Table 1: Determinants of transnational trade union initiatives Initiatives: Founding Late 1960s: 1970: Metall‘ 1993, 1998: EMF Collective 1997: Transnational ‚DACH‘ ‚Nordiska initiative (DE, AT, CH) (SE, FI, DK, NO, IC) bargaining coordination bargaining network; Strongest year and countriesa of guideline in Central-Western Europe participating unions (BE, NL, DE) and Nordic Europe (SE, FI, DK, NO and IC) Determinants Crises of international Crises of international Market internationalisation and completion of EU single market monetary regime (Bretton monetary regime (Bretton European monetary union (EMU, 1998): Centralisation of Woods) monetary policy, enhanced fiscal and macroeconomic policy (Hypotheses) Increasing Oil Shocks coordination internationalisation of Increasing Development of EU dimension‘ (e.g. European social ‚social financial and product internationalisation of dialogues, EWCs) markets financial and product enlargement of EU (2004, 2007) ‚Eastern‘ Changes in economic Coordination of monetary markets and institutional policies (ERM, currency Coordination of monetary environments pegs to Deutschmark, policies (ERM, temporary except CH) currency pegs to Deutschmark, except FI, IC) Sources of institutional power: Coordinated MEB systems Coordinated MEB systems (Diversity of welfare and Coordinated MEB systems (predominantly at sector (sector level); High union and IR regimes) (Nordic and central-western level; CH sector and company employer densities; unions in Europe); Central-western Europe: Coordinated MEB systems level); High to medium-range DK, SE and FI administrate Medium-range union densities Supportive governance (Nordic and central-western union densities, practice to unemployment funds (‘Ghent (high in BE), practice to extend structures (i.e. regulative Europe, including Slovenia) extend collective agreements system’), high bargaining CAs (lower in DE), medium-range and normative (CAs), high employer density; coverage, strong role of social employer density; high CB institutions) are largely high collective bargaining partners in public policy coverage (lower in DE); confined to national level coverage; making. Nordic Europe: high union and employer densities; unions in DK, SE and FI administrate unemployment funds (‘Ghent
Table 1: Determinants of transnational trade union initiatives Initiatives: Founding year and countriesa of participating unions Late 1960s: ‚DACH‘ initiative (DE, AT, CH) 1970: ‚Nordiska Metall‘ (SE, FI, DK, NO, IC) 1993, 1998: EMF Collective bargaining coordination guideline 1997: Transnational bargaining network; Strongest in Central-Western Europe (BE, NL, DE) and Nordic Europe (SE, FI, DK, NO and IC) Determinants (Hypotheses) Changes in economic and institutional environments Crises of international monetary regime (Bretton Increasing internationalisation of financial and product markets Coordination of monetary policies (ERM, currency pegs to Deutschmark, except CH) Crises of international monetary regime (Bretton Woods) Oil Shocks Increasing internationalisation of financial and product markets Coordination of monetary policies (ERM, temporary currency pegs to Deutschmark, except FI, IC) Market internationalisation and completion of EU single market European monetary union (EMU, 1998): Centralisation of monetary policy, enhanced fiscal and macroeconomic policy coordination Development of EU ‚social dimension‘ (e.g. European social dialogues, EWCs) ‚Eastern‘ enlargement of EU (2004, 2007) Sources of institutional power: Supportive governance structures (i.e. regulative and normative institutions) are largely confined to national level Coordinated MEB systems (predominantly at sector level; CH sector and company level); High to medium-range union densities, practice to extend collective agreements (CAs), high employer density; high collective bargaining coverage; Coordinated MEB systems (sector level); High union and employer densities; unions in DK, SE and FI administrate unemployment funds (‘Ghent system’), high bargaining coverage, strong role of social partners in public policy making. (Diversity of welfare and IR regimes) Coordinated MEB systems (Nordic and central-western Europe, including Slovenia) Coordinated MEB systems (Nordic and central-western Europe); Central-western Europe: Medium-range union densities (high in BE), practice to extend CAs (lower in DE), medium-range employer density; high CB coverage (lower in DE); Nordic Europe: high union and employer densities; unions in DK, SE and FI administrate unemployment funds (‘Ghent
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