1.3.II.D What role did pastoral civilizations play vis a vis empires? Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and Sumeria • Akkadia • modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations. Babylonia • compound bows chariots iron weapons horseback riding • • • • Egypt (Old, MIddle • New) Nubia • bows • chariots • iron weapons • 1.3.III How did culture play a role in Culture played a significant in role in unifying states through law, language, pyramids • ziggurats • unifying populations? literature, religion, myths and monumental art. 1.3.III.A What architectural forms did Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning early civilizations produce? ziggurat temples streets and roads pyramids • • • • defensive walls sewage and water systems • • 1.3.III.B Which social strata Elites, both political and religious, promoted arts and artisanship. encouraged the development of art sculpture painting wall decorations elaborate weaving • • • • in ancient civilizations? 1.3.III.C What forms of writing Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations. cuneiform • developed in ancient civilizations? cuneiform hieroglyphs pictographs alphabets quipu • • • • • hieroglphics • alphabet • 1.3.III.D What was the relationship Literature was also a reflection of culture. quipu • between literature and culture? the Epic of Gilgamesh Rig Veda Book of the Dead • • • *Rig Veda = Sanskrit 1.3.III.E What pre-600 religions New religious beliefs developed in this period continued to have strong BCE strongly influenced later eras? influences in later periods, including the Vedic religion, Hebrew monotheism and Zoroastrianism. 1.3.III.F How were the pre-600 “big” trading regions? Trade expanded throughout this period, with civilizations exchanging goods, BCE cultural ideas and technology. Trade expanded from local to regional and 1.3.III.G How did social and gender transregional, including between Egypt and Nubia, Mesopotamia and the Indus identities develop pre-600 valley. BCE? Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded and cities
1.3.II.D What role did pastoral civilizations play vis a vis empires? Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations. • compound bows • chariots • iron weapons • horseback riding • Sumeria • Akkadia • Babylonia • Egypt (Old, MIddle New) • Nubia • bows • chariots • iron weapons 1.3.III How did culture play a role in unifying populations? 1.3.III.A What architectural forms did early civilizations produce? 1.3.III.B Which social strata encouraged the development of art in ancient civilizations? 1.3.III.C What forms of writing developed in ancient civilizations? 1.3.III.D What was the relationship between literature and culture? 1.3.III.E What pre-600 BCE religions strongly influenced later eras? 1.3.III.F How “big” were the pre-600 BCE trading regions? 1.3.III.G How did social and gender identities develop pre-600 BCE? Culture played a significant in role in unifying states through law, language, literature, religion, myths and monumental art. Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning • ziggurat • temples • streets and roads • pyramids • defensive walls • sewage and water systems Elites, both political and religious, promoted arts and artisanship. • sculpture • painting • wall decorations • elaborate weaving Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations. • cuneiform • hieroglyphs • pictographs • alphabets • quipu Literature was also a reflection of culture. • the Epic of Gilgamesh • Rig Veda • Book of the Dead New religious beliefs developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods, including the Vedic religion, Hebrew monotheism and Zoroastrianism. Trade expanded throughout this period, with civilizations exchanging goods, cultural ideas and technology. Trade expanded from local to regional and transregional, including between Egypt and Nubia, Mesopotamia and the Indus valley. Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded and cities • pyramids • ziggurats • cuneiform • hieroglphics • alphabet • quipu *Rig Veda = Sanskrit