Table 2-1 Examples of direct and indirect impacts of climate change in cities – Projected climate Likelihood Direct impacts Indirect impacts Geographical change impacts location affected (1)Warmer with Virtually Exacerbation of urban Declining Inland cities and cities fewer cold certain heat island effect air quality reliant on snowpack days and increases risk of related for water supply nights, more mortality hot days and nights Very likely Increased demand for Energy (2) Hot Inland cities and cooling, and reduced transmission and spells/heat cities reliant on energy demand for distribution waves snowpack for water heating. maybe increased supply overstressed frequency Greater stress on water resources included those Wider that rely on snowmelt geographical from increased water incidence of demand and declining vector bone water quality diseases ( for example malaria) Less disruption to transport from snow and ice (3) Heavy Very likely Flooding, strong winds Withdrawal of Coastal and port precipitation and landslides risk coverage in cities, those on events vulnerable areas Disruption of public riverbanks or increased by private insures water supply marginal land in frequency floodplains, mountains regions (4) Intensity of Likely Damage and losses of Impacts on Coastal and port tropical physical assets and tourism and local cities. cyclone infrastructure livelihoods, activity psychological Increased risk of death , increases impacts/stress of injuries and illnesses vulnerable Disruption of transport, populations commerce and economic activities (5) Areas Likely Stress on water resources Water quantity Cities unused to affected by and quality for Reduced energy supply arid conditions consumption and drought from hydropower increase food production Land degradation with Population lower agricultural yields, migration increased risk of food shortage and dust storms
Table 2-1 – Examples of direct and indirect impacts of climate change in cities Projected climate change impacts Likelihood Direct impacts Indirect impacts Geographical location affected (1)Warmer with fewer cold days and nights, more hot days and nights Virtually certain Exacerbation of urban heat island effect increases risk of related mortality Declining air quality Inland cities and cities reliant on snowpack for water supply (2) Hot spells/heat waves increased frequency Very likely Increased demand for cooling, and reduced energy demand for heating. Greater stress on water resources included those that rely on snowmelt from increased water demand and declining water quality Energy transmission and distribution maybe overstressed Wider geographical incidence of vector bone diseases ( for example malaria) Less disruption to transport from snow and ice Inland cities and cities reliant on snowpack for water supply (3) Heavy precipitation events increased frequency Very likely Flooding, strong winds and landslides Disruption of public water supply Withdrawal of risk coverage in vulnerable areas by private insures Coastal and port cities, those on riverbanks or marginal land in floodplains, mountains regions (4) Intensity of tropical cyclone activity increases Likely Damage and losses of physical assets and infrastructure Increased risk of death , injuries and illnesses Disruption of transport, commerce and economic activities Impacts on tourism and local livelihoods, psychological impacts/stress of vulnerable populations Coastal and port cities. (5) Areas affected by drought increase Likely Stress on water resources Reduced energy supply from hydropower Land degradation with lower agricultural yields, increased risk of food shortage and dust storms Water quantity and quality for consumption and food production Population migration Cities unused to arid conditions
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