An atmospheric composition baseline reference network will be developed. Application specific Application specific Urban reference observations (road variables and networks will be weather, airport/heliport phenomena established to provide weather stations, agromet observations important stations, urban for urban meteorology, etc.) meteorology/climatology. Road weather networks will transmit in near-real time, with data collected and archived at national archive centres. Soil moisture/temperature measurements, from near-surface to 100 cm, will be maintained and expanded at agricultural meteorological stations. Land-based (fast-)ice (Fast-)Ice extent, Affordable autonomous observatories - motion, radar and visual leads observing systems. Deployed in a sustainable network, both in Arctic and Antarctic and marginal seas. Observations of the Vegetation, carbon INPUT NEEDED biosphere (above ground and soil) Near-surface observations over rivers and Hydrological and Precipitation, snow Automated measurement cryosphere observations depth, snow water of snowfall/snow-depth equivalent, lake and will further augment river ice thickness manual measurements. date of freezing and Existing snow monitoring break-up, melt sites will be maintained, water level, with data exchanged water flow, water internationally. quality, soil There will be expansion moisture, soil of automated soil temperature, moisture/temperature sediment loads, measurements by river discharge installing sensors at Lake and river ice existing sites. concentration, class Volunteer observations (pack, fast ice), of lake/river ice stage of freeze/thaw dates will be development; areal disseminated extent of internationally and floated/grounded archived. ice, ice surface Reference observing temperature, ice stations will be openings (leads, established and polynias, cracks), maintained. ice deformation, ice Concurrent ridge (height, measurement of water cover), ice
An atmospheric composition baseline reference network will be developed. Application specific observations (road weather, airport/heliport weather stations, agromet stations, urban meteorology, etc.) Application specific variables and phenomena Urban reference networks will be established to provide observations important for urban meteorology/climatology. Road weather networks will transmit in near-real time, with data collected and archived at national archive centres. Soil moisture/temperature measurements, from near-surface to 100 cm, will be maintained and expanded at agricultural meteorological stations. Land-based (fast-)ice observatories (Fast-)Ice extent, - motion, leads Affordable autonomous radar and visual observing systems. Deployed in a sustainable network, both in Arctic and Antarctic and marginal seas. Observations of the biosphere Vegetation, carbon (above ground and soil) INPUT NEEDED Near-surface observations over rivers and Hydrological and cryosphere observations Precipitation, snow depth, snow water equivalent, lake and river ice thickness date of freezing and break-up, melt water level, water flow, water quality, soil moisture, soil temperature, sediment loads, river discharge Lake and river ice concentration, class (pack, fast ice), stage of development; areal extent of floated/grounded ice, ice surface temperature, ice openings (leads, polynias, cracks), ice deformation, ice ridge (height, cover), ice Automated measurement of snowfall/snow-depth will further augment manual measurements. Existing snow monitoring sites will be maintained, with data exchanged internationally. There will be expansion of automated soil moisture/temperature measurements by installing sensors at existing sites. Volunteer observations of lake/river ice freeze/thaw dates will be disseminated internationally and archived. Reference observing stations will be established and maintained. Concurrent measurement of water