r and K reproductive strategies Organisms that live in stable environments tend to make few, "expensive" offspring. Organisms that live in unstable environments tend to make many, "cheap" offspring. Imagine that you are one of the many invertebrate organisms which existed during the Cambrian or one of their descendents living today. Maybe you live in a tide pool which is washed by waves. A storm appears on the horizon. The waves increase in height. You feel yourself being dashed upon the rocks or into the mouth of a much larger and predatory animal. Finally, you begin to see your brothers and sisters die, one by one, as the forces of nature change your unpredictable environment. If you could design a "strategy" to overcome the problems created by an unpredictable environment, you would have two choices - go with the flow or cut and run to a more stable environment. Suppose you stayed. Then, one thing you could do would be to increase the number of offspring. Make lots of cheap (requiring little energy investment) offspring instead of a few expensive, complicated ones (requiring a lot of energy investment). If you lose a lot of offspring to the unpredictable forces of nature, you still have some left to live to reproductive age and pass on your genes to future generations. Many invertebrates follow this strategy - lots of eggs are produced and larvae are formed but only a few survive to produce mature, reproductive adults. Many insects and spiders also follow this strategy. Alternatively, you could adapt to a more stable environment. If you could do that, you would find that it would be worthwhile to make fewer, more expensive offspring. These offspring would have all the bells and whistles necessary to ensure a comfortable, maximally productive life. Since the environment is relatively stable, your risk of losing offspring to random environmental factors is small. Large animals, such as ourselves, follow this strategy. Plants are also subject to the same sorts of forces as animals. Some live in unstable environments such as a floodplain near a river or a gap in the forest caused by falling trees. Others live in a quite stable environment, such as a climax forest.
r and K reproductive strategies Organisms that live in stable environments tend to make few, "expensive" offspring. Organisms that live in unstable environments tend to make many, "cheap" offspring. Imagine that you are one of the many invertebrate organisms which existed during the Cambrian or one of their descendents living today. Maybe you live in a tide pool which is washed by waves. A storm appears on the horizon. The waves increase in height. You feel yourself being dashed upon the rocks or into the mouth of a much larger and predatory animal. Finally, you begin to see your brothers and sisters die, one by one, as the forces of nature change your unpredictable environment. If you could design a "strategy" to overcome the problems created by an unpredictable environment, you would have two choices - go with the flow or cut and run to a more stable environment. Suppose you stayed. Then, one thing you could do would be to increase the number of offspring. Make lots of cheap (requiring little energy investment) offspring instead of a few expensive, complicated ones (requiring a lot of energy investment). If you lose a lot of offspring to the unpredictable forces of nature, you still have some left to live to reproductive age and pass on your genes to future generations. Many invertebrates follow this strategy - lots of eggs are produced and larvae are formed but only a few survive to produce mature, reproductive adults. Many insects and spiders also follow this strategy. Alternatively, you could adapt to a more stable environment. If you could do that, you would find that it would be worthwhile to make fewer, more expensive offspring. These offspring would have all the bells and whistles necessary to ensure a comfortable, maximally productive life. Since the environment is relatively stable, your risk of losing offspring to random environmental factors is small. Large animals, such as ourselves, follow this strategy. Plants are also subject to the same sorts of forces as animals. Some live in unstable environments such as a floodplain near a river or a gap in the forest caused by falling trees. Others live in a quite stable environment, such as a climax forest.
Population_Ecology_draft.docx