The Double Negative 161 Framing Questions 165 Language 161 Negative Wording 165 Guiding Respondents Through Surveys 161 The Double Negative 165 Filter Questions and Instructions 162 Language 165 Surveys and the Web 162 Guiding Respondents Through Surveys 166 Filter Questions and Instructions 166 Online Surveys 167 Online Survey Design 167 Involvement 167 Control 167 Privacy 167 Improving Survey Response Rates 163 Technology 168 Capturing and Processing Survey Data 165 Mobile Surveys 168 Other People’s Surveys 166 Improving Survey Response Rates 168 Ethics Panel: Clients and Methods as Ethical Capturing and Processing Survey Data 171 Decisions 166 Using Other People’s Surveys 171 Research in Practice: Using Qualitative and Ethics Panel: Clients and Methods as Ethical Post-Studies to Transform Student Advising 168 Decisions 172 Chapter Summary 170 Key Terms 170 Application Exercises 171 Exercise 1: Expanding on a Basic Question Chapter Summary 173 171 Key Terms 173 Exercise 2: Survey Method Decision 171 Application Exercises 174 Exercise 3: Survey Wording 171 Exercise 1. Survey Wording 174 Exercise 2. Survey Method 174 Recommended Reading 171 Exercise 3. Mobile Technologies 174 Recommended Web Resources 171 Exercise 4. Survey Mode 174 References 172 Recommended Reading 175 Chapter 10. Experiments: Researching Cause Recommended Web Resources 175 and Effect 173 References 176 Chapter Overview 173 Starter Questions 173 Chapter 10: Experiments: Researching Cause Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of and Effect 177 Experiments 174 Chapter Overview 177 Field Experiments and Ex Post Facto Designs Chapter Objectives 177 175 Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Basic Experimental Design 176 Experiments 178 One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design 176 Field Experiments and Ex Post Facto Designs 179 Designing for Control 177 Two-Group Pretest-Posttest Design 177 Experimental Design 181 Designing for Random Assignment 178 One-Group Pretest–Posttest Design 181 Two-Group Random Assignment Pretest- Designing for Control 181 Posttest Design 178 Two-Group Pretest–Posttest Design 182 The Solomon Four-Group Design 179 Designing for Random Assignment 182 Time Series Analysis 179 Two-Group Random Assignment Pretest– Posttest Design 183 Factorial Designs 180 Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Design The Solomon Four-Group Design 183 182 Time Series Analysis 184 Factorial Designs 184 Validity and Experimental Design 182 Internal Validity 182 Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Design External Validity 183 186 Validity and Experimental Design 187 Manipulation Checks 185 Ethics Two Famous and Controversial Internal Validity 187 Experiments 185 External Validity 188 Manipulation Checks 189 Stanley Milgram’s Experiments on Authority 186
The Double Negative 161 Language 161 Guiding Respondents Through Surveys 161 Filter Questions and Instructions 162 Surveys and the Web 162 Improving Survey Response Rates 163 Capturing and Processing Survey Data 165 Other People’s Surveys 166 Ethics Panel: Clients and Methods as Ethical Decisions 166 Research in Practice: Using Qualitative and Post-Studies to Transform Student Advising 168 Chapter Summary 170 Key Terms 170 Application Exercises 171 Exercise 1: Expanding on a Basic Question 171 Exercise 2: Survey Method Decision 171 Exercise 3: Survey Wording 171 Recommended Reading 171 Recommended Web Resources 171 References 172 Chapter 10. Experiments: Researching Cause and Effect 173 Chapter Overview 173 Starter Questions 173 Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Experiments 174 Field Experiments and Ex Post Facto Designs 175 Basic Experimental Design 176 One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design 176 Designing for Control 177 Two-Group Pretest-Posttest Design 177 Designing for Random Assignment 178 Two-Group Random Assignment Pretest- Posttest Design 178 The Solomon Four-Group Design 179 Time Series Analysis 179 Factorial Designs 180 Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Design 182 Validity and Experimental Design 182 Internal Validity 182 External Validity 183 Manipulation Checks 185 Ethics Two Famous and Controversial Experiments 185 Stanley Milgram’s Experiments on Authority 186 Framing Questions 165 Negative Wording 165 The Double Negative 165 Language 165 Guiding Respondents Through Surveys 166 Filter Questions and Instructions 166 Online Surveys 167 Online Survey Design 167 Involvement 167 Control 167 Privacy 167 Technology 168 Mobile Surveys 168 Improving Survey Response Rates 168 Capturing and Processing Survey Data 171 Using Other People’s Surveys 171 Ethics Panel: Clients and Methods as Ethical Decisions 172 Chapter Summary 173 Key Terms 173 Application Exercises 174 Exercise 1. Survey Wording 174 Exercise 2. Survey Method 174 Exercise 3. Mobile Technologies 174 Exercise 4. Survey Mode 174 Recommended Reading 175 Recommended Web Resources 175 References 176 Chapter 10: Experiments: Researching Cause and Effect 177 Chapter Overview 177 Chapter Objectives 177 Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Experiments 178 Field Experiments and Ex Post Facto Designs 179 Experimental Design 181 One-Group Pretest–Posttest Design 181 Designing for Control 181 Two-Group Pretest–Posttest Design 182 Designing for Random Assignment 182 Two-Group Random Assignment Pretest– Posttest Design 183 The Solomon Four-Group Design 183 Time Series Analysis 184 Factorial Designs 184 Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Design 186 Validity and Experimental Design 187 Internal Validity 187 External Validity 188 Manipulation Checks 189
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