Payments may overcome larger costs Only some will change management Immediate impact on behaviour Minimum performance Often inflexible for targeted stakeholders Mandatory compliance Incentives to avoid penalty not improve Required Implies polluter pays outcomes actions Capable of near universal change Usually input or processed-based (primarily May be cheap for government Costly to enforce / requires enforcement regulations) Faster impact on behaviour Often opposed by industry Imposes costs on participants Mixed Can overcome multiple impediments Additional complexity, cost and potential for mechanisms Can appeal to broad constituencies unexpected interactions Source: Whitten and Coggan (2010)
Payments may overcome larger costs Immediate impact on behaviour Only some will change management Required actions (primarily regulations) Minimum performance Mandatory compliance Implies polluter pays Capable of near universal change May be cheap for government Faster impact on behaviour Often inflexible for targeted stakeholders Incentives to avoid penalty not improve outcomes Usually input or processed-based Costly to enforce / requires enforcement Often opposed by industry Imposes costs on participants Mixed mechanisms Can overcome multiple impediments Can appeal to broad constituencies Additional complexity, cost and potential for unexpected interactions Source: Whitten and Coggan (2010)
planning-overview.docx