Description Method(s) Strengths Weaknesses References Discourse theory Case studies; Problems of Perceptual results; (Rozema and Bond studies surveys; interviews passive assumed link 2015; Runhaar et participation; between al. 2013; Wiklund challenges of stakeholder 2005) integrating discourses and stakeholders’ policy outcomes; objectives; often rely on one identifies the stakeholder group; asymmetrical unclear how to power steer plurality relationships of towards stakeholders sustainable development EIS Analysis Case study, Identifies the Causes of (Kørnøv et al. document analysis, points where narrowing unclear; 2005) and interviews environmental policy concept narrows recommendations are vague; focuses exclusively on EIA process and not on wider EIA system Analyzes 12 EIAs Comparative case Identifies links Insufficient (Kolhoff et al. operationalizing study between number of EIAs 2016) aspects of actor procedural and for representative capacity normative samples effectiveness dimensions Table 5 Multidimensional* Methods
Description Method(s) Strengths Weaknesses References Discourse theory studies Case studies; surveys; interviews Problems of passive participation; challenges of integrating stakeholders’ objectives; identifies the asymmetrical power relationships of stakeholders Perceptual results; assumed link between stakeholder discourses and policy outcomes; often rely on one stakeholder group; unclear how to steer plurality towards sustainable development (Rozema and Bond 2015; Runhaar et al. 2013; Wiklund 2005) EIS Analysis Case study, document analysis, and interviews Identifies the points where environmental concept narrows Causes of narrowing unclear; policy recommendations are vague; focuses exclusively on EIA process and not on wider EIA system (Kørnøv et al. 2005) Analyzes 12 EIAs operationalizing aspects of actor capacity Comparative case study Identifies links between procedural and normative effectiveness dimensions Insufficient number of EIAs for representative samples (Kolhoff et al. 2016) Table 5 Multidimensional* Methods
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