Table 2c: Studies used to inform the evidence statement for general parenting and feeding style Reference Study Effect on Notes on Intervention/comparator2 Participants/Popn3 N Results/Outcome4 (author, yr) type1 risk5 quality 30 studies: 15 CS, 12 PCS, 3 14 of which included parent system factors. Inconclusive evidence for feeding style mediating the weight relationship. Four studies investigated the interaction bewteen Unclear, Children 0-8 years parenting style, SES and child weight: There are only SR of CS, suggests in high income odds of children being obese increased a few studies PCS and permissive factors countries, North over threefold with increasing looking at mixed N=176 to parenting in Mech, 2016 mediating SES and America (14), permissive style in high SES families. differences by method 17,136 high income childhood overweight and Europe (10), High income predicted a greater SES, different families obesity association Australia (4) and likelihood of permissive parenting measurements Level-I increases Asia (1) style, and permissive parenting style of SES risk. (and long maternal working hours) predicted early and sustained childhood overweight. In low SES other factors (parent’s obesity, high stress, maternal depression) were strong risk factors for child obesity Parenting style: 3 PCS and 3 CS. Longitudinal studies all showed parenting style significantly associated with child weight. CS mixed findings (possibly due to small sample size Indulgent SR of PCS, Parenting styles, feeding unable to detect diff.) and Four different CS and Children aged 4-12 n=69 (USA) styles, feeding practices Indulgent and uninvolved (rejecting or uninvolved parenting style Shloim, 2015 RCT years in Australia, to n=2596 and BMI, obesity or neglectful) styles increased child BMI (rejecting or instruments USA, Netherlands (Australia) change in weight over time, compared with authoritative neglectful) used Level-I and authoritarian. =Increase Feeding style: 5 CS, indulgent feeding style associated with higher weight or BMI z-score. When parenting style and feeding style measured in same study,
Table 2c: Studies used to inform the evidence statement for general parenting and feeding style Reference (author, yr) Study type1 Intervention/comparator2 Participants/Popn3 N Results/Outcome4 Effect on risk5 Notes on quality Mech, 2016 SR of CS, PCS and mixed method Level-I factors mediating SES and childhood overweight and obesity association Children 0-8 years in high income countries, North America (14), Europe (10), Australia (4) and Asia (1) N=176 to 17,136 30 studies: 15 CS, 12 PCS, 3 14 of which included parent system factors. Inconclusive evidence for feeding style mediating the weight relationship. Four studies investigated the interaction bewteen parenting style, SES and child weight: odds of children being obese increased over threefold with increasing permissive style in high SES families. High income predicted a greater likelihood of permissive parenting style, and permissive parenting style (and long maternal working hours) predicted early and sustained childhood overweight. In low SES other factors (parent’s obesity, high stress, maternal depression) were strong risk factors for child obesity Unclear, suggests permissive parenting in high income families increases risk. There are only a few studies looking at differences by SES, different measurements of SES Shloim, 2015 SR of PCS, CS and RCT Level-I Parenting styles, feeding styles, feeding practices and BMI, obesity or change in weight Children aged 4-12 years in Australia, USA, Netherlands n=69 (USA) to n=2596 (Australia) Parenting style: 3 PCS and 3 CS. Longitudinal studies all showed parenting style significantly associated with child weight. CS mixed findings (possibly due to small sample size unable to detect diff.) Indulgent and uninvolved (rejecting or neglectful) styles increased child BMI over time, compared with authoritative and authoritarian. Feeding style: 5 CS, indulgent feeding style associated with higher weight or BMI z-score. When parenting style and feeding style measured in same study, Indulgent and uninvolved (rejecting or neglectful) =Increase Four different parenting style instruments used
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