Table 2 Continued Gender Study Gender role Age Country/ Ethnicity Education Employment N Female Male Gianakos 176 130 46 Not reported = 24.2, United States/ Psychology All part-time M SD (2000) = 7.19 161 White, 9 undergraduate employed, African American, students mean hours 2 Native American, per week = 1 Biracial/ 3 no 29.36 response Hirokawa, 916 563 353 134 andr. (55 males/ = 18.7, Japanese/ Did not Undergraduates Did not report M SD Yagi, Miyata 79 females)/ 275 = 1.1 report (course unclear) (2004) masc. (105 males/ 170 females)/ 256 fem. (95 males/161 females)/ 157 und. (65 males/ 92 females)/ 94 mid. (33 males/ 61 females) Huang, Zhu, 432 209 223 152 andr. (85 male/ Range = 17 - Chinese/ Did not Undergraduates Did not report Zheng, Zhang 67 female)/ 66 masc. 24 report (Liberal arts, and & Shiomi ( 38 male/28 female) / science/engineering) (2012) 63 fem. (17 male/ 46 28.2% freshmen, female) / 151 und. (83 19.9% sophomore, male/ 68 female) 28.2% juniors, 23.6% seniors Jones, 197 153 44 68 andr./ 48 masc./ 37 = 22.96, United States/ Did Psychology Did not report M Medenhall & fem./ 44 und. = 7.37 not report undergraduates SD Myers (2016)
Table 2 Continued Study N Gender Gender role Age Country/ Ethnicity Education Employment Female Male Gianakos (2000) 176 130 46 Not reported M = 24.2, SD = 7.19 United States/ 161 White, 9 African American, 2 Native American, 1 Biracial/ 3 no response Psychology undergraduate students All part-time employed, mean hours per week = 29.36 Hirokawa, Yagi, Miyata (2004) 916 563 353 134 andr. (55 males/ 79 females)/ 275 masc. (105 males/ 170 females)/ 256 fem. (95 males/161 females)/ 157 und. (65 males/ 92 females)/ 94 mid. (33 males/ 61 females) M = 18.7, SD = 1.1 Japanese/ Did not report Undergraduates (course unclear) Did not report Huang, Zhu, Zheng, Zhang & Shiomi (2012) 432 209 223 152 andr. (85 male/ 67 female)/ 66 masc. ( 38 male/28 female) / 63 fem. (17 male/ 46 female) / 151 und. (83 male/ 68 female) Range = 17 - 24 Chinese/ Did not report Undergraduates (Liberal arts, and science/engineering) 28.2% freshmen, 19.9% sophomore, 28.2% juniors, 23.6% seniors Did not report Jones, Medenhall & Myers (2016) 197 153 44 68 andr./ 48 masc./ 37 fem./ 44 und. M = 22.96, SD = 7.37 United States/ Did not report Psychology undergraduates Did not report