Howe et al. () Systematic review of Healthy postmenopausal RCTs featuring an exercise Only one RCT with fracture as Risk of fracture not statistically exercise interventions for aged 45–70 years intervention and with fracture or primary outcome and a further significantly different in exercise and Cochrane review preventing fracture BMD as an outcome three with fracture as a secondary control groups (OR 0.61; 95%CI 0.23, outcome 1.64) Low risk of bias Two with unclear risk of bias due to under-reporting and two with low risk of bias; included both high- and low-impact exercise National Systematic review of No restrictions on RCTs featuring an exercise No RCTs were identified in this Osteoporosis interventions for preventing population described intervention and with fracture as review Foundation () fracture; covers many an outcome interventions Quality appraisal not reported Unclear risk of bias Crandall () Systematic review of Healthy populations, or Systematic reviews, Reported in Lock et al. (2006) interventions for preventing populations with or at risk and RCTs with exercise Agency for fracture in people with low of low bone density or intervention, and with fracture as Healthcare bone density or osteoporosis, aged an outcome Research and osteoporosis; covers many 18 or older Quality review interventions (current to March 2011) Low risk of bias BMD = bone mineral density/densitometry; RCT = randomised controlled Table 41 Studies included to determine whether proposed DXA testing would result in a change in management: calcium Study design / Quality Study population Selection criteria Studies included Findings appraisal Crandall et al. () Systematic review of Healthy populations, or Systematic reviews, Four systematic reviews including No significant effect of calcium on interventions for preventing populations with or at risk and RCTs with a 23 RCTs reducing vertebral or non-vertebral fracture in people with low of low bone density or calcium supplementation fracture risk compared with placebo or Agency for bone density or osteoporosis, aged intervention, and with fracture as no treatment Healthcare osteoporosis; covers many 18 years or older an outcome
Howe et al. () Cochrane review Systematic review of exercise interventions for preventing fracture Low risk of bias Healthy postmenopausal aged 45–70 years RCTs featuring an exercise intervention and with fracture or BMD as an outcome Only one RCT with fracture as primary outcome and a further three with fracture as a secondary outcome Two with unclear risk of bias due to under-reporting and two with low risk of bias; included both high- and low-impact exercise Risk of fracture not statistically significantly different in exercise and control groups (OR 0.61; 95%CI 0.23, 1.64) National Osteoporosis Foundation () Systematic review of interventions for preventing fracture; covers many interventions Quality appraisal not reported Unclear risk of bias No restrictions on population described RCTs featuring an exercise intervention and with fracture as an outcome No RCTs were identified in this review Crandall () Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality review Systematic review of interventions for preventing fracture in people with low bone density or osteoporosis; covers many interventions (current to March 2011) Low risk of bias Healthy populations, or populations with or at risk of low bone density or osteoporosis, aged 18 or older Systematic reviews, and RCTs with exercise intervention, and with fracture as an outcome Reported in Lock et al. (2006) BMD = bone mineral density/densitometry; RCT = randomised controlled Table 41 Studies included to determine whether proposed DXA testing would result in a change in management: calcium Study design / Quality appraisal Study population Selection criteria Studies included Findings Crandall et al. () Agency for Healthcare Systematic review of interventions for preventing fracture in people with low bone density or osteoporosis; covers many Healthy populations, or populations with or at risk of low bone density or osteoporosis, aged 18 years or older Systematic reviews, and RCTs with a calcium supplementation intervention, and with fracture as an outcome Four systematic reviews including 23 RCTs No significant effect of calcium on reducing vertebral or non-vertebral fracture risk compared with placebo or no treatment