Conservation The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists devil ray species as endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, or data deficient. Current populations are unknown for all species, and population trends are known for only two mobula rays. In Europe, the Bern Convention and the Barcelona Convention have listed the Devil Fish as a species requiring protection, yet only a few countries including and have taken steps to protect this species. Other countries around the world including , , , , and have enacted policies to help protect devil rays, but they are not always enforced. No devil ray species are protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) or the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The following table shows the conservation status of all nine species, as well as the unknowns that need to be addressed to protect these rays. Species Extinction Risk Population Size Population Trend M. eregoodootenkee Indo-West Pacific Near Threatened Unknown Unknown M. hypostoma Data Deficient Unknown Unknown M. japanica Probably circumglobal Near Threatened Unknown Unknown M. kuhlii Indo-West Pacific Data Deficient Unknown Decreasing M. mobular Endangered Unknown Decreasing Eastern Pacific Near Threatened Unknown Unknown M. munkiana M. rochebrunei Vulnerable Unknown Unknown M. tarapacana Probably circumglobal Data Deficient Unknown Unknown M. thurstoni Probably circumglobal Near Threatened Unknown Unknown Sources IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Fish Base Shark Savers of Natural History
Conservation The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists devil ray species as endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, or data deficient. Current populations are unknown for all species, and population trends are known for only two mobula rays. In Europe, the Bern Convention and the Barcelona Convention have listed the Devil Fish as a species requiring protection, yet only a few countries including and have taken steps to protect this species. Other countries around the world including , , , , and have enacted policies to help protect devil rays, but they are not always enforced. No devil ray species are protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) or the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Species Extinction Risk Population Size Population Trend M. eregoodootenkee Indo-West Pacific Near Threatened Unknown Unknown M. hypostoma Data Deficient Unknown Unknown M. japanica Probably circumglobal Near Threatened Unknown Unknown M. kuhlii Indo-West Pacific Data Deficient Unknown Decreasing M. mobular Endangered Unknown Decreasing M. munkiana Eastern Pacific Near Threatened Unknown Unknown M. rochebrunei Vulnerable Unknown Unknown M. tarapacana Probably circumglobal Data Deficient Unknown Unknown M. thurstoni Probably circumglobal Near Threatened Unknown Unknown The following table shows the conservation status of all nine species, as well as the unknowns that need to be addressed to protect these rays. Sources Fish Base of Natural History IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Shark Savers
Devil_Ray_Fact_Sheet_Final_0.docx