MARINE TERMINAL UNIT 4 Mineral-oil and liquefied-gas terminals Mineral oil and mineral oil-related petrochemical products (hydrocarbons) can be divided into three groups: Black Oils Mainly crude oil, but also including furnace oils, heavy diesel oils, and similar “dirty” products White Oils Refined products including petroleum (gas), aviation fuel, kerosene (paraffin), and others Liquefied Natural and Petroleum Gases. All of these cargoes require special handling equipment and specialized terminals. These are almost entirely confined to industrial facilities owned by manufacturers or processors. All products have in common that they are hazardous materials. CRUDE-OIL TERMINALS The design of a marine bulk oil terminal must always take into account two critical factors apart from the usual operational and engineering aspects of any marine terminal. Due to the inherent nature of the cargo being handled, safety and pollution concerns are paramount in any oil terminal design and operations. While oil terminals are fairly simple installations to look at, with little visible activity going on, they are in fact highly technical terminals that can be operated with a minimal labour force. The terminal described here was constructed specifically to handle the crude-oil exports in VLCC tankers of up to 265 000 dwt. at each of its two berths. Crude oil is received on the terminal by a pipeline from the oil fields and stored in large cylindrical storage tanks. From here the crude is sent by a number of pipelines to the loading platforms where it is loaded onto the tankers. The operation of the terminal is defined by its technical design, safety provisions, and environmental concerns. Technical design The technical design deals with the physical requirements of transferring the crude oil from the pipeline to either storage tanks or into the tankers and the infrastructure that is necessary to
MARINE TERMINAL UNIT 4 Mineral-oil and liquefied-gas terminals Mineral oil and mineral oil-related petrochemical products (hydrocarbons) can be divided into three groups: Black Oils Mainly crude oil, but also including furnace oils, heavy diesel oils, and similar “dirty” products White Oils Refined products including petroleum (gas), aviation fuel, kerosene (paraffin), and others Liquefied Natural and Petroleum Gases. All of these cargoes require special handling equipment and specialized terminals. These are almost entirely confined to industrial facilities owned by manufacturers or processors. All products have in common that they are hazardous materials. CRUDE-OIL TERMINALS The design of a marine bulk oil terminal must always take into account two critical factors apart from the usual operational and engineering aspects of any marine terminal. Due to the inherent nature of the cargo being handled, safety and pollution concerns are paramount in any oil terminal design and operations. While oil terminals are fairly simple installations to look at, with little visible activity going on, they are in fact highly technical terminals that can be operated with a minimal labour force. The terminal described here was constructed specifically to handle the crude-oil exports in VLCC tankers of up to 265 000 dwt. at each of its two berths. Crude oil is received on the terminal by a pipeline from the oil fields and stored in large cylindrical storage tanks. From here the crude is sent by a number of pipelines to the loading platforms where it is loaded onto the tankers. The operation of the terminal is defined by its technical design, safety provisions, and environmental concerns. Technical design The technical design deals with the physical requirements of transferring the crude oil from the pipeline to either storage tanks or into the tankers and the infrastructure that is necessary to