Cases/ Author, Year, name, Study size Case Exposure RR (95%CI) Adjustment Reasons for WCRF Code, Outcome Comparison characteristics Follow-up ascertainment assessment Ptrend factors exclusions Country (years) 191/ MCS, 21 201 Incidence, colon vs 1.90 (1.20-3.70) Age, educational ≥22.8 ≤0 Nakaya, 2005 Prospective Superseded by 153 389 cancer, g/day Ptrend:0.03 level, smoking COL01872 Cohort, Cancer registry Questionnaire Athker, 2007 status, vegetable Japan Age: 40-64 COL40632 consumption Incidence, rectal vs 1.50 (0.70-3.10) M ≥22.8 ≤0 122/ cancer, g/day Ptrend:0.23 NHS, Prospective 672/ Incidence, colon Age, beef, pork Cohort, 87 733 vs g/day 1.14 (0.86-1.52) ≥20 ≤0 cancer, or lamb as a W, 24 years main dish, BMI, nurses calcium, family Superseded by HPFS, history of Self-reported Schernhammer, Prospective colorectal 395/ verified by 2008 Cohort, Incidence, colon Wei, 2004 cancer, folate, 46 632 vs g/day 1.55 (1.05-2.27) medical record ≥20 ≤0 COL40729. M, cancer, COL00581 height, history 14 years and The FFQ Used only in Health USA of endoscopy, National highest vs professionals pack-years of Index lowest analysis smoking before 204/ of rectal cancer Incidence, rectal age 30, physical NHS, 87 733 vs g/day 1.48 (0.90-2.44) ≥20 ≤0 cancer, activity, 24 years processed meat, 117/ calcium Incidence, rectal HPFS, 46 632 vs g/day 1.11 (0.54-2.29) ≥20 ≤0 cancer, 14 years Otani, 2003 JPHC, Cancer registry 299/ Incidence, colon vs 1.90 (1.40-2.73) ≥300 ≤0 COL00352 Prospective and death Questionnaire 41 374 cancer, men g/days/month Ptrend:<0.001 Japan Cohort, certificate 10 years
Author, Year, WCRF Code, Country name, characteristics Cases/ Study size Follow-up (years) Case ascertainment Exposure assessment Outcome Comparison RR (95%CI) Ptrend Adjustment factors Reasons for exclusions Nakaya, 2005 COL01872 Japan MCS, Prospective Cohort, Age: 40-64 M 191/ 21 201 153 389 Cancer registry Questionnaire Incidence, colon cancer, ≥22.8 vs ≤0 g/day 1.90 (1.20-3.70) Ptrend:0.03 Age, educational level, smoking status, vegetable consumption Superseded by Athker, 2007 COL40632 122/ Incidence, rectal cancer, ≥22.8 vs ≤0 g/day 1.50 (0.70-3.10) Ptrend:0.23 Wei, 2004 COL00581 USA NHS, Prospective Cohort, W, nurses 672/ 87 733 24 years Self-reported verified by medical record and The National Index FFQ Incidence, colon cancer, ≥20 vs ≤0 g/day 1.14 (0.86-1.52) Age, beef, pork or lamb as a main dish, BMI, calcium, family history of colorectal cancer, folate, height, history of endoscopy, pack-years of smoking before age 30, physical activity, processed meat, calcium Superseded by Schernhammer, 2008 COL40729. Used only in highest vs lowest analysis of rectal cancer HPFS, Prospective Cohort, M, Health professionals 395/ 46 632 14 years Incidence, colon cancer, ≥20 vs ≤0 g/day 1.55 (1.05-2.27) NHS, 204/ 87 733 24 years Incidence, rectal cancer, ≥20 vs ≤0 g/day 1.48 (0.90-2.44) HPFS, 117/ 46 632 14 years Incidence, rectal cancer, ≥20 vs ≤0 g/day 1.11 (0.54-2.29) Otani, 2003 COL00352 Japan JPHC, Prospective Cohort, 299/ 41 374 10 years Cancer registry and death certificate Questionnaire Incidence, colon cancer, men ≥300 vs ≤0 g/days/month 1.90 (1.40-2.73) Ptrend:<0.001