-
[908]ceived training in Cuba.
[910]4. None of the individuals known to have re-
[911]ceived extensive Cuban training hold influential
[912]positions, but the following individuals in position
[913]of influence have traveled to Cuba and may have re-
[914]ceived some training:
[916]Fanny Edelman, former secretary-general of |
[917]the Argentine Communist women's organization UMA,
[918]presently assigned to foreign liaison of the Argentine
[919]Communist Party.
[921]Maria Josefa de Mastroberti, prominent member
[922]of the Cuban Solidarity Committee for Argentina.
[924]Osaias Leon Schujman, director’ of the Federation
[925]of Communist Youth, national deputy for the Argentine
[927]= B we
[929]SECRET
[931]HY 50955 Docld:32263206 Page 12
[934]SECRET
[936]Communist Party, reportedly a supplier of false pass-
[937]ports for travel to Cuba.
[939]Jorge Francisco Timossi, former Argentine
[940]representative for Prensa Latina.
[942]Hector Villalon, prominent Peronist close
[943]to Peron.
[945]5. Argentine guerrilla training units in Cuba
[946]have been mixed, including Peronists, Communists, and
[947]Vanguard Socialists. There are indications that the
[948]most active recruitment is carried on by the Argentine
[949]Communist Party and by the Communist-influenced left
[950]wing of the Peronist. movement, under the direction of
[951]John William Cooke in Cuba. His wife, Alicia Cooke,
[952]lives in Montevideo, Uruguay, which is the principal
[953]center providing funds and forged documentation for
[954]the recruits.
[956]6. An Argentine taking a six-month course re-
[957]ceived training in weapons, marksmanship, explosives,
[958]ballistics, communications, strategy, tactics, sani-
[959]tation, closed and open order drill, and construction
[960]of defenses. Weapons used included Mauser and Garand
[961]rifles, Brownings, Thompson submachineguns, bazookas,
[962]8l-mm mortars, and a 57-mm recoilless cannon.
[964]Gm
[966]SECRET
[968]HY 50955 Docid: 322683208 Page 13
[971]27 March 1963
[972]BOLIVIA
[974]1. About 500 Bolivians traveled legally to Cuba
[975]in 1962, and 25 in the first two months of 1963. There
[976]have been no arrests of pro-Cuban agitators for sab-
[977]otage, terrorist, guerrilla, or other subversive
[978]activities in Bolivia to date,
[980]2. We can identify by name 214 of the travelers
[981]to Cuba. The individuals who killed a number of anti-
[982]Communists during a pro-Cuban demonstration on 26
[983]October 1962 were identified as having visited Cuba,
[984]Six of these agitators were. indicted but released
[985]when government investigators placed the blame for
[986]the incident on anti-Communists,
[988]3. Otherwise there have been no known incidents
[989]which might be attributed to Cuban training.
[991]4, Zenon Barrientos Manani, a national deputy
[992]belonging to the Bolivian Communist Party (PCB),
[993]since his return from Cuba has been reported with-
[994]out confirmation to be organizing guerrilla forces
[995]among Bolivian peasants. The same untested source
[996]said Barrientos was active in supplying weapons to
[998]’ Peruvian guerrillas and had aided Peruvian guerrilla
[999]leader Hugo Blanco during a reported Bolivian visit
[1000]by Blanco,
[1002]5. Other Bolivians in positions of influence
[1003]who have been in Cuba long enough to receive train-
[1004]ing include:
[1006]Daniel Saravia Quiroz, secretary~general of
[1007]the Bolivian Labor Confederation (COB). (Saravia,
[1008]however, is reported to have changed his beliefs
[1009]since his travel to England.)
[1011]Baldomero Castel, COB leader.
[1012]Oscar Salas, mine leader,
[1014]Oscar Sanjines, leader of the Cochabamba
[1015]Labor Federation.
[1017]Ofelia Altamirano de Sabrabi, factory wor-
[1018]kers' leader,
[1022]SECRET
[1024]WW 50955 DocId:32283208 Page 14
[1027]SECRET
[1029]Student and youth leaders Andres Soliz Rada,
[1030]Dulfredo Rua, Walter Quisbert Barrios, and Alberto
[1031]de la Barra.
[1033]PCB leading members Mario Manje and Hilario
[1034]Claure,
[1036]-Alcides Monasterios, national deputy of the
[1037]left-wing sector of the governing National Revolu-
[1038]tionary Movement (MNR),
[1040]6. In January 1963, there were 60 Bolivian
[1041]scholarship students in Cuba who had attended com-
[1042]pulsory 20-day courses of military instruction.
[1044]The Cuban charge in. Bolivia. reportedly. said. last
[1045]month that Cuba expected to give more than 80 schol-
[1046]arships to Bolivians in 1963,
[1048]7, The Bolivian government in June 1961, pub-
[1049]lished documents purporting to prove that left ex-~
[1050]tremists had been corresponding with the Cuban Em-
[1051]bassy in an effort to obtain arms and instruction _
[1052]for pro-Castro "combat groups." While Bolivia has
[1053]had extensive paramilitary formations ever since
[1054]the MNR defeated the armed forces and seized con-
[1055]trol, and while the extreme left of the MNR in
[1056]particular has strong militia units, we know of no
[1057]paramilitary formations linked directly with Cuban
[1058]subversion.
[1060]8, We assume, however, that some proportion
[1061]of the 500 legal travelers received indoctrination
[1062]while in Cuba,
[1066]SECRET
[1068]HW 50955 Docld:32283208 Page 15
[1071]SECRET
[1073]27 March 1963
[1074]BRAZIL
[1076]1. Approximately 400 Brazilian nationals trav-
[1077]eled legally to Cuba in 1962, and another 24 the
[1078]first two months of 1963. A total of about 50 Bra-
[1079]zilians are believed to have received specific guer-
[1080]rilla warfare training in Cuba, starting with a con-
[1081]tigent of 12 men in July-August 1961. We know of :
[1082]19 Brazilian specifically. A defecting Cuban army
[1083]officer who claims to have run a base for guerrilla
[1084]training reports that 37 Brazilians took courses
[1085]there at a time which does not coincide with the 19
[1086]cases in our records,
[1088]2. At least four of the guerrilla. trainees .in-
[1089]the original contingent of 12 were connected with
[1090]the guerrilla training camps of the Brazilian Peas-
[1091]ant Leagues, exposed by the Varig air crash docu~
[1092]ments. At least six such camps were established,
[1093]and each was to have 30 men and at least one leader
[1094]trained in Cuba. Only one of the Cuban trainees is
[1095]known to have been arrested. Altogether there were
[1096]only three arrests, although 24 additional warrants
[1097]were issued.
[1099]3. All of the Brazilians we can identify as
[1100]guerrilla trainees have come from the regular or
[1101]the dissident Communist party or the Marxist-oriented
[1102]Peasant Leagues of Francisco Juliao, Trainees sent
[1103]by the Leagues were in some cases also members of
[1104]the regular Communist party.
[1106]4, Brazilians in positions of influence known
[1107]to have received training in Cuba include:
[1109]Clodomir dos Santos Morais, number two man
[1110]in the Peasant Leagues, and principal agent in set-
[1111]ting up the training camps; still in custody.
