Tamosiunas To explore the Cohort Kaunas cohort Blood pressure, Primary Distance to nearest Adjusted for age CVD men only ↓ 2014, associations of study study. Mean age cognitive function, measurement, greenspace; unspecified 3rd tertile compares to 1st: Lithuania the distance and 60.4 years, 57% serum lipids, fasting Centre for special land cover dataset for use of urban female glucose, Epidemiologic Studies Kaunas city HR 1.36 (95% CI 1.03, 1.80) (Tamosiunas greenspaces health, Depression Scale et al. 2014) (n = 5,112) with the symptoms of 10), medical CVD women only ↓ prevalence of depression, records, bespoke cardiovascular coronary heart questionnaire 2nd and 3rd tertile compared to 1st: diseases and its disease measured HR 2.78 (95% CI 1.16, 6.70) risk factors. To by a history of evaluate the myocardial impact of infarction or accessibility and ischaemic changes use of in ECG. Angina, greenspaces on diabetes and stroke the incidence of diagnosis recall CVD Toda 2013, To investigate Pre post Healthy Salivary cortisol and Primary Forest vs office Matching of participants Systolic blood pressure ↓ Japan the effect of mean age 67.6 chromogranin A, measurement, Salivary cortisol walking through years visual analogue stress visual ↓ (Toda et al. woodland on scales of perceived analogue scale Heart rate 2013) (n = 20) ↑ salivary stress endocrinological stress makers, cortisol and chromogranin A To investigate Catalonia Health Self-perceived Short form health Access to natural outdoor Adjusted for gender, age, Self-reported health ↑ 2015, the association Survey. 50.06% general health survey (SF-36), environments and education completed, birth Surrounding greenness within 300m, OR for Spain between natural study female, mean age General health surrounding greenness; place, type of health less than good self-perceived general health: outdoor 48 years questionnaire Normalised Difference insurance, marital status and environments questions from Vegetation Index (NDVI) indicators of household and OR 0.90 (95% CI 0.83, 0.98) et al. (n = 8,793) (separately blue ESCA questionnaire neighbourhood 2015) and green socioeconomic status spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible
Tamosiunas 2014, Lithuania (Tamosiunas et al. 2014) To explore the associations of the distance and use of urban greenspaces with the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and its risk factors. To evaluate the impact of accessibility and use of greenspaces on the incidence of CVD Cohort study Kaunas cohort study. Mean age 60.4 years, 57% female (n = 5,112) Blood pressure, cognitive function, serum lipids, fasting glucose, health, symptoms of depression, coronary heart disease measured by a history of myocardial infarction or ischaemic changes in ECG. Angina, diabetes and stroke diagnosis recall Primary measurement, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale 10), medical records, bespoke questionnaire Distance to nearest greenspace; unspecified special land cover dataset for Kaunas city Adjusted for age CVD ↓ men only 3rd tertile compares to 1st: HR 1.36 (95% CI 1.03, 1.80) CVD ↓ women only 2nd and 3rd tertile compared to 1st: HR 2.78 (95% CI 1.16, 6.70) Toda 2013, Japan (Toda et al. 2013) To investigate the effect of walking through woodland on salivary endocrinological stress makers, cortisol and chromogranin A Pre post Healthy mean age 67.6 years (n = 20) Salivary cortisol and chromogranin A, visual analogue scales of perceived stress Primary measurement, stress visual analogue scale Forest vs office Matching of participants Systolic blood pressure ↓ Salivary cortisol ↓ Heart rate ↑ 2015, Spain et al. 2015) To investigate the association between natural outdoor environments (separately blue and green spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible study Catalonia Health Survey. 50.06% female, mean age 48 years (n = 8,793) Self-perceived general health Short form health survey (SF-36), General health questionnaire questions from ESCA questionnaire Access to natural outdoor environments and surrounding greenness; Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Adjusted for gender, age, education completed, birth place, type of health insurance, marital status and indicators of household and neighbourhood socioeconomic status Self-reported health ↑ Surrounding greenness within 300m, OR for less than good self-perceived general health: OR 0.90 (95% CI 0.83, 0.98)
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