generalist ecological requirements indicate that expansion of Carp across most of the remainder of Australia is to be expected (Koehn 2004). Table 2. Attributes of Carp as an invasive species (adapted from Koehn 2004) Attribute Details References Invasion Introduced and Lever history, wide successfully (1996); distribution established Koehn and throughout Europe, (2004); abundance Asia, Africa, North Zambrano America, South et al. (2006) America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and some islands of Oceania; likely further expansion Wide Generally in Horoszewicz environmental most types of (1973); Ott tolerances freshwater habitat et al. 1980); and have high Crivelli environmental (1981); tolerances: Hellawell temperature ranges (1986); from 2 to 40.6°C, Howes salinity up to about (1991) 14 ppt (0.4 seawater), pH from 5.0 to 10.5 and oxygen levels as low as 7% saturation High genetic Multiple genetic Shearer and variability strains in Australia Mulley (1978); Haynes et al. (2009) Early sexual Males at 1 year, Brumley maturity females at 2 years (1996) Short 2–4 generation Rapid growth Hatching of eggs is Balon rapid (2 days at (1975); 25°C), and newly Adamek hatched Carp grow (1998); very rapidly Vilizzi and
generalist ecological requirements indicate that expansion of Carp across most of the remainder of Australia is to be expected (Koehn 2004). Table 2. Attributes of Carp as an invasive species (adapted from Koehn 2004) Attribute Details References Invasion history, wide distribution and abundance Introduced and successfully established throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and some islands of Oceania; likely further expansion Lever (1996); Koehn (2004); Zambrano et al. (2006) Wide environmental tolerances Generally in most types of freshwater habitat and have high environmental tolerances: temperature ranges from 2 to 40.6°C, salinity up to about 14 ppt (0.4 seawater), pH from 5.0 to 10.5 and oxygen levels as low as 7% saturation Horoszewicz (1973); Ott et al. 1980); Crivelli (1981); Hellawell (1986); Howes (1991) High genetic variability Multiple genetic strains in Australia Shearer and Mulley (1978); Haynes et al. (2009) Early sexual maturity Males at 1 year, females at 2 years Brumley (1996) Short generation 2–4 Rapid growth Hatching of eggs is rapid (2 days at 25°C), and newly hatched Carp grow very rapidly Balon (1975); Adamek (1998); Vilizzi and
ARI-Technical-Report-255-Managing-flows-and-carp.docx