Heart diseases, cardiac tissue damage. Paralysis (spinal cord injury) Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease. Burns (damaged skin cells) 5-Marks Questions: What do you mean by PCR? Briefly enumerate the major steps of PCR. Mention the utility of PCR. Ans: PCR is a cycle of three steps: DENATURATION - the strands of the DNA are melted apart by heating to 95°C. ANNEALING - the temperature is reduced to ~ 55°C to allow the primers to anneal to the target DNA. POLYMERISATION/EXTENSION - the temperature is changed to the optimum temperature in order for the DNA polymerase to catalyse extension of the primers, i.e. to copy the DNA between the primers. The cycle is repeated over and over again - as many times as needed to produce a detectable amount of product (DNA). What are the problems of using prokaryotic host like E.coli for production of eukaryotic proteins? Ans: When a eukaryotic gene is expressed in prokaryotic host, there are some problems to be tackled. The foreign gene should ideally be linked to a strong eukaryotic promoter. Otherwise there will not be sufficient expression of eularyotic protein in a prokaryotic system. The non-coding regions or the introns of eukaryotic gene must be excised. This requires use of reverse transcription of mRNA into cDNA. Additionally, the recombinant protein may not be secreted into the medium or its incorrect folding and accumulation intracellularly may generate inclusion bodies. Chapter-12 BIOTECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION Biotechnology is making Genetically modified organisms-microbes, plants, animals for industrial production of Bio-Pharmaceuticals and other useful products. Applications – i) Diagnostic & therapeutic ii) Genetically modified crops iii) Waste treatment iv) Energy production v) Food processing vi) Bioremediation Application in agriculture Genetically modified organisms (GMO)-Plants, bacteria, fungi, animals.whose genes are altered by manipulation. Transgenic crops(GMO) -Crops contain or express one or more useful foreign genes. Advantages -i) More tolerant to stresses (heat, cold, draught).
Heart diseases, cardiac tissue damage. Paralysis (spinal cord injury) Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease. Burns (damaged skin cells) 5-Marks Questions: What do you mean by PCR? Briefly enumerate the major steps of PCR. Mention the utility of PCR. Ans: PCR is a cycle of three steps: DENATURATION - the strands of the DNA are melted apart by heating to 95°C. ANNEALING - the temperature is reduced to ~ 55°C to allow the primers to anneal to the target DNA. POLYMERISATION/EXTENSION - the temperature is changed to the optimum temperature in order for the DNA polymerase to catalyse extension of the primers, i.e. to copy the DNA between the primers. The cycle is repeated over and over again - as many times as needed to produce a detectable amount of product (DNA). What are the problems of using prokaryotic host like E.coli for production of eukaryotic proteins? Ans: When a eukaryotic gene is expressed in prokaryotic host, there are some problems to be tackled. The foreign gene should ideally be linked to a strong eukaryotic promoter. Otherwise there will not be sufficient expression of eularyotic protein in a prokaryotic system. The non-coding regions or the introns of eukaryotic gene must be excised. This requires use of reverse transcription of mRNA into cDNA. Additionally, the recombinant protein may not be secreted into the medium or its incorrect folding and accumulation intracellularly may generate inclusion bodies. Chapter-12 BIOTECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION Biotechnology is making Genetically modified organisms-microbes, plants, animals for industrial production of Bio-Pharmaceuticals and other useful products. Applications – i) Diagnostic & therapeutic ii) Genetically modified crops iii) Waste treatment iv) Energy production v) Food processing vi) Bioremediation Application in agriculture Genetically modified organisms (GMO)-Plants, bacteria, fungi, animals.whose genes are altered by manipulation. Transgenic crops(GMO) -Crops contain or express one or more useful foreign genes. Advantages -i) More tolerant to stresses (heat, cold, draught).