involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm of a cell with the net gain of 2 ATP. 6. In the presence of oxygen, aerobic respiration occurs in the central matrix of mitochondria where the respiratory substrate is oxidised during the Krebs and hydrogen is released. 7. The hydrogen becomes temporarily bound to co-enzymes which transfers it to the cytochrome system on the cristae of mitochondria where energy is released and used to ATP. 8. As a result of aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose yields 38 ATP. Water and CO2 are the final metabolic products. 9. In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration occurs and one molecule of glucose yields 2 ATP with as the metabolic product. lactic acid 10. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are rich in energy. 11. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are soluble carbohydrates of relatively small molecular size: polysaccharides are insoluble carbohydrates of large molecular size. 12. Lipids (fats) are also composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They act as a transfer of energy. Fat liberates more than double the energy released by an equal mass of carbohydrate. 13. Lipid provides thermal and nerve insulation. Pads of fat on hands and feet act as cushions. Fats aid the transport of fat-soluble vitamins. Steroid hormones are composed of fat-related molecules. 14. Excess provides the body with some of its energy; protein is not a dietary tissue source of energy except during starvation. Bottom of Form
involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in the cytoplasm of a cell with the net gain of 2 ATP. 6. In the presence of oxygen, aerobic respiration occurs in the central matrix of mitochondria where the respiratory substrate is oxidised during the Krebs and hydrogen is released. 7. The hydrogen becomes temporarily bound to co-enzymes which transfers it to the cytochrome system on the cristae of mitochondria where energy is released and used to ATP. 8. As a result of aerobic respiration, one molecule of glucose yields 38 ATP. Water and CO2 are the final metabolic products. 9. In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration occurs and one molecule of glucose yields 2 ATP with lactic acid as the metabolic product. 10. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are rich in energy. 11. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are soluble carbohydrates of relatively small molecular size: polysaccharides are insoluble carbohydrates of large molecular size. 12. Lipids (fats) are also composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They act as a transfer of energy. Fat liberates more than double the energy released by an equal mass of carbohydrate. 13. Lipid provides thermal and nerve insulation. Pads of fat on hands and feet act as cushions. Fats aid the transport of fat-soluble vitamins. Steroid hormones are composed of fat-related molecules. 14. Excess dietary provides the body with some of its energy; tissue protein is not a source of energy except during starvation. Bottom of Form
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