TABLE 1. Selected studies Author Imaging Paradigm Task Sample Groups studied Neuroimaging findings Performance Stress modality size Leff et al fNIRS Feasibility study Open surgical knot 7 Trainees (n=3), Left PFC and left M1 activated T>N (2006)20 tying novices (n=4) in all subjects Leff et al fNIRS Technical skills Open surgical knot 62 Experts (n=19), PFC activation: N>T, T=E E=T, T>N (2007)4 tying trainees (n=21), novices (n=22) PFC activation predominantly L sided in novices Leff et al fNIRS Technical skills Laparoscopic 14 Novices Attenuation of PFC activation (2008)5 localisation task with skills training Leff et al fNIRS Technical skills Open surgical knot 19 Novices Attenuation of PFC activation Performance (2008)6 tying with skills training improved after training Leff et al fNIRS Technical skills Open surgical knot 62 Experts (n=19), Stable PFC activation in E & T Stable performance in (2008)7 tying trainees (n=21), groups over 5 trials E & T groups over 5 novices (n=22) trials Attenuation of PFC activation in N group over 5 trials Improved performance in N group over 5 trials Ohuchida fNIRS Technical skills Laparoscopic knot 21 Experts (n=4), PFC activation on initial task E>T, T>N et al tying trainees (n=4), performance: N=E, T>E (2009)13 novices (n=13) PFC activation 2 hours training session: N>E Ros et al EEG Neurofeedback Simulated cataract 20 Trainee Improvements in Reduced STAI (2009)30 operation ophthalmologists suture score, time on scores with task and overall neurofeedback technique with SMR-T training neurofeedback training No significant No significant change in STAI improvements in scores with AT performance with AT
TABLE 1. Selected studies Author Imaging modality Paradigm Task Sample size Groups studied Neuroimaging findings Performance Stress Leff et al (2006)20 fNIRS Feasibility study Open surgical knot tying 7 Trainees (n=3), novices (n=4) Left PFC and left M1 activated in all subjects T>N Leff et al (2007)4 fNIRS Technical skills Open surgical knot tying 62 Experts (n=19), trainees (n=21), novices (n=22) PFC activation: N>T, T=E PFC activation predominantly L sided in novices E=T, T>N Leff et al (2008)5 fNIRS Technical skills Laparoscopic localisation task 14 Novices Attenuation of PFC activation with skills training Leff et al (2008)6 fNIRS Technical skills Open surgical knot tying 19 Novices Attenuation of PFC activation with skills training Performance improved after training Leff et al (2008)7 fNIRS Technical skills Open surgical knot tying 62 Experts (n=19), trainees (n=21), novices (n=22) Stable PFC activation in E & T groups over 5 trials Attenuation of PFC activation in N group over 5 trials Stable performance in E & T groups over 5 trials Improved performance in N group over 5 trials Ohuchida et al (2009)13 fNIRS Technical skills Laparoscopic knot tying 21 Experts (n=4), trainees (n=4), novices (n=13) PFC activation on initial task performance: N=E, T>E PFC activation 2 hours training session: N>E E>T, T>N Ros et al (2009)30 EEG Neurofeedback Simulated cataract operation 20 Trainee ophthalmologists Improvements in suture score, time on task and overall technique with SMR-T neurofeedback training No significant improvements in performance with AT Reduced STAI scores with neurofeedback training No significant change in STAI scores with AT
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