Which part of the human kidney has a higher concentration of urea, the renal cortex or the renal medulla? Where is urine collected in the human kidney before it enters the ureter? What is the name of the microscopic tubes in which sperm cells are formed in a teste? (Answer in the lab protocol.) When you are dissecting a female rat, or any other female mammal, what is one easy way to distinguish the uterus from the urinary bladder? (Answer in the lab protocol.) Part B: Lab Protocols. The Renal (Kidney) System: Cells produce water and carbon dioxide as by-products of metabolic breakdown of sugars, fats, and proteins. Chemical groups such as nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus must be stripped from the large molecules to which they are attached as part of preparing them for energy conversion. The continuous production of metabolic wastes establishes a steep concentration gradient across the plasma membrane, causing wastes to diffuse out of cells and into the extracellular fluid. Single-celled organisms have most of their wastes diffuse out into the outside environment. Multicellular organisms, however, and animals in particular, must have a specialized organ system to concentrate and remove the wastes from the interstitial fluid. These wastes are moved into the blood capillaries and eventually deposited at a collection point for removal entirely from the body. Excretory systems serve this purpose. In animals, this system regulates the chemical composition of body fluids by removing metabolic wastes and retaining the proper amounts of water, salts, and nutrients. MAMMALIAN KIDNEYS The Rat: Obtain your rat from last time. With the help of the following diagrams, identify the following structures. (You may have to cut further down into the abdomen than you already have to expose these structures.) Abdominal Ovaries (female) Renal arteries Uterus (female) Renal veins Seminal vessicles (male) Kidneys Prostate gland (male) Ureters Vas deferens (male) Urinary bladder
Which part of the human kidney has a higher concentration of urea, the renal cortex or the renal medulla? Where is urine collected in the human kidney before it enters the ureter? What is the name of the microscopic tubes in which sperm cells are formed in a teste? (Answer in the lab protocol.) When you are dissecting a female rat, or any other female mammal, what is one easy way to distinguish the uterus from the urinary bladder? (Answer in the lab protocol.) Part B: Lab Protocols. The Renal (Kidney) System: Cells produce water and carbon dioxide as by-products of metabolic breakdown of sugars, fats, and proteins. Chemical groups such as nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus must be stripped from the large molecules to which they are attached as part of preparing them for energy conversion. The continuous production of metabolic wastes establishes a steep concentration gradient across the plasma membrane, causing wastes to diffuse out of cells and into the extracellular fluid. Single-celled organisms have most of their wastes diffuse out into the outside environment. Multicellular organisms, however, and animals in particular, must have a specialized organ system to concentrate and remove the wastes from the interstitial fluid. These wastes are moved into the blood capillaries and eventually deposited at a collection point for removal entirely from the body. Excretory systems serve this purpose. In animals, this system regulates the chemical composition of body fluids by removing metabolic wastes and retaining the proper amounts of water, salts, and nutrients. MAMMALIAN KIDNEYS The Rat: Obtain your rat from last time. With the help of the following diagrams, identify the following structures. (You may have to cut further down into the abdomen than you already have to expose these structures.) Abdominal Renal arteries Renal veins Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Ovaries (female) Uterus (female) Seminal vessicles (male) Prostate gland (male) Vas deferens (male)
new_biology_120_manual_summer_2015_(doheny).docx