Bundles of axons of olfactory receptor cells Transmission of sound to the inner ear form the filaments of the olfactory nerve Sound waves vibrate the tympanic (cranial nerve 1) membrane Supporting cells surround and cushion Ossicles vibrate and amplify the pressure olfactory receptor cells at the oval window. Pressure waves move through perilymph Basal cells lie at the base of epithelium of the scala vestibule Waves of frequencies below the threshold of hearing travel through the helicotrema and scali tympani to the round window Sounds in the hearing range go through Hearing and Balance the cochlear duct, vibrating the basilar Parts to the Ear: membrane at a specific location, External ear (hearing)- composed of the according to the frequency of sound auricle (pinna), external acoustic meatus (auditory canal) and tympanic membrane Auditory pathways to processing (eardrum) Impulses from the specific hair are Middle ear (hearing)- composed of a small interpreted as specific pitches air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity in the Loudness is detected by increased temporal bone, and the pharyngotympanic numbers of action potentials that result (auditory) tube equalizes pressure in the when the hair cells experience larger middle ear cavity with the external air deflections pressure Localization of sound depends on relative Internal ear (hearing and balance) intensity and relative timing of sound Composed of three parts: vestibule, waves reaching both ears semicircular canals, and cochlea Three bones (ossicles) in the inner ear: Equilibrium and orientation malleus, incus, and stapes Vestibular apparatus consists of the equilibrium receptors in the semicircular Receptors for hearing and balance canals and vestibule Respond to separate stimuli Vestibular receptors monitor static Are activated independently equilibrium Semicircular can receptors monitor Properties of sound dynamic equilibrium Sound is the pressure disturbance produced by a vibrating object Three modes of input for balance and Pitch is the perception of different orientation frequencies Vestibular receptors Loudness is subjective to interpretation of Visual receptors sound intensity Somatic receptors Diagrams
Bundles of axons of olfactory receptor cells form the filaments of the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve 1) Supporting cells surround and cushion olfactory receptor cells Basal cells lie at the base of epithelium Hearing and Balance Parts to the Ear: External ear (hearing)- composed of the auricle (pinna), external acoustic meatus (auditory canal) and tympanic membrane (eardrum) Middle ear (hearing)- composed of a small air-filled, mucosa-lined cavity in the temporal bone, and the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube equalizes pressure in the middle ear cavity with the external air pressure Internal ear (hearing and balance) Composed of three parts: vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea Three bones (ossicles) in the inner ear: malleus, incus, and stapes Receptors for hearing and balance Respond to separate stimuli Are activated independently Properties of sound Sound is the pressure disturbance produced by a vibrating object Pitch is the perception of different frequencies Loudness is subjective to interpretation of sound intensity Transmission of sound to the inner ear Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane Ossicles vibrate and amplify the pressure at the oval window. Pressure waves move through perilymph of the scala vestibule Waves of frequencies below the threshold of hearing travel through the helicotrema and scali tympani to the round window Sounds in the hearing range go through the cochlear duct, vibrating the basilar membrane at a specific location, according to the frequency of sound Auditory pathways to processing Impulses from the specific hair are interpreted as specific pitches Loudness is detected by increased numbers of action potentials that result when the hair cells experience larger deflections Localization of sound depends on relative intensity and relative timing of sound waves reaching both ears Equilibrium and orientation Vestibular apparatus consists of the equilibrium receptors in the semicircular canals and vestibule Vestibular receptors monitor static equilibrium Semicircular can receptors monitor dynamic equilibrium Three modes of input for balance and orientation Vestibular receptors Visual receptors Somatic receptors Diagrams
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