Table 5. Human and environmental toxicological hazards with proposed pesticide use and measures to minimize such hazards Toxicity Active ingredient Human hazards Environmental hazards Measures to minimize hazards (EPA) INSECTICIDES III No irritation of skin. No skin Toxic to bees, moderately toxic to Protective clothing for applicators; chemical Acephate sensitisation. birds, non-toxic to fish. Soluble in mixed and tanks cleaned in designated areas; water, rapid soil degradation, application timing (less wind); chemical Can be toxic to rotation; try not to use at flowering; correct parasitoids implementation of IPM practices III Low acute toxicity Moderately toxic to bees, Soluble Protective clothing for applicators; chemical Acetamiprid in water, rapid soil degradation mixed and tanks cleaned in designated areas; application timing (less wind); chemical rotation; correct implementation of IPM practices. Beta-Cyfluthrin III Low acute toxicity; Slight eye Low toxicity to birds. Toxic to Protective clothing for applicators; chemical irritation fish, bees & beneficial insects. mixed and tanks cleaned in designated areas; Very low dosage rates are applied. not recommended for use near open water Not soluble in water. Not mobile sources; application timing (less wind); in soil. Degraded by sunlight. chemical rotation; correct implementation of Degradation is rapid in soil. IPM practices; not recommended for use at flowering III, IV Non-irritant to skin. Mild eye Slightly toxic to birds. Toxic to Protective clothing for applicators; chemical Bifenazate irritant. Not toxic to mammals. bees. Highly toxic to fish and mixed and tanks cleaned in designated areas; aquatic organisms. Low solubility not recommended for use near open water in water. Not mobile in soil. Rapid sources; application timing (less wind); hydrolysis in soil and water. Rapid chemical rotation; correct implementation of hydrolysis in acid environs. IPM practices; not recommended for use at flowering II Moderately toxic; no Birds: non-toxic Fish: non-toxic Protective clothing for applicators; chemical Buprofezin determination as to Mammals: slightly toxic Bees: mixed and tanks cleaned in designated areas; carcinogenicity non-toxic Ground/surface water: application timing (less wind); chemical no threat rotation; correct implementation of IPM practices
Table 5. Human and environmental toxicological hazards with proposed pesticide use and measures to minimize such hazards Active ingredient Toxicity (EPA) Human hazards Environmental hazards Measures to minimize hazards INSECTICIDES Acephate III No irritation of skin. No skin sensitisation. Toxic to bees, moderately toxic to birds, non-toxic to fish. Soluble in water, rapid soil degradation, Can be toxic to parasitoids Protective clothing for applicators; chemical mixed and tanks cleaned in designated areas; application timing (less wind); chemical rotation; try not to use at flowering; correct implementation of IPM practices Acetamiprid III Low acute toxicity Moderately toxic to bees, Soluble in water, rapid soil degradation Protective clothing for applicators; chemical mixed and tanks cleaned in designated areas; application timing (less wind); chemical rotation; correct implementation of IPM practices. Beta-Cyfluthrin III Low acute toxicity; Slight eye irritation Low toxicity to birds. Toxic to fish, bees & beneficial insects. Very low dosage rates are applied. Not soluble in water. Not mobile in soil. Degraded by sunlight. Degradation is rapid in soil. Protective clothing for applicators; chemical mixed and tanks cleaned in designated areas; not recommended for use near open water sources; application timing (less wind); chemical rotation; correct implementation of IPM practices; not recommended for use at flowering Bifenazate III, IV Non-irritant to skin. Mild eye irritant. Not toxic to mammals. Slightly toxic to birds. Toxic to bees. Highly toxic to fish and aquatic organisms. Low solubility in water. Not mobile in soil. Rapid hydrolysis in soil and water. Rapid hydrolysis in acid environs. Protective clothing for applicators; chemical mixed and tanks cleaned in designated areas; not recommended for use near open water sources; application timing (less wind); chemical rotation; correct implementation of IPM practices; not recommended for use at flowering Buprofezin II Moderately toxic; no determination as to carcinogenicity Birds: non-toxic Fish: non-toxic Mammals: slightly toxic Bees: non-toxic Ground/surface water: no threat Protective clothing for applicators; chemical mixed and tanks cleaned in designated areas; application timing (less wind); chemical rotation; correct implementation of IPM practices