(Elbe 2009, 2010, 2011). Notwithstanding this increasingly rich research in health security, however, there has been no systematic study of the central role that pharmaceutical businesses play in this crucial area of international politics. Beyond the health security literature, there is also a much broader literature on the political economy of the pharmaceutical industry. In International Relations, for example, a voluminous and wider literature on political economy has highlighted the impact of political factors on economic processes and vice versa, and has produced studies enhancing our understanding of how globalisation shapes the economic and political challenges faced by both governments and corporations (Stopford and Strange 1991; Gilpin 2000; Grieco and Ikenberry 2003; Goddard et al. 2003). This literature has also produced important studies focusing on how the pharmaceutical industry has shaped the evolution of global governance, especially in the area of intellectual property rights (Drahos and Braithwaite 2001/02; Sell 2003; Bach and Newman 2010; Roemer-Mahler 2010), and through a number of formal public-private partnerships (Croft 2005; Scheffler and Vikram 2005; Buse and Harmer 2007). That literature also shows how the international political economy of pharmaceutical production is rapidly evolving in light of changing regulatory environments, increased international competition (especially generic medicines), scientific and technological advances, and the growth of pharmaceutical markets in middle-income countries. Pharmaceutical companies are thus implementing new strategies both with regard to their market- and their non-market (i.e. social and political) environments. Whilst there have been a few, welcome economic studies of these recent developments undertaken in relation to Indian pharmaceutical companies (Gehl Sampath 2008), and within the wider context of international development
(Elbe 2009, 2010, 2011). Notwithstanding this increasingly rich research in health security, however, there has been no systematic study of the central role that pharmaceutical businesses play in this crucial area of international politics. Beyond the health security literature, there is also a much broader literature on the political economy of the pharmaceutical industry. In International Relations, for example, a voluminous and wider literature on political economy has highlighted the impact of political factors on economic processes and vice versa, and has produced studies enhancing our understanding of how globalisation shapes the economic and political challenges faced by both governments and corporations (Stopford and Strange 1991; Gilpin 2000; Grieco and Ikenberry 2003; Goddard et al. 2003). This literature has also produced important studies focusing on how the pharmaceutical industry has shaped the evolution of global governance, especially in the area of intellectual property rights (Drahos and Braithwaite 2001/02; Sell 2003; Bach and Newman 2010; Roemer-Mahler 2010), and through a number of formal public-private partnerships (Croft 2005; Scheffler and Vikram 2005; Buse and Harmer 2007). That literature also shows how the international political economy of pharmaceutical production is rapidly evolving in light of changing regulatory environments, increased international competition (especially generic medicines), scientific and technological advances, and the growth of pharmaceutical markets in middle-income countries. Pharmaceutical companies are thus implementing new strategies both with regard to their market- and their non-market (i.e. social and political) environments. Whilst there have been a few, welcome economic studies of these recent developments undertaken in relation to Indian pharmaceutical companies (Gehl Sampath 2008), and within the wider context of international development