to be close to the land or source that provides the bio-resources in order to reduce transport burdens. Grid-stabilising technologies that may stabilise distribution grids, especially by providing grid-overarching energy services and/or storable energy carriers. Gateway technologies that up-grade bio-resources (usually products coming from frontline technologies) to sophisticated and complex products Rear-guard technologies that utilise low grade bio-resources and wastes (tertiary bio-resources) and condition material flows so that they can be safely integrated into the ecosphere. Table 8 provides examples of the most commonly used bio-resource based technologies and indicates their role according to this classification. Table 8: Examples of existing technologies for bio-resource utilisation Type of Technology Resources Products Size Remarks technology Conditioning Pelletizing, All primary Intermediate none Very small Frontline pressing, & products for to medium technology shredding, secondary further steam processing explosion, … Extractive Steam All primary Valuable Secondary Small to Frontline technologies distillation, & selected ingredients industrial technology extraction, secondary pulping, … Thermal Combustion Dry primary heat Ashes (high Very small Rear-guard treatment & transport to technology secondary densities, industrial nutrient rich) Combined Lower grade none Very small Potential heat and heat heat and to grid power power industrial stabilisation (CHP) technology Pyrolysis Dry primary Low grade Ashes Small to Frontline & gas, pyrolysis industrial technology secondary oil, char coal Dry primary Hydrocarbons Ashes Industrial Gateway Fischer & technology Tropsch secondary Synthesis Biotechn. Submerged All organic Liquid/wet Industrial Gateway technologies compounds secondary (due to technology
to be close to the land or source that provides the bio-resources in order to reduce transport burdens. Grid-stabilising technologies that may stabilise distribution grids, especially by providing grid-overarching energy services and/or storable energy carriers. Gateway technologies that up-grade bio-resources (usually products coming from frontline technologies) to sophisticated and complex products Rear-guard technologies that utilise low grade bio-resources and wastes (tertiary bio-resources) and condition material flows so that they can be safely integrated into the ecosphere. Table 8 provides examples of the most commonly used bio-resource based technologies and indicates their role according to this classification. Table 8: Examples of existing technologies for bio-resource utilisation Type of technology Technology Resources Products Size Remarks Conditioning Pelletizing, pressing, shredding, steam explosion, … All primary & secondary Intermediate products for further processing none Very small to medium Frontline technology Extractive technologies Steam distillation, extraction, pulping, … All primary & selected secondary Valuable ingredients Secondary Small to industrial Frontline technology Thermal treatment Combustion Dry primary & secondary heat Ashes (high transport densities, nutrient rich) Very small to industrial Rear-guard technology Combined heat and power (CHP) heat Lower grade heat and power none Very small to industrial Potential grid stabilisation technology Pyrolysis Dry primary & secondary Low grade gas, pyrolysis oil, char coal Ashes Small to industrial Frontline technology Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Dry primary & secondary Hydrocarbons Ashes Industrial Gateway technology Biotechn. technologies Submerged All organic compounds Liquid/wet secondary Industrial (due to Gateway technology
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