scientists and engineers Describe, measure, Describe, measure, Use mathematical Use mathematical, to predict the behavior and/or compare estimate, and/or graph representations to computational, and/or of systems and test the quantitative attributes quantities such as area, describe and/or support algorithmic representations of validity of such of different objects volume, weight, and scientific conclusions phenomena or design solutions predictions. and display the data time to address and design solutions. to describe and/or support using simple graphs. scientific and claims and/or explanations. engineering questions and problems. Use quantitative data Create and/or use Create algorithms (a Apply techniques of algebra and to compare two graphs and/or charts series of ordered steps) functions to represent and solve alternative solutions generated from simple to solve a problem. scientific and engineering to a problem. algorithms to compare Apply mathematical problems. alternative solutions to concepts and/or Use simple limit cases to test an engineering processes (such as ratio, mathematical expressions, problem. rate, percent, basic computer programs, algorithms, operations, and simple or simulations of a process or algebra) to scientific and system to see if a model “makes engineering questions sense” by comparing the and problems. outcomes with what is known Use digital tools and/or about the real world. mathematical concepts Apply ratios, rates, percentages, and arguments to test and unit conversions in the and compare proposed context of complicated solutions to an measurement problems engineering design involving quantities with problem. derived or compound units (such as mg/mL, kg/m3, etc.). Science and Pre-K–2 Condensed 3–5 Condensed 6–8 Condensed Practices 9–12 Condensed Practices Engineering Practices Practices Practices Constructing Constructing Constructing explanations Constructing explanations and 6. Constructing explanations and explanations and and designing solutions in designing solutions in 9–12 Explanations and designing solutions in designing solutions in 8 builds on pre-K–5 builds on pre-K–8 experiences Designing Solutions pre-K–2 builds on prior 3–5 builds on pre-K–2 experiences and progresses and progresses to explanations experiences and experiences and to include constructing and designs that are supported The end-products of progresses to the use of progresses to the use of explanations and designing by multiple and independent
scientists and engineers to predict the behavior of systems and test the validity of such predictions. Describe, measure, and/or compare quantitative attributes of different objects and display the data using simple graphs. Describe, measure, estimate, and/or graph quantities such as area, volume, weight, and time to address scientific and engineering questions and problems. Use mathematical representations to describe and/or support scientific conclusions and design solutions. Use mathematical, computational, and/or algorithmic representations of phenomena or design solutions to describe and/or support claims and/or explanations. Use quantitative data to compare two alternative solutions to a problem. Create and/or use graphs and/or charts generated from simple algorithms to compare alternative solutions to an engineering problem. Create algorithms (a series of ordered steps) to solve a problem. Apply mathematical concepts and/or processes (such as ratio, rate, percent, basic operations, and simple algebra) to scientific and engineering questions and problems. Use digital tools and/or mathematical concepts and arguments to test and compare proposed solutions to an engineering design problem. Apply techniques of algebra and functions to represent and solve scientific and engineering problems. Use simple limit cases to test mathematical expressions, computer programs, algorithms, or simulations of a process or system to see if a model “makes sense” by comparing the outcomes with what is known about the real world. Apply ratios, rates, percentages, and unit conversions in the context of complicated measurement problems involving quantities with derived or compound units (such as mg/mL, kg/m3, etc.). Science and Engineering Practices Pre-K–2 Condensed Practices 3–5 Condensed Practices 6–8 Condensed Practices 9–12 Condensed Practices 6. Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions The end-products of Constructing explanations and designing solutions in pre-K–2 builds on prior experiences and progresses to the use of Constructing explanations and designing solutions in 3–5 builds on pre-K–2 experiences and progresses to the use of Constructing explanations and designing solutions in builds on pre-K–5 experiences and progresses to include constructing explanations and designing Constructing explanations and designing solutions in 9–12 builds on pre-K–8 experiences and progresses to explanations and designs that are supported by multiple and independent 8