References 113 College Rankings 116 References 116 Chapter 7. Generalizing From Research Results: Inferential Statistics 114 Chapter 7: Generalizing From Research Results: Chapter Overview 114 Inferential Statistics 117 Starter Questions 114 Chapter Overview 117 Introduction 115 Chapter Objectives 117 Introduction 118 The Language of Curves 118 (previously in Generalizing From Data: Inferential Statistics 115 Chapter 6) The Return of Standard Deviation 116 Generalizing From Data: Inferential Statistics 119 Confidence Level, Sampling, and the Normal The Normal Curve and the Central Limit Curve 117 Theorem 119 Confidence Level and Sample Size 120 The Normal z Scores, and the Return of Standard Deviation 120 Calculating Probabilities Based on the Normal Distribution 122 z Scores, Hypotheses, and Decision Making 123 Testing for Differences Between and Confidence Level and Sample Size 124 Groups 121 Testing for Differences Between and The t Test 121 Groups 125 t Test: Formula 122 The t Test 125 t Test: Example 123 t Test: Formula 126 Another Type of t 125 t Test: Example 127 Analysis of Variance 125 Another Type of t 129 ANOVA: Formula 126 Analysis of Variance 129 ANOVA: Example 126 ANOVA: Formula 130 Testing for Relationships Between and Among ANOVA: Example 130 Variables 127 Testing for Relationships Between and Among Correlation 127 Variables 131 Regression 129 Correlation 131 Partials, and Parts 129 Regression 132 The Decision: Accept or Reject Your Paths, Partials, and Parts 132 Findings 129 Two Final Decisions 132 Accept or Reject My Findings? 132 Ethics Panel: A Communicative Tension 130 If It’s Significant, Is It Significant? 133 Chapter Summary 131 Ethics Panel: A Communicative Tension 134 Key Terms 131 Chapter Summary 135 Application Exercises 131 Key 135 Exercise 1: Predicting Group Wealth 131 Application Exercises 136 Exercise 2: Generalizing From a Sample to a Exercise 1: Predicting Wealth 136 Population 132 Exercise 2: Generalizing From a Sample to a Exercise 3: Gender and Beverage Preferences Population 136 132 Exercise 3: Gender and Beverage Preferences 136 Exercise 4: "The Internet of Things" Revisited Recommended Reading and Web Resources 132 136 Reference 132 Recommended Web Resources 137 References 137 Chapter 8. Sampling: Who, What, and How Many? 133 Chapter Overview 133 Chapter 8: Sampling: Who, What, and How Starter Questions 133 Many? 138 Introduction 134 Chapter Overview 138 Nonprobability Sampling 134 Chapter Objectives 138 Convenience Sampling 135 Introduction 139 Purposive or Judgmental Sampling 135 Nonprobability Sampling 139
References 113 Chapter 7. Generalizing From Research Results: Inferential Statistics 114 Chapter Overview 114 Starter Questions 114 Introduction 115 Generalizing From Data: Inferential Statistics 115 The Return of Standard Deviation 116 Confidence Level, Sampling, and the Normal Curve 117 Confidence Level and Sample Size 120 Testing for Differences Between and Groups 121 The t Test 121 t Test: Formula 122 t Test: Example 123 Another Type of t 125 Analysis of Variance 125 ANOVA: Formula 126 ANOVA: Example 126 Testing for Relationships Between and Among Variables 127 Correlation 127 Regression 129 Partials, and Parts 129 The Decision: Accept or Reject Your Findings 129 Ethics Panel: A Communicative Tension 130 Chapter Summary 131 Key Terms 131 Application Exercises 131 Exercise 1: Predicting Group Wealth 131 Exercise 2: Generalizing From a Sample to a Population 132 Exercise 3: Gender and Beverage Preferences 132 Recommended Reading and Web Resources 132 Reference 132 Chapter 8. Sampling: Who, What, and How Many? 133 Chapter Overview 133 Starter Questions 133 Introduction 134 Nonprobability Sampling 134 Convenience Sampling 135 Purposive or Judgmental Sampling 135 College Rankings 116 References 116 Chapter 7: Generalizing From Research Results: Inferential Statistics 117 Chapter Overview 117 Chapter Objectives 117 Introduction 118 The Language of Curves 118 (previously in Chapter 6) Generalizing From Data: Inferential Statistics 119 The Normal Curve and the Central Limit Theorem 119 The Normal z Scores, and the Return of Standard Deviation 120 Calculating Probabilities Based on the Normal Distribution 122 z Scores, Hypotheses, and Decision Making 123 Confidence Level and Sample Size 124 Testing for Differences Between and Groups 125 The t Test 125 t Test: Formula 126 t Test: Example 127 Another Type of t 129 Analysis of Variance 129 ANOVA: Formula 130 ANOVA: Example 130 Testing for Relationships Between and Among Variables 131 Correlation 131 Regression 132 Paths, Partials, and Parts 132 Two Final Decisions 132 Accept or Reject My Findings? 132 If It’s Significant, Is It Significant? 133 Ethics Panel: A Communicative Tension 134 Chapter Summary 135 Key 135 Application Exercises 136 Exercise 1: Predicting Wealth 136 Exercise 2: Generalizing From a Sample to a Population 136 Exercise 3: Gender and Beverage Preferences 136 Exercise 4: "The Internet of Things" Revisited 136 Recommended Web Resources 137 References 137 Chapter 8: Sampling: Who, What, and How Many? 138 Chapter Overview 138 Chapter Objectives 138 Introduction 139 Nonprobability Sampling 139
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