Details Method Results Comments Controls on advertising, promotion and marketing of tobacco Author, year Data sources General population impact Internal validity Gilpin & Pierce 1997 Combined data from 3 Current 1979 to 1984 adolescent initiation rates Respondents are asked about Population Surveys (September decreased but increased thereafter how old they were when they 1993, January 1993, May 1993) that started smoking (retrospective Age contained special supplement on so potential for recall bias and Impact by SES variable 14-21 in 1979 to 1989 tobacco use. One quarter=in person underreporting) Initiation rates highest among high school interviews and ¾ = telephone dropouts and lowest amongst those who Setting interviews. Tobacco Institute for External validity eventually attended college. Only quadratic weighted average pack prices, US US model significant for dropouts (p=0.035). Initiation are for decade Federal Trade Commission for Neither model was significant for 1979 to 1989 so relatively older marketing expenditure; adjusted to Study design graduates and both models were study which limits its 1989 dollars using Consumer Price significant for college’ (p=0.081 generalisability to current youth Cross-sectional study ‘some Index linear, p=0.014 quadratic). In 1988 initiation rate was 9.9% for those Validity of author’s conclusion Objective Participant selection who did not graduate from high school, Tentative because study links To investigate the possible Civilian non-institutionalised 6.9% for high-school graduates reporting overall initiation rates by association between increased population aged 15 years+, surveyed no college and 3.7% for those reporting at marketing budget but doesn’t tobacco marketing and increased about 56,000 households per month least some college. assess marketing budget smoking initiation by adolescents impact on initiation rates by Participant characteristics Author’s conclusion of SES impact education level Intervention Analysis restricted to respondents Marketing expenditure may be associated with Examines trends in smoking initiation 17-38(n=140,975) that would have an increase in smoking initiation especially in by inflation-adjusted cigarette prices young people with lower levels of education. been 14-21 in 1979 to 1989 and tobacco industry budget for marketing Outcomes measured Initiation rates by education (rate SES variables used calculated as number in an age Education (less than 12 years, 12 group who reported starting smoking years with no college education, regularly in a year, divided by more than 12 years with some number of never-smokers at start of college education as adults) the year) Study analysis
Details Method Results Comments Controls on advertising, promotion and marketing of tobacco Author, year Gilpin & Pierce 1997 Age 14-21 in 1979 to 1989 Setting US Study design Cross-sectional study Objective To investigate the possible association between increased tobacco marketing and increased smoking initiation by adolescents Intervention Examines trends in smoking initiation by inflation-adjusted cigarette prices and tobacco industry budget for marketing SES variables used Education (less than 12 years, 12 years with no college education, more than 12 years with some college education as adults) Study analysis Data sources Combined data from 3 Current Population Surveys (September 1993, January 1993, May 1993) that contained special supplement on tobacco use. One quarter=in person interviews and ¾ = telephone interviews. Tobacco Institute for weighted average pack prices, US Federal Trade Commission for marketing expenditure; adjusted to 1989 dollars using Consumer Price Index Participant selection Civilian non-institutionalised population aged 15 years+, surveyed about 56,000 households per month Participant characteristics Analysis restricted to respondents 17-38(n=140,975) that would have been 14-21 in 1979 to 1989 Outcomes measured Initiation rates by education (rate calculated as number in an age group who reported starting smoking regularly in a year, divided by number of never-smokers at start of the year) General population impact 1979 to 1984 adolescent initiation rates decreased but increased thereafter Impact by SES variable Initiation rates highest among high school dropouts and lowest amongst those who eventually attended college. Only quadratic model significant for dropouts (p=0.035). Neither model was significant for graduates and both models were significant for ‘some college’ (p=0.081 linear, p=0.014 quadratic). In 1988 initiation rate was 9.9% for those who did not graduate from high school, 6.9% for high-school graduates reporting no college and 3.7% for those reporting at least some college. Author’s conclusion of SES impact Marketing expenditure may be associated with an increase in smoking initiation especially in young people with lower levels of education. Internal validity Respondents are asked about how old they were when they started smoking (retrospective so potential for recall bias and underreporting) External validity Initiation are for decade 1979 to 1989 so relatively older study which limits its generalisability to current youth Validity of author’s conclusion Tentative because study links overall initiation rates by marketing budget but doesn’t assess marketing budget impact on initiation rates by education level
Youth-report-Web.docx