Pyruvic acid is used to produce acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle begins Electron transport system functions Carbon dioxide and water are formed 34 molecules of ATP are produced per each glucose molecule Q9 GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF HOW ATP IS USED TO DO CELLULAR WORK Carbohydrate Storage Carbohydrate Storage Carbohydrate molecules from foods can Excess glucose stored as: enter: Glycogen (primarily by and Catabolic pathways for energy production muscle cells) Anabolic pathways for storage Fat: Converted to amino acids Q10 DIAGRAM GLYCOGEN IN THE ADJACENT Summary of Catabolism of Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Fats Q11 WHAT HAPPENS TO PROTEINS THAT ARE CATABOLIZED 4.6: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Instruction of cells to synthesize proteins comes from a nucleic acid, DNA Genetic Information– instructs how to construct proteins; stored in DNA Gene segment of DNA that codes for one protein – Genome complete set of genes – Genetic Code to translate a sequence of nucleotides of DNA into a sequence of amino –used acids Q12 HOW MANY GENES DO HUMANS HAVE AND PRIMARILY WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION Structure of DNA Two polynucleotide chains double-stranded Animation: DNA Structure – Hydrogen hold nitrogenous bases DNA Replication together Hydrogen bonds break between bases Bases pair specifically (A-T and C-G) Double strands unwind and pull apart Forms a helix New nucleotides pair with exposed DNA wrapped about histones forms chromatin bases Chromosomes are condensed chromatin Controlled by DNA polymerase Q13 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADENOSINE AND ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE DNA Replication Genetic Code- Specification of the correct sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain Each amino acid is represented by a triplet code RNA Molecules- single-stranded- ribose - uracil instead of thymine RNA Molecules Messenger RNA (mRNA): Making of mRNA (copying of DNA) is transcription Transfer RNA (tRNA): Carries amino acids to mRNA Carries anticodon to mRNA Translates a codon of mRNA into an amino acid Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Provides structure and enzyme activity for ribosomes Q14 WHAT ARE 3 MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA RNA Molecules
Pyruvic acid is used to produce acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle begins Electron transport system functions Carbon dioxide and water are formed 34 molecules of ATP are produced per each glucose molecule Q9 GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF HOW ATP IS USED TO DO CELLULAR WORK Carbohydrate Storage Carbohydrate molecules from foods can enter: Catabolic pathways for energy production Anabolic pathways for storage Carbohydrate Storage Excess glucose stored as: Glycogen (primarily by and muscle cells) Fat: Converted to amino acids Q10 DIAGRAM GLYCOGEN IN THE ADJACENT Summary of Catabolism of Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Fats Q11 WHAT HAPPENS TO PROTEINS THAT ARE CATABOLIZED 4.6: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Instruction of cells to synthesize proteins comes from a nucleic acid, DNA Genetic Information– instructs how to construct proteins; stored in DNA Gene – segment of DNA that codes for one protein Genome – complete set of genes Genetic Code –used to translate a sequence of nucleotides of DNA into a sequence of amino acids Q12 HOW MANY GENES DO HUMANS HAVE AND PRIMARILY WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION Structure of DNA Two polynucleotide chains – double-stranded Hydrogen hold nitrogenous bases together Bases pair specifically (A-T and C-G) Forms a helix DNA wrapped about histones forms chromatin Chromosomes are condensed chromatin Animation: DNA Structure DNA Replication Hydrogen bonds break between bases Double strands unwind and pull apart New nucleotides pair with exposed bases Controlled by DNA polymerase Q13 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADENOSINE AND ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE DNA Replication Genetic Code- Specification of the correct sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain Each amino acid is represented by a triplet code RNA Molecules- single-stranded- ribose - uracil instead of thymine RNA Molecules Messenger RNA (mRNA): Making of mRNA (copying of DNA) is transcription Transfer RNA (tRNA): Carries amino acids to mRNA Carries anticodon to mRNA Translates a codon of mRNA into an amino acid Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Provides structure and enzyme activity for ribosomes Q14 WHAT ARE 3 MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA RNA Molecules