The response option typology recognises the critical importance of trust and power relations in the uptake of response options. The influence of the response options can be or encouraged through comparison with penalties for non-compliance (condign power), or it can be bought (compensatory power),or gained by persuasion (conditional power) (Galbraith, 1983). Table 1.A generic typology of response options for managing environmental change Response Options Characteristics Examples Regulation Legally-enforced universal Drinking water, Bathing water, (statutory) minimum quality standards Air quality, Food Safety, Fishing quotas Levies Taxes to support environmental Aggregate Levy Fund (UK), standards or improvements Landfill Tax (UK), Climate Change Levy (UK) Defined zones that have Natura2000 sites (EU), Marine Protected restrictions on their use or conservation zones conservation-based obligations Common law, Civil law or rights and responsibilities Conservation covenants, Constitutional law based upon precedent Environmental impact (common law); general rules assessment (civil law); or constitution Direct payments and Incentives Payments to support a Agri-environment schemes particular use or management (EU), Payments for Ecosystem practice based upon service Services (PES), Biodiversity provided offsetting schemes Trading of goods and services Carbon trading, Biodiversity on an open market offsetting Voluntary quality assurance Independent schemes that Forest Stewardship Council, provide accreditation for Marine Stewardship Council maintaining minimum standards via a quality marque Spatial & Combined cross-sectoral Green infrastructure, Integrated planning planning instruments to Integrated catchment planning, maximise resource efficiencies Integrated coastal zone and opportunities management Investment in Science & Investment in new science and Precision farming, Ecosystem Technology technology with associated services, Renewable energy, infrastructure to improve treatment, Waste uptake. reduction, Recycling Education & Knowledge Formal and informal schemes Campaigns, Professional exchange to communicate and share development, Demonstration knowledge projects, Citizen science, Networks & Partnerships Formal and informal Community woodlands, Coastal arrangements of multiple partnerships, Rivers trusts, stakeholders based upon a Biodiversity partnerships common shared interest Good management practice Guidelines to share and Integrated farm management, encourage adoption of best Natural flood management practices
The response option typology recognises the critical importance of trust and power relations in the uptake of response options. The influence of the response options can be or encouraged through comparison with penalties for non-compliance (condign power), or it can be bought (compensatory power),or gained by persuasion (conditional power) (Galbraith, 1983). Table 1.A generic typology of response options for managing environmental change Response Options Characteristics Examples Regulation (statutory) Legally-enforced universal minimum quality standards Drinking water, Bathing water, Air quality, Food Safety, Fishing quotas Levies Taxes to support environmental standards or improvements Aggregate Levy Fund (UK), Landfill Tax (UK), Climate Change Levy (UK) Protected Defined zones that have restrictions on their use or conservation-based obligations Natura2000 sites (EU), Marine conservation zones Common law, Civil law or Constitutional law rights and responsibilities based upon precedent (common law); general rules (civil law); or constitution Conservation covenants, Environmental impact assessment Direct payments and Incentives Payments to support a particular use or management practice based upon service provided Agri-environment schemes (EU), Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES), Biodiversity offsetting schemes Trading of goods and services on an open market Carbon trading, Biodiversity offsetting Voluntary quality assurance Independent schemes that provide accreditation for maintaining minimum standards via a quality marque Forest Stewardship Council, Marine Stewardship Council Spatial & Integrated planning Combined cross-sectoral planning instruments to maximise resource efficiencies and opportunities Green infrastructure, Integrated catchment planning, Integrated coastal zone management Investment in Science & Technology Investment in new science and technology with associated infrastructure to improve uptake. Precision farming, Ecosystem services, Renewable energy, treatment, Waste reduction, Recycling Education & Knowledge exchange Formal and informal schemes to communicate and share knowledge Campaigns, Professional development, Demonstration projects, Citizen science, Networks & Partnerships Formal and informal arrangements of multiple stakeholders based upon a common shared interest Community woodlands, Coastal partnerships, Rivers trusts, Biodiversity partnerships Good management practice Guidelines to share and encourage adoption of best practices Integrated farm management, Natural flood management
NEAFO%20typology%20paper%20BROWN%20AND%20EVERARD%20%28FULL%20TEXT%29.docx