(six items), energy (four items), and positive wellbeing (six items). DWBQ items are responded to on a four point Likert scale. Only the depression and anxiety subscales were used. These subscales were adapted from Zung’s self-rating depression () and anxiety () scales specifically for use among the diabetes population. The DWBQ depression and anxiety subscales demonstrate high concurrent validity with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (). Higher DWBQ scores indicate higher depressive and anxious symptoms. Diabetes Illness Cognitions Illness cognitions were measured using the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) () and the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire-specific (BMQ-specific) (). The IPQ-R assesses the following illness cognition domains (subjective beliefs; 70 items): identity (symptoms attributed to diabetes), timeline acute/chronic (diabetes duration), timeline cyclical (predictability of diabetes), cause (cause of diabetes), consequences (impact of diabetes), personal control (availability of individual resources for managing diabetes), treatment control (efficacy of treatments for managing diabetes), illness coherence (degree of diabetes understanding), and emotional representations (negative emotions experienced because of diabetes). All IPQ-R items use a five point Likert scale excluding identity, which has a binary yes/no response based on whether symptoms are experienced and attributed to diabetes. All yes responses receive a score of one and are summed. High scores on each subscale indicate stronger endorsements of the construct measured. The BMQ-specific () has two subscales: medication concerns (perceived negative effects of taking medications; 5 items) and medication necessity (perceived need for taking medication to manage diabetes; 5 items). Both subscales contain five point Likert response items; higher scores indicate a stronger degree of belief in the construct.
(six items), energy (four items), and positive wellbeing (six items). DWBQ items are responded to on a four point Likert scale. Only the depression and anxiety subscales were used. These subscales were adapted from Zung’s self-rating depression () and anxiety () scales specifically for use among the diabetes population. The DWBQ depression and anxiety subscales demonstrate high concurrent validity with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (). Higher DWBQ scores indicate higher depressive and anxious symptoms. Diabetes Illness Cognitions Illness cognitions were measured using the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) () and the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire-specific (BMQ-specific) (). The IPQ-R assesses the following illness cognition domains (subjective beliefs; 70 items): identity (symptoms attributed to diabetes), timeline acute/chronic (diabetes duration), timeline cyclical (predictability of diabetes), cause (cause of diabetes), consequences (impact of diabetes), personal control (availability of individual resources for managing diabetes), treatment control (efficacy of treatments for managing diabetes), illness coherence (degree of diabetes understanding), and emotional representations (negative emotions experienced because of diabetes). All IPQ-R items use a five point Likert scale excluding identity, which has a binary yes/no response based on whether symptoms are experienced and attributed to diabetes. All yes responses receive a score of one and are summed. High scores on each subscale indicate stronger endorsements of the construct measured. The BMQ-specific () has two subscales: medication concerns (perceived negative effects of taking medications; 5 items) and medication necessity (perceived need for taking medication to manage diabetes; 5 items). Both subscales contain five point Likert response items; higher scores indicate a stronger degree of belief in the construct.
1.Hudson_accepted_psych_health.docx