To compare the effect Non-smoking young Cows given safflower oil to alter Total-C: not Controlled by Total-C, LDL-C 2008 of ruminant versus men, 18-30 composition butter derived from specified design Diet 1: 4.8, 3.3 industrial TFA on their milk. This butter or oils used (references given) Diet 2: 4.7, 3.2 total-C and LDL-CA No sample size to vary TFA content while limiting Weight assessed on plasma calculations given variation in SFA content of diet. LDL-C: not 5/week; energy P: NS and other specified intake altered to keep risk factors. All food provided by researchers; (references given) weight constant Carry-over effects unlimited additional water, were tested for caffeine-free diet beverages Adverse/other effects: permitted; tea and coffee HDL, TG, CRP, restricted to 500 mL/day. lipoprotein Fatty acid profile of test fats determined by chromatography; diet composition calculated using food tables. Rajaram 2009 To compare the effect Non-smoking /mildly All food provided by researchers Total-C: enzymatic Controlled by Total-C, LDL-C of walnuts or fatty fish hyperlididaemic adults Control diet consistent with dietary colorimetric assays design Diet 1: 5.1, 3.1 versus a healthy diet guidelines but without omega-3 with the Bayer Diet 2: 4.9, 2.8 on serum lipids LDL-C: 3.53 rich food (nuts or seafood) versus 550 Express Weight assessed BMI: 24.8 42.5 g walnuts substituted for Chemistry Analyser 2/week P<0.05 meat/dairy food 6 days/week. Sample size : 18 Nuts eaten alone or in salads etc. LDL-C: as above Adverse/other effects: subjects needed in a HDL, TG, lipoprotein crossover design to Test diet composition calculated 2 blood samples detect a mean using food tables. averaged difference in serum LDL-C of 0.26 mmol/L, alpha=0.05, power>0.9
2008 To compare the effect of ruminant versus industrial TFA on total-C and LDL-CA on plasma and other risk factors. Non-smoking young men, 18-30 No sample size calculations given Cows given safflower oil to alter composition butter derived from their milk. This butter or oils used to vary TFA content while limiting variation in SFA content of diet. All food provided by researchers; unlimited additional water, caffeine-free diet beverages permitted; tea and coffee restricted to 500 mL/day. Fatty acid profile of test fats determined by chromatography; diet composition calculated using food tables. Total-C: not specified (references given) LDL-C: not specified (references given) Controlled by design Weight assessed 5/week; energy intake altered to keep weight constant Adverse/other effects: HDL, TG, CRP, lipoprotein Total-C, LDL-C Diet 1: 4.8, 3.3 Diet 2: 4.7, 3.2 P: NS Carry-over effects were tested for Rajaram 2009 To compare the effect of walnuts or fatty fish versus a healthy diet on serum lipids Non-smoking /mildly hyperlididaemic adults LDL-C: 3.53 BMI: 24.8 Sample size : 18 subjects needed in a crossover design to detect a mean difference in serum LDL-C of 0.26 mmol/L, alpha=0.05, power>0.9 All food provided by researchers Control diet consistent with dietary guidelines but without omega-3 rich food (nuts or seafood) versus 42.5 g walnuts substituted for meat/dairy food 6 days/week. Nuts eaten alone or in salads etc. Test diet composition calculated using food tables. Total-C: enzymatic colorimetric assays with the Bayer 550 Express Chemistry Analyser LDL-C: as above 2 blood samples averaged Controlled by design Weight assessed 2/week Adverse/other effects: HDL, TG, lipoprotein Total-C, LDL-C Diet 1: 5.1, 3.1 Diet 2: 4.9, 2.8 P<0.05
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