Chemical processes and reaction rates are understood in terms of collisions of molecules, rearrangement of atoms, and changes in energy Some mixtures of as determined by properties of substances can be elements involved. Knowledge Chemical reactions that separated into component of conservation of atoms with Heating and occur when some substances. Reacting chemical properties and cooling substances are mixed substances rearrange to electrical charges can be used PS1.B substances cause can be identified by the form different molecules to describe and predict Chemical changes that are emergence of with different properties, N/A chemical reactions. Main types reactions sometimes substances with but the number of atoms is of reactions include transfer of reversible and different properties; the conserved. Some reactions electrons (redox) or hydronium sometimes not. total mass remains the release energy and others ions (acids/bases). Changes in same. absorb energy depending pressure, concentration, or on the type and temperature affect the balance concentration of reactants. between forward and backward reaction rates (equilibrium). Ionic and covalent bonds can be predicted based on the types of attractive forces between particles. Pushes and pulls second law (F = Newton’s The role of the mass of an The effect of can have and the conservation of ma) object must be qualitatively PS2.A unbalanced forces on an different momentum can be used to object results in a accounted for in any N/A Forces and predict changes in the strengths and motion change of motion. Some change of motion due to motion of macroscopic directions, and the application of a force. forces act through can change the objects. contact; some forces act speed or Forces at a distance are Electrical forces between even when the objects Forces that act at a distance direction of an explained by fields that electrons and the nucleus of are not in contact. The involve fields that can be motion can transfer energy and atoms explain chemical object’s gravitational force of mapped by their relative or start or stop it. can be described in terms patterns. Intermolecular forces PS2.B Earth acting on an strength and effect on an Bigger pushes Types of of the arrangement and determine atomic composition, object near object. Solutes can change Earth’s and pulls cause properties of interacting molecular geometry and interactions surface pulls that object the properties of solvents bigger changes objects and the distance polarity, and, therefore, toward the by creating charged planet’s in an between them. These structure and properties of object’s center. particles. motion. forces can be used to substances. The
PS1.B Chemical reactions Heating and cooling substances cause changes that are sometimes reversible and sometimes not. Chemical reactions that occur when some substances are mixed can be identified by the emergence of substances with different properties; the total mass remains the same. Some mixtures of substances can be separated into component substances. Reacting substances rearrange to form different molecules with different properties, but the number of atoms is conserved. Some reactions release energy and others absorb energy depending on the type and concentration of reactants. N/A Chemical processes and reaction rates are understood in terms of collisions of molecules, rearrangement of atoms, and changes in energy as determined by properties of elements involved. Knowledge of conservation of atoms with chemical properties and electrical charges can be used to describe and predict chemical reactions. Main types of reactions include transfer of electrons (redox) or hydronium ions (acids/bases). Changes in pressure, concentration, or temperature affect the balance between forward and backward reaction rates (equilibrium). Ionic and covalent bonds can be predicted based on the types of attractive forces between particles. PS2.A Forces and motion Pushes and pulls can have different strengths and directions, and can change the speed or direction of an object’s motion or start or stop it. Bigger pushes and pulls cause bigger changes in an object’s motion. The effect of unbalanced forces on an object results in a change of motion. Some forces act through contact; some forces act even when the objects are not in contact. The gravitational force of Earth acting on an object near Earth’s surface pulls that object toward the planet’s center. The role of the mass of an object must be qualitatively accounted for in any change of motion due to the application of a force. Newton’s second law (F = ma) and the conservation of momentum can be used to predict changes in the motion of macroscopic objects. N/A PS2.B Types of interactions Forces that act at a distance involve fields that can be mapped by their relative strength and effect on an object. Solutes can change the properties of solvents by creating charged particles. Forces at a distance are explained by fields that can transfer energy and can be described in terms of the arrangement and properties of interacting objects and the distance between them. These forces can be used to Electrical forces between electrons and the nucleus of atoms explain chemical patterns. Intermolecular forces determine atomic composition, molecular geometry and polarity, and, therefore, structure and properties of substances. The