PATHWAYS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REACTION REAGENT CONDITIONS TYPE OF REACTION MECHANISM EQUATION HALOGENATION chlorine or UV light substitution Free radical CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl of alkanes bromine or (homolytic) iodine Full mechanism needed HYDROLYSIS NaOH(aq) Heat, reflux substitution Nucleophilic CH3Cl + NaOH CH3OH + NaCl of halogenoalkanes (heterolytic) Full mechanism needed DEHYDRATION Conc H2SO4 heat elimination NOT REQUIRED C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O of alcohols HALOGENATION Cl2 Room temp addition Electrophilic C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 of alkenes (heterolytic) Full mechanism needed HYDROGEN-HALOGENATION HCl Room temp addition Electrophilic C2H4 + HCl C2H5Cl of alkenes (heterolytic) Full mechanism needed HYDROGENATION H2 Ni catalyst, 150o C addition NOT REQUIRED C2H4 + H2 C2H6 of alkenes HYDRATION H2O(g) Conc H3PO4 addition NOT REQUIRED C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH of alkenes 300 oC, 60 atm POLYMERISATION - High T, high P, addition NOT REQUIRED nC2H4 (C2H4)n of alkenes catalyst PARTIAL OXIDATION K2Cr2O7, distillation oxidation NOT REQUIRED CH3CH2OH + [O] CH3CHO + H2O of alcohols H2SO4 COMPLETE OXIDATION K2Cr2O7, Reflux, heat Oxidation NOT REQUIRED CH3CH2OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O of alcohols H2SO4 OXIDATION K2Cr2O7, Reflux, heat oxidation NOT REQUIRED CH3CHO +[O] CH3COOH of aldehydes H2SO4 ESTERIFICATION Carboxylic acid Reflux, heat condensation NOT REQUIRED CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O of alcohols or carboxylic acids + alcohol
PATHWAYS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REACTION REAGENT CONDITIONS TYPE OF REACTION MECHANISM EQUATION HALOGENATION of alkanes chlorine or bromine or iodine UV light substitution Free radical (homolytic) Full mechanism needed CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl HYDROLYSIS of halogenoalkanes NaOH(aq) Heat, reflux substitution Nucleophilic (heterolytic) Full mechanism needed CH3Cl + NaOH CH3OH + NaCl DEHYDRATION of alcohols Conc H2SO4 heat elimination NOT REQUIRED C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O HALOGENATION of alkenes Cl2 Room temp addition Electrophilic (heterolytic) Full mechanism needed C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 HYDROGEN-HALOGENATION of alkenes HCl Room temp addition Electrophilic (heterolytic) Full mechanism needed C2H4 + HCl C2H5Cl HYDROGENATION of alkenes H2 Ni catalyst, 150o C addition NOT REQUIRED C2H4 + H2 C2H6 HYDRATION of alkenes H2O(g) Conc H3PO4 300 oC, 60 atm addition NOT REQUIRED C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH POLYMERISATION of alkenes - High T, high P, catalyst addition NOT REQUIRED nC2H4 (C2H4)n PARTIAL OXIDATION of alcohols K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 distillation oxidation NOT REQUIRED CH3CH2OH + [O] CH3CHO + H2O COMPLETE OXIDATION of alcohols K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 Reflux, heat Oxidation NOT REQUIRED CH3CH2OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O OXIDATION of aldehydes K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 Reflux, heat oxidation NOT REQUIRED CH3CHO +[O] CH3COOH ESTERIFICATION of alcohols or carboxylic acids Carboxylic acid + alcohol Reflux, heat condensation NOT REQUIRED CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O