It is believed that financial incentives will not lead to the level of motivation that is required for pro-environmental behaviours to be adopted (Osbaldiston and Sheldon, 2003). As well, individuals who place strong priority on external factors, such as power, money, and status, are observed to care less about the environment, participate in fewer pro-environmental behaviours and have higher environmental footprints (Brown and Kasser, 2005). On the other hand, when people make internalized values their priority, they are more likely to engage in pro-environmental behaviours (Hurst 2013). Studies have shown that when an internal values are et al., individual’s activated, an increase in concern for environmental sustainability and a decline in support for consumptive behaviours can be observed (Sheldon 2011; Hurst 2013). Interestingly, et al., et al., the primed internal values did not need to pertain to the environment at all, instead focus can be placed on generosity, personal development and family values (Sheldon 2011). et al., individual’s As it has been outlined, there are a number of potential issues associated with the use of controlling financial incentives in regards to shaping long lasting behavioural changes from both motivation crowding theory and self-determination theory. For this reason, it is interesting to examine analyses that have been undertaken on current carbon tax systems to see if motivation was used when determining the success of the policy. More specifically, it is important to note if more economic or psychological definitions are used in these discussions. It is clear that there are differences in how each field defines, measures, applies and understands motivation, and they will likely have different opinions on whether a policy should be defined as successful. To date, economists are typically the ones responsible for the analysis of carbon taxes, and therefore it can be predicted that definitions of motivation will likely be similar to those outlined under motivation crowding theory. In case the results show limited use of either MCT or SDT a section of predictions
It is believed that financial incentives will not lead to the level of motivation that is required for pro-environmental behaviours to be adopted (Osbaldiston and Sheldon, 2003). As well, individuals who place strong priority on external factors, such as power, money, and status, are observed to care less about the environment, participate in fewer pro-environmental behaviours and have higher environmental footprints (Brown and Kasser, 2005). On the other hand, when people make internalized values their priority, they are more likely to engage in pro-environmental behaviours (Hurst et al., 2013). Studies have shown that when an individual’s internal values are activated, an increase in concern for environmental sustainability and a decline in support for consumptive behaviours can be observed (Sheldon et al., 2011; Hurst et al., 2013). Interestingly, the primed internal values did not need to pertain to the environment at all, instead focus can be placed on individual’s generosity, personal development and family values (Sheldon et al., 2011). As it has been outlined, there are a number of potential issues associated with the use of controlling financial incentives in regards to shaping long lasting behavioural changes from both motivation crowding theory and self-determination theory. For this reason, it is interesting to examine analyses that have been undertaken on current carbon tax systems to see if motivation was used when determining the success of the policy. More specifically, it is important to note if more economic or psychological definitions are used in these discussions. It is clear that there are differences in how each field defines, measures, applies and understands motivation, and they will likely have different opinions on whether a policy should be defined as successful. To date, economists are typically the ones responsible for the analysis of carbon taxes, and therefore it can be predicted that definitions of motivation will likely be similar to those outlined under motivation crowding theory. In case the results show limited use of either MCT or SDT a section of predictions