[1113]Joaquim Ferreira, Pedro Motta Barros,
[1114]Rivadiva Braz de Oliveira, and Amaro Luiz de Car-
[1115]valho, Peasant League leaders. (Ferreira, a lawyer,
[1116]is a former economist for SUDENE, development agency
[1117]for the impoverished northeast. Barros and de Oliveira
[1118]are also student leaders, and Barros is a Communist
[1119]Party youth leader.)
[1122]SECRET
[1124]HY 50955 Docld:32263208 Page 16
[1127]_ SECRET —
[1129]Florentino Alcantara de Moraes, Pernambuco
[1130]state leader of the regular Communist Party of Bra-
[1131]2il.
[1133]Carlos Danielli, Angel Arroyo, Mauricio
[1134]Grabois, and Joao Amazonas, leaders of the dissident
[1135]Communist Party.
[1139]SECRET
[1141]HY 50955 Docld:32263206 Page 17
[1144]SECRET
[1145]27 March 1963
[1146]CHILE
[1148]1. There were 551 legal travelers from Chile
[1149]to Cuba in 1962, and another 110 in the first two
[1150]months of 1963. (Anniversary celebrations tend to
[1151]make travel in January higher than the monthly av-
[1152]erage.) In addition, field reports show about 400
[1153]illegal travelers in 1962, under a definition which
[1154]lists nationals of one country who obtain their
[1155]Cuban visas in a third country as "illegal."
[1157]2. We have no hard clandestine evidence of
[1158]Chilean guerrilla trainees. A defecting Cuban army
[1159]lieutenant has told reporters that a base he com-
[1160]manded gave 19 Chileans guerrilla training in late
[1161]1961. Since neither travel to Cuba nor the large’
[1162]Communist party is illegal in Chile, a Chilean na-
[1163]tional has little reason, other than the intention
[1164]to take subversive training, to conceal travel to
[1166]‘Cuba. On this basis it would appear to he a safe
[1167]assumption that more than half of the illegal trav-
[1168]elers probably received military or political in-
[1170]doctrination.
[1172]3. The only known arrests in the past 15 months
[1173]for subversive activity took place in October 1962,
[1174]when five members of the Progressive Socialist Move-
[1175]ment (MSP) were arrested following an explosion while
[1176]they were assembling bombs in a downtown Santiago
[1177]apartment. Four of the five were released after three
[1178]days; the fifth, whose hand had been blown off, was
[1179]given a jail sentence. The bombs were to have been
[1180]used against the U.S. embassy.
[1182]4. Julio Stuardo, leader of the MSP and one
[1183]of those arrested, had traveled to Cuba, but is not
[1184]known to have received any particular training. He
[1185]had been photographed prior to the bombing incident
[1186]with Cuban embassy officials believed to be intel-
[1187]ligence officers.
[1189]5, There are no Chileans in positions of in-
[1190]fluence who are known to have received training in
[1191]Cuba. However leftist Senator Salvador Allende, the
[1193]probable FRAP candidate in the next presidential elec-
[1194]tion, has made numerous visits to Cuba.
[1197]SECRET
[1199]HY 50955 Docld:32263206 Page 16
[1202]HY 50955
[1204]SECRET
[1205]27 March 1963
[1207]COLOMBIA
[1209]a
[1211]1. We have record of about 400 Colombians
[1212]who traveled to Cuba legally during the past year,
[1213]and no record of any illegal travel. Approximately
[1214]100 appear on manifests via Curacao, and 65 via
[1215]Mexico City. Travel information on the remaining
[1216]235 is based on agent reports and liaison.
[1218]2. Of these 400, 37 are reported to have re-
[1219]ceived training in guerrilla warfare, one in coun-
[1220]terintelligence, and one attended a staff or cadre
[1221]school.
[1223]3. Most of those selected for training are
[1224]members of either the United Front for Revolutionary
[1225]Action (FUAR) or the Worker-Student-Peasant Move~-
[1226]ment (MOEC). Both are made up of revolutionaries,
[1227]dissident Communists, and recruits from the ranks
[1228]of labor, students, and the unemployed lower classes.
[1229]Both receive Cuban financial support, and are at-
[1230]tempting--without appreciable success to date--to
[1231]coordinate operations with the bandit gangs terror-
[1232]izing the violence areas of Colombia.
[1234]4, Two guerrilla leaders imprisoned in 1961~~-
[1235]Eddie Aristizabal of MOEC and Tulio Bayer--and one
[1236]killed in 1961-~-Antonio Larotta of MOEC--were re-
[1237]ported to have received guerrilla warfare: training
[1238]in Cuba. Larotta's training was in 1959.
[1240]5. Colombian army statistics (which the U.S.
[1241]army attaché considers on the high side because of
[1242]the statistical procedures used) list 2,582 rural
[1243]bandits captured and 1,029 individuals detained on
[1244]suspicion of involvement in rural banditry in 1962,
[1245]and 300 captured and 134 detained in the first two
[1246]months of 1963. The Colombian army has no statistics
[1247]on subsequent trials, but on the basis of past ex-
[1248]perience it is estimated that about two percent of all
[1250]those arrested and detained--i.e., about 80 persons--
[1252]were convicted and sentenced. The bandits are not
[1253]considered guerrillas in a political sense, although
[1254]some Cuban propaganda has been found on dead bandits.
[1255]There were 388 bandits killed in rural areas in 1962,
[1256]and 89 in 1963.
[1260]SECRET
[1262]Docld:32283208 Page 19
[1265]6. According to official records, there were
[1266]13 terrorist attempts in Colombia during 1962. in
[1267]the course of which nine terrorists were captured,
[1268]and one was killed. Three of those captured--all
[1269]members of FUAR--were convicted. One of the three,
[1270]Alvaro Santiago Paz of Cali, is known to have
[1271]traveled to Cuba. To date in 1963 there have been
[1272]15 terrorist attempts, including eight in Bogota.
[1273]There have been 16 captured and one killed in Bogota
[1274]preparing or attempting terrorist acts. One terrorist,
[1275]identified as a FUAR member, was convicted in Cali.
[1276]One terrorist, not yet identified, was captured in
[1277]Medellin.
[1279]7, Santiago.is the only. captured subversive
[1280]known to have been in Cuba. Three leading members
[1281]of MOEC--Aristizabal, mentioned above; Pedro Abella;
[1283]and Fabic Molino-~are known to have received training
[1284]in Cuba.
[1287]SECRET
[1289]HW 50955 Docld:32283208 Page 20
[1292]SECRET
[1294]27 March 1963
[1295]COSTA RICA
[1297]1. A total of 216 Costa Ricans visited Cuba
[1298]in 1962. As many as 30 probably received para-
[1299]military training.
[1301]2. In February, 1963, 21 Costa Ricans re-
[1302]turned from visits of four to six months. It has
[1303]been reliably established that nine of them were
[1304]trained,as instructors in guerrilla warfare, and
[1305]one was trained as an organizer and instructor for
[1306]militia training. The length of stay suggests
[1307]that the remaining 11 also. received paramilitary
[1308]instruction, Three other Costa Ricans, including
[1309]one woman, known to have gone to Cuba for such
[1310]training are not yet reported to have returned
[1311]to Costa Rica.
