indicators of response and stress in cortisol serum levels municipality employees 2016, To evaluate Mothers from two Term birth weight, Hospital records Residential surrounding Adjusted models controlled Higher greenness in cities: USA associations hospitals who small for gestational greenness, Normalised for neonate sex, year and Preterm OR 0.78 (95% CI 0.61, 0.99) between study delivered age birth, preterm Difference Vegetation Index season of birth, maternal age ↓ et al. prenatal between 2006 birth and low 5 min (NDVI) at delivery, maternal Small for gestational age birth OR 0.73 (95% 2016) ↓ residential and 2013 Apgar score race/ethnicity, primary care CI 0.58, 0.97) greenness and status, smoking status during (n = 20,569 birth outcomes pregnancy, pre-pregnancy Birth weight ↔ delivery events across a range of BMI, parity, receipt of and 20,598 community Medical Assistance, number Apgar score ↔ neonates) types of antibiotic orders during pregnancy, distance to nearest major road, drinking water source within 20km of the home, exposure to swine operations, block group walkability and CSD quartiles Chum 2015, To combine Cross-sectional Cardiovascular Bespoke Percentage of local area Model 3 adjusted for Cardiovascular disease ↗ Canada multiple survey across 87 disease risk questionnaire used for parks, CanMap individual level neighbourhood study census tracts in risk factors and (Chum and influences in an Toronto. Mean health behaviours, model 4 is 2015) integrated age 44 years, 53% further adjusted for BMI and approach to female physical activity understand the (n = 2,411) association between the built and social environment and and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)
indicators of stress in municipality employees response and cortisol serum levels 2016, USA et al. 2016) To evaluate associations between prenatal residential greenness and birth outcomes across a range of community types study Mothers from two hospitals who delivered between 2006 and 2013 (n = 20,569 delivery events and 20,598 neonates) Term birth weight, small for gestational age birth, preterm birth and low 5 min Apgar score Hospital records Residential surrounding greenness, Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Adjusted models controlled for neonate sex, year and season of birth, maternal age at delivery, maternal race/ethnicity, primary care status, smoking status during pregnancy, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, receipt of Medical Assistance, number of antibiotic orders during pregnancy, distance to nearest major road, drinking water source within 20km of the home, exposure to swine operations, block group walkability and CSD quartiles Higher greenness in cities: Preterm ↓ OR 0.78 (95% CI 0.61, 0.99) Small for gestational age birth ↓ OR 0.73 (95% CI 0.58, 0.97) Birth weight ↔ Apgar score ↔ Chum 2015, Canada (Chum and 2015) To combine multiple neighbourhood influences in an integrated approach to understand the association between the built and social environment and and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) study Cross-sectional survey across 87 census tracts in Toronto. Mean age 44 years, 53% female (n = 2,411) Cardiovascular disease risk Bespoke questionnaire Percentage of local area used for parks, CanMap Model 3 adjusted for individual level risk factors and health behaviours, model 4 is further adjusted for BMI and physical activity Cardiovascular disease ↗