Answer a question about this article:
He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling against drought to plants competing for birds to eat their fruit and disseminate their seeds. He describes the struggle resulting from population growth: "It is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms." He discusses checks to such increase including complex ecological interdependencies, and notes that competition is most severe between closely related forms "which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature".
What was Charles Lyell's perception of what organisms are exposed to in their struggle for survival?
all organisms are exposed to severe competition
The context states that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. This statement is made by Darwin as well, who emphasizes the struggle for existence in a large sense: "It includes dependence of one being on another".
He describes examples ranging from plants competing against drought to plant-animal interactions where animals help disseminate seeds, which further supports his point about how complex the interactions between different species can be with regards to survival..