[1313]3. Two Costa Rican Communist leaders are
[1314]reported independently by fairly reliable sources
[1315]to have stated’that guerrilla warfare training
[1316]camps are to be established in Costa Rica, The
[1317]purely Costa Rican aspect makes this a new develop-
[1318]ment; guerrilla activity in Costa Rica hitherto
[1319]has centered in the relatively wild and lightiy
[1320]policed northeastern frontier area, and has been
[1321]targeted against Nicaragua.
[1323]4, There have been no arrests for sabotage,
[1324]terrorism, or guerrilla activity in Costa Rica.
[1325]About 50 have been temporarily detained for sub-_
[1326]yversive activity, and one individual was. arrested
[1327]and jailed for one year. (This does not include
[1328]about 30 suspected subversives detained during
[1329]President Kennedy's visit.)
[1331]5. Nineteen of the 30 Costa Ricans believed
[1332]to have received guerrilla training in Cuba are
[1333]known by name, Of the 19, the only ones in posi-
[1334]tions of influence are Oscar Morera Madrigal, San
[1335]Jose physician, and Modesto Ruiz Ruiz, leader of
[1336]the Communist labor union in the banaha zone,
[1340]SECRET
[1342]HY 50955 Docld: 32263208 Page 21
[1345]HY 50955
[1347]SECRET.
[1349]27 March 1963
[1350]DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
[1352]1. The Dominican Republic in 1962 and 1963
[1353]arrested 120 persons for sabotage, terrorism, or
[1354]other subversive activity. Of these, 45 were held
[1355]for an appreciable time, tried, or sentenced, This
[1356]includes 33 who were deported. Of these, three are
[1357]known or believed to have received training in Cuba.
[1359]2, There were 15 incidents in all, five of
[1360]which are considered to have been inspired by Cuban
[1361]trainees. The remainder were caused by people not
[1362]believed to have had any Cuban training.
[1364]3. There is no hard evidence of legal or ille-
[1365]gal travel from the Dominican Republic to Cuba since
[1366]1 January 1962, although some of the deportees may
[1367]have returned from Europe to Cuba, The best avail-
[1368]able estimate is that about 25 Dominicans may have
[1369]gone to Cuba illegally. We have an unconfirmed re-
[1370]port that three Dominicans went to Cuba for guer-
[1371]rilla training, and 12 others are believed to have
[1372]stayed long enough for appreciable training or in-
[1373]doctrination.
[1375]4, Individuals in positions of influence,
[1376]known or believed to have received training in
[1377]Cuba, include:
[1379]Juan Ducoudray Mansfield of the Dominican
[1380]Communist party.
[1382]Rafael Faxas Canto of the leftist 14th of
[1383]June’ group.
[1385]Gustavo Machado Baez, director of the
[1386]Agrarian Reform Institute (rumored to have been
[1387]trained in Cuba, but we have no previous traces.)
[1389]Labor leaders Jose Estrella and Jacobo
[1390]Armach,
[1392]Student leader ‘Luis Gomex Perez,
[1396]SECRET
[1398]Docld:32283208 Page 22
[1401]SECRET
[1403]Tomas Parmenio Erickson Alvarez, a leader
[1404]of the pro-Communist MPD party. :
[1406]Andres Ramos Peguero, MPD, recently sen-
[1407]tenced to 30 years in prison
[1411]SECRET
[1413]HY 50955 Docild: 32263208 Page 23
[1416]SECRET
[1418]27 March 1963
[1419]ECUADOR
[1421]1. In 1962 there were an estimated 208 legal
[1422]travelers from Ecuador to Cuba, including 50 who
[1423]went for sports events. As of December, about 80
[1424]members of Communist and Communist-front youth
[1425]groups had been in Cuba since June undergoing guer-—
[1426]rilla training. ‘
[1428]2. Travel reports showed 40 to 60 Ecuadoreans
[1429]entering Cuba through Mexico in the first two months
[1430]of 1963,
[1432]3. At least 15 Ecuadoreans trained in Cuba
[1433]are known to have engaged in paramilitary activi-
[1434]ties of a training nature following their return.
[1436]4, Army forces in April 1962 rounded up 48
[1437]members of URJE, a Communist-front youth group,
[1438]at a training camp 50 miles west of Quito. Seven
[1439]of those arrested had been trained in Cuba. None
[1440]of the 48 was tried, and none was held for more
[1441]than six weeks. This was the group whose leaders
[1442]the Communists subsequently expelled from URJE
[1443]amid published charges that they had wasted $44,000
[1444]in Cuban funds.
[1446]5. Including the 48 URJE guerrillas, there
[1447]have been an estimated 79 arrests in 1962 and 1963.
[1448]for guerrilla and terrorist activity, distribution
[1449]of Communist propaganda, and painting of Communist
[1450]slogans on walls. All of the propagandists were
[1451]released after several days of detention.
[1453]6. There have been three known terrorist at-
[1454]tempts, including the bombing of a theater and a
[1455]radio station. Most of the participants are iden-
[1456]tified in clandestine reporting. They include
[1457]several who have probably had training in Cuba.
[1459]7. Ecuadoreans in positions of influence who
[1460]have had training in Cuba include URJE leaders Mario
[1461]Vera Arrata, Jefferson Quevedo, Enrique Medina, Car-
[1462]los Alvardo Loor, and Milton Mejia; and Efrain Alva-
[1463]rez Fiallos, secretary-general of the Ecuadorean
[1464]Communist Youth (JCE) and JCE leader Ketty Romoleroux,
[1467]SECRET
[1469]HY 50955 Docld:32263206 Page 24
[1472]SECRET
[1474]8. We estimate that there are at present
[1475]about 200 men in paramilitary units. Four cor-
[1476]roborative reports establish that the regular Com-
[1477]munist Party of Ecuador is forming a. paramilitary
[1478]command of 10 squads of 10 men each scattered
[1479]throughout.the country.
[1481]9, Cuban travel does not show in Ecuadorean
[1482]passports, and is primarily by way of Mexico,
[1483]There are seven recorded cases of travel via Prague,
[1484]and two via Paris,
[1488]SECRET
[1490]HY 50955 Docld:32283208 Page 25
[1493]SECRET
[1495]27 March 1963
[1497]EL SALVADOR
[1499]1, Approximately 100 Salvadorans traveled
[1500]to Cuba in 1962, and eight more have gone in 1963.
[1501]Most of them attended party meetings or celebrations
[1502]for one or two weeks. About 20 continued to Bloc
[1503]countries, There is no evidence that any received
[1504]guerrilla training or extensive political indoctri-
[1505]nation.
[1507]2. Since passage of a new law in September,
[1508]1962, Salvadoran authorities have been arresting
[1509]returning Salvadorans suspected of having gone
[1510]to Cuba. Several now are in jail awaiting trial.
[1511]Almost all Salvadoran travel to Cuba is through .
[1512]Mexico with detachable Cuban visa. A number of
[1513]Salvadorans have remained in Cuba because of the
[1514]police crackdown in El Salvador.
[1516]3, There are no known paramilitary units or
[1517]related activity.
[1519]4, There have been 196 recorded arrests since
[1520]the beginning of 1962 for terrorist or subversive
[1521]activities. None of those arrested has been con-
[1522]victed or even tried, but 66 were held for an ap-
[1523]preciable time-~about 15 for as long as nine months.
