McCracken To examine the Children at Health-related Kid-KINDL Residential greenspace: Additional demographic Health related quality of life ↑ 2016, UK health-related participating quality of life, questionnaire Central Scotland Green information collected quality of life of study schools aged 8-11, Network included: page, gender, (McCracken children in mean age 9.7 ±9 number of siblings, type of et al. 2016) Use of urban greenspace: relation to years, 55.6% home, and presence of a bespoke questionnaire quality and use female garden of greenspace (n = 276) Mitchell To determine Respondents to good" health England 2001 census Generalized Land Use Data Each controlled for Self-reported health “Not ↗ 2007, the association the 2001 census status 2005 dataset (GLUD) urban higher income, urban England between the ecological who were asked lower income, suburban percentage of study whether their higher income, suburban (Mitchell and greenspace in an health was lower income, rural higher Popham area and the income and rural lower “good”, “fairly 2007) standardised good” or income (unless model was “not rate of good”. stratifying by characteristic) “not (All residents in good” health, England as at the and to explore 2001 census, whether this number not association holds stated) for areas exhibiting different combinations of urbanity and income deprivation. Mitchell To investigate Anonymised mortality, Individual-level Generalized Land Use Data All models adjusted for age All-cause mortality ↓ 2008, whether the individual specific mortality records 2005 dataset (GLUD) group, sex, deprivation in Incidence rate ratio for all-cause mortality for England magnitude of ecological mortality records. mortality education, skills and training, the most income deprived quartile compared income-related study Populations older (circulatory disease, deprivation in living (Mitchell and with the least deprived was 1.93 (95% CI 1.86, health inequality than retirement lung cancer, and environment, population Popham 2.01) in the least green areas, whereas it was varies by age were intentional density and urban or rural 2008) 1.43 (95% CI 1.34, 1.53) in the most green exposure to excluded as classification areas green space inequalities in mortality tend to Cardiovascular mortality ↓ be at a maximum IRR 2.19 (95% CI 2.04, 2.34) least green
McCracken 2016, UK (McCracken et al. 2016) To examine the health-related quality of life of children in relation to quality and use of greenspace study Children at participating schools aged 8-11, mean age 9.7 ±9 years, 55.6% female (n = 276) Health-related quality of life, Kid-KINDL questionnaire Residential greenspace: Central Scotland Green Network Use of urban greenspace: bespoke questionnaire Additional demographic information collected included: page, gender, number of siblings, type of home, and presence of a garden Health related quality of life ↑ Mitchell 2007, England (Mitchell and Popham 2007) To determine the association between the percentage of greenspace in an area and the standardised rate of “not good” health, and to explore whether this association holds for areas exhibiting different combinations of urbanity and income deprivation. ecological study Respondents to the 2001 census who were asked whether their health was “good”, “fairly good” or “not good”. (All residents in England as at the 2001 census, number not stated) “Not good" health status England 2001 census Generalized Land Use Data 2005 dataset (GLUD) Each controlled for urban higher income, urban lower income, suburban higher income, suburban lower income, rural higher income and rural lower income (unless model was stratifying by characteristic) Self-reported health ↗ Mitchell 2008, England (Mitchell and Popham 2008) To investigate whether the magnitude of income-related health inequality varies by exposure to green space ecological study Anonymised individual mortality records. Populations older than retirement age were excluded as inequalities in mortality tend to be at a maximum mortality, specific mortality (circulatory disease, lung cancer, and intentional Individual-level mortality records Generalized Land Use Data 2005 dataset (GLUD) All models adjusted for age group, sex, deprivation in education, skills and training, deprivation in living environment, population density and urban or rural classification All-cause mortality ↓ Incidence rate ratio for all-cause mortality for the most income deprived quartile compared with the least deprived was 1.93 (95% CI 1.86, 2.01) in the least green areas, whereas it was 1.43 (95% CI 1.34, 1.53) in the most green areas Cardiovascular mortality ↓ IRR 2.19 (95% CI 2.04, 2.34) least green
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