List of Symbols Symbol Meaning characteristic strength of fcu concrete characteristic strength of steel fy c reinforcement cover Asv cross sectional area of shear reinforcement Asc cross sectional area of compression reinforcement cross sectional area of tension Ast reinforcement b width of the section d effective depth of the section h overall depth of the section x depth to the neutral axis e eccentricity lane factors α1,α2 strain in steel Ԑst strain in concrete Ԑc Ec static modulus of elasticity of concrete Est static modulus of elasticity of steel dead load D.L live load L.L restoring moments MR overturning moments MO partial safety factor ᵞf3 partial load factor ᵞf1 ultimate limit state U.L.S serviceability limit state S.L.S uniformly distributed load U.D.L normal loading HA abnormal loading HB neutral axis N.A longitudinal moments Mpx transverse moments Mpy moment M tension T Stiffness factor Sf distribution factor df fixed end moments F.E.M punching shear Vp effective span L crack width Wcr distance from the crack position Acr to the point of zero strain V shear force
List of Symbols Symbol Meaning fcu characteristic strength of concrete fy characteristic strength of steel c reinforcement cover Asv cross sectional area of shear reinforcement Asc cross sectional area of compression reinforcement Ast cross sectional area of tension reinforcement b width of the section d effective depth of the section h overall depth of the section x depth to the neutral axis e eccentricity α1,α2 lane factors Ԑst strain in steel Ԑc strain in concrete Ec static modulus of elasticity of concrete Est static modulus of elasticity of steel D.L dead load L.L live load MR restoring moments MO overturning moments ᵞf3 partial safety factor ᵞf1 partial load factor U.L.S ultimate limit state S.L.S serviceability limit state U.D.L uniformly distributed load HA normal loading HB abnormal loading N.A neutral axis Mpx longitudinal moments Mpy transverse moments M moment T tension Sf Stiffness factor df distribution factor F.E.M fixed end moments Vp punching shear L effective span Wcr crack width Acr distance from the crack position to the point of zero strain V shear force
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