Song 2013, To investigate Controlled Japanese male rate, Heart rate Primary Walking intervention; urban Matching of participants Heart rate ↓ Japan the physiological university variability (HRV), measurement, Profile park/city area Heart rate variability and students, mean mood states of Mood State (POMS) ↓ (Song et al. psychological age 22.5 years questionnaire, 2013) effects of Anxiety (n = 13) walking in urban Inventory (STAI) parks in winter on young males Song 2015a, To investigate Japanese men, Heart rate, Heart Primary Walking intervention; Matching of participants Heart rate ↓ Japan the effect of mean age 58.0 rate variability measurement, Profile forest/urban setting Heart rate variability forest walking years (HRV), relaxation of Mood State (POMS) ↓ (Song et al. on autonomic questionnaire questionnaire, 2015a) (n = 20) nervous system modified semantic activity in middle differential method aged (SD) hypertensive individuals Song 2015b, To clarify the Japanese males, Heart rate, heart Primary Urban park vs city area Matching of participants rate ↓ Japan physiological study mean age 22.3 rate variability, measurement, POMS Sympathetic nervous activity and ±1.2 years Profile of Mood questionnaire, ↓ (Song et al. psychological States (POMS), Anxiety Parasympathetic nervous activity 2015b) (n = 23) ↑ effects of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory walking in urban Inventory green areas Stigsdotter To investigate 2005 Danish Health-related Danish Institute of Self-reported proximity to a Analyses adjusted for Self-reported health ↑ 2010, the associations Health Interview quality of life and Public Health 2005 greenspace; Danish Institute gender, age, cohabitation >1km from a greenspace/natural area Denmark between study Survey, age range stress health interview of Public Health 2005 health status, combined school and greenspace and 16-64 years survey, Short form interview survey vocational education, OR 1.42 (95% CI 1.17, 1.73) (Stigsdotter health, health survey (SF-36) accommodation type, size of et al. 2010) (n = 21,832) quality of municipality and ethnic life and stress background
Song 2013, Japan (Song et al. 2013) To investigate the physiological and psychological effects of walking in urban parks in winter on young males Controlled Japanese male university students, mean age 22.5 years (n = 13) rate, Heart rate variability (HRV), mood states Primary measurement, Profile of Mood State (POMS) questionnaire, Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Walking intervention; urban park/city area Matching of participants Heart rate ↓ Heart rate variability ↓ Song 2015a, Japan (Song et al. 2015a) To investigate the effect of forest walking on autonomic nervous system activity in middle aged hypertensive individuals Japanese men, mean age 58.0 years (n = 20) Heart rate, Heart rate variability (HRV), relaxation questionnaire Primary measurement, Profile of Mood State (POMS) questionnaire, modified semantic differential method (SD) Walking intervention; forest/urban setting Matching of participants Heart rate ↓ Heart rate variability ↓ Song 2015b, Japan (Song et al. 2015b) To clarify the physiological and psychological effects of walking in urban green areas study Japanese males, mean age 22.3 ±1.2 years (n = 23) Heart rate, heart rate variability, Profile of Mood States (POMS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Primary measurement, POMS questionnaire, Anxiety Inventory Urban park vs city area Matching of participants rate ↓ Sympathetic nervous activity ↓ Parasympathetic nervous activity ↑ Stigsdotter 2010, Denmark (Stigsdotter et al. 2010) To investigate the associations between greenspace and health, quality of life and stress study 2005 Danish Health Interview Survey, age range 16-64 years (n = 21,832) Health-related quality of life and stress Danish Institute of Public Health 2005 health interview survey, Short form health survey (SF-36) Self-reported proximity to a greenspace; Danish Institute of Public Health 2005 health interview survey Analyses adjusted for gender, age, cohabitation status, combined school and vocational education, accommodation type, size of municipality and ethnic background Self-reported health ↑ >1km from a greenspace/natural area OR 1.42 (95% CI 1.17, 1.73)
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