1. Molarity = mole of solute/ L of solution M 2. mole fraction = = mole of a /total moles in solution xa Colligative Properties (Conceptual Only) 1. FP = (kf ) ( ) ( ) freezing depression m i ∆ ↓ 2. BP = ( ) (m ) ( ) boiling elevation kb i ∆ ↑ 3. = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) osmotic pressure M R T i ∏ 4. Vapor Pressure Lowering = VPL = (x solvent) VP pure solvent = Van’t Hoff factor i for organic solutes nonelectrolytes = 1 i for electrolytes = 2,3,4… NaCl = 2 = 3 i i i AlCl3 = 4 i Free Response Questions Answer the following questions, which refer to the 100 mL samples of aqueous 1999 # 7 solutions at 25°C in the stoppered flasks shown below. a. solution has the lowest electrical conductivity? Explain. b. solution has the lowest freezing point? Explain. c. Above which solution is the pressure of water vapor greatest? Explain. d. solution has the highest pH? Explain. 2001 # 5 Answer the questions below that related to the five aqueous solutions at 25 oC shown below. a. Which solution has the highest boiling point? Explain. b. Which solution has the highest pH? Explain. c. Identify a pair of the solutions that would produce a precipitate when mixed together. Write the formula of the precipitate. d. Which solution could be used to oxidize the Cl-(aq) ion? Identify the product of the oxidation. e. Which solution would be the least effective conductor of electricity? Explain.
1. Molarity M = mole of solute/ L of solution 2. mole fraction = xa = mole of a /total moles in solution Colligative Properties (Conceptual Only) 1. ∆ FP ↓ = (kf ) ( m ) ( i ) freezing depression 2. ∆ BP ↑ = ( kb ) (m ) ( i ) boiling elevation 3. ∏ = ( M ) ( R ) ( T ) ( i ) osmotic pressure 4. Vapor Pressure Lowering = VPL = (x solvent) VP pure solvent i = Van’t Hoff factor for organic solutes nonelectrolytes i = 1 for electrolytes i = 2,3,4… NaCl i = 2 i = 3 AlCl3 i = 4 Free Response Questions 1999 # 7 Answer the following questions, which refer to the 100 mL samples of aqueous solutions at 25°C in the stoppered flasks shown below. a. solution has the lowest electrical conductivity? Explain. b. solution has the lowest freezing point? Explain. c. Above which solution is the pressure of water vapor greatest? Explain. d. solution has the highest pH? Explain. 2001 # 5 Answer the questions below that related to the five aqueous solutions at 25 oC shown below. a. Which solution has the highest boiling point? Explain. b. Which solution has the highest pH? Explain. c. Identify a pair of the solutions that would produce a precipitate when mixed together. Write the formula of the precipitate. d. Which solution could be used to oxidize the Cl-(aq) ion? Identify the product of the oxidation. e. Which solution would be the least effective conductor of electricity? Explain.
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