Gong 2014, To explore the Prospective Caerphilly Lower extremity Bespoke Quantity and variation of 2 adjusted for lower extremity physical function ↑ UK role of study Prospective Study "physical function"; questionnaire and neighbourhood greenspace; extremity physical function, OR 1.92 (95% CI 1.12, 3.28) neighbourhood i.e. physical activity, General Health Normalised Difference psychological distress, (Gong et al. (n = 1,010) greenspace in Psychological health Questionnaire Vegetation Index (NDVI) general health, car 2014) determining general stress 30) ownership, age group, levels of marital status, social class participation in and education level physical activity elderly men with different levels of lower extremity function To investigate Cross Pregnant women pressure in first Primary measurement Distance to nearest park; Models adjusted for age, Blood pressure ↓ 2014a, the effect of recruited to the trimester of unspecified land cover education, socioeconomic >1000m green space distance odds ratio for Lithuania proximity to city study European pregnancy dataset position, passive smoking, increased blood pressure: parks on blood Commission’s FP6 BMI, chronic disease, parity pressure HiWATE project and stress OR 1.74 (95%CI 1.14,2.66) et al. categories between 2007-9. 2014a) during the first 20-45 years old trimester of (n = 3,416) pregnancy To investigate Male and female Haemodynamic Questionnaire, Pine park vs urban busy Randomisation of rate ↓ 2015b, the effect of study Kaunas city parameters of CAD Primary measurement street participants Diastolic pressure Lithuania walking in a city residents, 62.3 ± patients, including ↓ park vs. an 12.6 years of age SBP/DBP, HR, Heart rate recovery ↓ urban with CAD exercise duration et al. environment on and HR recovery Exercise duration ↑ (n = 20) coronary artery disease (CAD) patients haemodynamic parameters
Gong 2014, UK (Gong et al. 2014) To explore the role of neighbourhood greenspace in determining levels of participation in physical activity elderly men with different levels of lower extremity function Prospective study Caerphilly Prospective Study (n = 1,010) Lower extremity "physical function"; i.e. physical activity, Psychological health general stress Bespoke questionnaire and General Health Questionnaire Quantity and variation of neighbourhood greenspace; Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 2 adjusted for lower extremity physical function, psychological distress, general health, car ownership, age group, marital status, social class and education level extremity physical function ↑ OR 1.92 (95% CI 1.12, 3.28) 2014a, Lithuania et al. 2014a) To investigate the effect of proximity to city parks on blood pressure categories during the first trimester of pregnancy Cross study Pregnant women recruited to the European Commission’s FP6 HiWATE project between 2007-9. 20-45 years old (n = 3,416) pressure in first trimester of pregnancy Primary measurement Distance to nearest park; unspecified land cover dataset Models adjusted for age, education, socioeconomic position, passive smoking, BMI, chronic disease, parity and stress Blood pressure ↓ >1000m green space distance odds ratio for increased blood pressure: OR 1.74 (95%CI 1.14,2.66) 2015b, Lithuania et al. To investigate the effect of walking in a city park vs. an urban environment on coronary artery disease (CAD) patients haemodynamic parameters study Male and female Kaunas city residents, 62.3 ± 12.6 years of age with CAD (n = 20) Haemodynamic parameters of CAD patients, including SBP/DBP, HR, exercise duration and HR recovery Questionnaire, Primary measurement Pine park vs urban busy street Randomisation of participants rate ↓ Diastolic pressure ↓ Heart rate recovery ↓ Exercise duration ↑ 30)