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Efficacy: A Revised Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19: 242-253. Marcus, George E., William R. Neuman, and Michael B. MacKuen. 2000. Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Miller, Joanne M., and Jon A. Krosnick. 2004. “Threat as a Motivator of Political Activism.” Political Psychology 25(4): 507-533. Milne, Sarah, Paschal Sheeran, and Sheina Orbell. 2000. “Prediction and Intervention in Health- Related Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of Protection Motivation Theory.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30: 106-143. Mutz, Diana C. 1998. Impersonal Influence: How Perceptions of Mass Collectives Affect Attitudes. Cambridge University Press. Nisbet, Matthew C., and Dietram A. Scheufele. 2009. “What’s Next for Science Communication? Promising Directions and Lingering Distractions.” American Journal of Botany 96(10): 1-12. Nisbet, Matthew C. 2009. “Communicating Climate Change: Why Frames Matter for Public Engagement.” Environment 51: 12-23. Jessica, P. Wesley Schultz, Robert B. Cialdini, Noah J. Goldstein, and Vladas Griskevicius. 2008. “Normative Social Influence is Underdetected,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34: 913 – 23. Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth. 1984. The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion – Our Social Skin. University of Chicago Press O’Keefe, Daniel J. 2002. Persuasion: Theory and Research. London: Sage Publications. O’Keefe, Daniel J., and Jakob D. Jensen (n.d.). “The Relative Persuasiveness of Gain-Framed
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