internationalized (A), interstate (B), intrastate (C). First, a Type A conflict is an international-level conflict that involves a third country other than the parties in the dispute. Examples include the Gulf War in 1991, the Afghanistan War in 2001, and the Iraq War in 2003. A Type B conflict involves a conflict between countries in the Middle East region. Examples include the Iraq–Kuwait War in 1990, the Armenia–Azerbaijan War in 1991, and the Israel–Lebanon War in 2006. A Type C conflict is a civil war that is fought between forces belonging to the same state and which gives rise to more than 1,000 deaths. Civil wars occur within the borders of a country and a major conflict of this type can have a destructive effect on that country’s economy and business environment. Representative examples of Middle Eastern civil wars include those in Iraq, Yemen, Syria, and Georgia. In categorizing the 20 selected events of Middle East conflicts from 1990 to 2013, one finds that 5 Type A, 4 Type B, and 11 Type C conflicts have occurred (Table 1). Table 1. Middle East conflicts and number of oil companies in each event by type Type Date Name States involved NOCs IOCs Iraq, Kuwait, January 16, 1991 First Iraq War US, 28 3 12 countries The U.S./U.K. December 17, 1998 Iraq 7 17 airstrike Afghanistan, A October 7, 2001 Afghanistan War 9 18 NATO March 20, 2003 Second Iraq War US, Iraq 10 18 March 20, 2011 Libyan War Libya, NATO 12 20 A 41 85 August 2, 1990 Gulf War Iraq, Kuwait 3 12 B Armenia, December 29, 1991 3 12 War Azerbaijan
internationalized (A), interstate (B), intrastate (C). First, a Type A conflict is an international-level conflict that involves a third country other than the parties in the dispute. Examples include the Gulf War in 1991, the Afghanistan War in 2001, and the Iraq War in 2003. A Type B conflict involves a conflict between countries in the Middle East region. Examples include the Iraq–Kuwait War in 1990, the Armenia–Azerbaijan War in 1991, and the Israel–Lebanon War in 2006. A Type C conflict is a civil war that is fought between forces belonging to the same state and which gives rise to more than 1,000 deaths. Civil wars occur within the borders of a country and a major conflict of this type can have a destructive effect on that country’s economy and business environment. Representative examples of Middle Eastern civil wars include those in Iraq, Yemen, Syria, and Georgia. In categorizing the 20 selected events of Middle East conflicts from 1990 to 2013, one finds that 5 Type A, 4 Type B, and 11 Type C conflicts have occurred (Table 1). Table 1. Middle East conflicts and number of oil companies in each event by type Type Date Name States involved NOCs IOCs A January 16, 1991 First Iraq War Iraq, Kuwait, US, 28 countries 3 12 December 17, 1998 The U.S./U.K. airstrike Iraq 7 17 October 7, 2001 Afghanistan War Afghanistan, NATO 9 18 March 20, 2003 Second Iraq War US, Iraq 10 18 March 20, 2011 Libyan War Libya, NATO 12 20 A 41 85 B August 2, 1990 Gulf War Iraq, Kuwait 3 12 December 29, 1991 War Armenia, Azerbaijan 3 12
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