8 Ancestors, Family Life School and Trier in the early nineteenth century ha-Cohen, Meir Katzenellenbogen, rabbi and head of the talmudic in Padua (d. 1 565), and Abraham he-Levi Minz (i.e. from college Mainz, 408) died about 1 525) Rabbi of Padua. The latter's father (born about 1 had left Germany about the middle of the century on account of the of the German and persecutions and was 'one of the greatest authorities Italian Jewish communities'. Marx's grandfather on his mother's side or one of his ancestors had emigrated from Hungary to Holland; this grandfather was Rabbi of banker Lion Philips, Nijmegen. A sister of the mother, Sophie, married the grandfather of the founder of the Philips business. Marx often visited this had financial dealings with the uncle, family in Zaltbommel ; he frequently who acted trustee for his mother, and until 1870 he was certainly as relatives. friendly with these Dutch During the Middle Ages (which in the case of the Jews lasted until about 1800) the Jewish communities possessed full autonomy in their own affairs. From an economic, religious and cultural point of view, the communities carried on an independent life; as far as the state and city were concerned, they were represented principally by their rabbis. Since the communities largely had their own lation and jurisdiction for civil rights, the rabbi was also directly concerned in looking after these; it was to and not to the secular him,
8 Ancestors, Family Life and School Trier in the early nineteenth century ha-Cohen, Meir Katzenellenbogen, rabbi and head of the talmudic college in Padua (d. 1 565), and Abraham he-Levi Minz (i.e. from Mainz, died about 1 525) Rabbi of Padua. The latter's father (born about 1 408) had left Germany about the middle of the century on account of the persecutions and was 'one of the greatest authorities of the German and Italian Jewish communities'. Marx's grandfather on his mother's side or one of his ancestors had emigrated from Hungary to Holland; this grandfather was Rabbi of Nijmegen. A sister of the mother, Sophie, married the banker Lion Philips, grandfather of the founder of the Philips business. Marx often visited this family in Zaltbommel ; he frequently had financial dealings with the uncle, who acted as trustee for his mother, and until 1870 he was certainly friendly with these Dutch relatives. During the Middle Ages (which in the case of the Jews lasted until about 1800) the Jewish communities possessed full autonomy in their own affairs. From an economic, religious and cultural point of view, the communities carried on an independent life; as far as the state and city were concerned, they were represented principally by their rabbis. Since the communities largely had their own lation and jurisdiction for civil rights, the rabbi was also directly concerned in looking after these; it was to him, and not to the secular
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