a picture stored as the describing those relationships values of an array of pixels); in this qualitatively.] form, it can be stored reliably in HS-PS4-2. Evaluate questions computer memory and sent over about the advantages of using a long distances as a series of wave digital transmission and storage pulses. (HS-PS4-2),(HSPS4-5) of information. [Clarification [From the 3–5 grade band Statement: Examples of endpoints] Waves can add or advantages could include that cancel one another as they cross, digital information is stable depending on their relative phase because it can be stored reliably in (i.e., relative position of peaks and computer memory, transferred troughs of the waves), but they easily, and copied and shared emerge unaffected by each rapidly. Disadvantages could other. (Boundary: The discussion at include issues of easy deletion, this grade level is qualitative only; security, and theft.] it can be based on the fact that HS-PS4-3. Evaluate the claims, two different sounds can pass a evidence, and reasoning behind location in different directions the idea that electromagnetic without getting mixed up.) radiation can be described either by a wave model or a PS4.B: Electromagnetic Radiation particle model, and that for some Electromagnetic radiation (e.g., situations one model is more radio, microwaves, light) useful than the other. can be modeled as a wave of [Clarification Statement: Emphasis changing electric and magnetic is on how the experimental fields or as particles called evidence supports the claim and photons. The wave model is useful how a theory is generally modified for explaining many features of in light of new evidence. Examples electromagnetic radiation, and the of a phenomenon could include particle model explains other resonance, interference, features. (HS-PS4-3) diffraction, and photoelectric When light or longer wavelength effect.] [Assessment Boundary: electromagnetic radiation is Assessment does not include using absorbed in matter, it is generally quantum converted into thermal energy theory.] (heat). Shorter wavelength HS-PS4-4. Evaluate the validity electromagnetic radiation and reliability of claims in (ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma published materials of the effects
a picture stored as the values of an array of pixels); in this form, it can be stored reliably in computer memory and sent over long distances as a series of wave pulses. (HS-PS4-2),(HSPS4-5) [From the 3–5 grade band endpoints] Waves can add or cancel one another as they cross, depending on their relative phase (i.e., relative position of peaks and troughs of the waves), but they emerge unaffected by each other. (Boundary: The discussion at this grade level is qualitative only; it can be based on the fact that two different sounds can pass a location in different directions without getting mixed up.) PS4.B: Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation (e.g., radio, microwaves, light) can be modeled as a wave of changing electric and magnetic fields or as particles called photons. The wave model is useful for explaining many features of electromagnetic radiation, and the particle model explains other features. (HS-PS4-3) When light or longer wavelength electromagnetic radiation is absorbed in matter, it is generally converted into thermal energy (heat). Shorter wavelength electromagnetic radiation (ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma describing those relationships qualitatively.] HS-PS4-2. Evaluate questions about the advantages of using a digital transmission and storage of information. [Clarification Statement: Examples of advantages could include that digital information is stable because it can be stored reliably in computer memory, transferred easily, and copied and shared rapidly. Disadvantages could include issues of easy deletion, security, and theft.] HS-PS4-3. Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model, and that for some situations one model is more useful than the other. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on how the experimental evidence supports the claim and how a theory is generally modified in light of new evidence. Examples of a phenomenon could include resonance, interference, diffraction, and photoelectric effect.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include using quantum theory.] HS-PS4-4. Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects