to predict this behaviour structures start from a (horizontal dashed line). suspension of nanoparticles in The model predicts that fluid based nanofluids containing 6-nm Cu nanoparticles (curve with Summary: Future Research triangles) are much more temperature sensitive than those Little is known about the physical containing 38-nm Al2O3 particles, and chemical surface with an increase in conductivity of interactions between the nearly a factor of two at 325 K. nanoparticles and base fluid molecules, in order to understand Summary: New Applications the mechanisms of enhanced flow and thermal behavior of Development of methods to nanofluids. manufacture diverse, hybrid Improved theoretical nanofluids with polymer additives understanding of complex with exceptionally high thermal nanofluids will have an even conductivity while at the same broader impact time having low viscous friction. Development of new experimental High thermal conductivity and low methods for characterizing (and friction are critical design understanding) nanofluids in the parameters in almost every lab and in nature. technology requiring heat-transfer Nanoscale structure and fluids (cooling or heating). dynamics of the fluids: using a Another goal will be to develop variety of scattering methods; hybrid nanofluids with enhanced small-angle x-ray scattering lubrication properties. (SAXS), small-angle neutron Applications range from cooling scattering (SANS), x-ray photon densely packed integrated correlation spectroscopy (XPCS), circuits at the small scale to heat laser photon correlation transfer in nuclear reactors at the spectroscopy (PCS) and static large scale. light scattering. Development of computer based Summary:Nature & Self-Assembly models of nanofluid phenomena including physical and chemical Nature is full of nanofluids, like interactions between blood, a complex biological nanoparticles and base-fluid nanofluid where different molecules. nanoparticles (at molecular level) accomplish different functions Many natural processes in Summary: Beyond Coolants biosphere and atmosphere include wide spectrum of Beyond the primary goal of mixtures of nanoscale particles producing enhanced flow and with different fluids heat transfer with nanofluids, the Many mining and manufacturing research should lead to important processes leave waste products developments in bio-medical which consist of mixtures of applications, environmental nanoscale particles with fluids control and cleanup and directed A wide range of self-assembly self-assembly at the nanoscasle. mechanisms for nanoscale
to predict this behaviour (horizontal dashed line). The model predicts that nanofluids containing 6-nm Cu nanoparticles (curve with triangles) are much more temperature sensitive than those containing 38-nm Al2O3 particles, with an increase in conductivity of nearly a factor of two at 325 K. Summary: New Applications Development of methods to manufacture diverse, hybrid nanofluids with polymer additives with exceptionally high thermal conductivity while at the same time having low viscous friction. High thermal conductivity and low friction are critical design parameters in almost every technology requiring heat-transfer fluids (cooling or heating). Another goal will be to develop hybrid nanofluids with enhanced lubrication properties. Applications range from cooling densely packed integrated circuits at the small scale to heat transfer in nuclear reactors at the large scale. Summary:Nature & Self-Assembly Nature is full of nanofluids, like blood, a complex biological nanofluid where different nanoparticles (at molecular level) accomplish different functions Many natural processes in biosphere and atmosphere include wide spectrum of mixtures of nanoscale particles with different fluids Many mining and manufacturing processes leave waste products which consist of mixtures of nanoscale particles with fluids A wide range of self-assembly mechanisms for nanoscale structures start from a suspension of nanoparticles in fluid Summary: Future Research Little is known about the physical and chemical surface interactions between the nanoparticles and base fluid molecules, in order to understand the mechanisms of enhanced flow and thermal behavior of nanofluids. Improved theoretical understanding of complex nanofluids will have an even broader impact Development of new experimental methods for characterizing (and understanding) nanofluids in the lab and in nature. Nanoscale structure and dynamics of the fluids: using a variety of scattering methods; small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS), laser based photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and static light scattering. Development of computer based models of nanofluid phenomena including physical and chemical interactions between nanoparticles and base-fluid molecules. Summary: Beyond Coolants Beyond the primary goal of producing enhanced flow and heat transfer with nanofluids, the research should lead to important developments in bio-medical applications, environmental control and cleanup and directed self-assembly at the nanoscasle.