During normal operation of the plant, since the buildings containing radioactive materials have shielding to reduce the direct radiation level outside them, the radiological risks for the public arise mainly from the management of radioactive wastes. There are several ways in which exposure of the public can occur, as shown in Fig.3.1. Figure 3.1: Waste treatment options. The first option, when possible, is to concentrate and dispose the solid or solidified wastes in a surface or underground repository. The second option is to treat gaseous or liquid wastes until their activity is below the levels that are permitted for discharge, so that they can be released in a controlled manner and dispersed in the atmosphere or in liquid pathways. Requirements The applicable requirements are stated in the General Safety Requirements Part 3 No. GSR Part 3 publication from 2014 entitled Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International “Radiation Basic Safety Standards” [17]. This publication superseded the old BSS-115 standard of 1996. It contains the requirements for performing safety and dose assessments, establishing protection measures and programmes, and optimizing them periodically; for the discharge of radioactive substances to the environment; for monitoring programmes of public exposure; for exemption of consumer products from regulatory control, i.e. to be considered non-radioactive for all practical purposes; and finally for emergency for the population in case of accidents. Each NPP must have a radiation monitoring programme covering its area of influence. Radiological risk assessment The main safety guides dealing with management of releases leading to radiological environmental impacts are the following: RS-G-1.8 (2005), Environmental and Source Monitoring for Radiation Protection [18]. WS-G-2.3 (2000), Regulatory Control of Radioactive Discharges to the Environment [19]. RS-G-1.7 (2004), Application of the Concepts of Exclusion, Exemption and Clearance of Radioactive Waste [20].
During normal operation of the plant, since the buildings containing radioactive materials have shielding to reduce the direct radiation level outside them, the radiological risks for the public arise mainly from the management of radioactive wastes. There are several ways in which exposure of the public can occur, as shown in Fig.3.1. Figure 3.1: Waste treatment options. The first option, when possible, is to concentrate and dispose the solid or solidified wastes in a surface or underground repository. The second option is to treat gaseous or liquid wastes until their activity is below the levels that are permitted for discharge, so that they can be released in a controlled manner and dispersed in the atmosphere or in liquid pathways. Requirements The applicable requirements are stated in the General Safety Requirements Part 3 No. GSR Part 3 publication from 2014 entitled “Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards” [17]. This publication superseded the old BSS-115 standard of 1996. It contains the requirements for performing safety and dose assessments, establishing protection measures and programmes, and optimizing them periodically; for the discharge of radioactive substances to the environment; for monitoring programmes of public exposure; for exemption of consumer products from regulatory control, i.e. to be considered non-radioactive for all practical purposes; and finally for emergency for the population in case of accidents. Each NPP must have a radiation monitoring programme covering its area of influence. Radiological risk assessment The main safety guides dealing with management of releases leading to radiological environmental impacts are the following: RS-G-1.8 (2005), Environmental and Source Monitoring for Radiation Protection [18]. WS-G-2.3 (2000), Regulatory Control of Radioactive Discharges to the Environment [19]. RS-G-1.7 (2004), Application of the Concepts of Exclusion, Exemption and Clearance of Radioactive Waste [20].
Module09%20Siting%20Considerations%20and%20Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment.docx