Survey of EIA Case study, Identified the Results are (Cashmore et al. stakeholders survey, interviews; relative low impact perceptual; often 2004; Heinma and decision-making of EIA information rely on only one Põder 2010; Lyhne theory; planning on stakeholder group; et al. 2015; theory; checklists no direct Runhaar et al. measurement of 2013; Sadler 1996; EIA’s impact on Theophilou et al. decision-making 2010; van Doren et al. 2013) Analysis of Analytical Identify the Difficulty and time (Ramanathan stakeholder value hierarchy process tradeoffs of intensiveness of 2001; judgments during (AHP) different the method; or post EIA stakeholder indirectly and Florez groups; integrates measures EIA’s 2005; Liu and Lai stakeholder values impact on 2009; Wang et al. in one model; decision-making 2012) offers method to applied during the EIA process; directly compares importance of effectiveness dimensions Table 3 Transactive Effectiveness Methods Description Method(s) Strengths Weaknesses References International study Comparative case Established Few concrete (Sadler 1996) study; interviews; transactive recommendations surveys; effectiveness; for implementing workshops tentative results of cost-effectiveness
Survey of EIA stakeholders Case study, survey, interviews; decision-making theory; planning theory; checklists Identified the relative low impact of EIA information on Results are perceptual; often rely on only one stakeholder group; no direct measurement of EIA’s impact on decision-making (Cashmore et al. 2004; Heinma and Põder 2010; Lyhne et al. 2015; Runhaar et al. 2013; Sadler 1996; Theophilou et al. 2010; van Doren et al. 2013) Analysis of stakeholder value judgments during or post EIA Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) Identify the tradeoffs of different stakeholder groups; integrates stakeholder values in one model; offers method to applied during the EIA process; directly compares importance of effectiveness dimensions Difficulty and time intensiveness of the method; indirectly measures EIA’s impact on decision-making (Ramanathan 2001; and Florez 2005; Liu and Lai 2009; Wang et al. 2012) Table 3 Transactive Effectiveness Methods Description Method(s) Strengths Weaknesses References International study Comparative case study; interviews; surveys; workshops Established transactive effectiveness; tentative results of Few concrete recommendations for implementing cost-effectiveness (Sadler 1996)