F1.1b Gravity The Geoid Explain methods for observing gravity observations and Normal gravity and ellipsoidal and computation of gravity anomalies reduction. models such as GRS80. anomalies Gravity observations (B) F1.1c Height Dynamic heights Describe different height models and the systems and Orthometric heights role of gravity-based heights in modern height Normal heights levelling networks. determination Level ellipsoid Theoretical misclosure of a leveling loop (B) Geopotential models F1.1d Describe techniques used to model the High resolution global and Geopotential Earth’s geopotential. geoid grids and geoidal of the vertical Modelling Discuss the application and limitations of geopotential models and their verification in height determination. (I) F1.2 Coordinate Systems F1.2a Traditional geodetic datums Explain principles of astronomic and Coordinate Terrestrial reference systems geocentric datums together with their Systems for and reference frames. practical realizations. Positioning Modern geodetic datums based on terrestrial reference frames. transformation (I) techniques including similarity F1.2b Datum Compare datum transformation methods transformations and grid based transformation and transform coordinates between approaches. techniques datums and between reference frames. Estimate transformation parameters from (A) observations. F1.2c Geodetic Grid computations and Assess the various solutions available for computations on spherical trigonometry. forward and inverse computations on the the ellipsoid ellipsoid.
The Geoid Normal gravity and ellipsoidal models such as GRS80. anomalies Gravity observations F1.1b Gravity observations and reduction. (B) Explain methods for observing gravity and computation of gravity anomalies F1.1c Height systems and height determination (B) Dynamic heights Orthometric heights Normal heights Level ellipsoid Theoretical misclosure of a leveling loop Geopotential models High resolution global and geoid grids of the vertical Describe different height models and the role of gravity-based heights in modern levelling networks. F1.1d Geopotential and geoidal Modelling (I) Describe techniques used to model the Earth’s geopotential. Discuss the application and limitations of geopotential models and their verification in height determination. F1.2 Coordinate Systems F1.2a Coordinate Systems for Positioning (I) Traditional geodetic datums Terrestrial reference systems and reference frames. Modern geodetic datums based on terrestrial reference frames. transformation techniques including similarity transformations and grid based approaches. Explain principles of astronomic and geocentric datums together with their practical realizations. F1.2b Datum transformation techniques (A) Compare datum transformation methods and transform coordinates between datums and between reference frames. Estimate transformation parameters from observations. F1.2c Geodetic computations on the ellipsoid Grid computations and spherical trigonometry. Assess the various solutions available for forward and inverse computations on the ellipsoid.