Table 9: Regressions of child outcomes, base model Outcome indices (a) SDQ social–emotional sub-scales Physical Overall PPVT score Learning Prosocial Peer Emotional Hyperactivity Conduct development development development behaviour problems problems problems problems (a) index index Primary caregivers’ reports Wave 1 Family form (unchanged; ref. = Married families) Cohabiting ** * 0.249 * 0.148 0.248 0.834 *** –0.469 –1.235 –2.376 –0.601 –2.102 –0.151 families Sole-mother *** * *** *** *** 0.447 *** 0.46 ** 0.69 *** 0.961 *** –1.593 –1.79 –4.277 –3.224 –4.428 –0.213 families Wave 2 Family form (unchanged; ref. = Married families) Cohabiting ** * ** 0.344 ** 0.237 0.345 0.343 * –0.124 –0.938 –2.405 –1.83 –2.546 –0.219 families Sole-mother ** *** *** *** ** 0.675 *** 0.677 *** 0.683 *** 0.806 *** –1.029 –0.43 –5.448 –4.095 –4.806 –0.375 families Wave 3 Family form (unchanged; ref. = Married families) Cohabiting 0.121 * * ** 0.226 0.404 ** 0.316 0.41 * 0.366 * –1.268 –2.053 –2.198 –2.547 families Sole-mother * *** *** *** *** ** 0.703 *** 0.892 *** 0.926 *** 0.66 *** –0.983 –3.35 –5.783 –3.346 –5.703 –0.369 families Teachers’ reports Wave 1 Family form (unchanged; ref. = Married families) Cohabiting 0.075 0.186 0.226 0.088 –0.031 families
Table 9: Regressions of child outcomes, base model PPVT score Outcome indices (a) SDQ social–emotional sub-scales Physical development index development Learning Overall development index Prosocial behaviour Peer problems Emotional problems Hyperactivity problems Conduct problems (a) Primary caregivers’ reports Wave 1 Family form (unchanged; ref. = Married families) Cohabiting families –0.469 –1.235 –2.376 ** –0.601 –2.102 * –0.151 0.249 * 0.148 0.248 0.834 *** Sole-mother families –1.593 *** –1.79 * –4.277 *** –3.224 *** –4.428 *** –0.213 0.447 *** 0.46 ** 0.69 *** 0.961 *** Wave 2 Family form (unchanged; ref. = Married families) Cohabiting families –0.124 –0.938 –2.405 ** –1.83 * –2.546 ** –0.219 0.344 ** 0.237 0.345 0.343 * Sole-mother families –1.029 ** –0.43 –5.448 *** –4.095 *** –4.806 *** –0.375 ** 0.675 *** 0.677 *** 0.683 *** 0.806 *** Wave 3 Family form (unchanged; ref. = Married families) Cohabiting families 0.121 –1.268 –2.053 * –2.198 * –2.547 ** 0.226 0.404 ** 0.316 0.41 * 0.366 * Sole-mother families –0.983 * –3.35 *** –5.783 *** –3.346 *** –5.703 *** –0.369 ** 0.703 *** 0.892 *** 0.926 *** 0.66 *** Teachers’ reports Wave 1 Family form (unchanged; ref. = Married families) Cohabiting families –0.031 0.075 0.186 0.226 0.088