Appendix A. Table 4 A summary of the adopted road user pricing policies. Pricing Location Objective(s) Outcomes mechanism Singapore To reduce The ALS was Bhatt et al. (2008): road a zonal A 44 per cent congestion charge reduction in requiring traffic entering vehicles the RZ and a purchase a 20 per cent paper-based increase in area licence speeds within (see Santos the RZ (public (2005) for transport prices of included) different A 24 per cent licences) drop in when weekday entering the traffic entering restricted the RZ and an zone (RZ) increase in and several speeds within expressways. the RZ from 30-35 km/h to The ERP 40-45 km/h system Commuting by consists of car to the RZ three by 1983 cordons and declined to 23 several per cent expressways despite large requiring increases in vehicles pay car ownership a “shoulder and RZ price” type of employment. entry fee Public when transport passing share of through the morning peak specified trips to the RZ locations. increased to 69 per cent. Reductions in both CO concentrations and NOx emissions London, To reduce A charge Transport for UK road requiring London (2007): congestion users There were purchase a 54,000 fewer
Appendix A. Table 4 A summary of the adopted road user pricing policies. Location Objective(s) Pricing mechanism Outcomes Singapore To reduce road congestion The ALS was a zonal charge requiring vehicles purchase a paper-based area licence (see Santos (2005) for prices of different licences) when entering the restricted zone (RZ) and several expressways. The ERP system consists of three cordons and several expressways requiring vehicles pay a “shoulder price” type of entry fee when passing through the specified locations. Bhatt et al. (2008): A 44 per cent reduction in traffic entering the RZ and a 20 per cent increase in speeds within the RZ (public transport included) A 24 per cent drop in weekday traffic entering the RZ and an increase in speeds within the RZ from 30-35 km/h to 40-45 km/h Commuting by car to the RZ by 1983 declined to 23 per cent despite large increases in car ownership and RZ employment. Public transport share of morning peak trips to the RZ increased to 69 per cent. Reductions in both CO concentrations and NOx emissions London, UK To reduce road congestion A charge requiring users purchase a Transport for London (2007): There were 54,000 fewer
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