Introduction To inform the efforts of the recently launched Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) () (Díaz 2015), a greater et al. understanding and ability to forecast the effects of climate and land-use change on species ranges and diversity are needed (Pimm 2014). The interplay between et al. climate change and modifications in land use are expected to cause major changes in patterns of species richness and species turnover, leading to greater risks in species extinction (IPCC 2014; Pimm 2014; Urban 2015). To help with conservation et al. planning efforts, there is much need for a greater understanding of future biodiversity at different regions and for different taxonomic groups (e.g. Thomas 2004; Thuiller et al. et 2005; Sommer 2010; Thuiller 2011; Lenoir & Svenning 2015). However, al. et al. et al. most of the past work have focused on a single driver like climate change with much less attention paid to the joint effects of climate and land-use change at larger spatial scales (e.g. continental or global scales) (Jetz, Wilcove & Dobson 2007; Thuiller 2014; et al. Lenoir & Svenning 2015). While plants form the foundation of ecosystems and are directly responsible for the primary productivity that other terrestrial organisms rely upon, little is known about how they will be impacted by the joint future change in climate and land use at the continental scale. Species respond to climate and land-use change in different ways. Some species may expand their distribution (ranges), while others narrow their range size or even go extinct as a consequence (Parmesan & Yohe 2003; Kelly & Goulden 2008; Pimm 2014). A et al. consequence that is of far-reaching serious impact is the loss of phylogenetic diversity, thus the loss of the power of the evolutionary engine (Purvis 2000; Thomas et al. et al.
Introduction To inform the efforts of the recently launched Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) () (Díaz et al. 2015), a greater understanding and ability to forecast the effects of climate and land-use change on species ranges and diversity are needed (Pimm et al. 2014). The interplay between climate change and modifications in land use are expected to cause major changes in patterns of species richness and species turnover, leading to greater risks in species extinction (IPCC 2014; Pimm et al. 2014; Urban 2015). To help with conservation planning efforts, there is much need for a greater understanding of future biodiversity at different regions and for different taxonomic groups (e.g. Thomas et al. 2004; Thuiller et al. 2005; Sommer et al. 2010; Thuiller et al. 2011; Lenoir & Svenning 2015). However, most of the past work have focused on a single driver like climate change with much less attention paid to the joint effects of climate and land-use change at larger spatial scales (e.g. continental or global scales) (Jetz, Wilcove & Dobson 2007; Thuiller et al. 2014; Lenoir & Svenning 2015). While plants form the foundation of ecosystems and are directly responsible for the primary productivity that other terrestrial organisms rely upon, little is known about how they will be impacted by the joint future change in climate and land use at the continental scale. Species respond to climate and land-use change in different ways. Some species may expand their distribution (ranges), while others narrow their range size or even go extinct as a consequence (Parmesan & Yohe 2003; Kelly & Goulden 2008; Pimm et al. 2014). A consequence that is of far-reaching serious impact is the loss of phylogenetic diversity, thus the loss of the power of the evolutionary engine (Purvis et al. 2000; Thomas et al.