motion and to Fields PS2.B: Types of Interactions macroscopic objects Gravitational Newton’s law of universal moving at non-relativistic speeds.] Electric gravitation and Coulomb’s law HS-PS2-2. Use mathematical Magnetic provide the mathematical models representations to support the Magnets to describe and predict claim that the total momentum Electric currents the effects of gravitational and of a system of objects is electrostatic forces between conserved when there is no net distant objects. (HS-PS2-4) force on the system. [Clarification Forces at a distance are Statement: Emphasis is on the explained by fields (gravitational, quantitative conservation of electric, and magnetic) permeating momentum in interactions and space that can transfer energy the qualitative meaning of this through space. Magnets or electric principle.] [Assessment Boundary: currents cause magnetic fields; Assessment is limited to systems electric charges or changing of two macroscopic bodies moving magnetic fields cause electric in one dimension.] fields. (HS-PS2-4),(HS-PS2-5) HS-PS2-3. Apply scientific and PS3.A: Definitions of Energy engineering ideas to design, …and “electrical energy” may evaluate, and refine a device that mean energy stored in a minimizes the force on a battery or energy transmitted by macroscopic object during a electric currents. collision.* [Clarification (secondary to HS-PS2-5) Statement: Examples of ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting evaluation and refinement could Engineering Problems include determining the success Criteria and constraints also of a device at protecting an object include satisfying any from damage and modifying the requirements set by society, such design to improve it. Examples of as taking issues of risk a device could include a football mitigation into account, and they helmet or a parachute.] should be quantified to [Assessment Boundary: the extent possible and stated in Assessment is limited to such a way that one can qualitative evaluations and/or tell if a given design meets them. algebraic manipulations.] (secondary to HS-PS2-3) HS-PS2-4. Use mathematical ETS1.C: Optimizing the Design representations of Newton’s Law Solution of Gravitation and Coulomb’s Law
PS2.B: Types of Interactions Newton’s law of universal gravitation and Coulomb’s law provide the mathematical models to describe and predict the effects of gravitational and electrostatic forces between distant objects. (HS-PS2-4) Forces at a distance are explained by fields (gravitational, electric, and magnetic) permeating space that can transfer energy through space. Magnets or electric currents cause magnetic fields; electric charges or changing magnetic fields cause electric fields. (HS-PS2-4),(HS-PS2-5) PS3.A: Definitions of Energy …and “electrical energy” may mean energy stored in a battery or energy transmitted by electric currents. (secondary to HS-PS2-5) ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems Criteria and constraints also include satisfying any requirements set by society, such as taking issues of risk mitigation into account, and they should be quantified to the extent possible and stated in such a way that one can tell if a given design meets them. (secondary to HS-PS2-3) ETS1.C: Optimizing the Design Solution motion and to macroscopic objects moving at non-relativistic speeds.] HS-PS2-2. Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the quantitative conservation of momentum in interactions and the qualitative meaning of this principle.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to systems of two macroscopic bodies moving in one dimension.] HS-PS2-3. Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of evaluation and refinement could include determining the success of a device at protecting an object from damage and modifying the design to improve it. Examples of a device could include a football helmet or a parachute.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to qualitative evaluations and/or algebraic manipulations.] HS-PS2-4. Use mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Coulomb’s Law Fields Gravitational Electric Magnetic Magnets Electric currents
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