loan practices deprived blacks of access to suburban housing markets [*165] enabled by the government-subsidized Yet these decisions remained, invisible to the public. mortgage industry. 43 as a practical matter, Whites could see "ghettoization" as "an inevitable, natural consequence of profound racial differences." 44 Those residing in the "ghetto," though acutely aware of the poverty and disinvestment that surrounds them, might thus fail to see their communities as constructed by Invisibility attends federal subsidies to create private discriminatory government policies and spending decisions. 45 markets in particular. As historian Dolores Hayden notes in her examinations of the discrimination embedded in federal housing and loan programs, the racially tiered housing market was enabled by federal policy, yet "mystified many working-class and class Americans, who saw minimal subsidies for the poor but never understood that their own housing was far more heavily subsidized." 46 Historian David Freund's recent account of federal policy on fair housing underscores the manner in which the federal This account government itself promoted its mortgage programs as market-driven rather than as products of federal spending. 47 of housing reveals how embedding racial outcomes and obscuring federal spending's role in shaping racial outcomes become mirror developments: As federal policy shapes segregation and patterns of inequality, the funding and policy decisions often remain concealed to beneficiaries and the broader public.
loan [*165] practices deprived blacks of access to suburban housing markets enabled by the government-subsidized mortgage industry. 43 Yet these decisions remained, as a practical matter, invisible to the public. Whites could see "ghettoization" as "an inevitable, natural consequence of profound racial differences." 44 Those residing in the "ghetto," though acutely aware of the poverty and disinvestment that surrounds them, might thus fail to see their communities as constructed by discriminatory government policies and spending decisions. 45 Invisibility attends federal subsidies to create private markets in particular. As historian Dolores Hayden notes in her examinations of the discrimination embedded in federal housing and loan programs, the racially tiered housing market was enabled by federal policy, yet "mystified many working-class and Americans, who saw minimal subsidies for the poor but never understood that their own housing was far more heavily subsidized." 46 Historian David Freund's recent account of federal policy on fair housing underscores the manner in which the federal government itself promoted its mortgage programs as market-driven rather than as products of federal spending. 47 This account of housing reveals how embedding racial outcomes and obscuring federal spending's role in shaping racial outcomes become mirror developments: As federal policy shapes segregation and patterns of inequality, the funding and policy decisions often remain concealed to beneficiaries and the broader public. class