Appendix 4: Risk of bias table for studies in the meta-analysis Reference Random Allocation Blinding of Blinding of Incomplete Selective reporting Other (dietary and sequence concealment participants and outcome outcome data (reporting bias) exercise generation (selection bias)* personnel assessors (attrition bias) instructions; (selection bias) (performance bias)* (detection bias); testing interval in type of cross-over sample drawn and studies) analysed* Shimoyama ? Method Low Not Low Placebo Low Not stated ? Not Low Expected Fasted at least 8 2007 not described used but not stated outcomes hours after stated known if the reported breakfast; at participants least one week or personnel between tests were blinded Iftikhar 1994 ? Method Low Not Low Double-blind, Low Not stated ? Not Low Expected Overnight fast, not described stated outcomes no alcohol for 24 stated reported hours prior to test; interval between tests not stated Villaume ? Method Low Not Low Not stated Low Not stated ? Not Low Expected Overnight fast; 1988 not described stated outcomes tests done on stated reported consecutive days Sanaka ? Method Low Not Low Not stated Low Not stated ? Not Low Expected Overnight fast 2007 not described stated outcomes prior to tests; at stated reported least 1 week between tests Wanders Low Williams Low Low for Low Not stated Low 1/30 Low Expected Sample size ‘Thirty ‘Blinded 2014a unique subjects’ outcomes calculation Square orders reported provided; Dietary were and exercise produced instructions for by the two days computer to the test given
Appendix 4: Risk of bias table for studies in the meta-analysis Reference Random sequence generation (selection bias) Allocation concealment (selection bias)* Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias)* Blinding of outcome assessors (detection bias); type of sample drawn and analysed* Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Selective reporting (reporting bias) Other (dietary and exercise instructions; testing interval in cross-over studies) Shimoyama 2007 ? Method not stated Low Not described Low Placebo used but not known if the participants or personnel were blinded Low Not stated ? Not stated Low Expected outcomes reported Fasted at least 8 hours after breakfast; at least one week between tests Iftikhar 1994 ? Method not stated Low Not described Low Double-blind, Low Not stated ? Not stated Low Expected outcomes reported Overnight fast, no alcohol for 24 hours prior to test; interval between tests not stated Villaume 1988 ? Method not stated Low Not described Low Not stated Low Not stated ? Not stated Low Expected outcomes reported Overnight fast; tests done on consecutive days Sanaka 2007 ? Method not stated Low Not described Low Not stated Low Not stated ? Not stated Low Expected outcomes reported Overnight fast prior to tests; at least 1 week between tests Wanders 2014a Low Williams Square Low ‘Thirty unique orders were produced by computer Low ‘Blinded for subjects’ Low Not stated Low 1/30 Low Expected outcomes reported Sample size calculation provided; Dietary and exercise instructions for the two days to the test given
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