() II 2,358 Pregnant women (median Deficit of 25(OH)D3 in pregnancy (≤29.9 nmol/L) weeks of gestation 14.0, range was associated with an increased risk of 13.0-15.0) from the INMA overweight in offspring at age 1 year (OR = 1.42, (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) 95% CI: 1.02-1.97; P=0.039); however, the cohort (Spain, 2003-2008) association was attenuated at age 4 years (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.83-1.72; P = 0.341). Neurocognitive development Study ref Evidence Sample Setting/population Findings Comments Level size () II 743 Caucasian women in Perth, Analyses revealed no significant associations Western Australia (32°S) had between maternal 25(OH) D serum quartiles and 25(OH)D measured at 18 wk offspring behavioral/emotional problems at any and were grouped into age. quartiles. Offspring behavior There were significant linear trends between was measured with the Child quartiles of maternal vitamin D levels and Behavior Checklist at 2, 5, 8, language impairment at 5 and 10 years. 10, 14, and 17 years (n range Multivariate regression analyses, incorporating a = 412–652). Receptive range of confounding variables, found that the language was assessed with risk of women with vitamin D insufficiency the Peabody Picture (<46 nmol/L) during pregnancy having a child Vocabulary Test—Revised at with clinically significant language difficulties was ages 5 (n=534) and 10 (n=474) increased close to twofold compared with years. women with vitamin D levels >70 nmol/L.
() II 2,358 Pregnant women (median weeks of gestation 14.0, range 13.0-15.0) from the INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) cohort (Spain, 2003-2008) Deficit of 25(OH)D3 in pregnancy (≤29.9 nmol/L) was associated with an increased risk of overweight in offspring at age 1 year (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.02-1.97; P=0.039); however, the association was attenuated at age 4 years (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.83-1.72; P = 0.341). Neurocognitive development Study ref Evidence Level Sample size Setting/population Findings Comments () II 743 Caucasian women in Perth, Western Australia (32°S) had 25(OH)D measured at 18 wk and were grouped into quartiles. Offspring behavior was measured with the Child Behavior Checklist at 2, 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17 years (n range = 412–652). Receptive language was assessed with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised at ages 5 (n=534) and 10 (n=474) years. Analyses revealed no significant associations between maternal 25(OH) D serum quartiles and offspring behavioral/emotional problems at any age. There were significant linear trends between quartiles of maternal vitamin D levels and language impairment at 5 and 10 years. Multivariate regression analyses, incorporating a range of confounding variables, found that the risk of women with vitamin D insufficiency (<46 nmol/L) during pregnancy having a child with clinically significant language difficulties was increased close to twofold compared with women with vitamin D levels >70 nmol/L.