(a) mitochondria in muscle cells have more cristae than mitochondria in skin cells. Explain the advantage of muscle cells having more? more cristae so a larger surface area for electron transport chain and more enzymes for ATP production as muscle cells use more ATP than skin cells (b) Substance X enters the mitochondria from the cytoplasm. Each molecule of substance X has 3 carbon atoms Name substance X puruvate In the link reaction, substance X is converted to a substance with molecules effectively containing only 2 carbon atoms. Describe what happens in this process. carbon dioxide formed and hydrogen released so reduced NAD is formed and acetyl coenzyme A produced (acetyl coenzyme A is often referred to as a 2 carbon molecule) The krebs cycle, which takes place in the matrix, releases hydrogen ions. These hydrogen ions provide a source of energy for the synthesis of ATP, using coenzymes and carrier proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Describe the roles of the coenxymes and carrier proteins in the synthesis of ATP NAD and FAD are reduced. Electrons are transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme (carrier to carrier) in a series of redox reactions so that energy is made available as electrons passed on to the carrier at lower energy level. This energy is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and P using ATPase. H+ / protons are passed into intermembrane space and then flow back through the enzyme (a) the below shows the effect of different concentration of inorganic nitrogen fertiliser on the yield of spinach plants. Describe and explain the effect of adding inorganic nitrogen fertiliser on the of spinach increases, then levels as nitrogen is needed for proteins and nucleic acids in plants so there is a constant yield at higher concentrations as idea that nitrogen is a limiting factor Give advantages of using an inorganic fertiliser rather than manure composition known and thus can be varied - cleaner to apply and is less smelly - concentrated so less needed and more compact to transport resulting in lighter machinery - spread evenly so you can control the amount you can apply - no seeds / pests - immediate release of nutrients
(a) mitochondria in muscle cells have more cristae than mitochondria in skin cells. Explain the advantage of muscle cells having more? more cristae so a larger surface area for electron transport chain and more enzymes for ATP production as muscle cells use more ATP than skin cells (b) Substance X enters the mitochondria from the cytoplasm. Each molecule of substance X has 3 carbon atoms Name substance X puruvate In the link reaction, substance X is converted to a substance with molecules effectively containing only 2 carbon atoms. Describe what happens in this process. carbon dioxide formed and hydrogen released so reduced NAD is formed and acetyl coenzyme A produced (acetyl coenzyme A is often referred to as a 2 carbon molecule) The krebs cycle, which takes place in the matrix, releases hydrogen ions. These hydrogen ions provide a source of energy for the synthesis of ATP, using coenzymes and carrier proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Describe the roles of the coenxymes and carrier proteins in the synthesis of ATP NAD and FAD are reduced. Electrons are transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme (carrier to carrier) in a series of redox reactions so that energy is made available as electrons passed on to the carrier at lower energy level. This energy is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and P using ATPase. H+ / protons are passed into intermembrane space and then flow back through the enzyme (a) the below shows the effect of different concentration of inorganic nitrogen fertiliser on the yield of spinach plants. Describe and explain the effect of adding inorganic nitrogen fertiliser on the of spinach increases, then levels as nitrogen is needed for proteins and nucleic acids in plants so there is a constant yield at higher concentrations as idea that nitrogen is a limiting factor Give advantages of using an inorganic fertiliser rather than manure composition known and thus can be varied - cleaner to apply and is less smelly - concentrated so less needed and more compact to transport resulting in lighter machinery - spread evenly so you can control the amount you can apply - no seeds / pests - immediate release of nutrients
all_unit_4.docx