stack resistance Rstack [Ω m2] spacer shadow factor [-] sf temperature [K] T solution velocity [m/s] v ion valence [-] z Greek letters membrane permselectivity [-] α channel thickness [m]  energy production per mol of transported salt [kWh/mol] equivalent conductivity [S m2/mol] activity coefficient [-]  solution density [kg/m3] ρ  efficiency [-] Subscripts c Carnot corr corrected value of power density (by subtracting the blank resistance as its contribution is negligible for large scale stacks) ex exergetic concentrate solution HIGH in RED unit inlet dilute solution LOW membrane m RED unit outlet out thermal th waste heat wh Acronyms AccMix accumulator mixing AccMixHE accumulator mixing heat engine AEM anion exchange membrane CC carbon carrier cycle CEM cation exchange membrane IEM ion exchange membrane KC Kalina cycle MD membrane distillation MED multi effect distillation OCV open circuit voltage [V] OHE osmotic heat engine ORC organic Rankine cycle PEPG piezoelectric power generation with waste PRO pressure retarded osmosis RED reverse electrodialysis REDHE reverse electrodialysis heat engine SE Stirling engine SGP salinity gradient power SRC-fuel steam Rankine cycle directly fuelled by oil, coal or other fuels
Rstack stack resistance [Ω m2] sf spacer shadow factor [-] T temperature [K] v solution velocity [m/s] z ion valence [-] Greek letters α membrane permselectivity [-]  channel thickness [m] energy production per mol of transported salt [kWh/mol] equivalent conductivity [S m2/mol]  activity coefficient [-] ρ solution density [kg/m3]  efficiency [-] Subscripts c Carnot corr corrected value of power density (by subtracting the blank resistance as its contribution is negligible for large scale stacks) ex exergetic HIGH concentrate solution in RED unit inlet LOW dilute solution m membrane out RED unit outlet th thermal wh waste heat Acronyms AccMix accumulator mixing AccMixHE accumulator mixing heat engine AEM anion exchange membrane CC carbon carrier cycle CEM cation exchange membrane IEM ion exchange membrane KC Kalina cycle MD membrane distillation MED multi effect distillation OCV open circuit voltage [V] OHE osmotic heat engine ORC organic Rankine cycle PEPG piezoelectric power generation with waste PRO pressure retarded osmosis RED reverse electrodialysis REDHE reverse electrodialysis heat engine SE Stirling engine SGP salinity gradient power SRC-fuel steam Rankine cycle directly fuelled by oil, coal or other fuels
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