Issues Table 7 - Issues related to using pyrolysis liquids as a fuel in boilers, engines and turbines Property Specification to be met Current by Problem (s) Possible solution (s) present technology Variation Max. 10% >50% Changes in feed and process Quality control system parameters Water <27 wt.% 18-40 Inhomogeneity, phase Feedstock drying increase (<323K) of condensation separation (>30 wt.% water) temperature solidsa <0.01 wt.% <0.5 wt.% Wear of injectors, increased Homogenous particle size distribution of the feed, hot vapour liquids instability, high CO filter, three cyclones on reactor exit, liquids emissions filtration/centrifugation Inorganicb <0.01 wt.% <0.1 wt.% Feedstock choice, hot vapour filter, three cyclones on reactor exit, liquids filtration/centrifugation Homogeneity Single-phase Variation Uneven liquid quality Feedstock moisture <12 wt.% liquid water content <27 wt.% Stability Max. 100% increase in viscosity in 50-150% Changes in liquid properties Alcohol addition [methanol preferred, but ethanol/2-propanol aging test (24h 353K, viscosity during storage and use safer to use] measurement at 313K) Flash point Country dependant >313K Safety regulations for Adjusting the liquid condensation temperature transportation pH Functional Design Specificationc 2.0-3.0 Corrosion of fuel All pipework, vessels and gaskets must be acid resistant LHV Functional Design Specificationc 16-19MJ/kg 50% than fuel oil, does not Increase pump pressure to injectors, increase diameter of fuel auto-ignite at start-up lines, duel fuelling (%), combustion chamber modification Viscosity Functional Design Specificationc >50 cSt at 293K Too high for most fuel injectors Preheat liquids to reduce viscosity, add cosolvent (alcohol), use of emulsions Lubricity Functional Design Specificationc Not determined Build-up of lacquer on the Improvement in lubricity/flow properties, additives injection needle and fuel pump plunger a = includes char, ash and sand b = includes ash and sand c = FDS cannot be influenced or specified
Issues Table 7 - Issues related to using pyrolysis liquids as a fuel in boilers, engines and turbines Property Specification to be met Current by present technology Problem (s) Possible solution (s) Variation Max. 10% >50% Changes in feed and process parameters Quality control system Water <27 wt.% 18-40 Inhomogeneity, phase separation (>30 wt.% water) Feedstock drying increase (<323K) of condensation temperature solidsa <0.01 wt.% <0.5 wt.% Wear of injectors, increased liquids instability, high CO emissions Homogenous particle size distribution of the feed, hot vapour filter, three cyclones on reactor exit, liquids filtration/centrifugation Inorganicb <0.01 wt.% <0.1 wt.% Feedstock choice, hot vapour filter, three cyclones on reactor exit, liquids filtration/centrifugation Homogeneity Single-phase Variation Uneven liquid quality Feedstock moisture <12 wt.% liquid water content <27 wt.% Stability Max. 100% increase in viscosity in aging test (24h 353K, viscosity measurement at 313K) 50-150% Changes in liquid properties during storage and use Alcohol addition [methanol preferred, but ethanol/2-propanol safer to use] Flash point Country dependant >313K Safety regulations for transportation Adjusting the liquid condensation temperature pH Functional Design Specificationc 2.0-3.0 Corrosion of fuel All pipework, vessels and gaskets must be acid resistant LHV Functional Design Specificationc 16-19MJ/kg 50% than fuel oil, does not auto-ignite at start-up Increase pump pressure to injectors, increase diameter of fuel lines, duel fuelling (%), combustion chamber modification Viscosity Functional Design Specificationc >50 cSt at 293K Too high for most fuel injectors Preheat liquids to reduce viscosity, add cosolvent (alcohol), use of emulsions Lubricity Functional Design Specificationc Not determined Build-up of lacquer on the injection needle and fuel pump plunger Improvement in lubricity/flow properties, additives a = includes char, ash and sand b = includes ash and sand c = FDS cannot be influenced or specified