Table 3 Univariate Analysis of Covariance Results for Point Average (GPA) and Potential Mediators in Study 2 Variable Academic Performance Academic Performance Mediators Academic Academic Social Fit Empowerment Social Fit Empowerment GPA Time 1 Time 1 Time 2 Time 2 F F F F F Covariate High School GPA 18.52*** 1.01 1.01 0.27 0.17 and Ethnicity Race 0.38 0.46 0.13 0.58 0.01 Gender 0.12 0.11 1.28 0.32 1.65 Low-income Status 1.88 3.90+ 0.72 1.91 0.24 Main and Interactive Effect Condition 7.75** 2.24 0.26 0.26 1.06 Generation 0.36 0.23 0.003 0.04 1.49 Condition Generation 5.01* 3.91* 5.85* 2.08 7.12** Degrees of freedom (df) for GPA = 1, 115, for both Time 1 academic performance Note. df mediators = 1, 125, for both Time 2 academic performance mediators = 1, 95. GPA = grade df point average, race and ethnicity (0 = disadvantaged, 1 = advantaged), gender (0 = male, 1 = female), low-income status (0 = low income, 1 = not low income), condition (0 = control, 1 = difference-education) and generation (0 = first-generation, 1 = continuing-generation). + < .10, * < .05, ** < .01, *** < .001. p p p p
Table 3 Univariate Analysis of Covariance Results for Point Average (GPA) and Potential Mediators in Study 2 Variable Academic Performance Academic Performance Mediators GPA Social Fit Time 1 Academic Empowerment Time 1 Social Fit Time 2 Academic Empowerment Time 2 F F F F F Covariate High School GPA 18.52*** 1.01 1.01 0.27 0.17 Race and Ethnicity 0.38 0.46 0.13 0.58 0.01 Gender 0.12 0.11 1.28 0.32 1.65 Low-income Status 1.88 3.90+ 0.72 1.91 0.24 Main and Interactive Effect Condition 7.75** 2.24 0.26 0.26 1.06 Generation 0.36 0.23 0.003 0.04 1.49 Condition Generation 5.01* 3.91* 5.85* 2.08 7.12** Note. Degrees of freedom (df) for GPA = 1, 115, df for both Time 1 academic performance mediators = 1, 125, df for both Time 2 academic performance mediators = 1, 95. GPA = grade point average, race and ethnicity (0 = disadvantaged, 1 = advantaged), gender (0 = male, 1 = female), low-income status (0 = low income, 1 = not low income), condition (0 = control, 1 = difference-education) and generation (0 = first-generation, 1 = continuing-generation). + p < .10, * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
empowerment_through_difference_-_an_individually_administered_de_intervention_closes_the_social_class_achievement_gap.docx