of impact: People and the Environment; here the radiation doses to people or the amount of radioactive material released into the environment are considered. Radiological Barriers and Control; here events are considered where the primary barriers preventing a large release are significantly damaged, or events where the primary barriers are intact but there is a major spillage of radioactive materials or significant increase in the dose rate. Defence-in-Depth; here events without any direct impact on people or the environment are considered, but for which the range of measures put in place to prevent accidents did not function as intended. Figure 7.2 illustrates some examples of past nuclear or radiological events by INES. Radiological Barriers and People and Environment Defence-in-Depth Control Chernobyl, Ukraine,1986 Significant release of radioactive material to the environment resulting in widespread health and environmental effects 7 Fukushima, Japan, 2011 Significant release of radioactive material to the environment resulting in widespread environmental effects Kyshtym, Russian Federation, 1957 Significant release of radioactive material to 6 the environment after the explosion of a high activity waste tank Windscale pile, UK, 1957 NPP Three Mile Island, USA, Release of radioactive material to the 1979 environment following a fire in the reactor Severe damage to the reactor core core 5 Goiania, Brazil, 1987 Four people died after being overexposed from an abandoned and ruptured high activity source Tokaimura, Japan, 1999 Fatal Saint Laurent des Eaux, France, overexposures of workers following a 1980 Melting of one channel of criticality event at a nuclear facility fuel in the reactor with no release outside the site New Delhi, India, 2010 Radioactive material 4 in scrap metal facility resulting in acute exposure of scrap dealer Stamboliysky, Bulgaria, 2011 Overexposure of four workers at an irradiation facility, Lima, Peru, 2012 Severe overexposure of a Sellafield, UK, 2005 Vandellos, Spain, 1989 radiographer Release of large quantity of Near accident caused by fire radioactive material, contained resulting in loss of safety systems within the installation at the nuclear power station 3 Fleurus,Belgium, 2008 Release of Iodine-131 into the environment from the radionuclide production facility
of impact: People and the Environment; here the radiation doses to people or the amount of radioactive material released into the environment are considered. Radiological Barriers and Control; here events are considered where the primary barriers preventing a large release are significantly damaged, or events where the primary barriers are intact but there is a major spillage of radioactive materials or significant increase in the dose rate. Defence-in-Depth; here events without any direct impact on people or the environment are considered, but for which the range of measures put in place to prevent accidents did not function as intended. Figure 7.2 illustrates some examples of past nuclear or radiological events by INES. People and Environment Radiological Barriers and Control Defence-in-Depth 7 Chernobyl, Ukraine,1986 Significant release of radioactive material to the environment resulting in widespread health and environmental effects Fukushima, Japan, 2011 Significant release of radioactive material to the environment resulting in widespread environmental effects 6 Kyshtym, Russian Federation, 1957 Significant release of radioactive material to the environment after the explosion of a high activity waste tank 5 Windscale pile, UK, 1957 Release of radioactive material to the environment following a fire in the reactor core Goiania, Brazil, 1987 Four people died after being overexposed from an abandoned and ruptured high activity source NPP Three Mile Island, USA, 1979 Severe damage to the reactor core 4 Tokaimura, Japan, 1999 Fatal overexposures of workers following a criticality event at a nuclear facility New Delhi, India, 2010 Radioactive material in scrap metal facility resulting in acute exposure of scrap dealer Stamboliysky, Bulgaria, 2011 Overexposure of four workers at an irradiation facility, Saint Laurent des Eaux, France, 1980 Melting of one channel of fuel in the reactor with no release outside the site 3 Lima, Peru, 2012 Severe overexposure of a radiographer Sellafield, UK, 2005 Release of large quantity of radioactive material, contained within the installation Fleurus,Belgium, 2008 Release of Iodine-131 into the environment from the radionuclide production facility Vandellos, Spain, 1989 Near accident caused by fire resulting in loss of safety systems at the nuclear power station
Module23%20Public%20communication.docx