Bin Nuclear Coal or Natural Gas CO2 Capture CO2 Storage Technology 1 Generation III+ High-efficiency coal gasification, high-efficiency Injection into reactors natural gas combined cycle, ultra-supercritical oil/gas reservoirs pulverized coal combustion, solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC), solvent separation 2 Small modular Post-combustion CO2 capture technologies with Saline aquifer reactors (LWR) 80% capture efficiency, integrated gasification injection systems with CCS, amine solvent separation 3 Generation IV New capture methods with >90% effectiveness, Coal bed injection (including small cost CO2 capture technologies of all kinds, modular framework separations, membrane reactors) separation 4 None None Shale injection 4A. Summary of technology readiness for nuclear and CCS. Bin Wind Concentrated Solar Geothermal Hydro and Biomass Solar Power Photovoltaic Ocean (CSP) (PV) 1 Onshore, Parabolic Silicon PV, Conventional Coal/bio-mass shallow trough, central Thin-film PV, geothermal hydro co-firing, offshore receiver direct fired turbines PV biomass 2 Dish Stirling Biomass gasification 3 Floating Wave, tidal ”Third (deepwater) generation” and river offshore PV turbines turbines 4 Enhanced geothermal wind systems (EGS) 4B. Summary of technology readiness for renewable energy supply.
Bin Nuclear Technology Coal or Natural Gas CO2 Capture CO2 Storage 1 Generation III+ reactors High-efficiency coal gasification, high-efficiency natural gas combined cycle, ultra-supercritical pulverized coal combustion, solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC), solvent separation Injection into oil/gas reservoirs 2 Small modular reactors (LWR) Post-combustion CO2 capture technologies with 80% capture efficiency, integrated gasification systems with CCS, amine solvent separation Saline aquifer injection 3 Generation IV (including small modular reactors) New capture methods with >90% effectiveness, cost CO2 capture technologies of all kinds, framework separations, membrane separation Coal bed injection 4 None None Shale injection 4A. Summary of technology readiness for nuclear and CCS. Bin Wind Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Geothermal Hydro and Ocean Biomass 1 Onshore, shallow offshore turbines Parabolic trough, central receiver Silicon PV, Thin-film PV, PV Conventional geothermal hydro Coal/bio-mass co-firing, direct fired biomass 2 Dish Stirling Biomass gasification 3 Floating (deepwater) offshore turbines ”Third generation” PV Wave, tidal and river turbines 4 wind Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) 4B. Summary of technology readiness for renewable energy supply.
CEF%20SUMMARY%20REPORT.docx