lack of access to financial capital or business networks; (v) Social constraints on the supply side, such as social norms that limit skills development or labor market entry. Table 1: Menu of Possible Youth Interventions Depending on Constraint Type Constraints Possible Intervention Evidence-based interventions Mixed Evidence, theoretically sound Insufficient Information about the value of - Second chance programs basic skills education Technical skills Training "plus"/comprehensive - On-the-job training Job-relevant mismatch programs skills Information on return to technical constraints specialties Behavioral - Behavioral skills training skills mismatch Insufficient - Entrepreneurial training entrepreneurial skills Slow Wage or training subsidies Public service programs Labor Intensive public works Lack of economy Labor Demand Employed Affirmative action programs Subsidies to employers to hire target discrimination groups Job Matching Employment services Technology based information sharing Job search Signaling Skills certification constraints competencies Training center accreditation Firm Lack of acces to Comprehensive entrepreneurship Microfinance up financial or programs constraints social capital Social Excluded-group Adjusted program content to account Target excluded group’s constraints constraints participation in programs for excluded groups specific needs on the (ethnicity, Non-traditional skills training supply side gender, etc.) Safe training/employment spaces for specific groups Source: World Bank (2010) There are 3 main steps to policy design: (i) selecting the interventions that correspond to the binding constraints, (ii) adjust the design according to country and target group factors, Once the employment constraints have been and (iii) evaluation of the program’s impact. identified, suitable interventions can be identified to help the target population overcome those barriers. Table 1 summarizes evidence-based program interventions that address each of the constraints. Adjusting the design according to country and target group factors has to be done according to the specific needs of the target population, the institutional and administrative capacity, and the particularities of the labor market. Despite positive job creation, labor market outcomes remain very stagnant for new entrants to the labor market (mainly youth and women). Despite moderate growth in GDP (averaging 4.5 % per year in the period of study), between the years 1998 and 2006 labor market indicators in Egypt displayed significant improvement. Labor force participation rates rose from 48.4 to 53.1% of the working-age population (15-64); unemployment rates decreased from 13.8 to 9.6%
lack of access to financial capital or business networks; (v) Social constraints on the supply side, such as social norms that limit skills development or labor market entry. Table 1: Menu of Possible Youth Interventions Depending on Constraint Type Constraints Possible Intervention Evidence-based interventions Mixed Evidence, theoretically sound Job-relevant skills constraints Insufficient basic skills Information about the value of education - Second chance programs Technical skills mismatch Training "plus"/comprehensive programs Information on return to technical specialties - On-the-job training Behavioral skills mismatch - Behavioral skills training Insufficient entrepreneurial skills - Entrepreneurial training Lack of Labor Demand Slow economy Wage or training subsidies Public service programs Labor Intensive public works Employed discrimination Affirmative action programs Subsidies to employers to hire target groups Job search constraints Job Matching Employment services Technology based information sharing Signaling competencies Skills certification Training center accreditation Firm constraints Lack of acces to financial or social capital Comprehensive entrepreneurship programs Microfinance Social constraints on the supply side Excluded-group constraints (ethnicity, gender, etc.) Target excluded group’s participation in programs Non-traditional skills training Safe training/employment spaces for specific groups Adjusted program content to account for excluded groups specific needs Source: World Bank (2010) There are 3 main steps to policy design: (i) selecting the interventions that correspond to the binding constraints, (ii) adjust the design according to country and target group factors, and (iii) evaluation of the program’s impact. Once the employment constraints have been identified, suitable interventions can be identified to help the target population overcome those barriers. Table 1 summarizes evidence-based program interventions that address each of the constraints. Adjusting the design according to country and target group factors has to be done according to the specific needs of the target population, the institutional and administrative capacity, and the particularities of the labor market. Despite positive job creation, labor market outcomes remain very stagnant for new entrants to the labor market (mainly youth and women). Despite moderate growth in GDP (averaging 4.5 % per year in the period of study), between the years 1998 and 2006 labor market indicators in Egypt displayed significant improvement. Labor force participation rates rose from 48.4 to 53.1% of the working-age population (15-64); unemployment rates decreased from 13.8 to 9.6% up
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