Schmoller emphasizing their differences after the conflict exploded in the 1880s. Later followers of Menger such as Hayek would tend to focus on the differences in the conflict rather than the many areas of agreement between Menger and von Schmoller. While indeed Menger emphasized methodological individualism, he also recognized a role for groups in the historical process, with this arising from his subjectivist analysis of needs, which was tied to his advocacy of marginal utility theory. This recognition of the role of groups became stronger as Menger aged and appeared more clearly in the semi-suppressed second edition of his Principles. Becchio (forthcoming a) particularly emphasizes how an expanded view of needs led him to recognize two different categories beyond strictly individualistic needs, social needs. One of these was collective goods (Gemeinbedüfnisse) such as transportation infrastructure. Such needs still came from individuals themselves, but in the form of adding up individual demands with some scale issue involved that involves production not by an individual. This was already present in his early work. However, in his second edition he extended this by introducing associations” that could “human as groups have needs that needed to be provided to the association as a whole that could even have an independent life (‘ein selbständiges Leben’) with their own personality (‘Eigene Persönlichkeit’) following their own purposes (‘Eigene Zwecke’) (Menger, 1923, p. 9). These human associations could take the form of associations, corporations, communities, and the State, of the national or global “societies, economy” (‘Gesellschaften, Genossenschaften, Korporationen, Gemeinden, Staat, Volks- und Weltwirtschaft’) (Menger, 1923, p. 7). Furthermore, as argued by Becchio (forthcoming b), in this second edition Menger introduced evolutionary arguments drawing both on the work of Herbert Spencer (1867-1874) and also the emergentist arguments popular in the 1920s, although he tended to go back to Mill’s (1843) formulation in terms of heteropathic laws. Nevertheless, in this final work Menger posed his view of the spontaneous emergence of order in terms of evolutionary emergence that
Schmoller emphasizing their differences after the conflict exploded in the 1880s. Later followers of Menger such as Hayek would tend to focus on the differences in the conflict rather than the many areas of agreement between Menger and von Schmoller. While indeed Menger emphasized methodological individualism, he also recognized a role for groups in the historical process, with this arising from his subjectivist analysis of needs, which was tied to his advocacy of marginal utility theory. This recognition of the role of groups became stronger as Menger aged and appeared more clearly in the semi-suppressed second edition of his Principles. Becchio (forthcoming a) particularly emphasizes how an expanded view of needs led him to recognize two different categories beyond strictly individualistic needs, social needs. One of these was collective goods (Gemeinbedüfnisse) such as transportation infrastructure. Such needs still came from individuals themselves, but in the form of adding up individual demands with some scale issue involved that involves production not by an individual. This was already present in his early work. However, in his second edition he extended this by introducing “human associations” that could as groups have needs that needed to be provided to the association as a whole that could even have an independent life (‘ein selbständiges Leben’) with their own personality (‘Eigene Persönlichkeit’) following their own purposes (‘Eigene Zwecke’) (Menger, 1923, p. 9). These human associations could take the form of “societies, associations, corporations, communities, and the State, of the national or global economy” (‘Gesellschaften, Genossenschaften, Korporationen, Gemeinden, Staat, Volks- und Weltwirtschaft’) (Menger, 1923, p. 7). Furthermore, as argued by Becchio (forthcoming b), in this second edition Menger introduced evolutionary arguments drawing both on the work of Herbert Spencer (1867-1874) and also the emergentist arguments popular in the 1920s, although he tended to go back to Mill’s (1843) formulation in terms of heteropathic laws. Nevertheless, in this final work Menger posed his view of the spontaneous emergence of order in terms of evolutionary emergence that
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