will need to will be CO2 (only be installed. smaller than water full oxy-fuel removal necessary) No change No change No change No change Unknown Cement quality expected observed at observed at observed at lab scale lab scale lab scale Retrofittability Easy, Technically Relatively Relatively ‘Diversion’ few and possible but easy. easy. changes to doubts Precalciner Probably ‘Replacement’ the cement designs: about and preheater similar to plant itself Possible, but practicality replacement partial are prolonged remain. will require a as both required. shutdown Long lengthy require Physical likely while shutdown shutdown, but preheater & connection dual FBCs expected for length (and precalciner to cement installed. installation risks) not as replacement. plant Space may be of new great as for Modular probably a constraint. equipment full oxy-fuel. nature of possible in and capture ‘HECLOT’: annual replacement alteration of technology
will need to be installed. will be smaller than full oxy-fuel CO2 (only water removal necessary) Cement quality No change expected No change observed at lab scale No change observed at lab scale No change observed at lab scale Unknown Retrofittability Easy, few changes to the cement plant itself are required. Physical connection to cement plant probably possible in annual ‘Diversion’ and ‘Replacement’ designs: Possible, but prolonged shutdown likely while dual FBCs installed. Space may be a constraint. ‘HECLOT’: replacement Technically possible but doubts about practicality remain. Long shutdown expected for installation of new equipment and alteration of Relatively easy. Precalciner and preheater replacement will require a lengthy shutdown, but length (and risks) not as great as for full oxy-fuel. Relatively easy. Probably similar to partial as both require preheater & precalciner replacement. Modular nature of capture technology