TABLES in and displ. (m) Duration change surface / elevation (km) Surge Glacier (km3) Terminus zones++ receiving mechanism References Max. Volume Max. reservoir changes position velocity Timing Kamb et Variegated 1982 to 110 al., 1985; x 108 glacier, NA ≈5 65 hydrological 1983 – Raymond, Alaska 1987 Dolgushi Metvezhiy 1963 and and glacier, NA 120 NA 100 1973 ? Osipova, Pamir 1975 Horcones Inferior 2002 to +36 –1.1 x 108 Pitte et al., +3.1 14 hydrological Glacier, –72 +1 x 108 2016 Argentina 5.5 8 Quincey et up to [from Karakorum various NA NA thermal al., 2011, +2.4 max. of glaciers 2015 2000 m yr–1] Gardelle +16m yr-1 Karakorum NA NA NA NA NA et al., –16m yr-1 2013 Black between Rapids −249 m* Shugar et 1949 and NA NA NA NA Glacier, +63 m* al., 2010 1995 Alaska central Yulinchuan 2008 to Guo et al., 0.59 Not studied NA 13 NA glacier, 2009 2013 Tibet 36 of 50 e.g. +40 m for Sund et glaciers on various NA NA NA NA Kroppbreen al., 2009 Svalbard 3 of 50 Arendt et NA NA NA NA NA NA glaciers al., 2002 studied in Alaska Björnsson 31 glaciers various NA NA NA NA hydrological et al., in Iceland 2003 +20 5 Kverkjökull x 107 1? hydrological this paper –20? Table 1. A summary of the quantified geometry changes during surges of land-terminating glaciers. For interest and comparison, King et al. (2015) tabulate similar parameters of surges of ocean-terminating glaciers.++ note that elevation changes occur over different time periods,* note that elevation changes reported probably include a time period of quiescence as well as the surge
TABLES Glacier Timing / Duration Terminus position change (km) Max. elevation changes (m) in reservoir and receiving zones++ Volume displ. (km3) Max. surface velocity Surge mechanism References Variegated glacier, Alaska 1982 to 1983 NA 110 – ≈5 x 108 65 hydrological Kamb et al., 1985; Raymond, 1987 Metvezhiy glacier, Pamir 1963 and 1973 NA 120 NA 100 Dolgushi and Osipova, 1975 Horcones Inferior Glacier, Argentina 2002 to +3.1 +36 –72 –1.1 x 108 +1 x 108 14 hydrological Pitte et al., 2016 8 Karakorum glaciers various up to +2.4 NA NA 5.5 [from max. of 2000 m yr–1] thermal Quincey et al., 2011, 2015 Karakorum NA NA +16m yr-1 –16m yr-1 NA NA NA Gardelle et al., 2013 Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska between 1949 and 1995 NA −249 m* +63 m* NA NA NA Shugar et al., 2010 central Yulinchuan glacier, Tibet 2008 to 2009 0.59 Not studied NA 13 NA Guo et al., 2013 36 of 50 glaciers on Svalbard various NA e.g. +40 m for Kroppbreen NA NA NA Sund et al., 2009 3 of 50 glaciers studied in Alaska NA NA NA NA NA NA Arendt et al., 2002 31 glaciers in Iceland various NA NA NA NA hydrological Björnsson et al., 2003 Kverkjökull ? +20 –20? 5 x 107 1? hydrological this paper Table 1. A summary of the quantified geometry changes during surges of land-terminating glaciers. For interest and comparison, King et al. (2015) tabulate similar parameters of surges of ocean-terminating glaciers.++ note that elevation changes occur over different time periods,* note that elevation changes reported probably include a time period of quiescence as well as the surge