eating and physical Hispanic when using non-food rewards, encouraged to positively reported ethnicity – activity behaviours children children ‘try one bite’ and allow self-selection. 2 influence both important as QES found increased intake of healthy lower SES and certain snacks when allowed to self-serve, and ethnicities have been increased vegetable intake when given eating linked to poorer immediate positive verbal reinforcement and behaviours quality diets. non-food rewards. Lack of consideration to demographic differences Did not report on whether the nutrition related data collection tools were valid 2 RCT targeting child feeding practices Paired revealed no intervention effect of repeated food food exposure alone compared to no exposure treatment at 3 most post intervention. Of with Increase in fruit and these, 1 RCT found higher vegetable tangible vegetable North America Range consumption in children receiving repeated non-food consumption following Western from 156 exposure + tangible reward (non-food/social reward can Doesn’t measure long SR of RCT Wolfenden, intervention with Europe to 1658 based). 2 home based RCT showed no sig be term effects of 2011 repeated exposure increase in fruit consumption, with 1 effective interventions (>12 Level-I and tangible reward <5 years of RCT finding a significant positive months) (non-food, social age children intervention effect in healthy weight Unclear based) (compared to overweight) children for regarding combined fruit and vegetable consumption. repeated 2pre-school based RCT’s found a sig increase food in fruit consumption, but no differences exposure between groups for vegetable consumption. alone Using 3 day food diaries, reported daily Whether infants who 12 intakes of vegetables at 12 months was 38% Increased started weaning with Netherlands months RCT higher (p=0.02) in the vegetable group (75 vegetable Further research Barends, vegetables continued n=86 ±43 g) than in the fruit group (54 ± 29 g) required into 2013 eating more 12 and 23 23 Level-II At 23 months, reported daily intakes of at 12 maintenance of intake vegetables at 12 and months months vegetables was similar to fruits (49 ± 43, 57 ± months. 23 months than n=81 35 g). This result was not significant.
eating and physical activity behaviours Hispanic children children when using non-food rewards, encouraged to ‘try one bite’ and allow self-selection. 2 QES found increased intake of healthy snacks when allowed to self-serve, and increased vegetable intake when given immediate positive verbal reinforcement and non-food rewards. positively influence eating behaviours reported ethnicity – both important as lower SES and certain ethnicities have been linked to poorer quality diets. Lack of consideration to demographic differences Did not report on whether the nutrition related data collection tools were valid Wolfenden, 2011 SR of RCT Level-I Increase in fruit and vegetable consumption following intervention with repeated exposure and tangible reward (non-food, social based) North America Western Europe <5 years of age Range from 156 to 1658 children 2 RCT targeting child feeding practices revealed no intervention effect of repeated food exposure alone compared to no treatment at 3 most post intervention. Of these, 1 RCT found higher vegetable consumption in children receiving repeated exposure + tangible reward (non-food/social based). 2 home based RCT showed no sig increase in fruit consumption, with 1 RCT finding a significant positive intervention effect in healthy weight (compared to overweight) children for combined fruit and vegetable consumption. 2pre-school based RCT’s found a sig increase in fruit consumption, but no differences between groups for vegetable consumption. Paired food exposure with tangible non-food reward can be effective Unclear regarding repeated food exposure alone Doesn’t measure long term effects of interventions (>12 months) Barends, 2013 RCT Level-II Whether infants who started weaning with vegetables continued eating more vegetables at 12 and 23 months than Netherlands 12 and 23 months 12 months n=86 23 months n=81 Using 3 day food diaries, reported daily intakes of vegetables at 12 months was 38% higher (p=0.02) in the vegetable group (75 ±43 g) than in the fruit group (54 ± 29 g) At 23 months, reported daily intakes of vegetables was similar to fruits (49 ± 43, 57 ± 35 g). This result was not significant. Increased vegetable at 12 months. Further research required into maintenance of intake
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