Table 5: Main advantage and disadvantages of solid health care waste treatment technologies Technology Advantages Disadvantages Cost (in 2010) Non-incineration technologies Needle cutter - Prevent needle - Needles need further treatment - Investment cost: 2-80 - Easy to operate, low cost cut and separated USD - Syringe can be recycled - Durability: 200,000 cutting Needle - Needle is disinfected and destroyed - Require electricity - Investment cost: 100 – destroyer by electricity - Stem of needle still exists after 150 USD - Easy to operate, low cost destroying. - Syringe can be recycled Innertization - Applicable to chemical waste and - Not applicable to other waste - Investment cost of pharmaceutical waste cement, sand - Simple to operate, low cost Cement bury - Applicable to sharps and pathological - Requires land and space - Investment cost: pit waste - Potential impact to underground 200 USD/m3 - Simple to operate, low cost water if poor design, construction Safe burying - Relatively safe if access to site is - Only to hospitals in - Investment cost: restricted and where natural infiltration mountainous and rural area labour, roof, fence is limited. - Low investment and operation cost Disinfection by - Highly efficient disinfection - Inadequate for anatomical, - Investment cost: steam - Reduction in waste volume if pharmaceutical and chemical waste, 500 50,000 USD – (autoclave) shredder available and waste that is not readily steam - Operational cost: 0.33 - Low operational cost permeable. USD/kg - Environmentally sound - Requires trained operator - Well-known technology in hospitals - High investment cost, requires thermal resistant waste bags Disinfection by - Highly efficient disinfection - Inadequate for anatomical, - Investment cost: microwave - Reduction in volume if shredder pharmaceutical and chemical waste, 70,000 50,000 USD – irradiation available and waste that is not readily steam - Operational cost: 0.33 - Low operational cost permeable. USD/kg - Environmentally sound - Requires trained operator - Well-known technology in hospitals
Table 5: Main advantage and disadvantages of solid health care waste treatment technologies Technology Advantages Disadvantages Cost (in 2010) Non-incineration technologies Needle cutter - Prevent needle - Easy to operate, low cost - Syringe can be recycled - Needles need further treatment cut and separated - Investment cost: 2-80 USD - Durability: 200,000 cutting Needle destroyer - Needle is disinfected and destroyed by electricity - Easy to operate, low cost - Syringe can be recycled - Require electricity - Stem of needle still exists after destroying. - Investment cost: 100 – 150 USD Innertization - Applicable to chemical waste and pharmaceutical waste - Simple to operate, low cost - Not applicable to other waste - Investment cost of cement, sand Cement bury pit - Applicable to sharps and pathological waste - Simple to operate, low cost - Requires land and space - Potential impact to underground water if poor design, construction - Investment cost: USD/m3 Safe burying - Relatively safe if access to site is restricted and where natural infiltration is limited. - Low investment and operation cost - Only to hospitals in mountainous and rural area - Investment cost: labour, roof, fence Disinfection by steam (autoclave) - Highly efficient disinfection - Reduction in waste volume if shredder available - Low operational cost - Environmentally sound - Well-known technology in hospitals - Inadequate for anatomical, pharmaceutical and chemical waste, and waste that is not readily steam permeable. - Requires trained operator - High investment cost, requires thermal resistant waste bags - Investment cost: 500 – 50,000 USD - Operational cost: 0.33 USD/kg Disinfection by microwave irradiation - Highly efficient disinfection - Reduction in volume if shredder available - Low operational cost - Environmentally sound - Well-known technology in hospitals - Inadequate for anatomical, pharmaceutical and chemical waste, and waste that is not readily steam permeable. - Requires trained operator - Investment cost: 70,000 – 50,000 USD - Operational cost: 0.33 USD/kg 200
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