Ubiquitous but higher in – Capacity exceedance, thunder-storm areas* and Greater severity of rainfall Rain Very high (no change) €€ erosion near rivers draining will increase exposure mountains Warming will make Street Furniture (for Guard rails subject to winters shorter and less example guard rails, Snow/ice/cold damage from snow Ubiquitous severe, but significant Medium (decreased) -€ planters) ploughs snow ploughing will still be required Warming will make Delays, closures, risk of winters shorter and less Snow/ice/cold Particularly in mountains Medium (no -€ change) accident severe, but snow and ice will still occur Delays, reduced skid Vehicles resistance; reduced Particularly in central and Hotter drier conditions will Hot/dry High (increased) € passenger comfort; freight SE areas increase exposure heating Flooding leading to Thunder-storm areas* and Greater severity of rainfall Rain closure, delay or risk of High (increased) € close to rivers will increase exposure accident *Marginal economic cost beyond present day costs that is, cost due to climate change. Qualitative estimate of costs: -/+ no or slight decrease or increase in cost; -/€ decrease/increase in cost; -/€€ large decrease/increase in cost; -/€€€ very large decrease/increase in cost. Source: Bank 2012. Table 28. Future vulnerability of railway infrastructure and services Asset/service Future vulnerability Climate variable Sensitivity Exposure Change in exposure Marginal cost^ category (change in category)
Rain Capacity exceedance, erosion Ubiquitous – but higher in thunder-storm areas* and near rivers draining mountains Greater severity of rainfall will increase exposure Very high (no change) €€ Street Furniture (for example guard rails, planters) Snow/ice/cold Guard rails subject to damage from snow ploughs Ubiquitous Warming will make winters shorter and less severe, but significant snow ploughing will still be required Medium (decreased) -€ Vehicles Snow/ice/cold Delays, closures, risk of accident Particularly in mountains Warming will make winters shorter and less severe, but snow and ice will still occur Medium (no change) -€ Hot/dry Delays, reduced skid resistance; reduced passenger comfort; freight heating Particularly in central and SE areas Hotter drier conditions will increase exposure High (increased) € Rain Flooding leading to closure, delay or risk of accident Thunder-storm areas* and close to rivers Greater severity of rainfall will increase exposure High (increased) € *Marginal economic cost beyond present day costs that is, cost due to climate change. Qualitative estimate of costs: -/+ no or slight decrease or increase in cost; -/€ decrease/increase in cost; -/€€ large decrease/increase in cost; -/€€€ very large decrease/increase in cost. Source: Bank 2012. Table 28. Future vulnerability of railway infrastructure and services Asset/service category Climate variable Sensitivity Exposure Change in exposure Future vulnerability (change in category) Marginal cost^