Kim (2012) reviewed landslide models with a focus on SINMAP for landslide simulation at Duksan Creek. The model was selected because the input parameters are simple compared to other models and the results of SINMAP are presented in terms of a stability index (factor of safety) which was easy to compare with actual landslide hazard sites in Figure 4.1. Kim (2012) demonstrated that the hillslope stability models tend to predict large zones of instability in steep mountain areas while the safest areas were located in the valleys. Figure 4.1. Landslide hazard maps from KFRI and SINMAP (from Kim, 2012) Numerical modeling of debris flows There are not many models that can simulate the propagation of debris flows and mudflows. One of the main problems is that the simulations are very sensitive to the parameters selected. In Japan, the model of Takahashi has been used for decades, but it only included the dispersive stress approach. The parameter was modified to fit simulations to some observations. The problem with using the dispersive stress theory in computer models is that the debris cannot stop. Therefore, Takahashi had to develop a number of algorithms for flow stoppage on milder slopes. His book Takahashi (1991) summarized some of this approach. The model has been tested on multiple debris flows of boulders down the steep volcanic hillslopes in Japan. For more muddy flows found in the United States, the model FLO-2D was developed by O’Brien et al. (1993) and the earlier developments date back to the early 80’s. This paper is given in Appendix III. The model uses the quadratic approach discussed earlier. This model is quite flexible in allowing the simulation of mud floods, mud flows and debris flows. The model is commercial and info can be obtained on the web at http://www.flo-2d.com/ The latest in terms of simulation of the location of damages from landslides and debris flows has been developed by Kim (2012). The model uses TREX for the distributed calculation of
Kim (2012) reviewed landslide models with a focus on SINMAP for landslide simulation at Duksan Creek. The model was selected because the input parameters are simple compared to other models and the results of SINMAP are presented in terms of a stability index (factor of safety) which was easy to compare with actual landslide hazard sites in Figure 4.1. Kim (2012) demonstrated that the hillslope stability models tend to predict large zones of instability in steep mountain areas while the safest areas were located in the valleys. Figure 4.1. Landslide hazard maps from KFRI and SINMAP (from Kim, 2012) Numerical modeling of debris flows There are not many models that can simulate the propagation of debris flows and mudflows. One of the main problems is that the simulations are very sensitive to the parameters selected. In Japan, the model of Takahashi has been used for decades, but it only included the dispersive stress approach. The parameter was modified to fit simulations to some observations. The problem with using the dispersive stress theory in computer models is that the debris cannot stop. Therefore, Takahashi had to develop a number of algorithms for flow stoppage on milder slopes. His book Takahashi (1991) summarized some of this approach. The model has been tested on multiple debris flows of boulders down the steep volcanic hillslopes in Japan. For more muddy flows found in the United States, the model FLO-2D was developed by O’Brien et al. (1993) and the earlier developments date back to the early 80’s. This paper is given in Appendix III. The model uses the quadratic approach discussed earlier. This model is quite flexible in allowing the simulation of mud floods, mud flows and debris flows. The model is commercial and info can be obtained on the web at http://www.flo-2d.com/ The latest in terms of simulation of the location of damages from landslides and debris flows has been developed by Kim (2012). The model uses TREX for the distributed calculation of