confusion with Fusarium wilt) Sanitation—clean equipment to prevent transfer of vectors and inoculum. Rotate to small grains and maize. Use green manure plants. Avoid inter-planting with cotton, tomatoes or melons, which are alternate hosts. Summer flooding of soil. Grow several seasons of grass cover crops (rye or Sudan grass). Cover soil with clear UV-resistant plastic to solar heat the soil. Buckeye rot in standing crop, Use resistant varieties which have just become available. No reasonable treatment threshold found. Phytophthora spp Avoid saving and using seed from infected fruit. A pre-plant banded fungicide application for fields with Use straw or other organic mulch to reduce soil splashing previous Phytophthora problems: on plants. azoxystrobin Provide good drainage and prevent overwatering. cymoxanil Avoid wide fluctuations in soil moisture, which predisposes famoxadone plants to infection. mancozeb Use raised-bed technique and keep tops of bed. chlorothalonil Planting cereals as a rotation crop to reduce the level of ametoctradin infestation in the soil. Sanitation: Remove and destroy infected fruits and plants. Crucifers: cabbage, cauliflower Cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae Use resistant varieties. Action threshold of one larva/plant nepalensis Caterpillar natural enemies include predators like ground beetles, spiders, damsel bugs, minute pirate bugs, assassin bugs, big-eyed bugs, lacewing larvae and parasitic wasps Bacillus thuringiensis/BT that sting and parasitize eggs and larvae. neem seed extract Apply balanced dose of fertilizers and manures. extracts from garlic Avoid excess use of nitrogen in the field. extracts from red chili peppers Hand-pick larvae. lufenuron Intercrop crucifers with other vegetables. novaluron Use of pheromone misters and emitters to disrupt mating. malathion Use of floating row screen or mesh covers to exclude moths. Diamond-back moth, Plutella Cover seedbed. Treat if 10% of infested plants in the seedbed, 30% from
confusion with Fusarium wilt) Sanitation—clean equipment to prevent transfer of vectors and inoculum. Rotate to small grains and maize. Use green manure plants. Avoid inter-planting with cotton, tomatoes or melons, which are alternate hosts. Summer flooding of soil. Grow several seasons of grass cover crops (rye or Sudan grass). Cover soil with clear UV-resistant plastic to solar heat the soil. Buckeye rot in standing crop, Phytophthora spp Use resistant varieties which have just become available. Avoid saving and using seed from infected fruit. Use straw or other organic mulch to reduce soil splashing on plants. Provide good drainage and prevent overwatering. Avoid wide fluctuations in soil moisture, which predisposes plants to infection. Use raised-bed technique and keep tops of bed. Planting cereals as a rotation crop to reduce the level of infestation in the soil. Sanitation: Remove and destroy infected fruits and plants. No reasonable treatment threshold found. A pre-plant banded fungicide application for fields with previous Phytophthora problems: azoxystrobin cymoxanil famoxadone mancozeb chlorothalonil ametoctradin Crucifers: cabbage, cauliflower Cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae nepalensis Use resistant varieties. Caterpillar natural enemies include predators like ground beetles, spiders, damsel bugs, minute pirate bugs, assassin bugs, big-eyed bugs, lacewing larvae and parasitic wasps that sting and parasitize eggs and larvae. Apply balanced dose of fertilizers and manures. Avoid excess use of nitrogen in the field. Hand-pick larvae. Intercrop crucifers with other vegetables. Use of pheromone misters and emitters to disrupt mating. Use of floating row screen or mesh covers to exclude moths. Action threshold of one larva/plant Bacillus thuringiensis/BT neem seed extract extracts from garlic extracts from red chili peppers lufenuron novaluron malathion Diamond-back moth, Plutella Cover seedbed. Treat if 10% of infested plants in the seedbed, 30% from
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