of water and energy, that are still ignored. In particular, costs associated with environmental externalities are generally not accounted for (3). Water Use EROWI Net (l/MJ)1 Technology Key Specifications EROEI (MJ/l)2 EROWI2 Direct2 Indirect3 - Once-through Nuclear 33.25 0.030 0.027 cooling NA 10 Electric (0.145) (6.897) (6.21) - National average Nuclear - Recirculating 1.162 0.861 0.775 NA 10 Electric - National average (0.659) (1.517) (1.37) - Once-through, Coal 28.62 0.0349 sub-critical NA NA NA Electric (0.146) (6.849) - National average - Recirculating, Coal 0.560 1.786 sub-critical NA NA NA Electric (0.488) (2.049) - National average - Cooling pond, Coal 18.922 0.0528 sub-critical NA NA NA Electric (0.849) (1.178) - National average - Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (0.061– (16.39 (12.02 – – Tar Sands NA 3.75 - in situ Alberta, 0.122) 8.19) 6.01) – Canada - 113 MW Biomass Biomass IGCC US – 0.238 0.021 3.86 15.6 3.61 Electric - Non-irrigated hybrid poplar - IGCC Biomass - Irrigated hybrid 0.238 3.85 0.245 1.60 0.092 Electric poplar Italy – - IGCC with various feedstocks Biomass -Irrigated at a rate 40 NA 0.025 5.0 0.02 Electric of 400 L/kg dry biomass.
of water and energy, that are still ignored. In particular, costs associated with environmental externalities are generally not accounted for (3). Technology Key Specifications Water Use (l/MJ)1 EROWI (MJ/l)2 EROEI Net EROWI2 Direct2 Indirect3 Nuclear Electric - Once-through cooling - National average 33.25 (0.145) NA 0.030 (6.897) 10 0.027 (6.21) Nuclear Electric - Recirculating - National average 1.162 (0.659) NA 0.861 (1.517) 10 0.775 (1.37) Coal Electric - Once-through, sub-critical - National average 28.62 (0.146) NA 0.0349 (6.849) NA NA Coal Electric - Recirculating, sub-critical - National average 0.560 (0.488) NA 1.786 (2.049) NA NA Coal Electric - Cooling pond, sub-critical - National average 18.922 (0.849) NA 0.0528 (1.178) NA NA Tar Sands - Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage - in situ – Alberta, Canada (0.061– 0.122) NA (16.39 – 8.19) 3.75 (12.02 – 6.01) Biomass Electric - 113 MW Biomass IGCC – US - Non-irrigated hybrid poplar 0.238 0.021 3.86 15.6 3.61 Biomass Electric - IGCC - Irrigated hybrid poplar – Italy 0.238 3.85 0.245 1.60 0.092 Biomass Electric - IGCC with various feedstocks -Irrigated at a rate of 400 L/kg dry biomass. 40 NA 0.025 5.0 0.02
format_thesis_final_nh_v14.docx