and sesame. Brown leaf spot, Bipolaris Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. (Drechslera) oryzae Use certified clean (non-infested) seed. Do not over-fertilize with excessive nitrogen: Careful use of Foliar fungicides are generally not economical nitrogen can do much to prevent the disease. Use crop rotation. Sanitation: Burn or feed stubbles to cattle after harvest. Foot rot, Fusarium Use of resistant cultivars. No reasonable treatment threshold found. moniliformae/Gibberella fujikuroi Use clean (non-infected) seed. Use lime to raise soil pH. Treat seed with: Use of chicken manure and mushroom compost decrease dilute sodium hypochlorite (Clorox) disease symptoms. Weed out and remove infested plants. Use soil solarization (heating under black plastic for 3 months) to kill spores. Burry or burn stubbles after harvest. Sheath blight, Rhizoctonia spp Use resistant varieties. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Moldboard plowing, crop rotation, or fallowing should also minimize carryover inoculum. Trichoderma viride Avoid dense rice stands as they may enhance disease kasugamycin development. azoxystrobin Ensure balanced nutrition. tebuconazole Use sanitation: burn or remove or destroy crop residues. trifloxystrobin propiconazole mancozeb kresoxim-methyl Smuts: Rice false smut, Although no variety is immune, some hybrids and varieties No reasonable treatment threshold found. Ustilaginoidea virens, Entyloma are more resistant than others. oryzae; Black smut, Tilletia Avoid mechanical injuries to plants and maintain trifloxystrobin barclayana soil fertility. tebuconazole Rotate to another crop, the longer the better. propiconazole Use of disease-free seeds that are selected from healthy mother plants Split nitrogen applications so as to not over-fertilize. Removal and proper disposal of infected plant debris Avoid field activities when the plants are wet Maize
and sesame. Brown leaf spot, Bipolaris (Drechslera) oryzae Use resistant varieties. Use certified clean (non-infested) seed. Do not over-fertilize with excessive nitrogen: Careful use of nitrogen can do much to prevent the disease. Use crop rotation. Sanitation: Burn or feed stubbles to cattle after harvest. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Foliar fungicides are generally not economical Foot rot, Fusarium moniliformae/Gibberella fujikuroi Use of resistant cultivars. Use clean (non-infected) seed. Use lime to raise soil pH. Use of chicken manure and mushroom compost decrease disease symptoms. Weed out and remove infested plants. Use soil solarization (heating under black plastic for 3 months) to kill spores. Burry or burn stubbles after harvest. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Treat seed with: dilute sodium hypochlorite (Clorox) Sheath blight, Rhizoctonia spp Use resistant varieties. Moldboard plowing, crop rotation, or fallowing should also minimize carryover inoculum. Avoid dense rice stands as they may enhance disease development. Ensure balanced nutrition. Use sanitation: burn or remove or destroy crop residues. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Trichoderma viride kasugamycin azoxystrobin tebuconazole trifloxystrobin propiconazole mancozeb kresoxim-methyl Smuts: Rice false smut, Ustilaginoidea virens, Entyloma oryzae; Black smut, Tilletia barclayana Although no variety is immune, some hybrids and varieties are more resistant than others. Avoid mechanical injuries to plants and maintain soil fertility. Rotate to another crop, the longer the better. Use of disease-free seeds that are selected from healthy mother plants Split nitrogen applications so as to not over-fertilize. Removal and proper disposal of infected plant debris Avoid field activities when the plants are wet No reasonable treatment threshold found. trifloxystrobin tebuconazole propiconazole Maize
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