forested, Flanders income) and smoking during agricultural, Prospective Twin pregnancy residential and Survey (EFPTS). industrial areas Mean maternal within a 5000m age 27.5 years radius from the (range 19-40) residential (n = 211) address Bixby 2015, To assess Ecological Populations of the Risk of death from Individual-level Proportion of city area Adjusted for age, income All cause mortality ↘ England whether local 50 largest cities in all causes, mortality records, UK covered by land, Land deprivation and air pollution Cardiovascular disease mortality associations England cardiovascular Small Area Health Cover Map 2007 ↘ et al. between study disease, lung cancer Statistics Unit Lung cancer 2015) (n = not specified) ↗ greenspace and and suicide between physiological 2002 and 2009 Suicide mortality ↗ and psychological health are transferable to a larger scale Bodicoat To investigate 6,200 from Screen-detected Primary measurement Percentage neighbourhood Adjusted for ethnicity, age, Type II diabetes ↓ 2014, UK the relationship general type 2 diabetes greenspace, Land Cover Map sex, area social deprivation ORs for screen detected type 2 diabetes were between study population, 4,276 2007 and urban/rural status (Bodicoat et 0.97 (0.80, 1.17), 0.78 (0.62, 0.98) and 0.67 neighbourhood from high-risk for increasing quartiles of al. 2014) (0.49, 0.93) for increasing quartiles of greenspace and population. Mean neighbourhood greenspace, greenspace compared to the least green type 2 diabetes age 59 years as well as BMI, physical quartile after adjusting for confounders. (range: 20-75 activity, fasting glucose, 2h years). 47% glucose and cholesterol for female, 21% highest vs lowest quartile ethnicity (n = 10,476) Botticello To assess the Secondary Spinal Cord Injury Perceived health Bespoke Percentage neighbourhood ORs adjusted for Perceived health ↑ 2015, USA association analysis of Model Systems questionnaire open space, dataset not demographic, impairment between (SCIMS) database specified and community (Botticello et characteristics of participants, socioeconomic differences al. 2015) the survey data mean age 44.5 environment (±16.5) years, and differences 80.5% male in perceived
forested, agricultural, residential and industrial areas within a 5000m radius from the residential address Flanders Prospective Twin Survey (EFPTS). Mean maternal age 27.5 years (range 19-40) (n = 211) income) and smoking during pregnancy Bixby 2015, England et al. 2015) To assess whether local associations between greenspace and physiological and psychological health are transferable to a larger scale Ecological study Populations of the 50 largest cities in England (n = not specified) Risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and suicide between 2002 and 2009 Individual-level mortality records, UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit Proportion of city area covered by land, Land Cover Map 2007 Adjusted for age, income deprivation and air pollution All cause mortality ↘ Cardiovascular disease mortality ↘ Lung cancer ↗ Suicide mortality ↗ Bodicoat 2014, UK (Bodicoat et al. 2014) To investigate the relationship between neighbourhood greenspace and type 2 diabetes study 6,200 from general population, 4,276 from high-risk population. Mean age 59 years (range: 20-75 years). 47% female, 21% ethnicity (n = 10,476) Screen-detected type 2 diabetes Primary measurement Percentage neighbourhood greenspace, Land Cover Map 2007 Adjusted for ethnicity, age, sex, area social deprivation and urban/rural status for increasing quartiles of neighbourhood greenspace, as well as BMI, physical activity, fasting glucose, 2h glucose and cholesterol for highest vs lowest quartile Type II diabetes ↓ ORs for screen detected type 2 diabetes were 0.97 (0.80, 1.17), 0.78 (0.62, 0.98) and 0.67 (0.49, 0.93) for increasing quartiles of greenspace compared to the least green quartile after adjusting for confounders. Botticello 2015, USA (Botticello et al. 2015) To assess the association between characteristics of the environment and differences in perceived Secondary analysis of survey data Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems (SCIMS) database participants, mean age 44.5 (±16.5) years, 80.5% male Perceived health Bespoke questionnaire Percentage neighbourhood open space, dataset not specified ORs adjusted for demographic, impairment and community socioeconomic differences Perceived health ↑
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