of charged particles, compression of constraints could include use of of a spring) and how kinetic renewable energy forms and energy depends on mass and efficiency.] [Assessment speed, allow the concept of Boundary: Assessment for conservation of energy to be used quantitative evaluations is limited to predict and describe system to total output for a given input. behavior. (HS-PS3-1) Assessment is limited to devices The availability of energy limits constructed with materials what can occur in any system. provided to students.] (HS-PS3-1) HS-PS3-4. Plan and conduct an Uncontrolled systems always investigation to provide evidence evolve toward more stable that the transfer of thermal states—that is, toward more energy when two components of uniform energy distribution (e.g., different temperature are water flows downhill, objects combined within a closed system hotter than their surrounding results in a more uniform energy environment cool down). distribution among the components in the system PS3.C: Relationship Between (second law of thermodynamics). Energy and Forces [Clarification Statement: Emphasis When two objects interacting is on analyzing data from student through a field change relative investigations and using position, the energy stored in the mathematical thinking to describe field is changed. (HS-PS3-5) the energy changes both PS3.D: Energy in Chemical quantitatively and conceptually. Processes Examples of investigations could Although energy cannot be include mixing liquids at different destroyed, it can be converted to initial temperatures or adding less useful forms—for example, to objects at different temperatures thermal energy in the surrounding to water.] [Assessment Boundary: environment. Assessment is limited to investigations based on materials ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting and tools provided to students.] Engineering Problems HS-PS3-5. Develop and use a Criteria and constraints also model of two objects interacting include satisfying any requirements through electric or magnetic set by society, such as taking issues fields to illustrate the forces of risk mitigation into between objects and the changes
of charged particles, compression of a spring) and how kinetic energy depends on mass and speed, allow the concept of conservation of energy to be used to predict and describe system behavior. (HS-PS3-1) The availability of energy limits what can occur in any system. (HS-PS3-1) Uncontrolled systems always evolve toward more stable states—that is, toward more uniform energy distribution (e.g., water flows downhill, objects hotter than their surrounding environment cool down). PS3.C: Relationship Between Energy and Forces When two objects interacting through a field change relative position, the energy stored in the field is changed. (HS-PS3-5) PS3.D: Energy in Chemical Processes Although energy cannot be destroyed, it can be converted to less useful forms—for example, to thermal energy in the surrounding environment. ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting Engineering Problems Criteria and constraints also include satisfying any requirements set by society, such as taking issues of risk mitigation into of constraints could include use of renewable energy forms and efficiency.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment for quantitative evaluations is limited to total output for a given input. Assessment is limited to devices constructed with materials provided to students.] HS-PS3-4. Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics). [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on analyzing data from student investigations and using mathematical thinking to describe the energy changes both quantitatively and conceptually. Examples of investigations could include mixing liquids at different initial temperatures or adding objects at different temperatures to water.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to investigations based on materials and tools provided to students.] HS-PS3-5. Develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes