environment and the individual’s way of knowing. If work or family life requires one to have a more complex system for making sense of experience, then a more expansive, complex way of knowing is called for in order for the individual to better manage these complexities 2004b, 2009, 2012 forthcoming). Consider Table 3, which shows the different ways of knowing and describes the system each uses to make meaning. Table 3 Ways of Knowing Way of Underlying Thought Structure Self Definition (SD) & Knowing Subject (S): What a person is Guiding Questions (GQ) identified with Object (O): What a person can reflect on and take perspective on 3 Common Ways of Knowing Instrumental S: Needs, interests, wishes SD: Orients to self-interests, purposes, O: Impulses, perceptions and concrete GQ: I get punished?”, “Will in it for me?” “What’s Socializing S: The interpersonal, mutuality SD: Orients to valued others’ (external O: Needs, interests, wishes authorities’) expectations, values, and opinions GQ: you (valued still “Will like/value me?”, you (valued other/authority) “Will approve of me?”, you (valued “Will other/authority) still think I am a good person?” S: Authorship, identity, psychic SD: Orients to self’s values (internal administration, ideology authority) O: The interpersonal, mutuality GQ: I maintaining my own personal “Am integrity, standards, and values?”, I living, working, and loving to the “Am best of my ability?”, I achieving my “Am goals and being guided by my ideals?” Less Common Way of Knowing O: Authorship, identity, psychic SD: Orients to multiple self-systems; open administration, ideology to learning from people
environment and the individual’s way of knowing. If work or family life requires one to have a more complex system for making sense of experience, then a more expansive, complex way of knowing is called for in order for the individual to better manage these complexities 2004b, 2009, 2012 forthcoming). Consider Table 3, which shows the different ways of knowing and describes the system each uses to make meaning. Table 3 Ways of Knowing Way of Knowing Underlying Thought Structure Subject (S): What a person is identified with Object (O): What a person can reflect on and take perspective on Self Definition (SD) & Guiding Questions (GQ) 3 Common Ways of Knowing Instrumental S: Needs, interests, wishes O: Impulses, perceptions SD: Orients to self-interests, purposes, and concrete GQ: “Will I get punished?”, “What’s in it for me?” Socializing S: The interpersonal, mutuality O: Needs, interests, wishes SD: Orients to valued others’ (external authorities’) expectations, values, and opinions GQ: “Will you (valued still like/value me?”, “Will you (valued other/authority) approve of me?”, “Will you (valued other/authority) still think I am a good person?” S: Authorship, identity, psychic administration, ideology O: The interpersonal, mutuality SD: Orients to self’s values (internal authority) GQ: “Am I maintaining my own personal integrity, standards, and values?”, “Am I living, working, and loving to the best of my ability?”, “Am I achieving my goals and being guided by my ideals?” Less Common Way of Knowing O: Authorship, identity, psychic administration, ideology SD: Orients to multiple self-systems; open to learning from people
sarah-bsd-final-dp2.docx