3. RESULTS The 10 analysed regular and accelerated backward giant circles for each gymnast were very consistent in terms of overall duration, timing and magnitude of the hip and shoulder actions (Table 1 and Figure 4). When the data from each trial were normalised to total duration the average standard deviations for the times at maximum and minimum joint angles changed by less than 1 ms. Table 1. Point by point standard deviations for the shoulder and hip angles across all trials for each gymnast and giant circle type Regular SD Accelerated SD Group Shoulder [°] Hip [°] Shoulder [°] Hip [°] 0.9° 1.4° 1.5° 1.9° Most Elite 1.4° 1.5° 1.4° 1.7° 1.3° 1.4° 1.1° 1.5° Less Elite 1.7° 3.1° 1.1° 1.7° Mean 1.4° 2.0° 1.3° 1.7° regular accelerated Figure 4. Time histories of the hip (grey lines) and shoulder (black lines) angles of all 10 trials for the regular and accelerated giant circles by (a) the most elite gymnast through to (d) the least elite gymnast. For the regular giant circles the standard deviations at the instants of maximum and minimum hip and shoulder angle ranged from 5 192 ms and 1 - 5° – for timings and angles respectively (Tables 2 and 3). For the accelerated giant circles the same ranges of standard deviations were 4 23 ms and 1 3° – – respectively (Tables 2 and 3). The deviations in the accelerated giant circles were relatively small for all gymnasts. The smallest temporal standard deviation for the most elite gymnast in group 1 was 4 ms for accelerated circles (Table 2, hip min ④). The corresponding range of deviations of the 10 trials about the average joint angle time history ranged from 1 9 ms. On the other hand, the range for his shoulder – action with the largest temporal standard deviation, 18 ms for accelerated circles (Table 2, shoulder max was 2 26 ms. The two corresponding ranges for the – ①), least elite gymnast in group 2 (less elite group) were 1 22 ms and 1 30 ms – – respectively.
3. RESULTS The 10 analysed regular and accelerated backward giant circles for each gymnast were very consistent in terms of overall duration, timing and magnitude of the hip and shoulder actions (Table 1 and Figure 4). When the data from each trial were normalised to total duration the average standard deviations for the times at maximum and minimum joint angles changed by less than 1 ms. Table 1. Point by point standard deviations for the shoulder and hip angles across all trials for each gymnast and giant circle type Group Regular SD Accelerated SD Shoulder [°] Hip [°] Shoulder [°] Hip [°] Most Elite 0.9° 1.4° 1.5° 1.9° 1.4° 1.5° 1.4° 1.7° Less Elite 1.3° 1.4° 1.1° 1.5° 1.7° 3.1° 1.1° 1.7° Mean 1.4° 2.0° 1.3° 1.7° regular accelerated Figure 4. Time histories of the hip (grey lines) and shoulder (black lines) angles of all 10 trials for the regular and accelerated giant circles by (a) the most elite gymnast through to (d) the least elite gymnast. For the regular giant circles the standard deviations at the instants of maximum and minimum hip and shoulder angle ranged from 5 – 192 ms and 1 - 5° for timings and angles respectively (Tables 2 and 3). For the accelerated giant circles the same ranges of standard deviations were 4 – 23 ms and 1 – 3° respectively (Tables 2 and 3). The deviations in the accelerated giant circles were relatively small for all gymnasts. The smallest temporal standard deviation for the most elite gymnast in group 1 was 4 ms for accelerated circles (Table 2, hip min ④). The corresponding range of deviations of the 10 trials about the average joint angle time history ranged from 1 – 9 ms. On the other hand, the range for his shoulder action with the largest temporal standard deviation, 18 ms for accelerated circles (Table 2, shoulder max ①), was 2 – 26 ms. The two corresponding ranges for the least elite gymnast in group 2 (less elite group) were 1 – 22 ms and 1 – 30 ms respectively.
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