Topic G2: ROCK DEFORMATION Key Idea 1: Geological structures are formed when rock material undergoes deformation Knowledge and Geological Comments understanding techniques and skills a. The nature of rock Recognition of the Candidates are expected deformation is determined differences in deformation of to predict the effects of by the competence of the competent and incompetent deformation (brittle fracture parent rock and conditions rocks. and ductile flow) on rocks during deformation of different competences. (temperature, confining pressure, strain rate). b. Fold characteristics; Identification of plunge amplitude, wavelength, direction (of axis) and axial interlimb angle (open, tight, planar cleavage. isoclinal), axial plane attitude (upright, inclined, Represent limb dip and strike For exemplification of overturned, recumbent), data on a polar equal area mathematical skills see plunging folds. stereonet (polar plots only not Mathematical Guidance projections or great circles). for A level Geology. Plotting of variables from The mathematical skills experimental or other circular identified are not exclusive data. to this section of the specification. c. Fault type is determined by Analysis of the relationship Candidates will be the orientation of the between fault type (normal, expected to interpret the principal stresses. Technical reverse/thrust, strike-slip) and effect of dip-slip or strike- terms to describe fault the orientation of the principal slip relative movement, but elements: slickensides, fault not oblique fault stress components  gouge, fault breccia. movement. int, d. Structural reactivation: Recognition of evidence for earlier-formed faults can be fault reactivation on reactivated during later geological maps, cross- tectonism; folds may be sections, diagrams and refolded. Structural photographs. inversion: reactivation of normal faults in compression or reverse faults/thrusts in extension. e. The nature of outcrop Calculations involving For exemplification of patterns formed by the measurements of: mathematical skills see intersection of geological Mathematical Guidance true bed thickness structures with a topographic for A level Geology. vertical bed thickness surface are displayed on width of outcrop geological maps. The mathematical skills angle of dip. identified are not exclusive to this section of the Use of sin, cos and tan in specification. physical problems.
Topic G2: ROCK DEFORMATION Key Idea 1: Geological structures are formed when rock material undergoes deformation Knowledge and understanding Geological techniques and skills Comments a. The nature of rock deformation is determined by the competence of the parent rock and conditions during deformation (temperature, confining pressure, strain rate). Recognition of the differences in deformation of competent and incompetent rocks. Candidates are expected to predict the effects of deformation (brittle fracture and ductile flow) on rocks of different competences. b. Fold characteristics; amplitude, wavelength, interlimb angle (open, tight, isoclinal), axial plane attitude (upright, inclined, overturned, recumbent), plunging folds. Identification of plunge direction (of axis) and axial planar cleavage. Represent limb dip and strike data on a polar equal area stereonet (polar plots only not projections or great circles). Plotting of variables from experimental or other circular data. For exemplification of mathematical skills see Mathematical Guidance for A level Geology. The mathematical skills identified are not exclusive to this section of the specification. c. Fault type is determined by the orientation of the principal stresses. Technical terms to describe fault elements: slickensides, fault gouge, fault breccia. Analysis of the relationship between fault type (normal, reverse/thrust, strike-slip) and the orientation of the principal stress components  int, Candidates will be expected to interpret the effect of dip-slip or strike- slip relative movement, but not oblique fault movement. d. Structural reactivation: earlier-formed faults can be reactivated during later tectonism; folds may be refolded. Structural inversion: reactivation of normal faults in compression or reverse faults/thrusts in extension. Recognition of evidence for fault reactivation on geological maps, cross- sections, diagrams and photographs. e. The nature of outcrop patterns formed by the intersection of geological structures with a topographic surface are displayed on geological maps. Calculations involving measurements of: true bed thickness vertical bed thickness width of outcrop angle of dip. Use of sin, cos and tan in physical problems. For exemplification of mathematical skills see Mathematical Guidance for A level Geology. The mathematical skills identified are not exclusive to this section of the specification.
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