Ward 2016, To investigate 59% female, Cognitive Computerised Locational data from GPS, All models included sex, age Cognitive development ↔ New Zealand the relationship mean age 12.66 development: visual neurocognitive testing greenspace exposure and school as covariates between study memory, verbal conducted using CNS calculated using Personal (Ward et al. children’s time memory, processing Vital Signs Activity Location 2016) (n = 108) spent in speed, psychomotor Measurement System greenspace with speed, reaction (PALMS) various time, cognitive physiological flexibility and and executive function psychological variables Ward To investigate Exploratory People Salivary cortisol, Primary measurement Percentage neighbourhood Not specified Salivary cortisol ↓ Thompson the relationship study were self-reported greenspace in Census Area 2012, between recruited through measures of stress Statistics Ward; data from Scotland greenspace in community and Centre for Research on urban deprived centres and Environment Society and (Thompson areas and stress training Health (CRESH) et al. 2012) (salivary cortisol opportunity and self-report) centres in and general Dundee. Mean wellbeing age 43.4 years (age range 33-57 years), 52% female (n = 25) Ward To investigate 54.7% female, General health Bespoke single-item Self-reported access to Not specified General health ↑ Thompson the nature of mean age 44 assessment greenspace and objective 2016, access to survey ±17.1 years measure Ordnance Scotland greenspace Survey MasterMap (n = 406) necessary before (Ward any health Thompson et benefit is found al. 2016) Weimann To investigate Prognostic group Self-reported Bespoke Perceived neighbourhood Adjusted for covariates Self-reported health ↑ 2015, the effects of survey for good general general health questionnaire greenness, public health associated with general or Evidence of beneficial effect of increased Sweden changing health at baseline: survey mental health greenness indicated among subjects with exposure to lowest prognostic of good general health: neighbourhood
Ward 2016, New Zealand (Ward et al. 2016) To investigate the relationship between children’s time spent in greenspace with various physiological and psychological variables study 59% female, mean age 12.66 (n = 108) Cognitive development: visual memory, verbal memory, processing speed, psychomotor speed, reaction time, cognitive flexibility and executive function Computerised neurocognitive testing conducted using CNS Vital Signs Locational data from GPS, greenspace exposure calculated using Personal Activity Location Measurement System (PALMS) All models included sex, age and school as covariates Cognitive development ↔ Ward Thompson 2012, Scotland (Thompson et al. 2012) To investigate the relationship between greenspace in urban deprived areas and stress (salivary cortisol and self-report) and general wellbeing Exploratory study People were recruited through community centres and training opportunity centres in Dundee. Mean age 43.4 years (age range 33-57 years), 52% female (n = 25) Salivary cortisol, self-reported measures of stress and Primary measurement Percentage neighbourhood greenspace in Census Area Statistics Ward; data from Centre for Research on Environment Society and Health (CRESH) Not specified Salivary cortisol ↓ Ward Thompson 2016, Scotland (Ward Thompson et al. 2016) To investigate the nature of access to greenspace necessary before any health benefit is found survey 54.7% female, mean age 44 ±17.1 years (n = 406) General health Bespoke single-item assessment Self-reported access to greenspace and objective measure Ordnance Survey MasterMap Not specified General health ↑ Weimann 2015, Sweden To investigate the effects of changing exposure to neighbourhood survey Prognostic group for good general health at baseline: Self-reported general health Bespoke questionnaire Perceived neighbourhood greenness, public health survey Adjusted for covariates associated with general or mental health Self-reported health ↑ Evidence of beneficial effect of increased greenness indicated among subjects with lowest prognostic of good general health:
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