Knowledge Geological Comments and techniques and understanding skills Minerals are formed by: Use appropriate tests of: Equipment to be crystallisation from a physical used includes a melt [quartz, feldspar, properties of streak plate, hand mica, olivine and minerals lens, 0.5 mol dm−3 augite] [observation hydrochloric acid, of colour, metamorphic fingernail, copper coin, hardness steel pin and a mineral streak, [calcite, data sheet. garnet] cleavage, crystallisation lustre] See Practical from solution in [reaction with 0.5 Guidance Sheet 1. evaporating water mol dm−3 [halite] hydrochloric acid] See Practical crystallisation as to identify and Guidance Sheet 2. cement from distinguish between the flowing pore waters minerals on the data Candidates are not [quartz, calcite] sheet. required to memorise crystallisation from information on the hydrothermal fluids Interpret data from data sheet, which will [in veins and faults: the data sheet. be provided in the gangue minerals assessments. – quartz, calcite; ore minerals haematite, – galena]. b. Modern laboratory Candidates should be techniques can be used made aware of the to image mineral samples laboratory techniques on a small scale and and equipment used to determine their chemistry image and identify e.g. the scanning electron minerals at a microscope and electron microscopic level. microprobe. N.B. Access to Knowledge of the these techniques is workings of the not required. instruments and the methods of sample preparation is not required.
Knowledge and understanding Geological techniques and skills Comments Minerals are formed by: crystallisation from a melt [quartz, feldspar, mica, olivine and augite] metamorphic [calcite, garnet] crystallisation from solution in evaporating water [halite] crystallisation as cement from flowing pore waters [quartz, calcite] crystallisation from hydrothermal fluids [in veins and faults: gangue minerals – quartz, calcite; ore minerals – haematite, galena]. Use appropriate tests of: physical properties of minerals [observation of colour, streak, cleavage, lustre] [reaction with 0.5 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid] to identify and distinguish between the minerals on the data sheet. Interpret data from the data sheet. Equipment to be used includes a streak plate, hand lens, 0.5 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid, fingernail, copper coin, steel pin and a mineral data sheet. See Practical Guidance Sheet 1. See Practical Guidance Sheet 2. Candidates are not required to memorise information on the data sheet, which will be provided in the assessments. b. Modern laboratory techniques can be used to image mineral samples on a small scale and determine their chemistry e.g. the scanning electron microscope and electron microprobe. N.B. Access to these techniques is not required. Candidates should be made aware of the laboratory techniques and equipment used to image and identify minerals at a microscopic level. Knowledge of the workings of the instruments and the methods of sample preparation is not required. hardness
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