of pHs, but the high activation energy at low pH makes it kinetically stable. At high pH, Dopaquinone forms readily and triggers mfps to solidify, thereby increasing cohesion (Burzio et al., 2000; McDowell et al., 1999; Zhao and Waite, 2006). In this way, Dopa redox modulates the balance between adhesion and cohesion. Although most of the literature focuses on adhesive forces, frictional forces arguably contribute more to holdfast performance. For example, when a single attached byssal thread with a plaque is pulled normal to the surface (e.g. lift), detachment resistance is low and largely adhesive; whereas, when pulled at low angles to the surface (e.g. drag), detachment resistance is an order of magnitude greater due to the added contribution of friction (Begley et al., 2013). Mussels have adaptations at multiple length scales (nm-cm) that utilize friction to dissipate energy (Danner et al., 2012b; Israelachvili et al., 1994), thereby reducing wave impact. These adaptations include, but are not limited to, the radial distribution of anchoring threads (Bell and Gosline, 1998; Qin and Buehler, 2013), the spatulate morphology of plaques (del Campo et al., 2007), the stiff to compliant thread gradient (Bertoldi and Boyce, 2007), the reversible deformation of threads in tension (Carrington, E, Gosline JM, 2006; Waite et al., 1998), and the cuticular coating. As the energy-tolerant, outermost covering of the byssus, the cuticle deserves particular attention for its adaptations against frictional damage because frictional forces are highly context-dependent and can also lead to stress concentration, damage, and catastrophic failure (Holten-Andersen et al., 2009a).
of pHs, but the high activation energy at low pH makes it kinetically stable. At high pH, Dopaquinone forms readily and triggers mfps to solidify, thereby increasing cohesion (Burzio et al., 2000; McDowell et al., 1999; Zhao and Waite, 2006). In this way, Dopa redox modulates the balance between adhesion and cohesion. Although most of the literature focuses on adhesive forces, frictional forces arguably contribute more to holdfast performance. For example, when a single attached byssal thread with a plaque is pulled normal to the surface (e.g. lift), detachment resistance is low and largely adhesive; whereas, when pulled at low angles to the surface (e.g. drag), detachment resistance is an order of magnitude greater due to the added contribution of friction (Begley et al., 2013). Mussels have adaptations at multiple length scales (nm-cm) that utilize friction to dissipate energy (Danner et al., 2012b; Israelachvili et al., 1994), thereby reducing wave impact. These adaptations include, but are not limited to, the radial distribution of anchoring threads (Bell and Gosline, 1998; Qin and Buehler, 2013), the spatulate morphology of plaques (del Campo et al., 2007), the stiff to compliant thread gradient (Bertoldi and Boyce, 2007), the reversible deformation of threads in tension (Carrington, E, Gosline JM, 2006; Waite et al., 1998), and the cuticular coating. As the energy-tolerant, outermost covering of the byssus, the cuticle deserves particular attention for its adaptations against frictional damage because frictional forces are highly context-dependent and can also lead to stress concentration, damage, and catastrophic failure (Holten-Andersen et al., 2009a).
Miller_dissertation_corrections.docx