Krug PW, Holinka African Swine Fever A virulent isolate of ASFV was Non-synonymous point mutations LG, O’Donnell V, Virus (Enveloped passaged on Vero cells. increased from three at passage 3 to et in vitro al. (2015) dsDNA 190kb) Samples taken at passages 30, 60, seven at passage 110, although one 80, and 110 were assayed for mutation at Passage 3 had reverted virulence in vivo, demonstrating at 110. In addition one frameshift decreasing virulence with mutation occurred and a gly codon increased passage number. These was inserted into a predicted ORF. isolates were sequenced to Deletions occurred encompassing identify genetic changes several Open Reading Frames. A responsible for attenuation deletion of approximately 6Kb occurred in the left variable region of the genome. A deletion of 749bp occurred in the right variable region of the genome. Additional independent deletions events involving the same regions were observed at intermediate passage levels, however populations of these genome variants were minor or undetectable by passage 110 Kubicek-Sutherland, Methicillin-resistant In vitro passage in the presence Mutant strains contained 1-3 J. Z., Lofton, H., Staphylococcus of human, mouse, pig or plant nucleotide substitutions relative to Vestergaard, M., et aureus (MRSA), antimicrobial peptides. Seven the WT strain in genes including al. (2016). human clinical isolate passages strains were identified regulatory and recognized virulence that stably acquired resistance to genes. All four control passaged the range of antimicrobial strains demonstrated frameshift or peptides and also several substitutions resulting in early stop antibiotics within 168-322 codons within two-component generations regulatory genes associated with virulence. This was not observed in selected strains, suggesting selection for maintenance of these genes Nilsson, A. I., Salmonella enterica Repeated propagation on Deletions were observed ranging Koskiniemi, S., media by transfer of single from 1200 to 173000bp, and Eriksson, S., et al. colonies up to 270 times. encompassing up to 11 genes This (2005). study focused on genome size reductions by spontaneous deletions and did not report substitutions or insertions
Krug PW, Holinka LG, O’Donnell V, et al. (2015) African Swine Fever Virus (Enveloped dsDNA 190kb) A virulent isolate of ASFV was passaged in vitro on Vero cells. Samples taken at passages 30, 60, 80, and 110 were assayed for virulence in vivo, demonstrating decreasing virulence with increased passage number. These isolates were sequenced to identify genetic changes responsible for attenuation Non-synonymous point mutations increased from three at passage 3 to seven at passage 110, although one mutation at Passage 3 had reverted at 110. In addition one frameshift mutation occurred and a gly codon was inserted into a predicted ORF. Deletions occurred encompassing several Open Reading Frames. A deletion of approximately 6Kb occurred in the left variable region of the genome. A deletion of 749bp occurred in the right variable region of the genome. Additional independent deletions events involving the same regions were observed at intermediate passage levels, however populations of these genome variants were minor or undetectable by passage 110 Kubicek-Sutherland, J. Z., Lofton, H., Vestergaard, M., et al. (2016). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), human clinical isolate In vitro passage in the presence of human, mouse, pig or plant antimicrobial peptides. Seven passages strains were identified that stably acquired resistance to the range of antimicrobial peptides and also several antibiotics within 168-322 generations Mutant strains contained 1-3 nucleotide substitutions relative to the WT strain in genes including regulatory and recognized virulence genes. All four control passaged strains demonstrated frameshift or substitutions resulting in early stop codons within two-component regulatory genes associated with virulence. This was not observed in selected strains, suggesting selection for maintenance of these genes Nilsson, A. I., Koskiniemi, S., Eriksson, S., et al. (2005). Salmonella enterica Repeated propagation on media by transfer of single colonies up to 270 times. Deletions were observed ranging from 1200 to 173000bp, and encompassing up to 11 genes This study focused on genome size reductions by spontaneous deletions and did not report substitutions or insertions
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