Cirillo (1994) showed that growth in protozoa also enhanced the ability of et al., L. to enter human cells, and Brieland (1997) found that parasitic pneumophila et al., L. were more pathogenic than free living pneumophila L. pneumophila. Micro-organisms, including become attached to surfaces submerged in Legionella, water and form layers of microbial cells, called biofilms. Biofilms play an important role in the spread of as they also provide nutrients for their growth and a Legionella protective environment enabling them to survive water treatment processes (Kuchta et 1993, Lin 1998, Barbeau 1998, Atlas, 1999, Kuiper 2004, al., et al., et al., et al., Newsome, 2001). A study carried out in 1994 showed that were more easily detected from Legionella swab samples of biofilm than from flowing water, which suggested that the majority of were essentially biofilm associated (Rogers 1994). Legionella et al., cells persisting in biofilms (sessile are also much more Legionella Legionella) resistant to disinfectants than the planktonic, free-living, cells (Cargill 1992, et al., Stewart and Costerton, 2001, Tachikawa 2005). et al., 15
Cirillo et al., (1994) showed that growth in protozoa also enhanced the ability of L. pneumophila to enter human cells, and Brieland et al., (1997) found that parasitic L. pneumophila were more pathogenic than free living L. pneumophila. Micro-organisms, including Legionella, become attached to surfaces submerged in water and form layers of microbial cells, called biofilms. Biofilms play an important role in the spread of Legionella as they also provide nutrients for their growth and a protective environment enabling them to survive water treatment processes (Kuchta et al., 1993, Lin et al., 1998, Barbeau et al., 1998, Atlas, 1999, Kuiper et al., 2004, Newsome, 2001). A study carried out in 1994 showed that Legionella were more easily detected from swab samples of biofilm than from flowing water, which suggested that the majority of Legionella were essentially biofilm associated (Rogers et al., 1994). Legionella cells persisting in biofilms (sessile Legionella) are also much more resistant to disinfectants than the planktonic, free-living, cells (Cargill et al., 1992, Stewart and Costerton, 2001, Tachikawa et al., 2005). 15
Birgitta-Bedford-Thesis-2012.docx