well) Using crude oil to make vanillin 1. Waste prevention Vanillin can be made using compounds found in crude oil. Crude oil is fossil fuel, which is used to make many useful products including 2. Atom economy petrol and plastics. To make vanillin from crude oil several processes need to take place. First, the 3. Less hazardous crude oil is refined to turn it into useful products. Then one product, called chemicals benzene, undergoes many chemical reactions. This is called a pathway. The final 4. Use of product is vanillin: renewable resources Benzene phenol catechol guaiacol vanillin 5. Catalysts For reaction 1 and 4, there is only one product. For reaction 2 and 3, there are two products. 6. Design for degradation Many of the products in the middle of the pathway are harmful. For example, phenol is highly corrosive and can damage the lungs if it is breathed in. 7. Energy Efficiency Catalysts are used in each reaction to speed them up. Phosphoric acid is used in the reaction to make phenol. It is very corrosive, and so its disposal can be a 8. Safer problem. chemistry The conditions needed for the reactions to take place are temperatures of up to Total score 260°C and a pressure of up to 40 atmospheres (40 times normal air pressure). The cost of vanillin produced in this way is about £12 per kilogram. Key Stage 4 How 'green' is the process? Green vanilla Principle of Mark of 1-5. Explain why you awarded this score green chemistry (5 means it is Using wood to make vanillin follows the principle very
Using crude oil to make vanillin Vanillin can be made using compounds found in crude oil. Crude oil is fossil fuel, which is used to make many useful products including petrol and plastics. To make vanillin from crude oil several processes need to take place. First, the crude oil is refined to turn it into useful products. Then one product, called benzene, undergoes many chemical reactions. This is called a pathway. The final product is vanillin: Benzene phenol catechol guaiacol vanillin For reaction 1 and 4, there is only one product. For reaction 2 and 3, there are two products. Many of the products in the middle of the pathway are harmful. For example, phenol is highly corrosive and can damage the lungs if it is breathed in. Catalysts are used in each reaction to speed them up. Phosphoric acid is used in the reaction to make phenol. It is very corrosive, and so its disposal can be a problem. The conditions needed for the reactions to take place are temperatures of up to 260°C and a pressure of up to 40 atmospheres (40 times normal air pressure). The cost of vanillin produced in this way is about £12 per kilogram. How 'green' is the process? Principle of green chemistry Mark of 1-5. (5 means it is follows the principle very well) Explain why you awarded this score 1. Waste prevention 2. Atom economy 3. Less hazardous chemicals 4. Use of renewable resources 5. Catalysts 6. Design for degradation 7. Energy Efficiency 8. Safer chemistry Total score Key Stage 4 Green vanilla Using wood to make vanillin