19 NAIC White Paper, note 8, at 11. See supra 20 Painter, note 1, at 1070. See supra 21 Epstein, note 18, at 16; Painter, note 1, at 1070. See supra supra 22 Epstein, note 18, at 17. See supra 23 See id. 24 NAIC White Paper, note 8, at 11. See supra 25 YOUNGER ET AL., note 10, at 10; Painter, note 1, at 1070. See supra supra 26 Recent estimates suggest that approximately 15% of existing HMOs are PSOs. Terese Hudson, See The Great Debate: Resolved, MED. & HEALTH J., Jan. 20, 1996, PSOs are Going to be Regulated. The Question Is, Will They Get What They Want?, available LEXIS, Health Library, Rxmega File. in 27 . See 28 Ernst & Young, (visited Nov. 7, 1997) See Navigating Through the Changing Currents ‹http://www.businessmonitor.co.uk/docs/proc/203/104CURR.html› (PSO survey). 29 GA. COMP. R. & REGS. r. 33-20-1 (1996); Ericka L. Rutenberg, Note, (1996). See 30 , . See 31 MINN. STAT. ANN. § 331.1303 (West 1992). See 32 Ernst & Young, note 28. See supra 33 See id. 34 Just 30% of the surveyed PSOs reported a profit in 1995. See id. 35 PSOs taking on many of the characteristics that will allow them to compete with existing managed care See id. Id. “are companies.” 36 Mary Chris Jaklevic, MOD. HEALTHCARE, May 12, 1997, at 3, 14. See Doc-Owned Health Plans Struggle to Go It Alone, Significantly, access to capital, including reserve amounts needed to acquire an HMO license, is cited as a major impediment that prevents PSOs from competing with sizable HMOs. See id.
19 See NAIC White Paper, supra note 8, at 11. 20 See Painter, supra note 1, at 1070. 21 See Epstein, supra note 18, at 16; Painter, supra note 1, at 1070. 22 See Epstein, supra note 18, at 17. 23 See id. 24 See NAIC White Paper, supra note 8, at 11. 25 See YOUNGER ET AL., supra note 10, at 10; Painter, supra note 1, at 1070. 26 Recent estimates suggest that approximately 15% of existing HMOs are PSOs. See Terese Hudson, The Great Debate: Resolved, PSOs are Going to be Regulated. The Question Is, Will They Get What They Want?, MED. & HEALTH J., Jan. 20, 1996, available in LEXIS, Health Library, Rxmega File. 27 See . 28 See Ernst & Young, Navigating Through the Changing Currents (visited Nov. 7, 1997) ‹http://www.businessmonitor.co.uk/docs/proc/203/104CURR.html› (PSO survey). 29 See GA. COMP. R. & REGS. r. 33-20-1 (1996); Ericka L. Rutenberg, Note, (1996). 30 See , . 31 See MINN. STAT. ANN. § 331.1303 (West 1992). 32 See Ernst & Young, supra note 28. 33 See id. 34 Just 30% of the surveyed PSOs reported a profit in 1995. See id. 35 See id. PSOs “are taking on many of the characteristics that will allow them to compete with existing managed care companies.” Id. 36 See Mary Chris Jaklevic, Doc-Owned Health Plans Struggle to Go It Alone, MOD. HEALTHCARE, May 12, 1997, at 3, 14. Significantly, access to capital, including reserve amounts needed to acquire an HMO license, is cited as a major impediment that prevents PSOs from competing with sizable HMOs. See id.
Witten-Regulation-of-Downstream-and-Direct-Risk-Contracting-by-Health-Care-Providers-1997.docx