NOAEC and/or Assessment of effects Larval chronic Adult curve is through pupation is currently (repeat dose) emergence/NOAEC generated difficult Contact and oral Effects are assessed at the exposure routes are individual level included Test is currently under Larval effects are development (chronic) important for some MOAs (insect growth regulators) Foliar residue Mortality, residual Contact exposure Acute exposure only toxicity and/or RT25 through residues on Actual dose not quantified foliage Effects are measured at the Can assess pesticide individual level residual toxicity Table 5: Tier-2 – End-points, strengths and limitations of bee toxicity studies Semi field, Tunnel Colony strength Multiple exposure routes Short term exposure only (contact, oral) related to (usually 7–10 days in the Brood pattern and pesticide use methods tunnel) development Minimises influence of Foraging may not be natural; Foraging activity outside exposure to other Stress on colonies from Worker mortality and chemicals tunnel confinement behaviour Some behavioural Replication and statistical Food storage and can be quantified; power are often low consumption Standard test protocol Usually based on a Queen health (OECD) surrogate crop Colony level effects can be related to application rate and/or residues Semi field, Feeding Long term exposure can Oral route only be assessed Consumed dose may differ Colony level effects can from that encountered in the be related to dietary field concentration Protocols have not been Greater replication can standardised be achieved vs. tunnel or Confounding influences of full field studies off-site foraging and Greater control over exposure exposure vs. full field Foraging may not be natural studies Table 6: Tier-3 – End-points, strengths and limitations of bee toxicity studies Full field Colony strength Most environmentally Practical constraints may (experimental) realistic of crop/pesticide limit ability to assess ‘high Brood pattern and exposure conditions exposure scenarios end’ development
NOAEC and/or curve is generated Contact and oral exposure routes are included Larval effects are important for some MOAs (insect growth regulators) Assessment of effects through pupation is currently difficult Effects are assessed at the individual level Test is currently under development (chronic) Larval chronic (repeat dose) Adult emergence/NOAEC Foliar residue Mortality, residual toxicity and/or RT25 Contact exposure through residues on foliage Can assess pesticide residual toxicity Acute exposure only Actual dose not quantified Effects are measured at the individual level Table 5: Tier-2 – End-points, strengths and limitations of bee toxicity studies Semi field, Tunnel Colony strength Brood pattern and development Foraging activity Worker mortality and behaviour Food storage and consumption Queen health Multiple exposure routes (contact, oral) related to pesticide use methods Minimises influence of outside exposure to other chemicals Some behavioural can be quantified; Standard test protocol (OECD) Colony level effects can be related to application rate and/or residues Short term exposure only (usually 7–10 days in the tunnel) Foraging may not be natural; Stress on colonies from tunnel confinement Replication and statistical power are often low Usually based on a surrogate crop Semi field, Feeding Long term exposure can be assessed Colony level effects can be related to dietary concentration Greater replication can be achieved vs. tunnel or full field studies Greater control over exposure vs. full field studies Oral route only Consumed dose may differ from that encountered in the field Protocols have not been standardised Confounding influences of off-site foraging and exposure Foraging may not be natural Table 6: Tier-3 – End-points, strengths and limitations of bee toxicity studies Full field (experimental) Colony strength Brood pattern and development Most environmentally realistic of crop/pesticide exposure conditions Practical constraints may limit ability to assess ‘high end’ exposure scenarios
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