rather than a medical syndrome by using the analogy that just like height is not a narcissism” medical syndrome but extreme height can cause medical problems (p.101). Although Owen and (2009) symptomology has proven useful, criticisms have been levelled at the Davidson’s abstractedness and indeterminacy of some of the 14 symptoms (see Russell, 2011). A further issue stems from the fact that more than half of the symptoms overlap with other personality disorders and this raises the question as to how particular combinations of the symptoms capture hubris accurately and uniquely. An important step in the development of hubris research is the empirical demarcation of hubris and Hubris Syndrome from similar and related constructs, including overconfidence, core self-evaluation, pride and narcissism (see Table 1). Aside from the clinical approach, researchers have developed other means by which incipient hubris may be recognised and thereby raised the possibility for intervention and prevention. However, one of the methodological challenges that hubris (along with narcissism) researchers face is the practical necessity of researching a phenomenon which has its locus in small number of high-profile individuals who may be reluctant to engage in data collection especially in relation to a phenomenon that is perceived to be negative. These particular aspects of hubris mean that it may often only be possible to access it via measures. Aside from traditional scaling and measurement techniques (e.g. Li and Tang, 2013) one viable at-a-distance approach is based on the assumption that a behaviour and leader’s cognition is predisposed by their personality which is then reflected in their natural language use (). Hence the transition seen in Hubris 2016, p.138) “personality Syndrome” (Garrard, which results in hubristic behaviours, may become evident in spoken and writen discourse utterances and manifest in various micro-scale linguistic features (; Garrard Rentoumi, Lambert, and Owen, 2014). These so-called referred to as ‘linguistic markers’ (sometimes
narcissism” rather than a medical syndrome by using the analogy that just like height is not a medical syndrome but extreme height can cause medical problems (p.101). Although Owen and Davidson’s (2009) symptomology has proven useful, criticisms have been levelled at the abstractedness and indeterminacy of some of the 14 symptoms (see Russell, 2011). A further issue stems from the fact that more than half of the symptoms overlap with other personality disorders and this raises the question as to how particular combinations of the symptoms capture hubris accurately and uniquely. An important step in the development of hubris research is the empirical demarcation of hubris and Hubris Syndrome from similar and related constructs, including overconfidence, core self-evaluation, pride and narcissism (see Table 1). Aside from the clinical approach, researchers have developed other means by which incipient hubris may be recognised and thereby raised the possibility for intervention and prevention. However, one of the methodological challenges that hubris (along with narcissism) researchers face is the practical necessity of researching a phenomenon which has its locus in small number of high-profile individuals who may be reluctant to engage in data collection especially in relation to a phenomenon that is perceived to be negative. These particular aspects of hubris mean that it may often only be possible to access it via measures. Aside from traditional scaling and measurement techniques (e.g. Li and Tang, 2013) one viable at-a-distance approach is based on the assumption that a leader’s behaviour and cognition is predisposed by their personality which is then reflected in their natural language use (). Hence the “personality transition seen in Hubris Syndrome” (Garrard, 2016, p.138) which results in hubristic behaviours, may become evident in spoken and writen discourse utterances and manifest in various micro-scale linguistic features (; Garrard Rentoumi, Lambert, and Owen, 2014). These so-called ‘linguistic markers’ (sometimes referred to as
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