[1524]We believe that three of those arrested had had
[1525]some type of training in Cuba. There is no record
[1526]of any arrests for guerrilla or sabotage activity.
[1527]~ 5, Records show a total of 25 subversion inci-
[1528]dents: eight by unknown persons; three involving
[1529]individuals believed to have received training in
[1530]‘Cuba; and 14 involving persons not believed or
[1531]known to have had any Cuban training.
[1533]6, Other than two prominent Communist labor
[1534]leaders, Luis Felipe Cativo and Jose Delfino Perez,
[1535]Cuban trainees are not known to have any positions
[1536]of influence in El Salvador.
[1538]= 22
[1540]SECRET
[1542]HW 50955 Docld:32263208 Page 26
[1545]HY 50955
[1547]SECRET
[1549]27 March 1963
[1550]GUATEMALA
[1552]1. There were about 80 illegal travelers from
[1553]Guatemala to Cuba in 1962, of whom we believe 20
[1554]to 30 received training in guerrilla and sabotage
[1555]techniques. Identified trainees have remained in
[1556]hiding since their return. Guatemalan Communists
[1557]have contingency plans. for paramilitary operations,
[1558]but have been waiting for other elements to create
[1559]a favorable opportunity for such action.
[1561]2. Cuba in the past has furnished funds for
[1562]illicit: purchase of weapons by non-Communist ele-
[1563]ments, such as’ the "13 November" movement of eéx-
[1564]Lieutenant Yon Sesa, which has sporadically under-
[1565]taken unsuccessful military operations against
[1566]Guatemalan army garrisons. The Cubans have cited
[1567]the greater militancy of non-Communist groups in
[1568]explaining such funding operations to the Guate-
[1569]malan Communists.
[1571]3. Cuba gives asylum to former Guatemalan
[1572]President Arbenz and other leading members of his
[1573]regime, and. affords them propaganda facilities.
[1575]4. Arrest statistics in Guatemala are incon-
[1576]clusive because of the waves of detentions during
[1577]periods of tension. During nearly daily disturbances
[1578]in January-March 1962 in which an estimated 40 were
[1579]killed, for example, about 1,000 were arrested under
[1580]state of siege. A few were exiled to E1 Salvador,
[1581]but most of those arrested were released after
[1582]several days.
[1584]5. Similarly, there were a number of arrests
[1585]on charges of terrorism or subversion during the
[1586]first half of 1962, but no trials. Communists in-
[1588]spired and controlled most of the street disturbances,
[1589]but the mobs were made up of all anti-regime elements,
[1591]and no known incidents can be attributed to the in-
[1592]dividuals trained in Cuba. Numerous copies of Che
[1593]Guevara's handbook for guerrillas were passed out
[1594]early in 1962 to serve as a "do-it-yourself" hand~
[1595]book on sabotage and terrorism.
[1599]SECRET
[1601]Docld: 32283208 Page 27
[1603]SECRET
[1605]6. There have been an estimated 60 incidents,
[1606]ranging from the almost daily explosion of homemade
[1607]bombs in some periods to the assassination of the
[1608]judicial police chief, dynamiting of a water reservoir,
[1609]and sabotage of a gasoline storage tank. The govern-
[1610]ment has attributed almost all such acts to "Castro-
[1611]Communists." Cuban trainees were very probably in-
[1612]volved, but there is no good evidence of identity.
[1614]7. On)12 March 1962 Guatemalan troops en-
[1615]countered a group of 20 Communist guerrillas near
[1616]Salama, and killed 18. Members of this group may
[1617]possibly have been trained in Cuba. On 27 March 1962
[1618]the army capturdd 10 guerrillas infiltrated from Mexico,
[1619]where they had been organized and supplied by Guate-
[1620]malan Communist exiles with the knowledge of the Cuban
[1621]embassy. This group was held for military court mar-
[1622]tial, and there has been no further word of disposi-
[1623]tion.
[1625]8. Five Communists arrested in early December
[1626]in the act of posting propaganda were released after
[1627]several days of detention. On 14 February 1963, 13
[1628]Communists, including two members of the central conm-
[1629]mittee, were arrested on charges of subversion and
[1630]planning an insurrection, and are still held. Several
[1631]of these had traveled to Cuba, but there is no evi-
[1632]dence of any training.
[1634]9. The reported leader of the Guatemalans known
[1635]to have received guerrilla warfare training in Cuba,
[1636]Ricardo Ramirez de Leon, returned to Guatemala alone
[1637]on 17. April 1962 and went underground. He was most
[1638]recently reported scouting the Salama area for. pos-
[1639]sible arms cache sites. The Guatemalan Communists
[1640]recently formed a "military commission," divided into
[1641]secret cells, to direct insurrectional activity, pos-
[1642]Sibly due to begin in June or July.
[1644]7
[1646]SECRET
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[1651]SECRET
[1653]° 27 March 1963
[1654]HAITI
[1656]i, There is no firm evidence on legal or
[1657]illegal travel from Haiti to Cuba. The traffic,
[1658]if any, is probably small. We believe there is
[1659]clandestine movement by small boat between the
[1660]two countries.
[1662]2, More than 50,000 Haitians live in east-
[1663]ern Cuba, concentrated around Santiago. Most are
[1664]employed as cane field laborers.
[1666]3. Exile sources claim that 400 of these
[1667]workers have been trained for subversive activities
[1668]and that some of the trainees have already returned
[1669]to Haiti. We have no supporting evidence, however,
[1670]have detected no returning trainees, and know of
[1671]no pro-Castro paramilitary groups in Haiti.,.
[1673]4, There are two clandestine Communist parties
[1674]in Haiti, The leader of one of them, Rene Depestre,
[1675]is in Cuba and reportedly works on Cuban propaganda
[1676]beamed at Haiti.
[1678]5, The only known incident involving Communists
[1679]was an attempted demonstration at the U.S, Embassy
[1680]on 31 October, Advance warning from a clandestine
[1681]source within the Communist party, who said the
[1682]instructions for the demonstration came from Cuba,
[1683]enabled police to forestall the incident. Several
[1684]of the youths involved may have been detained briefly
[1685]by the police.
[1687]6, No Haitian occupying any position of in-
[1688]fluence is known to have received any training in
[1689]Cuba.
[1693]SECRET
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[1698]SECRET"
[1700]27 March 1963
[1701]HONDURAS
[1703]1. There were 92 legal’ travelers from Hon-
[1704]duras to Cuba in 1962 and 21 to date in 1963,
[1705]Twelve travelers continued to Soviet bloc coun-
[1706]tries, Most of the travel to Cuba was for one or
[1707]two weeks, precluding any extensive paramilitary
[1708]training, but a definite correlation can be es-
[1709]tablished between the return of Hondurans from
[1710]Cuban visits and the intensity of propaganda and
[1711]labor agitation. Honduran exiles in Cuba carry
[1712]on a virulent propaganda campaign over Radio Ha- -
[1713]vana, calling for revolution. ~—
[1715]2, There are no known Honduran paramilitary
[1716]formations, and other Central American Communists
[1717]are known to have criticized the Honduran Commu-
[1718]nist Party for lack of militancy, The PCH ob-
[1719]tained a series of 16 different military manuals _
[1720]in October, 1962, including manuals on the use of
[1721]the carbine, explosives, and demolition techniques.
