negative (52.7%) appearance conversations, indicating these conversations exist for the majority of men. Comparisons between gay and heterosexual men Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) were carried out to determine if gay and heterosexual men differed in (1) levels of body fat-, height- and muscularity- dissatisfaction, (2) levels of appearance orientation and internalization of appearance ideals and (3) the frequency at which they engage in positive and negative appearance conversations after controlling for age. Body dissatisfaction. The MANCOVA on measures of body fat-, height- and muscularity- dissatisfaction indicated a significant multivariate effect (F (3,129) = 5.07, = p .002, partial = .11) after controlling for age (p = .001). There were also significant ŋ2 univariate effects for sexuality on body fat- (F (1,131) = 6.34, = .013, partial = .046) and p ŋ2 muscularity- (F (1,131) = 12.99, < .001, partial = .090) dissatisfaction. Specifically, as p ŋ2 predicted, gay men reported greater levels of dissatisfaction with their body fat and muscularity in comparison to heterosexual men. However, there was no significant univariate effect for sexuality on height dissatisfaction (F (1,131) = .001, = .975, partial = .00), p ŋ2 indicating that gay and heterosexual men did not differ in their levels of dissatisfaction with height. Appearance orientation and internalization of appearance ideals. The MANCOVA indicated a significant multivariate effect (F (3,128) = 5.66, = .001, partial p ŋ2 = .12) controlling for age (p = .07). There were also significant univariate effects for sexuality on appearance orientation (F (1,130) = 15.14, < .001, partial = .104) and p ŋ2 general-internalization (F (1,131) = 6.71, = .011, partial = .049). As predicted, gay men p ŋ2 reported higher levels of appearance orientation and internalization of the general appearance ideal than heterosexual men. In contrast to predictions, gay men did not report greater levels
negative (52.7%) appearance conversations, indicating these conversations exist for the majority of men. Comparisons between gay and heterosexual men Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) were carried out to determine if gay and heterosexual men differed in (1) levels of body fat-, height- and muscularity- dissatisfaction, (2) levels of appearance orientation and internalization of appearance ideals and (3) the frequency at which they engage in positive and negative appearance conversations after controlling for age. Body dissatisfaction. The MANCOVA on measures of body fat-, height- and muscularity- dissatisfaction indicated a significant multivariate effect (F (3,129) = 5.07, p = .002, partial ŋ2 = .11) after controlling for age (p = .001). There were also significant univariate effects for sexuality on body fat- (F (1,131) = 6.34, p = .013, partial ŋ2 = .046) and muscularity- (F (1,131) = 12.99, p < .001, partial ŋ2 = .090) dissatisfaction. Specifically, as predicted, gay men reported greater levels of dissatisfaction with their body fat and muscularity in comparison to heterosexual men. However, there was no significant univariate effect for sexuality on height dissatisfaction (F (1,131) = .001, p = .975, partial ŋ2 = .00), indicating that gay and heterosexual men did not differ in their levels of dissatisfaction with height. Appearance orientation and internalization of appearance ideals. The MANCOVA indicated a significant multivariate effect (F (3,128) = 5.66, p = .001, partial ŋ2 = .12) controlling for age (p = .07). There were also significant univariate effects for sexuality on appearance orientation (F (1,130) = 15.14, p < .001, partial ŋ2 = .104) and general-internalization (F (1,131) = 6.71, p = .011, partial ŋ2 = .049). As predicted, gay men reported higher levels of appearance orientation and internalization of the general appearance ideal than heterosexual men. In contrast to predictions, gay men did not report greater levels
Jankowski_Diedrichs_Halliwell_etal%282014%29.docx