on a scale of 1 for disagree” to 5 for agree”. Five of six items “strongly “strongly were reverse coded. Other family background exclusion Four variables were included: – A dummy variable that equals one if the respondent did not have both biological parents while growing up. A scale that summed ten negative life events questions related to the family: friends/family getting into gangs; family members getting on drugs; family having money problems; family members getting killed; arguing with family members; a parent dying; a sibling dying; parents getting divorced or separated; family member having trouble with alcohol; parent or relative getting very sick. Although a few items in the family negative life events might overlap with other variables included in the cluster analysis, it was felt that as a scale, the items would capture the cumulative effects of negative family events, and not one particular event. A dummy variable that equals one if respondents’ parents were too drunk or high to take care of the family. A dummy variable coded as one for ever being in foster care while growing up. Besides proxying for a factor in pre-existing exclusion, foster care can also proxy for the effects in Murray’s framework where children are placed in foster care due to a parent’s incarceration. Stigma We took the sum of nine questions that were answered are on a scale of 1 for – to 5 for often”. The questions included: treated with less courtesy; treated with “never” “very less respect; received poorer service; called names or insulted; threatened or harassed; and people
on a scale of 1 for “strongly disagree” to 5 for “strongly agree”. Five of six items were reverse coded. Other family background exclusion – Four variables were included: A dummy variable that equals one if the respondent did not have both biological parents while growing up. A scale that summed ten negative life events questions related to the family: friends/family getting into gangs; family members getting on drugs; family having money problems; family members getting killed; arguing with family members; a parent dying; a sibling dying; parents getting divorced or separated; family member having trouble with alcohol; parent or relative getting very sick. Although a few items in the family negative life events might overlap with other variables included in the cluster analysis, it was felt that as a scale, the items would capture the cumulative effects of negative family events, and not one particular event. A dummy variable that equals one if respondents’ parents were too drunk or high to take care of the family. A dummy variable coded as one for ever being in foster care while growing up. Besides proxying for a factor in pre-existing exclusion, foster care can also proxy for the effects in Murray’s framework where children are placed in foster care due to a parent’s incarceration. Stigma – We took the sum of nine questions that were answered are on a scale of 1 for “never” to 5 for “very often”. The questions included: treated with less courtesy; treated with less respect; received poorer service; called names or insulted; threatened or harassed; and people
intergeneration-incarceration-risk-factors-and-social-exclusion.docx