Aluminium as charge of 3+ so needs two to give 6+ which can balance with 3 oxygens each of which has 2- 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 Four atoms of aluminium donate 12 electrons in total, 2 to each of 6 oxygen atoms Giant ionic lattice, strong bonds from electrostatic attraction between positive aluminium ions and negative oxygen ions In order for the ions to be attracted to the electrodes Delocalised electrons are free to move through the graphite Because they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and are degraded 2C + O2 2CO Endothermic Energy is supplied to the reaction from the surroundings – Anode Cathode A Oxygen Copper B Oxygen Silver C Chlorine Hydrogen D Fluorine Hydrogen E Oxygen Hydrogen F Oxygen Hydrogen g chlorine hydrogen Because when it is dissolved potassium will not be extracted as it is more reactive than hydrogen so only hydrogen will be extracted – Na+ and Cl- As above, but also H+ and OH- Cl2 H2 Anode: 2Cl-(aq) Cl2 + 2e- Cathode: 2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g) 4OH-(aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e- Cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) - Stronger intermolecular forces 50-100 Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2 Cl2 + 2I- 2Cl- + I2 As it has ions which are free to move through the solution Iodine and hydrogen – Electricity –
Aluminium as charge of 3+ so needs two to give 6+ which can balance with 3 oxygens each of which has 2- 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 Four atoms of aluminium donate 12 electrons in total, 2 to each of 6 oxygen atoms Giant ionic lattice, strong bonds from electrostatic attraction between positive aluminium ions and negative oxygen ions In order for the ions to be attracted to the electrodes Delocalised electrons are free to move through the graphite Because they react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and are degraded 2C + O2 2CO Endothermic Energy is supplied to the reaction from the surroundings – Anode Cathode A Oxygen Copper B Oxygen Silver C Chlorine Hydrogen D Fluorine Hydrogen E Oxygen Hydrogen F Oxygen Hydrogen g chlorine hydrogen Because when it is dissolved potassium will not be extracted as it is more reactive than hydrogen so only hydrogen will be extracted – Na+ and Cl- As above, but also H+ and OH- Cl2 H2 Anode: 2Cl-(aq) Cl2 + 2e- Cathode: 2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g) 4OH-(aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e- Cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) - Stronger intermolecular forces 50-100 Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2 Cl2 + 2I- 2Cl- + I2 As it has ions which are free to move through the solution Iodine and hydrogen – Electricity –
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