koyra chiini songhay languages west africa jeffrey heath grammar koyra chiini songhay timbuktu 1998 24 x 16 cm xvi 453 pages cloth dm 298 approx us 186 00 isbn 311 016285 7 mouton grammar library 19 mouton de gruyter berlin new york volume presents first grammar english language songhay family west africa sharp typological boundary separates koyra chiini timbuktu area songhay languages west africa including koroboro senni nearby gao example koyra chiini differs languages basic constituent order vo syntax focalization relativization extraction zero traces since phonology fairly simple grammar emphasizes grammatical categories morphosyntax topics covered depth include pronominal categories logophorics np conjunction instrumentals aspect subjunctive mood quantifier serial verbs focalization discoursefunctional particles relativization concluding chapter topics spatiotemporal lexical semantics though main grammar based squarely timbuktu variety short appendix dialects farther upriver long appendix djenne chiini remarkable offshoot koyra chiini spoken songhay enclave city djenne djenne chiini seven vowel qualities koyra chiini five different syntax based situ rather extracted focalization relativization comparative material special importance koyra chiini djenne chiini possible semicreolized songhay varieties dating westward expansion songhay empire capital gao late middle ages _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mouton de gruyter walter de gruyter inc postfach 30 34 21 200 saw mill river road d10728 berlin hawthorne ny 10532 germany usa fax 49 0 30 26005351 fax 1 914 7471326 email mouton degruyter de publications de gruyter also ordered via world wide web http www degruyter com