severity and increased urinary coproporphyrins Heme Synthesis Geier et al. ASD 26 Urinary Mercury Pathway Metabolites [73] porphyrins and urinary (pentacarboxyporphyrin, J Neurol Sci 2-13 y transsulfuration porphyrins were precoproporphyrin, and metabolites in significantly correlated coproporphyrin) ASD were with increasing CARS examined scores and GSSG levels. Heme Synthesis Geier et al. ASD 71 Evaluated Participants with severe Pathway [74] Controls relationship ASD had significantly Metabolites J Toxicol 14 between ASD increased cP I, cP III, and (coproporphyrins) Environ severity and total cP levels in Health A ASD 3-22 urinary comparison to participants y porphyrins with mild ASD. A Controls significant correlation was 3-59 y observed between increasing cP levels and CARS scores. Heme Synthesis Kern et al. ASD 24 Urinary The results of the study Pathway Metabolites [75] porphyrins and indicated that the overalll (pentacarboxyporphyrin, Biometals 2-13 y specific domains ATEC scores and each of precoproporphyrin, and of the ATEC the ATEC subscales coproporphyrin) (Speech/Language, Sociability, Sensory/Cognitive Awareness, Health/Physical/Behavior) were linearly related to urinary porphyrins associated with mercury toxicity. Heme Synthesis et al. ASD 30 Evaluated penta ASD and PDD Pathway Metabolite [76] PDD 14 and childrenhad higher mean (pentacarboxyl (penta) Autism Res Controls coproporphyrins urinary penta and copro- and coproporphyrins) 32 as biological concentrations
severity and increased urinary coproporphyrins Heme Synthesis Pathway Metabolites (pentacarboxyporphyrin, precoproporphyrin, and coproporphyrin) Geier et al. [73] J Neurol Sci ASD 26 2-13 y Urinary porphyrins and transsulfuration metabolites in ASD were examined Mercury urinary porphyrins were significantly correlated with increasing CARS scores and GSSG levels. Heme Synthesis Pathway Metabolites (coproporphyrins) Geier et al. [74] J Toxicol Environ Health A ASD 71 Controls 14 ASD 3-22 y Controls 3-59 y Evaluated relationship between ASD severity and urinary porphyrins Participants with severe ASD had significantly increased cP I, cP III, and total cP levels in comparison to participants with mild ASD. A significant correlation was observed between increasing cP levels and CARS scores. Heme Synthesis Pathway Metabolites (pentacarboxyporphyrin, precoproporphyrin, and coproporphyrin) Kern et al. [75] Biometals ASD 24 2-13 y Urinary porphyrins and specific domains of the ATEC The results of the study indicated that the overalll ATEC scores and each of the ATEC subscales (Speech/Language, Sociability, Sensory/Cognitive Awareness, Health/Physical/Behavior) were linearly related to urinary porphyrins associated with mercury toxicity. Heme Synthesis Pathway Metabolite (pentacarboxyl (penta) and coproporphyrins) et al. [76] Autism Res ASD 30 PDD 14 Controls 32 Evaluated penta and coproporphyrins as biological ASD and PDD childrenhad higher mean urinary penta and concentrations copro-
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