GCM (or observed for quality? role of changes due parent GCM, complicating al. 2008ab; Weaver et al., present-day source to meteorology attribution to climate change. 2009. attributions) versus emissions or chemistry. Regional CTM driven As above, but with a As above, may also As above but with additional Gao et al., 2013; He et al., by meteorology from a region-specific consider dependence on chemical and 2014; Jacob and Winner, GCM or RCM focus. feedbacks or meteorological boundary conditions 2009; Kelly et al., 2012; ; processes which may not be consistent. Penrod et al., 2014;Trail et al., 2014; Weaver et al., 2009 Global CCMs How do changes in As above but with a Coarse resolution; simplistic or Clifton et al., 2014; climate alter air consistent simulation absent representations of some Doherty et al., 2013; Fang quality? of meteorology and processes, particularly interactions et al., 2013; Fiore et al., pollutants with the biosphere. 2012; Jacobson and Streets, 2009; Lamarque et al., 2011; Rieder et al., 2015; Young et al., 2013. Regional CCMs As above, but with As above but with Boundary conditions for chemical Shalaby et al., 2012. region-specific higher resolution and meteorological variables not focus. and/or more necessarily consistent. complex description of processes Global-to-regional As above. As above but avoids Limited by ability to resolve Jacobson, 2008 nested CCM (one-way) inconsistent relevant processes, or if two-way boundary conditions couplings between scales are important. a. Rapid adjustments are not dependent on the change in temperature, and thus do not act as a feedback to a change in temperature. They include processes such as cloud changes, including those induced by interactions with aerosols, as well as lapse rate changes, geographic temperature variations, and changes in the biosphere that are not direct responses to temperature; some rapid adjustments occur for many atmospheric constituents, including CO2. See Boucher et al. (2013) for a thorough explanation. b. Global Mean Surface Temperature
GCM (or observed for present-day source attributions) quality? role of changes due to meteorology versus emissions or chemistry. parent GCM, complicating attribution to climate change. al. 2008ab; Weaver et al., 2009. Regional CTM driven by meteorology from a GCM or RCM As above, but with a region-specific focus. As above, may also consider feedbacks or processes As above but with additional dependence on chemical and meteorological boundary conditions which may not be consistent. Gao et al., 2013; He et al., 2014; Jacob and Winner, 2009; Kelly et al., 2012; ; Penrod et al., 2014;Trail et al., 2014; Weaver et al., 2009 Global CCMs How do changes in climate alter air quality? As above but with a consistent simulation of meteorology and pollutants Coarse resolution; simplistic or absent representations of some processes, particularly interactions with the biosphere. Clifton et al., 2014; Doherty et al., 2013; Fang et al., 2013; Fiore et al., 2012; Jacobson and Streets, 2009; Lamarque et al., 2011; Rieder et al., 2015; Young et al., 2013. Regional CCMs As above, but with region-specific focus. As above but with higher resolution and/or more complex description of processes Boundary conditions for chemical and meteorological variables not necessarily consistent. Shalaby et al., 2012. Global-to-regional nested CCM (one-way) As above. As above but avoids inconsistent boundary conditions Limited by ability to resolve relevant processes, or if two-way couplings between scales are important. Jacobson, 2008 a. Rapid adjustments are not dependent on the change in temperature, and thus do not act as a feedback to a change in temperature. They include processes such as cloud changes, including those induced by interactions with aerosols, as well as lapse rate changes, geographic temperature variations, and changes in the biosphere that are not direct responses to temperature; some rapid adjustments occur for many atmospheric constituents, including CO2. See Boucher et al. (2013) for a thorough explanation. b. Global Mean Surface Temperature
supplemental_text_jawmacr_20150428.docx