Regression models were used to a random order. Packages were state their income ( OR = 2.17, 95% CI = examine the effect of experimental displayed according to each 1.29 3.65). – condition for primary outcomes: of the four experimental conditions: No significant differences in pack selection pack ratings, smoker image ratings, were observed for smoking status, age, ( 1) female-oriented packages and beliefs about smoking. For each income, education, ethnicity, or weight (standard condition); ( 2) outcome, regression models were concerns packages with brand conducted in two steps. In Step 1, imagery, including colours and the model included only the graphics, but with descriptors (i.e., Author’s conclusion of SES impact variable. In Step 2 of the “condition” slims) removed; ( 3) female-oriented Not stated model, the following variables were packages without brand imagery entered as covariates: age, and descriptors (i.e., plain packages); education, income, ethnicity, smoking and (4) popular U.S. brands of “ status, and weight concerns. In Step regular or non female- oriented ” – 3, all two-way interactions with the packages variable were tested by “condition” entering each interaction term into the model one at a time. Details Method Results Comments Controls on advertising, promotion and marketing of tobacco Author , year Data sources General population impact Internal validity 1998 field survey using single observations The greatest number of for any Uses actual observations of in 1996. Six Boston neighbourhood was 22 in Roxbury, with tobacco density and links to neighbourhoods—two with the Mattapan (21) second and East buffer zones. However study Age (years) highest, two with middle, and two does not include Boston (16) third. These three 5-14, 15-19 with the lowest median household advertising, neighbourhoods also shared the top three incomes—were selected. July to advertising inside stores that is positions for number of units: Mattapan Setting August 1996, four observer teams seen from the street, or (169), Roxbury (124), and East Boston (one adult and two to three youth), advertising on taxis and buses. Boston, US (113).
Regression models were used to examine the effect of experimental condition for primary outcomes: pack ratings, smoker image ratings, and beliefs about smoking. For each outcome, regression models were conducted in two steps. In Step 1, the model included only the “condition” variable. In Step 2 of the model, the following variables were entered as covariates: age, education, income, ethnicity, smoking status, and weight concerns. In Step 3, all two-way interactions with the “condition” variable were tested by entering each interaction term into the model one at a time. a random order. Packages were displayed according to each of the four experimental conditions: ( 1) female-oriented packages (standard condition); ( 2) packages with brand imagery, including colours and graphics, but with descriptors (i.e., slims) removed; ( 3) female-oriented packages without brand imagery and descriptors (i.e., plain packages); and (4) popular U.S. brands of “ regular ” or non – female- oriented packages state their income ( OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.29 – 3.65). No significant differences in pack selection were observed for smoking status, age, income, education, ethnicity, or weight concerns Author’s conclusion of SES impact Not stated Details Method Results Comments Controls on advertising, promotion and marketing of tobacco Author , year 1998 Age (years) 5-14, 15-19 Setting Boston, US Data sources field survey using single observations in 1996. Six Boston neighbourhoods—two with the highest, two with middle, and two with the lowest median household incomes—were selected. July to August 1996, four observer teams (one adult and two to three youth), General population impact The greatest number of for any neighbourhood was 22 in Roxbury, with Mattapan (21) second and East Boston (16) third. These three neighbourhoods also shared the top three positions for number of units: Mattapan (169), Roxbury (124), and East Boston (113). Internal validity Uses actual observations of tobacco density and links to buffer zones. However study does not include advertising, advertising inside stores that is seen from the street, or advertising on taxis and buses.
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