physically assaulted or Risk factors for femicide threatened with a weapon included: abuser’s lack by a current or former of employment partner in past 2 years (strongest risk factor), were randomly sampled abuser’s access to a in the same cities as the firearm, use of illicit cases. drugs (not alcohol), highly controlling behaviors and separation after living together, having a child who is not the abusers’ living in the home, and previous threats to harm or kill with a weapon. Campbell & Soeken General community Women were Used longitudinal Longitudinal methods Limitations in the use (1999) sample of 98 women who interviewed 3 times over predictive correlational highlight various of ANOVA created two had either experienced at 3.5 years about the analysis. processes rather than problems in their least one act of severe severity of physical and treating abuse as a sampling. First, they violence, two acts of sexual abuse and Women were in one of event. cannot account for minor physical emotional abuse, risk three groups: abuse at missing data at any of aggression, or had been factors for homicide, and Time 1 only; abuse at Assessed and health the three time points, so forced into sex by an health and stress Times 1 and 2; abuse at outcomes at 3 time they had to exclude intimate partner in the outcomes. Times 1, 2, and 3 points, which allowed participants who did not past year. analyses to focus on the participate in all three Used a 3 (pattern) x 3 change that occurs when time points. (time) mixed repeated abuse stops, but also Second, the participants measures ANOVA to highlights the had to have equal measure change or deleterious effects of spacing between time growth in health and abuse, especially points in order to stress outcomes across continuous abuse. include their data. time. Contributes to literature Women who reported by describing different abuse at all three time depression trajectories points had significantly based on abuse poorer health outcomes experiences and at Time 3 than women ethnicity. who reported abuse at Times 1 or Times 1 and
physically assaulted or threatened with a weapon by a current or former partner in past 2 years were randomly sampled in the same cities as the cases. Risk factors for femicide included: abuser’s lack of employment (strongest risk factor), abuser’s access to a firearm, use of illicit drugs (not alcohol), highly controlling behaviors and separation after living together, having a child who is not the abusers’ living in the home, and previous threats to harm or kill with a weapon. Campbell & Soeken (1999) General community sample of 98 women who had either experienced at least one act of severe violence, two acts of minor physical aggression, or had been forced into sex by an intimate partner in the past year. Women were interviewed 3 times over 3.5 years about the severity of physical and sexual abuse and emotional abuse, risk factors for homicide, and health and stress outcomes. Used longitudinal predictive correlational analysis. Women were in one of three groups: abuse at Time 1 only; abuse at Times 1 and 2; abuse at Times 1, 2, and 3 Used a 3 (pattern) x 3 (time) mixed repeated measures ANOVA to measure change or growth in health and stress outcomes across time. Women who reported abuse at all three time points had significantly poorer health outcomes at Time 3 than women who reported abuse at Times 1 or Times 1 and Longitudinal methods highlight various processes rather than treating abuse as a event. Assessed and health outcomes at 3 time points, which allowed analyses to focus on the change that occurs when abuse stops, but also highlights the deleterious effects of abuse, especially continuous abuse. Contributes to literature by describing different depression trajectories based on abuse experiences and ethnicity. Limitations in the use of ANOVA created two problems in their sampling. First, they cannot account for missing data at any of the three time points, so they had to exclude participants who did not participate in all three time points. Second, the participants had to have equal spacing between time points in order to include their data.
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