nature of knowledge and its justification Axiology : the role of values in Inquiry is value free. Inquiry is valued bound. inquiry Logic Deductive Inductive Methods QUAN QUAL The possibility of casual linkages There are real causes, temporally All entities are in a state of precedent to or simultaneous mutual, simultaneous shaping so with their effects. that it is impossible to distinguish causes from effects. The possibility of generalization Time- and context-free Only time-and context-bound generalizations (nomothetic working hypotheses (ideographic statements) are possible. statements) are possible. Since new research methodologies have emerged, the paradigm contrast table has had to be expanded. The original two columns in the table have now become five (Guba & Lincoln, 2005). In table 4-3 an expansion of the table is offered, one that presents the five major paradigms used in research. The table identifies the primary differences between the five paradigms through seven dimensions: ontology, epistemology, axiology, logic, methods, possibility of causal linkages, and possibility of generalisation. Table 43 Expanded paradigm contrast table comparing five points of view (adapted from Teddlie & Tashakkori, 2009) Dimensions of contrast Constructivism Transformative Pragmatism Postpositivism Positivism Ontology Ontological Diverse Diverse Critical realism Naïve realism (the nature of reality) relativism viewpoints viewpoints (external reality (an objective, multiple, regarding social regarding that is external reality constructed realities; social realities; understood that can be realities explanations that best imperfectly and comprehended) promote justice explanations probabilistically) within personal value systems Epistemology Subjective; Both objectivity Both objective Modified dualism Objective point (researcher/participant reality and interaction and subjective of view (dualism) relationship) co-constructed with participants points of view, with valued by depending on participants researchers stage of research cycle Axiology Value-bound All aspects of Values Values in inquiry, Value-free (role of values) inquiry research guided important in but their inquiry by social injustice interpreting influence may be results controlled Logic Inductive Inductive and Inductive and
nature of knowledge and its justification Axiology : the role of values in inquiry Inquiry is value free. Inquiry is valued bound. Logic Deductive Inductive Methods QUAN QUAL The possibility of casual linkages There are real causes, temporally precedent to or simultaneous with their effects. All entities are in a state of mutual, simultaneous shaping so that it is impossible to distinguish causes from effects. The possibility of generalization Time- and context-free generalizations (nomothetic statements) are possible. Only time-and context-bound working hypotheses (ideographic statements) are possible. Since new research methodologies have emerged, the paradigm contrast table has had to be expanded. The original two columns in the table have now become five (Guba & Lincoln, 2005). In table 4-3 an expansion of the table is offered, one that presents the five major paradigms used in research. The table identifies the primary differences between the five paradigms through seven dimensions: ontology, epistemology, axiology, logic, methods, possibility of causal linkages, and possibility of generalisation. Table 43 Expanded paradigm contrast table comparing five points of view (adapted from Teddlie & Tashakkori, 2009) Dimensions of contrast Constructivism Transformative Pragmatism Postpositivism Positivism Ontology (the nature of reality) Ontological relativism multiple, constructed realities Diverse viewpoints regarding social realities; explanations that promote justice Diverse viewpoints regarding social realities; best explanations within personal value systems Critical realism (external reality that is understood imperfectly and probabilistically) Naïve realism (an objective, external reality that can be comprehended) Epistemology (researcher/participant relationship) Subjective; reality co-constructed with participants Both objectivity and interaction with participants valued by researchers Both objective and subjective points of view, depending on stage of research cycle Modified dualism Objective point of view (dualism) Axiology (role of values) Value-bound inquiry All aspects of research guided by social injustice Values important in interpreting results Values in inquiry, but their influence may be controlled Value-free inquiry Logic Inductive Inductive and Inductive and
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