linear perspective—example locating sounds LEARNING opponent-process theory (afterimaging) phi phenomenon classical cond—biological predisposition pitch—frequency classical cond—contemporary interpretation, include cognitive priming processes like expectancy red-green—common color blindness classical cond—identify CS retinal disparity—needs two eyes to see depth classical conditioning—examples (2) rods in retina more sensitive in dark, not in the fovea classical conditioning—how it works selection attention (2) classical—identitfy CS & US semicircular canals (ears)—balance continuous reinforcement—responses extinguish quickly sensory neurons—most in the lips extinction (3) size constancy (2) Kohler—insight in chimps synesthesia latent learning (2) taste aversion—animals develop aversion for taste associated with law of effect--Thorndike sickness negative reinforcement (2) taste qualities—bitter, sweet, salty, sour operant cond—response, reinforcement top-down processing operant—reward vision—transduction, retina overjustification effect visual cliff—depth perception (2) Pavlov—salivation / CR and UR punishment—soon after behavior most effective reinforcement—should not be delayed CONSCIOUSNESS AND DRUGS Rescorla’s model of classical conditioning—one event reliably predicts another alcohol tolerance shaping behavior—example (3) alcohol-depressant (2) social learning—modeling, imitation, observation (2) barbituates—decrease behavior and mental activity variable ratio—most resistant to extinction circadian rhythm (2) hypnosis—dissociation hypnosis—heightened suggestibility hypnosis—treat pain / diverts attention from the pain MEMORY, COGNITION, AND LANGUAGE narcolepsy—treated with amphetamines neurotransmitters—dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine algorithm (2) opiate—pain reliever anterograde amnesia REM—lowered muscle tone attention—transfer info from sensory to short term sleep apnea availability heuristic withdrawal babbling—prelinquistic belief perseverance
linear perspective—example locating sounds opponent-process theory (afterimaging) phi phenomenon pitch—frequency priming red-green—common color blindness retinal disparity—needs two eyes to see depth rods in retina more sensitive in dark, not in the fovea selection attention (2) semicircular canals (ears)—balance sensory neurons—most in the lips size constancy (2) synesthesia taste aversion—animals develop aversion for taste associated with sickness taste qualities—bitter, sweet, salty, sour top-down processing vision—transduction, retina visual cliff—depth perception (2) CONSCIOUSNESS AND DRUGS alcohol tolerance alcohol-depressant (2) barbituates—decrease behavior and mental activity circadian rhythm (2) hypnosis—dissociation hypnosis—heightened suggestibility hypnosis—treat pain / diverts attention from the pain narcolepsy—treated with amphetamines neurotransmitters—dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine opiate—pain reliever REM—lowered muscle tone sleep apnea withdrawal LEARNING classical cond—biological predisposition classical cond—contemporary interpretation, include cognitive processes like expectancy classical cond—identify CS classical conditioning—examples (2) classical conditioning—how it works classical—identitfy CS & US continuous reinforcement—responses extinguish quickly extinction (3) Kohler—insight in chimps latent learning (2) law of effect--Thorndike negative reinforcement (2) operant cond—response, reinforcement operant—reward overjustification effect Pavlov—salivation / CR and UR punishment—soon after behavior most effective reinforcement—should not be delayed Rescorla’s model of classical conditioning—one event reliably predicts another shaping behavior—example (3) social learning—modeling, imitation, observation (2) variable ratio—most resistant to extinction MEMORY, COGNITION, AND LANGUAGE algorithm (2) anterograde amnesia attention—transfer info from sensory to short term availability heuristic babbling—prelinquistic belief perseverance
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