Protein synthesis Genes code for protins. Proteins are made from chains of amino acids. A sequence of three bases on DNA is the code for a particular amino acid. The order of bases controls the order in which amino acids are assembled to produce a particular protein. Ribosomes Proteins are synthesised on ribosomes, according to a template. Carrier molecules bring specific amino acids to add to the growing protein chain in the correct order. Different proteins have different shapes When the protein is complete it folds up to form a unique shape. This unique shape enables the proteins to do their job as enzymes, hormones or forming structures in the body such as collagen. Mutations happen all the time. Most mutations do not alter the protein, or only alter it slightly so that its appearance or function is not changed. A few mutations code for an altered protein with a different shape. An enzyme may no longer fit the substrate binding site or a structural protein may lose its strength. Variations in non-coding areas of DNA may affect how genes are expressed. genetic variants may influence phenotype: • a) in coding DNA by altering the activity of a protein b) in DNA by altering how genes are expressed non-coding
Protein synthesis Genes code for protins. Proteins are made from chains of amino acids. A sequence of three bases on DNA is the code for a particular amino acid. The order of bases controls the order in which amino acids are assembled to produce a particular protein. Ribosomes Proteins are synthesised on ribosomes, according to a template. Carrier molecules bring specific amino acids to add to the growing protein chain in the correct order. Different proteins have different shapes When the protein is complete it folds up to form a unique shape. This unique shape enables the proteins to do their job as enzymes, hormones or forming structures in the body such as collagen. Mutations happen all the time. Most mutations do not alter the protein, or only alter it slightly so that its appearance or function is not changed. A few mutations code for an altered protein with a different shape. An enzyme may no longer fit the substrate binding site or a structural protein may lose its strength. Variations in non-coding areas of DNA may affect how genes are expressed. • genetic variants may influence phenotype: a) in coding DNA by altering the activity of a protein b) in non-coding DNA by altering how genes are expressed
b6-triple-genetics-booklet.docx