Figure 1. Schematic diagram of submerged ultrafiltration Pure water flux was measured after the flux was steady, then calculated as (1) F = where is the pure water flux (L/m2 h), is the permeate volume (L), is the membrane F V A surface area (m2), and is the time (h). t Rejection (R) was characterized with a synthetic refinery wastewater after the membrane was previously filtered with pure water until the flux became steady. The synthetic refinery wastewater was an in-house synthesized and consisted of fresh water, hydraulic oil, diesel fuel, surfactant, and carbon black in proper composition, based on mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) measurement 3 g/L and UV wavelength 2.6 cm-1. It was calculated as (2) R = (1-) x 100 where is the rejection ultrafiltration process (%), is the concentration of the permeate (%) R cp and is the concentration of the feed (%). cf 3. Results and discussions 3.1. Effect of additives concentration on the structural and physical properties of PVDF membranes
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of submerged ultrafiltration Pure water flux was measured after the flux was steady, then calculated as F = (1) where F is the pure water flux (L/m2 h), V is the permeate volume (L), A is the membrane surface area (m2), and t is the time (h). Rejection (R) was characterized with a synthetic refinery wastewater after the membrane was previously filtered with pure water until the flux became steady. The synthetic refinery wastewater was an in-house synthesized and consisted of fresh water, hydraulic oil, diesel fuel, surfactant, and carbon black in proper composition, based on mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) measurement 3 g/L and UV wavelength 2.6 cm-1. It was calculated as R = (1-) x 100 (2) where R is the rejection ultrafiltration process (%), cp is the concentration of the permeate (%) and cf is the concentration of the feed (%). 3. Results and discussions 3.1. Effect of additives concentration on the structural and physical properties of PVDF membranes
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