Full ** ** ** 88.4 75.2 88.8 76.6 90.6 81.1 time * * * Part 6.0 8.8 * 6.0 9.3 * 5.4 8.6 * time Not ** ** ** 5.6 16.1 5.2 14.1 4.1 10.3 * * * No. of 436 304 251 Note: The family forms in this table remained the same across the three waves and comprised those in which the children lived with their biological parents. For both mothers and fathers, cohabiting parents and sole mothers were compared with married parents. Statistical differences are shown as: p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001. Data have been * ** *** weighted. Missing data result in slight variations in numbers of observations across variables. Table A4: Mean scores of parenting practice scales of fathers and mothers by family type, Waves 1 to 3 (cross-sectional analysis) Mothers Fathers Married Cohabiting Married Cohabiting Sole mothers mothers mothers fathers fathers Wave 1 Warm parenting a 4.43 4.43 4.49 * 4.09 4.04 Hostile parenting b 2.17 2.26 ** 2.24 * 2.28 2.36 * Use of reasoning c 4.25 4.22 4.28 3.99 3.93 Consistency of 4.07 3.88 *** 3.84 *** 3.98 3.78 *** parenting d No. of observations 3702 435 655 3702 435 Wave 2 Warm parenting a 4.45 4.45 4.46 4.13 4.09 Hostile parenting b 2.16 2.24 2.23 * 2.08 2.12 Use of reasoning c 4.23 4.20 4.27 3.96 3.88 Consistency of 4.15 3.98 *** 3.98 *** 4.07 3.92 * parenting d No. of observations 3333 303 615 3333 303 Wave 3 Warm parenting a 4.34 4.27 4.35 4.06 4.07 Hostile parenting b 2.13 2.17 2.20 2.17 2.18 Use of reasoning c 4.14 4.09 4.14 3.91 4.03
Full time 88.4 75.2 88.8 76.6 90.6 81.1 Part time 6.0 8.8 * 6.0 9.3 * 5.4 8.6 * Not 5.6 16.1 5.2 14.1 4.1 10.3 No. of 436 304 251 Note: The family forms in this table remained the same across the three waves and comprised those in which the children lived with their biological parents. For both mothers and fathers, cohabiting parents and sole mothers were compared with married parents. Statistical differences are shown as: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Data have been weighted. Missing data result in slight variations in numbers of observations across variables. Table A4: Mean scores of parenting practice scales of fathers and mothers by family type, Waves 1 to 3 (cross-sectional analysis) Mothers Fathers Married mothers Cohabiting mothers Sole mothers Married fathers Cohabiting fathers Wave 1 Warm parenting a 4.43 4.43 4.49 * 4.09 4.04 Hostile parenting b 2.17 2.26 ** 2.24 * 2.28 2.36 * Use of reasoning c 4.25 4.22 4.28 3.99 3.93 Consistency of parenting d 4.07 3.88 *** 3.84 *** 3.98 3.78 *** No. of observations 3702 435 655 3702 435 Wave 2 Warm parenting a 4.45 4.45 4.46 4.13 4.09 Hostile parenting b 2.16 2.24 2.23 * 2.08 2.12 Use of reasoning c 4.23 4.20 4.27 3.96 3.88 Consistency of parenting d 4.15 3.98 *** 3.98 *** 4.07 3.92 * No. of observations 3333 303 615 3333 303 Wave 3 Warm parenting a 4.34 4.27 4.35 4.06 4.07 Hostile parenting b 2.13 2.17 2.20 2.17 2.18 Use of reasoning c 4.14 4.09 4.14 3.91 4.03 * * * * * * ** ** ** ** ** **
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