sum jakobson reference two months ago sorry delay posted following query linguist list horrible spelling error subject line following believe less literal quote roman jakobson languages differ less express must express anybody exact reference 1 reaction query six hours later appeared list three hours later first answer thank really great within following four weeks received ten replies 5 giving first quotation 2 second one 3 asking forward requested information thanks responded birgitta englund dimitrova bob fradkin eloise jelinek hans lindquist nili mandelblit bruce mannheim bert peeters larry rosenwald deborah ruuskanen martha thunes 2 answers first quotation jakobson roman 1959 linguistic aspects translation reuben brower ed translation cambridge mass harvard university press 232239 reprint new york galaxy books 1966 quoted sentence p 236 also jakobson roman 1971 selected writings vol ii hague mouton 260266 quoted sentence p 264 birgitta englund dimitrova mentions article ever since widely quoted research translation context division labor lexical grammatical means may vary considerably language language problems poses translation grammatical category absent given language meaning may translated language lexical means difficult remain faithful original translate language provided certain grammatical category language devoid category boas neatly observed grammatical pattern language opposed lexical stock determines aspects experience must expressed given language order translate accurately english sentence hired worker russian needs supplementary information whether action completed whether worker man woman languages differ essentially _ must _ convey _ may _ convey verb given language imperatively raises set specific yesno questions b second quotation jakobson roman 1959 boas view grammatical meaning w goldschmidt ed anthropology franz boas memoirs american anthropological association 89 13945 reprinted jakobson roman 1971 selected writings vol ii hague mouton 489496 quoted sentence p 492 context boas obligatoriness criterion distinction grammatical lexical meaning jakobson quotes boas paucity obligatory aspects means imply obscurity speech necessary clarity obtained adding explanatory words denote time plurality languages tense grammatical number resort lexical means thus true difference languages may may expressed must must conveyed speakers right nonnative speaker english suspecting fellow nonnative speaker possibly confounded must need 3 motivation query using first quote typological context motto paper discuss consequences obligatoriness definiteness number marking cases use speaker wants evade constraints argue languages high degree explicitness many obligatory choices also provide standard weakening strategies typologist wants engage discussion explicitness parameter would happy hear trigger appropriate keywords let mention james huang temperature parameter metaphor goes back via haj ross marshall mcluhan special case explicitness parameter according huang li 15 1984 pp 531574 languages high degree obligatoriness expression anaphoric elements hot little audience participation required whereas languages preference zero anaphora cool audience participation required let conclude another quote first paper rj equivalence difference cardinal problem language pivotal concern linguistics 233 dietmar zaefferer institut fuer deutsche philologie phone 49 89 2180 2060 office universitaet muenchen 49 89 36 66 75 home schellingstr 3 fax 49 89 2180 3871 office d80799 muenchen germany email ue303bh sun1 lrzmuenchen de