(regular, controllable One female pharaoh - Hatshepsut flooding of the river) Influential wife of pharaoh - Nefertiti Strong belief in the afterlife; Book of the Dead Hieroglyphics - complex, pictorial language Writing system only recently decipherable Soapstone seals that indicate trade with both Mesopotamians and China Priests have highest status, based on pottery making with bulls position as intermediaries between gods and long-horned cattle a Assumed to be complex and and people INDUS VALLEY frequent motif thought to be centralized (developed by Small figurines of women Limited information, but Differences in house sizes indicate strong 2500 BCE) Cruder weapons than granaries near the cities indicate class distinctions Mesopotamians - stone centralized control arrowheads, no swords Statues reflects reverence for female Polytheism - naked man with reproductive function horns the primary god; fertility goddesses Two cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Dara Oracles bones used to communicate with ancestors Pattern on bones formed basis for writing system; writing highly valued, complex pictorial language Centralized government, power with 3000 characters by end Social classes - warrior aristocrats, in the hands of the emperor of dynasty bureaucrats, farmers, slaves SHANG CHINA Uniform written language (developed by Government preoccupied with became bond among people Patriarchal society; women as wives and 1700 BCE) flood control of the rivers Job who spoke many different concubines; women were sometimes specialization - bureaucrats, languages shamans farmers, slaves Bronze weapons and tools, horse-drawn chariots Geographical separation from other civilizations, though probably traded with the Indus Valley Olmecs in Mesoamerica: Highly developed astronomy; used to predict agricultural cycles and Olmecs: apparently not united please the gods politically; unusual for ancient Olmec: craft specializations; priests have MESO AND Polytheism; religious rituals civilizations highest status; most people were farmers SOUTH important, shamans as AMERICA healers Chavin: probably political Chavin: Priests have highest status; (developed by Ritual ballgames unification; public works capital city dominated the hinterlands; 1200 BCE) Irrigation and drainage operated by reciprocal labor most people were farmers canals obligations; had a capital city Giant carved stone heads; probably with religious significance
(regular, controllable flooding of the river) Strong belief in the afterlife; Book of the Dead Hieroglyphics - complex, pictorial language One female pharaoh - Hatshepsut Influential wife of pharaoh - Nefertiti INDUS VALLEY (developed by 2500 BCE) Writing system only recently decipherable Soapstone seals that indicate trade with both Mesopotamians and China pottery making with bulls and long-horned cattle a frequent motif Small figurines of women Cruder weapons than Mesopotamians - stone arrowheads, no swords Polytheism - naked man with horns the primary god; fertility goddesses Two cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Dara Assumed to be complex and thought to be centralized Limited information, but granaries near the cities indicate centralized control Priests have highest status, based on position as intermediaries between gods and people Differences in house sizes indicate strong class distinctions Statues reflects reverence for female reproductive function SHANG CHINA (developed by 1700 BCE) Oracles bones used to communicate with ancestors Pattern on bones formed basis for writing system; writing highly valued, complex pictorial language with 3000 characters by end of dynasty Uniform written language became bond among people who spoke many different languages Bronze weapons and tools, horse-drawn chariots Geographical separation from other civilizations, though probably traded with the Indus Valley Centralized government, power in the hands of the emperor Government preoccupied with flood control of the rivers Job specialization - bureaucrats, farmers, slaves Social classes - warrior aristocrats, bureaucrats, farmers, slaves Patriarchal society; women as wives and concubines; women were sometimes shamans MESO AND SOUTH AMERICA (developed by 1200 BCE) Olmecs in Mesoamerica: Highly developed astronomy; used to predict agricultural cycles and please the gods Polytheism; religious rituals important, shamans as healers Ritual ballgames Irrigation and drainage canals Giant carved stone heads; probably with religious significance Olmecs: apparently not united politically; unusual for ancient civilizations Chavin: probably political unification; public works operated by reciprocal labor obligations; had a capital city Olmec: craft specializations; priests have highest status; most people were farmers Chavin: Priests have highest status; capital city dominated the hinterlands; most people were farmers
unit_1_and_2_cram_packet.docx