[1723]3. As in the case of Costa Rica, there are
[1724]guerrilla units of Nicaraguan exiles based in
[1725]thinly patrolled Honduran frontier areas, receiv-
[1726]ing support from Cuba and raiding sporadically
[1727]into Nicaragua in the hope of sparking a mass up~-
[1728]rising. One group under Carlos Fonseca Amador has
[1729]about 40 men, ;
[1731]4, Since lL January. 1962, there have been only
[1732]two arrests for subversive activity in Hoaduras.
[1733]Neither man is known to have received training in
[1734]Cuba, and both were released after short detention
[1735]without trail. Three other individuals have been
[1736]charged with subversive activity but no action was
[1737]taken. ;
[1739]5. Hondurans in leading organizational po-
[1740]sitions known or believed to have received train-~-
[1741]ing in Cuba include:
[1743]Labor: Manuel Noe Rodriguez Reyes, Flores-
[1744]mila Castro, Luis Banegas Izaguirre, Sebastian Suazo
[1745]Lopez, Jesus Otavio Hernandez, Darios Hector Toledo,
[1746]Regina de Lainez, Anibal Moradelo, Felex Vanencia,
[1747]Ramon Sabillon Orellana, and Guadalupe Reyes.
[1751]SECRET
[1753]HY 50955 Docld:32263208 Page 30
[1756]SECRET
[1758]; Students: Randolfo Espinsosa Mourra, Rolando
[1759]Orellano Cruz, Oscar Duron, Ulises Ekonomo Torres,
[1760]Carlos Falck Contreras, Jorge Arturo Reina Idiaquez,
[1761]Leonidas Velasquez Funes, and Rodil Rivera Rodil.
[1763]Communist Party: Dionisio Bejarano Ramos,
[1764]-Luis Manuel Zuniga, Agapito Robledo Castro, Rigoberto
[1765]Padilla Rush, Feliciano Protillo Lara, Gustavo Andara
[1766]Bulnes, Sebastian Suazo Lopez, Longino Becerra, Mario
[1767]Sosa Navarro, Luis Andres Pineda Villalabos, and
[1768]Rodolfo Aguiluz Berlioz.
[1770]Women: Antonia Suazo Bulnes, Gladas Tablada
[1771]Ortiz, Rosa Suarez de Moncada, Diana Maria Gomez,
[1772]and Constanza HH. Caballero;
[1774]Education: Medardo Mejia Paniagua and
[1775]Mariano Mendez Avila.
[1777]2 =
[1779]SECRET
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[1784]SECRET
[1786]27 March 1963
[1787]MEXICO
[1789]1. Mexican nationals traveling to Cuba totaled
[1790]238 in 1962 and 157 in the first two months of 1963.
[1792]2. A fairly reliable source reported in mid-
[1793]1962 that about 150 Mexicans were receiving guerrilla
[1794]training at Minas del Frio, Cuba. A defecting Cuban.
[1795]Army lieutenant told the press in Brazil that 70 -
[1796]Mexicans were trained at his base at San Julian in ©
[1797]late 1961. These reports are regarded with reserve,
[1798]however, particularly in the light of our knowledge
[1799]that Cuba. does not wish to damage its relations with
[1800]Mexico as long as Mexico City is the principal Cuban
[1801]"window" to Latin America.
[1803]3. Arrests for subversive activities have not
[1804]been numerous. In the most recent case, six professors
[1805]and two students at the University of Morelia were ar-
[1806]rested for participation in Fidelista protests over the
[1807]dismissal of the University's Communist rector. One
[1808]teacher, a Guatemalan Communist militant who visited
[1809]Havana for 17 days in 1961, is still imprisoned and.
[1810]will probably be deported. Another professor had prob-
[1811]ably visited Cuba.
[1813]4, A Nicaraguan Communist was deported in
[1814]January and an Argentine Communist newsman in November
[1815]1962 for pro-Castro activities. Two Cubans were ar-
[1816]rested on arrival in February 1962 and deported as
[1817]agitators.
[1819]5. Mexican government agents on 24 May 1962
[1820]killed Ruben Jaramillo, Mexican Communist and guer-
[1821]rilla fighter, at Morelos, and subsequently arrested
[1822]one of his guerrilla associates, Jorge Martinez
[1823]Rosillo, who had been a friend of Raul Castro.since
[1824]the Castros’ training period in Mexico. Jaramillo
[1825]had been invited to Cuba in.1961, but there is no
[1826]record of his travel: Martinez Rosillo was in Havana
[1827]for 20 days in 1961.
[1829]6. Communist factions have touched off numerous
[1830]disturbances at the national university in Mexico
[1831]City and provincial universities. Anti-Communist
[1834]SECRET
[1836]HW 50955 Docld:32263208 Page 32
[1839]SECRET
[1841]students charge that direction, material, and
[1842]financial support for these disturbances is
[1843]channeled through students who have received train-
[1844]ing in agitation while visiting Cuba as Yathletes."
[1845]More than 50 Mexican students attended the Latin
[1846]American University Games in Cuba last October.
[1848]7, Mexican authorities continue to confiscate
[1849]large amounts of propaganda from travelers return-
[1850]ing from Cuba. For example, three students at
[1851]Morelia attempted to bring 100 kilograms of propa-
[1852]ganda material into Mexico on 31 August 1962.
[1854]8. Mexicans who have visited Cuba and probably
[1855]yeceived training. or directives include more than
[1856]30 prominent writers, teachers, and leftist party
[1857]leaders.
[1859]=2Qem
[1861]SECRET
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[1866]SECRET
[1868]27 March 1963
[1869]NICARAGUA
[1871]1. About 75 Nicaraguans have traveled to
[1872]Cuba during the past 18 months. Nicaraguan
[1873]security authorities list 22 as known to have
[1874]received guerrilla warfare training there.
[1876]9, Of the 22, eight were arreated when they
[1877]returned to Nicaragua to carry on anti-Somoza ac-
[1878]tivities. Two have been sentenced to prison and
[1879]the other six were released after interrogation,
[1881]3, Cuba has dealt with, financed, .and sup-
[1882]ported a succession of Nicaraguan exile move-
[1883]ments, but Guevara recently told visiting Cen-
[1884]tral American Communists that none of these had
[1885]developed a satisfactory level of popular sup-
[1886]port. Nicaraguan exiles maintain small guer-
[1887]rilla bands across the borders in both Costa Rica
[1888]and Honduras, making sporadic incurions, but to
[1889]date they have evoked no internal support and
[1890]have been effectively rounded up or driven back
[1891]by the Nicaraguan National Guard.
[1893]4, Eight Nicaraguans were tried in June,
[1894]1962, for conducting terrorist training, They
[1895]were caught while studying the manufacture of
[1896]bombs under an instructor trained in Cuba. Nic-
[1897]araguan authorities seized arms, ammunition, ex-
[1898]plosives, and 700 pounds of propaganda, A Nic-~
[1899]araguan found with an arms cache in April 1962
[1900]reportedly told interrogators the arms had come
[1901]from Cuba. A Nicaraguan who had gone to Cuba
[1902]in mid~1962, ostensibly for a surgical opera~
[1903]tion, was caught shortly after his return with
[1904]supplies of explosives intended for terrorist
[1905]bombings.
