Instrument: survey Threats to validity: Bias, participant loss of anonymity, history (participants assessed professionalism of other healthcare individuals), selection bias, no power analysis Albert, Wocial, 390 adult, 109 Prospective Aim: Determine if nurse Level 3 Adults: NIS for white uniforms higher than NIS for Meyer, Na, & pediatric Comparative uniform style and color affected small print, bold print, or solid color (p<.001) Trochelman patients Design perceptions of nurse White uniform NIS increased with subject age (2008) professionalism (p<=.007). Instrument: Modified Nurse Pediatric/adult: No congruence between nursing Image Survey, Nurse Image professionalism and uniform Scale for Children Threats to validity: History-all staff nurses in the study setting wore white uniforms, alternate selections for uniforms were limited, power analysis not preformed Skorupski, & 180 patients Descriptive Aim: Indentify the image Level 3 Seniors: consistently chose white uniform as Rea, (2006) study conveyed by 3 different nursing competent and professional (78.7%) uniforms Generations X, Y, Baby-Boomers: chose print Instrument: Modified Nursing uniforms as approachable (72.5%-75.5%) Image Scale White was selected as the nurse you would least like to care for you (22%) Threats to validity: Diffusion-nurses informally discussed nursing uniforms and volunteered opinions on units, no power analysis Hussein, 354 post Mixed methods, Aim: How women in Ghana Level 3 Role, prior knowledge and uniform are the most Hundley, Bell, partum Exit interviews, identify health professionals common means by which women identify their Abbey, Asare, women focus groups, who attend births attendant. & Graham in-depth Instrument: Skilled Attendance Threats to validity: Bias-formation of the survey (2005) interviews, for Everyone (SAFE) questionnaire from the findings of the qualitative work, community questionnaire small survey response rate, inaccurate reporting of survey qualified health attendants DeKeyser, 76 Israeli Preliminary Aim: Investigate Israeli Level 3 Patients preferred that health care providers wear Wruble, & inpatients Descriptive formal dress (56%) and be addressed by their formal inpatients’ attitudes toward Margalith. Study health care providers dress and titles (76%). (2003) address. Instrument: Patient Threats to validity: Generalizability-culture and ethnic Sensitivity Questionnaire origin may influence attitudes toward dress and address, no power analysis preformed
Instrument: survey Threats to validity: Bias, participant loss of anonymity, history (participants assessed professionalism of other healthcare individuals), selection bias, no power analysis Albert, Wocial, Meyer, Na, & Trochelman (2008) 390 adult, 109 pediatric patients Prospective Comparative Design Aim: Determine if nurse uniform style and color affected perceptions of nurse professionalism Instrument: Modified Nurse Image Survey, Nurse Image Scale for Children Adults: NIS for white uniforms higher than NIS for small print, bold print, or solid color (p<.001) White uniform NIS increased with subject age (p<=.007). Pediatric/adult: No congruence between nursing professionalism and uniform Threats to validity: History-all staff nurses in the study setting wore white uniforms, alternate selections for uniforms were limited, power analysis not preformed Level 3 Skorupski, & Rea, (2006) 180 patients Descriptive study Aim: Indentify the image conveyed by 3 different nursing uniforms Instrument: Modified Nursing Image Scale Seniors: consistently chose white uniform as competent and professional (78.7%) Generations X, Y, Baby-Boomers: chose print uniforms as approachable (72.5%-75.5%) White was selected as the nurse you would least like to care for you (22%) Threats to validity: Diffusion-nurses informally discussed nursing uniforms and volunteered opinions on units, no power analysis Level 3 Hussein, Hundley, Bell, Abbey, Asare, & Graham (2005) 354 post partum women Mixed methods, Exit interviews, focus groups, in-depth interviews, community survey Aim: How women in Ghana identify health professionals who attend births Instrument: Skilled Attendance for Everyone (SAFE) questionnaire Role, prior knowledge and uniform are the most common means by which women identify their attendant. Threats to validity: Bias-formation of the survey questionnaire from the findings of the qualitative work, small survey response rate, inaccurate reporting of qualified health attendants Level 3 DeKeyser, Wruble, & Margalith. (2003) 76 Israeli inpatients Preliminary Descriptive Study Aim: Investigate Israeli inpatients’ attitudes toward health care providers dress and address. Instrument: Patient Sensitivity Questionnaire Patients preferred that health care providers wear formal dress (56%) and be addressed by their formal titles (76%). Threats to validity: Generalizability-culture and ethnic origin may influence attitudes toward dress and address, no power analysis preformed Level 3