People tied to land property as ownership – 2. Role of women pre-farming food gatherers first to plant/harvest crops – – a. Men were hunters b. Gender-related differences women lost status – 1. Political, economic lives controlled by men a. Community leaders, warriors, priests, traders, crafts b. Patrilineal/patrilocal tracing decent based on male – line/husband’s home more important 3. Needed to work together of communities –formation a. Defense against invaders b. A family alone can’t create complex irrigation systems 4. Self-sufficient, but some trade occurred 5. Religious rituals become more complex greater variety of gods and goddesses – a. Forces of nature + spirits of departed ancestors b. Built permanent sites of worship shrines, temples, megaliths – 6. Creation of cities a. protection for defense b. Centers for trading c. Different skills/talents live together d. Major cities 1. – 2. Catal Huyuk – 3. Danpo – 7. No longer can rely on oral communication need writing – a. Keep records b. Pass on information c. Transfer information d. Sumerians first 3500-3000 BCE, Incas civilized without Impact of agriculture on the environment Land land reconfigured to fit needs of humans – Diverts water Clears land for farming Roads built Stones unearthed for buildings/monuments 2. Animal kingdom a. Animals as food, clothing, beast of burden oxen – 1. Increase food production 3. Overfarmed depleted land of fertility – a. Move on to new land sometimes called slash and burn – Introduction of key stages of metal use Hard granite stones farming tools hoes, plows farm tools priority – – – Plow key prerequisite of society? Allowed for food surplus Pottery for cooking Weaving for baskets/nets Complex/comfortable clothing
People tied to land – property as ownership 2. Role of women pre-farming – food gatherers – first to plant/harvest crops a. Men were hunters b. Gender-related differences – women lost status 1. Political, economic lives controlled by men a. Community leaders, warriors, priests, traders, crafts b. Patrilineal/patrilocal – tracing decent based on male line/husband’s home more important 3. Needed to work together –formation of communities a. Defense against invaders b. A family alone can’t create complex irrigation systems 4. Self-sufficient, but some trade occurred 5. Religious rituals become more complex – greater variety of gods and goddesses a. Forces of nature + spirits of departed ancestors b. Built permanent sites of worship – shrines, temples, megaliths 6. Creation of cities a. protection for defense b. Centers for trading c. Different skills/talents live together d. Major cities 1. – 2. Catal Huyuk – 3. Danpo – 7. No longer can rely on oral communication – need writing a. Keep records b. Pass on information c. Transfer information d. Sumerians first 3500-3000 BCE, Incas civilized without Impact of agriculture on the environment Land – land reconfigured to fit needs of humans Diverts water Clears land for farming Roads built Stones unearthed for buildings/monuments 2. Animal kingdom a. Animals as food, clothing, beast of burden – oxen 1. Increase food production 3. Overfarmed – depleted land of fertility a. Move on to new land – sometimes called slash and burn Introduction of key stages of metal use Hard granite stones – farming tools – hoes, plows – farm tools priority Plow key prerequisite of society? Allowed for food surplus Pottery for cooking Weaving for baskets/nets Complex/comfortable clothing