percent of the studies were conducted in the United States. The remainder were conducted in various European countries, all only appearing once, with the exception of de Wit (2008) and de Wit (2010) who report findings from the same sample in the Netherlands. In terms of design, seven studies employed a cross-sectional design in which the self-esteem of a diabetic group was compared with a sample of either adolescents who were healthy, or adolescents with other chronic diseases. One study used a design, but just looked at factors within a sample of adolescents with diabetes, without reference to a comparison group. However, as the same sample was used in another study by the same author, with a comparison group, some comparisons can be made (Sullivan, 1979b; Sullivan, 1978). Five studies reported the outcomes of interventions designed to improve psychological functioning in adolescents with diabetes. Due to the scope of the review, only changes in and other factors related to this are reported. Of these five studies, three made comparisons with a control group, of which two involved random allocation to groups. The remaining two reported the pre and post measures of the treatment group. The remaining study employed a longitudinal design only measuring self-esteem at time one, but then using this as part of a model to assess whether factors such as Hba1c levels, and mental health status could be predicted from baseline scores. Half of the studies measured self-esteem using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) (Rosenberg, 1965), with one additionally using the think I am” (ITIA) “I questionnaire (Ouvinen-Birgerstam, 1985). A further four used the Coopersmith Inventory (CSEI) (Coopersmith, 1967) and another used form b of the CSEI, a shorter version of the same scale (Coopersmith, 1967). The remaining two papers
percent of the studies were conducted in the United States. The remainder were conducted in various European countries, all only appearing once, with the exception of de Wit (2008) and de Wit (2010) who report findings from the same sample in the Netherlands. In terms of design, seven studies employed a cross-sectional design in which the self-esteem of a diabetic group was compared with a sample of either adolescents who were healthy, or adolescents with other chronic diseases. One study used a design, but just looked at factors within a sample of adolescents with diabetes, without reference to a comparison group. However, as the same sample was used in another study by the same author, with a comparison group, some comparisons can be made (Sullivan, 1979b; Sullivan, 1978). Five studies reported the outcomes of interventions designed to improve psychological functioning in adolescents with diabetes. Due to the scope of the review, only changes in and other factors related to this are reported. Of these five studies, three made comparisons with a control group, of which two involved random allocation to groups. The remaining two reported the pre and post measures of the treatment group. The remaining study employed a longitudinal design only measuring self-esteem at time one, but then using this as part of a model to assess whether factors such as Hba1c levels, and mental health status could be predicted from baseline scores. Half of the studies measured self-esteem using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) (Rosenberg, 1965), with one additionally using the “I think I am” (ITIA) questionnaire (Ouvinen-Birgerstam, 1985). A further four used the Coopersmith Inventory (CSEI) (Coopersmith, 1967) and another used form b of the CSEI, a shorter version of the same scale (Coopersmith, 1967). The remaining two papers