Farsi-speaking children with a cleft palate tested for the present study. Thus this subcategory is added to the Farsi version of GOS.SP.ASS. Another feature which might be observed in the speech of Farsi-speaking children with a cleft palate is interdental articulation, firstly because, there is no interdental consonant in the Farsi consonants inventory, and secondly because a subsequent publication of CAPS-A (Sell, 2009) included interdental articulation in the oral cleft speech characteristics Moreover, this feature was found in the speech of Amharic-speaking children with a cleft palate (Mekonnen, 2013). 4.3.3.1.1 Anterior oral cleft speech characteristics This category refers to articulation of an anterior consonant for a target consonant within the oral cavity as a cleft speech feature. The category of anterior oral cleft speech characteristics consists of both primary and secondary articulations. In primary articulation the place and/or manner of articulation of the target consonant are changed whereas in secondary articulation there is no change in the primary place or manner of articulation of the target consonant but it is accompanied by the secondary articulation. Primary articulations include linguolabial, and while secondary articulations include interdental, lateral, palatal articulations and interdentalisation, dentalisation, lateralisation/lateral palatalisation/palatal. 4.3.3.1.1.1 Linguolabial articulation Linguolabial articulation occurs when the tongue tip or blade contacts the upper lip (Ladefoged & Maddieson, 1996) for example, Although cross-linguistically this type of articulation is rare in the speech of typically-developing children, it is frequently observed in the speech of individuals with a cleft palate, probably due to class III malocclusion of teeth associated with poor maxillary growth (Sell 1994). et al., 4.3.3.1.1.2 Interdental articulation and Interdentalisation
Farsi-speaking children with a cleft palate tested for the present study. Thus this subcategory is added to the Farsi version of GOS.SP.ASS. Another feature which might be observed in the speech of Farsi-speaking children with a cleft palate is interdental articulation, firstly because, there is no interdental consonant in the Farsi consonants inventory, and secondly because a subsequent publication of CAPS-A (Sell, 2009) included interdental articulation in the oral cleft speech characteristics Moreover, this feature was found in the speech of Amharic-speaking children with a cleft palate (Mekonnen, 2013). 4.3.3.1.1 Anterior oral cleft speech characteristics This category refers to articulation of an anterior consonant for a target consonant within the oral cavity as a cleft speech feature. The category of anterior oral cleft speech characteristics consists of both primary and secondary articulations. In primary articulation the place and/or manner of articulation of the target consonant are changed whereas in secondary articulation there is no change in the primary place or manner of articulation of the target consonant but it is accompanied by the secondary articulation. Primary articulations include linguolabial, interdental, lateral, and palatal articulations while secondary articulations include interdentalisation, dentalisation, lateralisation/lateral and palatalisation/palatal. 4.3.3.1.1.1 Linguolabial articulation Linguolabial articulation occurs when the tongue tip or blade contacts the upper lip (Ladefoged & Maddieson, 1996) for example, Although cross-linguistically this type of articulation is rare in the speech of typically-developing children, it is frequently observed in the speech of individuals with a cleft palate, probably due to class III malocclusion of teeth associated with poor maxillary growth (Sell et al., 1994). 4.3.3.1.1.2 Interdental articulation and Interdentalisation