(Baby bites mother during feeding and is then weaned which is interpreted as punishment). During the first year of life, aggressive drive energy also creates problems.  The ego and the superego begin to develop in contrast to the id, which is inborn.  Baby begins to acquire knowledge of the external reality and learns when feeding  times are and what objects are edible or not. This knowledge and experience lays the foundation for ego development.  Through punishment and reward, children learn that certain kinds of behaviour are  acceptable and others are not and the first moral rules are absorbed into the – superego. Fixation or partial fixation results in the oral personality type. Characteristics of the  oral personality type are: Inordinate dependence on others  Narcissism  Excessive optimism  Jealousy and envy.  If reaction formation is used as a defence mechanism, opposite characteristics can  appear: Selfishness  Self-loathing  Pessimism  Exaggerated generosity  6.2 The anal stage (Second year) Anus and excretory canal are the sources of sexual drive energy.  Child enjoys sexual pleasure in excretion and in retaining excretion.  Toilet-training is of high importance and handling of this issue has an  parents’ influence on the personality characteristics that the child will take into adult life. Aggressive urges change during oral stage and excretory function can be used for  aggressive urges by excreting at the wrong time (punishment of parents) or by retaining excretion (punishment of themselves). However, retaining excretion can also be a form of sexual pleasure called masochism deriving sexual pleasure from – harming oneself. Toilet-training is important for incorporation of rules.  society’s Superego undergoes further development as a result of punishment and  parents’ rewards during toilet-training. Fixation or partial fixation results in an anal personality and is characterised by the  following traits: Excessive neatness  Thriftiness (frugality)  Obstinacy (stubbornness)  And if reaction formation occurs, the opposite of these traits.  As a result of toilet-training, faeces come to be viewed by children as valuable  objects that can be given to parents as a reward or withheld as punishment. Due to this, faeces has a symbolic connection with money. The development of sadism and masochism and the development of obsessive  compulsive neuroses are associated with fixation in the anal stage.
(Baby bites mother during feeding and is then weaned which is interpreted as punishment).  During the first year of life, aggressive drive energy also creates problems.  The ego and the superego begin to develop in contrast to the id, which is inborn.  Baby begins to acquire knowledge of the external reality and learns when feeding times are and what objects are edible or not.  This knowledge and experience lays the foundation for ego development.  Through punishment and reward, children learn that certain kinds of behaviour are acceptable and others are not – and the first moral rules are absorbed into the superego.  Fixation or partial fixation results in the oral personality type. Characteristics of the oral personality type are:  Inordinate dependence on others  Narcissism  Excessive optimism  Jealousy and envy.  If reaction formation is used as a defence mechanism, opposite characteristics can appear:  Selfishness  Self-loathing  Pessimism  Exaggerated generosity 6.2 The anal stage (Second year)  Anus and excretory canal are the sources of sexual drive energy.  Child enjoys sexual pleasure in excretion and in retaining excretion.  Toilet-training is of high importance and parents’ handling of this issue has an influence on the personality characteristics that the child will take into adult life.  Aggressive urges change during oral stage and excretory function can be used for aggressive urges by excreting at the wrong time (punishment of parents) or by retaining excretion (punishment of themselves). However, retaining excretion can also be a form of sexual pleasure called masochism – deriving sexual pleasure from harming oneself.  Toilet-training is important for incorporation of society’s rules.  Superego undergoes further development as a result of parents’ punishment and rewards during toilet-training.  Fixation or partial fixation results in an anal personality and is characterised by the following traits:  Excessive neatness  Thriftiness (frugality)  Obstinacy (stubbornness)  And if reaction formation occurs, the opposite of these traits.  As a result of toilet-training, faeces come to be viewed by children as valuable objects that can be given to parents as a reward or withheld as punishment. Due to this, faeces has a symbolic connection with money.  The development of sadism and masochism and the development of obsessive compulsive neuroses are associated with fixation in the anal stage.
PYC2601-Freuds-Theory-Chapter-3.docx