Requia 2016, To quantify the Hospital Cardiorespiratory Brazilian National Natural environment land Not specified Cardiorespiratory diseases risk ↓ Brazil admissions for diseases risk Health Database use, Sedhab (2012) database 1km2 increase in green areas intra urban was study cardiorespiratory (Requia et al. associated with reduced risk of hospital diseases risk disease in Brazil 2016) admission related to 28 (n = not specified) neighbourhood aspects in the Federal District, Brazil Richardson To investigate Ecological Anonymised Risk of mortality Individual-level Census area unit greenspace Controlled for census level Cardiovascular mortality and respiratory 2010a, New whether there is study individual-level from cardiovascular mortality records, coverage; Department of data on income, mortality ↗ Zealand a socioeconomic mortality data for disease and from New Zealand Ministry Conservation (DOC) employment, gradient in green every registered lung cancer of Health 2001 Conservation Boundaries communication, support, (Richardson space exposure death between data set (2003), Land transport, qualifications, et al. 2010a) and whether 1996 and 2005 Information New Zealand’s living space, home green space from the New (LINZ) Core Records System ownership, smoking, air exposure is Zealand Ministry (2004), Ministry for the pollution, and population associated with of Health. Limited Environment Land Cover density as a measure of cause-specific to adults under 65 Database 2 (LCDB2 2001) urbanity mortality (CVD (n = 1,546,405) and lung cancer) Richardson To examine the Ecological Individual-level Cardiovascular Individual-level Generalised Land Use All models adjusted for Cardiovascular mortality men only ↓ 2010b, UK relationship mortality records disease mortality, mortality records, Database (GLUD) and income deprivation IRR 0.95 (95% CI 0.91, 0.98) greenest wards between urban were obtained respiratory disease Office of National Coordination of Information quartile, air pollution and (Richardson greenspace and study and matched to mortality, Statistics (England and on the Environment country Respiratory mortality men only and Mitchell ↓ health and to CAS wards with an limiting Wales), General (CORINE) 2010b) investigate estimate of green long-term illness Register Office for IRR 0.89 (95% CI 0.83, 0.96) greenest wards gender space coverage Scotland, Northern differences in Ireland Statistics and (n = 28,600,000) this relationship Research Agency (NISRA)
Requia 2016, Brazil (Requia et al. 2016) To quantify the diseases risk related to 28 neighbourhood aspects in the Federal District, Brazil study Hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory disease in Brazil (n = not specified) Cardiorespiratory diseases risk Brazilian National Health Database Natural environment land use, Sedhab (2012) database Not specified Cardiorespiratory diseases risk ↓ 1km2 increase in green areas intra urban was associated with reduced risk of hospital admission Richardson 2010a, New Zealand (Richardson et al. 2010a) To investigate whether there is a socioeconomic gradient in green space exposure and whether green space exposure is associated with cause-specific mortality (CVD and lung cancer) Ecological study Anonymised individual-level mortality data for every registered death between 1996 and 2005 from the New Zealand Ministry of Health. Limited to adults under 65 (n = 1,546,405) Risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease and from lung cancer Individual-level mortality records, New Zealand Ministry of Health 2001 Census area unit greenspace coverage; Department of Conservation (DOC) Conservation Boundaries data set (2003), Land Information New Zealand’s (LINZ) Core Records System (2004), Ministry for the Environment Land Cover Database 2 (LCDB2 2001) Controlled for census level data on income, employment, communication, support, transport, qualifications, living space, home ownership, smoking, air pollution, and population density as a measure of urbanity Cardiovascular mortality and respiratory mortality ↗ Richardson 2010b, UK (Richardson and Mitchell 2010b) To examine the relationship between urban greenspace and health and to investigate gender differences in this relationship Ecological study Individual-level mortality records were obtained and matched to CAS wards with an estimate of green space coverage (n = 28,600,000) Cardiovascular disease mortality, respiratory disease mortality, limiting long-term illness Individual-level mortality records, Office of National Statistics (England and Wales), General Register Office for Scotland, Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) Generalised Land Use Database (GLUD) and Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) All models adjusted for income deprivation quartile, air pollution and country Cardiovascular mortality ↓ men only IRR 0.95 (95% CI 0.91, 0.98) greenest wards Respiratory mortality ↓ men only IRR 0.89 (95% CI 0.83, 0.96) greenest wards
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