planes of LiFePO4. Although the intermediate phase is captured by high time resolution XRD, in situ there is no certain evidence which can demonstrate the existence of intermediate phase in ex situ HRTEM, which may be related to the really short life of such metastable state. Figure S8. The charge-discharge curves of LiFePO4 with different reaction temperature of 273, 293, 313, 333 K at 5C. The charge/discharge curves at different reaction temperatures (273, 293, 313, and 333 K) are in Figure S8. It is found that, the capacity of LiFePO4 can achieve a capacity of 131.4 mAh g-1 at 333 K with a rate of 5C. With the decrease of temperature to 313, 293 and 273 K, the capacity of LiFePO4 decrease to 108.8, 103.4, and 54.6 mAh g-1, respectively. Comparison of time resolution, testing temperature range, rate capability and cost with Table S2. different X-ray sources and detectors. Testing temperature X-ray source Time resolution Rate capability Cost Ordinary equipment in-situ 300 s Room temperature ~0.1 C ~$ 200,000 (lab source) S1,S2 Our equipment (lab in-situ 10 s -20 - 60 oC 5 C ~$ 300,000 source, 2D detector) Synchrotron X-ray source 2.5 - 4 s Room temperature 20 C Expensive 27, S3 are two main advantages in this work. First of all, the lab X-ray source can achieve a high time resolution of 10 s, which is comparable to that of synchrotron X-ray source (3 4 s) and much higher – than that of traditional in-situ equipment with lab source. This is benefitted from the application of
planes of LiFePO4. Although the intermediate phase is captured by high time resolution in situ XRD, there is no certain evidence which can demonstrate the existence of intermediate phase in ex situ HRTEM, which may be related to the really short life of such metastable state. Figure S8. The charge-discharge curves of LiFePO4 with different reaction temperature of 273, 293, 313, 333 K at 5C. The charge/discharge curves at different reaction temperatures (273, 293, 313, and 333 K) are in Figure S8. It is found that, the capacity of LiFePO4 can achieve a capacity of 131.4 mAh g-1 at 333 K with a rate of 5C. With the decrease of temperature to 313, 293 and 273 K, the capacity of LiFePO4 decrease to 108.8, 103.4, and 54.6 mAh g-1, respectively. Table S2. Comparison of time resolution, testing temperature range, rate capability and cost with different X-ray sources and detectors. X-ray source Time resolution Testing temperature Rate capability Cost Ordinary in-situ equipment (lab source) S1,S2 300 s Room temperature ~0.1 C ~$ 200,000 Our in-situ equipment (lab source, 2D detector) 10 s -20 - 60 oC 5 C ~$ 300,000 Synchrotron X-ray source 27, S3 2.5 - 4 s Room temperature 20 C Expensive are two main advantages in this work. First of all, the lab X-ray source can achieve a high time resolution of 10 s, which is comparable to that of synchrotron X-ray source (3 – 4 s) and much higher than that of traditional in-situ equipment with lab source. This is benefitted from the application of
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