However, over the long run, the Haber process has benefited humans as with increasing populations, traditional farming techniques were insufficient (e.g. crop rotation) as greater quantities of food were required, leading to the depletion of natural deposits of nitrogenous fertilisers, but the Haber process was able to overcome these shortages. The industrial synthesis of ammonia has facilitated the manufacture of fertilisers for food production, which has helped to sustain the world’s population. Part 3: Manufactured Products are Analysed Ion Testing Qualitative analysis of unknown chemicals such as precipitation tests and flame tests can identify many soluble ions. Ion Colour in Confirmatory Test Spot Test Solution Cation Barium Colourless H2SO4 solution forms Sodium sulfate solution Ba2+ white ppt. BaSO4 forms white BaSO4 ppt. Calcium Colourless Forms white ppt. with Ca2+ NaF Lead Colourless Forms bright yellow Sodium hydroxide solution Pb2+ ppt. with KI forms Pb(OH)2 ppt, which dissolves with excess NaOH Copper(II) Blue Sodium hydroxide solution Cu2+ blue ppt. of Cu(OH)2 Iron(II) Pale Green If left for a day, it Sodium hydroxide solution Fe2+ changes to an orange green ppt., which brown solution. does not dissolve with Decolourises KMnO4. excess NaOH K3Fe(CN)6 forms blue ppt. Iron(III) Orange-Brown Solution of K4[Fe(CN)6] Sodium hydroxide solution Fe3+ forms blue ppt. of forms reddish-brown KFe[Fe(CN)]6 Fe(OH)3 ppt., which does not dissolve with excess NaOH Anion Chloride Silver nitrate solution Cl- forms white AgCl ppt., which slowly darkens when exposed to light Sulfate Forms white precipitate SO42- with Ba2+ ions Carbonate Forms bubbles of CO2 Evolve carbon dioxide gas CO32- when acid is added when reacted with an acid
However, over the long run, the Haber process has benefited humans as with increasing populations, traditional farming techniques were insufficient (e.g. crop rotation) as greater quantities of food were required, leading to the depletion of natural deposits of nitrogenous fertilisers, but the Haber process was able to overcome these shortages. The industrial synthesis of ammonia has facilitated the manufacture of fertilisers for food production, which has helped to sustain the world’s population. Part 3: Manufactured Products are Analysed Ion Testing Qualitative analysis of unknown chemicals such as precipitation tests and flame tests can identify many soluble ions. Ion Colour in Solution Confirmatory Test Spot Test Cation Barium Ba2+ Colourless H2SO4 solution forms white ppt. BaSO4 Sodium sulfate solution forms white BaSO4 ppt. Calcium Ca2+ Colourless Forms white ppt. with NaF Lead Pb2+ Colourless Forms bright yellow ppt. with KI Sodium hydroxide solution forms Pb(OH)2 ppt, which dissolves with excess NaOH Copper(II) Cu2+ Blue Sodium hydroxide solution blue ppt. of Cu(OH)2 Iron(II) Fe2+ Pale Green If left for a day, it changes to an orange brown solution. Decolourises KMnO4. K3Fe(CN)6 forms blue ppt. Sodium hydroxide solution green ppt., which does not dissolve with excess NaOH Iron(III) Fe3+ Orange-Brown Solution of K4[Fe(CN)6] forms blue ppt. of KFe[Fe(CN)]6 Sodium hydroxide solution forms reddish-brown Fe(OH)3 ppt., which does not dissolve with excess NaOH Anion Chloride Cl- Silver nitrate solution forms white AgCl ppt., which slowly darkens when exposed to light Sulfate SO42- Forms white precipitate with Ba2+ ions Carbonate CO32- Forms bubbles of CO2 when acid is added Evolve carbon dioxide gas when reacted with an acid
Chemistry_Notes_-_Chemical_Monitoring_and_Management_by_Jonathan_Chan.docx