Recruitment of MSCs, BMP-2 Day 1 to 21 chondrogenesis, role in fracture healing cascade, regulates expression of BMPs; differentiation of MSCs BMP-3, 8 Day 14 to 21 Regulation in osteogenesis Involvement in early stage of BMP-4 Day 14 to 21 callus formation Regulation of ossification BMP-7 Day 14 to 21 Regulation in ossification, GDF-10 Day 3 to 21 BMP-6 initiates chondrocytes BMP-5, 6 maturation GDF-5 involved in GDF-5, 1 Day 7 to 14 chondrogenesis; Stimulation of MSC aggregation, angiogenesis, chemotaxis, degradation of matrix proteins Day 1 to 21 Chemotactic for bone TGF-1 Day 3 to 14 forming cells and TGF-2 Day 3 to 21 macrophages; proliferation TGF-3 of MSC, osteoblasts, chondrocytes (Russell 1980; Murray 1993; Dong and Canalis, 1995; Aspenberg et al., et al., et 2001; Cho 2002; Devlin 2003b) al., et al., et al., Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) is a dimeric polypeptide composed of  and chains; it is a ligand of the tyrosine kinase receptor, and its binding is 
BMP-2 Day 1 to 21 Recruitment of MSCs, chondrogenesis, role in fracture healing cascade, regulates expression of BMPs; differentiation of MSCs BMP-3, 8 Day 14 to 21 Regulation in osteogenesis BMP-4 Day 14 to 21 Involvement in early stage of callus formation BMP-7 Day 14 to 21 Regulation of ossification GDF-10 BMP-5, 6 Day 3 to 21 Regulation in ossification, BMP-6 initiates chondrocytes maturation GDF-5, 1 Day 7 to 14 GDF-5 involved in chondrogenesis; Stimulation of MSC aggregation, angiogenesis, chemotaxis, degradation of matrix proteins TGF-1 TGF-2 TGF-3 Day 1 to 21 Day 3 to 14 Day 3 to 21 Chemotactic for bone forming cells and macrophages; proliferation of MSC, osteoblasts, chondrocytes (Russell et al., 1980; Murray et al., 1993; Dong and Canalis, 1995; Aspenberg et al., 2001; Cho et al., 2002; Devlin et al., 2003b) Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) is a dimeric polypeptide composed of  and  chains; it is a ligand of the tyrosine kinase receptor, and its binding is
PhDthesis_ANDREW_SLOAN.docx