ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE MESOPOTAMIA City-states & Job specialization warrior kings farmers, Extensive with Egypt – Hammurabi’s Code metallurgists, & the Indus Valley Competition among merchants, Epic of Gilgamesh city-states as well craftsmen, political Early use of bronze tools, as frequent administrators, chariots invasions led to less priests Pessimistic view of the political stability Social classes perhaps due to than in Egypt Marriage irregular, unpredictable contracts; veils for flooding of the Tigris & women; women of Euphrates rivers upper classes less Polytheism gods – equal than powerful/cruel counterparts Kings powerful, but not divine RIVERS: Tigris & Euphrates Concerned with decorative Divine kingship Smaller nobility – arts, ship building, the pharaoh; highly than some medical knowledge centralized, Mesopotamians; Less extensive authoritarian fewer merchants government Some social Polytheism, with pharaoh Generally stable mobility through as a god government the bureaucracy Optimistic view of life throughout the 3 Priests have high (regular, controllable kingdoms status (only ones flooding of the Nile River) Extensive that understand the Strong belief in the bureaucracy; complex afterlife; Book of the Dead pharaoh’s power hieroglyphic Hieroglyphics complex – channeled through written language) pictorial language. regional governors Women probably RIVER: Nile – higher status than in Mesopotamia; love poetry indicates some importance placed on male/female relationships One female pharaoh – Hatshepsut CULTURE POLITICAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE Writing system Assumed to be Priests have undecipherable complex & thought highest status
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE MESOPOTAMIA Extensive with Egypt & the Indus Valley Epic of Gilgamesh Early use of bronze tools, chariots Pessimistic view of the perhaps due to irregular, unpredictable flooding of the Tigris & Euphrates rivers Polytheism – gods powerful/cruel Kings powerful, but not divine RIVERS: Tigris & Euphrates City-states & warrior kings Hammurabi’s Code Competition among city-states as well as frequent invasions led to less political stability than in Egypt Job specialization – farmers, metallurgists, merchants, craftsmen, political administrators, priests Social classes Marriage contracts; veils for women; women of upper classes less equal than counterparts Concerned with decorative arts, ship building, some medical knowledge Less extensive Polytheism, with pharaoh as a god Optimistic view of life (regular, controllable flooding of the Nile River) Strong belief in the afterlife; Book of the Dead Hieroglyphics – complex pictorial language. RIVER: Nile Divine kingship – the pharaoh; highly centralized, authoritarian government Generally stable government throughout the 3 kingdoms Extensive bureaucracy; pharaoh’s power channeled through regional governors Smaller nobility than Mesopotamians; fewer merchants Some social mobility through the bureaucracy Priests have high status (only ones that understand the complex hieroglyphic written language) Women – probably higher status than in Mesopotamia; love poetry indicates some importance placed on male/female relationships One female pharaoh – Hatshepsut CULTURE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION SOCIAL STRUCTURE Writing system undecipherable Assumed to be complex & thought Priests have highest status
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