are audited by industry specialist auditors, of which 82.79% for accrual-based group and 91.61% for real activities group. Table 6: Big 4 and Non-Big 4 Audit Firms Big 4 Audit Firms Non-Big4 Audit Firms Accrual-based Earnings Management Group Percent of Market Shares (%) 97.86 2.14 Real Activities Earnings Management Group Percent of Market Shares (%) 96 4 Table 7: Industry Specialist Auditors Earnings Management Group —Accrual-Based Industry Non-Big4 Big 4 Audit Firms Description Audit Firms PwC Ernst&Young Deloitte&Touche KPMG Total Agriculture, 0.367 0.633 Forestry, Fishing Mining 0.305 0.285 0.176 0.227 0.007 Construction 0.112 0.160 0.092 0.636 Manufacturing 0.154 0.011 0.362 0.234 0.239 Wholesale Trade 0.112 0.108 0.014 0.526 0.241 Retail Trade 0.200 0.340 0.210 0.244 0.006 Services 0.542 0.104 0.129 0.205 0.020 Table 8: Industry Specialist Auditors Activities Earnings Management Group —Real Industry Non-Big4 Big 4 Audit Firms Description Audit Firms
are audited by industry specialist auditors, of which 82.79% for accrual-based group and 91.61% for real activities group. Table 6: Big 4 and Non-Big 4 Audit Firms Big 4 Audit Firms Non-Big4 Audit Firms Accrual-based Earnings Management Group Percent of Market Shares (%) 97.86 2.14 Real Activities Earnings Management Group Percent of Market Shares (%) 96 4 Table 7: Industry Specialist Auditors —Accrual-Based Earnings Management Group Industry Description Big 4 Audit Firms Non-Big4 Audit Firms PwC Ernst&Young Deloitte&Touche KPMG Total Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing 0.367 0.633 Mining 0.305 0.285 0.176 0.227 0.007 Construction 0.112 0.636 0.160 0.092 Manufacturing 0.362 0.234 0.239 0.154 0.011 Wholesale Trade 0.112 0.526 0.108 0.241 0.014 Retail Trade 0.200 0.340 0.210 0.244 0.006 Services 0.542 0.104 0.129 0.205 0.020 Table 8: Industry Specialist Auditors —Real Activities Earnings Management Group Industry Description Big 4 Audit Firms Non-Big4 Audit Firms