International been an independent entity since before Relations: hadn’t Ottoman rule, although it was a provincial capital. In particular, its conflicts with represent an effort at asserting independence and interests in war with are different from power. ’s ’s, others. Since WWII, has been the most of Arab states, consistently ‘radical’ leading to its reliance on for arms and political support. (And leaving them isolated with downfall of ). With signing peace treaty with , its perennial conflicts with , with the Jordanian Hashemites, its bullying of , and its conflicts with Palestinians, they have no natural allies in the region. Economics: Baath influence is nationalistic, state-led ISI, anti-western. Radical wing of the party continued to pressure after break with Ba’th in 1961, state ownership of Iraq Petroleum Co. Al-Assad implemented a Corrective Revolution tame version of –more Sadat’s infitah, in early 1970s, more in late 1980s (responding to high inflation, as well as decline of ). Gestures to been successful. Nor has attract FDI (Law 1991) haven’t privatization. Oil helped, both directly and indirectly. Agrarian reform in 1958 took power from rural elites and the “reduced great estates, checked the forced proletarianization of the peasantry, and broadened and consolidated the small holding sector.” (Hinnebusch p. the rural power of the 3,000 families that controlled the 120)Weakened bulk of the land. Land reform was continued into the 1970s, and completion of irrigation projects on the Euphrates (Tabqa dam) and refinery.Efforts at land survey. Tariffs were major source of revenue. governments until 1958 were free entreprise. 1963 coup gives Syrian power to Party. Union with Egypt (United Arab Republic, Ba’ath 1958-1961, which was dominated by Egypt), more state-led, until Hafiz al Assad in 1970. World Bank report in 1954 recommended infrastructure, irrigation, foreign loans. Ministry of Planning in 1960. 1970s also saw economic stimulus from aid from Arab states, and remittances by workers from the Gulf. This was reversed in the
International Relations: hadn’t been an independent entity since before Ottoman rule, although it was a provincial capital. In particular, its conflicts with represent an effort at asserting independence and power. ’s interests in war with are different from ’s, others. Since WWII, has been the most consistently ‘radical’ of Arab states, leading to its reliance on for arms and political support. (And leaving them isolated with downfall of ). With signing peace treaty with , its perennial conflicts with , with the Jordanian Hashemites, its bullying of , and its conflicts with Palestinians, they have no natural allies in the region. Economics: Baath influence is nationalistic, state-led ISI, anti-western. Radical wing of the Ba’th party continued to pressure after break with in 1961, state ownership of Iraq Petroleum Co. Al-Assad implemented a Corrective Revolution –more tame version of Sadat’s infitah, in early 1970s, more in late 1980s (responding to high inflation, as well as decline of ). Gestures to attract FDI (Law 1991) haven’t been successful. Nor has privatization. Oil helped, both directly and indirectly. Agrarian reform in 1958 took power from rural elites and “reduced the great estates, checked the forced proletarianization of the peasantry, and broadened and consolidated the small holding sector.” (Hinnebusch p. 120)Weakened the rural power of the 3,000 families that controlled the bulk of the land. Land reform was continued into the 1970s, and completion of irrigation projects on the Euphrates (Tabqa dam) and refinery.Efforts at land survey. Tariffs were major source of revenue. Syrian governments until 1958 were free entreprise. 1963 coup gives power to Ba’ath Party. Union with Egypt (United Arab Republic, 1958-1961, which was dominated by Egypt), more state-led, until Hafiz al Assad in 1970. World Bank report in 1954 recommended infrastructure, irrigation, foreign loans. Ministry of Planning in 1960. 1970s also saw economic stimulus from aid from Arab states, and remittances by workers from the Gulf. This was reversed in the
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