Welker, K. L. and M. B. Type of article: Guidance for health professionals Guidance on how pharmacology in the geriatric Mycyk (2016). patient affects treatment. Authors’ key points "Pharmacology in the Opioid analgesics include fentanyl, hydromorphone, Geriatric Patient." A higher proportion of emergency department patients in the future will morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone and codeine. Emergency Medicine Clinics be elderly. Tramadol has multiple effects at various receptors. of North America 34(3): Elderly patients are often prescribed multiple medications by multiple Elderly patients are more sensitive to these 469-481. providers. medications and usually require decreased dosing. Physiological changes with age affect drug metabolism, effect, and elimination. Adverse effects of opioids include: Drug interactions are more common in elderly patients. increased risk of Involving clinical pharmacists can avoid drug interactions and sedation polypharmacy and improve resource utilization. constipation respiratory depression medication errors (due to multiple prescribers or to patient mistakenly taking incorrect medicines or multiple doses due to cognitive and eyesight decline The elderly also have an increased risk of drug interactions (with drugs, alcohol, food, nutritional supplements and also drug-disease and drug-nutritional status interactions). Causes of drug interactions are either pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamics. There is no specific safety information for low-dose codeine in this paper. Wells, R. E., et al. (2016). Type of article: Guidance for health professionals The paper provides a table which indicates that "Managing Migraine During potential risks to foetus from codeine include: This article provides advice on the management of migraine in during Pregnancy and Lactation." pregnancy, including: differentiating migraine from several dangerous ones for all opioids: physical dependence and Current Neurology and secondary headache disorders; using non-pharmacological migraine withdrawal, retardation of growth, and neonatal Neuroscience Reports 16(4) treatments; and understanding the safety of medications and dietary respiratory depression with high doses; if (no pagination)(40). supplements in pregnancy and safe treatment options during lactation. The prolonged use during pregnancy, physical
Welker, K. L. and M. B. Mycyk (2016). "Pharmacology in the Geriatric Patient." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 34(3): 469-481. Type of article: Guidance for health professionals Authors’ key points A higher proportion of emergency department patients in the future will be elderly. Elderly patients are often prescribed multiple medications by multiple providers. Physiological changes with age affect drug metabolism, effect, and elimination. Drug interactions are more common in elderly patients. Involving clinical pharmacists can avoid drug interactions and polypharmacy and improve resource utilization. Guidance on how pharmacology in the geriatric patient affects treatment. Opioid analgesics include fentanyl, hydromorphone, morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone and codeine. Tramadol has multiple effects at various receptors. Elderly patients are more sensitive to these medications and usually require decreased dosing. Adverse effects of opioids include: increased risk of sedation constipation respiratory depression medication errors (due to multiple prescribers or to patient mistakenly taking incorrect medicines or multiple doses due to cognitive and eyesight decline The elderly also have an increased risk of drug interactions (with drugs, alcohol, food, nutritional supplements and also drug-disease and drug-nutritional status interactions). Causes of drug interactions are either pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamics. There is no specific safety information for low-dose codeine in this paper. Wells, R. E., et al. (2016). "Managing Migraine During Pregnancy and Lactation." Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 16(4) (no pagination)(40). Type of article: Guidance for health professionals This article provides advice on the management of migraine in during pregnancy, including: differentiating migraine from several dangerous secondary headache disorders; using non-pharmacological migraine treatments; and understanding the safety of medications and dietary supplements in pregnancy and safe treatment options during lactation. The The paper provides a table which indicates that potential risks to foetus from codeine include: ones for all opioids: physical dependence and withdrawal, retardation of growth, and neonatal respiratory depression with high doses; if prolonged use during pregnancy, physical