TABLE 1 Summary of Existing Macro-Level Crash Frequency Studies Independent Variable Considered Methodological Paper Unit of Analysis Spatial Unit Crash level Approach network Built measures Measures Exposure Accessibility environment characteristics Road Socioeconomic characteristics characteristics Fatal/Serious Noland and Standard Pedestrian injury crashes, Quddus Negative binomial statistical --- Yes Yes Yes Yes --- Bicyclist Slight injury (2004a) regions crashes Wier et al. Ordinary least square Pedestrian crash Census tract Injury crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (2009) regression Negative binomial, Negative binomial Ukkusuri et with heterogeneity in Pedestrian crash Census tract Total crashes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes al. (2012) dispersion parameter, Zero-inflated negative binomial Multivariate Poisson Motor vehicle, Lee et al. Traffic lognormal conditional bicycle and Total crashes Yes Yes Yes Yes (2015) analysis zone autoregressive model pedestrian crashes Wei and Traffic Lovegrove Negative binomial Bicycle crash Total crashes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes analysis zone (2013) Negative binomial, Total pedestrian Siddiqui et al. Pedestrian and Traffic Bayesian log-normal crashes, Total --- Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (2012) bicycle crash analysis zone model bicycle crashes Cho et al. Pedestrian and Community Path analysis Total crashes Yes Yes --- --- Yes Yes (2009) bicycle crash analysis zones Bayesian spatial and Young (Age 0-25) MacNab Local health ecological regression pedestrian and Injury crashes --- Yes --- Yes Yes Yes (2004) areas model Bicyclist crash Random Effect Fatal crashes, Noland (2003) Crash State --- Yes Yes Yes Yes --- negative binomial Injury crashes
TABLE 1 Summary of Existing Macro-Level Crash Frequency Studies Paper Methodological Approach Unit of Analysis Spatial Unit Crash level Independent Variable Considered Accessibility measures Exposure Measures characteristics Socioeconomic characteristics Road network characteristics Built environment Noland and Quddus (2004a) Negative binomial Pedestrian Bicyclist Standard statistical regions Fatal/Serious injury crashes, Slight injury crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes --- Wier et al. (2009) Ordinary least square regression Pedestrian crash Census tract Injury crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ukkusuri et al. (2012) Negative binomial, Negative binomial with heterogeneity in dispersion parameter, Zero-inflated negative binomial Pedestrian crash Census tract Total crashes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Lee et al. (2015) Multivariate Poisson lognormal conditional autoregressive model Motor vehicle, bicycle and pedestrian crashes Traffic analysis zone Total crashes Yes Yes Yes Yes Wei and Lovegrove (2013) Negative binomial Bicycle crash Traffic analysis zone Total crashes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Siddiqui et al. (2012) Negative binomial, Bayesian log-normal model Pedestrian and bicycle crash Traffic analysis zone Total pedestrian crashes, Total bicycle crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cho et al. (2009) Path analysis Pedestrian and bicycle crash Community analysis zones Total crashes Yes Yes --- --- Yes Yes MacNab (2004) Bayesian spatial and ecological regression model Young (Age 0-25) pedestrian and Bicyclist crash Local health areas Injury crashes --- Yes --- Yes Yes Yes Noland (2003) Random Effect negative binomial Crash State Fatal crashes, Injury crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes ---