Geological Knowledge Comments techniques and and skills understanding Geological events Investigate the link are dated and between ancient and interpreted using modern processes by stratigraphic applying the principle of principles: uniformitarianism. uniformitarianism – the present is Apply the principles of the key to the relative dating to interpret past the evidence in rock the concepts of exposures in the field, in original diagrams/photographs horizontality, and simplified maps and lateral continuity cross- sections for the and superposition sequence of geological events that of strata the relative formed/deformed them. dating of rocks on the basis of included fragments, cross cutting relationships. b. Rocks can be dated and Candidates should be correlated using the aware that graptolites are used to zone the evolutionary change of Lower Palaeozoic and zone fossils over time. cephalopods can be used to zone the Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. The following zone Use the named fossil groups have fossils, as seen in morphological specimens and changes with time that diagrams/photographs are used in to interpret the dating/correlation: geological history of a cephalopods rock sequence. [goniatites, ceratites, ammonites – suture line] graptolites [stipes, thecae].
Knowledge and understanding Geological techniques and skills Comments Geological events are dated and interpreted using stratigraphic principles: uniformitarianism – the present is the key to the past the concepts of original horizontality, lateral continuity and superposition of strata the relative dating of rocks on the basis of included fragments, cross cutting relationships. Investigate the link between ancient and modern processes by applying the principle of uniformitarianism. Apply the principles of relative dating to interpret the evidence in rock exposures in the field, in diagrams/photographs and simplified maps and cross- sections for the sequence of geological events that formed/deformed them. b. Rocks can be dated and correlated using the evolutionary change of zone fossils over time. Candidates should be aware that graptolites are used to zone the Lower Palaeozoic and cephalopods can be used to zone the Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. The following zone fossil groups have morphological changes with time that are used in dating/correlation: cephalopods [goniatites, ceratites, ammonites – suture line] graptolites [stipes, thecae]. Use the named fossils, as seen in specimens and diagrams/photographs to interpret the geological history of a rock sequence.
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