Forces Forces are push or and represented by vectors. There are contact and field forces. Inertia is the tendency of a mass to resist a force changing its state of motion. Friction is the force that opposes motion. Newton’s three laws are used to understand dynamic motion. Newton’s First Law (Law In the absence of a net external of inertia) – force, an object maintains constant velocity. Newton’s Second Law- If a net force is acting on a mass then the mass will accelerate in the direction of the net force and is directly proportional to the force. Fnet=ma. Newton’s 3rd Law - For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Free body diagrams In circular motion net force is directed towards the center and is referred to as centripetal force. Review Section 4: Center of Mass The center of mass is the point in a system (multiple masses) about which all the mass is balanced. The center of mass point is found by taking the weighted average of all points of mass along each axis: xcm = / ycm = / Review Section 5: Electrostatics The nature of Electric Charges There are two types of electric charge: positive and negative. Electrons are the fundamental carriers of negative charge. Protons are the fundamental carriers of positive charge. charges repel, while charges attract. Like unlike The presence of static charges can be determined by the use of an electroscope. Objects become charged through the transfer of electrons. Coulomb’s law Used to find the electric force between two static charges. The force is either attractive (-) or repulsive (+) and is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This is an inverse square law. F = F = qE F =(1/4€o ) k=constant = constant, Permittivity of free space €o
Forces Forces are push or and represented by vectors. There are contact and field forces. Inertia is the tendency of a mass to resist a force changing its state of motion. Friction is the force that opposes motion. Newton’s three laws are used to understand dynamic motion. Newton’s First Law (Law of inertia) – In the absence of a net external force, an object maintains constant velocity. Newton’s Second Law- If a net force is acting on a mass then the mass will accelerate in the direction of the net force and is directly proportional to the force. Fnet=ma. Newton’s 3rd Law - For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Free body diagrams In circular motion net force is directed towards the center and is referred to as centripetal force. Review Section 4: Center of Mass The center of mass is the point in a system (multiple masses) about which all the mass is balanced. The center of mass point is found by taking the weighted average of all points of mass along each axis: xcm = / ycm = / Review Section 5: Electrostatics The nature of Electric Charges There are two types of electric charge: positive and negative. Electrons are the fundamental carriers of negative charge. Protons are the fundamental carriers of positive charge. Like charges repel, while unlike charges attract. The presence of static charges can be determined by the use of an electroscope. Objects become charged through the transfer of electrons. Coulomb’s law Used to find the electric force between two static charges. The force is either attractive (-) or repulsive (+) and is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This is an inverse square law. F = F = qE F =(1/4€o ) k=constant €o = constant, Permittivity of free space
AP_PHYSICS_II_EXAM_Study_Guide_rough_Final.docx