First Group Baseline N Outcome (N TMAO concentrations Results author, events) (percentile: µM) year duration Mondul Nested case control studies 200 incident Up to 20 Prostate Not given but Non-aggressive cancer: not 2015 within the Alpha-Tocopherol cases (100 years adenocarcinoma presumably similar to significant Beta-Carotene trial in Finland; aggressive those reported by all participants are male cancer) Guertin et al. (2017) Aggressive cancer: OR=1.36 smokers below (95% CI: 1.02–1.81) per 1 SD 200 controls increment on log scale Associations with 625 other metabolites also examined Guertin 644 incident <26 years Colorectal cancer 25th 2.6 OR=1.20 (95% CI: 0.86–1.68) 2017* CRC for highest vs lowest quartile 50th 3.7 644 control Associations with choline, 75th 5.5 carnitine, betaine also examined Bae Nested case control study 5.2 Colorectal cancer 25th <2.6 Rectal cancer: OR=3.38 (95% 2014 within the Health (835) CI: 1.25–9.16) Women’s 50th 3.8 Initiative Observational Study 75th 5.7 of 93,676 post-menopausal Overall CRC varied by vitamin women aged 50-79 B12 status and only significant with B12 was low (OR=2.44; 95% CI: 1.59–3.75) but not if high (OR=0.92; 95% CI Associations with choline and betaine also examined Table A4.3: Other cohorts of patients with various types of heart disease
First author, year Group Baseline N duration Outcome (N events) TMAO concentrations (percentile: µM) Results Mondul 2015 Nested case control studies within the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene trial in Finland; all participants are male smokers 200 incident cases (100 aggressive cancer) 200 controls Up to 20 years Prostate adenocarcinoma Not given but presumably similar to those reported by Guertin et al. (2017) below Non-aggressive cancer: not significant Aggressive cancer: OR=1.36 (95% CI: 1.02–1.81) per 1 SD increment on log scale Associations with 625 other metabolites also examined Guertin 2017* 644 incident CRC 644 control <26 years Colorectal cancer 25th 2.6 50th 3.7 75th 5.5 OR=1.20 (95% CI: 0.86–1.68) for highest vs lowest quartile Associations with choline, carnitine, betaine also examined Bae 2014 Nested case control study within the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study of 93,676 post-menopausal women aged 50-79 5.2 Colorectal cancer (835) 25th <2.6 50th 3.8 75th 5.7 Rectal cancer: OR=3.38 (95% CI: 1.25–9.16) Overall CRC varied by vitamin B12 status and only significant with B12 was low (OR=2.44; 95% CI: 1.59–3.75) but not if high (OR=0.92; 95% CI Associations with choline and betaine also examined Table A4.3: Other cohorts of patients with various types of heart disease