concentration in ethanol, resulting in the ZrO2 production rate of 4.111×10-6 kg/s and 8.222×10-6 kg/s (14.8 g/h and 29.6 g/h), respectively. A concentric two-phase nozzle is used to spray the metal-containing liquid mixture. 3–5 L/min of dispersion oxygen is introduced into the surrounding annular gap at an angle of 45° with the centre capillary. The gap width (x, see Fig. 2) is adjusted to assure critical flow conditions for all experiments. Methane and oxygen are supplied through an annulus surrounding the nozzle to form a diffusion flame to ignite and sustain the main flame. More details of the experimental apparatus and procedures can be found in the cited reference 21. Figure 2. Schematic view of SP-FSP nozzle configuration Figure 3 demonstrates the comparison of the predicted zirconia primary particle diameters (solid lines) for different precursor concentration of 0.5–1 M production rate of kg/s (9.6–22.5×10-3 g/h). The measured TEM is presented by triangular symbols, BET by the square symbol, and the numerical data from Gröhn et al. 21 by the dotted lines for the primary particle diameter. Model predictions are mixing-cup averages for beams with 5×10-2 m diameter (i.e., the radius of the domain) going through the flame at different HAB to be consistent with measurements and numerical data. (26) , where is the primary particle diameter, and are the facet velocity vector and the facet area vector, respectively. As can be seen in Fig. 3, the results from the present model are in good agreement with the BET and TEM measurements. In the present work, only ±2% deviation is observed from BET data while the numerical results in 21 show under prediction of about 7−9%. Also, comparison of the predicted diameters with the TEM measurement shows better agreement than the model in 21 (see Fig. 3a and 3b).
concentration in ethanol, resulting in the ZrO2 production rate of 4.111×10-6 kg/s and 8.222×10-6 kg/s (14.8 g/h and 29.6 g/h), respectively. A concentric two-phase nozzle is used to spray the metal-containing liquid mixture. 3–5 L/min of dispersion oxygen is introduced into the surrounding annular gap at an angle of 45° with the centre capillary. The gap width (x, see Fig. 2) is adjusted to assure critical flow conditions for all experiments. Methane and oxygen are supplied through an annulus surrounding the nozzle to form a diffusion flame to ignite and sustain the main flame. More details of the experimental apparatus and procedures can be found in the cited reference 21. Figure 2. Schematic view of SP-FSP nozzle configuration Figure 3 demonstrates the comparison of the predicted zirconia primary particle diameters (solid lines) for different precursor concentration of 0.5–1 M production rate of kg/s (9.6–22.5×10-3 g/h). The measured TEM is presented by triangular symbols, BET by the square symbol, and the numerical data from Gröhn et al. 21 by the dotted lines for the primary particle diameter. Model predictions are mixing-cup averages for beams with 5×10-2 m diameter (i.e., the radius of the domain) going through the flame at different HAB to be consistent with measurements and numerical data. , (26) where is the primary particle diameter, and are the facet velocity vector and the facet area vector, respectively. As can be seen in Fig. 3, the results from the present model are in good agreement with the BET and TEM measurements. In the present work, only ±2% deviation is observed from BET data while the numerical results in 21 show under prediction of about 7−9%. Also, comparison of the predicted diameters with the TEM measurement shows better agreement than the model in 21 (see Fig. 3a and 3b).