Summarizing, can be maximized by keeping and solution feed velocities in the Pd,corr CLOW,in proximities of the lower limit investigated here. Conversely, is maximized by intermediate  and as low as possible. For all cases, must be as high as possible, yet CLOW,in vLOW,in CHIGH,in lower than its saturation value to avoid undesired precipitation. Figure 10: Closed loop sensitivity analysis: influence of solution velocity. (A) vs and Case I Pd,corr vHIGH,in vLOW,in; (B) vs and (C) and vs at = 2.98 cm/s; (D) and vs    vHIGH,in vLOW,in; Pd,corr vLOW,in vHIGH,in Pd,corr vHIGH,in at = 0.45cm/s. Simulations of a RED unit (10x10 cm2, 10 cell pairs) equipped with commercial membranes vLOW,in (αAEM = 0.65, = 0.90; = 1.55 cm2; = 2.96 cm2), 270 woven spacers. T = 25 RAEM RCEM CHIGH,in αCEM Ω Ω μm ˚C; = 5 M; = 0.1 M. Solvent extraction scheme. Regeneration requirements of 40 kWhth/m3 of extracted solvent. CLOW,in Closed loop - CASE II: Perspective analysis of the RED and MED technology This section concerns the same salt-solvent (i.e. water-NaCl) case reported in the previous section, the only difference regards the use of more efficient membranes characterized by lower electrical resistance and higher perm-selectivity. The same sensitivity analysis of was performed for Case I comparison purposes. As it can be observed in Figure 11 and Figure 12, the dependences of Pd,corr and  on operating parameters (solution inlet concentration and velocity) are very similar despite the different membrane features and are not discussed. More important, Figure 11A and Figure 12A show that the high efficiency membranes, even with the use of NaCl-water solutions, could guarantee the achievement of power density of about 18 W/m2, practically doubling the power obtained in Case I. Under these conditions, the efficiency could be greatly increased since it takes advantage from the increase of and the decrease of : Figure 11B and Figure 12B show values up to about 15.3%. Pd,corr
Summarizing, Pd,corr can be maximized by keeping CLOW,in and solution feed velocities in the proximities of the lower limit investigated here. Conversely,  is maximized by intermediate CLOW,in and vLOW,in as low as possible. For all cases, CHIGH,in must be as high as possible, yet lower than its saturation value to avoid undesired precipitation. Figure 10: Closed loop Case I sensitivity analysis: influence of solution velocity. (A) Pd,corr vs vHIGH,in and vLOW,in; (B)  vs vHIGH,in and vLOW,in; (C) Pd,corr and  vs vLOW,in at vHIGH,in = 2.98 cm/s; (D) Pd,corr and  vs vHIGH,in at vLOW,in = 0.45cm/s. Simulations of a RED unit (10x10 cm2, 10 cell pairs) equipped with commercial membranes (αAEM = 0.65, αCEM = 0.90; RAEM = 1.55 Ω cm2; RCEM = 2.96 Ω cm2), 270 μm woven spacers. T = 25 ˚C; CHIGH,in = 5 M; CLOW,in = 0.1 M. Solvent extraction scheme. Regeneration requirements of 40 kWhth/m3 of extracted solvent. Closed loop - CASE II: Perspective analysis of the RED and MED technology This section concerns the same salt-solvent (i.e. water-NaCl) case reported in the previous section, the only difference regards the use of more efficient membranes characterized by lower electrical resistance and higher perm-selectivity. The same sensitivity analysis of Case I was performed for comparison purposes. As it can be observed in Figure 11 and Figure 12, the dependences of Pd,corr and  on operating parameters (solution inlet concentration and velocity) are very similar despite the different membrane features and are not discussed. More important, Figure 11A and Figure 12A show that the high efficiency membranes, even with the use of NaCl-water solutions, could guarantee the achievement of power density of about 18 W/m2, practically doubling the power obtained in Case I. Under these conditions, the efficiency could be greatly increased since it takes advantage from the increase of Pd,corr and the decrease of : Figure 11B and Figure 12B show values up to about 15.3%.
Pre%20print.docx