reduplicative constructions polarity moravscik greenberg language universals notes reduplicative constructions fulfill purely grammatical function usually intensifies base morpheme sometimes though may actually exact opposite function deintensifies base morpheme interested connection process process literal message sarcastic utterance assumes exact opposite meaning means conceptually similar feature exaggeration say amplitude duration pitch clarity anyone know research particular phenomenon speculations perhaps intimate connection polaritybased cognitive mapping givon negation language pragmatics function ontology proposed sincerely anders lars anders joensson macalester college email ljonsson macalstr edu