Sector Type of Warning Lead Action Cost/ Benefit Time Government Flood and droughts, Seasonal Adjust reservoir levels Cost of alternatives, are$ 200-500 million (State based on threshold and for a new intake system at one reservoir government of levels of rainfall. short or increasing the size of a second New York City) reservoir. A new filtration system could (Tollefson run up to $10 billion. Cost of forecast 2013) based system = $8 million. Government of Severe 1-2 days Radio broadcasts of severe Total cost of storms $193-$329 million in Australia (Keys by predictions thunderstorm advice 1993 prices. of hailstones of 2cm 1994) diameter or greater, winds gusts of 90km/h or greater, very heavy rain, which could produce flash flooding, or the potential for tornado activity). Government of Flood Forecast-ALERT 24 hours Provides flood warning to residents Estimated Direct damage of $2.5 Australia system. Automatic and local businesses preparation costs by Local Evaluation in real businesses of $100 000. Avoided losses (Kempsey business time. Threshold based. estimated at 56% of Direct damage. district) (Gissing 2002) UK Tidal Flooding. 10 days Close the barrier at Wivenhoe Cost of £4000 per closure, costs of government Threshold = forecasted flooding are thought to be much higher (Colne Barrier) level of 3.1 meters. an example of a forecast benefit of (Dale et al. £101, 144 in 2011 given. Can act as a 2013). reference figure though this represents only one instance and will vary for different forecasts.
Sector Type of Warning Lead Time Action Cost/ Benefit Government (State government of New York City) (Tollefson 2013) Flood and droughts, based on threshold levels of rainfall. Seasonal and short Adjust reservoir levels Cost of alternatives, are$ 200-500 million for a new intake system at one reservoir or increasing the size of a second reservoir. A new filtration system could run up to $10 billion. Cost of forecast based system = $8 million. Government of Australia (Keys 1994) Severe by predictions of hailstones of 2cm diameter or greater, winds gusts of 90km/h or greater, very heavy rain, which could produce flash flooding, or the potential for tornado activity). 1-2 days Radio broadcasts of severe thunderstorm advice Total cost of storms $193-$329 million in 1993 prices. Government of Australia (Kempsey business district) (Gissing 2002) Flood Forecast-ALERT system. Automatic Local Evaluation in real time. Threshold based. 24 hours Provides flood warning to residents and local businesses Estimated Direct damage of $2.5 preparation costs by businesses of $100 000. Avoided losses estimated at 56% of Direct damage. UK government (Colne Barrier) (Dale et al. 2013). Tidal Flooding. Threshold = forecasted level of 3.1 meters. 10 days Close the barrier at Wivenhoe Cost of £4000 per closure, costs of flooding are thought to be much higher an example of a forecast benefit of £101, 144 in 2011 given. Can act as a reference figure though this represents only one instance and will vary for different forecasts.
Coughlan%20de%20Perez%20et%20Al%202014.docx