Broadleaf woodland: 0.32 (95% CI 0.029, 0.035) Arable and horticulture: 0.004 (95% CI 0.002, 0.005) Improved grassland: 0.016 (95% CI 0.014, 0.018) Wilker 2014, To investigate Patients years History of acute Hospital admission Residential greenspace; Model 1: adjusted for age, Mortality after ischaemic stroke ≥21 ↓ USA the association based admitted to Beth ischaemic stroke records; Beth Israel Normalised Difference sex Quartile 3: HR 0.79 (95% CI 0.65, 0.96) between cohort Israel Deaconess Deaconess Medical Vegetation Index (NDVI) (Wilker et al. Model 2: adjusted for age, greenspace and study Medical Centre Centre (BIDMC) Quartile 4: HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.65, 0.99) 2014) sex, race. Hispanic, smoking post-stroke (BIDMC) between status, history of coronary mortality 1999-2008 with (fully adjusted models) artery disease, history of acute ischaemic stroke, atrial fibrillation, stroke. Mean age heart failure, diabetes, and gender by GS dyslipidaemia, hypertension, quartile: Q1: 73 education and household years, 46% male; income Q2: 75 years, 41% male; Q3: 76 Model 3: adjusted for model years, 47% male; 2 covariates and the log of Q4: 77 years, 46% distance to a road with male >10,000 cars/day (n = 1,645) Wolfe 2014, To investigate Prospective Health data from Self-rated health Bespoke Perceived neighbourhood Controlled for Self-reported health ↗ The changes in study the national panel questionnaire greenness and urbanity; correlates of health’ Netherlands health of of people with including 5-item National Land chronically ill chronic illness or General Health Classification Database (Wolfe et al. people in disability (NPCD). Perception of the 2003/2004 and Statistics 2014) relation to years and RAND-36 Netherlands 2004 ≥15 greenspace in with a medically their living diagnosed environment at somatic chronic baseline disease on average 9.7 years prior to inclusion (n = 1,112)
Broadleaf woodland: 0.32 (95% CI 0.029, 0.035) Arable and horticulture: 0.004 (95% CI 0.002, 0.005) Improved grassland: 0.016 (95% CI 0.014, 0.018) Wilker 2014, USA (Wilker et al. 2014) To investigate the association between greenspace and post-stroke mortality cohort study Patients ≥21 years admitted to Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre (BIDMC) between 1999-2008 with acute ischaemic stroke. Mean age and gender by GS quartile: Q1: 73 years, 46% male; Q2: 75 years, 41% male; Q3: 76 years, 47% male; Q4: 77 years, 46% male (n = 1,645) History of acute ischaemic stroke Hospital admission records; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre (BIDMC) Residential greenspace; Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Model 1: adjusted for age, sex Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, race. Hispanic, smoking status, history of coronary artery disease, history of stroke, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, education and household income Model 3: adjusted for model 2 covariates and the log of distance to a road with >10,000 cars/day Mortality after ischaemic stroke ↓ Quartile 3: HR 0.79 (95% CI 0.65, 0.96) Quartile 4: HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.65, 0.99) (fully adjusted models) Wolfe 2014, The Netherlands (Wolfe et al. 2014) To investigate changes in health of chronically ill people in relation to greenspace in their living environment at baseline Prospective study Health data from the national panel of people with chronic illness or disability (NPCD). ≥15 years and with a medically diagnosed somatic chronic disease on average 9.7 years prior to inclusion (n = 1,112) Self-rated health Bespoke questionnaire including 5-item General Health Perception of the RAND-36 Perceived neighbourhood greenness and urbanity; National Land Classification Database 2003/2004 and Statistics Netherlands 2004 Controlled for correlates of health’ Self-reported health ↗ based