Figure 3.11); for example conversion by dredging or infilling to reclaimed land can destroy mangroves (Ferreira & Lacerda 2016). [235 words] PAGE 42: Table of direct causes Table 1 presents a systematic analysis of the direct causes of anthropogenic change in wetlands, with an assessment of their significance (global, regional or more site-specific). It identifies drivers known to cause substantial changes in ecological character or destruction of wetlands. This rating is qualitative and based on expert knowledge, indicating drivers known across a wide range of contexts and locations. The importance of drivers will vary depending on individual contexts or for sites with special local characteristics. Table 1: Anthropogenic direct drivers of change in different natural wetland types. STRUCTURAL PHYSICAL REGIME EXTRACTION INTRODUCTION CHANGE peat species waste quantity frequency Water and Biota Salinity Burning Thermal Nutrients Drainage Sediment Chemicals Conversion Solid Soil Water Water Invasive Rivers, streams, O O O floodplains O O Lakes O O O O O O O Forested wetlands O O O O O INLAND Peatlands Marshes (on O O O O mineral soils) Underground O wetlands Estuaries, tidal O O flats, saltmarshes, lagoons O O O Mangroves Reef systems (incl O O O coral; shellfish & temperate) COASTAL O O Sand dunes, rocky shores, beaches Shallow marine O O O waters, seagrass beds kelp forests
Figure 3.11); for example conversion by dredging or infilling to reclaimed land can destroy mangroves (Ferreira & Lacerda 2016). [235 words] PAGE 42: Table of direct causes Table 1 presents a systematic analysis of the direct causes of anthropogenic change in wetlands, with an assessment of their significance (global, regional or more site-specific). It identifies drivers known to cause substantial changes in ecological character or destruction of wetlands. This rating is qualitative and based on expert knowledge, indicating drivers known across a wide range of contexts and locations. The importance of drivers will vary depending on individual contexts or for sites with special local characteristics. Table 1: Anthropogenic direct drivers of change in different natural wetland types. PHYSICAL REGIME EXTRACTION INTRODUCTION STRUCTURAL CHANGE Water quantity Water frequency Sediment Salinity Thermal Water Biota Soil and peat Nutrients Chemicals Invasive species Solid waste Drainage Conversion Burning INLAND Rivers, streams, floodplains O O O Lakes O O Forested wetlands O O O O O O O Peatlands O O O O O Marshes (on mineral soils) O O O O Underground wetlands O COASTAL Estuaries, tidal flats, saltmarshes, lagoons O O Mangroves O O O Reef systems (incl coral; shellfish & temperate) O O O Sand dunes, rocky shores, beaches O O Shallow marine waters, seagrass beds kelp forests O O O
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