II. Fundamentals of lasers A. Production of laser light Emission mode 1. Quantum theory Continuous wave 2. Stimulated emission Chopped or gated B. Electromagnetic spectrum Pulsed Regions and boundaries Ultraviolet (1 – 400 nm) Visible (400 – 750 nm) Summary of laser effects on tissue Infrared (750+ nm) Reflection, scattering, 2. Laser wavelengths transmission, absorption Photothermal effects C. Characteristics of laser light Warming Spatial and temporal beam Coagulation, tissue coherency shrinkage, hemostasis 2. Monochromaticity Vaporization, ablation Collimation Carbonization Photoacoustic effect D. Laser requirements, delivery Disruption systems and emission modes Photochemical effects Laser cavity Stimulation of chemical Active medium reactions Pumping mechanism Breaking of molecular bonds Optical resonator Fluorescence Delivery systems Biostimulation Fixed lens and mirror a. Photodynamic therapy Articulated arm Waveguide Optical fiber III. Review of laser types, device characteristics, and clinical applications in dentistry C. Clinical applications A. Laser types Intraoral soft tissue surgery Argon laser Treatment of aphthous ulcers CO2 laser Sulcular debridement (soft tissue Diode lasers curettage) Erbium lasers Composite curing Holmium laser Tooth shade lightening Neodymium lasers Other lasers Caries removal Device characteristics Cavity preparation Enamel modification Wavelength Beam diameter (spot size) Illumination for caries detection Illumination for endodontic orifice Power Energy density location Repetition rate (if applicable) Removal of coronal pulp Exposure duration Experimental applications Total energy IV. Laser safety A. Standards, organizations, and regulatory American National Standards requirements Institute (ANSI) for Devices and Radiological Occupational Safety and Health Health (CDRH Administration (OSHA)
II. Fundamentals of lasers A. Production of laser light 1. Quantum theory 2. Stimulated emission B. Electromagnetic spectrum Regions and boundaries Ultraviolet (1 – 400 nm) Visible (400 – 750 nm) Infrared (750+ nm) 2. Laser wavelengths C. Characteristics of laser light Spatial and temporal beam coherency 2. Monochromaticity Collimation D. Laser requirements, delivery systems and emission modes Laser cavity Active medium Pumping mechanism Optical resonator Delivery systems Fixed lens and mirror Articulated arm Waveguide Optical fiber Emission mode Continuous wave Chopped or gated Pulsed Summary of laser effects on tissue Reflection, scattering, transmission, absorption Photothermal effects Warming Coagulation, tissue shrinkage, hemostasis Vaporization, ablation Carbonization Photoacoustic effect Disruption Photochemical effects Stimulation of chemical reactions Breaking of molecular bonds Fluorescence Biostimulation a. Photodynamic therapy III. Review of laser types, device characteristics, and clinical applications in dentistry A. Laser types Argon laser CO2 laser Diode lasers Erbium lasers Holmium laser Neodymium lasers Other lasers Device characteristics Wavelength Beam diameter (spot size) Power Energy density Repetition rate (if applicable) Exposure duration Total energy C. Clinical applications Intraoral soft tissue surgery Treatment of aphthous ulcers Sulcular debridement (soft tissue curettage) Composite curing Tooth shade lightening Caries removal Cavity preparation Enamel modification Illumination for caries detection Illumination for endodontic orifice location Removal of coronal pulp Experimental applications IV. Laser safety A. Standards, organizations, and regulatory requirements for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)