Haber Fe, K2O, Al2O3 N2 + 3H2 2NH3 NH3 → process Ostwald Pt and Rh 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O HNO3 → process H2 for NH3, water–gas Fe, Cr2O3, or Cu CO + H2O CO2 + H2 CH3OH, and other → shift reaction fuels steam Ni CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 H2 → reforming methanol ZnO and Cr2O3 CO + 2H2 CH3OH CH3OH → synthesis bismuth Sohio CH =CHCH +NH +3 O CH CH =CHCN 2 3 3 2 2 2 → 2 process O 2 partially catalytic hydrogenated oils Ni, Pd, or Pt RCH=CHR′ + H2 RCH2—CH2R′ → for margarine, and so Table: Some Commercially Important Reactions that Employ Heterogeneous Catalysts Homogeneous Catalysis In homogeneous catalysisA catalytic reaction in the catalyst is uniformly dispersed throughout the reactant mixture to form a solution., the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactant(s). The number of collisions between reactants and catalyst is at a maximum because the catalyst is uniformly dispersed throughout the reaction mixture. Many homogeneous catalysts in industry are transition metal compounds (Table below), but recovering these expensive catalysts from solution has been a major challenge. As an added barrier to their widespread commercial use, many
Haber process Fe, K2O, Al2O3 N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 NH3 Ostwald process Pt and Rh 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O HNO3 water–gas shift reaction Fe, Cr2O3, or Cu CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 H2 for NH3, CH3OH, and other fuels steam reforming Ni CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 H2 methanol synthesis ZnO and Cr2O3 CO + 2H2 → CH3OH CH3OH Sohio process bismuth CH 2 =CHCH 3 +NH 3 +3 2 O 2 → CH 2 2 O CH 2 =CHCN catalytic Ni, Pd, or Pt RCH=CHR′ + H2 → RCH2—CH2R′ partially hydrogenated oils for margarine, and so Table: Some Commercially Important Reactions that Employ Heterogeneous Catalysts Homogeneous Catalysis In homogeneous catalysisA catalytic reaction in the catalyst is uniformly dispersed throughout the reactant mixture to form a solution., the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactant(s). The number of collisions between reactants and catalyst is at a maximum because the catalyst is uniformly dispersed throughout the reaction mixture. Many homogeneous catalysts in industry are transition metal compounds (Table below), but recovering these expensive catalysts from solution has been a major challenge. As an added barrier to their widespread commercial use, many
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