4.2 4.2.1 Relative (a) the geochronological principles used to place geological events in relative time Geochronology dating and sequences in outcrops, photographs, maps and biostratigraphy to interpret geological histories (b) the critical application of lithostratigraphic correlation 7 5 (lateral variation, diachronous beds) (c) the application and limitations of relative dating (d) biostratigraphic correlation using first appearance of macro fossils, stratigraphic range, extinction and fossil assemblages. 5: Petrology 5.1 Applied 5.1.1 (a)(i) the sedimentary processes which are infrequent and/or difficult to observe but can be understood and explained and sedimentology Sedimentary using scientific principles economic processes and geology resources (a)(ii) practical investigations to model the processes of sedimentation (to include formation of graded bedding, ripples and delta mouth switching) (b) turbidity currents and how the Bouma turbidite model of deposition demonstrates the application of sedimentary principles 11 10 (c) how simple (topset, foreset and bottom set) and more complex deltaic cyclothem models demonstrate the application of sedimentary principles (d) Walther’s law relates vertical sequences in outcrop with the lateral facies changes seen in modern environments (e) the deposition of banded iron-formations (BIFs) under the different atmospheric and ocean chemistry in the Palaeoproterozoic, as an example of a geological resource produced by sedimentary processes. 5.2 Fluids and 5.2.1 Fluids (a)(i) how in porosity controls the storage of fluids (water, oil and gas) in rocks geological rocks 9 7 processes (a)(ii) how permeability controls the movement of fluids through rocks
4.2 Geochronology 4.2.1 Relative dating and biostratigraphy 7 5 (a) the geochronological principles used to place geological events in relative time sequences in outcrops, photographs, maps and to interpret geological histories (b) the critical application of lithostratigraphic correlation (lateral variation, diachronous beds) (c) the application and limitations of relative dating (d) biostratigraphic correlation using first appearance of macro fossils, stratigraphic range, extinction and fossil assemblages. 5: Petrology and economic geology 5.1 Applied sedimentology 5.1.1 Sedimentary processes and resources 11 10 (a)(i) the sedimentary processes which are infrequent and/or difficult to observe but can be understood and explained using scientific principles (a)(ii) practical investigations to model the processes of sedimentation (to include formation of graded bedding, ripples and delta mouth switching) (b) turbidity currents and how the Bouma turbidite model of deposition demonstrates the application of sedimentary principles (c) how simple (topset, foreset and bottom set) and more complex deltaic cyclothem models demonstrate the application of sedimentary principles (d) Walther’s law relates vertical sequences in outcrop with the lateral facies changes seen in modern environments (e) the deposition of banded iron-formations (BIFs) under the different atmospheric and ocean chemistry in the Palaeoproterozoic, as an example of a geological resource produced by sedimentary processes. 5.2 Fluids and geological processes 5.2.1 Fluids in rocks 9 7 (a)(i) how porosity controls the storage of fluids (water, oil and gas) in rocks (a)(ii) how permeability controls the movement of fluids through rocks
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