- - - 50 46.6 (%) Carbonation - Efficiency 65 90 70 71.3 Extraction - - 1 72 0.17 Carbonation (hour) 84]. 1 Time – 1 3 79, 72 24 0.5 78, Extraction 77, 61 70, - 1 – 20 >20 1 (bar) 48, Carbonation 8, 7, - [6, 1 3 1 Pressure <15 Extraction 300 temp. - – (°C) 80 500 technologies 100 Carbonation Room 440 – 70 200 150 100 Temperature carbonation Extraction 400 & mineral + acid NaOH NH3 NH3 & NaOH & & NH4OH EDTA Reactant NH4HSO4 oxalic HCl (NH4)2SO4 indirect + orthophosphoric Ex-situ 2.3: Raw Olivine mineral Serpentine Serpentine Serpentine Serpentine Table
Table 2.3: Ex-situ indirect mineral carbonation technologies [6, 7, 8, 48, 70, 77, 78, 79, 84]. Efficiency (%) Carbonation - - - 46.6 50 Extraction - 65 90 71.3 70 Time (hour) Carbonation 72 - - 1 0.17 Extraction 72 1 24 3 0.5 – 1 Pressure (bar) Carbonation 1 – 61 1 - >20 20 Extraction <15 1 - 3 1 Temperature (°C) Carbonation 100 – 300 Room temp. - 80 500 Extraction 200 70 150 100 400 – 440 Reactant NaOH EDTA + orthophosphoric + oxalic acid & NH4OH HCl & NaOH NH4HSO4 & NH3 (NH4)2SO4 & NH3 Raw mineral Olivine Serpentine Serpentine Serpentine Serpentine