William James: Harvard philosopher-psychologist who introduced the school of functionalism by considering the functions of our thoughts and feelings. Wrote the textbook Principles of Psychology and tutored Mary Calkins. Mary Calkins: student of William James who became the first female president of the American Psychological Association. She also became a pioneering memory researcher. Margaret Floy Washburn: became the first woman to receive a Ph. D. in Psychology. She also studied animal behavior. Max Wertheimer: developed the Gestalt perspective. School of Key People Thought Behavioral How we learn observable John Watson (founder of responses and experiences. Behaviorism), B.F. Skinner Psychoanalytic How behavior springs from Sigmund Freud (Psychodynamic) unconscious drives and conflicts. Humanistic How we strive for personal Carl Rogers, Abraham growth. Maslow Cognitive How we encode, process, store, Jean Piaget and retrieve information. Biological How the body and brain enable (Neuroscience) emotions, memories, and sensory experiences Evolutionary How evolution influences Charles Darwin behavior Social-Cultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures Gestalt The organized whole Hindsight bias: the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along-phenomenon. Overconfidence: the tendency to be more confident than correct. Critical thinking: thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, and evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. a self-correcting process for asking question sand observing nature’s The Scientific Method: answers.
William James: Harvard philosopher-psychologist who introduced the school of functionalism by considering the functions of our thoughts and feelings. Wrote the textbook Principles of Psychology and tutored Mary Calkins. Mary Calkins: student of William James who became the first female president of the American Psychological Association. She also became a pioneering memory researcher. Margaret Floy Washburn: became the first woman to receive a Ph. D. in Psychology. She also studied animal behavior. Max Wertheimer: developed the Gestalt perspective. School of Thought Key People Behavioral How we learn observable responses and experiences. John Watson (founder of Behaviorism), B.F. Skinner Psychoanalytic (Psychodynamic) How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts. Sigmund Freud Humanistic How we strive for personal growth. Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow Cognitive How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information. Jean Piaget Biological (Neuroscience) How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences Evolutionary How evolution influences behavior Charles Darwin Social-Cultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures Gestalt The organized whole Hindsight bias: the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along-phenomenon. Overconfidence: the tendency to be more confident than correct. Critical thinking: thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, and evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. The Scientific Method: a self-correcting process for asking question sand observing nature’s answers.
chapter1reviewsheet.docx