1: Tourist Arrivals in Tanganyika Before Independence Year No. of Tourists 1947 5300 1948 8590 1949 ? 1950 3720 1951 5120 1952 5830 1953 6700 1954 6210 1955 7930 1956 9500 1957 10600 1958 7630 1959 7880 1960 7530 Source: Ouma (1970); Vojislav (1972). Despite the setback of some colonial policies, involvement and benefits from tourism legislative and institutional frameworks in (Mowforth & Munt, 1998). It is probable that relation to local communities’ development, the situation caused doubts about the interests local culture, local environment and economy, of modern tourism and conservation as they the colonial era formalized and framed crucial were perceived to favor and satisfy more the features for subsequent heritage conservation westerners than black Africans. and modern tourism sector in Tanzania. Most Consequently, modern tourism development of the natural and cultural heritage sites, after independence passed through the period infrastructures and facilities made during the of struggle and resistance from local colonial period are still in use today, and communities as shown in the next section. others form the bases for tourist visits in the country. Furthermore, they set the basis for Tourism after Independence: The today’s wildlife, adventure, hunting and cultural heritage tourism. The colonial efforts Socialist Struggles and Achievements of establishing a single tourist destination by Although the country noted a slight drop in combining the three countries including the number of tourists in the year 1961 when Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya are also it got its independence, and in 1964 during the attempted today. This is because tourism Zanzibar Revolution (Table 2), generally promotion power can be enhanced by during the 1960s and 1970s under socialist or individual efforts and a combination of policies, there were substantial unique attractions from each country. Ujamaa achievements and tourism growth in Tanzania. The growth was influenced by The pitfall of the colonial modern tourism presence of political will to strengthen was that local communities were marginalized tourism institutional and legal frameworks, from the rim of management and enjoyment and to invest in tourist facilities and of the tourism sector. This situation was in infrastructure. The Tanzania National Tourist contrast to the later principles of sustainable Board (TNTB) was established in 1962 tourism which emphasize community
1: Tourist Arrivals in Tanganyika Before Independence Year No. of Tourists 1947 5300 1948 8590 1949 ? 1950 3720 1951 5120 1952 5830 1953 6700 1954 6210 1955 7930 1956 9500 1957 10600 1958 7630 1959 7880 1960 7530 Source: Ouma (1970); Vojislav (1972). Despite the setback of some colonial policies, legislative and institutional frameworks in relation to local communities’ development, local culture, local environment and economy, the colonial era formalized and framed crucial features for subsequent heritage conservation and modern tourism sector in Tanzania. Most of the natural and cultural heritage sites, infrastructures and facilities made during the colonial period are still in use today, and others form the bases for tourist visits in the country. Furthermore, they set the basis for today’s wildlife, adventure, hunting and cultural heritage tourism. The colonial efforts of establishing a single tourist destination by combining the three countries including Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya are also attempted today. This is because tourism promotion power can be enhanced by individual efforts and a combination of unique attractions from each country. The pitfall of the colonial modern tourism was that local communities were marginalized from the rim of management and enjoyment of the tourism sector. This situation was in contrast to the later principles of sustainable tourism which emphasize community involvement and benefits from tourism (Mowforth & Munt, 1998). It is probable that the situation caused doubts about the interests of modern tourism and conservation as they were perceived to favor and satisfy more the westerners than black Africans. Consequently, modern tourism development after independence passed through the period of struggle and resistance from local communities as shown in the next section. Tourism after Independence: The Socialist Struggles and Achievements Although the country noted a slight drop in the number of tourists in the year 1961 when it got its independence, and in 1964 during the Zanzibar Revolution (Table 2), generally during the 1960s and 1970s under socialist or Ujamaa policies, there were substantial achievements and tourism growth in Tanzania. The growth was influenced by presence of political will to strengthen tourism institutional and legal frameworks, and to invest in tourist facilities and infrastructure. The Tanzania National Tourist Board (TNTB) was established in 1962
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