an impairment. This is refuted by the social model, which sees a distinction between impairment and disability. Disability, within the social model, is caused by society not by impairment. Disability is the result of a hostile society which bars the full and equal participative citizenship of impaired people by throwing up environmental, attitudinal and organisational barriers against them. Table 1: Models, components and conceptual meanings of (as described by Bickenbach 2012) ‘disability’ Model of disability Components of the model Conceptual meaning of ‘disability’ Nagi Pathology Pattern of behaviour that evolves in (1965, 1969, 1977, 1991) Impairment situations of long term or continued Functional limitations impairments that are associated Disability with functional limitations Social Impairment Limit or loss of opportunities to (UPIAS 1976; Oliver 1990, 1992, Disability take part in community life because 1996) of physical and social barriers Verbrugge and Jette (1993) Pathology/disease Disability is experiencing difficulty Impairment something in any domain of Functioning limitation life due to a health or physical Disability problem Institute of Medicine (Pope and Pathology The expression of a physical or Tarlov 1991; Brand and Pope Impairment mental limitation in a social 1997: Field and Jette 2009) Functional limitation context the gap between a – Disability person’s capabilities and the demands of the environment ICIDH 1 Impairment In the context of health experience, – (WHO 1993) Disability any restriction or lack (resulting Handicap from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being ICIDH 2 Body function and Disability is an umbrella term – (WHO 1997) structure (impairment) comprising impairments as Activity (Activity problems in body function or limitation) structure as a significant deviation Participation or loss; activity limitations as (Participation restriction) difficulties an individual may have Contextual factors: in the performance of activities; environment and personal and participation restrictions as problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations Quebec (DPC) Risk factors No conceptualisation of disability (Fougeyrollas 1989, 1995; Personal factors as such, rather a of the Fougayrollas et al 1998) Organic systems: ‘disability creation process’ integrity / impairment Capabilities: ability / explanatory model of the ‘an disability causes and consequences of Environmental factors disease, trauma and other Facilitator / obstacle disruptions to a person’s integrity Life habits and development.’
an impairment. This is refuted by the social model, which sees a distinction between impairment and disability. Disability, within the social model, is caused by society not by impairment. Disability is the result of a hostile society which bars the full and equal participative citizenship of impaired people by throwing up environmental, attitudinal and organisational barriers against them. Table 1: Models, components and conceptual meanings of ‘disability’ (as described by Bickenbach 2012) Model of disability Components of the model Conceptual meaning of ‘disability’ Nagi (1965, 1969, 1977, 1991) Pathology Impairment Functional limitations Disability Pattern of behaviour that evolves in situations of long term or continued impairments that are associated with functional limitations Social (UPIAS 1976; Oliver 1990, 1992, 1996) Impairment Disability Limit or loss of opportunities to take part in community life because of physical and social barriers Verbrugge and Jette (1993) Pathology/disease Impairment Functioning limitation Disability Disability is experiencing difficulty something in any domain of life due to a health or physical problem Institute of Medicine (Pope and Tarlov 1991; Brand and Pope 1997: Field and Jette 2009) Pathology Impairment Functional limitation Disability The expression of a physical or mental limitation in a social context – the gap between a person’s capabilities and the demands of the environment ICIDH – 1 (WHO 1993) Impairment Disability Handicap In the context of health experience, any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being ICIDH – 2 (WHO 1997) Body function and structure (impairment) Activity (Activity limitation) Participation (Participation restriction) Contextual factors: environment and personal Disability is an umbrella term comprising impairments as problems in body function or structure as a significant deviation or loss; activity limitations as difficulties an individual may have in the performance of activities; and participation restrictions as problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations Quebec (DPC) (Fougeyrollas 1989, 1995; Fougayrollas et al 1998) Risk factors Personal factors Organic systems: integrity / impairment Capabilities: ability / disability Environmental factors Facilitator / obstacle Life habits No conceptualisation of disability as such, rather a of the ‘disability creation process’ ‘an explanatory model of the causes and consequences of disease, trauma and other disruptions to a person’s integrity and development.’
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