Flatbed ~ 1 m2 5 gallon (i.e. Instantaneous Various See NICNAS trucks 19 L) sealed (2017c) loaded with buckets containers (HF) Tanker truck ~ 10 m2 Contents of the Instantaneous e.g. See NICNAS (HF) tanker truck (e.g. Hydrochloric 4 000 gallons; acid ~15 000 L) Line sources Leaking Few 100s of Several m3 Instantaneous Various Uncertain; pipes of m2 (based on and longterm to typical See coproduced a 1×100 m (if not concentrations Mallants et water contaminated immediately in produced (2017a) transported area) detected) water to water See treatment Mallants et al. facility Leaking Few 10s of m2 Several m3 Instantaneous Various Uncertain hoses from (based on a See See blender 1×10 m2 Mallants et Mallants et al. truck to well contaminated (2017a) (fracturing) area) Area sources Dust control Up to 1 ha 10 000 L/day/ha Up to one Depending Uncertain; refer or 103 m/m2/day year on to typical groundwater concentrations in flowback y and degree water as a of interaction guide See with HF fluid NICNAS (2017c) Storage Various sizes Normal Longterm Depending Uncertain; for flowback (e.g. 1600 m2 operations with (years) on to typical and and larger) different liner groundwater concentrations coproduced designs: in produced water expected leakage and degree water as a rate either 0.35, of interaction guide See 3.5 or with HF Mallants et al. 35 mm/year fluids (2017a) Accidental conditions (e.g. flooding): several orders of magnitude higher Improper
Flatbed trucks loaded with containers (HF) ~ 1 m2 5 gallon (i.e. 19 L) sealed buckets Instantaneous Various See NICNAS (2017c) Tanker truck (HF) ~ 10 m2 Contents of the tanker truck (e.g. 4 000 gallons; ~15 000 L) Instantaneous e.g. Hydrochloric acid See NICNAS Line sources Leaking pipes of coproduced water transported to water treatment facility Few 100s of m2 (based on a 1×100 m contaminated area) Several m3 Instantaneous and longterm (if not immediately detected) Various See Mallants et (2017a) Uncertain; to typical concentrations in produced water See Mallants et al. Leaking hoses from blender truck to well (fracturing) Few 10s of m2 (based on a 1×10 m2 contaminated area) Several m3 Instantaneous Various See Mallants et (2017a) Uncertain See Mallants et al. Area sources Dust control Up to 1 ha 10 000 L/day/ha or 103 m/m2/day Up to one year Depending on groundwater and degree of interaction with HF fluid Uncertain; refer to typical concentrations in flowback water as a guide See NICNAS (2017c) Storage for flowback and coproduced water Various sizes (e.g. 1600 m2 and larger) Normal operations with different liner designs: expected leakage rate either 0.35, 3.5 or 35 mm/year Accidental conditions (e.g. flooding): several orders of magnitude higher Improper Longterm (years) Depending on groundwater and degree of interaction with HF fluids Uncertain; to typical concentrations in produced water as a guide See Mallants et al. (2017a) y
technical-report-number-10-human-environmental-exposure-assessment.docx