ANALYTICAL SECTION HPV causes a substantial disease burden, resulting in high and indirect costs. In 2006, it was estimated that approximately $1.4 billion is spent on cervical cancer treatment each year in the United States. A recent report on to the Nation on the Status oropharyngeal cancers titled “Annual Report of Cancer, 1975-2009’’ the following statistics: gave From 2005 to 2009, incidence rates of oropharyngeal Cancers were four times higher among men than women (8.2 versus 1.8 cases per 100,000 persons, respectively), with the highest incidence rates found in white and black men (8.5 and 7.9 cases per 100,000 persons). Also, incidence rates of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer increased among white men (3.9%) and women (1.7%) over the same time period. Of the 13,446 new HPV-associated cancer cases among men in 2009, 78.2% were HPV-associated cancers of the oropharynx. Although cervical cancer remains the primary HPV-associated cancer among women, comprising 53.4% of U.S. cancer cases in 2009, 11.6% of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers also occurred in women (Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, et al., 2011) Exposure to human papillomavirus occurs commonly through sexual contact, and oncogenic HPV types have been increasingly shown to be associated with squamous cell cancers of the oropharynx. Over 90 percent of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers are associated with HPV-16 and the two oncogenic subtypes of HPV. The plots below illustrate an evaluation of the distribution of HPV and genital warts prevalence in young females (CDC, 2012). The box plot below indicates a highest percentage of
ANALYTICAL SECTION HPV causes a substantial disease burden, resulting in high and indirect costs. In 2006, it was estimated that approximately $1.4 billion is spent on cervical cancer treatment each year in the United States. A recent report on oropharyngeal cancers titled “Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2009’’ gave the following statistics: From 2005 to 2009, incidence rates of oropharyngeal Cancers were four times higher among men than women (8.2 versus 1.8 cases per 100,000 persons, respectively), with the highest incidence rates found in white and black men (8.5 and 7.9 cases per 100,000 persons). Also, incidence rates of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer increased among white men (3.9%) and women (1.7%) over the same time period. Of the 13,446 new HPV-associated cancer cases among men in 2009, 78.2% were HPV-associated cancers of the oropharynx. Although cervical cancer remains the primary HPV-associated cancer among women, comprising 53.4% of U.S. cancer cases in 2009, 11.6% of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers also occurred in women (Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, et al., 2011) Exposure to human papillomavirus occurs commonly through sexual contact, and oncogenic HPV types have been increasingly shown to be associated with squamous cell cancers of the oropharynx. Over 90 percent of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers are associated with HPV-16 and the two oncogenic subtypes of HPV. The plots below illustrate an evaluation of the distribution of HPV and genital warts prevalence in young females (CDC, 2012). The box plot below indicates a highest percentage of