citing etexts summary dear linguists summary responses received answer query citing etexts firstly though would like thank following people kindly sent references suggestions keith schultz bruce nevin ismail talib evelyn todd karl vogel helmer strik joel kristina harris loren allen billings stavros macrakis golge citak seferoglu michael bernstein petur knutsson jane edwards allan c wechsler several people supplied following references 1 li xia nancy b crane 1993 _ electronic style guide citing electronic information _ meckler isbn 088736 909 x approx 15 00 reference seems standard scholars currently follow 2 apa style guide version 1 2 revised july 14 1994 prepared ron corio rcorio cabell vcu edu maggi sokolik msokolik uclink berkeley edu adapted american psychological association 1983 _ publication manual american psychological association 3rd ed _ washington c american psychological association 3 _ chicago manual style _ 14th edition chicago university chicago press 1993 pp 633 4 699 loren allen billings gives following reference 4 _ text encoding initiative _ sure published two volumes everything want know standardizing electronic texts published 1993 believe jane edwards informs teslej prepared electronic guide preparing manuscripts according apa american psychological association standards guide includes information cite email messages online articles well traditional references interested getting guide send message listserv cmsa berkeley edu text message following line nothing get teslej l apaguide teslej l f mail jane supplies section tesl publication guide note following complete listing reference citation fit examples given please consult one reference works access contact one authors file instructions include reference list headed references end teslej article documents sources provides necessary information identify retrieve source references must include sources used research preparation article reference list cites specific works support particular article bibliography cites works background reading apa journal style requires reference lists bibliographies limitations ascii certain typographical features displayed screen underscoring indicated typing underscore mark segment text italicized underlined example journal _ language learning _ diacritical marking umlauts accent marks omitted omission marks creates ambiguity possible misinterpretation clarified via footnote parenthetical explanation please note examples used document illustration used actual citations many fictional partly fictional check sources carefully intext documentation citation within text document refers reader alphabetical reference list end article apa format uses authordate method citation surname author date publication inserted appropriate point text one work single author 1 name author appears text cite year publication text shannon 1989 historical analysis 2 otherwise place surname author year publication comma separating two lead successful language learning chaudron 1988 3 within paragraph need repeat references author work long confused work cited article b one work two authors 1 work two authors always use surnames authors citations join two names ampersand within parentheses within text simply ignore hill parry 1988 2 work 3 6 authors use surnames authors first citation subsequent citations include surname first author followed et al process text hierarchically armbruster anderson ostertag 1984 3 work six authors use surname first author followed et al test exclusively openended questions pollit et al 1985 c works authors work author cite first two three words reference list entry followed year first entry usually title underline title periodical book use double quotation marks around title article chapter language use world languages 1992 book _ language use _ 1991 specific parts source cite specific part source include page chapter figure table equation citation words page chapter abbreviated citations see abbreviations rewriting read freire 1983 p 11 abbreviations chap chapter ed edition rev ed revised edition 2nd ed second edition ed eds editor editors trans translator p pp page pages vol volume vol 4 vols volumes four volumes number pt part tech rep technical report suppl supplement geographical abbreviations u states territories reference list use official twoletter u p abbreviation city names country names abbreviated e personal communications letters memos telephone conversations etc included reference list thus cited text include initials well surname author provide exact date possible according b cooper personal communication april 15 1969 f references parenthetical material reference appears within parentheses use commas brackets set date second level see figure 1 cowell ross 1992 full explanation ii reference list complete reference list reference list alphabetical order author surnames names including de von etc names alphabetized according rules language originate entry indented five spaces second line forward blank line entries b apa style 1 periodicals doyle w 1977 learning classroom environment ecological analysis _ journal teacher education 28 _ 5155 2 books entire books bishop j whitfield r c 1982 _ situations teaching _ london mcgraw hill b article chapter within book heath b 1989 learner culture member l rice r l schiefelbusch eds _ teachability language _ pp 333350 toronto paul h brookes 3 technical research reports cummins j 1981 role primary language development promoting educational success language minority students california state department education ed _ schooling language minority students theoretical framework _ los angeles california state university evaluation dissemination assessment center 4 proceedings meetings symposiums olson r hildyard 1980 _ literacy comprehension literal meaning _ paper presented conference development use writing systems biefefeld germany 5 doctoral dissertations master theses besnier n 1986 _ spoken written registers restrictedliteracy setting _ unpublished doctoral dissertation university southern california los angeles 6 unpublished manuscripts publications limited circulation parry j 1982 _ popular attitudes towards hindu religious texts _ unpublished manuscript 7 translations non english text translation freud 1920 _ general introduction psychoanalysis _ j riviere trans new york pocket books non english text raynaud de lage g 1975 _ introduction l ancien francais _ 9e edition _ introduction old french _ 9th ed paris societe edition enseignement superieur 8 reviews interviews book review rea p 1984 review _ issues language testing _ charles alderson arthur hughes eds _ language learning 34 3 _ 175188 published interview smith 1990 interview wu leong _ english yesterday 10 5 _ 5790 9 nonprint media film kirosawa director producer 1970 _ dodes kaden _ film tokyo films ltd audio recording carter b speaker 1977 _ growth english _ cassette recording 222 new york audio associates 10 electronic media computer programs sandford j browne r j 1985 captain log cognitive training system version 1 0 computer program indianapolis psychological software services inc online databases _ educational directory _ online 1992 available knowledge index file educational directory educ6 ftp telnet kehoe b p 1992 _ zen art internet 2nd ed online available ftp telnet quake think com directory pub etext 1992 file zen10 text articles available via email root c 1994 esl learning disabilities guide esl practitioner _ teslej 1 _ available email listserv cmsa berkeley edu message get teslej01 4 teslej l f mail cite email messages general format author year month day _ subject message _ email receiver name online available email receiver email address example corio r 1994 june 1 _ apa guide deadline _ email margaret e sokolik online available email msokolik uclink berkeley edu far location citation within etext concerned keith schultz offers following advice 1 mention context 2 character position beginning within etext 3 location given paragraphs lines chapters etc naturally methods effective feasible human reader human computer effectively find given citations within etext within seconds given information secondly etext generally located mass storage disks directly distributed article reference last least citation positional marker citation within text sufficiently large enough finally noteworthy comments common sense advice keith also notes would cite source without first knowing come source far easy manipulate etext pass without leaving traces foul play differing original note stavros macrakis states provenance e text clear nt know want cite thing first place give halfdozen xerox copies without necessary bibliographic information would wise rely much finally important note etiquette evelyn todd wish cite item received via email lists please consider posting public private contact author permission cite postings considered published material always wise check author assuming widespread dissemination intended hope evelyn authors comments mind breaking rule etiquette hope information summary much use colleagues thanks contributed moce mada jan tent department literature language school humanities university south pacific p box 1168 suva fiji tel 679 313900 ext 2263 fax 679 305053 e mail tent _ j usp ac fj