Jaguar symbol important Chavin in Andean region: Polytheism; statues of jaguar men Square stone architecture, no mortar Well-developed agriculture based on maize Unique geography: on coast, in mountains, and in jungle Economic Systems Types of technology developed rate of Type of System Main geographic locations technological development domestication of plants and animals Agricultural societies – iron river valleys in Mesopotamia, Nile River valley, cultivate crops writing systems India, China, MesoAmerica, Andes 8,000 BCE constant development Pastoral societies – domesticated animals domestication of horses and camels steppes, grasslands, deserts, mountain ranges 8,000 BCE Foraging societies hunting – baskets for gathering and storing and everywhere until sedentary agricultural societies and gathering hunting tools and then empires took over the most fertile areas 35,000 BCE Classical Civilizations COMMON FEATURES OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS The three areas of classical civilizations developed their own beliefs, lifestyles, political institutions, and social structures. However, there were important similarities among them: Patriarchal family structures - Like the valley civilizations that preceded them, the classical civilization valued • male authority within families, as well as in most other areas of life. Agricultural-based economies - Despite more sophisticated and complex job specialization, the most common • occupation in all areas was farming. Complex governments - Because they were so these three civilizations had to invent new ways to keep their • lands together politically. Their governments were large and complex, although they each had unique ways of governing Expanding trade base - Their economic systems were complex. Although they generally operated independently, trade • routes connected them by both land and sea. CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS Culture Political Organization Social Structure Most enduring influences come from No centralized government; concept of Slavery widely practiced Athens: polis, or a fortified site that formed the Valued education, placed emphasis on centers of many city states Men separated from women in Greece importance of human effort, human Governing styles varied (Sparta a military barracks until age 30; (about ability to shape future events military state, Athens eventually a women had relative freedom; 800-300 Interest in political theory: which form democracy for adult males) women in Sparta encouraged to BCE) of government is best? Celebration of Athens government dominated by be physically fit so as to have individual achievement and the tyrants, or strong rulers who gained healthy babies; generally better ideal human form power from military prowess; later treated and more equal to men
Jaguar symbol important Chavin in Andean region: Polytheism; statues of jaguar men Square stone architecture, no mortar Well-developed agriculture based on maize Unique geography: on coast, in mountains, and in jungle Economic Systems Type of System Types of technology developed rate of Main geographic locations technological development Agricultural societies – cultivate crops 8,000 BCE domestication of plants and animals iron writing systems constant development river valleys in Mesopotamia, Nile River valley, India, China, MesoAmerica, Andes Pastoral societies – domesticated animals 8,000 BCE domestication of horses and camels steppes, grasslands, deserts, mountain ranges Foraging societies – hunting and gathering 35,000 BCE baskets for gathering and storing and hunting tools everywhere until sedentary agricultural societies and then empires took over the most fertile areas Classical Civilizations COMMON FEATURES OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS The three areas of classical civilizations developed their own beliefs, lifestyles, political institutions, and social structures. However, there were important similarities among them: • Patriarchal family structures - Like the valley civilizations that preceded them, the classical civilization valued male authority within families, as well as in most other areas of life. • Agricultural-based economies - Despite more sophisticated and complex job specialization, the most common occupation in all areas was farming. • Complex governments - Because they were so these three civilizations had to invent new ways to keep their lands together politically. Their governments were large and complex, although they each had unique ways of governing • Expanding trade base - Their economic systems were complex. Although they generally operated independently, trade routes connected them by both land and sea. CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS Culture Political Organization Social Structure Greece (about 800-300 BCE) Most enduring influences come from Athens: Valued education, placed emphasis on importance of human effort, human ability to shape future events Interest in political theory: which form of government is best? Celebration of individual achievement and the ideal human form No centralized government; concept of polis, or a fortified site that formed the centers of many city states Governing styles varied (Sparta a military state, Athens eventually a democracy for adult males) Athens government dominated by tyrants, or strong rulers who gained power from military prowess; later Slavery widely practiced Men separated from women in military barracks until age 30; women had relative freedom; women in Sparta encouraged to be physically fit so as to have healthy babies; generally better treated and more equal to men
unit_1_and_2_cram_packet.docx