3.3.II Why did some post-classical Factors that contributed to declines of urban areas in this period included urban areas decline, while others invasions, disease, the decline of agricultural productivity, and the Little Ice Age prospered & grew? Factors that contributed to urban revival included the end of invasions, the availability of safe and reliable transport, the rise of commerce and the warmer temperatures between 800 and 1300. Increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising population and greater availability of labor also contributed to urban growth. 3.3.II.C What roles did cities play While cities in general continued to play the roles they had played in the past as in their societies? governmental, religious and commercial centers, many older cities declined at the same time that numerous new cities took on these established roles. NOTE: Students should be able to explain the cultural, religious, commercial and governmental function of at least TWO major cities. 3.3.III How did social and labor free peasant agriculture • systems develop during the nomadic pastoralism • era? production • 3.3.III.A What pre-existing labor organization • systems continued? coerced/unfree labor • government-imposed labor taxes & military obligations • 3.3.III.B How did social and As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and gender hierarchies develop? caste hierarchies. Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence, most notably among the Mongols and in West Africa, Japan and Southeast Asia. 3.3.III.C What new labor forms New forms of coerced labor: developed? serfdom in Europe and Japan • elaboration of mit’a in Inca Empire • Free peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts. (China & Byzantine Empire) The demand for slaves for both military and domestic purposes increased particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa and the eastern Mediterranean 3.3.III.D Who did some gender The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Neo-Confucianism often led to roles and family structures significant changes in gender relations and family structure. change?
3.3.II Why did some post-classical urban areas decline, while others prospered & grew? 3.3.II.C What roles did cities play in their societies? Factors that contributed to declines of urban areas in this period included invasions, disease, the decline of agricultural productivity, and the Little Ice Age Factors that contributed to urban revival included the end of invasions, the availability of safe and reliable transport, the rise of commerce and the warmer temperatures between 800 and 1300. Increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising population and greater availability of labor also contributed to urban growth. While cities in general continued to play the roles they had played in the past as governmental, religious and commercial centers, many older cities declined at the same time that numerous new cities took on these established roles. NOTE: Students should be able to explain the cultural, religious, commercial and governmental function of at least TWO major cities. 3.3.III How did social and labor systems develop during the era? 3.3.III.A What pre-existing labor systems continued? 3.3.III.B How did social and gender hierarchies develop? 3.3.III.C What new labor forms developed? 3.3.III.D Who did some gender roles and family structures change? • free peasant agriculture • nomadic pastoralism • production • organization • coerced/unfree labor • government-imposed labor taxes & military obligations As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence, most notably among the Mongols and in West Africa, Japan and Southeast Asia. New forms of coerced labor: • serfdom in Europe and Japan • elaboration of mit’a in Inca Empire Free peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts. (China & Byzantine Empire) The demand for slaves for both military and domestic purposes increased particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa and the eastern Mediterranean The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Neo-Confucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure.
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