needs poverty for widow-headed households than male and other female-headed households. However, it should be noted, that widowhood is not only confined to the old people, but also to younger people. Data from HBS (2007) underscores the importance of household dependency on cash remittances; about eight percent of the households in Tanzania depend on cash remittances. It is assumed that these remittances generally imply inter-generational transfersfrom the children to the aged parents. Mboghoina and Osbergy (2010) further argue that poverty among the old people varies widely across nations because social security system differs substantially among countries. In developing countries, for instance, the rapid demographic and economic changes combined with varying—though limited—social security implies greater heterogeneity in levels of poverty among the aged. In these nations, a social norm has given way to a new norm of the nuclear family and to complex systems of pension entitlement and social security, combined with personal savings, which now provide income during retirement. 6.4.3 Increased Vulnerability among Old People The third effect mentioned by the respondents interviewed during the survey as well as FGD and in-depth interview is the vulnerability of the old people. The study findings show that over 90 percent of the respondents interviewed were likely to fall into various risks as they are endowed with few coping strategies. Thus only 10 percent are in a better off position as they are endowed with ways of overcoming encountered risks. Consequently,a policy agenda towards social protection emerges from the fact that there has been a significant shift from vulnerability concerns to the
needs poverty for widow-headed households than male and other female-headed households. However, it should be noted, that widowhood is not only confined to the old people, but also to younger people. Data from HBS (2007) underscores the importance of household dependency on cash remittances; about eight percent of the households in Tanzania depend on cash remittances. It is assumed that these remittances generally imply inter-generational transfersfrom the children to the aged parents. Mboghoina and Osbergy (2010) further argue that poverty among the old people varies widely across nations because social security system differs substantially among countries. In developing countries, for instance, the rapid demographic and economic changes combined with varying—though limited—social security implies greater heterogeneity in levels of poverty among the aged. In these nations, a social norm has given way to a new norm of the nuclear family and to complex systems of pension entitlement and social security, combined with personal savings, which now provide income during retirement. 6.4.3 Increased Vulnerability among Old People The third effect mentioned by the respondents interviewed during the survey as well as FGD and in-depth interview is the vulnerability of the old people. The study findings show that over 90 percent of the respondents interviewed were likely to fall into various risks as they are endowed with few coping strategies. Thus only 10 percent are in a better off position as they are endowed with ways of overcoming encountered risks. Consequently,a policy agenda towards social protection emerges from the fact that there has been a significant shift from vulnerability concerns to the