estimated. and hence these beverages would unlikely to cause fluorosis if considered individually. Graves et Given that about Household drinking water samples were Drinking water had fluoride ranging from 0.08 Contrary to the previous al. 2009 15% of US assessed and fluoride exposures were obtained to 1.3mg/L which was not only lower than reports these findings households with from parents while primary school children were that expected to cause health concerns and suggested relatively a private wells examined to diagnose dental fluorosis. also 94% below the level required for caries lower exposure to were ignored in protection. fluoride. national water fluoridation The prevalence of mild dental fluorosis was program the about 19% which was in line with national authors were level. aiming to estimate the fluoride content in private wells and the prevalence of dental fluorosis among the children who live in these households. The aim of this Use of supplements was ascertained through Daily average fluoride intake contribution Participants were not Hamasha et al. 2005 study was to the questionnaires mailed at 3 to 6- month from supplements increased with age from representative of any report fluoride intervals. 0.06 mg (birth-12 months) to 0.07 mg (12-60 population group and supplement use months) to 0.18 mg (60-96 months) although over-represented by from birth to 96 Fluoride intake from supplements was derived in the proportion of users decreased with age. Whites with high months of age in such a way to indicate it as a daily fluoride education levels. 1388 intake in mg. About 7-23% of the participants was living in participants. areas with 0.6ppm fluoride in water and Self-reported data were hence was inappropriately receiving not validated. supplements. Dental fluorosis levels were not reported. Maguire et Stressing the Indirect acid diffusion method and direct The median fluoride content ranged from Only RTF infant foods al. 2011 importance of selective electrode method was used to analyse for milks to for baked were analysed. 0.02μg/ml 0.2μg/g knowing total fluoride content of 122 infant foods. goods. fluoride intake from all sources Authors suggested that RTF infant foods had
estimated. and hence these beverages would unlikely to cause fluorosis if considered individually. Graves et al. 2009 Given that about 15% of US households with private wells were ignored in national water fluoridation program the authors were aiming to estimate the fluoride content in private wells and the prevalence of dental fluorosis among the children who live in these households. Household drinking water samples were assessed and fluoride exposures were obtained from parents while primary school children were examined to diagnose dental fluorosis. Drinking water had fluoride ranging from 0.08 to 1.3mg/L which was not only lower than that expected to cause health concerns and also 94% below the level required for caries protection. The prevalence of mild dental fluorosis was about 19% which was in line with national level. Contrary to the previous reports these findings suggested relatively a lower exposure to fluoride. Hamasha et al. 2005 The aim of this study was to report fluoride supplement use from birth to 96 months of age in 1388 participants. Use of supplements was ascertained through the questionnaires mailed at 3 to 6- month intervals. Fluoride intake from supplements was derived in such a way to indicate it as a daily fluoride intake in mg. Daily average fluoride intake contribution from supplements increased with age from 0.06 mg (birth-12 months) to 0.07 mg (12-60 months) to 0.18 mg (60-96 months) although the proportion of users decreased with age. About 7-23% of the participants was living in areas with 0.6ppm fluoride in water and hence was inappropriately receiving supplements. Participants were not representative of any population group and over-represented by Whites with high education levels. Self-reported data were not validated. Dental fluorosis levels were not reported. Maguire et al. 2011 Stressing the importance of knowing total fluoride intake from all sources Indirect acid diffusion method and direct electrode method was used to analyse fluoride content of 122 infant foods. The median fluoride content ranged from 0.02μg/ml for milks to 0.2μg/g for baked goods. Authors suggested that RTF infant foods had Only RTF infant foods were analysed. selective
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