tok masta addition summary mail addition summary sources tok masta foreigner talk new guinea long time ago message cluded summary problems adress seems relevant subject thanks lot robert mannell robert mannell mq edu au sending nt references papua new guinea 1974 75 often heard term spent several months trekking new guinea central highlands term sometimes used local people response hearing english spoken sometimes used tok pisin called tok pidgin spoken poorly native speaker english second case form tok pisin spoken strongly contaminated australian english pronunciation use extra english words current tok pisin effect subsequent development tok pisin vocabulary know summarize tok masta english tok masta heavily anglicised tok pisin whic h may sounded like english local people may recall various studies english creole continuum jamaica broad creole speakers believed somewhat anglicised creole actually english tok masta non png language spoken european possible nt recall ever hearing used way terms heard also referred english tok place bilong masta place tok bilong masta tok place place tok appeared used interchangeably referred local language place birth person referred term used generically distinguished lingua franca tok pisin person first language therefore assumed use term tok place bilong masta intended mean language spoken place birth foreigner term masta always term great difficulty png number occasions asked local speakers thought word meant cases associate word meanings similar english word master simply saw term male europeans white skins called us less formally may local people working plantations areas new britain may used word differently regions europeans much control central highlands people extremely independant experience working europeans however cases correct term employer usually boss boss man term also used refer village elders term masta reserved generic term europeans employers masta could used refer europeans abstract particular group europeans experience commonly form address specific european eg often greeted follows api nun masta good afternoon masta hope use regards dr robert h mannell speech hearing language research centre macquarie university sydney nsw 2109 australia email robert mannell mq edu au