Response Governance Legal Compliance with Relationships Scale Monetisation Options underpinning good practice Regulation Top-down Yes Penalties Closed Universal No (statutory) Levies Top-down Yes Penalties Closed Universal Yes Protected areas Top-down Yes Penalties Closed Variable No Common law, Top down Yes Penalties Closed Universal No Civil law or and Constitutional Variable law Direct Top-down Yes (but Loss of payment Closed Variable Yes payments and voluntary Incentives opt-in) Hybrid No Persuasion Open Variable Yes schemes value) Voluntary Hybrid or No Audit or Closed Variable No quality bottom-up certification assurance Spatial & Hybrid No Incentives and Open Variable No Integrated persuasion planning (added value) Investment in Hybrid No Persuasion Open/Closed Variable No Science & (added value) Technology Education & Hybrid or No Persuasion Open Variable No Knowledge bottom-up exchange Networks & Hybrid or No Persuasion Open Variable No Partnerships bottom-up Good Bottom-up No Persuasion Closed Variable No management practice
Response Options Governance Legal underpinning Compliance with good practice Relationships Scale Monetisation Regulation (statutory) Top-down Yes Penalties Closed Universal No Levies Top-down Yes Penalties Closed Universal Yes Protected areas Top-down Yes Penalties Closed Variable No Common law, Civil law or Constitutional law Top down Yes Penalties Closed Universal and Variable No Direct payments and Incentives Top-down Yes (but voluntary opt-in) Loss of payment Closed Variable Yes schemes Hybrid No Persuasion value) Open Variable Yes Voluntary quality assurance Hybrid or bottom-up No Audit or Closed Variable No Spatial & Integrated planning Hybrid No Incentives and persuasion (added value) Open Variable No Investment in Science & Technology Hybrid No Persuasion (added value) Open/Closed Variable No Education & Knowledge exchange Hybrid or bottom-up No Persuasion Open Variable No Networks & Partnerships Hybrid or bottom-up No Persuasion Open Variable No Good management practice Bottom-up No Persuasion Closed Variable No certification