[1907]5, Altogether there have been five major
[1908]subversive ‘incidents in Nicaragua since 1 Jan=-
[1909]uary 1962, four of which involved individuals
[1910]known or believed to have received training in
[1911]Cuba. Perpetrators of the fifth incident are un-
[1912]known. A total of 41 persons were arrested. Nine-
[1913]teen were held for an appreciable time, and 14
[1914]were tried and sentenced, Seven of the total
[1915]41 are known or believed to have been trained in
[1916]Cuba.
[1920]SECRET
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[1925]SECRET
[1927]6. A number of minor incursions into Nicaragua,
[1928]mainly from the Honduran border, have been mounted
[1929]by the Cuban-supported, Communist~dominated National
[1930]Liberation Front (FLN). At least nine of the FLN mem-
[1931]bers engaged in these raids are known or believed to
[1932]have had Cuban training.
[1934]7. Influential Nicaraguans known to believed to
[1935]have received indoctrination and training in Cuba in-
[1938]Carlos Adan Perez Bermudez, Eligio Alvarez,
[1939]Montalvan, and Reinaldo Viquez Ruiz, leaders of both
[1940]the Nicaraguan Communist Party (PSN) and the Commu-
[1941]nist-front Republican Mobilization (MR).
[1943]Francisco Rolando Alvarado Lopez, (PSN) leader
[1944]of the Communist labor front. (In Gustody)
[1946]Ricardo Francisco Osejo Zeledon, Orlando
[1947]Quinones Torres, and Guillermo Andres Baltodano Serrano,
[1948]youth front leaders influential among students.
[1950]Juan Jose Lorio Garcia, PSN central committee
[1951]member.
[1953]Adrian Sanchez Sancho, Communist labor leader
[1954](still in Cuba.)
[1956]Abdul Sirker Urroz, PSN leader (believed
[1957]still in Cuba.)
[1959]FLN leaders Marco Antonio Melendez Deligudo
[1960](in custody,) Socrates Noel Flores Vivas, Ivan
[1961]Sanchez Arguello, Orlando Quant Quintana, and German
[1962]Pomares Ordonez.
[1964]8, Agapito Fernandez Garcia, a federal deputy
[1965]of the Nicaraguan Conservative Party, was in Cuba for
[1966]10 days during the January anniversary celebration
[1968]and may have received some form or instruction or
[1969]indoctrination.
[1973]SECRET
[1975]HW 50955 Docld:32263208 Page 35
[1978]SECRET
[1979]27 March 1963
[1980]PANAMA
[1982]1. Panama lists 56 legal travelers to Cuba
[1983]in 1962 and two thus far in 1963. Altogether,
[1984]however, 64 Panamanians are identified, on the
[1985]basis of their political backgrounds and known
[1986]length of stay in Cuba, as probably having gone to
[1987]Cuba for either political indoctrination or guer-
[1988]rilla training. Of these 64, 38 almost certainly
[1989]received guerrilla training.
[1991]2. Eighteen guerrilla trainees returned to
[1992]Panama in February, 1963, after stays of four to
[1993]six months. Six were detained briefly by the Pana-
[1994]manian security service, and the 12 others who re-
[1995]turned a few days later were not arrested.
[1997]3. Training for Panamanians apparently started -
[1998]at least as far back as 1961. A guerrilla trainee
[1999]from another country, attending a course with five
[2000]Panamanians in July. 1961, was told by Cuban in-
[2001]structors that the Panamanians were being given
[2002]more rigorous training than other nationals because’
[2003]they had special sabotage assignments in the Canal
[2004]Zone. .
[2006]4, We have, however, no indication of any
[2007]paramilitary groups, activity, or training in Panama.
[2009]5, Panamanian security authorities maintain no
[2010]statistics on subversive incidents, and many are not
[2011]reported to central authority. There have been a
[2012]considerable number of minor incidents, mainly by
[2013]unknown perpetrators. Other than continuing sabotage
[2014]activity against the United Fruit Company installa-
[2015]tions in Chirique Province, the most spectacular
[2016]incident was the brief declaration of revolt last
[2017]August by Manuel Jose Hurtado, a former Panamanian
[2018]major, and 16 adherents. Hurtado, a strong anti-
[2019]Communist, wasiinotivated by personal problems.
[2021]6. Since 1 January 1962, there have been about
[2022]67 individuals arrested, some of them repeatedly, for
[2023]subversive activities. Of this group, eight are known
[2027]SECRET
[2029]HY 50955 Docld:32263208 Page 36
[2032]oe | SECRET
[2034]to have received training in Cuba. Some of the
[2035]arrests were made to forestall subversive activity.
[2037]7,  Panamanians in positions of influence known
[2038]to have received training in Cuba include:
[2040]Narcisco Cubas Perez and Cesar Jose Dubois,
[2041]leaders of the Vanguardia de Accion Nacional (VAN)
[2042]which hopes to take part in 1964 elections.
[2044]Peasant leaders Leovilgildo Barrias de Garcia
[2045]and Leonidas Alveo.
[2047]Leftist student activists Rolando Ernesto
[2048]Carrasquilla, Jose Modesto Herrera, and Herminio
[2049]Garrido.
[2051]Eliseo de la Hoz,.Communist student leader.
[2053]Labor leaders Lacides Ceballos, Andres
[2054]Galvan, Inocencio Garibaldi, Victor Manuel Lombardo,
[2055]Jack White, and Jose del Carmen Serracin, the latter
[2056]a leader of Chiriqui Province banana workers.
[2058]Jorge Pena and Felix Gonzalez, Communist lead-
[2059]ers among the San Blas Indians.
[2061]Ezequiel Rios, municipal leader of La Chorrera.
[2063]8. In addition, the following are believed to
[2064]have received training or guidance in Cuba:
[2066]Thelma King, national assembly deputy, who
[2067]boasts of close personal friendship with Fidel Castro
[2068]and has visited Cuba five times in the past year.
[2070]Senior VAN leader Jorge Enrique Turner Morales.
[2072]Miguel Porcell and Ruperto Luther Thomas,
[2073]Communist leaders at the national level.
[2075]Alvaro Menendez Franco, member of the municipal
[2076]council of Panama.
[2081]SECRET
[2083]HW 50955 Docld:3229533208 Page 37
[2086]SECRET —
[2088]27 March 1963
[2089]PARAGUAY
[2091]1. About 60 Paraguayan nationals traveled to
[2092]Cuba in 1962. It is estimated that over the past
[2093]two years as many.as 120 have been in Cuba long
[2094]enough to receive appreciable political or military
[2095]training. The preponderance of Paraguayan nationals
[2096]visiting Cuba are political exiles living in Uru-
[2097]guay, Argentina, and Brazil.
[2099]2. The Paraguayan Government forbids its
[2100]nationals to visit Cuba, but cannot control trav-
[2101]elers who visit neighboring countries which have
[2102]Cuban missions and then proceed illegally to Cuba.
[2104]3. There are no reports that paramilitary
[2105]trainees are active inside Paraguay. There is con-
[2106]siderable evidence that some returnees have joined
[2107]exile formations waiting on the Paraguayan border
[2108]for a favorable occasion for incursions.
[2110]4. Since January, 1962, at least 1,006 persons
[2111]have been arrested for guerrilla, sabotage, terrorist
[2112]or other subversive activity, but only an estimated
[2113]140 were held for any appreciable length of time.
