projections including the UTM Explain the selection of projection type (B) system and stereographic and apply appropriate projection Analytical projection formulae formulae. and planimetric coordinates Distortions in distance and direction associated with different map projections E4.3 Positioning Measurements, Methods and Techniques E4.3a Principles of distance Undertake control surveys, establish, Positioning measurement and angle mark and describe control stations, fundamentals measurement describe horizontal positioning Principles of 2D adjustment procedures, apply appropriate methods Sextant and use corresponding instruments for (I) Total station positioning. Theodolite Correct gyros using astronomic methods. Electromagnetic positioning E4.3b Satellite Explain the GNSS concept and principles. devices positioning Define pseudo ranging and carrier phase Intersection, Resection, based modes of satellite positioning and Traverse Differentiate between base station and (I) methods for permanent networks, real-time and determination of orientation. processing. Expansion of traditional E4.3c test and use distance and angle geodetic networks Positioning measurement instruments. Apply field Principle of GNSS positioning systems validation procedures GNSS services characteristics (single baseline, network, Operate GNSS and DGNSS equipment, (I) Precise Point Positioning) assess accuracy and precision, Performance of code vs. process GNSS data using appropriate carrier; differential vs. software. autonomous modes; multiple E4.3d Historical Relate historical surveys to legacy vs. single frequency; fixed vs. surveys positioning systems. float ambiguity resolution (troposphere, (B) ionosphere) effects on GNSS E4.3e Survey Establish, mark, and describe control
(B) projections including the UTM system and stereographic Analytical projection formulae and planimetric coordinates Distortions in distance and direction associated with different map projections Explain the selection of projection type and apply appropriate projection formulae. E4.3 Positioning Measurements, Methods and Techniques E4.3a Positioning fundamentals (I) Principles of distance measurement and angle measurement Principles of 2D adjustment Sextant Total station Theodolite Electromagnetic positioning devices Intersection, Resection, and Traverse methods for determination of orientation. Expansion of traditional geodetic networks Principle of GNSS positioning GNSS services characteristics (single baseline, network, Precise Point Positioning) Performance of code vs. carrier; differential vs. autonomous modes; multiple vs. single frequency; fixed vs. float ambiguity resolution (troposphere, ionosphere) effects on GNSS Undertake control surveys, establish, mark and describe control stations, describe horizontal positioning procedures, apply appropriate methods and use corresponding instruments for positioning. Correct gyros using astronomic methods. E4.3b Satellite positioning (I) Explain the GNSS concept and principles. Define pseudo ranging and carrier phase based modes of satellite positioning Differentiate between base station and permanent networks, real-time and E4.3c Positioning systems (I) test and use distance and angle measurement instruments. Apply field validation procedures Operate GNSS and DGNSS equipment, assess accuracy and precision, GNSS data using appropriate software. E4.3d Historical surveys (B) Relate historical surveys to legacy positioning systems. E4.3e Survey Establish, mark, and describe control process processing.
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