criminology literature which contends that crime victimization can have negative emotional and affective consequences, even if a physical injury is not endured (Gabor & Normandeau, 1989; Leymann, 1985; Miller-Burke, Attridge, & Fass, 1999). The United States’ Federal Bureau of Investigation (2004) states that all of conduct that “forms create anxiety, fear, and a climate of distrust in the workplace ... are part of the workplace violence problem” (p. 13). Most contemporary classifications of workplace violence use a model that consists of the following four categories or typologies (Table 1). Table 1: Four Types of Workplace Violence Persons Actions or Response Type Risk Factors Involved Characteristics Strategies Physical violence Handling or Emphasis on Employee by unknown exchanging physical and an criminal with no tie money with the security external to the organization public Employee perpetrator Robbing a bank or Working alone training (e.g., convenience Working at night Limit or I robber) store; or mugging or early in the eliminate or robbing a morning single-staffing taxicab driver Working in practices secluded locations Acts that typically Emotionally Regular Employee occur during the charged training in and a client worker’s normal environment preventive (or a course of Health care and measures patient, employment emergency family Perpetrator has a medical response II member, or legitimate workers; social customer) connection to the service organization, even employees if only temporary (e.g., bus patron) Harassment, Employees with Attend to III stalking, and trait anger, warning signs bullying emotional and implement
criminology literature which contends that crime victimization can have negative emotional and affective consequences, even if a physical injury is not endured (Gabor & Normandeau, 1989; Leymann, 1985; Miller-Burke, Attridge, & Fass, 1999). The United States’ Federal Bureau of Investigation (2004) states that all “forms of conduct that create anxiety, fear, and a climate of distrust in the workplace ... are part of the workplace violence problem” (p. 13). Most contemporary classifications of workplace violence use a model that consists of the following four categories or typologies (Table 1). Table 1: Four Types of Workplace Violence Type Persons Involved Actions or Characteristics Risk Factors Response Strategies I Employee and an external perpetrator (e.g., robber) Physical violence by unknown criminal with no tie to the organization Robbing a bank or convenience store; or mugging or robbing a taxicab driver Handling or exchanging money with the public Working alone Working at night or early in the morning Working in secluded locations Emphasis on physical security Employee training Limit or eliminate single-staffing practices II Employee and a client (or a patient, family member, or customer) Acts that typically occur during the worker’s normal course of employment Perpetrator has a legitimate connection to the organization, even if only temporary (e.g., bus patron) Emotionally charged environment Health care and emergency medical response workers; social service employees Regular training in preventive measures III Harassment, stalking, and bullying Employees with trait anger, emotional Attend to warning signs and implement
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