standards, curricula, and assessments in 2008 2. Prior general practices in implementing 1.108 NCLB-related 1.000 (0.711) ** standards, curricula, and assessments in 2007 3. Exposure to formal leaders’ 20.427 general practices in 1.000 implementing ** NCLB-related standards, curricula, and assessments 4. Exposure to informal leaders’ general practices in 40.753 -0.041 0.069 1.000 implementing (69.82) NCLB-related standards, curricula, and assessments 5. Exposure to NCLB-related 0.728 0.158 0.152 -0.024 -0.061 1.000 professional (0.588) development in 2008 2.491 6. Perceived value 0.153 0.15 0.052 0.144 1.000 (0.944) of NCLB in 2007 4.38 7. Highest grade 0.022 0.005 -0.095 -0.075 -0.079 -0.073 1.000 (2.347) taught in 2008 Note: Standard deviations are included in the parenthesis. *p-value p-value ≤0.05, ≤0.01, ***p-value ≤0.001 Table 5. Estimated Formal and Informal Influence on General Practices in Leaders’ Teachers’ Implementing NCLB-Related Standards, Curricula, and Assessments in 2008 Model-I Model-II Model-III
standards, curricula, and assessments in 2008 2. Prior general practices in implementing NCLB-related standards, curricula, and assessments in 2007 1.108 (0.711) 1.000 3. Exposure to formal leaders’ general practices in implementing NCLB-related standards, curricula, and assessments 20.427 1.000 4. Exposure to informal leaders’ general practices in implementing NCLB-related standards, curricula, and assessments 40.753 (69.82) -0.041 0.069 1.000 5. Exposure to NCLB-related professional development in 2008 0.728 (0.588) 0.158 0.152 -0.024 -0.061 1.000 6. Perceived value of NCLB in 2007 2.491 (0.944) 0.153 0.15 0.052 0.144 1.000 7. Highest grade taught in 2008 4.38 (2.347) 0.022 0.005 -0.095 -0.075 -0.079 -0.073 1.000 Note: Standard deviations are included in the parenthesis. *p-value ≤0.05, ** p-value ≤0.01, ***p-value ≤0.001 Table 5. Estimated Formal and Informal Leaders’ Influence on Teachers’ General Practices in Implementing NCLB-Related Standards, Curricula, and Assessments in 2008 Model-I Model-II Model-III **