Wu 2015, To investigate The MRC Cognitive Bespoke Land use per Lower-layer Adjusted for age, gender, Dementia ↑ England the impact of Cognitive impairment and questionnaire Super Output Areas (LSOA); education, social class and Quartile 4 (Highest % natural environment) OR the community study Function and dementia including self-reported Generalised Land Use number of chronic illnesses (Wu et al. 2.23 (95% CI 1.17, 4.24) environment on Ageing Study past medical history Dataset (GLUD) 2001 with a further adjustment for 2015) cognition in later (CFAS). 60.7% area deprivation Cognitive impairment ↑ life female, mean age 81.7 years Quartile 4 OR (95% CI 1.00, 1.98) (n = 2,424) Yamaguchi To investigate Healthy male Salivary amylase Primary measurement Forest vs urban environment Matching of participants rate variability ↓ 2006, Japan the effects of university activity, sympathetic exercise in forest students, mean nervous activity (Yamaguchi and urban age 22.2 years (heart rate et al. 2006) environments on variability) (n = 15) sympathetic nervous activity of normal young adults Young 2016, To determine Ecological Los Angeles and Gestational diabetes California Birth Ratio and km of park area in Adjusted model accounted Gestational diabetes and preeclampsia ↔ USA the risk of study Orange Counties and preeclampsia Certificate database each zipcode; land use data for maternal age, gestational birth records from Southern California prepregnancy BMI, race, et al. diabetes (GDM) Association of Government ethnicity and median 2016) (n = 6,567,580 and household income women, 362,525 preeclampsia pregnancies) associated with various community response significant increase; significant decrease; non-significant increase; non-significant decrease; non-significant, direction not reported. ↑= ↓= ↗= ↘= ↔= Significant increase in a measurement may or may not be an improvement References:
Wu 2015, England (Wu et al. 2015) To investigate the impact of the community environment on cognition in later life study The MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (CFAS). 60.7% female, mean age 81.7 years (n = 2,424) Cognitive impairment and dementia Bespoke questionnaire including self-reported past medical history Land use per Lower-layer Super Output Areas (LSOA); Generalised Land Use Dataset (GLUD) 2001 Adjusted for age, gender, education, social class and number of chronic illnesses with a further adjustment for area deprivation Dementia ↑ Quartile 4 (Highest % natural environment) OR 2.23 (95% CI 1.17, 4.24) Cognitive impairment ↑ Quartile 4 OR (95% CI 1.00, 1.98) Yamaguchi 2006, Japan (Yamaguchi et al. 2006) To investigate the effects of exercise in forest and urban environments on sympathetic nervous activity of normal young adults Healthy male university students, mean age 22.2 years (n = 15) Salivary amylase activity, sympathetic nervous activity (heart rate variability) Primary measurement Forest vs urban environment Matching of participants rate variability ↓ Young 2016, USA et al. 2016) To determine the risk of gestational diabetes (GDM) and preeclampsia associated with various community response Ecological study Los Angeles and Orange Counties birth records (n = 6,567,580 women, 362,525 pregnancies) Gestational diabetes and preeclampsia California Birth Certificate database Ratio and km of park area in each zipcode; land use data from Southern California Association of Government Adjusted model accounted for maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, race, ethnicity and median household income Gestational diabetes and preeclampsia ↔ ↑= significant increase; ↓= significant decrease; ↗= non-significant increase; ↘= non-significant decrease; ↔= non-significant, direction not reported. Significant increase in a measurement may or may not be an improvement References:
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