Table 3: The Effect of Negative Campaigning on Electoral Preference (Conditional OLS) Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model4 Model 5 Base model CampaignTone 1.298 .919 .846 .402 (.000) (.007) (.008) (.007) LeftRightDistancetoParty -.553 -.434 -.219 (.004) (.005) (.004) EUDistancetoParty -.142 -.053 (.004) (.003) RedistributionDistancetoParty -.105 -.048 (.004) (.003) .632 LikePartyLeaders (.004) -.280 -.285 -.275 -.273 -.297 QuestionPartyPreference (.023) (.000) (.019) (.011) (.016) Constant 4.015 .264 3.192 3.863 1.681 (.016) (.000) (.032) (.035) (.032) R² .072 .322 .468 .489 .647 Adjusted R² .072 .322 .468 .489 .647 N 90293 84847 73451 65969 65969 6 Model 7 Model 8 CampaignTone .345 .230 .221 (.007) (.007) (.005) LeftRightDistancetoParty -.213 -.089 -.089 (.004) (.005) (.003) EUDistancetoParty -.050 -.012 -.011 (.003) (.002) (.002) RedistributionDistancetoParty -.046 -.020 -.021 (.003) (.003) (.003) LikePartyLeaders .538 .125 .125 (.004) (.004) (.004) BestCampaignLeader 1.848 .974 .987
Table 3: The Effect of Negative Campaigning on Electoral Preference (Conditional OLS) Model 1 Base model Model 2 Model 3 Model4 Model 5 CampaignTone 1.298 (.000) .919 (.007) .846 (.008) .402 (.007) LeftRightDistancetoParty -.553 (.004) -.434 (.005) -.219 (.004) EUDistancetoParty -.142 (.004) -.053 (.003) RedistributionDistancetoParty -.105 (.004) -.048 (.003) LikePartyLeaders .632 (.004) QuestionPartyPreference -.280 (.023) -.285 (.000) -.275 (.019) -.273 (.011) -.297 (.016) Constant 4.015 (.016) .264 (.000) 3.192 (.032) 3.863 (.035) 1.681 (.032) R² .072 .322 .468 .489 .647 Adjusted R² .072 .322 .468 .489 .647 N 90293 84847 73451 65969 65969 6 Model 7 Model 8 CampaignTone .345 (.007) .230 (.007) .221 (.005) LeftRightDistancetoParty -.213 (.004) -.089 (.005) -.089 (.003) EUDistancetoParty -.050 (.003) -.012 (.002) -.011 (.002) RedistributionDistancetoParty -.046 (.003) -.020 (.003) -.021 (.003) LikePartyLeaders .538 (.004) .125 (.004) .125 (.004) BestCampaignLeader 1.848 .974 .987