Duty et al PET Technical skills Laparoscopic peg 10 Experts (n=5), Peg transfer task: Novices: Overall experts (2012)15 transfer task & novices (n=5) activation in L precentral performed better observation of gyrus, L insula, R precuneus than novices laparoscopic tasks gyrus and R inferior occipital gyrus. Experts: deactivation in Novice performance all four of these regions improved from 1st to 2nd peg transfer tasks Task observation: Novices: activation in R precuneus gyrus and R cuneus; deactivation in bilateral posterior cerebellum. Experts: deactivation in R precuneus gyrus and R cuneus; activation in posterior cerebellum Mylonas et fNIRS Robot-assisted Tracking deforming 21 Novices Greater PFC activation with Better performance al technology tissue (free hand GCMC than with free hand observed in the GCMC (2012)36 motor control or control group GCMC) James et al fNIRS Robot-assisted Visuo-motor tracking 21 Novices The GCMC group had more Better performance (2013)35 technology task (free hand rapid attenuation in PFC observed in the GCMC motor control or activity and more rapid group GCMC) focusing of PPC activity FP networks in the GCMC group were more economic, efficient and small worldly Bocci et al EEG Robot-assisted Laparoscopic & 16 Trained surgeons Increased intra-hemispheric (2013)33 technology robotic suturing coherence in laparoscopic suturing in theta and lower alpha bands Increased inter-hemispheric coherence in robotic suturing in upper alpha and beta bands Bahrami fMRI Feasibility study FLS tasks 9 Novices Increasing task complexity Performance et al resulted in activation of motor worsened as task (2014)21 and sensory areas, and complexity increased
Duty et al (2012)15 PET Technical skills Laparoscopic peg transfer task & observation of laparoscopic tasks 10 Experts (n=5), novices (n=5) Peg transfer task: Novices: activation in L precentral gyrus, L insula, R precuneus gyrus and R inferior occipital gyrus. Experts: deactivation in all four of these regions Task observation: Novices: activation in R precuneus gyrus and R cuneus; deactivation in bilateral posterior cerebellum. Experts: deactivation in R precuneus gyrus and R cuneus; activation in posterior cerebellum Overall experts performed better than novices Novice performance improved from 1st to 2nd peg transfer tasks Mylonas et al (2012)36 fNIRS Robot-assisted technology Tracking deforming tissue (free hand motor control or GCMC) 21 Novices Greater PFC activation with GCMC than with free hand control Better performance observed in the GCMC group James et al (2013)35 fNIRS Robot-assisted technology Visuo-motor tracking task (free hand motor control or GCMC) 21 Novices The GCMC group had more rapid attenuation in PFC activity and more rapid focusing of PPC activity FP networks in the GCMC group were more economic, efficient and small worldly Better performance observed in the GCMC group Bocci et al (2013)33 EEG Robot-assisted technology Laparoscopic & robotic suturing 16 Trained surgeons Increased intra-hemispheric coherence in laparoscopic suturing in theta and lower alpha bands Increased inter-hemispheric coherence in robotic suturing in upper alpha and beta bands Bahrami et al (2014)21 fMRI Feasibility study FLS tasks 9 Novices Increasing task complexity resulted in activation of motor and sensory areas, and Performance worsened as task complexity increased
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