Table 1 (Un) Intended Effects of Negative Campaigning on Voting Behaviour Effect Supporting Debunking Cases Studies Studies Studied Depress Shen and Wu Min 2004; United Voters’ 2002; Pattie et al. States, Preference Pinkleton 2011; Maier Canada, Targeted 1997; and Maier Germany, Houston and 2007; King Scotland, Doan 1999; and Brazil, Merritt 1984; McConnell United Desposato 2003; Roy Kingdom 2007; Kaid and and Boydston Alcantara 1987; 2014; Chang Jasperson 2003; and Fan Haddock 2002; and Zanna Mathews and 1997; Hill Dietz-Uhler 1989; 1998; Martinez Arceneaux and Delegal and 1990 Nickerson 2010; Fridkin and Kenney 2004; Kahn and Kenney 2004; Kaid 1997; King and McConnell 2003; Pinkleton 1997; Pinkleton 1998; Thorson et al. 1991 Increase Brader 2005; Min 2004; United Voters’ Kaid 1997; Pattie et al. States, Preference King and 2011; Canada, Attacking McConnell and Maier Germany, Party 2003; 2007; King Scotland, Wadsworth and Brazil, et al. 1987 McConnell United 2003; Roy Kingdom and Alcantara 2014; Arceneaux
Table 1 (Un) Intended Effects of Negative Campaigning on Voting Behaviour Effect Supporting Studies Debunking Studies Cases Studied Depress Voters’ Preference Targeted Shen and Wu 2002; Pinkleton 1997; Houston and Doan 1999; Merritt 1984; Desposato 2007; Kaid and Boydston 1987; Jasperson and Fan 2002; Mathews and Dietz-Uhler 1998; Arceneaux and Nickerson 2010; Fridkin and Kenney 2004; Kahn and Kenney 2004; Kaid 1997; King and McConnell 2003; Pinkleton 1997; Pinkleton 1998; Thorson et al. 1991 Min 2004; Pattie et al. 2011; Maier and Maier 2007; King and McConnell 2003; Roy and Alcantara 2014; Chang 2003; Haddock and Zanna 1997; Hill 1989; Martinez and Delegal 1990 United States, Canada, Germany, Scotland, Brazil, United Kingdom Increase Voters’ Preference Attacking Party Brader 2005; Kaid 1997; King and McConnell 2003; Wadsworth et al. 1987 Min 2004; Pattie et al. 2011; and Maier 2007; King and McConnell 2003; Roy and Alcantara 2014; Arceneaux United States, Canada, Germany, Scotland, Brazil, United Kingdom