text_combined: 200 summary reduplication month christmas linguist vol5 1354 sent query reduplication strategy grammaticalized languages convey facet intensification summary based 45 replies received linguist netters allow thank collectively since referring single respondents following discussion topic reduplication interests writing phd repetition respect intensification iconicity swedish point departure original query claims found lakoff johnson metaphors live 1980 according reduplication may indicate plural collective intensification increase continuation completion diminution thus physical linguistic form corresponds content reduplicated expression opposed nonreduplicated form instance diagrammatic iconicity realization conduit metaphor terms lakoff johnson reflections outlined principles colloquial english expressions like old old man music got louder louder talks talks talks ball bounced bounced forms forms forms forms sinking etc originally mentioned however structures marked language like english choice words perhaps lucky meant marked even may think expressions frequent casual speech rare constrained contexts less marked way intensifying would probably use specific intensifier quantifier e g old man talks lot hope one offended simplistic analysis leading us bit beside point comprehensive account repetition english see persson 1974 univ uppsala sw query pointers examples languages reduplication means intensification integrated speak standard characteristic grammar also less got summarize outcome following aware instances facts probably subject qualification sake clarity brevity lay examples ahead rather listlike manner furthermore examples certainly represent sample languages world incorporated reduplication system note left order make illustrative possible tone marks diacritics transliteration 1 plural collective malay bahasa indonesia full word reduplication turns singular plural anak child anakanak children nahuatl aztec prefixed reduplication nouns conveys plural meaning cihtli hare cih stem ci cihtli pl moreover structurally distinct adjectives nahuatl certain adjectival suffixes take plural notion via reduplication pi l diminutive suffix pipi l plural hausa cited reduplication formation plurals limited set nouns japanese reduplication may turn noun collective scope strategy said marginal hito person hitobito people kami god kamigami gods mandarin chinese reduplication turns singular collective said rare ren person renren people moreover mandarin cantonese classifier items may reduplicated convey universal quantification contrast unique reference fits readily notion intensification augmentation ge ren person mandarin ge ge ren every person douh place cantonese douhdouh everywhere dakotan patterns plurals stative intransitive verbs reduplication said apply instances inanimate subjects though north american languages general may interest considering reduplication short examples present following languages mentioned replies though klamath nez perce sahaptin 2 intensification increase mandarin chinese intensifies adjectives reduplication xiao mall xiaoxiao small gaoxing happy gaogaoxingxing happy notice disyllabic adjectives reduplication pattern aabb cantonese also uses reduplication augmentation emphasis turkish apparently point case reduplication adjectives indicates intensification increase following way temiz clean tertemiz clean dolu full dopdolu full bos empty bosbos completely empty prefixed reduplication accompanied binding consonant interestingly seem rules binding consonant inserted given case hausa cited use reduplication intensification adjectives celtic languages full word reduplication indicate intensification method reminiscent case english may integrated grammar celtic opinions could celtic model influenced germanic languages still today rather similar reduplication colloquial registers modest idea examples provided netters welsh ty bach bach small house oglau cryf cryf strong smell gaelic fada fada long trua trua pity breton brazbraz tall said common especially negative sentences colloquial russian reduplication repetition adj adv likewise intensifying function use probably stylistically similar repetition colloquial english said limited predicate adjectives belyjbelyj white tixotixo quietly also pointed finnish prefixed reduplication intensified adjectival forms true indeed seems wholly lexicalized nonproductive case examples colleague enjoyed coming taysi full umlaut tapotaysi completely full uml tyhja empty uml typotyhja compl empty uml puhdas clean putipuhdas compl clean uusi new upouusi brand new pinta urface piripinta right surface suomalainen finnish supisuomalainen purely finnish yksin alone ypoyksin compl alone uml tiessaan lost uml tipotiessaan compl lost uml prefixed items tapo typo tipo upi puti piri upo ypo seem mean anything least speakers today seems first vowel pair first consonant vowel stem reduplicated binding syllable often p vowel e g tapo taysi typo tyhja upo uusi ypo yksin could productive earlier stage language finally classical greek small number verbs may reduplication communicate sort intensifying expressive affective notions pamphain ei shines brightly phanphan jei 3 continuation completion reduplication evidently often used formation present progressive perfective take view present progressive forms combine continuation whereas perfective forms communicate completion nice discover classical linguistic tradition