Chemistry of Carbon Organic contain carbon (except CO2) compounds has 4 valence electrons Why is carbon forms covalent bonds with many other elements special? can bond to other carbons chains, sheets (graphite), tubes, spheres Macromolecule can form millions of different compounds. large molecule made of smaller subunits. monomer: small molecules (subunits). polymer: chain of monomers bonded together. 4 groups of polymerization: process of making polymer macromolecules in from monomers. living things. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids. Carbohydrates made of C, H, N, O, P, S monomer made of C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio) polysaccharide = chain of sugars (e.g. starch, function glycogen, cellulose) monosaccharide = single sugar (e.g. glucose) energy source and structure. glucose: quick energy source: plants/animals glycogen: short-term energy storage: animals starch: short term energy storage: plants cellulose: cell walls: plants (“fiber”) made of C, H, O (mostly C, H ) Lipids
Organic compounds Why is carbon special? Macromolecule 4 groups of macromolecules in living things. Carbohydrates monomer function Chemistry of Carbon contain carbon (except CO2) has 4 valence electrons forms covalent bonds with many other elements can bond to other carbons chains, sheets (graphite), tubes, spheres can form millions of different compounds. large molecule made of smaller subunits. monomer: small molecules (subunits). polymer: chain of monomers bonded together. polymerization: process of making polymer from monomers. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids. made of C, H, N, O, P, S made of C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio) polysaccharide = chain of sugars (e.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose) monosaccharide = single sugar (e.g. glucose) energy source and structure. glucose: quick energy source: plants/animals glycogen: short-term energy storage: animals starch: short term energy storage: plants cellulose: cell walls: plants (“fiber”) Lipids made of C, H, O (mostly C, H )