demonstrate the efforts individuals make to gain a greater voice in political deliberation and affect policymaking. Both Carter and Euchner agree that or “people power” “extraordinary in which the ordinary individual participates in strikes or protests—processes that politics” require great strength and perseverance—can cause significant policy shifts; one can look to the Civil Rights Movement, the strikes and protests after the stock market crash of 1929, the feminist movements of the seventies, and the 2011 uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt to see how demonstrations can pressure governments to listen to civil society or completely overthrow authoritarian regimes (2012, 1996). Considering the impact of these movements, we should study the ways in which or facilitate protest activities. ICT’s encourage, inform, Information Communication Technologies refer to digital media that create interactive networks and allow for the exchange of information among various users (Anduiza, Jensen, and Jorba 2012; Carty 2011; Rojas and Puig-i-Abril 2009; Stepanova 2011). These technologies vary greatly and may include the Internet, cell phones, text messages, e-mails, blogs, online forums, chat or instant messaging, webpages, and online social networks such as Facebook or Twitter (Anduiza, Jensen, and Jorba 2012; Carty 2011; Rojas and Puig-i-Abril 2009; Shah et al. 2005; Stepanova 2011). These devices accordingly manipulate spatial distance by transmitting information across geographic boundaries and doing so with great speed (Anduiza, Jensen, and Jorba 2012; Stepanova 2011; Youniss et al. 2002). Bennett, Segerberg, and Wilkins discuss the role of media in allowing for individuals to defy further national borders through the dispersion of information that promotes unification (2012; 2008). Digital media used in the 2003 global antiwar protests, for example, allowed people of different communities and affiliations to become internationally unified against one political issue (Bennett and Segerber 2012; Carty 2011). Anduiza, Jensen, Jorba and other scholars view ICTs as mediums that allow for the
demonstrate the efforts individuals make to gain a greater voice in political deliberation and affect policymaking. Both Carter and Euchner agree that “people power” or “extraordinary politics” in which the ordinary individual participates in strikes or protests—processes that require great strength and perseverance—can cause significant policy shifts; one can look to the Civil Rights Movement, the strikes and protests after the stock market crash of 1929, the feminist movements of the seventies, and the 2011 uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt to see how demonstrations can pressure governments to listen to civil society or completely overthrow authoritarian regimes (2012, 1996). Considering the impact of these movements, we should study the ways in which ICT’s encourage, inform, or facilitate protest activities. Information Communication Technologies refer to digital media that create interactive networks and allow for the exchange of information among various users (Anduiza, Jensen, and Jorba 2012; Carty 2011; Rojas and Puig-i-Abril 2009; Stepanova 2011). These technologies vary greatly and may include the Internet, cell phones, text messages, e-mails, blogs, online forums, chat or instant messaging, webpages, and online social networks such as Facebook or Twitter (Anduiza, Jensen, and Jorba 2012; Carty 2011; Rojas and Puig-i-Abril 2009; Shah et al. 2005; Stepanova 2011). These devices accordingly manipulate spatial distance by transmitting information across geographic boundaries and doing so with great speed (Anduiza, Jensen, and Jorba 2012; Stepanova 2011; Youniss et al. 2002). Bennett, Segerberg, and Wilkins discuss the role of media in allowing for individuals to defy further national borders through the dispersion of information that promotes unification (2012; 2008). Digital media used in the 2003 global antiwar protests, for example, allowed people of different communities and affiliations to become internationally unified against one political issue (Bennett and Segerber 2012; Carty 2011). Anduiza, Jensen, Jorba and other scholars view ICTs as mediums that allow for the