Bott et al. LDPE films Mixing & No Simulant 0.014 6 c No – 2014b extrusion b (3% acetic (aqueous acid, 10% & simulants) 95% ethanol) None (fatty simulant) Artiaga et HDPE bag - Yes Simulant 0.017 Yes d al. 2015 (distilled (40 nm water, 3% aggregates) acetic acid, 10% & 95% ethanol) Cushen et PE films Mixing & No Simulant 0.05 0.5 Yes e – al. 2014b extrusion b (distilled (Ag NPs) water, 3% (made with acetic acid) 0.0003 0.05 – AgNPs or AgionTM Ag (AgionTM) ion filler) Echegoyen LDPE bag - Yes Simulant 0.001 0.019 Yes – and Nerin (3% acetic 2013 acid, 50% 2 x PP ethanol) containers Fortunati PLA Casting No Simulant Unmodified: Not et al. 2013 composites (10% 0.0018 0.004 investigated – ethanol, (ethanol) (unmodified isooctane) 0.0012 or – (isooctane) Modified: 0.061 0.087 – (ethanol) 0.00079 0.023 – (isooctane) Huang et PE bags - Yes Simulant 0.0045 No f – al. 2011 (pure water, 0.024 (300 nm in size) 4% acetic acid, 95% ethanol, hexane) Panea et LDPE film Melting & No Simulant <0.001 Not al. 2014 injection investigated (Ag/ZnO NP) (aqueous, no (Ag) further moulding details 2.44 provided) (Zn) Song et al. PE film - Yes Simulant 3.9 13 Not – 2011 (3% acetic (acetic acid) investigated acid, 95% ethanol) 0.5 0.6 – (ethanol)
Bott et al. 2014b LDPE films Mixing & extrusion b No Simulant (3% acetic acid, 10% & 95% ethanol) 0.014 – 6 (aqueous simulants) None (fatty simulant) No c Artiaga et al. 2015 HDPE bag - Yes Simulant (distilled water, 3% acetic acid, 10% & 95% ethanol) 0.017 Yes d (40 nm aggregates) Cushen et al. 2014b PE films (made with AgNPs or AgionTM Ag ion filler) Mixing & extrusion b No Simulant (distilled water, 3% acetic acid) 0.05 – 0.5 (Ag NPs) 0.0003 – 0.05 (AgionTM) Yes e Echegoyen and Nerin 2013 LDPE bag 2 x PP containers - Yes Simulant (3% acetic acid, 50% ethanol) 0.001 – 0.019 Yes Fortunati et al. 2013 PLA composites (unmodified or Casting No Simulant (10% ethanol, isooctane) Unmodified: 0.0018 – 0.004 (ethanol) – 0.0012 (isooctane) Modified: 0.061 – 0.087 (ethanol) 0.00079 – 0.023 (isooctane) Not investigated Huang et al. 2011 PE bags - Yes Simulant (pure water, 4% acetic acid, 95% ethanol, hexane) 0.0045 – 0.024 No f (300 nm in size) Panea et al. 2014 LDPE film (Ag/ZnO NP) Melting & injection moulding No Simulant (aqueous, no further details provided) <0.001 (Ag) 2.44 (Zn) Not investigated Song et al. 2011 PE film - Yes Simulant (3% acetic acid, 95% ethanol) 3.9 – 13 (acetic acid) 0.5 – 0.6 (ethanol) Not investigated
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