Voiced. Vibration. Trap air /b/ "bill" /p/ "pill" with lips. Voiced. Friction with top teeth /v/ "of" /f/ "off" & bottom lip. Voiced. Friction with top teeth /v/ "vet" /w/ "wet" & bottom lip. Voiceless. Friction. Tongue "thin" /d/ "din" /θ/ between teeth. Voiceless. Friction. Tongue "thin" /s/ "sin" /θ/ between teeth. Move tongue to a lower front /æ/ "man" /e/ "men" position. Voiced. Friction. Tongue /ð/ "clothe" /z/ "close" /z/ between teeth. Start with lips tightly rounded. /w/ "west" /v/ "vest" Unround & glide. Voiced: tip of tongue behind /z/ "rise" /s/ "rice" top teeth. Friction. Voiceless. Friction. Front of /ʃ/ "sherry" /ʧ/ "cherry" tongue to palate. Voiced: Front of tongue to /ʒ/ "confusion" /ʃ/ "Confucian" palate. Friction. Unvoiced: Tip to alveolar. /ʧ/ "cherry" /ʃ/ "sherry" Front to palate. Unvoiced: Tip to alveolar. /ʧ/ "chin" /ʤ/ "gin" Front to palate. Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front /ʤ/ "Jerry" /ʃ/ "sherry" to palate. Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front /ʤ/ "job" /j/ "yob" to palate. Voiced stop: back of tongue to + /g/ "thing" + /k/ "think" /ŋ/ /ŋ/ back roof. Back of tongue to back roof. + /k/ "think" + /g/ "thin" + k or /ŋ/ /ŋ/ Nasal. g British "r" is weaker & usually silent "survivor" /r/ "Sir Ivor" silent unless followed by a vowel. Glide /j/(i:) the tongue quickly /j/ "yam" /ʤ/ "jam" to next sound Voiced. Friction. Tongue /ð/ "they" /d/ "day"
Voiced. Vibration. Trap air with lips. /b/ "bill" /p/ "pill" Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. /v/ "of" /f/ "off" Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip. /v/ "vet" /w/ "wet" Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. /θ/ "thin" /d/ "din" Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth. /θ/ "thin" /s/ "sin" Move tongue to a lower front position. /æ/ "man" /e/ "men" Voiced. Friction. Tongue between teeth. /ð/ "clothe" /z/ "close" /z/ Start with lips tightly rounded. Unround & glide. /w/ "west" /v/ "vest" Voiced: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction. /z/ "rise" /s/ "rice" Voiceless. Friction. Front of tongue to palate. /ʃ/ "sherry" /ʧ/ "cherry" Voiced: Front of tongue to palate. Friction. /ʒ/ "confusion" /ʃ/ "Confucian" Unvoiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. /ʧ/ "cherry" /ʃ/ "sherry" Unvoiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. /ʧ/ "chin" /ʤ/ "gin" Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. /ʤ/ "Jerry" /ʃ/ "sherry" Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate. /ʤ/ "job" /j/ "yob" Voiced stop: back of tongue to back roof. /ŋ/ + /g/ "thing" /ŋ/ + /k/ "think" Back of tongue to back roof. Nasal. /ŋ/ + /k/ "think" /ŋ/ + /g/ "thin" + k or g British "r" is weaker & usually silent unless followed by a vowel. silent "survivor" /r/ "Sir Ivor" Glide /j/(i:) the tongue quickly to next sound /j/ "yam" /ʤ/ "jam" Voiced. Friction. Tongue /ð/ "they" /d/ "day"
german_language_manual_final_product.docx