Low-frequency MW Soil moisture, salinity, sea surface wind, sea-ice thickness, snow imagery cover extent and SWE (1.4 to 37 GHz) MW cross-track upper Atmospheric temperature profiles in stratosphere and mesosphere stratospheric and mesospheric sounders UV/VIS/NIR sounders, Atmospheric composition and aerosol and limb Precipitation radars Precipitation (liquid and solid), cloud phase, cloud top height, cloud and cloud radars particle distribution and amount and profiles, aerosol, dust, volcanic ash MW sounder and Total column water vapour; precipitation; sea surface wind speed imagery in inclined [and direction]; cloud liquid water; sea/land surface temperature; soil orbits moisture Absolutely calibrated Broadband radiative flux; radiation budget; total solar broadband irradiance; spectral solar irradiance radiometers, and TSI and SSI radiometers GNSS radio occultation Atmospheric temperature and humidity; ionospheric electron density; (basic constellation) ice sheet altimetry) Narrow-band or Ocean colour; vegetation (including burnt areas); aerosols; cloud hyperspectral imagers properties; albedo High-resolution Land use, vegetation; flood, landslide monitoring; ice-floe VIS/IR distribution; sea-ice extent/concentration, snow cover extent and imagers properties; permafrost SAR imagery and Sea state, sea surface height, sea ice motion, seas-ice classification, altimeters ice-floe geometry, ice sheets, soil moisture, floods, permafrost Gravimetry missions Ground water, oceanography, ice and snow mass Other missions Solar wind in situ Energetic particle flux and energy spectrum (Radiation storms, plasma and energetic geomagnetic storms ) particles, magnetic field, at L1 Solar coronagraph and imagery (detection of coronal mass ejections and solar activity radio-spectrograph, at monitoring) L1 In-situ plasma probes Energetic particle flux and energy spectrum (Radiation storms, and energetic particle geomagnetic storms) spectrometers at GEO and LEO, and magnetic field at GEO Magnetometers on Geomagnetic field at GEO altitude (geomagnetic storms) GEO orbit On-orbit measurement reference standards for VIS/NIR, IR, MW absolute calibration Table 2: Tier 2: Backbone system with open orbit configuration and flexibility to optimize the implementation Instruments: Geophysical variables and phenomena:
Low-frequency MW imagery Soil moisture, salinity, sea surface wind, sea-ice thickness, snow cover extent and SWE (1.4 to 37 GHz) MW cross-track upper stratospheric and mesospheric sounders Atmospheric temperature profiles in stratosphere and mesosphere UV/VIS/NIR sounders, and limb Atmospheric composition and aerosol Precipitation radars and cloud radars Precipitation (liquid and solid), cloud phase, cloud top height, cloud particle distribution and amount and profiles, aerosol, dust, volcanic ash MW sounder and imagery in inclined orbits Total column water vapour; precipitation; sea surface wind speed [and direction]; cloud liquid water; sea/land surface temperature; soil moisture Absolutely calibrated broadband radiometers, and TSI and SSI radiometers Broadband radiative flux; radiation budget; total solar irradiance; spectral solar irradiance GNSS radio occultation (basic constellation) Atmospheric temperature and humidity; ionospheric electron density; ice sheet altimetry) Narrow-band or hyperspectral imagers Ocean colour; vegetation (including burnt areas); aerosols; cloud properties; albedo High-resolution VIS/IR imagers Land use, vegetation; flood, landslide monitoring; ice-floe distribution; sea-ice extent/concentration, snow cover extent and properties; permafrost SAR imagery and altimeters Sea state, sea surface height, sea ice motion, seas-ice classification, ice-floe geometry, ice sheets, soil moisture, floods, permafrost Gravimetry missions Ground water, oceanography, ice and snow mass Other missions Solar wind in situ plasma and energetic particles, magnetic field, at L1 Energetic particle flux and energy spectrum (Radiation storms, geomagnetic storms ) Solar coronagraph and radio-spectrograph, at L1 imagery (detection of coronal mass ejections and solar activity monitoring) In-situ plasma probes and energetic particle spectrometers at GEO and LEO, and magnetic field at GEO Energetic particle flux and energy spectrum (Radiation storms, geomagnetic storms) Magnetometers on GEO orbit Geomagnetic field at GEO altitude (geomagnetic storms) On-orbit measurement reference standards for VIS/NIR, IR, MW absolute calibration Table 2: Tier 2: Backbone system with open orbit configuration and flexibility to optimize the implementation Instruments: Geophysical variables and phenomena:
EC-70-INF07-1(3)-WIGOS-VISION-2040_en.docx