mediators and modifiers Tsunetsugu To investigate RCT Male university Blood pressure, Primary Forest vs city Matching of participants pressure ↓ 2007, Japan the physiological students, mean heart rate, heart measurement, rate effects of age 22 years rate variability bespoke 13-point ↓ (Tsunetsugu shinrin-yoku on (range 21-23) (LF&HF), salivary scale Heart rate variability et al. 2007) ↓ blood pressure, cortisol and mental (n = 12) pulse rate, HRV, health Salivary cortisol ↓ salivary cortisol and immunoglobin A Tsunetsugu To investigate Controlled 12 university pressure, heart Primary measurement Forest vs urban site Matching of participants Diastolic blood pressure ↓ 2013, Japan the physiological students who rate, heart rate Heart rate and participated in variability ↓ (Tsunetsugu psychological each of the four Heart rate variability et al. 2013) ↓ effects of experimental viewing urban areas. Mean age forest 21.1 years landscapes on 48 (n = 12) young male urban residents Tyrvainen To investigate RCT Healthy Salivary cortisol Primary Forest vs park vs city Matching of participants Salivary cortisol ↔ 2014, the adults, concentration as measurement, Focus centre Finland psychological mean age 47.64 well as of Attention Scale and years (range psychological (TFOAS), Restoration (Tyrväinen et physiological years), 87.17% symptoms Outcome Scale (ROS), al. 2014) effects of female Perceived visits to Restorativeness Scale (n = 77) urban nature (PRS), Positive and environments Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Creativity Scale, Subjective Vitality Scale
mediators and modifiers Tsunetsugu 2007, Japan (Tsunetsugu et al. 2007) To investigate the physiological effects of shinrin-yoku on blood pressure, pulse rate, HRV, salivary cortisol and immunoglobin A RCT Male university students, mean age 22 years (range 21-23) (n = 12) Blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability (LF&HF), salivary cortisol and mental health Primary measurement, bespoke 13-point scale Forest vs city Matching of participants pressure ↓ rate ↓ Heart rate variability ↓ Salivary cortisol ↓ Tsunetsugu 2013, Japan (Tsunetsugu et al. 2013) To investigate the physiological and psychological effects of viewing urban forest landscapes on 48 young male urban residents Controlled 12 university students who participated in each of the four experimental areas. Mean age 21.1 years (n = 12) pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability Primary measurement Forest vs urban site Matching of participants Diastolic blood pressure ↓ Heart rate ↓ Heart rate variability ↓ Tyrvainen 2014, Finland (Tyrväinen et al. 2014) To investigate the psychological and physiological effects of visits to urban nature environments RCT Healthy adults, mean age 47.64 years (range years), 87.17% female (n = 77) Salivary cortisol concentration as well as psychological symptoms Primary measurement, Focus of Attention Scale (TFOAS), Restoration Outcome Scale (ROS), Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Creativity Scale, Subjective Vitality Scale Forest vs park vs city centre Matching of participants Salivary cortisol ↔
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