Donovan To investigate Cohort All singleton live Preterm birth, Birth certificate data, Percentage tree canopy in To ensure that all Small for gestational age births ↓ 2011, USA whether tree births in Portland, gestational age of Portland, Oregon 50, 100, and 200m buffers confounders were included, 10% increase in tree canopy cover within 50m canopy cover is Oregon during less than 37 weeks, surrounding residential any covariate with significant (Donovan et of a house reduced the number of small for associated with 2006-7, where the small for gestational address; Metro land cover variation in canopy cover al. 2011) gestational age births by 1.42 per 1000 births reduced risk of mothers’ address age, birth weight classification 2007 within 50m of a house that (95% CI -0.11, -2.72) poor birth was a single below the 10th was not selected for outcomes in family home. percentile for retention during thr Portland, Mean age 30.3 gestational age and backward selection process Oregon years gender was re-introduced to the final model. If any (n = 5,696) variable caused a 10% or greater change in any coefficients of interest, it was retained in the final model. None of the covariates evaluated met this threshold Droomers To investigate National Perceived general Dutch National Health Local greenspaces that All analyses adjusted for age, Perceived general health ↔ 2016, The the impact of Health Interview health Interview Survey from underwent improvement sex, household composition, Netherlands real-life changes al study Survey from 2004 2004 to 2011 interventions ethnicity, education and in the quality to 2011 standardised disposable (Droomers and quantity of household income; et al. 2016) (n = 48,132) green space in additionally adjusted for severely overall intensity of District deprived Approach neighbourhood on physical activity and perceived general health Dunstan To determine Cohort Caerphilly Self-reported UK census data Residential environment Models fitted adding Self-reported health ↘ 2013, Wales the association Prospective Study, general health assessment tool (REAT) individual-level covariates: between taken from age, gender, marital status, (Dunstan et general individual census housing tenure and al. 2013) health and an records, 47.78% employment status objectively male assessed (n = 31,442) measure of the residential
Donovan 2011, USA (Donovan et al. 2011) To investigate whether tree canopy cover is associated with reduced risk of poor birth outcomes in Portland, Oregon Cohort All singleton live births in Portland, Oregon during 2006-7, where the mothers’ address was a single family home. Mean age 30.3 years (n = 5,696) Preterm birth, gestational age of less than 37 weeks, small for gestational age, birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age and gender Birth certificate data, Portland, Oregon Percentage tree canopy in 50, 100, and 200m buffers surrounding residential address; Metro land cover classification 2007 To ensure that all confounders were included, any covariate with significant variation in canopy cover within 50m of a house that was not selected for retention during thr backward selection process was re-introduced to the final model. If any variable caused a 10% or greater change in any coefficients of interest, it was retained in the final model. None of the covariates evaluated met this threshold Small for gestational age births ↓ 10% increase in tree canopy cover within 50m of a house reduced the number of small for gestational age births by 1.42 per 1000 births (95% CI -0.11, -2.72) Droomers 2016, The Netherlands (Droomers et al. 2016) To investigate the impact of real-life changes in the quality and quantity of green space in severely deprived neighbourhood on physical activity and perceived general health study National Health Interview Survey from 2004 to 2011 (n = 48,132) Perceived general health Dutch National Health Interview Survey from 2004 to 2011 Local greenspaces that underwent improvement interventions All analyses adjusted for age, sex, household composition, ethnicity, education and standardised disposable household income; additionally adjusted for overall intensity of District Approach Perceived general health ↔ Dunstan 2013, Wales (Dunstan et al. 2013) To determine the association between general health and an objectively assessed measure of the residential Cohort Caerphilly Prospective Study, taken from individual census records, 47.78% male (n = 31,442) Self-reported general health UK census data Residential environment assessment tool (REAT) Models fitted adding individual-level covariates: age, gender, marital status, housing tenure and employment status Self-reported health ↘ al
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