Data Source: WAPDA. 1990. Groundwater investigations and monitoring Groundwater occurs in Pakistan under varying conditions. As such it is affected largely by changes in prevailing climatic conditions. Groundwater investigations started in the Indus basin during 1957 and extended to mountainous areas of KP, Balochistan and desert areas of Cholistan. Altogether, 33.4 million ha were covered by groundwater investigations. During these investigations, 3399 test bores were made to estimate the sub-surface lithology and aquifer characteristics. In the same manner, groundwater quality data were collected from these test holes. Post project monitoring of groundwater parameters in the private sector stared by WAPDA during 1966 with emphases on water table behaviour and tubewell performance. Later on, water quality was included in this programme. The programme was expanded further to cover evaluation of SCARPs, water table appraisals, soil monitoring, land-use monitoring and water quality monitoring. Quarterly, by-annual and annual reports have been prepared by WAPDA containing monitoring, and evaluation records. WAPDA has published a basin-wide Atlas in 1979 covering aspects of surface and profile salinity, soil texture, water table depth, groundwater quality and land use. The number of boreholes was not sufficient to characterise the water quality. Therefore, WAPDA under the National Drainage Programme has initiated a study to update the Atlas of soil and groundwater with increased numbers of bore holes. This atlas is now available for use. The details of waterlogged area in Pakistan are presented in Figure 6. Figure 6: Waterlogged area in Pakistan. Data Source: IWASRI. 2005. Drainage Atlas of Pakistan, WAPDA. Disposal of Industrial and Domestic Effluents Table 12 shows the industrial wastewater discharges reported by the Punjab Irrigation Department which is receiving polluted water in the drains and rivers. The data reflect that total annual volume of polluted industrial or municipal effluents discharged by only 18 districts of Punjab to the surface waters is 1.08 MAF reflecting more than one percent of the
Data Source: WAPDA. 1990. Groundwater investigations and monitoring Groundwater occurs in Pakistan under varying conditions. As such it is affected largely by changes in prevailing climatic conditions. Groundwater investigations started in the Indus basin during 1957 and extended to mountainous areas of KP, Balochistan and desert areas of Cholistan. Altogether, 33.4 million ha were covered by groundwater investigations. During these investigations, 3399 test bores were made to estimate the sub-surface lithology and aquifer characteristics. In the same manner, groundwater quality data were collected from these test holes. Post project monitoring of groundwater parameters in the private sector stared by WAPDA during 1966 with emphases on water table behaviour and tubewell performance. Later on, water quality was included in this programme. The programme was expanded further to cover evaluation of SCARPs, water table appraisals, soil monitoring, land-use monitoring and water quality monitoring. Quarterly, by-annual and annual reports have been prepared by WAPDA containing monitoring, and evaluation records. WAPDA has published a basin-wide Atlas in 1979 covering aspects of surface and profile salinity, soil texture, water table depth, groundwater quality and land use. The number of boreholes was not sufficient to characterise the water quality. Therefore, WAPDA under the National Drainage Programme has initiated a study to update the Atlas of soil and groundwater with increased numbers of bore holes. This atlas is now available for use. The details of waterlogged area in Pakistan are presented in Figure 6. Figure 6: Waterlogged area in Pakistan. Data Source: IWASRI. 2005. Drainage Atlas of Pakistan, WAPDA. Disposal of Industrial and Domestic Effluents Table 12 shows the industrial wastewater discharges reported by the Punjab Irrigation Department which is receiving polluted water in the drains and rivers. The data reflect that total annual volume of polluted industrial or municipal effluents discharged by only 18 districts of Punjab to the surface waters is 1.08 MAF reflecting more than one percent of the
Water%20Technology%20Foresight%20Pakistan.docx