Old public New public New public administration management service Politically defined and The aggregation of Result of a dialogue Conception of expressed in law individual interests shared values the public expressed through the interest market Clients and Customers Citizens To whom are constituents public servants responsive? Rowing (designing and Steering (acting as a Serving (negotiating Role of implementing policies catalyst to unleash and brokering interests government focusing on a single, market forces) citizens and politically defined community groups, objective) creating shared values) Administering Creating mechanisms Building coalitions of Mechanisms programs through and incentive public, non-profit, and for achieving existing government structures to achieve private agencies to policy agencies policy objectives meet mutually agreed objectives through private and upon non-profit agencies Hierarchical Market-driven the Multifaceted public Approach to – – – administrators are accumulation of servants must attend to accountability responsible to will result in law, community democratically elected outcomes desired by values, political norms, political leaders broad groups of professional standards, citizen customers and citizen interests Limited discretion Wide latitude to meet Discretion needed but Administrative allowed administrative entrepreneurial goals constrained and discretion officials accountable Bureaucratic Decentralized public Collaborative Assumed organizations marked organizations with structures with organizational by top-down authority primary control leadership shared structure within agencies and remaining within the internally and control or regulation of agency externally clients Pay and benefits, Entrepreneurial spirit, Public service, desire Assumed protections ideological desire to to contribute to society motivational reduce size of basis of staff government Expert professionals Entrepreneurial Public servants Administrative who understand and managers with the creating shared staff are fairly administer the power to act agendas rules Table 3. Comparison of public administration perspectives (adapted from Denhardt and Denhardt 2000)
Old public administration New public management New public service Conception of the public interest Politically defined and expressed in law The aggregation of individual interests expressed through the market Result of a dialogue shared values To whom are public servants responsive? Clients and constituents Customers Citizens Role of government Rowing (designing and implementing policies focusing on a single, politically defined objective) Steering (acting as a catalyst to unleash market forces) Serving (negotiating and brokering interests citizens and community groups, creating shared values) Mechanisms for achieving policy objectives Administering programs through existing government agencies Creating mechanisms and incentive structures to achieve policy objectives through private and non-profit agencies Building coalitions of public, non-profit, and private agencies to meet mutually agreed upon Approach to accountability Hierarchical – administrators are responsible to democratically elected political leaders Market-driven – the accumulation of will result in outcomes desired by broad groups of citizen customers Multifaceted – public servants must attend to law, community values, political norms, professional standards, and citizen interests Administrative discretion Limited discretion allowed administrative officials Wide latitude to meet entrepreneurial goals Discretion needed but constrained and accountable Assumed organizational structure Bureaucratic organizations marked by top-down authority within agencies and control or regulation of clients Decentralized public organizations with primary control remaining within the agency Collaborative structures with leadership shared internally and externally Assumed motivational basis of staff Pay and benefits, protections Entrepreneurial spirit, ideological desire to reduce size of government Public service, desire to contribute to society Administrative staff are Expert professionals who understand and fairly administer the rules Entrepreneurial managers with the power to act Public servants creating shared agendas Table 3. Comparison of public administration perspectives (adapted from Denhardt and Denhardt 2000)
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