Table S1. Sources identified in Beijing by PMF method by various studies. Sampling Author Sources (contribution) period Traffic and Coal Secondary Biomass Industrial Zhang et waste Soil dust 2009-2010 combustion inorganic aerosol burning pollution al. (2013) incineration (15%) (18%) (26%) (12%) (25%) emission (4%) Vehicle and Gao et al. Mixed sources industrial 2011-2012 Dust (7.6%) (2014) (65.9%) sources (26.5%) 2014 Coal Traffic related Fugitive soil Long-range Yang et Secondary aerosols Autumn combustion pollution and sand transport al. (2016) (15.7%) burning (APEC) (22.9%) (18.1%) dust (4.7%) (5.3%) (33.3%) Coal Gao et al. 2014 Vehicle Secondary sources Crustal dust combustion (2016) summer exhaust (28%) (39%) (17%) (16%) 2014 Wang et Industrial Road dust Biomass Residual oil Winter Traffic exhaust Secondary aerosol al. emission (9.7%); Soil burning combustion (including (25.5%) (47.8%) (2016b) (9.9%) dust (4.0%) (1.7%) (1.4%) APEC) 2015 Coal Mixed SIA and Industrial This Summer Motor vehicles Dust others combustion biomass burning process source study (Control (18.2%) (13.5%) (17.5%) (19.8%) (22.4%) (8.6%) period) Fig. S1 Time series of wind speed, RH, temperature and solar radiation in Beijing from August 15 to September 10, 2015. Fig. S2 Source apportionment results of PM2.5 from positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis. Detail description about result by EPA PMF: Factor 1 was mixed SIA and biomass burning which shows high loadings of secondary species
Table S1. Sources identified in Beijing by PMF method by various studies. Author Sampling period Sources (contribution) Zhang et al. (2013) 2009-2010 Coal combustion (18%) Traffic and waste incineration emission (4%) Secondary inorganic aerosol (26%) Soil dust (15%) Biomass burning (12%) Industrial pollution (25%) Gao et al. (2014) 2011-2012 Mixed sources (65.9%) Vehicle and industrial sources (26.5%) Dust (7.6%) Yang et al. (2016) 2014 Autumn (APEC) Coal combustion (22.9%) Traffic related pollution (18.1%) Secondary aerosols (15.7%) Fugitive soil and sand dust (4.7%) burning (33.3%) Long-range transport (5.3%) Gao et al. (2016) 2014 summer Coal combustion (16%) Vehicle exhaust (28%) Secondary sources (39%) Crustal dust (17%) Wang et al. (2016b) 2014 Winter (including APEC) Industrial emission (9.9%) Traffic exhaust (25.5%) Secondary aerosol (47.8%) Road dust (9.7%); Soil dust (4.0%) Biomass burning (1.7%) Residual oil combustion (1.4%) This study 2015 Summer (Control period) Coal combustion (19.8%) Motor vehicles (18.2%) Mixed SIA and biomass burning (22.4%) Dust (13.5%) others (17.5%) Industrial process source (8.6%) Fig. S1 Time series of wind speed, RH, temperature and solar radiation in Beijing from August 15 to September 10, 2015. Fig. S2 Source apportionment results of PM2.5 from positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis. Detail description about result by EPA PMF: Factor 1 was mixed SIA and biomass burning which shows high loadings of secondary species
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