[2115]We know of only one scheduled for trial, and none
[2116]of those arrested is known to have received training
[2117]in Cuba.
[2119]5, Most of the arrests have stemmed from about
[2120]10 major incidents, of which two involved sabotage
[2121]and terrorism, one guerrilla activity, and the re-
[2122]mainder subversion. There is a rumor that the un-
[2123]known individual who placed a bomb in an Incarnacion
[2124]bank had been trained in Cuba. Perpetrators of the
[2125]other. incidents have been identified, and none is
[2126]known or believed to have received any training in
[2127]Cuba.
[2129]6. Federico Tatter and Anibal Garcete were re-
[2130]ported to have: returned from Cuba in late 1962, Tatter
[2131]to take over military direction of the United Front for
[2132]National Liberation (FULNA), and Garcete to organize
[2133]cane workers. We know of no other Cuban trainees who
[2134]may be in positions of influence among Paraguayans.
[2137]SECRET
[2139]HW 50955 DoclId:32283208 Page 36
[2142]SECRET
[2143]27 March 1963
[2145]PERU
[2147]1. At least 181 Peruvians visited Cuba in 1962
[2148]on visits long enough to permit indoctrination, and
[2149]according to an agent who participated, more than 150
[2150]of them were given guerrilla training. Following the
[2151]training, 90 of these were designated by Peruvian
[2152]leftist militant leaders as members of the. "Peruvian
[2153]National Liberation Army."
[2155]2. Over the past two years more than 235 Peruvians .
[2156]have been identified as travelers to Cuba. Last De-
[2157]cember two top Peruvian Communists said that over the
[2158]past year the militant Movement of the Revolutionary
[2159]Left (MIR) had sent 200 to 300 Peruvians to Cuba, in
[2160]groups of 12 to 15, for guerrilla training.
[2162]3. An estimated total of some 5,000 persons have
[2163]taken part in acts of sabotage, terrorism, assaults
[2164]on police outposts, bank robberies, land invasions,
[2165]destruction of haciendas, strike violence, and riots.
[2166]The ruling junta in January launched a major round-up
[2167]and arrested 729 Communists and leftists, of whom we
[2168]estimate that 50 to 100 may have been trained in Cuba.
[2169]There are still 209 in jail, of whom only one is a known
[2170]Cuban guerrilla trainee. The junta has announced a
[2171]series of mass trials to be held in Lima and provincial
[2172]centers, charging the violence. was part of a Soviet-
[2173]Cuban conspiracy to make Peru a Communist state. In
[2174]the course of the violence there have been 18 killed,
[2175]including four police, and 165 wounded.
[2177]4, Out of a total of 137 recorded acts of vio-
[2178]lence, 49 were clearly sponsored or controlled by
[2179]Communist elements, Three Cuban nationals and four
[2180]Peruvians trained in Cuba were identified among
[2181]leaders of the striking miners who caused damage
[2182]estimated at $4,000,000 to the Cerro de Pasco smelter
[2183]at La Oroya in December. The Cubans have not been
[2184]- apprehended.
[2186]5. The violence in the Quillabamba-Cuzco-Puno
[2187]area is attributed to the Indian and peasant guerrillas
[2188]of Hugo Blanco. Local officials estimate Blanco's
[2189]force at 2,000, but this is probably an exaggeration.
[2190]Blanco and his lieutenants are not known to be Cuban~
[2191]trained or Cuban-supplied.
[2195]SECRET
[2197]HW 50955 Docld:32283208 Page 39
[2200]SECRET
[2202]6. Some of the 158 guerrillas known to have
[2203]been trained in Cuba have been in hiding and inactive
[2204]ever Since the January round-up, and others are known
[2205]to be waiting outside the country. The MIR leader,
[2206]Luis de la Puente Uceda, was believed to be in Cuba
[2207]and now is in Europe.
[2209]7. Guerrilla groups have sporadically attacked
[2210]police stations for weapons, and robbed banks for
[2211]funds. MIR members teamed with common criminals in
[2212]April 1962 in a $100,000 bank robbery in a suburb
[2213]of Lima, dividing the proceeds 50-50. Part of the
[2214]loot is believed to have reached Hugo Blanco. MIR
[2215]has brought in from Cuba a reported 5,000 copies of
[2216]a special miniature edition of Alberto Bayo's guer-
[2217]yilla handbook. There is also a manual on guerrilla
[2218]operations based on Bayo's and Guevara's books but
[2219]written specifically for Peru.
[2221]8. Peruvian police in March 1962 broke up a
[2222]small guerrilla training operation and determined
[2223]that among those arrested, one was a former resident
[2224]of Cuba, another had received Cuban training in clan-
[2225]destine operations, and a third, caught with radio
[2226]equipment, admitted having used it to communicate
[2227]with Cuba. The local guerrilla candidates were is-
[2228]sued kits including rifles of Czech manufacture.
[2230]All of those arrested were soon released, but some
[2231]were re-arrested in the January round-up.
[2233]9. Prominent Peruvians who may have received
[2234]indoctrination on visits to Cuba include nine student
[2235]and ‘youth leaders including two presidents of student
[2237]organizations; seven leading journalists; three labor
[2238]union leaders; and nine former members of parliament.
[2240]~3G—
[2241]SECRET
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[2246]SECRET
[2248]27 March 1963
[2249]URUGUAY
[2251]1. There were about. 115 legal travelers to Cuba
[2252]from Uruguay in 1962, and an additional 20-25 in Janu-
[2253]ary 1963. About 25, mainly Paraguayan exiles resident
[2254]in Uruguay, are believed to have traveled illegally.
[2256]2. Probably no significant portion of the Uru-
[2257]guayan travelers went for guerrilla warfare training.
[2258]Cuba apparently wants to preserve Montevideo, which is
[2259]host to the most extensive Communist diplomatic mis-
[2260]Sions in all South America, as a gateway and base of
[2261]operations, as in the case of Mexico. ,
[2263]3. Cuban subversion activity oriented toward
[2264]Uruguay appears to consist largely of developing and
[2265]maintaining enough political action and propaganda
[2266]assets to counter any Uruguayan inclination to oust
[2267]or restrict the activities of Cuban and Bloc missions.
[2269]4, The only arrests for sabotage occurred during
[2270]the recent electricity and telephone strike, which
[2271]arose from worker grievances and had no Cuban connec-
[2272]tion. All of those arrested were released within a
[2273]week.
[2277]SECRET
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[2282]27 March 1963
[2284]VENEZUELA
[2286]1. We have no acceptable figure on Venezuelan
[2287]travel to Cuba. Liaison services maintain no records,
[2288]and have no such capability.
[2290]2. Reports from travel control points show 128
[2291]Venezuelan nationals traveling to Cuba, but only 48
[2292]returning. The names of most of those returning do
[2293]not appear on the lists of those who went to Cuba.
[2295]In the few cases where round-trip travel can be estab~
[2296]lished, the stay was generally short. We must con-
[2297]clude that Venezuelans who went to Cuba for training
[2298]traveled) at least one way, and in some known instances
[2299]both, clandestinely.
