Transport Proteins Pumps specific solute across a cell membrane – Ex: Na/K Pump on neuron cell membranes Chapter 8 - Cell Energy Energy the ability to do work. Remember work requires a forced to move something across a distance – Thermodynamics the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe – Law of Thermodynamics Law of Conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed – – but can be converted from one form to another. Pg. 218. Energy Conversions = Autotroph uses light (photoautotroph) or chemical energy (chemoautotroph) to make its own – organic compounds (food). Heterotroph must ingest organic compounds (food) to obtain energy – Second Law of Thermodynamics In all energy conversions, some usable energy is lost. Generally, this – usable energy is converted to thermal energy. This is called entropy and is absorbed into the universe as a measure of particle disorder. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that as energy conversions occur entropy increases. Pg. 219 Cellular Metabolism sum of all chemical reactions (pg. 220) – Anabolic builds complex macromolecules from simpler ones uses energy, usually endergonic – – (requires energy which is then stored in the products ) Catabolic breakdown of - macromolecules into simpler ones - usually releases energy, is exergonic – (reactants contain more energy than the products) Ecosystem Flow of Energy- Photosynthesis is Anabolic stores light energy with carbon dioxide and water in the form of – glucose and oxygen Cellular Respiration is Catabolic breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide and releases energy – Energy Coupling using energy from exergonic reactions to drive the endergonic reactions – Phosphorylation - transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule Most cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phophorylation. Pg. 221 ADP + P ------------- ATP (This stores energy) (Adenenosine Diphosphate + Phosphate yields Adenenosine Triphosphate) ATP -------------- ADP + P (This releases energy)
Transport Proteins – Pumps specific solute across a cell membrane Ex: Na/K Pump on neuron cell membranes Chapter 8 - Cell Energy Energy – the ability to do work. Remember work requires a forced to move something across a distance Thermodynamics – the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe Law of Thermodynamics – Law of Conservation of Energy – Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another. Pg. 218. Energy Conversions = Autotroph – uses light (photoautotroph) or chemical energy (chemoautotroph) to make its own organic compounds (food). Heterotroph – must ingest organic compounds (food) to obtain energy Second Law of Thermodynamics – In all energy conversions, some usable energy is lost. Generally, this usable energy is converted to thermal energy. This is called entropy and is absorbed into the universe as a measure of particle disorder. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that as energy conversions occur entropy increases. Pg. 219 Cellular Metabolism – sum of all chemical reactions (pg. 220) Anabolic – builds complex macromolecules from simpler ones – uses energy, usually endergonic (requires energy which is then stored in the products ) Catabolic – breakdown of - macromolecules into simpler ones - usually releases energy, is exergonic (reactants contain more energy than the products) Ecosystem Flow of Energy- Photosynthesis is Anabolic – stores light energy with carbon dioxide and water in the form of glucose and oxygen Cellular Respiration is Catabolic – breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide and releases energy Energy Coupling – using energy from exergonic reactions to drive the endergonic reactions Phosphorylation - transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule Most cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phophorylation. Pg. 221 ADP + P ------------- ATP (This stores energy) (Adenenosine Diphosphate + Phosphate yields Adenenosine Triphosphate) ATP -------------- ADP + P (This releases energy)