PESTS AND DISEASES OF UKRAINE SALAD/LETTUCE, Lactuca sativa Gray rot, Affects the leaves, stems, salad Use certified clean seed that is treated. No treatment threshold found. Botrytis cinerea, White rot, heads. Infection begins with the Use crop rotation with cereals following Sclerotinia sclerotiorum edge of the lower leaves, in places lettuce. Rotate out of lettuce crops for 3-4 carboxin where they touch the ground. On years. thiram the leaves, there are Do proper agronomic practices: seedbed mancozeb spots, which are covered preparation, weed control, seed handling, date with dense, whitish-gray velvety of planting, row spacing. bursts of conidia. From infected leaves the infection passes on up the stem, causing complete rotting. Downy mildew/ peronosporosis, On the upper side of the affected Transplanting healthy and resistant plants. No treatment threshold found. leaves are yellow spots, and from Rotate away from highly infected fields Bremia lactucae the bottom, a white plaque of Field well-drained Apply a treatment when disease conidia. Infection gradually Use of resistant seed. symptoms first occur and repeat if increases, necrotic leaves become Avoid overhead irrigation. symptoms reappear. fragile, dry and completely die. metalaxyl mancozeb PESTS AND DISEASES OF UKRAINE SPINACH, Spinacia oleracea Leaf miners, Adult flies are small, 1.5 mm, Natural enemies, especially parasitic wasps, No treatment threshold found. Liriomyza spp black and yellow flies that lay commonly reduce populations of leafminers, eggs individually on spinach unless insecticides applied to control other pests malathion leaves. Larvae, tiny, 2mm, bright kill them. acetamiprid yellow maggots, hatch and mine Hand picking and destruction of infested leaves imidacloprid winding white tunnels in the Use reflective silver plastic soil mulches. leaves. Tunnels become larger and Where possible, avoid planting next to infested parts of leaves dry out. fields, especially those close to harvest time. Sanitation: Postharvest disking of fields destroys pupae and reduces migration of adult flies into susceptible fields.
PESTS AND DISEASES OF UKRAINE SALAD/LETTUCE, Lactuca sativa Gray rot, Botrytis cinerea, White rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Affects the leaves, stems, salad heads. Infection begins with the edge of the lower leaves, in places where they touch the ground. On the leaves, there are spots, which are covered with dense, whitish-gray velvety bursts of conidia. From infected leaves the infection passes on up the stem, causing complete rotting. Use certified clean seed that is treated. Use crop rotation with cereals following lettuce. Rotate out of lettuce crops for 3-4 years. Do proper agronomic practices: seedbed preparation, weed control, seed handling, date of planting, row spacing. No treatment threshold found. carboxin thiram mancozeb Downy mildew/ peronosporosis, Bremia lactucae On the upper side of the affected leaves are yellow spots, and from the bottom, a white plaque of conidia. Infection gradually increases, necrotic leaves become fragile, dry and completely die. Transplanting healthy and resistant plants. Rotate away from highly infected fields Field well-drained Use of resistant seed. Avoid overhead irrigation. No treatment threshold found. Apply a treatment when disease symptoms first occur and repeat if symptoms reappear. metalaxyl mancozeb PESTS AND DISEASES OF UKRAINE SPINACH, Spinacia oleracea Leaf miners, Liriomyza spp Adult flies are small, 1.5 mm, black and yellow flies that lay eggs individually on spinach leaves. Larvae, tiny, 2mm, bright yellow maggots, hatch and mine winding white tunnels in the leaves. Tunnels become larger and parts of leaves dry out. Natural enemies, especially parasitic wasps, commonly reduce populations of leafminers, unless insecticides applied to control other pests kill them. Hand picking and destruction of infested leaves Use reflective silver plastic soil mulches. Where possible, avoid planting next to infested fields, especially those close to harvest time. Sanitation: Postharvest disking of fields destroys pupae and reduces migration of adult flies into susceptible fields. No treatment threshold found. malathion acetamiprid imidacloprid
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