(MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP). Specific gravity (SG) of the urine samples was measured using a handheld digital refractometer (ATAGO Company Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Urinary concentrations below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were assigned a value of LOQ/sqrt(2). We calculated the molar sums of the DEHP metabolites (ΣDEHP) because they occur from the same parent phthalate, and also of HMW (ΣHMW) and (ΣLMW) phthalates because they represent similar sources and biological activity. Molar sums were calculated by dividing metabolite concentrations by their molecular weight and summing across. included ΣDEHP MEHP (molecular weight 278, MEHHP (molecular weight 294), MEOHP (molecular weight 292), and MECPP (molecular weight 308). included MCPP (molecular weight ΣHMW ΣDEHP, 251) and MBzP (molecular weight 256 ). included MEP (molecular weight 194), MiBP ΣLMW (molecular weight 222), and MBP (molecular weight 222). In order to enable comparisons to other studies, molar sums were expressed in nanograms/millilitre by multiplying and ΣDEHP with the molecular weight of MEHP, and multiplying with the molecular weight ΣHMW ΣLMW of MEP.51 Individual and summed metabolites were then corrected for SG using: where Pc is the BPA or phthalate metabolite concentration (ng/mL), P SG-corrected is the measured urinary BPA or phthalate metabolite concentration, SGp is the median of the urinary specific gravities for the sample (SGp for mothers = 1.013, for children = 1.018), and SGi is the urinary specific gravity for the individual.52 Anthropometric outcomes
(MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP). Specific gravity (SG) of the urine samples was measured using a handheld digital refractometer (ATAGO Company Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Urinary concentrations below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were assigned a value of LOQ/sqrt(2). We calculated the molar sums of the DEHP metabolites (ΣDEHP) because they occur from the same parent phthalate, and also of HMW (ΣHMW) and (ΣLMW) phthalates because they represent similar sources and biological activity. Molar sums were calculated by dividing metabolite concentrations by their molecular weight and summing across. ΣDEHP included MEHP (molecular weight 278, MEHHP (molecular weight 294), MEOHP (molecular weight 292), and MECPP (molecular weight 308). ΣHMW included ΣDEHP, MCPP (molecular weight 251) and MBzP (molecular weight 256 ). ΣLMW included MEP (molecular weight 194), MiBP (molecular weight 222), and MBP (molecular weight 222). In order to enable comparisons to other studies, molar sums were expressed in nanograms/millilitre by multiplying ΣDEHP and ΣHMW with the molecular weight of MEHP, and multiplying ΣLMW with the molecular weight of MEP.51 Individual and summed metabolites were then corrected for SG using: where Pc is the SG-corrected BPA or phthalate metabolite concentration (ng/mL), P is the measured urinary BPA or phthalate metabolite concentration, SGp is the median of the urinary specific gravities for the sample (SGp for mothers = 1.013, for children = 1.018), and SGi is the urinary specific gravity for the individual.52 Anthropometric outcomes