Incident charged particle ionizes liquid molecules Observe particle tracks as bubbles in liquid Tracks photographed VI Accelerators and the Particle Zoo (1940-50s) Accelerators: from hunters to farmers 1932: (Rutherford group, Cambridge) Cockcroft and Walton Linear accelerator: protons accelerated in electric field to 1 MeV Fired at Lithium atoms: split into 2 helium nuclei Transmutation of elements by artificial means Verification of (Einstein) E = mc2 Verification of quantum tunnelling (Gamow) Nobel Prize (1951) 1930: circular accelerator Ernest Lawrence: Cyclotron: particles move in circular path due to B-field Velocity increased with E-field Particles accelerated to much higher energy than linear accelerator
Incident charged particle ionizes liquid molecules Observe particle tracks as bubbles in liquid Tracks photographed VI Accelerators and the Particle Zoo (1940-50s) Accelerators: from hunters to farmers 1932: Cockcroft and Walton (Rutherford group, Cambridge) Linear accelerator: protons accelerated in electric field to 1 MeV Fired at Lithium atoms: split into 2 helium nuclei Transmutation of elements by artificial means Verification of E = mc2 (Einstein) Verification of quantum tunnelling (Gamow) Nobel Prize (1951) 1930: Ernest Lawrence: circular accelerator Cyclotron: particles move in circular path due to B-field Velocity increased with E-field Particles accelerated to much higher energy than linear accelerator