- High investment cost, requires thermal resistant waste bags Disinfection by - Highly efficient disinfection - Inadequate for anatomical, - Investment cost: steam & - Reduction in waste volume if pharmaceutical and chemical waste, 180,000 250,000 – microwave shredder available and waste that is not readily steam USD - Low operational cost permeable. - Operational cost: 0.33 - Environmentally - Requires trained operator USD/kg - Well-known technology in hospitals - High investment cost, requires thermal resistant bags Chemical - Highly efficient disinfection of - Inadequate for anatomical waste, - Operational cost for disinfection pathogen in infectious especially sharps, chemical and disinfectants for liquid waste pharmaceutical waste - Reduction in waste volume if - Requires trained operator shredder available - Hazardous chemicals can cause - Some chemical disinfectants are environmental pollution inexpensive Incineration technologies Single chamber - Good disinfection efficiency - Emission of air pollutants - Investment cost: incinerator - Drastic reduction of weight and - Inefficiency in destroying thermal 1000 15000 USD – volume of resistant chemicals and drugs - Operational cost: 0.6 - No need for highly trained operator USD/kg or more expensive Two chamber - Adequate for all infectious waste, - Incomplete destruction of - Investment cost: or Pyrolytic most chemical waste, and cytotoxics 20,000 100,000 USD – incinerator pharmaceutical waste - Relatively high investment - Operational cost: 0.6 - Drastic reduction of weight and - High operational cost USD/kg or more volume of waste - Requires qualified operator expensive - Emissions of air pollutants in case of improper operation and maintenance
- High investment cost, requires thermal resistant waste bags Disinfection by steam & microwave - Highly efficient disinfection - Reduction in waste volume if shredder available - Low operational cost - Environmentally - Well-known technology in hospitals - Inadequate for anatomical, pharmaceutical and chemical waste, and waste that is not readily steam permeable. - Requires trained operator - High investment cost, requires thermal resistant bags - Investment cost: 180,000 – 250,000 USD - Operational cost: 0.33 USD/kg Chemical disinfection - Highly efficient disinfection of pathogen in infectious especially for liquid waste - Reduction in waste volume if shredder available - Some chemical disinfectants are inexpensive - Inadequate for anatomical waste, sharps, chemical and pharmaceutical waste - Requires trained operator - Hazardous chemicals can cause environmental pollution - Operational cost for disinfectants Incineration technologies Single chamber incinerator - Good disinfection efficiency - Drastic reduction of weight and volume of - No need for highly trained operator - Emission of air pollutants - Inefficiency in destroying thermal resistant chemicals and drugs - Investment cost: 1000 – 15000 USD - Operational cost: 0.6 USD/kg or more expensive Two chamber or Pyrolytic incinerator - Adequate for all infectious waste, most chemical waste, and pharmaceutical waste - Drastic reduction of weight and volume of waste - Incomplete destruction of cytotoxics - Relatively high investment - High operational cost - Requires qualified operator - Emissions of air pollutants in case of improper operation and maintenance - Investment cost: 20,000 – 100,000 USD - Operational cost: 0.6 USD/kg or more expensive
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