Sugaya 2011, To compare Female patients hydroperoxide, Primary measurement Forest vs environment Matching of participants Urine 8-0 HdG levels, MMP-3, salivary IgA ↑ Japan oxidative study with rheumatoid MMP-3, uringary Serum hydroperoxide damage levels arthritis aged and salivary ↓ (Sugaya et after urban years old IgA al. 2011) walking and (n = 12) forest walking Sugiyama To examine Observational Physical and mental Short-form health Perceived neighbourhood adjusted for age, Self-reported health ↗ 2008, associations of epidemiological health scores survey (SF-12), greenness; Neighbourhood education, work status, Australia perceived study study, 63% physical component Environment Walkability household income, marital neighbourhood female, mean age scores (PCS), mental status, and a further model (Sugiyama et greenness with 45 years component scores also adjusted for walking for al. 2008) perceived (MCS) recreation, social coherence (n = 1,895) physical and score and local social mental health, interaction and to investigate whether walking and social factors account for these relationships Sugiyama To examine what 60.8% female, Self-reported Behavioural Risk Bespoke scale measuring All models adjusted for Self-reported health ↗ 2009, UK aspects of mean age 75.0 quality of life (QOL) Factor Surveillance quality of neighbourhood participants’ age, functional neighbourhood study years, 10% and "health status" Scheme (BRFSS), open space (NOS) capability and their level of (Sugiyama et open space are Satisfaction With Life educational attainment al. 2009) associated with Scale (SWLS) (n = 284) walking for recreation and for transport by older people Sulander To investigate 939 women; Mortality National Population Frequency of visiting urban Model 1: Adjusted for Mortality ↓ 2016, the relationship mean age 82 Information System green areas, bespoke sociodemographics and Visit a green area few times a year or less: HR Finland between urban study years, 456 men; survey questionnaire education 2.2 (95% CI 1.2, 4.1) Model 3, greenspace visits mean age 81 (Sulander et but significant for all models and mortality years al. 2016) among adults
Sugaya 2011, Japan (Sugaya et al. 2011) To compare oxidative damage levels after urban walking and forest walking study Female patients with rheumatoid arthritis aged years old (n = 12) hydroperoxide, MMP-3, uringary and salivary IgA Primary measurement Forest vs environment Matching of participants Urine 8-0 HdG levels, MMP-3, salivary IgA ↑ Serum hydroperoxide ↓ Sugiyama 2008, Australia (Sugiyama et al. 2008) To examine associations of perceived neighbourhood greenness with perceived physical and mental health, and to investigate whether walking and social factors account for these relationships study Observational epidemiological study, 63% female, mean age 45 years (n = 1,895) Physical and mental health scores Short-form health survey (SF-12), physical component scores (PCS), mental component scores (MCS) Perceived neighbourhood greenness; Neighbourhood Environment Walkability adjusted for age, education, work status, household income, marital status, and a further model also adjusted for walking for recreation, social coherence score and local social interaction Self-reported health ↗ Sugiyama 2009, UK (Sugiyama et al. 2009) To examine what aspects of neighbourhood open space are associated with walking for recreation and for transport by older people study 60.8% female, mean age 75.0 years, 10% (n = 284) Self-reported quality of life (QOL) and "health status" Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance Scheme (BRFSS), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) Bespoke scale measuring quality of neighbourhood open space (NOS) All models adjusted for participants’ age, functional capability and their level of educational attainment Self-reported health ↗ Sulander 2016, Finland (Sulander et al. 2016) To investigate the relationship between urban greenspace visits and mortality among adults study 939 women; mean age 82 years, 456 men; mean age 81 years Mortality National Population Information System survey Frequency of visiting urban green areas, bespoke questionnaire Model 1: Adjusted for sociodemographics and education Mortality ↓ Visit a green area few times a year or less: HR 2.2 (95% CI 1.2, 4.1) Model 3, but significant for all models
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