summary words dear netters posted several queries months ago ten members linguist list answered emails must show great thanks especially prof welchsler prof jewett prof edwards sent examples iow london lund corpus prof patrikis prof spackman prof macrakis prof alvarez caccamo prof harris prof huettner dr georgia green introduced two types convention indirect speech acts j l morgan contained volume _ syntax semantics vol 9 pragmatics _ edited peter cole 1978 new york academic press following summary summary propose hearer implicature implication interpretation process prof alvarez caccamo suggestion constrains use words iow english would distinguish speaker intended implicature hearer interpreted implicature thus speaker may intention implicate x hearer b may well fail recognize impli cature else may interpret even b correctly interprets intention b interpretation depends largely upon context background assumption use iow case dictionary edited ball 1986 calls usage inferential function though uses term rather informally dictionary follow terminology sake convenience inferential use iow frequently occurs two people dialogue 1 afraid nt much help b _ words _ nt want bothered although interpretation process 1 close called conventional use e might processed spontaneously without inferential process hearer mind b guesses real intent directly inferred utterance indirect ly implicature order b necessitate iow b exploits background assumption encyclopedic knowledge implicating busy nt feel ease b let implicature explained c sequential flow consciousness inferential process jc jb emerges iow visible index hearer implicatureinterpretation process speaker hearer background assumption varies common sense knowledge valid speaker hearer 2 love schubert late piano sonatas b _ words _ nt like beethoven sonatas iow 2b derived use restricted set background assumption b already admired beethoven sonatas b assumes also admirer beethoven contrary b assumption declares admiration schubert b feels criticism words b background assumption becomes old information conflates new information enables iow create b non conventional rather complicated use iow following 3 going kill b _ words _ like moved car example b car stands way car gets infuriated b situation like gets utter harsh words kill real intent case implicature implication going kill nt move car simply move car labelled c b beginning iow paraphrases c b words order b use iow h must infer assumes implicates c background assumption mitigates b processing effort b processes much effort interpret words b job process flow dialogue like jc jb b failure process infer flow dialogue sometimes occurs 1 afraid nt much help b _ words _ need helped context really needs help nt bother say cant help b hands full parcels visibly needs help says cant help b possibility b saying need helped however insulting comment b actually implies cant help capable person one needs help another completely misled example inference following 4 sorry cant help busy b _ words _ busy unacceptability b comes words _ busy _ already spoken implicature c mere repetition allowed iow case something extra implied b response type 4 ok 5 sorry cant help b _ words _ cant really cant summary utterance words b inferential process hearer interpretive process jc words c jb iow campared etc following results contributors reactions means judge sentence acceptable others unacceptable j 6 5 wallet _ _ _ words _ nt spent money b teacher _ _ _ words _ must respect j 7 playing french horn anyway horn makes funny noises _ _ _ words _ treacherous instrument nt something hard control much spit b glad used term difficult treacherous players course another story j 8 tom ate condemned meat _ _ _ words _ felt ill j 9 bill insulted mary _ _ _ words _ left contrast resultative 6 7 two 8 9 sequential case iow one ok 9 interpreted bill insulting mary always leads leaving iow permitted iow 8 nt ok eating condemned meat always equals feeling ill case iow situation redundant meaningless uninformative j 10 insurance man visits girl knows brought policy application signature talked husband girl expecting robert home soon insurance salesman oh trouble g thinking setting business oh good g think good idea yes g small businesses going bust place millions people dole right thought safe secure working someone else _ _ _ words _ _ _ time go nothing else lose anyway g think yes case j 11 afraid nt much help b _ case _ _ words _ shall ask someone else j 12 took refreshments _ _ _ words _ sand witches coffee beer fruit juice chocolate ball 1986 explains openended iow closed ended comments analyisis iow please nt hesitate email thanks much help given sincerely hiroaki tanaka associate professor tokushima university japan email gca01363 niftyserve jp