Retired educational intake per each level, energy, quantile history of colon cancer, HRT use, physical activity, race, smoking Age, alcohol 1 166/ Incidence, vs 1.09 (0.84-1.40) ≥331.2 intake, BMI, 191 004 colorectal g/day Ptrend:0.603 ≤243.8 calcium intake, 8 years cancer, men dietary fibre, vs 0.71 (0.53-0.95) ≥281.1 energy intake, 920/ g/day Ptrend:0.025 ≤210.6 ethnicity, family history of Incidence, colon vs 1.10 (0.81-1.49) ≥331.2 835/ colorectal cancer, men g/day Ptrend:0.452 MEC, ≤243.8 cancer, folate Howarth, 2008 Prospective Cancer registry vs 0.69 (0.50-0.96) intake, history of ≥281.1 717/ COL40653 Cohort, and death g/day Ptrend:0.038 polyps, ≤210.6 USA Age: 45-75 certificates multivitamin, years Incidence, rectal vs 0.98 (0.60-1.59) ≥331.2 NSAID use, 318/ cancer, men g/day Ptrend:0.642 ≤243.8 physical activity, red meat intake, smoking, vs 0.78 (0.42-1.44) ≥281.1 198/ Women years, time, g/day Ptrend:0.337 ≤210.6 vitamin d HRT use 1 470/ Women's Health Mail or Incidence, vs 0.89 (0.64-1.25) Kabat, 2008 ≥260.2 158 800 Initiative - telephone colorectal cancer g/day Ptrend:0.97 ≤131.5 COL40722 FFQ 7.8 years Observational questionnaires USA study, verified by 798/ Incidence, vs 0.78 (0.49-1.25) ≥260.2
years, Retired educational level, energy, history of colon cancer, HRT use, physical activity, race, smoking intake per each quantile Howarth, 2008 COL40653 USA MEC, Prospective Cohort, Age: 45-75 years 1 166/ 191 004 8 years Cancer registry and death certificates Incidence, colorectal cancer, men ≥331.2 vs ≤243.8 g/day 1.09 (0.84-1.40) Ptrend:0.603 Age, alcohol intake, BMI, calcium intake, dietary fibre, energy intake, ethnicity, family history of colorectal cancer, folate intake, history of polyps, multivitamin, NSAID use, physical activity, red meat intake, smoking, time, vitamin d HRT use 920/ ≥281.1 vs ≤210.6 g/day 0.71 (0.53-0.95) Ptrend:0.025 835/ Incidence, colon cancer, men ≥331.2 vs ≤243.8 g/day 1.10 (0.81-1.49) Ptrend:0.452 717/ ≥281.1 vs ≤210.6 g/day 0.69 (0.50-0.96) Ptrend:0.038 318/ Incidence, rectal cancer, men ≥331.2 vs ≤243.8 g/day 0.98 (0.60-1.59) Ptrend:0.642 198/ Women ≥281.1 vs ≤210.6 g/day 0.78 (0.42-1.44) Ptrend:0.337 Kabat, 2008 COL40722 USA Women's Health Initiative - Observational study, 1 470/ 158 800 7.8 years Mail or telephone questionnaires verified by FFQ Incidence, colorectal cancer ≥260.2 vs ≤131.5 g/day 0.89 (0.64-1.25) Ptrend:0.97 798/ Incidence, ≥260.2 vs 0.78 (0.49-1.25)