Therefore, methods or a Commission of technological India, combination of “Innovation innovation has been these”. is defined as a defined in various process by which In developing ways. But varying degrees of countries, however, measurable value the concept has enhancement is Mytelka (2000) been given a wider planned and defined innovation meaning. Cooper achieved, in any (1980) defined within the context of commercial innovation as the developing country activity. This introduction of a as the process by process may be process or product which firms master breakthrough or that is new to the incremental, and it and implement the economy of a may occur design and particular systematically or production of goods developing country, sporadically in a and services that are regardless of company; it may be whether it has been new to them achieved by: (i) used before irrespective of introducing new or elsewhere. It whether they are improved goods includes all and services and/or, new to their modifications or (ii) implementing competitors, their adaptations of new or improved customers or the processes or operational world. products that are processes and/or, new to the (iii) implementing the most widely economy, however new or improved quoted definition of minor they may be. technological Mytelka (2000) processes” innovation refers to defined innovation (NKC, 2007). Thus, OECD (1997): within the context it is important to “Atechnological of developing understand that product innovation country as the there is no is the process by which uniformly accepted implementation/ firms master and definition of commercialization implement the “technological of a product with design and innovation” and improved production of goods performance and services that are have defined it characteristics such new to them differently to suit as to deliver irrespective of their research objectively new or whether they are contexts and improved services new to their environments. But to the consumer. A broadly, competitors, their technological Technological customers or the process innovation Product and world. is the Process (TPP) According to innovations may be UNU-INTECH of new or defined to comprise (2004), innovation significantly development of ‘the includes purchase new products and improved of new machinery production or processes and and equipment as significant delivery methods. It well as licensing. improvements in may involve According to the products and changes in National processes by firms, equipment, human Knowledge which can be resources, working
Therefore, technological innovation has been defined in various ways. But Mytelka (2000) defined innovation within the context of developing country as the process by which firms master and implement the design and production of goods and services that are new to them irrespective of whether they are new to their competitors, their customers or the world. the most widely quoted definition of technological innovation refers to OECD (1997): “Atechnological product innovation is the implementation/ commercialization of a product with improved performance characteristics such as to deliver objectively new or improved services to the consumer. A technological process innovation is the of new or significantly improved production or delivery methods. It may involve changes in equipment, human resources, working methods or a combination of these”. In developing countries, however, the concept has been given a wider meaning. Cooper (1980) defined innovation as the introduction of a process or product that is new to the economy of a particular developing country, regardless of whether it has been used before elsewhere. It includes all modifications or adaptations of processes or products that are new to the economy, however minor they may be. Mytelka (2000) defined innovation within the context of developing country as the process by which firms master and implement the design and production of goods and services that are new to them irrespective of whether they are new to their competitors, their customers or the world. According to UNU-INTECH (2004), innovation includes purchase of new machinery and equipment as well as licensing. According to the National Knowledge Commission of India, “Innovation is defined as a process by which varying degrees of measurable value enhancement is planned and achieved, in any commercial activity. This process may be breakthrough or incremental, and it may occur systematically or sporadically in a company; it may be achieved by: (i) introducing new or improved goods and services and/or, (ii) implementing new or improved operational processes and/or, (iii) implementing new or improved processes” (NKC, 2007). Thus, it is important to understand that there is no uniformly accepted definition of “technological innovation” and have defined it differently to suit their research contexts and environments. But broadly, Technological Product and Process (TPP) innovations may be defined to comprise ‘the development of new products and processes and significant improvements in products and processes by firms, which can be
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