Eco-design when redirected specifically at the food packaging industry ensures packaging delivers maximum product value with minimum economic, “that environmental, and social 2016). Some requirements that waste” (FoodBev, ecofriendly packaging materials should meet include minimal material transport distance from supplier to buyer, efficient transport of packaging materials (volume to weight ratio), reduced raw material usage for product packaging, ease of recycling or disposal of packaging, favorable product volume to material weight ratio, and ensuring maximum product protection. The natural fiber materials that will be discussed in the following sections are namely baste fibers (hemp, flax, and jute), animal fibers (wool), and seed fibers (cotton or textile waste). Natural fiber classifications can be seen in the following table. Additionally, alternative commercialized foam materials from renewable sources are presented. Table 16 Natural fiber designation; adapted from the International Year of Natural FAO’s Fibers (Naturalfibres2009.org, 2009) Fiber Category Examples Description Seed Fibers cotton, kapok Fibers encase the seed(s) of the plant Leaf Fibers banana, agave, sisal, fique, The leaves of the plant serve as the fiber abaca source From the outer skin of the plant stem Baste Fibers flax, kenaf, jute, hemp, ramie, rattan Fruit Fibers coconut or coir Encase the fruit of the plant Stalks of the plant Stalk Fiber straw (from wheat, rice, barley), bamboo, grasses, tree wood Animal source; made of proteins Animal Fibers camel and horse hair, sheep wool, silk, alpaca, angora, cashmere, feathers Table 17 Thermal properties of some natural insulation materials; adapted from Ingrao et al., 2014 and Kymäläinen and Sjöberg, 2008. Heat insulating materials Form Density Thermal Specific heat (kg/m3) conductivity (kJ/kg°K) (W/m°K) Plant Cellulose Flakes 25–65 0.037–0.041 1.9–2 origin fibers Panels 30–90 0.039–0.040 Bulk granules 300–500 0.069 Cellulose Loose-fill 30 0.041 -- (recycled paper)
Eco-design when redirected specifically at the food packaging industry ensures “that packaging delivers maximum product value with minimum economic, environmental, and social waste” (FoodBev, 2016). Some requirements that ecofriendly packaging materials should meet include minimal material transport distance from supplier to buyer, efficient transport of packaging materials (volume to weight ratio), reduced raw material usage for product packaging, ease of recycling or disposal of packaging, favorable product volume to material weight ratio, and ensuring maximum product protection. The natural fiber materials that will be discussed in the following sections are namely baste fibers (hemp, flax, and jute), animal fibers (wool), and seed fibers (cotton or textile waste). Natural fiber classifications can be seen in the following table. Additionally, alternative commercialized foam materials from renewable sources are presented. Table 16 Natural fiber designation; adapted from the FAO’s International Year of Natural Fibers (Naturalfibres2009.org, 2009) Fiber Category Examples Description Seed Fibers cotton, kapok Fibers encase the seed(s) of the plant Leaf Fibers banana, agave, sisal, fique, abaca The leaves of the plant serve as the fiber source Baste Fibers flax, kenaf, jute, hemp, ramie, rattan From the outer skin of the plant stem Fruit Fibers coconut or coir Encase the fruit of the plant Stalk Fiber straw (from wheat, rice, barley), bamboo, grasses, tree wood Stalks of the plant Animal Fibers camel and horse hair, sheep wool, silk, alpaca, angora, cashmere, feathers Animal source; made of proteins Table 17 Thermal properties of some natural insulation materials; adapted from Ingrao et al., 2014 and Kymäläinen and Sjöberg, 2008. Heat insulating materials Form Density (kg/m3) Thermal conductivity (W/m°K) Specific heat (kJ/kg°K) Plant origin Cellulose fibers Flakes 25–65 0.037–0.041 1.9–2 Panels 30–90 0.039–0.040 Bulk granules 300–500 0.069 Cellulose (recycled paper) Loose-fill 30 0.041 --
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