sludge but liquid in some cases. Residues arising from industrial waste treatment/disposal operations This category contains a variety of waste residues in a variety of physical and chemical forms, sometimes as outputs of processes designed to reduce the hazard either through volume reduction – (such as incineration) or hazard amelioration (chemical/ physical treatment). These output residues may be of reduced hazard (compared to inputs) or increased hazard (such as a concentration process). Biosolids Biosolids may have their own distinctive odour depending on the type of treatment it has been though. Some biosolids have a stronger odour that may be offensive to some people, while most biosolids have a slightly musty, ammonia odour. Sulphur and ammonia Physical/ compounds (both plant nutrients) in biosolids are normally the cause chemical of these odours. description Fly ash Fly ash is characterised by the fineness of its particles, as opposed to from combustion processes, which falls to the bottom of ‘bottom ash’ combustion chambers. Fly ash often contains hazardous materials such as heavy metals at low concentrations derived from their composition in input fuel either as constituent of fine combustion – particles or as gaseous combustion products themselves. The major constituents are crystalline silica and oxides of iron and calcium. Encapsulated, chemically-fixed, solidified or polymerised wastes These wastes are usually solid as the fixing matrix can be materials such as concrete, polymers or purified low hazard chemical compounds/ commodities. Substances or wastes which, if they are H11: Toxic (delayed inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the Primary hazard or chronic) skin, may involve delayed or chronic effects, including carcinogenicity. Why is it hazardous? Substances or wastes which if released Secondary present or may present immediate or delayed H12: Ecotoxic hazard adverse impacts to the environment by means of bioaccumulation and/or toxic effects
sludge but liquid in some cases. Physical/ chemical description Residues arising from industrial waste treatment/disposal operations This category contains a variety of waste residues in a variety of physical and chemical forms, sometimes as outputs of processes designed to reduce the hazard – either through volume reduction (such as incineration) or hazard amelioration (chemical/ physical treatment). These output residues may be of reduced hazard (compared to inputs) or increased hazard (such as a concentration process). Biosolids Biosolids may have their own distinctive odour depending on the type of treatment it has been though. Some biosolids have a stronger odour that may be offensive to some people, while most biosolids have a slightly musty, ammonia odour. Sulphur and ammonia compounds (both plant nutrients) in biosolids are normally the cause of these odours. Fly ash Fly ash is characterised by the fineness of its particles, as opposed to ‘bottom ash’ from combustion processes, which falls to the bottom of combustion chambers. Fly ash often contains hazardous materials such as heavy metals at low concentrations derived from their composition in input fuel – either as constituent of fine combustion particles or as gaseous combustion products themselves. The major constituents are crystalline silica and oxides of iron and calcium. Encapsulated, chemically-fixed, solidified or polymerised wastes These wastes are usually solid as the fixing matrix can be materials such as concrete, polymers or purified low hazard chemical compounds/ commodities. Why is it hazardous? Primary hazard H11: Toxic (delayed or chronic) Substances or wastes which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin, may involve delayed or chronic effects, including carcinogenicity. Secondary hazard H12: Ecotoxic Substances or wastes which if released present or may present immediate or delayed adverse impacts to the environment by means of bioaccumulation and/or toxic effects
waste-recycling-process-of-used-oil-drilling3.docx