To Appeal to To Develop ETHOS To Appeal to PATHOS (logic, reasoning) (character, ethics) (emotion) : the argument itself; the : how an author builds credibility : words or passages an author uses reasoning the author uses; logical & trustworthiness to activate audience emotions evidence Types of LOGOS Appeals Ways to Develop ETHOS Types of PATHOS Appeals Theories/scientific facts Author’s profession/ Emotionally loaded background language Indicated meanings or reasons (because…) Author’s publication Vivid descriptions Literal or historical Appearing sincere, fair Emotional examples analogies minded, knowledgeable Anecdotes, testimonies, or Definitions Conceding to opposition narratives about appropriate emotional experiences or Factual data & statistics events Morally/ethically likeable Quotations Appropriate language for Figurative language Citations from experts & audience and subject Emotional tone (humor, authorities sarcasm, disappointment, Appropriate vocabulary Informed opinions excitement, etc.) Correct grammar Examples (real life examples) Professional format Personal anecdotes Knowledgeable Effect on Audience Effect on Audience Effect on Audience Evokes a cognitive, rational Helps reader to see the author as Evokes an emotional response. response. Readers get a of, reliable, trustworthy, competent, Persuasion by emotion. that makes sense” or and credible. The reader might (usually evoking fear, sympathy, “Oh, “Hmm, that really doesn’t prove respect the author or his/her empathy, anger,) anything.” views. How to Talk About It How to Talk About It How to Talk About It The author appeals to logos by Through his use of scientific When referencing 9/11, the defining relevant terms and then terminology, the author builds his author is appealing to pathos. supports his claim with numerous by demonstrating expertise. Here, he is eliciting both sadness citations from authorities. and anger from his readers. The author’s is effectively The author’s use of statistics and developed as readers see that he is The author’s description of the expert testimony are very sympathetic to the struggles with cancer was a very convincing logos appeals. minorities face. persuasive appeal to pathos. Introduction to Rhetorical Strategies Writers don’t just randomly sit down and talk a topic. They first consider the point that they want to make—the argument. Next, they consider their audience. Finally, they consider the best way to put forth that argument to that particular audience.
To Appeal to (logic, reasoning) To Develop ETHOS (character, ethics) To Appeal to PATHOS (emotion) : the argument itself; the reasoning the author uses; logical evidence : how an author builds credibility & trustworthiness : words or passages an author uses to activate audience emotions Types of LOGOS Appeals Ways to Develop ETHOS Types of PATHOS Appeals Theories/scientific facts Indicated meanings or reasons (because…) Literal or historical analogies Definitions Factual data & statistics Quotations Citations from experts & authorities Informed opinions Examples (real life examples) Personal anecdotes Author’s profession/ background Author’s publication Appearing sincere, fair minded, knowledgeable Conceding to opposition appropriate Morally/ethically likeable Appropriate language for audience and subject Appropriate vocabulary Correct grammar Professional format Knowledgeable Emotionally loaded language Vivid descriptions Emotional examples Anecdotes, testimonies, or narratives about emotional experiences or events Figurative language Emotional tone (humor, sarcasm, disappointment, excitement, etc.) Effect on Audience Effect on Audience Effect on Audience Evokes a cognitive, rational response. Readers get a of, “Oh, that makes sense” or “Hmm, that really doesn’t prove anything.” Helps reader to see the author as reliable, trustworthy, competent, and credible. The reader might respect the author or his/her views. Evokes an emotional response. Persuasion by emotion. (usually evoking fear, sympathy, empathy, anger,) How to Talk About It How to Talk About It How to Talk About It The author appeals to logos by defining relevant terms and then supports his claim with numerous citations from authorities. The author’s use of statistics and expert testimony are very convincing logos appeals. Through his use of scientific terminology, the author builds his by demonstrating expertise. The author’s is effectively developed as readers see that he is sympathetic to the struggles minorities face. When referencing 9/11, the author is appealing to pathos. Here, he is eliciting both sadness and anger from his readers. The author’s description of the with cancer was a very persuasive appeal to pathos. Introduction to Rhetorical Strategies Writers don’t just randomly sit down and talk a topic. They first consider the point that they want to make—the argument. Next, they consider their audience. Finally, they consider the best way to put forth that argument to that particular audience.