domestic (Saudi Arabia and mosquitoes (Aedes, survival is probably move over fatal disease in Trade in live ruminants Yemen) in mosquitoes distances in humans; infection animals may be Culex) vehicles is usually due to banned during contact with blood outbreaks of infected animals Rabies Worldwide. Many Usually by bites of Survival outside an Spread would be Rabies is a fatal Usually only countries that are infected animals; animal is very brief mainly by infected disease in individual animals viral free of rabies are other routes under natural animals incubating humans are affected but neurological islands described are rare conditions the disease outbreaks in cattle disease of all and wildlife have mammals caused serious including humans losses BSE Most cases Infection is by oral Prions are highly Owing to the In the 1990s BSE with an occurred in UK ingestion of infected stable in tissues lengthy incubation was linked to a infected cow were BSE emerged in followed by other tissues and very high period (years) variant of culled; most were UK in the 1980s. European temperatures are before clinical signs Creutzfeld-Jakob valuable dairy cattle It is a fatal countries, Canada, required to destroy appear and long disease (vCJD) neurological After the link to Japan and USA ex them persistence in meat that appeared in disease caused human disease was Canada; no cases (certain types of younger people by a prion discovered there have been reported tissue) and bone and is invariably were massive in the southern meal the potential fatal effects on trade due hemisphere for transboundary public fear and to spread is high surveillance requirements that
domestic ruminants (Saudi Arabia and Yemen) mosquitoes (Aedes, Culex) survival is probably in mosquitoes move over distances in vehicles fatal disease in humans; infection is usually due to contact with blood of infected animals Trade in live animals may be banned during outbreaks Rabies viral neurological disease of all mammals including humans Worldwide. Many countries that are free of rabies are islands Usually by bites of infected animals; other routes described are rare Survival outside an animal is very brief under natural conditions Spread would be mainly by infected animals incubating the disease Rabies is a fatal disease in humans Usually only individual animals are affected but outbreaks in cattle and wildlife have caused serious losses BSE BSE emerged in UK in the 1980s. It is a fatal neurological disease caused by a prion Most cases occurred in UK followed by other European countries, Canada, Japan and USA ex Canada; no cases have been reported in the southern hemisphere Infection is by oral ingestion of infected tissues Prions are highly stable in tissues and very high temperatures are required to destroy them Owing to the lengthy incubation period (years) before clinical signs appear and long persistence in meat (certain types of tissue) and bone meal the potential for transboundary spread is high In the 1990s BSE was linked to a variant of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (vCJD) that appeared in younger people and is invariably fatal with an infected cow were culled; most were valuable dairy cattle After the link to human disease was discovered there were massive effects on trade due public fear and to surveillance requirements that
ahm_module_1_complete_1-1.docx