Table 1-4. Components of milk proven to affect bacterial adhesion. Milk Constitute Bacterium Reference Fucosyloligosaccharides () Escherichia coli Free oligosaccharides () Neisseria meningitidis Polymeric glycans and () Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chromobacterium violaceum Lactoferrins spp. () Shigella Caseins Streptococcus mutans () 1.2.2.7. Probiotics as Anti-Adhesive Agents Probiotic approaches involve the use of bacterial species at the site of infection as a preventative to stop pathogens from reaching a critical density required to cause disease (Figure These beneficial bacteria are usually derived from the natural flora of 1-3E). the body, hence are indistinguishable from commensal bacteria and so do not activate an immune response. They can act to reduce the binding of detrimental microorganisms through a number of mechanisms; the exact mode of action has not been clearly defined. Evidence suggests there is some competition for colonisation space. In the intestinal tract, this has been shown to occur at cell surface receptors of enterocytes, probiotic bacterial strains can displace pathogenic bacteria (). They may also outcompete the pathogen for vital nutrients for growth. Alternatively probiotic agents may limit other bacterial binding by increasing the production of intestinal mucins, improving barrier function (). Finally commercialised probiotic has been shown Lactobacillus plantarum to secrete extracellular protein BMCM12 that can reduce adherence of and E. coli S. subsp. to mucin, possibly reducing enteropathogen binding to mucus enterica enterica layer of the intestine (). The most commonly used probiotic species are lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. is evidence of a negative correlation between colonisation with these probiotic species and rates of certain infections in animal models and clinical trials. In a clinical conducted on women with a history of recurrent bacterial vaginosis, a daily vaginal capsule containing and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus administered on 14 days over a 3 week period reduced Streptococcus thermophilus
Table 1-4. Components of milk proven to affect bacterial adhesion. Milk Constitute Bacterium Reference Fucosyloligosaccharides Escherichia coli () Free oligosaccharides Neisseria meningitidis () Polymeric glycans Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chromobacterium violaceum () Lactoferrins Shigella spp. () Caseins Streptococcus mutans () 1.2.2.7. Probiotics as Anti-Adhesive Agents Probiotic approaches involve the use of bacterial species at the site of infection as a preventative to stop pathogens from reaching a critical density required to cause disease (Figure 1-3E). These beneficial bacteria are usually derived from the natural flora of the body, hence are indistinguishable from commensal bacteria and so do not activate an immune response. They can act to reduce the binding of detrimental microorganisms through a number of mechanisms; the exact mode of action has not been clearly defined. Evidence suggests there is some competition for colonisation space. In the intestinal tract, this has been shown to occur at cell surface receptors of enterocytes, probiotic bacterial strains can displace pathogenic bacteria (). They may also outcompete the pathogen for vital nutrients for growth. Alternatively probiotic agents may limit other bacterial binding by increasing the production of intestinal mucins, improving barrier function (). Finally commercialised probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum has been shown to secrete extracellular protein BMCM12 that can reduce adherence of E. coli and S. enterica subsp. enterica to mucin, possibly reducing enteropathogen binding to mucus layer of the intestine (). The most commonly used probiotic species are lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. is evidence of a negative correlation between colonisation with these probiotic species and rates of certain infections in animal models and clinical trials. In a clinical conducted on women with a history of recurrent bacterial vaginosis, a daily vaginal capsule containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus thermophilus administered on 14 days over a 3 week period reduced
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