There appeared non-numeric, symbolic data stored together with numeric data in the form of the record structure; Input data are stored in the form of files independently of the processing program; the program holds the file record description; Processing time is less than the data input/output time (Tproc.<Texchng ) Files are reusable; The output result is formed as a document easily available for user analysis The typical information tasks are ones in the field of organization management. For example, the competition percentage calculation (the number of applications for one vacancy) in processing applications from the applicants for higher education. Two files F1 PLAN and F2 – – APPLICATION with the structure shown in Fig. 1 are enough for solving this task. The necessity for independent data storing (for example, file F2) is due not only to the considerable volume, but also the necessity of its independent update as new applications come or the data are changed (for example, the faculty applied to). For the purpose of such updating, a special program was commonly used, inputting data from punched cards and punched tapes (Fig. 1.1.2). Evidently, it is necessary to reuse the data since it is important for the administration to know the competition percentage is not less than once a day. In this case the program runs even if there was not a single application handed for the previous day. The second computer generation is characterized by the following features essentially affecting the information task characteristics: Basic elements are semi-conductor instruments; Performance is hundreds of thousand operations per second; The required space and the weight are a few times less than before; The RAM size is about 250 Kb; The external (peripheral) storage devices are magnetic tapes, drums and others, for example, the alphabetic-numeric printing devices, devices for transmitting information via communication channels. It should be that at the beginning of 60s there prevailed the approach in using the input data, its characteristics being task-specific that for each program its <own> data files were used. Therefore, in order to get a report concerning applicant distribution by regions, from where and with what kinds of secondary qualification they apply, there are two tasks and their corresponding programs, each with its own file as shown in Fig. 1.1.3. If these programs were developed at the same time and by the same
There appeared non-numeric, symbolic data stored together with numeric data in the form of the record structure; Input data are stored in the form of files independently of the processing program; the program holds the file record description; Processing time is less than the data input/output time (Tproc.<Texchng ) Files are reusable; The output result is formed as a document easily available for user analysis The typical information tasks are ones in the field of organization management. For example, the competition percentage calculation (the number of applications for one vacancy) in processing applications from the applicants for higher education. Two files F1 – PLAN and F2 – APPLICATION with the structure shown in Fig. 1 are enough for solving this task. The necessity for independent data storing (for example, file F2) is due not only to the considerable volume, but also the necessity of its independent update as new applications come or the data are changed (for example, the faculty applied to). For the purpose of such updating, a special program was commonly used, inputting data from punched cards and punched tapes (Fig. 1.1.2). Evidently, it is necessary to reuse the data since it is important for the administration to know the competition percentage is not less than once a day. In this case the program runs even if there was not a single application handed for the previous day. The second computer generation is characterized by the following features essentially affecting the information task characteristics: Basic elements are semi-conductor instruments; Performance is hundreds of thousand operations per second; The required space and the weight are a few times less than before; The RAM size is about 250 Kb; The external (peripheral) storage devices are magnetic tapes, drums and others, for example, the alphabetic-numeric printing devices, devices for transmitting information via communication channels. It should be that at the beginning of 60s there prevailed the task-specific approach in using the input data, its characteristics being that for each program its <own> data files were used. Therefore, in order to get a report concerning applicant distribution by regions, from where and with what kinds of secondary qualification they apply, there are two tasks and their corresponding programs, each with its own file as shown in Fig. 1.1.3. If these programs were developed at the same time and by the same
database.docx