perspective-taking in order to truly share in the pain and emotions of the other (Kanov et al., 2004). Empathy is also distinct in that it can be described as emotional sensitivity to “an other’s & Pitsis, 2014b, p. 475) but does not necessarily include the third feelings” (Simpson, Clegg, component of compassion. Additionally, empathy can be felt but used to manipulate “helping” instead of aid (Simpson, Clegg, & Pitsis, 2014a; Simpson, Clegg, & Pitsis, 2014b). The emotion of empathy is most similar to the middle stage of compassion, or the stage. This stage is shared in both current and comprehensive compassion, though the “feeling” emotional response is reacting to differing stimuli. Thus, we would expect that, like current compassion, our construct of comprehensive compassion would also be associated with empathy. We would also expect that the correlations betweencomprehensive compassion and empathy and between current compassion and empathy to be relatively similar, due to the fact that both constructs are assumed to share in experience of the stage. “feeling” Comprehensive compassion will be moderately positively correlated with Hypothesis 3a: empathy. The correlation between comprehensive compassion and empathy and the Hypothesis 3b: correlation between current compassion and empathy will be relatively equal. Comprehensive compassion and temporal perspective. temporal perspective One’s consists of the way an individual predominantly views various aspects of time (Shipp, Edwards, & Lambert, 2009). This often includes a temporal bias in which an individual is oriented to think towards the past, the present, or the future (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). Because the construct of comprehensive compassion specifically entails that an individual be able to think about and envision the future, we believe that aspects of temporal perspective may play a one’s role in their capability for comprehensive compassion. The consideration of future consequences
perspective-taking in order to truly share in the pain and emotions of the other (Kanov et al., 2004). Empathy is also distinct in that it can be described as “an emotional sensitivity to other’s feelings” (Simpson, Clegg, & Pitsis, 2014b, p. 475) but does not necessarily include the third “helping” component of compassion. Additionally, empathy can be felt but used to manipulate instead of aid (Simpson, Clegg, & Pitsis, 2014a; Simpson, Clegg, & Pitsis, 2014b). The emotion of empathy is most similar to the middle stage of compassion, or the “feeling” stage. This stage is shared in both current and comprehensive compassion, though the emotional response is reacting to differing stimuli. Thus, we would expect that, like current compassion, our construct of comprehensive compassion would also be associated with empathy. We would also expect that the correlations betweencomprehensive compassion and empathy and between current compassion and empathy to be relatively similar, due to the fact that both constructs are assumed to share in experience of the “feeling” stage. Hypothesis 3a: Comprehensive compassion will be moderately positively correlated with empathy. Hypothesis 3b: The correlation between comprehensive compassion and empathy and the correlation between current compassion and empathy will be relatively equal. Comprehensive compassion and temporal perspective. One’s temporal perspective consists of the way an individual predominantly views various aspects of time (Shipp, Edwards, & Lambert, 2009). This often includes a temporal bias in which an individual is oriented to think towards the past, the present, or the future (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999). Because the construct of comprehensive compassion specifically entails that an individual be able to think about and envision the future, we believe that aspects of one’s temporal perspective may play a role in their capability for comprehensive compassion. The consideration of future consequences