Problems 1. Estimate the number of observations taken each day using information in Observation counts. Table 2.1. Assume the following. (i) One equals one scalar variable at one at one time. “observation” (ii) vector horizontal are 2 scalar variables. Each satellite wind is at only 1 level. (iii) where ranges are given in the table, use the larger value. (iv) a in the table can include many as defined here. “report” “observations” (v) assume only 10 levels are obtained from each radiosonde/rawinsonde “standard” sounding. Assume each satellite temperature sounding is 20 values. Show your estimates for each of the observing systems listed in the table separately, then indicate the total”. “grand 2. Very roughly estimate the relative costs of sampling Rough economics of observing systems. the atmosphere by radiosondes versus by satellites 4 times daily for 5 years. Assume that each geostationary weather satellite: costs 300 M Euros to build and put into orbit, takes 4000 soundings each day, and lasts for 5 years. Assume 5 satellites can cover most of the globe (high latitudes excluded). Assume that radiosondes could be dropped from 4000 drones flying at high altitude over the oceans and from 800 land stations. Assume that each radiosonde costs 20 Euros and each station and drone releases 4 each day. Assume that each drone costs 100,000 Euros to build and 100 Euros each day to maintain. Assume that a shipboard weather station costs 10M Euros to build and lasts 10 years, has minimal staff salaries of 300,000 Euros per year, and requires 500 Euros to operate each day. Each radiosonde balloon costs 100 Euros to launch and there are 4 releases per day. Assume that the costs of receiving the data are the same and neglect it for this calculation. Ignore the difference in vertical resolution of winds and moisture for the three systems. a. Estimate the total cost for 5 years of each system. b. Estimate the cost per observation for each system, assuming each sounding produces 20 observations. (temperature and wind only) ********** GOT TO HERE ************
Problems 1. Observation counts. Estimate the number of observations taken each day using information in Table 2.1. Assume the following. (i) One “observation” equals one scalar variable at one at one time. (ii) vector horizontal are 2 scalar variables. Each satellite wind is at only 1 level. (iii) where ranges are given in the table, use the larger value. (iv) a “report” in the table can include many “observations” as defined here. (v) assume only 10 “standard” levels are obtained from each radiosonde/rawinsonde sounding. Assume each satellite temperature sounding is 20 values. Show your estimates for each of the observing systems listed in the table separately, then indicate the “grand total”. 2. Rough economics of observing systems. Very roughly estimate the relative costs of sampling the atmosphere by radiosondes versus by satellites 4 times daily for 5 years. Assume that each geostationary weather satellite: costs 300 M Euros to build and put into orbit, takes 4000 soundings each day, and lasts for 5 years. Assume 5 satellites can cover most of the globe (high latitudes excluded). Assume that radiosondes could be dropped from 4000 drones flying at high altitude over the oceans and from 800 land stations. Assume that each radiosonde costs 20 Euros and each station and drone releases 4 each day. Assume that each drone costs 100,000 Euros to build and 100 Euros each day to maintain. Assume that a shipboard weather station costs 10M Euros to build and lasts 10 years, has minimal staff salaries of 300,000 Euros per year, and requires 500 Euros to operate each day. Each radiosonde balloon costs 100 Euros to launch and there are 4 releases per day. Assume that the costs of receiving the data are the same and neglect it for this calculation. Ignore the difference in vertical resolution of winds and moisture for the three systems. a. Estimate the total cost for 5 years of each system. b. Estimate the cost per observation for each system, assuming each sounding produces 20 observations. (temperature and wind only) ********** GOT TO HERE ************
Chapter_2_v4-BW-macro.docx