In 1559, France and Spain signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, which ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars and France had to acknowledge Spanish dominancy in Italy Before 1559, Spain and France had fought for control of Italy and after 1559, the two Catholic powers aimed their guns at Protestantism Warfare of the 16th and 17th centuries was different from earlier wars Armies were larger and more expensive (government reorganized administration) Use of gunpowder altered the nature of war (killing and wounding from a distance) and popular attitudes toward war (not an ennobling process) Late-sixteenth-century conflicts fundamentally tested the medieval ideal of a unified Christian society governed by one political ruler, the emperor, to whom all rules were theoretically subordinate, and one church, to which all people belonged The Origins of Difficulties in France (1515-1559) The population losses caused by the plague and the disorders accompanying the War created such a labor shortage that serfdom had Hundred Years’ disappeared Francis I and his son Henry II governed through small but effective councils In 1539, Francis issued an ordinance that placed the whole of France under the juris-diction of the royal courts and a tax on land, provided strength to taille, monarchy The Habsburg-Valois Wars, waged through the first half of the sixteenth century, were financed by Francis I selling public offices (tax exempt class called the of the -- beyond jurisdiction of crown) “nobility robe” Francis I worked out a treaty with the papacy called the Concordat of Bologna in which Francis gained the power to appoint bishops and abbots in France giving the monarchy money in return, Francis agreed to recognize the supremacy of the papacy over a universal council -- main reason why France did not later become Protestant
In 1559, France and Spain signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, which ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars and France had to acknowledge Spanish dominancy in Italy Before 1559, Spain and France had fought for control of Italy and after 1559, the two Catholic powers aimed their guns at Protestantism Warfare of the 16th and 17th centuries was different from earlier wars Armies were larger and more expensive (government reorganized administration) Use of gunpowder altered the nature of war (killing and wounding from a distance) and popular attitudes toward war (not an ennobling process) Late-sixteenth-century conflicts fundamentally tested the medieval ideal of a unified Christian society governed by one political ruler, the emperor, to whom all rules were theoretically subordinate, and one church, to which all people belonged The Origins of Difficulties in France (1515-1559) The population losses caused by the plague and the disorders accompanying the Hundred Years’ War created such a labor shortage that serfdom had disappeared Francis I and his son Henry II governed through small but effective councils In 1539, Francis issued an ordinance that placed the whole of France under the juris-diction of the royal courts and taille, a tax on land, provided strength to monarchy The Habsburg-Valois Wars, waged through the first half of the sixteenth century, were financed by Francis I selling public offices (tax exempt class called the “nobility of the robe” -- beyond jurisdiction of crown) Francis I worked out a treaty with the papacy called the Concordat of Bologna in which Francis gained the power to appoint bishops and abbots in France giving the monarchy money in return, Francis agreed to recognize the supremacy of the papacy over a universal council -- main reason why France did not later become Protestant
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