Soft palate or velum: this part is at the back side of the upper mouth cavity. The back part of the tongue can be put on this part to produce velar sound, like [k], [g] in Indonesian. Uvula: a soft bone existing on the tip of the upper jaw. Uvula can move to block or open the tract to the nose. When uvula does not touch the upper part of the larynx, the air expelled through the nose and it produces nasal sound. On the other hand, when uvula touches the larynx, the air expelled through the mouth and it produces oral sound. Tongue: a part which is located in the lower jaw, next to the lips and the teeth. There are some parts of tongue, namely: tip of the tongue, front tongue, and back tongue. These parts can be moved forward, backward, upward, or downward to produce certain sounds. Vocal cords: a couple of membranes on the larynx. These membranes can be joined, spaced, or widely opened. Pharynx: an air tract to the mouth cavity or the nose cavity. Nose cavity: a cavity for nasal sounds. Mouth cavity: a cavity for oral sounds. Figure : The upper part of the larynx C. How Speech Sounds are Produced As stated above that the sounds produced are grouped into nasal and oral sounds. As an addition, the sounds can also be grouped into consonant and vocal sounds. The differences are on the way of producing them.
Soft palate or velum: this part is at the back side of the upper mouth cavity. The back part of the tongue can be put on this part to produce velar sound, like [k], [g] in Indonesian. Uvula: a soft bone existing on the tip of the upper jaw. Uvula can move to block or open the tract to the nose. When uvula does not touch the upper part of the larynx, the air expelled through the nose and it produces nasal sound. On the other hand, when uvula touches the larynx, the air expelled through the mouth and it produces oral sound. Tongue: a part which is located in the lower jaw, next to the lips and the teeth. There are some parts of tongue, namely: tip of the tongue, front tongue, and back tongue. These parts can be moved forward, backward, upward, or downward to produce certain sounds. Vocal cords: a couple of membranes on the larynx. These membranes can be joined, spaced, or widely opened. Pharynx: an air tract to the mouth cavity or the nose cavity. Nose cavity: a cavity for nasal sounds. Mouth cavity: a cavity for oral sounds. Figure : The upper part of the larynx C. How Speech Sounds are Produced As stated above that the sounds produced are grouped into nasal and oral sounds. As an addition, the sounds can also be grouped into consonant and vocal sounds. The differences are on the way of producing them.