ob- against rhag-, -rrhage forth -vor- devour, eat ocul- eye rhe-, rrhea flow xanth- yellow oct- rhin- nose xero- dry rhiz- root xyl- wood -ond form, appearance rhodo- rose zo-, -zoa animal olf- smell roto- wheel zyg- joined together oligo- few, little rubr- red zym- -oma abnormal condition, tumor sacchar- sugar omni- all sapr- rotten onc- mass, tumor sarc- flesh Summary An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down to other substances. A compound contains two or more different elements in a fixed ratio. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms of an individual water molecule are connected via covalent bonds. Water molecules bond with each other via hydrogen bonds. Water is polar. The oxygen carries a partially negative charge and the hydrogen carries a partially positive charge. Water’s cohesive and adhesive properties, density, and ability to act as a universal solvent all contribute to life on Earth. pH is an expression of [H+]. Hydrogen ion concentration varies because of water’s ability to form hydronium and hydroxide ions, which interact with other ions dissolved in water. Functional groups can replace a bonded hydrogen in a hydrocarbon to create different types of organic molecules. Molecules with phosphate groups are able to with water to release energy. Biological diversity at the molecular level results from carbon’s ability to form numerous molecules with different shapes and chemical properties. Root words, suffixes and prefixes are helpful in determining meanings of unknown words. AP Biology Prep Course Unit 2
ob- against rhag-, -rrhage forth -vor- devour, eat ocul- eye rhe-, rrhea flow xanth- yellow oct- rhin- nose xero- dry rhiz- root xyl- wood -ond form, appearance rhodo- rose zo-, -zoa animal olf- smell roto- wheel zyg- joined together oligo- -oma omni- few, little abnormal condition, tumor all rubr- sacchar- sapr- red sugar rotten zym- onc- mass, tumor sarc- flesh Summary An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down to other substances. A compound contains two or more different elements in a fixed ratio. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms of an individual water molecule are connected via covalent bonds. Water molecules bond with each other via hydrogen bonds. Water is polar. The oxygen carries a partially negative charge and the hydrogen carries a partially positive charge. Water’s cohesive and adhesive properties, density, and ability to act as a universal solvent all contribute to life on Earth. pH is an expression of [H+]. Hydrogen ion concentration varies because of water’s ability to form hydronium and hydroxide ions, which interact with other ions dissolved in water. Functional groups can replace a bonded hydrogen in a hydrocarbon to create different types of organic molecules. Molecules with phosphate groups are able to with water to release energy. Biological diversity at the molecular level results from carbon’s ability to form numerous molecules with different shapes and chemical properties. Root words, suffixes and prefixes are helpful in determining meanings of unknown words. AP Biology Prep Course Unit 2
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