Table A4.1: Papers describing mortality and cardiovascular events at 3 and 5 years of follow-up in the Cleveland Clinical Outcomes Cohort (n=4007) First author, Group or sub-group analysed Baseline N Follow-up Outcome Plasma TMAO Results year duration (N events) concentration (The most adjusted hazard ratio (percentile: µM) (95% CI) for the highest vs lowest quartile of TMAO unless otherwise noted) Tang 2013 Total group 4007 3 years MACE* 25th 2.43 HR=1.43 (95% CI: 1.05–1.94) (513) 50th 3.66 75th 6.18 Koeth 2013 2595 archival specimens from 2595 3 years MACER* Not given Carnitine and TMAO greater than Genebank the median for both compared to less than the median for both: HR=2.1 (95% CI:1.5–2.8) Wang 2104 Sequential stable subjects 3903 3 years MACE 25th 2.4 HR: 2.5-fold increase, p < 0.01 (cardiac troponin I (495) ≤0.03 ng/mL) 50th 3.7 75th 6.2 Choline and TMAO greater than the median for both compared to less than the median for both: HR=1.6 (95% CI: 1.2–2.0) Betaine and TMAO greater than the median for both compared to less than the median for both: HR=1.6 (95% CI: 1.2–2.0) Tang 2014 Patients with a history of heart 720 5 years All-cause 25th 3.0 HR=1.85 (95% CI: 1.14–3.00) failure fulfilling inclusion and mortality 50th 5.0 (207) exclusion criteria” 75th 8.5
Table A4.1: Papers describing mortality and cardiovascular events at 3 and 5 years of follow-up in the Cleveland Clinical Outcomes Cohort (n=4007) First author, year Group or sub-group analysed Baseline N Follow-up duration Outcome (N events) Plasma TMAO concentration (percentile: µM) Results (The most adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) for the highest vs lowest quartile of TMAO unless otherwise noted) Tang 2013 Total group 4007 3 years MACE* (513) 25th 2.43 50th 3.66 75th 6.18 HR=1.43 (95% CI: 1.05–1.94) Koeth 2013 2595 archival specimens from Genebank 2595 3 years MACER* Not given Carnitine and TMAO greater than the median for both compared to less than the median for both: HR=2.1 (95% CI:1.5–2.8) Wang 2104 Sequential stable subjects (cardiac troponin I ≤0.03 ng/mL) 3903 3 years MACE (495) 25th 2.4 50th 3.7 75th 6.2 HR: 2.5-fold increase, p < 0.01 Choline and TMAO greater than the median for both compared to less than the median for both: HR=1.6 (95% CI: 1.2–2.0) Betaine and TMAO greater than the median for both compared to less than the median for both: HR=1.6 (95% CI: 1.2–2.0) Tang 2014 Patients with a history of heart failure fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria” 720 5 years All-cause mortality (207) 25th 3.0 50th 5.0 75th 8.5 HR=1.85 (95% CI: 1.14–3.00)
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