42 nm ICR mice Gavage: 0.25, 0.5, - Serum indicators of inflammation 28 d 1 significantly induced at mid- & Park et al. high- dose; clinical 2010a chemistry suggestive of mild liver & kidney tox at high dose. 14 ± 4 nm Wistar rats Gavage: 2.25, 4.5, NOAEL: No effects for or 28 d 9 (nano) or 9 (nano) Ag Hadrup et Ag acetate: bw acetate 9 - ↓ al. 2012a gain, ALP, ↑ ↓ plasma urea, ↓ thymus wt. NOEL: Ag-NPs: ↑ dopamine brain 2.25 levels at 4.5 & 9 (nano) Hadrup et mg/kg/d. al. Ag acetate: ↑ - dopamine & noradrenaline. Uncoated Gavage: 90 NOAEL: No effects: - Blood (17.7 ± 3.3 28 d 90 biochemical nm), or rats van der analysis. Zande et al. - Immunotoxicity Coated with markers. 2012 75% PVP (12.1 ± 8 nm). 60 nm Gavage: 30, 300, NOAEL: Haematology, clinical chemistry & 28 d 1000 30 histology rats Kim et al. observed at mid- 2008 and high- dose consistent with liver effects. 70 nm Wistar rats Gavage: 0.25, 0.5, Atrophy of spleen cells, necrosis of 30 d 1, 2 0.5 glomerular cells, & Sardari et inflammation of al. 2012 parenchymal cells in liver at 2 highest doses. 86 nm Male Gavage: 0.015, - ↑ prepubertal 35 d 0.03 abnormalities, delay in onset of Wistar rats Prepubertal Mathias et puberty. No effects assay al. 2014 on serum hormone (PND23-58, levels, sexual sacrificed at behaviour or body PND102) weight.
42 nm ICR mice Gavage: 28 d 0.25, 0.5, 1 - Serum indicators of inflammation significantly induced at mid- & high- dose; clinical chemistry suggestive of mild liver & kidney tox at high dose. Park et al. 2010a 14 ± 4 nm or Ag acetate Wistar rats Gavage: 28 d 2.25, 4.5, 9 (nano) or 9 NOAEL: 9 (nano) - No effects for Ag acetate: ↓ bw gain, ↑ ALP, ↓ plasma urea, ↓ thymus wt. Hadrup et al. 2012a NOEL: 2.25 (nano) - Ag-NPs: ↑ dopamine brain levels at 4.5 & 9 mg/kg/d. Ag acetate: ↑ dopamine & noradrenaline. Hadrup et al. Uncoated (17.7 ± 3.3 nm), or Coated with 75% PVP (12.1 ± 8 nm). rats Gavage: 28 d 90 NOAEL: 90 No effects: - Blood biochemical analysis. - Immunotoxicity markers. van der Zande et al. 2012 60 nm rats Gavage: 28 d 30, 300, 1000 NOAEL: 30 Haematology, clinical chemistry & histology observed at mid- and high- dose consistent with liver effects. Kim et al. 2008 70 nm Wistar rats Gavage: 30 d 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 0.5 Atrophy of spleen cells, necrosis of glomerular cells, & inflammation of parenchymal cells in liver at 2 highest doses. Sardari et al. 2012 86 nm Male prepubertal Wistar rats Gavage: 35 d Prepubertal assay (PND23-58, sacrificed at PND102) 0.015, 0.03 - ↑ abnormalities, delay in onset of puberty. No effects on serum hormone levels, sexual behaviour or body weight. Mathias et al. 2014
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