Table 1: Outcome measures Instrument Construct measured Items and scale Scores and interpretation Psychometrics Acronym (Reference) Head Injury Semantic Developed to explore Consists of 18 adjective pairs, Sum the 18 items to a total score ranging from A comparable sample of Differential Scale - III changes in self-concept rated on a 7 point scale from ‘1’ 18-126, with higher scores indicative of a more adults who had arising from severe negative pole to ‘7’ positive positive self-concept experienced a TBI scored a HISDS-III traumatic brain injury pole mean of 74.99 (SD = 20.59). A Cronbach’s alpha (Tyerman & of 0.92 has been reported Humphrey, 1984; for the scale (Carroll & Tyerman, personal Coetzer, 2011) correspondence) Hospital Anxiety and Developed to identify Each scale consists of seven Sum to a total score ranging from 0-21 for each A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90 Depression Scale possible and probable items rated on a 4 point Likert subscale. Higher scores are indicative of more has been reported for the caseness of anxiety and scale from ‘0’ (e.g. very seldom, symptoms of anxiety or depression. A clinical anxiety subscale (HADS-A) HADS (HADS-A & depression among patients not at all) to ‘3’ (e.g. very often, score of 8 was used (Dahm, Wong & and 0.86 for the HADS-D) in nonpsychiatric hospital definitely) Ponsford, 2013). As some studies have found depression subscale clinics that cut-off scores of the HADS have limited (HADS-D) (Dahm et al., (Zigmond & Snaith, utility in predicting ‘caseness’ of anxiety or 2013) 1983) depression following ABI (Whelan-Goodinson et al., 2009), the current study used both clinical cut-off scores and descriptive categories when analysing results and calculating whether clinically significant change had occurred. The descriptive categories used were ‘normal’ (0–7), ‘mild’ (8–10), ‘moderate’ (11–15) and ‘severe’ (16–21) (Snaith & Zigmond, 1994)
Table 1: Outcome measures Instrument Acronym (Reference) Construct measured Items and scale Scores and interpretation Psychometrics Head Injury Semantic Differential Scale - III HISDS-III (Tyerman & Humphrey, 1984; Tyerman, personal correspondence) Developed to explore changes in self-concept arising from severe traumatic brain injury Consists of 18 adjective pairs, rated on a 7 point scale from ‘1’ negative pole to ‘7’ positive pole Sum the 18 items to a total score ranging from 18-126, with higher scores indicative of a more positive self-concept A comparable sample of adults who had experienced a TBI scored a mean of 74.99 (SD = 20.59). A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.92 has been reported for the scale (Carroll & Coetzer, 2011) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale HADS (HADS-A & HADS-D) (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983) Developed to identify possible and probable caseness of anxiety and depression among patients in nonpsychiatric hospital clinics Each scale consists of seven items rated on a 4 point Likert scale from ‘0’ (e.g. very seldom, not at all) to ‘3’ (e.g. very often, definitely) Sum to a total score ranging from 0-21 for each subscale. Higher scores are indicative of more symptoms of anxiety or depression. A clinical score of 8 was used (Dahm, Wong & Ponsford, 2013). As some studies have found that cut-off scores of the HADS have limited utility in predicting ‘caseness’ of anxiety or depression following ABI (Whelan-Goodinson et al., 2009), the current study used both clinical cut-off scores and descriptive categories when analysing results and calculating whether clinically significant change had occurred. The descriptive categories used were ‘normal’ (0–7), ‘mild’ (8–10), ‘moderate’ (11–15) and ‘severe’ (16–21) (Snaith & Zigmond, 1994) A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90 has been reported for the anxiety subscale (HADS-A) and 0.86 for the depression subscale (HADS-D) (Dahm et al., 2013)
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