patents in % million inhabitants German states: Main territory (1) 118 10.2 11.6 Rhineland/Westphalia (2) 86 7.5 18.0 Hesse-Nassau (3) 53 4.6 40.1 Prussia Province of Saxony 45 3.9 23.1 Hanover (4) 23 2.0 12.5 Others (5) 2 0.2 1.9 Wuerttemberg 81 7.0 46.2 Bavaria 61 5.3 20.4 Saxony 58 5.0 26.4 Hesse-Darmstadt 24 2.1 28.2 Small German states 58 5.0 Sum German states 609 52.8 Other countries: Main territory 187 16.2 5.3 France Alsace-Lorraine (6) 37 3.2 24.2 UK 78 6.8 2.7 Austria-Hungary (7) 72 6.2 2.2 USA 51 4.4 1.6 Switzerland 50 4.3 19.9 Other countries 70 6.1 Sum other countries 545 47.2 Total 1,154 100.0 (1): Provinces of Berlin-Brandenburg, East Prussia, Pomerania, Posen, Silesia and West Prussia; (2) Province of the Rhine and Province of Westphalia; (3) Duchy of Nassau and Electorate of Hesse until 1866; (4) Kingdom of Hannover until 1866; (5) Schleswig-Holstein and Hohenzollern; (6) became part of the German Empire in 1871; (7) aggregated population based on population of Austria in 1851 (17.5 million) and population in Hungary in 1850 (13.2 million). Source: patents: own database; population of German states and Prussian provinces: Franzmann, population figures of other countries are extracted from Angus Bevölkerung des Deutschen Reichs; . Maddison’s database: 4: 1843-1877 # of # of first top 3 HHI patents places in % in % German states: Main territory (1) 118 22 69.6 83.1 0.49 Rhineland/Westphalia 86 40 19.7 39.9 0.08 (2) Prussia Hesse-Nassau (3) 53 13 65.6 88.1 0.44 Province of Saxony 45 9 77.8 86.7 0.61 Hannover (4) 23 9 61.7 76.6 0.40 Wuerttemberg 81 22 44.1 67.7 0.23
patents in % million inhabitants German states: Prussia Main territory (1) 118 10.2 11.6 Rhineland/Westphalia (2) 86 7.5 18.0 Hesse-Nassau (3) 53 4.6 40.1 Province of Saxony 45 3.9 23.1 Hanover (4) 23 2.0 12.5 Others (5) 2 0.2 1.9 Wuerttemberg 81 7.0 46.2 Bavaria 61 5.3 20.4 Saxony 58 5.0 26.4 Hesse-Darmstadt 24 2.1 28.2 Small German states 58 5.0 Sum German states 609 52.8 Other countries: France Main territory 187 16.2 5.3 Alsace-Lorraine (6) 37 3.2 24.2 UK 78 6.8 2.7 Austria-Hungary (7) 72 6.2 2.2 USA 51 4.4 1.6 Switzerland 50 4.3 19.9 Other countries 70 6.1 Sum other countries 545 47.2 Total 1,154 100.0 (1): Provinces of Berlin-Brandenburg, East Prussia, Pomerania, Posen, Silesia and West Prussia; (2) Province of the Rhine and Province of Westphalia; (3) Duchy of Nassau and Electorate of Hesse until 1866; (4) Kingdom of Hannover until 1866; (5) Schleswig-Holstein and Hohenzollern; (6) became part of the German Empire in 1871; (7) aggregated population based on population of Austria in 1851 (17.5 million) and population in Hungary in 1850 (13.2 million). Source: patents: own database; population of German states and Prussian provinces: Franzmann, Bevölkerung des Deutschen Reichs; population figures of other countries are extracted from Angus Maddison’s database: . 4: 1843-1877 # of patents # of places first in % top 3 in % HHI German states: Prussia Main territory (1) 118 22 69.6 83.1 0.49 Rhineland/Westphalia (2) 86 40 19.7 39.9 0.08 Hesse-Nassau (3) 53 13 65.6 88.1 0.44 Province of Saxony 45 9 77.8 86.7 0.61 Hannover (4) 23 9 61.7 76.6 0.40 Wuerttemberg 81 22 44.1 67.7 0.23
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