Stage 37 38 Stage 39 40 Figure. Stages in development of anurans based on Gosner (1960). These four stages were selected in and for 48 h exposure to static Lithobates chiricahuensis L. pipiens concentrations of CFT Legumine (5% rotenone). Table 1. Toxicity of commercial rotenone products to amphibians. Organism Concentration Threshold Compound Reference Southern leopard frog 0.5 mg/L 96 h LC₅₀ Noxfish Chandler and (Rana Marking (1982) sphenocephala) unknown larval stage African clawed frog 5-6 mg/L 100% Prenfish McCoid and Bettoli (Xenopus mortality (1996) laevis) Adults/unknown stages of tadpoles (tadpoles) Chiricahua leopard frog 0.79 mg/L Prenfish Little and Calfee 96 h LC₅₀ (R. (2008) unpublished chiricahuensis) Gosner stage 25 data Chiricahua leopard frog 1.2 mg/L 96 h LC₅₀ Prenfish Little and Calfee (R. (2008) unpublished chiricahuensis) Gosner stage 28-31 data Columbia spotted frog 1.0 mg/L 24 h CFT Legumine Billman et al. (R. field exposure 5% Rotenone (2011) luteiventris) Gosner stage 40-45 (100% mortality) Columbia spotted frog 1.0 mg/L 24 h CFT Legumine Billman et al. (R. field exposure 5% Rotenone (2011) luteiventris) adults (no observed mortality) Boreal toad 1.0 mg/L 24 h CFT Legumine Billman et al. (Anaxyrus field exposure 5% Rotenone (2011) boreas) tadpoles (100% mortality) Leopard frog 7.3 mg/L Dri-Noxfish Farringer (1972) 24 h LC₅₀ (R. (from Bradbury pipiens) Unknown stage of juveniles 1986)
Stage 37 38 Stage 39 40 Figure. Stages in development of anurans based on Gosner (1960). These four stages were selected in Lithobates chiricahuensis and L. pipiens for 48 h exposure to static concentrations of CFT Legumine (5% rotenone). Table 1. Toxicity of commercial rotenone products to amphibians. Organism Concentration Threshold Compound Reference Southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala) unknown larval stage 0.5 mg/L 96 h LC₅₀ Noxfish Chandler and Marking (1982) African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) Adults/unknown stages of tadpoles 5-6 mg/L 100% mortality (tadpoles) Prenfish McCoid and Bettoli (1996) Chiricahua leopard frog (R. chiricahuensis) Gosner stage 25 0.79 mg/L 96 h LC₅₀ Prenfish Little and Calfee (2008) unpublished data Chiricahua leopard frog (R. chiricahuensis) Gosner stage 28-31 1.2 mg/L 96 h LC₅₀ Prenfish Little and Calfee (2008) unpublished data Columbia spotted frog (R. luteiventris) Gosner stage 40-45 1.0 mg/L 24 h field exposure (100% mortality) CFT Legumine 5% Rotenone Billman et al. (2011) Columbia spotted frog (R. luteiventris) adults 1.0 mg/L 24 h field exposure (no observed mortality) CFT Legumine 5% Rotenone Billman et al. (2011) Boreal toad (Anaxyrus boreas) tadpoles 1.0 mg/L 24 h field exposure (100% mortality) CFT Legumine 5% Rotenone Billman et al. (2011) Leopard frog (R. pipiens) Unknown stage of juveniles 7.3 mg/L 24 h LC₅₀ Dri-Noxfish Farringer (1972) (from Bradbury 1986)
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