Plug- and play capability (incl. video system for melt ponds) to add sensors to support specific scientific studies. There will be systematic Sea level observations Sea surface height, use of GNSS surface air and pressure, wind, transmission of the salinity, water data temperature, Tide network …. gravity measurements (for ocean geoid) There will be more Autonomous Surface Surface air systematic use of Vehicles pressure, autonomous ocean temperature, surface vehicles (e.g. humidity, wind, wave gliders, sailing visibility, sea drones) for example surface temperature capable of using directional and 2D renewable energy wave spectra sources for propulsion and sailing over predefined or targeted routes. Arctic fast-ice stations Ice-mounted Fast-ice (some were closed over instrumentation observations: Ice- last decade(s)), AFIN and snow thickness, stations freeboard, ice vertical temperature profile sea-ice biomass to multi-week (even In situ ice-floe Ice- and snow seasonal) sea-ice observations thickness, stations: Camp North freeboard, ice and Pole etc. in the Arctic, snow stratigraphy, nowadays more short chemical but intense composition, upper ice sampling. and lower surface New generation of profiles, biomass, icebreakers should ecosystems and support more ice-floe biological work. parameters Icebergs: position, form, size, concentration, motion, height/width/length, iceberg draft, underwater 3D form Ocean underwater observations Float will spend less time Profiling floats Temperature, at surface allowing salinity, current, longer life-time of the dissolved oxygen, measurements. CO2 concentration, There will be systematic and various measurements in marginal seas. variables
Plug- and play capability (incl. video system for melt ponds) to add sensors to support specific scientific studies. Sea level observations Sea surface height, surface air pressure, wind, salinity, water temperature, gravity measurements (for ocean geoid) There will be systematic use of GNSS and transmission of the data Tide network …. Autonomous Surface Vehicles Surface air pressure, temperature, humidity, wind, visibility, sea surface temperature directional and 2D wave spectra There will be more systematic use of autonomous ocean surface vehicles (e.g. wave gliders, sailing drones) for example capable of using renewable energy sources for propulsion and sailing over predefined or targeted routes. Ice-mounted instrumentation Fast-ice observations: Ice- and snow thickness, freeboard, ice vertical temperature profile sea-ice biomass Arctic fast-ice stations (some were closed over last decade(s)), AFIN stations In situ ice-floe observations Ice- and snow thickness, freeboard, ice and snow stratigraphy, chemical composition, upper and lower surface profiles, biomass, ecosystems and biological parameters to multi-week (even seasonal) sea-ice stations: Camp North Pole etc. in the Arctic, nowadays more short but intense ice sampling. New generation of icebreakers should support more ice-floe work. Icebergs: position, form, size, concentration, motion, height/width/length, iceberg draft, underwater 3D form Ocean underwater observations Profiling floats Temperature, salinity, current, dissolved oxygen, CO2 concentration, and various variables Float will spend less time at surface allowing longer life-time of the measurements. There will be systematic measurements in marginal seas.