of school than those children whose veteran mothers were not homeless or were single, separated or divorced. The study by Harpaz-Rotem et al. (2006) was of low quality and low generalisability. Its specific focus on a population experiencing homelessness reduced its generalisability to the target population. Moreover, the population of children with a veteran parent currently or formerly at risk of homelessness was a clear confounding factor likely to have influenced risk behaviour prevalence as much as the military affiliation. The authors’ follow-up study (Harpaz-Rotem et al., 2009) reported that 87% of veteran mothers’ children ages 5 and older were enrolled in school. Enrolled children missed an average of 1.52 days of school during a 30-day period, with changes in the number of days their mother was homeless being significantly associated with reduced school enrolment (p =.01). Children were estimated to be about 20% less likely to be enrolled in school for every 10 days of the previous 90 that their veteran mothers spent homeless. This later study by Harpaz- Rotem et al. (2009) was of moderate quality but low generalisability. Using a sample of students from four US secondary schools receiving Military Impact Aid, Weber (2005) investigated associations between military-connected youths’ behaviours” at school and their families’ frequent geographic relocation. The “aberrant author found school suspensions were rare (11%) in the study population and were not strongly associated with lifetime geographic relocation frequency. The study by Weber (2005) was of low quality and low generalisability. By contrast, Forrest et al. (2014b) found higher overall rates of suspension/expulsion among Australian adult offspring of servicemen. The authors compared prevalence rates for suspension/expulsion from primary or secondary school between adult children of Vietnam veterans and Vietnam-era personnel. The experience of being suspended or expelled from school was significantly higher among the offspring of Vietnam veterans (43%) than for the offspring of Vietnam-era personnel (33%) (p < .01). The study by Forrest et al. (2014b) was of moderate quality and moderate generalisability. Studies also measured school absenteeism less explicitly, such as by condensing several school-related issues into a single indicator. Prevalence reported using these indicators should be interpreted with caution, as the data may represent constructs other than those risk behaviours of interest to this REA. For example, Forrest
of school than those children whose veteran mothers were not homeless or were single, separated or divorced. The study by Harpaz-Rotem et al. (2006) was of low quality and low generalisability. Its specific focus on a population experiencing homelessness reduced its generalisability to the target population. Moreover, the population of children with a veteran parent currently or formerly at risk of homelessness was a clear confounding factor likely to have influenced risk behaviour prevalence as much as the military affiliation. The authors’ follow-up study (Harpaz-Rotem et al., 2009) reported that 87% of veteran mothers’ children ages 5 and older were enrolled in school. Enrolled children missed an average of 1.52 days of school during a 30-day period, with changes in the number of days their mother was homeless being significantly associated with reduced school enrolment (p =.01). Children were estimated to be about 20% less likely to be enrolled in school for every 10 days of the previous 90 that their veteran mothers spent homeless. This later study by Harpaz- Rotem et al. (2009) was of moderate quality but low generalisability. Using a sample of students from four US secondary schools receiving Military Impact Aid, Weber (2005) investigated associations between military-connected youths’ “aberrant behaviours” at school and their families’ frequent geographic relocation. The author found school suspensions were rare (11%) in the study population and were not strongly associated with lifetime geographic relocation frequency. The study by Weber (2005) was of low quality and low generalisability. By contrast, Forrest et al. (2014b) found higher overall rates of suspension/expulsion among Australian adult offspring of servicemen. The authors compared prevalence rates for suspension/expulsion from primary or secondary school between adult children of Vietnam veterans and Vietnam-era personnel. The experience of being suspended or expelled from school was significantly higher among the offspring of Vietnam veterans (43%) than for the offspring of Vietnam-era personnel (33%) (p < .01). The study by Forrest et al. (2014b) was of moderate quality and moderate generalisability. Studies also measured school absenteeism less explicitly, such as by condensing several school-related issues into a single indicator. Prevalence reported using these indicators should be interpreted with caution, as the data may represent constructs other than those risk behaviours of interest to this REA. For example, Forrest
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