–The long folds inside the inner fold 3-4 Questions: –Enlarge surface area of inner membrane Level 4 – chemical rxns take place • Cristae: numerous organelle in the cell •Most •No membrane Ribosomes •60% RNA and 40% proteins make up ribosome's •Produced & assembled in the nucleolus •Many proteins are produced by a specialized cell, e.g. –Transported and used elsewhere in the organism •When ribosomes are attached to ER: inserted to membranes –Proteins –Proteins exported from cell Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) •A system of membrane bound sacs and tubules •Intracellular “highway” –Molecules move from one part of cell to another •2 types of ER: –Smooth ER= (no ribosomes) –Rough ER= (covered w/ribosomes) Rough ER: •In cells that make a lot of proteins for export out of the cell •Used to be inserted into the cell membrane •Also Smooth ER: •Involved in production (synthesis) of steroid gland cells •Regulation of calcium levels •Breakdown of toxic substances by liver cells •System of •Processing membranes •Packaging “pancakes” •Secreting organelle Golgi Apparatus •Series of flattened sacs w/convex shape in the cytosol •Modifies proteins for export by cell •Digest protein, carbs., •Small lipids, DNA, RNA •Spherical organelle Lysosome •Enclose enzymes w/i single membranes –Sometimes digest: old organelles, viruses, bacteria that were ingested •Rare in plant cells
3-4 Questions: Level 4 • Cristae: –The long folds inside the inner fold –Enlarge surface area of inner membrane – chemical rxns take place •Most numerous organelle in the cell •No membrane Ribosomes •60% RNA and 40% proteins make up ribosome's •Produced & assembled in the nucleolus •Many proteins are produced by a specialized cell, e.g. –Transported and used elsewhere in the organism •When ribosomes are attached to ER: –Proteins inserted to membranes –Proteins exported from cell Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) •A system of membrane bound sacs and tubules •Intracellular “highway” –Molecules move from one part of cell to another •2 types of ER: –Smooth ER= (no ribosomes) –Rough ER= (covered w/ribosomes) Rough ER: •In cells that make a lot of proteins •Used for export out of the cell •Also to be inserted into the cell membrane Smooth ER: •Involved in production (synthesis) of steroid gland cells •Regulation of calcium levels •Breakdown of toxic substances by liver cells •Processing •Packaging •Secreting organelle •System of membranes “pancakes” Golgi Apparatus •Series of flattened sacs w/convex shape in the cytosol •Modifies proteins for export by cell •Small •Spherical organelle •Enclose enzymes w/i single membranes •Digest protein, carbs., lipids, DNA, RNA Lysosome –Sometimes digest: old organelles, viruses, bacteria that were ingested •Rare in plant cells
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