Toxicity to aquatic invertebrates Table 12.2 - Toxicity to aquatic invertebrates Species Test Isomer Test Test Result (mg/L) Reference Duration Conditions Water flea d-Limonene 48 h LC50 = 0.577 IPCS, 1998 (Daphnia (0.496-0.672) magna) EC50 = 0.421 n.s. n.s. n.s LC50 = 39 dipentene 48 h LC50 = 31 (27.5-34.8) EC50 = 28.2 Water flea d-Limonene 48 h LC50 = 0.730 (Daphnia pulex) n.s. 48 h Static LC50 = 69.6 Daphnia d-Limonene 21 d NOEC = 0.15 relationship (SAR) analysis Mosquito fly n.s. 72 h 2nd-instar 6.6-26.1 (Culex (23-33C), static 4th-instar 7.8-30.6 (23-33C), static hyacinth d-Limonene n.s. weevils 50% limonene Haag 1986 weevil dipped in 73% Mortality (Neochetina limonene/ (range eichhorniae, ethanol 60%, N. bruchi, solutions 10% limonene 40%) 13.3% Mortality (range 0-20%) The above results indicate that can be considered highly toxic to aquatic d-limonene invertebrates and the racemic mixture is slightly toxic. The racemate is also slightly toxic to mosquito fly. Toxicity to aquatic plants Table 12.3 - Toxicity to aquatic plants Species Test Test Test Result Reference Isomer Duration Conditions (mg/L) algae dipentene 96 h Static IPCS, 1998 NOEC = 4.08 Based on the results of this solitary test, the racemic mixture of limonene can be considered moderately toxic to aquatic plants.
Toxicity to aquatic invertebrates Table 12.2 - Toxicity to aquatic invertebrates Species Test Isomer Test Duration Test Conditions Result (mg/L) Reference Water flea (Daphnia magna) d-Limonene 48 h LC50 = 0.577 (0.496-0.672) IPCS, 1998 EC50 = 0.421 n.s. n.s. n.s LC50 = 39 dipentene 48 h LC50 = 31 (27.5-34.8) EC50 = 28.2 Water flea (Daphnia pulex) d-Limonene 48 h LC50 = 0.730 n.s. 48 h Static LC50 = 69.6 Daphnia d-Limonene 21 d relationship (SAR) analysis NOEC = 0.15 Mosquito fly (Culex n.s. 72 h 2nd-instar (23-33C), static 6.6-26.1 4th-instar (23-33C), static 7.8-30.6 hyacinth weevil (Neochetina eichhorniae, 60%, N. bruchi, 40%) d-Limonene n.s. weevils dipped in limonene/ ethanol solutions 50% limonene 73% Mortality (range Haag 1986 10% limonene 13.3% Mortality (range 0-20%) The above results indicate that d-limonene can be considered highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates and the racemic mixture is slightly toxic. The racemate is also slightly toxic to mosquito fly. Toxicity to aquatic plants Table 12.3 - Toxicity to aquatic plants Species Test Isomer Test Duration Test Conditions Result (mg/L) Reference algae dipentene 96 h Static NOEC = 4.08 IPCS, 1998 Based on the results of this solitary test, the racemic mixture of limonene can be considered moderately toxic to aquatic plants.