[2301]3. On the basis of usually reliable agent reports,
[2302]we believe that more than 200 Venezuelans received guer-
[2303]rilla warfare training in Cuba in 1962. Castro has
[2304]made it plain that he assigns the first priority for
[2305]revolution to Venezuela.
[2307]4. At present there are probably about 100 men
[2308]involved in the Venezuelan Communist Party (PCV) para-
[2309]military command attempting to terrorize the Federal
[2310]District of Caracas. Sources in both the PCV and the
[2311]Government of Venezuela estimate there are another 300
[2312]guerrillas.: in the field, although we know of no more
[2313]than 150, in small units of about 20 men, who are
[2314]under coordinated PCV command. Including terrorist
[2315]groups of university students and paramilitary party
[2316]formations in Maracaibo and other large cities, the
[2317]total. number involved in violence probably does not
[2318]exceed 600. Only seven known to be engaged in these
[2319]operational are known to have been in Cuba long
[2320]enough for training. 7
[2322]5. The PCV, however, in the first months of 1963
[2323]has proven itself capable of implementing the terrorist
[2324]and sabotage operations which last October it could only
[2325]plan. Organization and coordination have improved, and
[2326]sabotage has reached a level of sophistication in tech-
[2327]nique and materials which implies either the presence
[2328]of outside experts or else a highly advanced stage of
[2329]training.
[2333]SECRET
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[2338]SECRET
[2340]6. The guerrillas committed themselves to
[2341]field operations prematurely in 1962 and, denied
[2342]support or sympathy by the peasantry who are strongly
[2343]pro-Betancourt, were rounded up or dispersed. A
[2344]total of 139 were tried by special military courts
[2345]last fall following the Puerto Cabello and Carupano
[2346]revolts. More than 110 were given substantial prison
[2347]sentences. Four at the most are believed to have been
[2348]in Cuba long enough to receive training.
[2350]7. Altogether there have been an estimated 1,000
[2351]to 1,500 arrests since the beginning of 1962, but there
[2352]have been no trials or jail sentences other than those
[2353]of the guerrillas mentioned above. All others were
[2354]held for varying lengths of time, most of them for less
[2355]than 90 days. Most of those arrested have been re-
[2356]leased either for lack of evidence, or by civil judges
[2357]who are generally either inefficient or open to cor-
[2358]ruption. Possibly 50 of those arrested may have re-
[2359]ceived some training in Cuba, but government inter-
[2360]regators have so far been unable to obtain any admis-
[2361]Sion of Cuban training, and no travel records are
[2362]maintained which would give leads for such interroga-
[2363]tion.
[2365]8. The number of incidents leading to arrests
[2366]are estimated at 250. The principal incidents have
[2367]been the uprisings of the Puerto Cabello and Carupano
[2368]garrisons; the October/November sabotage of the Lake  .
[2369]Maracaibo oilfields; the hijacking of the freighter
[2370]Anzoategui in February and the earlier theft of five
[2371]French paintings from the Museum of Fine Arts; burning .
[2372]of the Sears-Roebuck warehouse and dynamiting of high-
[2373]way bridges in February; pipeline sabotage in March;
[2374]the recent capture of two PCV paramilitary groups;
[2375]a bank robbery in February by men wearing the armband
[2376]of the Communist "Armed Forces of National Libera-—
[2377]tion" (FALN); and the indiscriminate shooting in
[2378]Caracas in January and February in the wave of ter-
[2379]rorism designed to deter Betancourt's visit to
[2380]Washington.
[2382]9. The majority of the Communist-directed inci-
[2383]dents have been carried out by members of the PCV
[2384]paramilitary groups who in general have not them-
[2385]selves had Cuban training, but are trained and di-
[2386]rected by instructors who have in turn been trained
[2387]in Cuba and in some cases in Communist China.
[2391]SECRET
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[2395]HY 50955
[2397]SECRET
[2399]10. Voice radio transmitters in Caracas’
[2400]and in outlying cities have been heard in conversa-
[2401]tion with a voice transmitter in Cuba.
[2403]‘Li. Principal personalities known or believed
[2404]to have received training in Cuba include:
[2406]Members of the PCV central committee:
[2407]Guillermo Garcia Ponce, Rafael E, Martinez, Radames
[2408]Larrazabal, Alonso Ojeda Olaechea, Douglas Bravo,
[2409]German Lairet, and Joaquin Araujo Ortega.
[2411]Other political leaders: Simon Saiez
[2412]Merida, Americo Martin, Romulo Henriquez, Jr., and
[2413]Domingo Alberto Rangel of the extremist Movement of
[2414]the Revolutionary Left (MIR): Fabricio Ojeda, Jose
[2415]Vincente Rangel, and Victor Jose Ochoa of the URD.
[2417]Labor leaders: Cesar Millan, Horacio
[2418]Scott Power, Hector Marcano Coello, Laureno Torrealba,
[2419]Helo Cruz Villegas, and Vicente Pinate.
[2421]Student leaders: Alfredo Maneiro, Freddy
[2422]Munoz, Jose Rafael Tenorio, Alcides Villalba, Jose
[2423]Linares, Hector Rodriguez Bauz, and Julio Escalona.
[2425]Educators: Hector Mujica, Fruto Vivas,
[2426]Humberto Cuenca, and Jose Vincente Scorza.
[2428]AD om
[2430]SECRET
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[2435]a SECRET
[2437]27 March 1963
[2438]OTHERS
[2440]1, There have been about 40 legal travelers
[2441]from British Guiana to Cuba, Some Latin American
[2442]travelers could be carried without much chance of
[2443]detection on Cuban freighters hauling rice. Local
[2444]papers and opposition parties have. charged that
[2445]some of the students sent to Cuba did not have
[2446]proper academic qualifications for théir studies,
[2447]implying their travel, was for other purposes,
[2448]There are no reliable reports, however, that any
[2449]Guianese have received subversive training in Cuba.
[2450]Any Cuban training for British Guianese would pre-
[2451]sumably be designed to support rather than sub-
[2452]vert the government of Premier Cheddi Jagan. There
[2453]have been no arrests for subversive activity, and
[2454]‘no incidents of terrorism, sabotage, or subversion,
[2455]There have been riots, but not Cuban-connnected.
[2457]2. Jamaica sent 593 legal travelers to Cuba
[2458]in 1962, probably accounted’ for largely by the 20-
[2459]25,000 Jamaicans resident in Cuba. There is no
[2460]evidence of guerrilla training for any Jamaicans,
[2461]and there have been no arrests for guerrilla,
[2462]sabotage, or terrorist activity. Subversion is con-
[2463]fined Largely to public oratory defying the Jamaican
[2464]authorities. A British Guianese Communist studying
[2465]in Jamaica, who is believed to have received train-
[2466]ing in Cuba, instigated a demonstration in front of
[2467]the U.S. Embassy in October, 1962, by six members
[2468]of the "Friends of Cuba Committee;" one Communist
[2469]was arrested, fined, and released as a result for
[2470]“obstructing traffic." Two university instructors
[2471]and two other teachers are believed to have re-
[2472]ceived indoctrination in Cuba.
[2474]3, Surinam and Trinidad report no subversive
[2475]incidents, no arrests, and no evidence of Cuban
[2476]subversive training for any of their nationals,
[2478]Trinidad listed two legal travelers in Cuba in
[2479]1962.
[2482]SECRET
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