Pigs - cylindrical or spherical bullet shaped devices inserted into pipelines to perform multiple functions: for physical separation of different batches of a product or different types of product; for cleaning and maintenance of the pipeline by scraping away buildup/debris thus improving the efficiency and flow of the pipeline and also help prevent corrosive damage; for inspection (by Smart PIGs) of pipeline problems like welding defects, cracks, pitting, etc. using magnetic flux leakage (MFL), ultrasonics or other technologies; for positioning and monitoring (by Smart PIGs) by gathering data about the location and position of specific defects or problems in the pipeline thus helping avoid unnecessary digging up of the non-damaged parts of the pipeline or replacing while allowing regular close monitoring of problem sections to track damage progression. Caliper PIGs are used to provide estimates of the internal geometry of the pipeline. Many modern compressor stations can be completely monitored and operated remotely. Pumps and compressors in transmission lines are regulated by the Office of Pipeline Safety and state regulators under 49 CFR Parts 192 and 195. c. Emissions Control Reduction of NOX emissions from natural gas pipeline compressor stations and transmission facilities involve the use of combustion-based technologies including low emissions combustion (LEC) strategies like enhanced A/F mixing, use of operational controls such as ignition timing, A/F ratios, and other (non-LEC) technologies like exhaust gas recirculation and SCR for lean burn reciprocating engines, and NSCR for rich burn reciprocating engines.
Pigs - cylindrical or spherical bullet shaped devices inserted into pipelines to perform multiple functions: for physical separation of different batches of a product or different types of product; for cleaning and maintenance of the pipeline by scraping away buildup/debris thus improving the efficiency and flow of the pipeline and also help prevent corrosive damage; for inspection (by Smart PIGs) of pipeline problems like welding defects, cracks, pitting, etc. using magnetic flux leakage (MFL), ultrasonics or other technologies; for positioning and monitoring (by Smart PIGs) by gathering data about the location and position of specific defects or problems in the pipeline thus helping avoid unnecessary digging up of the non-damaged parts of the pipeline or replacing while allowing regular close monitoring of problem sections to track damage progression. Caliper PIGs are used to provide estimates of the internal geometry of the pipeline. Many modern compressor stations can be completely monitored and operated remotely. Pumps and compressors in transmission lines are regulated by the Office of Pipeline Safety and state regulators under 49 CFR Parts 192 and 195. c. Emissions Control Reduction of NOX emissions from natural gas pipeline compressor stations and transmission facilities involve the use of combustion-based technologies including low emissions combustion (LEC) strategies like enhanced A/F mixing, use of operational controls such as ignition timing, A/F ratios, and other (non-LEC) technologies like exhaust gas recirculation and SCR for lean burn reciprocating engines, and NSCR for rich burn reciprocating engines.
White_Paper_NOx_RACT_09072016.docx