Study Guide – 2nd Quarterly Exam - Science CELLS UNIT General Vocabulary Cells – the building blocks of life Tissue – a group of similar cells in structure and function Somatic Cells – body cells 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 total Types of Cells Eukaryotic – cell with a nucleus DNA/chromosomes contained inside Complex cells Protists, fungi, plants, animals Prokaryotic – cell without a nucleus DNA floats around in cytoplasm Simple cells bacteria Cell Parts Cell membrane – surrounds and protects all cells Semi-permeable – allows only certain materials to pass through Chloroplasts – site of photosynthesis in plant cells Mitochondria – powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP (energy) Cell wall – outer boundary of a plant cell Cell Transport Diffusion – movement of any substance from high concentration to low concentration Typically gases and water Simple diffusion – solutions with a solute dissolved in a solvent (water) Osmosis – diffusion of water across a membrane Isotonic – concentrations of all substances is equal both inside a cell and in the surrounding solution Active transport – movement of a substance that requires energy from the cell Cell Processes Photosynthesis Chloroplasts in leaves – site of photosynthesis Carbon dioxide + water yield glucose + oxygen Respiration Mitochondria – site of respiration Glucose + oxygen yields energy + water + carbon dioxide Cell Division – The Cell Cycle Interphase – preparation stage Mitosis – PMAT (division of the nuclear material) Prophase – nuclear membrane dissolves; DNA condensing Metaphase – chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase – chromosomes pull apart and move toward poles of the cell Telophase – DNA uncoils; new nuclear membranes form Cytokinesis – division of the cell (cytoplasm)
Study Guide – 2nd Quarterly Exam - Science CELLS UNIT General Vocabulary Cells – the building blocks of life Tissue – a group of similar cells in structure and function Somatic Cells – body cells 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46 total Types of Cells Eukaryotic – cell with a nucleus DNA/chromosomes contained inside Complex cells Protists, fungi, plants, animals Prokaryotic – cell without a nucleus DNA floats around in cytoplasm Simple cells bacteria Cell Parts Cell membrane – surrounds and protects all cells Semi-permeable – allows only certain materials to pass through Chloroplasts – site of photosynthesis in plant cells Mitochondria – powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP (energy) Cell wall – outer boundary of a plant cell Cell Transport Diffusion – movement of any substance from high concentration to low concentration Typically gases and water Simple diffusion – solutions with a solute dissolved in a solvent (water) Osmosis – diffusion of water across a membrane Isotonic – concentrations of all substances is equal both inside a cell and in the surrounding solution Active transport – movement of a substance that requires energy from the cell Cell Processes Photosynthesis Chloroplasts in leaves – site of photosynthesis Carbon dioxide + water yield glucose + oxygen Respiration Mitochondria – site of respiration Glucose + oxygen yields energy + water + carbon dioxide Cell Division – The Cell Cycle Interphase – preparation stage Mitosis – PMAT (division of the nuclear material) Prophase – nuclear membrane dissolves; DNA condensing Metaphase – chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase – chromosomes pull apart and move toward poles of the cell Telophase – DNA uncoils; new nuclear membranes form Cytokinesis – division of the cell (cytoplasm)