our yearly multiplying millions.” As the phrase also appeared in a nearly identical context in a July 1845 article in the Morning News, its originator is Californios believed to be John O’Sullivan, the editor of both the Democratic Review and the Morning News at the time. That December, another Morning News article mentioned “manifest destiny” in reference to Around 1769, people of mixed Spanish and the Territory, another new frontier over which the Indian or African heritage began coming north United States was eager to assert its dominion. from Mexico, bringing with them huge herds of cattle, and began using the land for Vaqueros ranching. These new settlers, often called Mestizos or Mulattos, the latter now being a Vaqueros were proverbial cowboys—rough, pretty offensive term, had struggled in the hard-working mestizos who were hired by the criollo caballeros to drive cattle between New colonial cities in Mexico. Even though they Mexico and Mexico City, and later between were culturally Hispanic, they didn't have the Texas and Mexico City. The title, though same opportunities as Mexicans with purely denoting a separate social class, is similar to Spanish ancestry. In Alta California, blood caballero, and is a mark of pride. mattered less than being culturally Hispanic. "Vaquero is a transliteration of the words 'cow' So as long as the settlers lived in a Spanish and 'man.' Vaca means 'cow,'" said Chavez. town, spoke Spanish, and were Catholic, they "Interestingly enough, in Spanish, we call could be successful. The Californios were born ourselves cowmen; in English, it was demoted to cowboys." from the culturally Hispanic settlers, soldiers, government officials, and priests of Alta California, both purely Spanish and of mixed heritage. Gold Rush
our yearly multiplying millions.” As the phrase also appeared in a nearly identical context in a July 1845 article in the Morning News, its originator is believed to be John O’Sullivan, the editor of both the Democratic Review and the Morning News at the time. That December, another Morning News article mentioned “manifest destiny” in reference to the Territory, another new frontier over which the United States was eager to assert its dominion. Vaqueros Vaqueros were proverbial cowboys—rough, hard-working mestizos who were hired by the criollo caballeros to drive cattle between New Mexico and Mexico City, and later between Texas and Mexico City. The title, though denoting a separate social class, is similar to caballero, and is a mark of pride. "Vaquero is a transliteration of the words 'cow' and 'man.' Vaca means 'cow,'" said Chavez. "Interestingly enough, in Spanish, we call ourselves cowmen; in English, it was demoted to cowboys." Californios Around 1769, people of mixed Spanish and Indian or African heritage began coming north from Mexico, bringing with them huge herds of cattle, and began using the land for ranching. These new settlers, often called Mestizos or Mulattos, the latter now being a pretty offensive term, had struggled in the colonial cities in Mexico. Even though they were culturally Hispanic, they didn't have the same opportunities as Mexicans with purely Spanish ancestry. In Alta California, blood mattered less than being culturally Hispanic. So as long as the settlers lived in a Spanish town, spoke Spanish, and were Catholic, they could be successful. The Californios were born from the culturally Hispanic settlers, soldiers, government officials, and priests of Alta California, both purely Spanish and of mixed heritage. Gold Rush
west_vocab.docx