2012; Guerra et al. 2015; Toro, Requena, and Zamorano 2010) History tracing Case study; history High internal No or low external (Gibson 2002; case studies with tracing validity; validity Ogunba 2004) evolutionary rich case narrative; model proposed impact of external events on EIA systems; long term focus of how EIA processes, EIA systems, and actors’ behaviors change EIS documental ESRP (1999); EU Easily applied to Highly subjective; (Lee et al. 1999; reviews EIS review various EISs; reliable repetition EC 2001; Glasson (aggregated or guidelines (2001); provides common is difficult; EIS has et al. 2005; Naser disaggregated) Oxford Brookes evaluation questionable 2015; Chang et al. University framework impact on 2012) Environmental decision-making; Impact Statement cannot evaluate Review Package EIA outcomes (2005); Index other than systems efficiency of process Table 2 Substantive Effectiveness Methods Description Method(s) Strengths Weaknesses References
2012; Guerra et al. 2015; Toro, Requena, and Zamorano 2010) History tracing case studies with evolutionary model proposed Case study; history tracing High internal validity; rich case narrative; impact of external events on EIA systems; long term focus of how EIA processes, EIA systems, and actors’ behaviors change No or low external validity (Gibson 2002; Ogunba 2004) EIS documental reviews (aggregated or disaggregated) ESRP (1999); EU EIS review guidelines (2001); Oxford Brookes University Environmental Impact Statement Review Package (2005); Index systems Easily applied to various EISs; provides common evaluation framework Highly subjective; reliable repetition is difficult; EIS has questionable impact on decision-making; cannot evaluate EIA outcomes other than efficiency of process (Lee et al. 1999; EC 2001; Glasson et al. 2005; Naser 2015; Chang et al. 2012) Table 2 Substantive Effectiveness Methods Description Method(s) Strengths Weaknesses References
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