Policy-makers should look for policies that address current vulnerabilities and development needs, as well as potential climate risks Actions to address vulnerability to climate change should be pursued through social development, service provision and improved natural resource management practices A broad range of stakeholders should be involved in climate change making, including civil society, sectoral departments and senior policy-makers Climate change adaptation should be informed by successful ground-level experiences in vulnerability reduction NGOs should play a dominant role in building awareness and capacity at the local level The following is an example adopted by the IPCC for national environmental policies instrumentations and evaluations criteria. Table 1: National environmental policies instrumentations and evaluations criteria (based on IPCC, 2007) Criteria Instrument Environmental effectiveness Cost-effectiveness Meets distributional Institutional feasibility considerations Emissions level set directly, Depends on design; Depends on level playing Depends on technical Regulations and though subject to exceptions uniform application often field. Small/new actors capacity; popular with standards Depends on deferrals and leads to higher overall may be disadvantaged. regulators in countries with compliance compliance costs. weakly functioning markets. Depends on ability to set Better with broad Regressive; can be Often politically unpopular; Taxes and tax at a level that induces application; higher ameliorated with revenue may be difficult to enforce with charges behavioural change. administrative costs where recycling. underdeveloped institutions. institutions are weak. Depends on emissions cap, Decreases with limited Depends on initial permit Requires well functioning participation and compliance. participation and fewer allocation. May pose markets and complementary Tradable sectors. difficulties for small institutions. Permits emitters. Depends on programme Depends on flexibility Benefits accrue only to Often politically popular; design, including clear and extent of government participants. requires significant number of Voluntary targets, a baseline scenario, third incentives, rewards and administrative staff. agreements party involvement in design and penalties. review and monitoring provisions. Depends on programme Depends on level and Benefits selected Popular with recipients; Subsidies and design; less certain than programme design; can be participants, possibly some potential resistance from other incentives Regulations / standards. market distorting. that do not need it. vested interests. Can be difficult to phase out. Depends on consistent Depends on programme Benefits initially selected Depends on research capacity funding; when technologies design and the degree of participants; potentially and long term funding. Research and are developed and polices risk. easy for funds to be development for diffusion. May have high misallocated. Requires benefits in the long term. many separate decisions.
Policy-makers should look for policies that address current vulnerabilities and development needs, as well as potential climate risks Actions to address vulnerability to climate change should be pursued through social development, service provision and improved natural resource management practices A broad range of stakeholders should be involved in climate change including civil society, sectoral departments and senior policy-makers Climate change adaptation should be informed by successful ground-level experiences in vulnerability reduction NGOs should play a dominant role in building awareness and capacity at the local level The following is an example adopted by the IPCC for national environmental policies instrumentations and evaluations criteria. Table 1: National environmental policies instrumentations and evaluations criteria (based on IPCC, 2007) Instrument Criteria Environmental effectiveness Cost-effectiveness Meets distributional considerations Institutional feasibility Regulations and standards Emissions level set directly, though subject to exceptions Depends on deferrals and compliance Depends on design; uniform application often leads to higher overall compliance costs. Depends on level playing field. Small/new actors may be disadvantaged. Depends on technical capacity; popular with regulators in countries with weakly functioning markets. Taxes and charges Depends on ability to set tax at a level that induces behavioural change. Better with broad application; higher administrative costs where institutions are weak. Regressive; can be ameliorated with revenue recycling. Often politically unpopular; may be difficult to enforce with underdeveloped institutions. Tradable Permits Depends on emissions cap, participation and compliance. Decreases with limited participation and fewer sectors. Depends on initial permit allocation. May pose difficulties for small emitters. Requires well functioning markets and complementary institutions. Voluntary agreements Depends on programme design, including clear targets, a baseline scenario, third party involvement in design and review and monitoring provisions. Depends on flexibility and extent of government incentives, rewards and penalties. Benefits accrue only to participants. Often politically popular; requires significant number of administrative staff. Subsidies and other incentives Depends on programme design; less certain than Regulations / standards. Depends on level and programme design; can be market distorting. Benefits selected participants, possibly some that do not need it. Popular with recipients; potential resistance from vested interests. Can be difficult to phase out. Research and development Depends on consistent funding; when technologies are developed and polices for diffusion. May have high benefits in the long term. Depends on programme design and the degree of risk. Benefits initially selected participants; potentially easy for funds to be misallocated. Requires many separate decisions. Depends on research capacity and long term funding. making,
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