early and recent perspectives is that experiences of psychological stress result from iterative between events, personal evaluations of events, and coping reactions to alter events. interactions These iterative interactions are specifically thought to arise in part from evaluative processes that evoke coordinated changes in behavior, emotional states, and physiology in ways that may predict, precipitate, or protect against disease. For example, a premise of early and still influential perspectives is that individual-by-event interactions are capable of evoking distinct patterns of behavioral, emotional, and physiological stress reactions that might lead to risk for distinct kinds of physical disease across individuals (e.g., cardiovascular disease, asthma, etc.) (e.g., Alexander, 1939; MacLean, 1949; Mason, 1971; Weiner, 1992). Another common assumption of many perspectives on psychological stress and health derives from conceptual framework on appraisal processes. In this framework, Lazarus’ (1966) psychological stress unfolds after an external event (e.g., an insult from a friend) or an internal event (e.g., anticipating or recalling a traumatic experience) is first registered as a ‘demand.’ Such demands may signal preparative needs for coping and adaptation to manage predicted harm. After such demands are registered, they are iteratively appraised (evaluated) with respect to an for coping. Mechanistically, appraisal processes are of two individual’s perceived resources types in this framework: (i) appraisals denote the extent to which demands are evaluated Primary for their personal meaning, relevance, and significance (e.g., does this “How much matter?”); and (ii) appraisals denote the extent to which coping resources against such demands secondary are evaluated for their availability (e.g., can be Understood in this way, “What done?”). psychological stress is thus experienced when internal or external demands are appraised as and contexts that are unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overwhelming with threats—events respect to the construed coping resources of the individual.
early and recent perspectives is that experiences of psychological stress result from iterative interactions between events, personal evaluations of events, and coping reactions to alter events. These iterative interactions are specifically thought to arise in part from evaluative processes that evoke coordinated changes in behavior, emotional states, and physiology in ways that may predict, precipitate, or protect against disease. For example, a premise of early and still influential perspectives is that individual-by-event interactions are capable of evoking distinct patterns of behavioral, emotional, and physiological stress reactions that might lead to risk for distinct kinds of physical disease across individuals (e.g., cardiovascular disease, asthma, etc.) (e.g., Alexander, 1939; MacLean, 1949; Mason, 1971; Weiner, 1992). Another common assumption of many perspectives on psychological stress and health derives from Lazarus’ (1966) conceptual framework on appraisal processes. In this framework, psychological stress unfolds after an external event (e.g., an insult from a friend) or an internal event (e.g., anticipating or recalling a traumatic experience) is first registered as a ‘demand.’ Such demands may signal preparative needs for coping and adaptation to manage predicted harm. After such demands are registered, they are iteratively appraised (evaluated) with respect to an individual’s perceived resources for coping. Mechanistically, appraisal processes are of two types in this framework: (i) Primary appraisals denote the extent to which demands are evaluated for their personal meaning, relevance, and significance (e.g., “How much does this matter?”); and (ii) secondary appraisals denote the extent to which coping resources against such demands are evaluated for their availability (e.g., “What can be done?”). Understood in this way, psychological stress is thus experienced when internal or external demands are appraised as threats—events and contexts that are unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overwhelming with respect to the construed coping resources of the individual.
Gianaros_Jennings_AMP20160300_21Aug2017_accepted.docx