Li 2009, To investigate Healthy male and urine Primary measurement Forest Matching of participants Natural killer cell activity ↑ Japan the effects of a study subjects aged sampled for: Natural CD16+ and CD56+ natural killer cell population day trip to a between 35-53 killer cell (Nk) (Li et al. forest park on years activity, numbers of ↑ 2009) human NK NK and T cells, Perforin (n = 12) ↑ activity in forest granulysin, cortisol parks (blood), perforin, Granulysin ↑ granzymes expressing Granzyme A/B NK cells ↑ lymphotcytes, Blood cortisol adrenaline ↑ concentration in Urinary adrenaline ↑ urine. Phytoncides were also measured CD4+ cells ↓ in the forest Li 2011, To investigate Healthy male Blood pressure, Primary measurement Forest Matching of participants Serum adiponectin ↑ Japan the effects of study subjects, mean urinary DHEA-S walking age 57.4 years noradrenaline, ↑ (Li et al. forest (range 36-77 dopamine, serum Blood pressure 2011) ↓ environments on years) adiponectin, cardiovascular Noradrenaline ↓ (n = 16) and metabolic sulfate parameters levels, serum Dopamine NT-pro-BNP↓ pro B-type Urinary dopamine natriuretic peptide ↓ (NT-proBNP) and urinary dopamine Li 2016, To investigate Middle-aged male Blood pressure, Primary measurement Forest vs urban environment Matching of participants Heart rate ↓ Japan the effects of subjects with heart rate, blood Urinary noradrenaline forest bathing high-normal analysis (serum ↓ (Li et al. on pressure or triglycerides, total Adiponectin 2016) ↑ cardiovascular hypertension who cholesterol, LDL, and were not taking HDL, remnant-like Blood pressure, urinary adrenaline, urinary parameters antihypertensive particles, dopamine, other metabolic parameters ↔ drugs, 51.2 ±8.8 adiponectin, blood years (range glucose, insulin years) level, DHEA-S, urinary (n = 19) adrenaline,
Li 2009, Japan (Li et al. 2009) To investigate the effects of a day trip to a forest park on human NK activity in forest parks study Healthy male subjects aged between 35-53 years (n = 12) and urine sampled for: Natural killer cell (Nk) activity, numbers of NK and T cells, granulysin, cortisol (blood), perforin, granzymes lymphotcytes, adrenaline concentration in urine. Phytoncides were also measured in the forest Primary measurement Forest Matching of participants Natural killer cell activity ↑ CD16+ and CD56+ natural killer cell population ↑ Perforin ↑ Granulysin ↑ Granzyme A/B expressing NK cells ↑ Blood cortisol ↑ Urinary adrenaline ↑ CD4+ cells ↓ Li 2011, Japan (Li et al. 2011) To investigate the effects of walking forest environments on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters study Healthy male subjects, mean age 57.4 years (range 36-77 years) (n = 16) Blood pressure, urinary noradrenaline, dopamine, serum adiponectin, sulfate levels, serum pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and urinary dopamine Primary measurement Forest Matching of participants Serum adiponectin ↑ DHEA-S ↑ Blood pressure ↓ Noradrenaline ↓ Dopamine NT-pro-BNP↓ Urinary dopamine ↓ Li 2016, Japan (Li et al. 2016) To investigate the effects of forest bathing on cardiovascular and parameters Middle-aged male subjects with high-normal pressure or hypertension who were not taking antihypertensive drugs, 51.2 ±8.8 years (range years) (n = 19) Blood pressure, heart rate, blood analysis (serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, remnant-like particles, adiponectin, blood glucose, insulin level, DHEA-S, urinary adrenaline, Primary measurement Forest vs urban environment Matching of participants Heart rate ↓ Urinary noradrenaline ↓ Adiponectin ↑ Blood pressure, urinary adrenaline, urinary dopamine, other metabolic parameters ↔