As the concentration of solute particles ↑ vapor pressure Pa = Xa Pa° ↓ “depression” freezing point = - kf i m ↓ “depression” ΔTf boiling point = kb i m ↑ “elevation” ΔTb osmotic pressure = iMRT ↑ π i = vant Hoff factor = Ideal vs. Non-Ideal Solutions a. ~ 0 Ideal solution the actual vapor pressures will agree with Raoult’s law ΔHsol’n – b. > 0 Non-Ideal solution the forces in the solution are weaker than in the pure substances resulting ΔHsol’n – in higher VPs than expected from Raoult’s Law c. ΔHsol’n < 0 Non-Ideal solution – the forces in the solution are stronger than in the pure substances resulting in lower VPs than expected from Raoult’s Law Osmosis the diffusion of water thru a semipermeable membrane Osmotic pressure () Reverse osmosis the minimum pressure that increasing the concentration must be applied to keep osmosis from gradient by the movement of thru a occurring = iMRT as the concentration semi-permeable membrane by applying gradient a pressure that is > the osmotic pressure ↑
As the concentration of solute particles ↑ vapor pressure ↓ “depression” Pa = Xa Pa° freezing point ↓ “depression” ΔTf = - kf i m boiling point ↑ “elevation” ΔTb = kb i m osmotic pressure ↑ π = iMRT i = vant Hoff factor = Ideal vs. Non-Ideal Solutions a. ΔHsol’n ~ 0 Ideal solution – the actual vapor pressures will agree with Raoult’s law b. ΔHsol’n > 0 Non-Ideal solution – the forces in the solution are weaker than in the pure substances resulting in higher VPs than expected from Raoult’s Law c. ΔHsol’n < 0 Non-Ideal solution – the forces in the solution are stronger than in the pure substances resulting in lower VPs than expected from Raoult’s Law Osmosis the diffusion of water thru a semipermeable membrane Osmotic pressure () the minimum pressure that Reverse osmosis increasing the concentration must be applied to keep osmosis from gradient by the movement of thru a occurring = iMRT as the concentration semi-permeable membrane by applying gradient ↑ a pressure that is > the osmotic pressure
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