charging More efficient switching to zone. and equitable as public vehicles pay in transport or proportion to the cancelling VKT within the their trips charging zone Worsened travel conditions outside the charging zone as vehicles may detour Unable to reduce congestion in other areas Model Vehicles Multiple benefits Complicated 3 are for the charging to charged zone such as understand jointly improved travel and on time of and implement day and environmental Less the conditions effective in distance Even more managing travelled efficient and demand for within a equitable as the road space specified charge not only as vehicles charging depends on the may adapt zone. VKT, but also by changing becomes their routes rather than that switching to varies by time of public day transport or cancelling their trips Worsened travel conditions outside the charging zone as vehicles may detour Unable to reduce congestion in other areas Model Vehicles Multiple benefits Complicated 4 are for the entire to charged network such as understand
charging zone. More efficient and equitable as vehicles pay in proportion to the VKT within the charging zone switching to public transport or cancelling their trips Worsened travel conditions outside the charging zone as vehicles may detour Unable to reduce congestion in other areas Model 3 Vehicles are charged jointly on time of day and the distance travelled within a specified charging zone. Multiple benefits for the charging zone such as improved travel and environmental conditions Even more efficient and equitable as the charge not only depends on the VKT, but also becomes that varies by time of day Complicated to understand and implement Less effective in managing demand for road space as vehicles may adapt by changing their routes rather than switching to public transport or cancelling their trips Worsened travel conditions outside the charging zone as vehicles may detour Unable to reduce congestion in other areas Model 4 Vehicles are charged Multiple benefits for the entire network such as Complicated to understand