liaucj fteukriissinicaedutw perhaps familiarity modal logic neededto answer question however helpful use modal logic clarify confusion let us formulate reasoning epistemic logic branch modal logic see happens let denote statement epistemic logic notation means agent knows believes means epistemically possible contrast original arguement let us define three propositions p ronald born new york q ronald born united states r ronald born new jersey may two interpretations original arguement first may mean pp qq rr three premises 1 p q 2 q r 3 p ir interpretation first premise holds second premise said ronald born united states agent know ronald born new jersey hold since antecedent specify epistemic state similarly third premise hold since p refers objective fact whereas ir refers subjective belief epistemic state agent may independent objective fact second interpretation maybe close intention pip qiq rr three premises 1 ip q 2 iq r 3 ip ir interpretation first premises holds agent background knowledge basic geography united states ie ip q holds first premises follows basic scheme k modal logic third premises also holds reason however second premises hold since antecedent said agent knows ronald born united states exclude possiblity agent also knows ronald born new jersey either interpretation premises argument hold contradiction derived based modal logic formulation problem hope humble opinion helpful clarifying confusion best wish churnjung liau institute information science academia sinica taipei 115 taiwan httpwwwiissinicaedutwpagesliaucjeindexhtml original message nhipljlbixengrorstedu mailtonhipljlbixengrorstedu behalf gzrdaeecsberkeleyedu sent tuesday july 12 2005 348 pm faqengrorstedu subject uai paradox consider following line reasoning let p proposition ronald born new york p infer q ronald born united states q infer r possible ronald born new jersey hand p infer possible ronald born new jersey arrived contradiction wrong note answer question familiarity modal logic needed lotfi zadeh professor graduate school computer science division department electrical engineering computer sciences university california berkeley ca 94720 1776 director berkeley initiative soft computing bisc teloffice 510 6424959 uai mailing list uai mailing list wed 06 aug 2008 230738 0800 uai paradox epistemic logic solution