of eating occasions per day suggest of a single study of limited practical significance. boxers (Iwao, 1996) Kant, 2014 SR of RCT, Eating frequency Healthy children, PCS n=7147 4 PCS: 1 in adults found no None QES and with weight adolescents and adults, 20064 relationship over 10 year follow-up PCS management adults, mostly USA men, 101 girls with adjustment for activity and total (change in BMI, and 2372 girls energy intake, 1 in men found incr risk Level-I weight gain) RCT range of weight gain over >5kg over 10 yr from 8 to 100 adjusting for activity but not intake. QES n=6 Large PCS in girls found less than 6 eating occasions a day associated with increased BMI at 10 years of followup. 7 RCT and 2 QES (adults) found no independent relationship. SR of CS Eating frequency Children and 18,849 pooled 11 studies included in MA (21 Protect Variability in definitions with MA with weight, BMI adolescents (aged datapoints) of EF and body size, and Kaisari, 2-19yrs) from US, Children and adolescents with higher confounders used. 2013 Level-IV Europe, Brazil number of eating episodes per day had 22% lower probabilities of being overweight or obese (significant assoc. in boys, not girls) SR of PCS Eating frequency Children and Range from 8 PCS and 31 CS studies included Possibly and CS (meals and adolescents, and 226 to 5811 in protect Mesas, snacks) with body adults children and 14 CS in children showed in 2012 Level-I size adolescents, heterogeneous results, however the 5 children, (adults) range from of these with the best adjustment for unclear and 239 to 19,478 confounders found protective effect. in adults in adults Three good quality PCS found eating at (children) least 3 times/day predicted lower BMI. In adults, 7 of the 9 CS studies with good adjustment for confounders reported an inverse association. One of the 2 PCS found no association after 8 years follow up, the other an increased risk of gaining 5kg+ over 10 years with >4 eating occasions per day.
of eating occasions per day suggest limited practical significance. of a single study of boxers (Iwao, 1996) Kant, 2014 SR of RCT, QES and PCS Level-I Eating frequency with weight management (change in BMI, weight gain) Healthy children, adolescents and adults, mostly USA PCS n=7147 adults, 20064 men, 101 girls and 2372 girls RCT range from 8 to 100 QES n=6 4 PCS: 1 in adults found no relationship over 10 year follow-up with adjustment for activity and total energy intake, 1 in men found incr risk of weight gain over >5kg over 10 yr adjusting for activity but not intake. Large PCS in girls found less than 6 eating occasions a day associated with increased BMI at 10 years of followup. 7 RCT and 2 QES (adults) found no independent relationship. None Kaisari, 2013 SR of CS with MA Level-IV Eating frequency with weight, BMI Children and adolescents (aged 2-19yrs) from US, Europe, Brazil 18,849 pooled 11 studies included in MA (21 datapoints) Children and adolescents with higher number of eating episodes per day had 22% lower probabilities of being overweight or obese (significant assoc. in boys, not girls) Protect Variability in definitions of EF and body size, and confounders used. Mesas, 2012 SR of PCS and CS Level-I (adults) and (children) Eating frequency (meals and snacks) with body size Children and adolescents, and adults Range from 226 to 5811 in children and adolescents, range from 239 to 19,478 in adults 8 PCS and 31 CS studies included 14 CS in children showed heterogeneous results, however the 5 of these with the best adjustment for confounders found protective effect. Three good quality PCS found eating at least 3 times/day predicted lower BMI. In adults, 7 of the 9 CS studies with good adjustment for confounders reported an inverse association. One of the 2 PCS found no association after 8 years follow up, the other an increased risk of gaining 5kg+ over 10 years with >4 eating occasions per day. Possibly protect in children, unclear in adults
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