between developed areas and a filtration, deposition, infiltration, receiving water or wetland for absorption, adsorption, stormwater treatment purposes. decomposition, and volatilization. Biofiltration systems Typically, offline BMPs An artificial anoxic zone is ▪ ▪ are used when soils will not allow created to facilitate improved https://lacreekfreak.wordpress.com adequate percolation for retention nitrogen removal. systems. The permanently wet zone ▪ These systems incorporate serves as a source of for ▪ soils, mulch, or other pollutant plants. removal mixtures, along with an The system can be used ▪ anoxic zone and planted adjacent to structures that may be vegetation to facilitate treatment adversely impacted by and remove pollutants from the groundwater, such as building runoff. foundations and road foundations. Rainfall interceptor trees Interceptor trees are those Reduces the volume of ▪ ▪ trees used in urban land adjacent rainfall that lands on impervious http://www.ims.gs to impervious surfaces as part of surfaces and becomes stormwater the stormwater treatment system runoff. to reduce runoff volume and This to reduce the total ▪ pollution from the area. stormwater volume and pollutant loading entering the storm drain system and can reduce the size of downstream stormwater systems. Interceptor also ▪ provide for enhanced aesthetic value, provide shade to cool pavement and reduce surface runoff temperatures. Table S2. Summary of linear-based LID technologies Low Impact Development Description Ecosystem Services Exfiltration trench An exfiltration trench is a Provides reduction of ▪ ▪ subsurface retention system stormwater volume which reduces http://www.palmettobay-fl.gov consisting of a conduit, such as pollutant loads. perforated pipe, surrounded by
between developed areas and a receiving water or wetland for stormwater treatment purposes. filtration, deposition, infiltration, absorption, adsorption, decomposition, and volatilization. Biofiltration systems https://lacreekfreak.wordpress.com ▪ Typically, offline BMPs are used when soils will not allow adequate percolation for retention systems. ▪ These systems incorporate soils, mulch, or other pollutant removal mixtures, along with an anoxic zone and planted vegetation to facilitate treatment and remove pollutants from the runoff. ▪ An artificial anoxic zone is created to facilitate improved nitrogen removal. ▪ The permanently wet zone serves as a source of for plants. ▪ The system can be used adjacent to structures that may be adversely impacted by groundwater, such as building foundations and road foundations. Rainfall interceptor trees http://www.ims.gs ▪ Interceptor trees are those trees used in urban land adjacent to impervious surfaces as part of the stormwater treatment system to reduce runoff volume and pollution from the area. ▪ Reduces the volume of rainfall that lands on impervious surfaces and becomes stormwater runoff. ▪ This to reduce the total stormwater volume and pollutant loading entering the storm drain system and can reduce the size of downstream stormwater systems. ▪ Interceptor also provide for enhanced aesthetic value, provide shade to cool pavement and reduce surface runoff temperatures. Table S2. Summary of linear-based LID technologies Low Impact Development Description Ecosystem Services Exfiltration trench http://www.palmettobay-fl.gov ▪ An exfiltration trench is a subsurface retention system consisting of a conduit, such as perforated pipe, surrounded by ▪ Provides reduction of stormwater volume which reduces pollutant loads.