Higher data rates will be Ice tethered platform Temperature, supported, with reduced observations salinity, current, cost of transmission. fast-ice profiles will extend observations deeper (6000 m). There will be more measurements. ice-moored AFIN (Antarctic Fast-Ice Network) sensor suite There will be more Instrumented marine Temperature, systematic use of animals salinity, sea instrumented marine animals (sea mammals, some fish species being tracked, turtles). Cryospheric observations : ice sheets glaciers, permafrost Ice sheets: surface accumulation and ablation, ice sheets thickness, ice velocity, Ice/firn temperature profile, snow cover, snow profile Combining snow radar Glaciers: mass coverage with new, balance highly accurate digital (accumulation, elevation models of ablation), glacier surfaces (from Equilibrium Line airborne Lidar or satellite Altitude, Glacier platforms) thickness, Ice flow More systematic glacier velocity, calving and permafrost flux, Glacier monitoring will be discharge, established as Snow/firn/ice partnership between temperature profile, research and operational Surface albedo agencies, at national and Snow over glaciers regional level, and the (stratification, data will be standardized chemistry, and and exchanged isotope content). internationally Permafrost: ground Long term sustainability temperature, active of research stations is layer thickness, required, to facilitate the rock glacier creep availability of velocity, rock climatological records. glacier discharge, rock glacier spring temperature, seasonal frost heath/subsidence, surface elevation change, ground ice volume, coastal retreat, soil moisture Space weather observations
Ice tethered platform observations Temperature, salinity, current, fast-ice observations Higher data rates will be supported, with reduced cost of transmission. profiles will extend deeper (6000 m). There will be more measurements. ice-moored AFIN (Antarctic Fast-Ice Network) sensor suite Instrumented marine animals Temperature, salinity, sea There will be more systematic use of instrumented marine animals (sea mammals, some fish species being tracked, turtles). Cryospheric observations : ice sheets glaciers, permafrost Ice sheets: surface accumulation and ablation, ice sheets thickness, ice velocity, Ice/firn temperature profile, snow cover, snow profile Glaciers: mass balance (accumulation, ablation), Equilibrium Line Altitude, Glacier thickness, Ice flow velocity, calving flux, Glacier discharge, Snow/firn/ice temperature profile, Surface albedo Snow over glaciers (stratification, chemistry, and isotope content). Permafrost: ground temperature, active layer thickness, rock glacier creep velocity, rock glacier discharge, rock glacier spring temperature, seasonal frost heath/subsidence, surface elevation change, ground ice volume, coastal retreat, soil moisture Combining snow radar coverage with new, highly accurate digital elevation models of glacier surfaces (from airborne Lidar or satellite platforms) More systematic glacier and permafrost monitoring will be established as partnership between research and operational agencies, at national and regional level, and the data will be standardized and exchanged internationally Long term sustainability of research stations is required, to facilitate the availability of climatological records. Space weather observations
EC-70-INF07-1(3)-WIGOS-VISION-2040_en.docx