Quota Sampling 135 Convenience Sampling 139 Network or Snowball Sampling 136 Purposive or Judgmental Sampling 140 Volunteer Sampling 136 Quota Sampling 140 Probability Sampling 138 Network or Snowball Sampling 140 Random Sampling 139 Volunteer Sampling 141 Stratified Random Sampling 139 Probability Sampling 142 Systematic Sampling 141 Random Sampling 143 Multistage Cluster Sampling 142 Stratified Random Sampling 144 Systematic Sampling 144 So How Big Does My Sample Have to Be? 142 Sample Size: Formula 143 Multistage Cluster Sampling 146 Sample Size: Examples 144 How Big Does My Sample Have to Be? 148 Some Issues With Sampling Frames 147 Postal Address Sampling Frames 147 Phone Directory Sampling Frames 147 Some Issues With Sampling Frames 149 Internet Sampling Frames 148 Postal Sampling Frames 149 Special Population Sampling 148 Telephone Sampling Frames 149 Internet Sampling Frames 150 Ethics Panel: Checking the Ethics of Survey Special Population Sampling 152 Research 149 The Future of Survey Sampling 152 Chapter Summary 149 Ethics Panel: Checking the Ethics of Survey Key Terms 150 Research 153 Application Exercises 150 Chapter Summary 153 Exercise 1: Systematic Sampling 150 Key Terms 153 Exercise 2: How Does Sampling for One Application Exercises 154 Variable Affect Another Variable? 150 Exercise 1. Systematic Sampling 154 Exercise 3: Multistage Cluster Sampling 150 Exercise 2. How Does Sampling for One Variable Affect Another Variable? 154 Exercise 3. Multistage Cluster Sampling 154 Recommended Reading 150 Exercise 4. Pew Research Center Internet Recommended Web Resources 151 Knowledge Survey 154 Recommended Reading 155 References 151 Recommended Web Resources 155 Sample Size Calculators 155 Chapter 9. Surveys: Putting Numbers on References 156 Opinions 152 Chapter Overview 152 Chapter 9: Surveys: Putting Numbers on Starter Questions 152 Opinions 157 Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Chapter Overview 157 Surveys 153 Chapter Objectives 157 Types of Surveys 154 Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Cross-Sectional 154 Surveys 158 154 of Surveys 159 154 Cross-Sectional 159 Cohort 154 159 Cross-Lagged 155 Panel 159 Writing and Formatting Questions 155 Cohort 159 Questions 156 Cross-Lagged 160 Dichotomous Questions 157 Writing and Formatting Questions 160 Multiple-Choice Questions 158 Open-Ended Questions 161 Likert Scale 158 Dichotomous Questions 161 Semantic Differential Scale 159 Multiple-Choice Questions 162 Survey Wording: If It Can Be Misinterpreted, It Likert Scale 162 Will Be 159 Semantic Differential Scale 163 Common Problems With Wording 160 Survey Wording: It Can Be Misinterpreted, It “If Leading Questions 160 Will Be” 163 Double-Barreled Questions 160 Common Problems With Wording 164 Leading Questions 164 Negative Wording 161 Double-Barreled Questions 165
Quota Sampling 135 Network or Snowball Sampling 136 Volunteer Sampling 136 Probability Sampling 138 Random Sampling 139 Stratified Random Sampling 139 Systematic Sampling 141 Multistage Cluster Sampling 142 So How Big Does My Sample Have to Be? 142 Sample Size: Formula 143 Sample Size: Examples 144 Some Issues With Sampling Frames 147 Postal Address Sampling Frames 147 Phone Directory Sampling Frames 147 Internet Sampling Frames 148 Special Population Sampling 148 Ethics Panel: Checking the Ethics of Survey Research 149 Chapter Summary 149 Key Terms 150 Application Exercises 150 Exercise 1: Systematic Sampling 150 Exercise 2: How Does Sampling for One Variable Affect Another Variable? 150 Exercise 3: Multistage Cluster Sampling 150 Recommended Reading 150 Recommended Web Resources 151 References 151 Chapter 9. Surveys: Putting Numbers on Opinions 152 Chapter Overview 152 Starter Questions 152 Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Surveys 153 Types of Surveys 154 Cross-Sectional 154 154 154 Cohort 154 Cross-Lagged 155 Writing and Formatting Questions 155 Questions 156 Dichotomous Questions 157 Multiple-Choice Questions 158 Likert Scale 158 Semantic Differential Scale 159 Survey Wording: If It Can Be Misinterpreted, It Will Be 159 Common Problems With Wording 160 Leading Questions 160 Double-Barreled Questions 160 Negative Wording 161 Convenience Sampling 139 Purposive or Judgmental Sampling 140 Quota Sampling 140 Network or Snowball Sampling 140 Volunteer Sampling 141 Probability Sampling 142 Random Sampling 143 Stratified Random Sampling 144 Systematic Sampling 144 Multistage Cluster Sampling 146 How Big Does My Sample Have to Be? 148 Some Issues With Sampling Frames 149 Postal Sampling Frames 149 Telephone Sampling Frames 149 Internet Sampling Frames 150 Special Population Sampling 152 The Future of Survey Sampling 152 Ethics Panel: Checking the Ethics of Survey Research 153 Chapter Summary 153 Key Terms 153 Application Exercises 154 Exercise 1. Systematic Sampling 154 Exercise 2. How Does Sampling for One Variable Affect Another Variable? 154 Exercise 3. Multistage Cluster Sampling 154 Exercise 4. Pew Research Center Internet Knowledge Survey 154 Recommended Reading 155 Recommended Web Resources 155 Sample Size Calculators 155 References 156 Chapter 9: Surveys: Putting Numbers on Opinions 157 Chapter Overview 157 Chapter Objectives 157 Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Surveys 158 of Surveys 159 Cross-Sectional 159 159 Panel 159 Cohort 159 Cross-Lagged 160 Writing and Formatting Questions 160 Open-Ended Questions 161 Dichotomous Questions 161 Multiple-Choice Questions 162 Likert Scale 162 Semantic Differential Scale 163 Survey Wording: “If It Can Be Misinterpreted, It Will Be” 163 Common Problems With Wording 164 Leading Questions 164 Double-Barreled Questions 165