disadvantages are low specific energy, poor cold temperature performance, and a high intolerance to total discharge. Lithium-ion batteries come in various lithium chemical configurations with their apparent advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of lithium-ion are high specific energy, high specific power, high-energy efficiency, good high-temperature performance, and low self-discharge. Some of the disadvantages of lithium-ion is it has low shelf life, high internal resistance, more costly and they are not as durable as the alternatives. Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) is advantageous because it has the second highest energy density of the other three batteries. NiMH also has the highest specific power. Unfortunately the disadvantages to NiMH batteries are that it is not as commercially available as lead-acid or lithium-ion and it has poor efficiency. The final battery option, the Zebra, meets the specifications to provide the necessary power to the electric vehicle motor, but the issue is that it must be heated up to operating temperature before it is of any use. Because it operates at such a high temperature, cold weather does not affect the performance of this particular battery. below shows different batteries and their respective energy and power properties. This table shows the most critical characteristics for all the batteries being considered for the project. This data is used in and for a more visual comparison. Table 1 - Battery Comparison Specific Energy Specific Energy Density Cost Battery (Wh/kg) (W-h/L) (W/kg) ($/kWh) Lithium-ion 100–250 250–360 $400 ≈250–340 Lead-Acid 30–40 60–75 180 $150 Nickel-Metal Hydride 30-80 140-300 250-1000 $250 NaNiCl (zebra) 90 160 155 $300 Nickel-Zinc 90 Nickel-Iron 60 Zinc-Chlorine 90 Sodium-Sulfur 150-300 Aluminum-Air 300 and are based off an average family car that is assumed to use 12kWh and obtain the range of 0-60 miles of distance traveled. The range is a function of power (kWh), so as the range increases the kWh required will increase proportionally as seen in . By comparing the traction from the charts, the two batteries that stand out are the lead-acid and the lithium-ion. In terms of weight as a function of range, as seen in , lithium-ion has a clear advantage by requiring
disadvantages are low specific energy, poor cold temperature performance, and a high intolerance to total discharge. Lithium-ion batteries come in various lithium chemical configurations with their apparent advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of lithium-ion are high specific energy, high specific power, high-energy efficiency, good high-temperature performance, and low self-discharge. Some of the disadvantages of lithium-ion is it has low shelf life, high internal resistance, more costly and they are not as durable as the alternatives. Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) is advantageous because it has the second highest energy density of the other three batteries. NiMH also has the highest specific power. Unfortunately the disadvantages to NiMH batteries are that it is not as commercially available as lead-acid or lithium-ion and it has poor efficiency. The final battery option, the Zebra, meets the specifications to provide the necessary power to the electric vehicle motor, but the issue is that it must be heated up to operating temperature before it is of any use. Because it operates at such a high temperature, cold weather does not affect the performance of this particular battery. below shows different batteries and their respective energy and power properties. This table shows the most critical characteristics for all the batteries being considered for the project. This data is used in and for a more visual comparison. Table 1 - Battery Comparison Battery Specific Energy (Wh/kg) Energy Density (W-h/L) Specific (W/kg) Cost ($/kWh) Lithium-ion 100–250 250–360 ≈250–340 $400 Lead-Acid 30–40 60–75 180 $150 Nickel-Metal Hydride 30-80 140-300 250-1000 $250 NaNiCl (zebra) 90 160 155 $300 Nickel-Zinc 90 Nickel-Iron 60 Zinc-Chlorine 90 Sodium-Sulfur 150-300 Aluminum-Air 300 and are based off an average family car that is assumed to use 12kWh and obtain the range of 0-60 miles of distance traveled. The range is a function of power (kWh), so as the range increases the kWh required will increase proportionally as seen in . By comparing the traction from the charts, the two batteries that stand out are the lead-acid and the lithium-ion. In terms of weight as a function of range, as seen in , lithium-ion has a clear advantage by requiring
Electric%20Car%20Conversion%20Group%203%20SD1.docx