Table 1. Principles of teaching and learning (adapted from , ) Principle Instructional Strategies 1. Higher levels of Engagement with abstracted phenomena. learning involve active and purposeful engagement with Case study complex abstracted phenomena. Role plays Semantic webbing Concept webbing Debates 2. Multiplicity of perspectives. Higher levels of learning Guided hypertext with include diverse and/or multiple perspectives about the issues(s) annotations or problems(s) presented. Multiple information sources Sequenced content databases Press conference / 3. Relatedness. Higher levels of learning involve phenomena debate with invited that have relevance to the learners. expert Online case histories with raw data 4. Higher levels of learning include diverse Learning methods. Open-ended questioning ways of knowing. WebQuest Problem-based learning Delphi or nominal group technique 5. Responsibility. Higher levels of learning require learners to Group cooperative assume greater responsibility in the learning process. projects Presentations Active self assessment rubrics 6. Higher levels of learning require learners Meaning making. Antithetical questions to build meaning into the issues and problems presented. Scaffold discussion Reflective question posing 7. Reconstruction. Higher levels of learning require learners to understand that their own world view is not the only one (or Role reversal questions necessarily the correct one). Brainstorming
Table 1. Principles of teaching and learning (adapted from , ) Principle Instructional Strategies 1. Engagement with abstracted phenomena. Higher levels of learning involve active and purposeful engagement with complex abstracted phenomena. Case study Role plays Semantic webbing Concept webbing Debates 2. Multiplicity of perspectives. Higher levels of learning include diverse and/or multiple perspectives about the issues(s) or problems(s) presented. Guided hypertext with annotations Multiple information sources Sequenced content databases 3. Relatedness. Higher levels of learning involve phenomena that have relevance to the learners. Press conference / debate with invited expert Online case histories with raw data 4. Learning methods. Higher levels of learning include diverse ways of knowing. Open-ended questioning WebQuest Problem-based learning Delphi or nominal group technique 5. Responsibility. Higher levels of learning require learners to assume greater responsibility in the learning process. Group cooperative projects Presentations Active self assessment rubrics 6. Meaning making. Higher levels of learning require learners to build meaning into the issues and problems presented. Antithetical questions Scaffold discussion Reflective question posing 7. Reconstruction. Higher levels of learning require learners to understand that their own world view is not the only one (or necessarily the correct one). Role reversal questions Brainstorming