affected by IL-1, TNF- and TGF-1 (Solheim, 1998). It is chemotactic for MSCs, and is synthesised by platelets, monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells and osteoblasts (Andrew 1993). There are potentially beneficial clinical et al., implications for PDGF, and Nash (1994) showed that PDGF increased et al., callus density and volume in the tibial fractures of rabbits (Nash 1994). et al., Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) There are nine structurally-related polypeptides of the FGF family, which are bound to the tyrosine kinase receptor. In normal adult tissue, FGFs are both acidic basic in nature, and there are varying degrees of potency between and members. In fracture healing, FGFs are synthesised by monocytes, macrophages, MSCs, osteoblasts and chondrocytes. The growth and differentiation of all of these factors are further promoted by FGFs (Zimmermann 2007; Jemal et al., et 2008). al., Fibroblast growth factors are active in the initial period of bone repair and are, therefore, crucial in angiogenesis and MSC mobilisation. There is also an instrumental involvement in chondrocyte proliferation and maturation, and evidence suggests that FGF can have an advantageous influence on callus size (Matzuk 1995; Lieberman 2002). et al., et al., Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs)
affected by IL-1, TNF- and TGF-1 (Solheim, 1998). It is chemotactic for MSCs, and is synthesised by platelets, monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells and osteoblasts (Andrew et al., 1993). There are potentially beneficial clinical implications for PDGF, and Nash et al., (1994) showed that PDGF increased callus density and volume in the tibial fractures of rabbits (Nash et al., 1994). Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) There are nine structurally-related polypeptides of the FGF family, which are bound to the tyrosine kinase receptor. In normal adult tissue, FGFs are both acidic and basic in nature, and there are varying degrees of potency between members. In fracture healing, FGFs are synthesised by monocytes, macrophages, MSCs, osteoblasts and chondrocytes. The growth and differentiation of all of these factors are further promoted by FGFs (Zimmermann et al., 2007; Jemal et al., 2008). Fibroblast growth factors are active in the initial period of bone repair and are, therefore, crucial in angiogenesis and MSC mobilisation. There is also an instrumental involvement in chondrocyte proliferation and maturation, and evidence suggests that FGF can have an advantageous influence on callus size (Matzuk et al., 1995; Lieberman et al., 2002). Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs)
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