One needs to emphasize positive, or prosocial, role models and avoid negative, or antisocial role models. Head Attempts to provide youths with more positive, or favorable definitions of conventional behavior. Engaging youths in more conventional-type activities Thus, programs such as Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, 4-H clubs, and Little League baseball are examples of such programming Conclusion Theory Concepts Proponents Key Propositions Differential Criminal behavior is Sutherland Criminality is learned Association learned in interaction just like any with other persons; conventional activity; learning occurs within any normal individual, intimate personal when exposed to groups; learn definitions and definitions favorable attitudes favorable or unfavorable to the toward crime, will legal code; learn both the associations vary in motivations and frequency, duration, techniques for priority, and intensity. engaging in illegal behaviors. Differential Criminal behavior is Robert Burgess and Assumes individuals Reinforcement Theory learned according to Ronald Akers are born with a blank the principles of slate; socialized and operant conditioning taught how to behave and through classical and modeling/imitation; operant conditioning criminal behavior is as well as modeling; learned both in behavior occurs and nonsocial and social continues depending interactions; learning on past and present occurs in groups rewards and which comprise the punishments. individual’s major source of reinforcements. Techniques of Criminals are still Gresham Sykes and Individuals can Neutralization partially committed to David Matza engage in criminal the dominant social behavior and avoid order; there are five feelings of guilt for techniques of these actions by neutralization to justifying or rationalizing their
One needs to emphasize positive, or prosocial, role models and avoid negative, or antisocial role models. Head Attempts to provide youths with more positive, or favorable definitions of conventional behavior. Engaging youths in more conventional-type activities Thus, programs such as Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, 4-H clubs, and Little League baseball are examples of such programming Conclusion Theory Concepts Proponents Key Propositions Differential Association Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons; learning occurs within intimate personal groups; learn definitions favorable or unfavorable to the legal code; associations vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. Sutherland Criminality is learned just like any conventional activity; any normal individual, when exposed to definitions and attitudes favorable toward crime, will learn both the motivations and techniques for engaging in illegal behaviors. Differential Reinforcement Theory Criminal behavior is learned according to the principles of operant conditioning and modeling/imitation; criminal behavior is learned both in nonsocial and social interactions; learning occurs in groups which comprise the individual’s major source of reinforcements. Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers Assumes individuals are born with a blank slate; socialized and taught how to behave through classical and operant conditioning as well as modeling; behavior occurs and continues depending on past and present rewards and punishments. Techniques of Neutralization Criminals are still partially committed to the dominant social order; there are five techniques of neutralization to Gresham Sykes and David Matza Individuals can engage in criminal behavior and avoid feelings of guilt for these actions by justifying or rationalizing their
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