5. Empirical Results 5.1 Mothers’ Childcare Arrangements and Paid Work Table 1 presents childcare arrangements by mother’s wage work status. Informal care refers to care provided by resident family members (primarily grandparents), nonresident relatives, neighbors, and hired babysitters and nannies, whereas formal childcare refers to center-based programs such as nurseries, kindergartens, and preschools. According to the survey, combined with other types child care, 89 percent wage working mothers provided childcare, and 94 percent no-wage working mothers provided childcare. Wage working mothers, on average, spent fewer hours on childcare than did non-wage working mothers (23 versus 30 hours per week). An appreciable proportion of fathers participated in childcare, and the probability of paternal childcare is higher for wage working mothers than for non-wage working mothers (69 percent versus 49 percent). There are 14 percent wage working mothers provided childcare by themselves, for non-wage working mothers, the number is 33 percent. There are three major types of non-parental child care. Among wage working mothers, these include formal child care (23.2 percent), resident household members that are primarily grandparents (26.6 percent), and non-resident relatives, neighbors and hired baby-sitters (23.4 percent). Among non-wage working mothers, only 8.5 percent use formal childcare, 19.5 percent use the services of a resident household member, and 20.8 percent use the services of a non-resident relative or neighbor. Non-wage working mothers use maternal care substitutes for reasons such as agricultural activity or giving themselves the time to fulfill other domestic duties. Table 2 presents the trends of daycare presence and childcare costs over the period of investigation. In 1991, 15.7 percent of the sample communities had daycares for children aged 0 to 2 years, 43.3 percent of the communities had daycares for children aged 3 to 6 years. The proportion of the communities with daycare programs for children aged 0 to 2 years rose steadily from 1991 to 1997, and fell from slightly,
5. Empirical Results 5.1 Mothers’ Childcare Arrangements and Paid Work Table 1 presents childcare arrangements by mother’s wage work status. Informal care refers to care provided by resident family members (primarily grandparents), nonresident relatives, neighbors, and hired babysitters and nannies, whereas formal childcare refers to center-based programs such as nurseries, kindergartens, and preschools. According to the survey, combined with other types child care, 89 percent wage working mothers provided childcare, and 94 percent no-wage working mothers provided childcare. Wage working mothers, on average, spent fewer hours on childcare than did non-wage working mothers (23 versus 30 hours per week). An appreciable proportion of fathers participated in childcare, and the probability of paternal childcare is higher for wage working mothers than for non-wage working mothers (69 percent versus 49 percent). There are 14 percent wage working mothers provided childcare by themselves, for non-wage working mothers, the number is 33 percent. There are three major types of non-parental child care. Among wage working mothers, these include formal child care (23.2 percent), resident household members that are primarily grandparents (26.6 percent), and non-resident relatives, neighbors and hired baby-sitters (23.4 percent). Among non-wage working mothers, only 8.5 percent use formal childcare, 19.5 percent use the services of a resident household member, and 20.8 percent use the services of a non-resident relative or neighbor. Non-wage working mothers use maternal care substitutes for reasons such as agricultural activity or giving themselves the time to fulfill other domestic duties. Table 2 presents the trends of daycare presence and childcare costs over the period of investigation. In 1991, 15.7 percent of the sample communities had daycares for children aged 0 to 2 years, 43.3 percent of the communities had daycares for children aged 3 to 6 years. The proportion of the communities with daycare programs for children aged 0 to 2 years rose steadily from 1991 to 1997, and fell slightly, from