Manorialism: typically organized into feudal nation-states begin to develop in (after estates as small landowners sold land to larger invasion of William in 1066) and landowners; some peasants moved to cities, , remain a collection of large estates others stayed to work the lands of those they (princedoms, duchies) sold to continued to be ruled by Muslims Feudalism: large landowners (nobles, lords) Development of Parliaments: an gave parcels of land to vassals (sometimes extension/evolution of feudal knights, sometimes lesser nobles/lords) in relationship between lord and vassal; , , Political exchange for military service; serfs worked Conflict between Catholic Church and the lands of the lords and vassals in exchange monarchs: power struggle for who has for protection more influence (investiture) Loose kingdoms/Empires developed Hundred Years’ War: between and (Charlemagne, Holy Roman) Sometimes conflicts between estates; largest threat to security were Viking invasions from the North and the Crusades. trade diminished, estates had to become renewed trade opportunities and motivations after the crusades Feudalism: serfs gave a portion of their crops early banking systems and had to work the lands of their lords technology: gunpowder, cannons Technology: renewed contacts with the East ~900 brought plows and improved agricultural Economic techniques An increase in trade sparked peasant migration to cities which allowed landowners to buy more land and pay serfs wages to work the land Crusades: brought attention to products from the East, Europeans wanted these goods; led to an increase in trade and an increase in rivalries between Christian and Muslim merchants Feudalism: lords, vassals, knights, serfs Urbanization Status of women generally declined Increased population due to better Social Serfs could be freed from obligations by living agricultural techniques in a city for a year and a day Increase in rights for peasants/serfs Laws/punishments tended to favor higher (especially after the development of classes over lower, men over women Parliaments that attempted to protect Nobility through landownership, military their rights accomplishments, alliances, service to the Development of primitive middle class: Social state wealthy families from banking and Gradual increase in status of most peasants commerce Chivalry: code of conduct for knights and Gothic architecture: influences from lords; unlike bushido in that it involves a Muslims reciprocal relationship and does not apply to Expansion of universities, increased women emphasis on learning Religion: Catholic Church dominated cultural Renewed interest in Greco-Roman beliefs and traditions (architecture, art, heritage
Political Manorialism: typically organized into feudal estates as small landowners sold land to larger landowners; some peasants moved to cities, others stayed to work the lands of those they sold to Feudalism: large landowners (nobles, lords) gave parcels of land to vassals (sometimes knights, sometimes lesser nobles/lords) in exchange for military service; serfs worked the lands of the lords and vassals in exchange for protection Loose kingdoms/Empires developed (Charlemagne, Holy Roman) Sometimes conflicts between estates; largest threat to security were Viking invasions from the North and the Crusades. nation-states begin to develop in (after invasion of William in 1066) and , remain a collection of large estates (princedoms, duchies) continued to be ruled by Muslims Development of Parliaments: an extension/evolution of feudal relationship between lord and vassal; , , Conflict between Catholic Church and monarchs: power struggle for who has more influence (investiture) Hundred Years’ War: between and Economic trade diminished, estates had to become Feudalism: serfs gave a portion of their crops and had to work the lands of their lords Technology: renewed contacts with the East ~900 brought plows and improved agricultural techniques An increase in trade sparked peasant migration to cities which allowed landowners to buy more land and pay serfs wages to work the land Crusades: brought attention to products from the East, Europeans wanted these goods; led to an increase in trade and an increase in rivalries between Christian and Muslim merchants renewed trade opportunities and motivations after the crusades early banking systems technology: gunpowder, cannons Social Social Feudalism: lords, vassals, knights, serfs Status of women generally declined Serfs could be freed from obligations by living in a city for a year and a day Laws/punishments tended to favor higher classes over lower, men over women Nobility through landownership, military accomplishments, alliances, service to the state Gradual increase in status of most peasants Urbanization Increased population due to better agricultural techniques Increase in rights for peasants/serfs (especially after the development of Parliaments that attempted to protect their rights Development of primitive middle class: wealthy families from banking and commerce Chivalry: code of conduct for knights and lords; unlike bushido in that it involves a reciprocal relationship and does not apply to women Religion: Catholic Church dominated cultural beliefs and traditions (architecture, art, Gothic architecture: influences from Muslims Expansion of universities, increased emphasis on learning Renewed interest in Greco-Roman heritage
post_classical_overview.docx