2 2 4 = 0 2 3cos 2  d 4 3 sin2  cos2   d = 0 4 = 0 3()04 = = 4 units Length of an arc S of a curve in polar coordinates (r,  ) is  2  S 2 d  where values  and  are the values of  corresponding to the end points of the curve. Proof 102 Pr N r + ∆r Pr-1 r ∆θ θ
2 2 4 = 0 2  3cos 2 d = = = 4 sin2   cos2  d 0 4 0 3()04 = 3 4 units Length of an arc S of a curve in polar coordinates (r,  ) is  S   2 d 2 where values  and  are the values of  corresponding to the end points of the curve. Proof 102 r + ∆r r N Pr Pr-1 ∆θ θ