Inhalation anthrax is usually fatal unless treated intensively and early by means of antibiotics. Anthrax is found throughout South Africa but more frequently in the Northern Cape and northern Kruger National Park (Limpopo). Botulism Botulism is a rare but serious 18 to 36 Clostridium botulinum A person with double or A probable case is either A confirmed case is a person with paralytic illness caused by a hours after or gram+ve Bacillus blurred vision, muscle a suspected case with laboratory evidence of Clostridium nerve toxin that is produced eating a (clubshaped) detected and bulbar weakness. laboratory toxin+ve botulinum infection by (a. Culture by the bacterium Clostridium contaminated by any test on any Symmetric paralysis may assay in mice and/or isolation of Clostridium botulinum; botulinum and sometimes by food, but as specimen type; OR progress rapidly, Gram+ve Bacillus OR b. Detection of Clostridium strains of Clostridium early as 6 toxin+ve result by any AND having relevant (clubshaped) anaerobic botulinum toxin in blood or faeces butyricum and Clostridium hours or as test on any specimen epidemiological culture; OR a person or patient’s food via Mouse baratii. Foodborne botulism late as 10 type exposure (Ingestion of with clinically toxicity and neutralization assay). is caused by eating foods that days. foods contaminated with compatible illness that contain the botulinum toxin. Botulinum toxin; or ate the same food as a Botulism is suspected in Clostridium botulinum confirmed case. humans when there is a contaminated wound history of ingestion of with in situ toxin suspect food OR of a fresh, production). contaminated wound in the 2 weeks before onset of symptoms. The most frequent source is foods, prepared in an unsafe manner.Wound botulism is caused by toxin produced from a wound infected with Clostridium botulinum. Injection drug users are at increased risk for wound botulism. Infant botulism is caused by consuming the spores of the botulinum bacteria, which
Inhalation anthrax is usually fatal unless treated intensively and early by means of antibiotics. Anthrax is found throughout South Africa but more frequently in the Northern Cape and northern Kruger National Park (Limpopo). Botulism Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and sometimes by strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii. Foodborne botulism is caused by eating foods that contain the botulinum toxin. Botulism is suspected in humans when there is a history of ingestion of suspect food OR of a fresh, contaminated wound in the 2 weeks before onset of symptoms. The most frequent source is foods, prepared in an unsafe manner.Wound botulism is caused by toxin produced from a wound infected with Clostridium botulinum. Injection drug users are at increased risk for wound botulism. Infant botulism is caused by consuming the spores of the botulinum bacteria, which 18 to 36 hours after eating a contaminated food, but as early as 6 hours or as late as 10 days. Clostridium botulinum or gram+ve Bacillus (clubshaped) detected by any test on any specimen type; OR toxin+ve result by any test on any specimen type A person with double or blurred vision, muscle and bulbar weakness. Symmetric paralysis may progress rapidly, AND having relevant epidemiological exposure (Ingestion of foods contaminated with Botulinum toxin; or Clostridium botulinum contaminated wound with in situ toxin production). A probable case is either a suspected case with laboratory toxin+ve assay in mice and/or Gram+ve Bacillus (clubshaped) anaerobic culture; OR a person with clinically compatible illness that ate the same food as a confirmed case. A confirmed case is a person with laboratory evidence of Clostridium botulinum infection by (a. Culture isolation of Clostridium botulinum; OR b. Detection of Clostridium botulinum toxin in blood or faeces or patient’s food via Mouse toxicity and neutralization assay).