20. HIF [hiff] transcription factors are activated by low concentrations of this element. The Warburg [vedge-F], effect explains how low concentrations of it make tumor cells acidic. VEGF secreted by tumor cells when this element is sparse, stimulates vasculo-genesis. Low concentrations of this element stimulate the (*) pyruvate, rather than the formation of oxaloacetate. This element is during the reduction of “evolved” reactions. It is the final acceptor in the electron transport chain. Lack of this element favors formation of lactate in anaerobic fermentation. For 10 points, name this element required for cellular respiration, which is absorbed in the lungs. ANSWER: oxygen [or O] TB: The formation of these objects often results in accumulation of flysch [FLISH] and molasse [MOE-lass]. Guyots [GYE-ohs] are examples of these objects that form underwater. These objects are formed either through delamination, or through subduction to form folds. The fault-block type of these features, such as horsts, often form near rift valleys. These features are formed when the (*) lithosphere is crumpled upwards during an orogeny. The lee side of these objects are often dry because they lie in a rain-shadow. They create continental divides in North America. For 10 points, name these landforms that can be volcanic, examples of which include the Appalachians. ANSWER: mountains [or mountain ranges; prompt on volcanoes]
20. HIF [hiff] transcription factors are activated by low concentrations of this element. The Warburg effect explains how low concentrations of it make tumor cells acidic. VEGF [vedge-F], secreted by tumor cells when this element is sparse, stimulates vasculo-genesis. Low concentrations of this element stimulate the reduction of (*) pyruvate, rather than the formation of oxaloacetate. This element is “evolved” during the reactions. It is the final acceptor in the electron transport chain. Lack of this element favors formation of lactate in anaerobic fermentation. For 10 points, name this element required for cellular respiration, which is absorbed in the lungs. ANSWER: oxygen [or O] TB: The formation of these objects often results in accumulation of flysch [FLISH] and molasse [MOE-lass]. Guyots [GYE-ohs] are examples of these objects that form underwater. These objects are formed either through delamination, or through subduction to form folds. The fault-block type of these features, such as horsts, often form near rift valleys. These features are formed when the (*) lithosphere is crumpled upwards during an orogeny. The lee side of these objects are often dry because they lie in a rain-shadow. They create continental divides in North America. For 10 points, name these landforms that can be volcanic, examples of which include the Appalachians. ANSWER: mountains [or mountain ranges; prompt on volcanoes]
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