transport is and also limited. express Can drive lanes in demand to the USA nearby roads and shift congestion Can hardly address network-wide congestion Zonal Vehicles pay a Effective in The charge London charge when addressing do not congestion entering or distinguish charge exiting a between a trip bounded area, congestion that reaches or simply particularly the travelling within in the city destination the area without centre immediately crossing the upon entering boundary. Often the bounded the boundary is area and a chosen based trip that on network traverses the topology and whole area. urban layout. Vehicles are not directly charged according to how they use the road network which reflects their actual contributions to road congestion. While being Effective in The charge Electronic similar to zonal addressing does not Road charging, distinguish Pricing cordon-based between a trip (ERP) charging does congestion that reaches system in not charge particularly the Singapore vehicles if only in the city destination Stockholm travelling within centre immediately congestion the bounded upon entering charge area. the bounded Area C in area and a Milan trip that traverses the whole area.
transport is also limited. Can drive demand to nearby roads and shift congestion Can hardly address network-wide congestion and express lanes in the USA Zonal Vehicles pay a charge when entering or exiting a bounded area, or simply travelling within the area without crossing the boundary. Often the boundary is chosen based on network topology and urban layout. Effective in addressing congestion particularly in the city centre The charge do not distinguish between a trip that reaches the destination immediately upon entering the bounded area and a trip that traverses the whole area. Vehicles are not directly charged according to how they use the road network which reflects their actual contributions to road congestion. London congestion charge While being similar to zonal charging, cordon-based charging does not charge vehicles if only travelling within the bounded area. Effective in addressing congestion particularly in the city centre The charge does not distinguish between a trip that reaches the destination immediately upon entering the bounded area and a trip that traverses the whole area. Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system in Singapore Stockholm congestion charge Area C in Milan
Transport_Strategy_Refresh_-_Background_paper_-_Transport_Pricing.DOCX