c. The article was referred to (by me). Prepositional object (53) I gave some flowers to the man. Predicates say something about subjects, and contain the element (verb) that determines how many objects and other material the sentence will have. The VP will always be the predicate but APs, PPs, and DPs can also be subject or object predicates, depending on what they modify. A subject predicate appears in (54) and an object predicate in (55). (54) I am [a student with a lot of work]. (55) I found the students [hard-working]. Adverbials (or adjuncts or modifiers) are optional and tell you about when, where, how and why the action took place. Examples can be found in (56). (56) He talked to his conscience [condescendingly][for an hour][while driving home][because it had been a nuisance all day]. They also occur inside phrases and are then typically referred to as modifiers, as in (57). (57) The energetic, motivated students from Antarctica. Functions can be read off the tree, e.g. the sister of the V is its complement. The adverbial (modifier) can be read off from the tree as well, it is the sister of a bar-level category, as in (58). Many people refer to these two types as complements and modifiers respectively. (58) VP ep V' PP ei ei
c. The article was referred to (by me). Prepositional object (53) I gave some flowers to the man. Predicates say something about subjects, and contain the element (verb) that determines how many objects and other material the sentence will have. The VP will always be the predicate but APs, PPs, and DPs can also be subject or object predicates, depending on what they modify. A subject predicate appears in (54) and an object predicate in (55). (54) I am [a student with a lot of work]. (55) I found the students [hard-working]. Adverbials (or adjuncts or modifiers) are optional and tell you about when, where, how and why the action took place. Examples can be found in (56). (56) He talked to his conscience [condescendingly][for an hour][while driving home][because it had been a nuisance all day]. They also occur inside phrases and are then typically referred to as modifiers, as in (57). (57) The energetic, motivated students from Antarctica. Functions can be read off the tree, e.g. the sister of the V is its complement. The adverbial (modifier) can be read off from the tree as well, it is the sister of a bar-level category, as in (58). Many people refer to these two types as complements and modifiers respectively. (58) VP ep V' PP ei ei
SyntaxBook.docx