Table 1. Observable Implications of the Reciprocity and Instrumentalist Frameworks Issue Reciprocity Predictions Instrumentalist Predictions Feelings of obligation Citizens feel an obligation to Feelings of obligation should support politicians that provide not affect vote choices them with selective benefits Greater benefits cause greater feelings of obligation Monitoring Clientelism can exist despite Surveillance/lack of ballot ballot secrecy secrecy required for clientelism to persist Retrospective Purely retrospective voting based Retrospective considerations clientelist voting on previous provision of benefits only matter as an indicator of future payoffs punishment Possible “altruistic” for cessation of benefits Civic attitudes Civic values undermine Attitudes about clientelism clientelism and civic life do not affect clientelist exchanges
Table 1. Observable Implications of the Reciprocity and Instrumentalist Frameworks Issue Reciprocity Predictions Instrumentalist Predictions Feelings of obligation Citizens feel an obligation to support politicians that provide them with selective benefits Greater benefits cause greater feelings of obligation Feelings of obligation should not affect vote choices Monitoring Clientelism can exist despite ballot secrecy Surveillance/lack of ballot secrecy required for clientelism to persist Retrospective clientelist voting Purely retrospective voting based on previous provision of benefits Possible “altruistic” punishment for cessation of benefits Retrospective considerations only matter as an indicator of future payoffs Civic attitudes Civic values undermine clientelism Attitudes about clientelism and civic life do not affect clientelist exchanges