at 38mg/dL, which puts her at major risk of heart disease. Finally, her triglyceride levels have decreased from borderline high to normal since her first visit. Mrs. Sanders is still at risk of CAD, however, since her initial visit on 6/25, her risk of CAD has decreased. (Page 301) 22. What is the significance of apolipoprotein A and apolipoprotein B in determining a risk of CAD? person’s An apolipoprotein is the protein portion of a lipoprotein. High levels of apolipoprotein B indicate high levels of LDL, and high levels of apolipoprotein A indicate high levels of HDL. LDL transport cholesterol and lipids to tissues and serum LDL levels are the single strongest indicator of CVD risk. Therefore, the higher the level of apolipoprotein B found, the greater the risk for CAD. Oppositely, since HDL particles are involved in the reverse cholesterol transport (from tissues to the liver) the more apolipoprotein A found, the lower the risk for CVD. (Page 301) 23. Indicate the pharmacological differences among the antihypertensive agents listed below. Medications Mechanism of Action Nutritional Side Effects and Contraindications Diuretics Decreases blood volume Potassium supplements may be by increasing urinary necessary, avoid natural licorice output and inhibits renal sodium and water reabsorption Beta-blockers Blocks B-receptors in the Calcium may interfere with absorption heart to decrease heart rate and cardiac output Calcium-channel blockers Affect the movement of Avoid natural licorice, limit caffeine, and calcium and cause blood avoid or limit alcohol vessels to relax and reduce vasoconstriction ACE inhibitors Vasodilators that reduce Avoid natural licorice, and avoid salt blood pressure by substitutes
at 38mg/dL, which puts her at major risk of heart disease. Finally, her triglyceride levels have decreased from borderline high to normal since her first visit. Mrs. Sanders is still at risk of CAD, however, since her initial visit on 6/25, her risk of CAD has decreased. (Page 301) 22. What is the significance of apolipoprotein A and apolipoprotein B in determining a person’s risk of CAD? An apolipoprotein is the protein portion of a lipoprotein. High levels of apolipoprotein B indicate high levels of LDL, and high levels of apolipoprotein A indicate high levels of HDL. LDL transport cholesterol and lipids to tissues and serum LDL levels are the single strongest indicator of CVD risk. Therefore, the higher the level of apolipoprotein B found, the greater the risk for CAD. Oppositely, since HDL particles are involved in the reverse cholesterol transport (from tissues to the liver) the more apolipoprotein A found, the lower the risk for CVD. (Page 301) 23. Indicate the pharmacological differences among the antihypertensive agents listed below. Medications Mechanism of Action Nutritional Side Effects and Contraindications Diuretics Decreases blood volume by increasing urinary output and inhibits renal sodium and water reabsorption Potassium supplements may be necessary, avoid natural licorice Beta-blockers Blocks B-receptors in the heart to decrease heart rate and cardiac output Calcium may interfere with absorption Calcium-channel blockers Affect the movement of calcium and cause blood vessels to relax and reduce vasoconstriction Avoid natural licorice, limit caffeine, and avoid or limit alcohol ACE inhibitors Vasodilators that reduce blood pressure by Avoid natural licorice, and avoid salt substitutes
hypertension_case_study.docx