releasing releasing arsenic, facilities emitting air arsenic, lead lead or mercury pollutants and higher or mercury ADDM ASD prevalence into air Epidemiology Windham et al. HAP ASD and Increased risk of ASD Air Pollution [124] concentrations environmental associations included Environ Health 1996 exposures, ambient mercury, cadmium, Perspect air, San Francisco nickel, ASD 284 Bay trichloroethylene, and Controls 657 vinyl chloride Born in 1994 Epidemiology Roberts et al. US EPA Associations Overall measure of Air Pollution [125] Nurse’s Health between U.S. EPA metals were Environ Health Study II levels of significantly associated Perspect hazardous air with ASD, with odds ASD 325 pollutants at time ratios ranging from 1.5 Controls 22,101 and place of birth (for overall metals and ASD measure) to 2.0 (for diesel and mercury) EPA= Environmental Protection Agency; ASD= autism spectrum disorders; ADDM = Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring; HAP= hazardous air pollutant Table 15. Epidemiological Studies that did Show Mercury in Air Pollution is a Risk Factor for ASD not Type of Study Authors and N Purpose of Study Findings Source of Journal Exposure Age or Time Frame
releasing arsenic, lead or mercury into air ADDM releasing arsenic, lead or mercury facilities emitting air pollutants and higher ASD prevalence Epidemiology Air Pollution Windham et al. [124] Environ Health Perspect HAP concentrations 1996 ASD 284 Controls 657 Born in 1994 ASD and environmental exposures, ambient air, San Francisco Bay Increased risk of ASD associations included mercury, cadmium, nickel, trichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride Epidemiology Air Pollution Roberts et al. [125] Environ Health Perspect US EPA Nurse’s Health Study II ASD 325 Controls 22,101 Associations between U.S. EPA levels of hazardous air pollutants at time and place of birth and ASD Overall measure of metals were significantly associated with ASD, with odds ratios ranging from 1.5 (for overall metals measure) to 2.0 (for diesel and mercury) EPA= Environmental Protection Agency; ASD= autism spectrum disorders; ADDM = Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring; HAP= hazardous air pollutant Table 15. Epidemiological Studies that did not Show Mercury in Air Pollution is a Risk Factor for ASD Type of Study Source of Exposure Authors and Journal N Age or Time Frame Purpose of Study Findings
1-s2.0-S0946672X16300931-mmc1.docx