Topic G4 : EARTH MATERIALS AND NATURAL RESOURCES Key Idea1: Geological processes lead to the concentration and accumulation of natural resources in deposits that can be exploited; economic deposits can be concentrated by igneous and sedimentary processes Knowledge and Geological Comments understanding techniques and skills Processes of formation Geological map Candidates are expected to of metalliferous ores. interpretation (ore body have studied the formation of geometry, field relations); cumulate deposits (e.g. iron Igneous associations section-drawing through ore chromite ores), massive of ores magmatic – bodies. sulphide ores (black smokers), segregation, hydrothermal ores associated hydrothermal Calculation of the with igneous intrusions activity. circumferences, surface (hydrothermal mineral veins, Sedimentary areas and volumes of pegmatite deposits). associations of ores regular shapes. placer deposits; – Candidates are expected to residual deposits; Recognition and making have studied the formation of precipitated use of appropriate units in placer deposits, residual deposits. calculations. deposits (bauxite) and precipitated deposits (BIFs Use of ratios, fractions and and evaporates). percentages. Geological map interpretation; section drawing through industrial mineral deposits. b. Processes of formation Candidates are expected to of non-metallic minerals have studied the formation of of economic importance: china clay only. china clay. c. Formation of Candidates are expected to be sedimentary deposits of aware of the accumulation of economic importance as sand and gravel deposits in a for range of environments: river, “bulk minerals” aggregate: sand and river terrace, gravel. glacial/fluvioglacial, beach.
Topic G4 : EARTH MATERIALS AND NATURAL RESOURCES Key Idea1: Geological processes lead to the concentration and accumulation of natural resources in deposits that can be exploited; economic deposits can be concentrated by igneous and sedimentary processes Knowledge and understanding Geological techniques and skills Comments Processes of formation of metalliferous ores. Igneous associations of ores – magmatic segregation, hydrothermal activity. Sedimentary associations of ores – placer deposits; residual deposits; precipitated deposits. Geological map interpretation (ore body geometry, field relations); section-drawing through ore bodies. Calculation of the circumferences, surface areas and volumes of regular shapes. Recognition and making use of appropriate units in calculations. Use of ratios, fractions and percentages. Geological map interpretation; section drawing through industrial mineral deposits. Candidates are expected to have studied the formation of cumulate deposits (e.g. iron chromite ores), massive sulphide ores (black smokers), hydrothermal ores associated with igneous intrusions (hydrothermal mineral veins, pegmatite deposits). Candidates are expected to have studied the formation of placer deposits, residual deposits (bauxite) and precipitated deposits (BIFs and evaporates). b. Processes of formation of non-metallic minerals of economic importance: china clay. Candidates are expected to have studied the formation of china clay only. c. Formation of sedimentary deposits of economic importance as “bulk minerals” for aggregate: sand and gravel. Candidates are expected to be aware of the accumulation of sand and gravel deposits in a range of environments: river, river terrace, glacial/fluvioglacial, beach.
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