The Uses of Science 33 Careers and Research: Russell Schutt, PhD 36 Research on People 33 Conclusion 37 Conclusion 34 Key 37 ■ Key Terms 35 ■■ Highlights 37 ■ Highlight s 35 ■■ Student Study Site 38 ■ Exercises 36 ■■ Exercises 38 ■ Discussing Research 36 Finding Research 36 Critiquing Research 37 Doing Research 37 Ethics Questions 38 3. Ethics in Research 39 Historical Background 42 Chapter 3: Ethics in Research 43 Ethical Principles 43 Historical Background 46 Protecting Research Subjects 44 Ethical Principles 47 Avoid Harming Research Participants 44 Protecting Research Subjects 48 Obtain Informed Consent 46 Avoid Harming Research Participants 48 Avoid Deception in Research, Except in Limited Obtain Informed Consent 51 Circumstances 51 Avoid Deception in Research, Except in Limited Circumstances 55 Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality 52 Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality 56 Maintaining Honesty and Openness 53 Research That Matters 57 Research in the News: Honesty in Research 53 Maintaining Honesty and Openness 57 Achieving Valid Results 54 Encouraging Appropriate Application 55 Research in the News: What an IRB Say? 58 Conclusion 56 Achieving Valid Results 59 Key Terms 56 Careers and Research: Kristen Kenny, Research Compliance ■■ Highlight s 56 ■■ Specialist 60 Exercises 57 ■■ Encouraging Appropriate Application 60 Discussing Research 57 Conclusion 61 Finding Research 57 Key Terms 61 ■ Critiquing Research 57 Highlights 62 ■ Research 58 Student Study Site 62 ■ Ethics Questions 58 Exercises 62 ■ 4. Conceptualization and Measurement 59 What Do We Have in Mind? 60 Conceptualization 60 Research in the News: How Poverty Is Measured Matters Chapter 4: Conceptualization and Measurement 65 62 What Do We Have in Mind? 66 Variables and Constants 62 Conceptualization 66 How Will We Know When We’ve Found It? 63 Research That Matters 67 Using Available Data 64 Research in the News: What Is Your Race? 68 Content Analysis 65 Variables and Constants 68 Constructing Questions 66 How Will We Know When We’ve It? 69 Single Questions 66 Using Available Data 71 Indexes and Scales 67 Content Analysis 72 Making Observations 68 Constructing Questions 72 Collecting Unobtrusive Measures 69 Single Questions 72 Combining Measurement Operations 70 Indexes and Scales 73 How Much Information Do We Really Have? 71 Making Observations 75 Nominal Level of Measurement 71 Combining Measurement Operations 75 Ordinal Level of Measurement 72 How Much Information Do We Really Have? 76 Interval Level of Measurement 73 Ratio Level of Measurement 74 Nominal Level of Measurement 76
The Uses of Science 33 Research on People 33 Conclusion 34 ■■ Key Terms 35 ■■ Highlight s 35 ■■ Exercises 36 Discussing Research 36 Finding Research 36 Critiquing Research 37 Doing Research 37 Ethics Questions 38 3. Ethics in Research 39 Historical Background 42 Ethical Principles 43 Protecting Research Subjects 44 Avoid Harming Research Participants 44 Obtain Informed Consent 46 Avoid Deception in Research, Except in Limited Circumstances 51 Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality 52 Maintaining Honesty and Openness 53 Research in the News: Honesty in Research 53 Achieving Valid Results 54 Encouraging Appropriate Application 55 Conclusion 56 ■■ Key Terms 56 ■■ Highlight s 56 ■■ Exercises 57 Discussing Research 57 Finding Research 57 Critiquing Research 57 Research 58 Ethics Questions 58 4. Conceptualization and Measurement 59 What Do We Have in Mind? 60 Conceptualization 60 Research in the News: How Poverty Is Measured Matters 62 Variables and Constants 62 How Will We Know When We’ve Found It? 63 Using Available Data 64 Content Analysis 65 Constructing Questions 66 Single Questions 66 Indexes and Scales 67 Making Observations 68 Collecting Unobtrusive Measures 69 Combining Measurement Operations 70 How Much Information Do We Really Have? 71 Nominal Level of Measurement 71 Ordinal Level of Measurement 72 Interval Level of Measurement 73 Ratio Level of Measurement 74 Careers and Research: Russell Schutt, PhD 36 Conclusion 37 ■ Key 37 ■ Highlights 37 ■ Student Study Site 38 ■ Exercises 38 Chapter 3: Ethics in Research 43 Historical Background 46 Ethical Principles 47 Protecting Research Subjects 48 Avoid Harming Research Participants 48 Obtain Informed Consent 51 Avoid Deception in Research, Except in Limited Circumstances 55 Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality 56 Research That Matters 57 Maintaining Honesty and Openness 57 Research in the News: What an IRB Say? 58 Achieving Valid Results 59 Careers and Research: Kristen Kenny, Research Compliance Specialist 60 Encouraging Appropriate Application 60 Conclusion 61 ■ Key Terms 61 ■ Highlights 62 ■ Student Study Site 62 ■ Exercises 62 Chapter 4: Conceptualization and Measurement 65 What Do We Have in Mind? 66 Conceptualization 66 Research That Matters 67 Research in the News: What Is Your Race? 68 Variables and Constants 68 How Will We Know When We’ve It? 69 Using Available Data 71 Content Analysis 72 Constructing Questions 72 Single Questions 72 Indexes and Scales 73 Making Observations 75 Combining Measurement Operations 75 How Much Information Do We Really Have? 76 Nominal Level of Measurement 76
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