Can be separated into pure substances through physical changes  Physical changes do not change the chemical composition of the matter Ways to separate mixtures Distillation separation by boiling point o – Filtration separation method used with a solid & liquid mixture where a o – barrier blocks solid particles from passing through Chromatography a series of methods that employ a system with two phases o – (states of matter) Mobile phase (liquid or gas)  Stationary phase (solid)  of Chromatography  Chromatography Column Chromatography Pure substances  Matter made up of only one type of element or compound Compound substance with constant composition that can be broken down o – into elements by chemical means Elements a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances o – by chemical or physical Atoms the most basic unit of matter  – Proton positively charged particle  – Neutron neutral particle  – Electron negatively charged particle  – Section 2 Atoms, Molecules, & Ions Fundamental Chemical Laws Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) Father of Modern Chemistry o Explained the nature of combustion; showed combustion involves oxygen, not phlogiston o His experiments suggested that mass is not created or destroyed (Law of Conservation of Mass) o Joseph Proust (1754-1826) Showed that a compound contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. o Example: Copper(II) Carbonate has a definite mass ratio of Cu: 5.3 parts to 4 parts  oxygen to 1 part carbon; CuCO3, g.f.m = (Cu, 63.5 + C, 12.0 + O, 48.0 = 123.5), composition = (Cu, 63.5/123.5 = 0.514; C, 12.0/123.5 = 0.0972; O, 48.0/123.5 = 0.389), ratio = (Cu, 0.514/0.0972 = 5.29, C, 0.0972/0.0972 = 1.00, O = 0.389/0.0972 = 4.00) Proust’s Law, a.k.a. Law of Definite Proportion o John Dalton (1766-1844) Proust’s work inspired Dalton to think about atoms as parts of the elements o
 Can be separated into pure substances through physical changes Physical changes do not change the chemical composition of the matter Ways to separate mixtures o Distillation – separation by boiling point o Filtration – separation method used with a solid & liquid mixture where a barrier blocks solid particles from passing through o Chromatography – a series of methods that employ a system with two phases (states of matter)  Mobile phase (liquid or gas)  Stationary phase (solid)  of Chromatography Chromatography Column Chromatography  Pure substances Matter made up of only one type of element or compound o Compound – substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical means o Elements – a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical  Atoms – the most basic unit of matter  Proton – positively charged particle  Neutron – neutral particle  Electron – negatively charged particle Section 2 Atoms, Molecules, & Ions Fundamental Chemical Laws Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) o Father of Modern Chemistry o Explained the nature of combustion; showed combustion involves oxygen, not phlogiston o His experiments suggested that mass is not created or destroyed (Law of Conservation of Mass) Joseph Proust (1754-1826) o Showed that a compound contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass.  Example: Copper(II) Carbonate has a definite mass ratio of Cu: 5.3 parts to 4 parts oxygen to 1 part carbon; CuCO3, g.f.m = (Cu, 63.5 + C, 12.0 + O, 48.0 = 123.5), composition = (Cu, 63.5/123.5 = 0.514; C, 12.0/123.5 = 0.0972; O, 48.0/123.5 = 0.389), ratio = (Cu, 0.514/0.0972 = 5.29, C, 0.0972/0.0972 = 1.00, O = 0.389/0.0972 = 4.00) o Proust’s Law, a.k.a. Law of Definite Proportion John Dalton (1766-1844) o Proust’s work inspired Dalton to think about atoms as parts of the elements
ap_chemistry_summer_assignment_2018-2019.docx