Scanning Electron Off-line analysis of particle Frequently used with EDX analysis to identify the chemical [42], [57] shape, morphology, size composition of the sample. Particles smaller than approximately microscope one nanometre require use of TEM. Expensive, requires highly trained technicians, only small fraction of sample analysed. Chemical analysis Can include EDX, or range of other methods such as NIOSH [42], [52], [71], [60], [61] Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) Method 7303 for metals, NMAM Method 5040 was used to quantify the amount of carbonaceous material Phase contrast Particle Particle shape, size, [60] microscopy (PCM) and surface characterisation polarized light microscopy (PLM) Q-Trak Plus Carbon monoxide and carbon Temperature º C, [42], [55] dioxide can be used to indicate (Temperature, relative relative humidity %, presences of combustion-derived humidity, carbon carbon monoxide ppm, ultrafine particles monoxide, carbon carbon dioxide % dioxide) Filter membrane Collection of particles for off-line Collection of particles for gravimetric, morphological, and chemical [42], [51], [52], [53], [60], [61] and a sampling pump analysis analysis
Scanning Electron microscope Off-line analysis of particle shape, morphology, size Frequently used with EDX analysis to identify the chemical composition of the sample. Particles smaller than approximately one nanometre require use of TEM. Expensive, requires highly trained technicians, only small fraction of sample analysed. [42], [57] Chemical analysis Can include EDX, or range of other methods such as NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) Method 7303 for metals, NMAM Method 5040 was used to quantify the amount of carbonaceous material [42], [52], [71], [60], [61] Phase contrast microscopy (PCM) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) Particle Particle shape, size, surface characterisation [60] Q-Trak Plus (Temperature, relative humidity, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide) Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide can be used to indicate presences of combustion-derived ultrafine particles Temperature º C, relative humidity %, carbon monoxide ppm, carbon dioxide % [42], [55] Filter membrane and a sampling pump Collection of particles for off-line analysis Collection of particles for gravimetric, morphological, and chemical analysis [42], [51], [52], [53], [60], [61]
REF-Measurements_Particle_Emissions_Nanotechnology_Processes.docx