offer fitting data feels appropriate begin examples sanskrit perfect stem formed reduplication budh know bubodh perf jan born jajan perf aorist true perfect roots may also formed kind reduplication jan ajijana aor addition present stems may formed reduplication bhii rink bibhii pres classical greek uses partial reduplication e prefixation initial consonant verb plus vowel e stems perfect tenses lelu ka freed pepoie ka made gegrap tai written root begins vowel vowel augmented furthermore common verbs take reduplication present tense initial consonant reduplicated vowel dido mi give giving gigno mai becoming tithe mi placing thithe mi latin perfect forms may involve reduplication curro run cucurri perf let us go living languages hausa reduplication applied verbs two different ways expresses completion continuity respectively modified suffixed reduplication gives idea completed action cika fill cikakke compl jefa throw jefaffe compl prefixed reduplication communicates something like continuity expressed respondent buga beat bubbuga keep beating kira call kikkira call various people tagalog philippines reduplication distinguishes imperfective actions perfective bili root buy bibili irrealis imperfective upo root uupo irr imp kuha root get kukuha irr imp scholars call irrealis perfective completed aspect irrealis imperfective contemplated aspect makes sense since irrealis imperfective bibili seems translate buy wailevu fijian austronesia reduplication used called object defocusing involves repetition action progressive marker au xauta na agone carry child au xauxau jixo carrying au dolava na xaatuba open window au doladola jixo opening moreover language adjectives may derived verbs reduplication even noted productive process fascinating savata wash tr savasava clean adjective could understood represent completed action result way similar perfect participle works say germanic washed cloth washed cloth nahuatl aztec reduplication may affect meaning verb several ways action carried systematic progressive way tequi base slice hack te tequi lice carve something cho ca weep cho cho ca weep continuously base verbs action carried random involving repetition way tehtequi hack something chohcho ca sob furthermore reduplication may recursive e g weep continuously ob respectively cho cho cho ca chohchohcho ca verbs certain morphologic characteristic may take reduplication indicate repeated action tzili ni make metallic sound tzttzilica jingle tzitzilitza make something jingle afrikaans reduplication applied verbs seems give progressive idea hy loop eeteet eats continuously walking 4 diminution many examples diminution total replies sense process making something smaller could possibly go general strategy intensification increase although literally decrease nevertheless couple possibly fitting cases cantonese may use reduplication convey diminution moderation pointed english diminutive reduplication formations like itsybitsy eensie weensie teenytiny carry content small belong merely childspeak register case examples diagnostic diminutive case 5 uses reduplication go beyond suggested four categories restraint could perhaps seen slight offsprings general principle marking plurality go detailed examples mention common semantic categories distributive reduplication presupposes two referents taken separately type one one reflexive notions go naturally hand hand distributive type one another called delimitative aspect e oing something mandarin cantonese first seem fit continuity completion however semantics delimitative aspect said encompass implied repetition taitai take look cant changchang taste man shishi go man would seem logical casual temporally short action like take look reaches termination quicker standard looking nt know kind implicit sense rapid completion could motivation reduplication numerous instances reduplication communicate contrastive emphasis necessarily combine functional categories motivation reduplication merely make point clearer american english double seemingly nice example shall rent car car would rather jeep course emphasis sort intensification thus touches theme discussion think time close rather lengthy summary thanks reading would like add something discussion like comment suggestions feel free email snailmail stuff directly literature see best 1995 jan jan lindstrom dept scandinavian languages pb 4 00014 helsinki university finland literature end give bibliographic hints pointed sorry order random martin samuel e 1988 reference grammar japanese tuttle tai james 1993 iconicity motivations chinese grammar principles prediction analysis natural language ed mushira eid gregory iverson benjamins 153174 whitney william dwight 1896 sanskrit grammar e g harvard university press carnochan j c 1957 gemination hausa studies linguistic analysis special vol philological society blackwell schachter otanes 1972 grammar tagalog university california moravcsik edith 1978 reduplicative constructions universals human language vol 3 word structure ed j h greenberg et al stanford university press 297334 davis stuart 1988 nature internal reduplication hammond noonan eds theoretical morphology approaches modern linguistics academic press 305323 li thompson mandarin chinese functional reference grammar eg pp 2836 newman paul 1989 reduplicated nouns hausa journal african languages linguistics vol 8 nr 2 oct 115132 matthews yip 1994 cantonese comprehensive grammar routledge