According to Nation (2000), the categories of words’ knowledge are form (spoken, written and word parts), meaning (form and meaning, concept and referents, and associations), and use (grammatical functions, collocations, and constraints on use like register, frequency and the like). The components are presented as follows. Table 2.1 The Components of Knowing a Word R What does the word sound like? spoken P How is the word pronounced? R What does the word look like? written Form P How is the word written and spelled? R What are recognizable in this word? word P What word parts are needed to express the meaning? R What meaning does this word form signal? form and P What word form can be used to express this meaning meaning? Concept and R What is included in the concept? Meaning referents P What can the concepts refer to? R What other words does this make us think of? associations P What words could we use instead of this one? grammatical R In what patterns does the word occur? function P In what patterns must we use this word? R What words or types of words occur with this one? collocations P What words or types of words must we use Use with this one? R when, and how often would we expect to constraints on meet this word? use (register, P Where, when, and how often can we use this frequency,...) word? Additionally, Tyler and Nagy (1989) as cited in Lardiere (2006: 73) state that there are three kinds of derivational morphology knowledge, namely relational, syntactic, and selectional knowledge. Relational knowledge is the knowledge (or perception) that two words are morphologically related to each other; that is, they share a common lexical base (e.g., opposed to or argue~argumentas off~offer Syntactic knowledge is the knowledge that derivational depart~department). suffixes mark words for syntactic category in English (e.g., X-izeV; X-ationN). Selectional knowledge is knowledge of the selectional restrictions on the
According to Nation (2000), the categories of words’ knowledge are form (spoken, written and word parts), meaning (form and meaning, concept and referents, and associations), and use (grammatical functions, collocations, and constraints on use like register, frequency and the like). The components are presented as follows. Table 2.1 The Components of Knowing a Word Form spoken R P What does the word sound like? How is the word pronounced? written R P What does the word look like? How is the word written and spelled? word R P What are recognizable in this word? What word parts are needed to express the meaning? Meaning form and meaning R P What meaning does this word form signal? What word form can be used to express this meaning? Concept and referents R P What is included in the concept? What can the concepts refer to? associations R P What other words does this make us think of? What words could we use instead of this one? Use grammatical function R P In what patterns does the word occur? In what patterns must we use this word? collocations R P What words or types of words occur with this one? What words or types of words must we use with this one? constraints on use (register, frequency,...) R P when, and how often would we expect to meet this word? Where, when, and how often can we use this word? Additionally, Tyler and Nagy (1989) as cited in Lardiere (2006: 73) state that there are three kinds of derivational morphology knowledge, namely relational, syntactic, and selectional knowledge. Relational knowledge is the knowledge (or perception) that two words are morphologically related to each other; that is, they share a common lexical base (e.g., argue~argumentas opposed to off~offer or depart~department). Syntactic knowledge is the knowledge that derivational suffixes mark words for syntactic category in English (e.g., X-izeV; X-ationN). Selectional knowledge is knowledge of the selectional restrictions on the
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