to completely exclude the possibility that differential stabilities may have contributed to the pattern of results. Second, we examined the associations between monitoring, knowledge, and antisocial behavior at a relatively early age. Preadolescence is a time when there is a sharp decrease in the amount of time children spend with their families and an increase in their unstructured and unsupervised leisure time (Larson & Richards, 1991), which may provide opportunities to engage in antisocial behaviors. The prevalence of antisocial behavior rises between childhood and adolescence as well (Bendixen & Olweus, 1999). Examining the effects of parental knowledge and monitoring during this time is therefore both developmentally and clinically relevant. Third, our sample comprised twins and we cannot be twins and singletons do not differ certain that our results generalize to singletons. However, in their prevalence of antisocial behaviors or antisocial personality traits (Johnson, Krueger, and effect sizes for associations between Bouchard, & McGue, 2002; Moilanen et al., 1999) risk factors and psychopathology outcomes have generally been found to be similar across behavioral genetic and non-genetic studies (Moffitt & E-Risk Study Team, 2002). Fourth, our analyses of the effects of monitoring and knowledge on antisocial behavior could not be entirely repeated with data from fathers or youth. Reassuringly, other studies indicate that own ratings of parental monitoring or knowledge are no more predictive of antisocial youths’ behavior than (Kerr & Stattin, 2003). Fifth, our sample of fathers was not mothers’ representative of the population with regards to socio-economic status and antisocial parents’ behavior. Our findings using information should be interpreted with caution but they fathers’ were consistent with the results obtained for and reports. youths’ mothers’ Implications for research and clinical practice Our study has implications for future research. First, examining the association between antisocial behavior and parental knowledge in the context of children’s families’
to completely exclude the possibility that differential stabilities may have contributed to the pattern of results. Second, we examined the associations between monitoring, knowledge, and antisocial behavior at a relatively early age. Preadolescence is a time when there is a sharp decrease in the amount of time children spend with their families and an increase in their unstructured and unsupervised leisure time (Larson & Richards, 1991), which may provide opportunities to engage in antisocial behaviors. The prevalence of antisocial behavior rises between childhood and adolescence as well (Bendixen & Olweus, 1999). Examining the effects of parental knowledge and monitoring during this time is therefore both developmentally and clinically relevant. Third, our sample comprised twins and we cannot be certain that our results generalize to singletons. However, twins and singletons do not differ in their prevalence of antisocial behaviors or antisocial personality traits (Johnson, Krueger, Bouchard, & McGue, 2002; Moilanen et al., 1999) and effect sizes for associations between risk factors and psychopathology outcomes have generally been found to be similar across behavioral genetic and non-genetic studies (Moffitt & E-Risk Study Team, 2002). Fourth, our analyses of the effects of monitoring and knowledge on antisocial behavior could not be entirely repeated with data from fathers or youth. Reassuringly, other studies indicate that youths’ own ratings of parental monitoring or knowledge are no more predictive of antisocial behavior than mothers’ (Kerr & Stattin, 2003). Fifth, our sample of fathers was not representative of the population with regards to socio-economic status and parents’ antisocial behavior. Our findings using fathers’ information should be interpreted with caution but they were consistent with the results obtained for youths’ and mothers’ reports. Implications for research and clinical practice Our study has implications for future research. First, examining the association between children’s antisocial behavior and parental knowledge in the context of families’
Wertz_2015_D_P.docx