vegetation offers little nutritional value for cattle, and excessive stocking damages tree boles, degrades understory species composition and results in soil compaction and accelerated erosion and runoff. Exclusion of cattle from sites in this state coupled with uneven-age management techniques will cause a transition to State 3 (Uneven-Age). Reference State Plant Community Canopy Trees Common Name Botanical Name Cover % (low-high) Canopy Height (ft) WHITE OAK 30-60 50-60 Quercus alba BLACK OAK 30-60 60-70 Quercus velutina MOCKERNUT HICKORY 10-30 50-60 Carya alba POST OAK 10-30 50-60 Quercus stellata SHAGBARK HICKORY 10-20 50-60 Carya ovata SASSAFRAS 10-20 30-40 Sassafras albidum Shrubs Common Name Botanical Name Cover % (low-high) Canopy Height (ft) AROMATIC SUMAC 10-30 5 Rhus aromatica LOW BUSH BLUEBERRY 10-30 3 Vaccinium pallidum LEADPLANT 10-20 3 Amorpha canescens Forbs Common Name Botanical Name Cover % (low-high) VIRGINNIA SPIDERWORT 10-30 Tradescantia virginiana WHORLED MILKWEED 10-20 Asclepias quadrifolia BABY WHITE ASTER 10-30 Symphyotrichum anomalum LARGE FLOWER TICK CLOVER 10-30 Desmodium glutinosum ELM-LEAVED GOLDENROD 10-30 Solidago ulmifolia SMALL-LEAF TICK-TREFOIL 10-30 Desmodium marilandicum NAKED-FLOWER TICK-TREFOIL 10-20 Desmodium nudiflorum EASTERN BEEBALM 5-20 Monarda bradburiana. PURPLE CONEFLOWER 10-30 Echinacea purpurea HAIRY SUNFLOWER 10-30 Helianthus hirsutus Grasses and sedges Common Name Botanical Name Cover % (low-high) SEDGE 10-30 Carex pensylvanica WOODBANK SEDGE 10-20 Carex cephalophora LITTLE BLUESTEM 30-50 Schizachyrium scoparium HAIRY WOODLAND BROME 10-30 Bromus pubescens BOTTLEBRUSH GRASS 10-20 Elymus hystrix Site Interpretations Wildlife Species
vegetation offers little nutritional value for cattle, and excessive stocking damages tree boles, degrades understory species composition and results in soil compaction and accelerated erosion and runoff. Exclusion of cattle from sites in this state coupled with uneven-age management techniques will cause a transition to State 3 (Uneven-Age). Reference State Plant Community Canopy Trees Common Name Botanical Name Cover % (low-high) Canopy Height (ft) WHITE OAK Quercus alba 30-60 50-60 BLACK OAK Quercus velutina 30-60 60-70 MOCKERNUT HICKORY Carya alba 10-30 50-60 POST OAK Quercus stellata 10-30 50-60 SHAGBARK HICKORY Carya ovata 10-20 50-60 SASSAFRAS Sassafras albidum 10-20 30-40 Shrubs Common Name Botanical Name Cover % (low-high) Canopy Height (ft) AROMATIC SUMAC Rhus aromatica 10-30 5 LOW BUSH BLUEBERRY Vaccinium pallidum 10-30 3 LEADPLANT Amorpha canescens 10-20 3 Forbs Common Name Botanical Name Cover % (low-high) VIRGINNIA SPIDERWORT Tradescantia virginiana 10-30 WHORLED MILKWEED Asclepias quadrifolia 10-20 BABY WHITE ASTER Symphyotrichum anomalum 10-30 LARGE FLOWER TICK CLOVER Desmodium glutinosum 10-30 ELM-LEAVED GOLDENROD Solidago ulmifolia 10-30 SMALL-LEAF TICK-TREFOIL Desmodium marilandicum 10-30 NAKED-FLOWER TICK-TREFOIL Desmodium nudiflorum 10-20 EASTERN BEEBALM Monarda bradburiana. 5-20 PURPLE CONEFLOWER Echinacea purpurea 10-30 HAIRY SUNFLOWER Helianthus hirsutus 10-30 Grasses and sedges Common Name Botanical Name Cover % (low-high) SEDGE Carex pensylvanica 10-30 WOODBANK SEDGE Carex cephalophora 10-20 LITTLE BLUESTEM Schizachyrium scoparium 30-50 HAIRY WOODLAND BROME Bromus pubescens 10-30 BOTTLEBRUSH GRASS Elymus hystrix 10-20 Site Interpretations Wildlife Species