Paul & 56: 28 PLI 10 minutes free Mother's utterances: syntax, Group differences: fewer utterances by children and greater Elwood and 28 play videotaped pragmatic function, topic mother/child MLU discrepancy in PLI dyads. Mothers in TD (1991) TD in designed management and lexical dyads provided more expansions/extensions. playroom. contingency No difference: of child utterances that received proportion expansion/extension Rescorla & 36: 18 PLI 10 minutes free Utterance type, child compliance Group differences: PLI dyads showed stronger patterns of Fechnay and 18 play videotaped and communicative gestures. relationships between variables, e.g., mother’s control (1996) TD with mother. Coded for social cues and negatively related to synchrony and child compliance. synchrony. No difference: mother’s synchrony children very similar (fewer clear verbal cues but they as 'communicative'). Rescorla et 53: 32 PLI 10 minutes free Topic focus - synchronous and Group differences: mothers in PLI dyads talked more, and al. (2001) and 21 play videotaped asynchronous codes asked more questions. Children with PLI asked fewer TD with mother. Utterance function questions. outcomes at No difference: children with PLI spoke as often as TD 36 months (despite lower MLU). No difference in child topic initiations. Table 3. Retrospective statistical calculations Author Variable (test, alpha level) PLI mean (SD) Comparison Cohen’s d Power (group mean (SD) sample size) Cohesion illocutions: & Friel-Patti Choice answers (t-test, 0.29 (0.61) 1.57 (1.74) 0.98 0.47 (14) p<.05) (1983) initiations (t-test, 34% (8.2%) 42% (6.2%) N/A N/A p<.005)
Paul & Elwood (1991) 56: 28 PLI and 28 TD 10 minutes free play videotaped in designed playroom. Mother's utterances: syntax, pragmatic function, topic management and lexical contingency Group differences: fewer utterances by children and greater mother/child MLU discrepancy in PLI dyads. Mothers in TD dyads provided more expansions/extensions. No difference: proportion of child utterances that received expansion/extension Rescorla & Fechnay (1996) 36: 18 PLI and 18 TD 10 minutes free play videotaped with mother. Utterance type, child compliance and communicative gestures. Coded for social cues and synchrony. Group differences: PLI dyads showed stronger patterns of relationships between variables, e.g., mother’s control negatively related to synchrony and child compliance. No difference: mother’s synchrony children very similar (fewer clear verbal cues but they as 'communicative'). Rescorla et al. (2001) 53: 32 PLI and 21 TD outcomes at 36 months 10 minutes free play videotaped with mother. Topic focus - synchronous and asynchronous codes Utterance function Group differences: mothers in PLI dyads talked more, and asked more questions. Children with PLI asked fewer questions. No difference: children with PLI spoke as often as TD (despite lower MLU). No difference in child topic initiations. Table 3. Retrospective statistical calculations Author Variable (test, alpha level) PLI mean (SD) Comparison mean (SD) Cohen’s d Power (group sample size) & Friel-Patti (1983) Cohesion illocutions: Choice answers (t-test, p<.05) initiations (t-test, p<.005) 0.29 (0.61) 34% (8.2%) 1.57 (1.74) 42% (6.2%) 0.98 N/A 0.47 (14) N/A