New vehicle purchases of traditional petrol internal combustion Incremental Insufficient vehicle Petrol car and engine passenger and commercial vehicles are highest efficiency in capital cost in efficiency standards light their class. Efficiency improvements can be grouped into 4 bundles: 2020: $525 Lack of information commercial for bundle 1, Bundle 1 – Variable valve control, mild engine friction reduction, low vehicle Relatively cheap fuel rolling resistance tyres, tyre pressure control system, mild weight +$1,197 for prices efficiency bundle 2, reduction (1.5%) improvement Upfront capital +$1,147 for Bundle 2 (additional to bundle 1) – medium down-sizing, medium bundle 3, weight reduction, electrification (steering, pumps), optimised +$827 for gearbox ratio, improved aerodynamic efficiency, stop-start system bundle 4 with regenerative braking Bundle 3 (additional to bundle 2) – strong additional displacement, owner 24,600 -212 air conditioning modification, improved aerodynamic efficiency, start- stop system with regenerative braking Bundle 4 (additional to bundle 3) – direct pressure injection Vehicle strong weight reduction, optimised transmission Assumptions: 20 year average life of vehicles Fuel economy of 9.6 litres per 100 km in 2020 before efficiency improvements. Fuel economy of bundle 1 is 8.3 litres per 100 km, bundle 2 is 7.2 litres per 100 km, bundle 3 is 6.6 litres per 100 km, bundle 4 is 5.9 litres per 100 km Large New vehicle purchases of large articulated trucks are highest efficiency in Incremental Insufficient minimum articulated their class. Efficiency improvements can be grouped into 4 bundles: capex in 2020: standards truck $2,122 for Bundle 1 – rolling resistance reduction. Long payback efficiency bundle 1 Bundle 2 – rolling resistance reduction, aerodynamic improvement Low fuel prices improvement +$3,396 for Bundle 3 – rolling resistance reduction, conventional ICE improvement bundle 2 Bundle 4 – rolling resistance reduction, aerodynamics improvement, owner +$9,551 for 3,825 -188 conventional ICE improvements. bundle 3 +$10,824 for Assumptions: Vehicle bundle 4 20 year average life of vehicles Fuel economy of 54L/100 km in 2020 before efficiency improvements. Fuel economy of bundle 1 is 51 L/ 100 km, bundle 2 is 50L/100 km, bundle 3 is 49L/100 km, bundle 4 is 47 L/100 km.
Petrol car and light commercial vehicle efficiency improvement New vehicle purchases of traditional petrol internal combustion engine passenger and commercial vehicles are highest efficiency in their class. Efficiency improvements can be grouped into 4 bundles: Bundle 1 – Variable valve control, mild engine friction reduction, low rolling resistance tyres, tyre pressure control system, mild weight reduction (1.5%) Bundle 2 (additional to bundle 1) – medium down-sizing, medium weight reduction, electrification (steering, pumps), optimised gearbox ratio, improved aerodynamic efficiency, stop-start system with regenerative braking Bundle 3 (additional to bundle 2) – strong additional displacement, air conditioning modification, improved aerodynamic efficiency, start- stop system with regenerative braking Bundle 4 (additional to bundle 3) – direct pressure injection strong weight reduction, optimised transmission Assumptions: 20 year average life of vehicles Fuel economy of 9.6 litres per 100 km in 2020 before efficiency improvements. Fuel economy of bundle 1 is 8.3 litres per 100 km, bundle 2 is 7.2 litres per 100 km, bundle 3 is 6.6 litres per 100 km, bundle 4 is 5.9 litres per 100 km Vehicle owner 24,600 -212 Incremental capital cost in 2020: $525 for bundle 1, +$1,197 for bundle 2, +$1,147 for bundle 3, +$827 for bundle 4 Insufficient vehicle efficiency standards Lack of information Relatively cheap fuel prices Upfront capital Large articulated truck efficiency improvement New vehicle purchases of large articulated trucks are highest efficiency in their class. Efficiency improvements can be grouped into 4 bundles: Bundle 1 – rolling resistance reduction. Bundle 2 – rolling resistance reduction, aerodynamic improvement Bundle 3 – rolling resistance reduction, conventional ICE improvement Bundle 4 – rolling resistance reduction, aerodynamics improvement, conventional ICE improvements. Assumptions: 20 year average life of vehicles Fuel economy of 54L/100 km in 2020 before efficiency improvements. Fuel economy of bundle 1 is 51 L/ 100 km, bundle 2 is 50L/100 km, bundle 3 is 49L/100 km, bundle 4 is 47 L/100 km. Vehicle owner 3,825 -188 Incremental capex in 2020: $2,122 for bundle 1 +$3,396 for bundle 2 +$9,551 for bundle 3 +$10,824 for bundle 4 Insufficient minimum standards Long payback Low fuel prices
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