al., 2011a). For example, perceptions of defeat have been found to statistically significantly predict suicidality twelve months later when controlling for depressive symptoms (Taylor et al., 2011ab), perceptions of entrapment have been found to statistically significantly predict social anxiety problems when controlling for depressive and psychotic symptoms (Birchwood et al., 2007; Gumley et al., 2004), and perceptions of defeat have been found to statistically significantly predict PTSD when controlling for depression (Jobson & O’Kearney, 2009). The similar magnitude correlations between defeat and entrapment and the four psychological problems may be noteworthy for suicidality researchers because several theories of suicidality posit a prominent role for perceptions of defeat and entrapment (e.g., Baumeister, 1990; O’Connor, 2011; Williams, 2001). Whilst the present results corroborate these theories, they also suggest that additional variables to defeat and entrapment are needed to explain the specific phenomenology of suicidality. It is noteworthy that our within study analyses revealed a slightly stronger relationship between entrapment and suicidality, relative to the relationship between defeat and suicidality. Although the within study analyses probably have higher validity than the between study analyses, additional research is required to arrive at a firm conclusion regarding whether perceptions of entrapment constitute a particular risk for suicidality, independent of perceptions of defeat. This meta-analysis assumed that different triggers are interchangeable and homogeneous in bringing about perceptions of defeat or entrapment across different psychiatric disorders. For example, perceptions of entrapment by traumatic experiences were treated as being equivalent to perceptions of entrapment as a result of a caregiving role. The absence of significant between-study heterogeneity across all analyses supports this assumption and suggests that the literature should adopt broad (Taylor et al., 2011a) rather than disorder-specific (Birchwood et al., 1993; 2012; Dunmore et al., 2001) definitions and conceptualisations of defeat and entrapment.
al., 2011a). For example, perceptions of defeat have been found to statistically significantly predict suicidality twelve months later when controlling for depressive symptoms (Taylor et al., 2011ab), perceptions of entrapment have been found to statistically significantly predict social anxiety problems when controlling for depressive and psychotic symptoms (Birchwood et al., 2007; Gumley et al., 2004), and perceptions of defeat have been found to statistically significantly predict PTSD when controlling for depression (Jobson & O’Kearney, 2009). The similar magnitude correlations between defeat and entrapment and the four psychological problems may be noteworthy for suicidality researchers because several theories of suicidality posit a prominent role for perceptions of defeat and entrapment (e.g., Baumeister, 1990; O’Connor, 2011; Williams, 2001). Whilst the present results corroborate these theories, they also suggest that additional variables to defeat and entrapment are needed to explain the specific phenomenology of suicidality. It is noteworthy that our within study analyses revealed a slightly stronger relationship between entrapment and suicidality, relative to the relationship between defeat and suicidality. Although the within study analyses probably have higher validity than the between study analyses, additional research is required to arrive at a firm conclusion regarding whether perceptions of entrapment constitute a particular risk for suicidality, independent of perceptions of defeat. This meta-analysis assumed that different triggers are interchangeable and homogeneous in bringing about perceptions of defeat or entrapment across different psychiatric disorders. For example, perceptions of entrapment by traumatic experiences were treated as being equivalent to perceptions of entrapment as a result of a caregiving role. The absence of significant between-study heterogeneity across all analyses supports this assumption and suggests that the literature should adopt broad (Taylor et al., 2011a) rather than disorder-specific (Birchwood et al., 1993; 2012; Dunmore et al., 2001) definitions and conceptualisations of defeat and entrapment.
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